ool

CR AES

ay 8nd aihe 7 ee a, Sea ‘ worperry Fine
Sapien aE Re Pa SaaS Sa Se EEE SAAS

<

Soe soak et Se ease

ss

+
ee:

On: poh els
} ‘ ‘ Ti U
ri
‘
Mic ‘ ult
bh 14 \ a" ’
i, ‘ f
Ps
a ) y J h
‘ J / i | i 5
F
{
1 , 5 id i Y
| ; ' 1h , f
; i “ P .
‘ L ding i
‘ { i " J i 4%
q i t
7 } i)
TAA 1) Sash K * i ‘ J
t i r% et f in
ey i
, f
rey ¥ Dy 1 '
" 4} JO8 Ue 1 ie hoy
fs >
, PR ae We eal

ae mon he. TOONA ae BY RYE Be
i i yt : ‘av Lae
vat mae Om bao
DMA hl A Sy Pe \ et ‘th he ace
iM i ae

a

HI I ie

eae Oh
iat any
i ogee v

a

ie ae Ty
Gy aa

A
G6

NPN Ae
ray 1

rr

ANA
CME We
Bat i4 ¥ re

nt
on)

i

Mi

ath

vi) Maree th ett he

72.9
Ll YT4
i324 X

NOR

THE

MAMMALS OF INDIA;

Hatural PHistory

ANIMALS KNOWN TO INHABIT CONTINENTAL INDIA,

a> BY

~() 7
" .

i rR
fl ees Gi fee A Se Son Re) De ie
ya!
SURGEON MAJOR, MADRAS ARMY, AUTHOR OF .‘‘THE BIRDS OF INDIA,” ETC.

LONDON:
JOHN WHELDON, GREAT QUEEN STREET,

LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

1874,

Sool. w
NOV 111946

“arionar muse™

PUBLISHER'S NOTE.

Tue present reprint of Jerdon’s “Mammals of India”
is not to be regarded as a new edition; but a great
many clerical and literal errors, which had crept into

the Calcutta edition, have been corrected.

Lonpon, June, 1874.

= aaa

Avon ALE

- ve A ; ‘ 7 + ‘ bes 7 Lot

| aa din} nsitiba wel tn tbr “yt ot doe ti re

y)

en’ icon: rage + ore sh siesta att! gg ae.

ATRL oGh one.

AUTHOR’S PREFACE.

———~<_——___

Tue present work is the second of the series of Manuals
of the Vertebrata of India. The greater portion of it
has been printed for above a twelvemonth, but the
publication was delayed in the hopes of getting some
additional information to be inserted in the Appendix.

The author trusts that the present Manual will be
found equally useful as that on the Birds of India, and
he knows that many sportsmen and observers have
been anxiously awaiting its appearance. fe has been
able to give considerable information on the habitat
and geographical distribution of many of the animals,
which was previously but little known. The portion
of the work on the Micro-Mammalia of India is still
confessedly very imperfect, and contributions of good
specimens (in spirits) of Bats, Shrews, Rats, and Mice,
from all parts of the country, but especially from the
hills, sent either to the Museum at Calcutta, or to the
British Museum, will be highly acceptable.

sal AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The author trusts that the imperfections otf the
present publication will be overlooked in consideration
of the undoubted value of the work to future observers,
who, it is hoped, will be numerous, and by whose means
‘ a more complete natural history of the Mammals of
India may hereafter be compiled.

The volume on Reptiles will, the author trusts,

appear very shortly.

LIST OF CONTENTS.

PAGE PAGE

TGROBUGCTION refi s00c0e ones xi Miranriniata 2307s opeeeeeees Al
FEL se [OV 1/216] 010 i ee iy a 1 Kerivgulal: ,5.a24 «fonts tee 42
SS MMUTAIA pels Soe dace es ons or 1 Wespertilio 420... ccs ee
RESON Hoi cowie wenn ct 3 MOUS « sug suhees Seer omen 46
Papionings: Matias 9 ISCORUS (Sec oe fare iee staan 47

! TILT CIS aie gellar ry Saeco ab. Barbastellagn ai \e.c.ncn oe, ab.
WMGiCaRNS oct. Sot aacemresh ee Nyctophilus (is: in.casenue 48
GRMN ADE eS Ls sols odes ote f3> | MEN SHCTUWORA, ..0:ccmen eee
NIV EtICOUUS 5855 fa sascn et 14 AVAT PED At cada race Jos eaten 50
1607 ST Meera eps annette ain 15 Nalpag-geciss castes cmnetcace ab.
CERETROP TERA. 22.80, 26 SORECMD AN .5c0 oe detec endeneuae: 52
PEEROPODID A We, /.<.os<.0, << ore 17 DOlGzt Pc aan nce ee ac 53
EAVES) 010 nae areas Mee A 18 MOLICH US evan. het atceee toe 59
Wy HOPEEPUSC,. es ccteu.< 20 CrOBSONUSt: wosiiccncecaesp see 60
NTU 6 LY, a ee 21 CORsir ey gteract sche anae een 61
Megadertiia,: .o.snccsesszs: ib. ERINACEIDE 5.2.0... Myers. 00s
Rhinolophineg ............... 23 Brinageusy “Sy. 22. secre 62
Mhinolophws’ | yysP ae akee ss a. AU PAD ADA 302 och. ct sare eared 64

FAN POSIMEVOS:. F255 as eared cs 27 TRU ATA eo cccisiwe se osione taewiagteap ib.
Wielophet ea tacwecacea mee 20Y | Me ACERON EW ORGAL 2... 51 3onc00ecses 67

HUAI OPOMA! ool seacae cco ab. BVANTIGRADAD 2 .5:85an-s ssa 68
INGETIBVONUD AGS 3 iaeiieeveses oe: 30 TURSED At she's 3 oe Oat ames peta ab
PA PHOZOUST i. Vee scree coe: ab. Witsussissi-oe nce aes 69
INFCbINOMUS) 210.6582. ae 32 Aallamuisn ties meta toe ste 74
VESPERTILIONIDE .:.......... 33 Minn Dagy Baa ciia soso eae 76
[6/0 770) 0) 011 At: (epee ee 34 PATCH VINYER OS pc sebicieincwaiga aes (ore

TN GCUWNAIS oo. soleus cokes sase 1 G0 WOUIVOTE,. - sacicneceddes oe ons 78
USINGUICE |S e i oo. wean oe 37 VCIGUIS hey co tiae sant soc oe 80

WASNT UBS 2 fetes acc caces 40 MIT SRELID At oo. he, estat nee 81

viii LIST OF
PAGE

ETS) 81

1 SIS) 21 Ca 83

_ (ke: Ae 86
LOTTIE ES, See Re i a ab.
DISET ae eee eh 90
| SY 2) (ic ee BA ea Sect ed 91
(1h, /a0) 0125 (01.01 ea Ly
HATES THINGS pS. seed ute eRie ees ab.
elipeeliel oteeen eee ident ds cee crock KO
Warmernince: os oe ccece sen ess 120
SVRICETE oP Rens. taken ce cons ab.

1 £5) C0) 00,0 (0) Cl ep an 123
IPAradOXMTUS: sesce. sc.occoct 125
PAMCDIC UNS ee DE ce lan, 130
EMER PESEES © 2 oc5< cclonse .0'shke 131
‘DL RSI ee Aa oe 1g
DTT SR x a 138
OAS re eet Ae ea oe 139
Winona cae eee ne wenn 144
BVGUNDIOS et een oes fe. 149
PONE AOA Reece ok sce 155
DOEPROENID A Fo5. <cssde nes ss cee 156
Delphine ee. 2.2297 Dea saat ab.
Pplabamista, 625222004: eae = DOT
Globicephalus ............... 159
BYU. 8 0, Oa 161
Balenoptera 2c: ec. .scace ob.
AOD IN IA es, ee eceiapaiew sep 163
DOMORID AD Fess. ses 165
PICIUCUS Neer eee) ies 20 ab.
EDORO MAYS v7. si teren cane 174
SCUUTNOPteIUs 325...7hsc.sh abr
PAEGLOUNYS, sa), choceieee sd tcoen cs 181
MIEN) AC nian ho. Bn S04 seca cs 3 183
C2) 671] ea 184
INGLE CS 187
NUTS CR 8 cits ape rer at ARE) 192

CONTENTS.
PAGE
See eden eek ta iy Ee 206
_ Platacanthomys ............ 210
Columday 10-7} Sersccesat seek 211
EUbIZOMIys, yas0ceacetenacan Hae 214
A BVICOlAUE S28 ccs 216
INeadOn, TS ctacee ete ab.
FL YS@PRICIDA (J eedaas.Aeceoeeee 218
EV AtiI UC Maca mentacsccsere ab.
JEEP ORED AG “20 5.ser ss eoeeeeen 223
Mepus' cj. /nc.onee ce pee eee ab.
AG OMY Sa aac. eee 226
OUING Wat, i tecs eassaceeee 228
IPROBOSCIDEA, Yap caetactese case: - ib.
Bilephus May tec acte ne sae 229
Vim OGUROs 2. settee 232
GG Ua Dan Mien Men nore or ee ee 235
GUMS =e ecotnn cape ee 236
UTD Aten. cck eee oeee 240
SUS. uu feccseer us See 241
Poreulian os) eee 243
RUIN ANIA Ee ee 245
CERVIDIE Os ls A eee 248
Corvus cc see 249
Rircerwns: (7 72.2 eee 254
RUS s fan ee 256
SAU wr a 4 hyn CSR oe ae aes 260
Cervollus’, sic ae ee 264
Mroschuns (st encanta 266
Mreinimina es. 6 2). seat 269
IBOVIDAIN ie cad aes nee a 270
Amibilopinee Vs o4-, heen 271
PROGR! ey inr ee 272
Tetraceros) o).3s.0. ae 273
Astiloperss oe eee eee 275
Gazellay iY i5aliensaree eae 279
Caprinte gia. aime act 282
Nemorhedtisi= 2:30 283

LIST OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
PRGMIIUPAGUS 7)... odes copia oe 286 DERENDAY oi ccaettswteaasuau meses
(SUT ILE) A eee ee A a 290 EEQUICORD Ss a cas tccauenn tone
(ONL aaa en iat REN Se 2A SRD) IN ANAS i Sereenrater anions
TONER Dg mel Ss 2 otek dated vps states 300 MANIDIDE
Mae US ns ane eau morn cawacee 301 Rana Sy 5s als sone nvaenee
MAUS nee ec er a ce mae hea cones 307

APPENDIX

i eo ee i i ee ee ee ee ica
ee ee i ee er eo i er eo i

INDEX

ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ey

1X

aera ess

To
lee MAA POA)

wu
titand ty MOBS
: wee
Vi

DPE pron eRe eyes

r
i)

INT ROD CrLON:

Tue Animal Kingdom was divided by Cuvier into four great divisions
or sub-kingdoms—Vertebrata, Mollusca, Articulata, and Radiata.
The last of these has been greatly divided of late, and the limits of two
of the others have been slightly altered. The Vertebrata are essentially
distinguished from the others by the possession of an internal osseous
frame or skeleton, enclosing a distinct brain and spinal cord. They
never have more than four limbs; the mouth consists of two jaws
placed vertically, the blood is red, and they have distinct organs of
vision, hearing, taste, and smell.

Vertebrate animals comprise four distinct classes, some of which
are cold-blooded, ¢e¢., with blood nearly the temperature of the
surrounding medium,—Fishes and Reptiles; whilst the others are
warm-blooded,—Birds and Mammals. ‘he former have been already
treated of in this series.

Mammals are warm-blooded, viviparous animals, and are distin-
guished from Birds, as well as from the other vertebrated animals,
by the possession of mammary glands, secreting a nutritious fluid
called milk, for the nourishment of their young, and terminating
outwardly in all (except one or two) by teats. They are also distin-
guished by a covering of hair, entire or partial. Whales appear to be
exceptional ; but even in these the foetus has some tufts of hair.

The lungs are free, and are separated from the abdominal viscera by
a muscular partition called the Diaphragm, which is also one of the
chief agents for inspiration. Most animals have four limbs ; hence the
old term Quadruped, which, on account of its non-applicability to the
Cetacea, has properly been allowed to become obsolete.

Mammals, says Cuvier, require to be placed first, because they

xii THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

enjoy the most numerous faculties, the most delicate sensations, the
most varied powers of motion. heir organization is more differ-
entiated than in any other Vertebrates, and they have a more per-
fect combination of powers.. They are inferior to Birds in muscular
movement, their respiration being less in amount, and the circula-
tion less rapid, on which account their demand for food is not so
constant.

The generality of them are terrestrial ; some inhabit trees, others
burrow in the ground, whilst a few can fly, and some are perfectly
aquatic. With such differences in habit we of course find corre-
sponding differences in external structure. The anterior extremities
in Bats are lengthened to support the flying membrane, whilst
in Whales they are shortened and fin-like, and the terminal points
of the phalanges vary from sharp raptorial claws, to the solid hoof
of the Horse, or the flat pad of the Camel and Elephant. On these
characters, combined with those of the teeth, are founded the different
orders of Mammals.

The form of the body varies, but we can generally distinguish
the head, neck, and trunk, and most have caudal appendages. ‘The
head varies greatly in its form and proportions, as does the ear,
and from these also, characters of more or less importance are drawn ;
but the teeth, in form, number, differences, and relative position,
afford the most varied, prominent, and decisive characters, as well for
the Orders of Mammals as for genera, and even sometimes species,
and require more lengthened notice than any other point in the
external anatomy of Mammals.

Teeth being used by Mammals both to seize and collect food, and
to reduce it to a fit state for swallowing, their form furnishes a
clue to the instincts and habits of the animal. They are placed in a
single series along the edge of the upper and lower jawbones, so as to
oppose each other, and are always fixed in cavities called sockets or
alveoli, an arrangement which elsewhere is only found in the Crocodiles
among Reptiles.

Ivory, or Dentine, forms the sole material of some simple teeth,
as in some Cetacea, and in the tusk of the Elephant; but'in most
teeth another substance, crystalline in texture and extremely hard,

INTRODUCTION. Sill

called enamel, coats the tooth, and penetrates into it insome; whilst in
a few a third substance is added, called crwsta petrosa, or cement.

A tooth consists of two parts, a crown, or external portion, and
a root, which is fixed in the socket. The root is either real or ficti-
tious, in the latter case being merely a continuation of the crown,
and continuing to grow for an indefinite period, as in the tusk of
the Elephant, and the quasi-incisors of Rodents. Certain teeth are
deciduous, and fall or are pushed out (after a longer or shorter period)
by their successors. Others are permanent, and from their first
appearance are never succeeded by others. The first are often called
milk-teeth, but in some animals they are shed before birth, and in
others not till a late period of life. ‘They are never (or very rarely)
renewed more than once, in this differing essentially from the teeth
of Reptiles and Fishes, which are being continually shed and re-
newed.

Teeth vary much in number among Mammals, and are entirely
wanting in a very few. In the more perfect animals they are of four
kinds ; viz., Incisors, Canines, Preemolars or false molars, and Molars.
Incisors are situated in the front of each jaw, in the intermaxillary
bones, and corresponding portion of the lower jaw. They never
exceed six above and six below, except in Marsupial animals. hey
are sometimes wanting in the upper jaw, as in Ruminating animals,
and entirely in Ant-eaters and Armadillos. They vary much in form
and size, and in many Bats are unequal in number in the upper and
lower jaws.

The Canine teeth are one on each side of the incisors, both
above and below, and are fixed in the maxillary bone. They
usually, except in Man and one or two others, succeed the incisors
after more or less interval. They are absent in several animals,
especially among the Ruminants, but are present in some of that
order. In some they occur only in the males, in others they are
larger in that sex, and in a few are very largely developed. The
premolars are those next the canines, and, like them and the incisors,
are deciduous, and succeeded by others. They vary greatly in
form and size, being unicuspid in some, bicuspid in others. They
are not found amongst Rodents, but in these animals they are present

X1V THE MAMMALS OF INDIA

in the foetal state, and are either shed before birth, or very shortly
after. The last of the premolars is called the flesh-tooth, or carnas-
sier, or scissor-tooth, as the upper one acts on the lower one like a
pair of scissors. It is greatly developed in the Cat tribe.

The true molars never exceed three in number. on each side,
above and below, and always end in two, three, or even four roots
or fangs, sometimes considerably divergent from each other. They
vary much in form and size, and are present in all Mammals except
a few Ant-eaters, Whales, and the curious Duck-billed Platypus.
They have four tubercles in most Monkeys, two sharp-pointed
tubercles in Shrews and other Insectivorous animals; are three-
pointed in some, and conical or flat in others. They are more or less
numerous, according to the herbivorous or carnivorous nature of the
animal, there being only one on each side in the Feline tribe.

In the Elephant there is only one molar on each side, above and
below, and this forms a seeming exception to the non-renewal of
these teeth, for as it gets worn away another is developed pos-
teriorly, and gradually pushes the other out, so that there are
sometimes two on one side at a time, but never more. The typical
number of teeth is considered to be 44, and this number is never
exceeded except in the fish-like Cetacea, and a few others of rep-

tilian affinities. These teeth are arranged thus: Incisors 2 ~ = 12;
iS
Canines vasa 4; Praemolars ee tie ; Molars ae ae
1—1] —- 3—e

The mouth of Mammals is surrounded by fleshy lips, more or less
protusile, and the cheeks in some form pouches for the reception of
food taken hurriedly.

The extremities vary more than in Birds, in length, form, and
structure, as noticed previously. The nails or claws are useful
guides to assist in classifying Mammals. In some they are blunt
and terminal, as in Monkeys; in others sharp, as in Shrews ; much
curved, powerful, sharp, and retractile in Cats ; long and strong, and
well adapted for digging (fossorial), as in the Scaly Ant-eaters and
Bears. In the herbivorous animals they are solid, as in the Horse ;

INTRODUCTION. XV

hoofed or ending in two blunt horny toes, as in Ruminants and
some Pachyderms; or blunt and almost entirely enclosed, as in the
Elephant and Camel.

The temperature of Mammals being lower than that of Birds,
less effectual means are required of preserving the internal heat,
and accordingly, we find them provided with a covering more or less
dense of hair, or fur. In Monkeys and Bats there is only one kind
of hair, in most other animals there are both hair and wool, and
these vary in amount in different animals. Wool differs from hair
in having a serrated edge, as seen under the microscope, and on this
depends the quality of felting. It is generally more abundant in
animals living in cold countries, and is highly developed in all
the Himalayan Mammals. Hairs are of two kinds as regards their
growth. One kind grows continually and is never shed, as the mane
of the Horse. The second kind, of which is the fur of most animals,
grows to its full extent, and is shed and renewed periodically. This
causes a very considerable change in the general hue of many animals,
as well as in the amount of fur, so that the winter and summer
vestures are exceedingly dissimilar.

A few animals have some of the hairs thick and strong (bristles),
and others have them flat and somewhat rigid, as in certain Rats.
Spines are found on Hedgehogs and Porcupines; and a very few
Mammals are clad with scales or horny plates, as the Scaly Ant-
eaters and Armadillos. These spines and scales are all made up
of agglutinated hairs) Many Ruminants are adorned with horny
appendages on their heads, some of which are of the nature of
a horny sheath covering an internal bony cone; others have no
internal nucleus and are renewed yearly. The former kind of horn
is, like the spines mentioned above, formed of agglutinated hairs ;
the latter partakes more of the nature of bone.

In many animals the hairs are not uniformly coloured, but are
coloured differently at the base and the tip, and in some tribes are
ringed with different colours. The wearing down of these hairs
causes a difference in the external hue of such animals.

In the Cetacea, which have no hair, the warmth of the body is
retained by a thick coating of fat or blubber.

Xvi THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

The bones of Mammals are distinguished from those of Birds by
the absence of air-cells, except in some of the cranial bones, and
these do not communicate with the lungs. Most of them are solid,
or, if hollow, are filled with a fatty or oily matter, termed marrow.

The cervical vertebree are always seven in number, without excep-
tion ; for in the Sloths, generally considered to have nine, it has been
lately demonstrated by Bell that the two posterior vertebree (called
cervical) have rudiments of ribs attached to them, and are therefore
in reality modified dorsal vertebre. The occipital bone articulates
with the atlas, or first vertebra, by two lateral condyles.

The head is made up of numerous bones, which are divided into
the cranial, or those inclosing the brain, and the facial. The normal
number of facial bones is seventeen, viz., 2 nasal bones, 2 upper
maxillary, 2 intermaxillary, 2 lachrymal bones, 2 inferior turbinated
bones, 2 palatal bones, 2 jugal or malar bones, 2 lower-jaw bones,
and 1 vomer. Of these the nasal, upper and intermaxillary, and the
palatal bones bound the nasal cavity, and constitute the bony palate.
The cranial bones are eleven in number, viz., 2 frontal, 2 parietal,
2 squamous, and 2 tympano-petrous bones (which together make up
the two temporal bones), 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, and 1 ethmoid.

The orbit is bounded anteriorly by the molar and lachrymal
bones, and its posterior boundary is generally absent. The orbital
cavity is formed by processes from the frontal bones; the lachrymal,
the molar, and sphenoid bones; the ethmoid and palatine bones
occasionally assisting. The ethmoid, the turbinated bones, and the
vomer are internal, connecting the nasal bones with the base of
the skull.

The lower maxillary bones, united at the chin, are movably
articulated with the temporal bone by a convex condyle, in this
differing from Birds and Reptiles, in which the articulation takes
place through a separate piece, the tympanic bone. In Man and
many Mammals several of these bones are united ; viz., the frontals,
the parietals in some Mammals, and the temporal bones.

The number of dorsal vertebrae depends on that of the ribs, and
varies from eleven to twenty ; and the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
vertebrae also vary from four to forty-five.

INTRODUCTION. XVll

The thorax is inclosed by ribs, some of which, called the true
ribs, are attached to the sternum by a cartilage, the representative
of the sternal ribs of other Vertebrata. The posterior ribs are called
the false or floating ribs. The sternum is composed of several pieces,
and gives attachment to the clavicles when present. The ribs are
capable of considerable motion of elevation and depression, aiding the
diaphragm in respiration.

The anterior extremity is fixed to a broad scapula, generally
only connected by muscles to the trunk. A clavicle is present in
those Mammals that use the arm as an instrument of prehension or
flight, and the coracoid bone, so conspicuous in other Vertebrata,
is reduced to an appendage. The rest of the limb is composed of
the humerus, two bones of the forearm, the radius and ulna,
the carpus, metacarpus and phalanges. These last vary much in
number.

The posterior extremity consists of the pelvis, comprising the iliac,
ischial and pubic bones, the femur or thigh bone articulated with the
pelvis, the tibia and fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.
Modifications of some of these bones, and reductions of many of
them, occur among various Mammals, and will be pointed out in the
proper place.

Considered generally, the muscular system of Mammals varies
little from that of Man. The cutaneous muscles are much developed
in some, especially in the Porcupine and Hedgehog, by means of which
the spines can be suddenly raised. ‘The same is noticeable to a less
degree in Dogs and Cats, when they, as it is popularly called, “ get
their backs up.”

Among Mammals the demand for food is less constant, and the
digestive process less rapidly accomplished than in Birds. There
is a considerable amount of uniformity in the structure of their
digestive organs. The tongue varies much, and is free in most,
being only fixed in the Whales. In some it is capable of great
extension, asin the Ant-eaters, and is used to procure food, as it is
also, to a certain extent, by some Ruminants. The surface of
the tongue is usually covered with papilla, which in some of
the Carnivora, the Cat tribe notably, are developed into sharp,

b

XVill THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

recurved horny spines, used to scrape the last fragments of flesh
off bones.

The tongue is supported by a bone called the Hyoid bone, the
anterior horns of which, small in Man, are greatly developed in most
Mammals. The velum palati, which protects the communication
between the mouth and posterior nasal cavity is only found in this
class; and the trachea, which lies in front of the csophacus, is
protected by the epiglottis. The cesophagus leads straight to the
stomach from the end of the pharynx, and is of moderate width,
but dilatable. The stomach presents great varieties of form. In
most, it is a simple bag of varied shape and size ; in some, divided
into compartments by constrictions, but without any apparent
difference of structure. In one tribe, however, the Ruminants,
it is a truly compound structure, consisting of several distinct cavities
differing both in size, structure and functions. The small intestines
vary little, but the large intestines are very variable in size, and
the division between them is in many marked by an appendage
called the cawcwm, sometimes double, and in certain animals of great
size. In some, especially the Plantigrade Carnivora and Cetacea, it
is entirely absent.

The liver is generally of large size, and is usually divided into
several lobes. In most it is furnished with a gall-bladder. The
pancreas and spleen are always present.

The inferior muscular energy of Mammals compared with that of
Birds is accompanied by an inferior amount of respiration, and on
this account the heat of animals is much less, rarely exceeding
100° of Fahrenheit. The organs of respiration and circulation
differ little throughout the class from those of Man. The heart
consists of four cavities; and the lungs, which are always in pairs,
are completely inclosed, and have no communication with air-cells
as in Birds. ‘These viscera are separated from those of the abdomen
by the diaphragm, a muscular partition, which is one of the chief
agents in respiration. The lungs are more porous and spongy in
texture than in Birds. Variations in the structure of the heart and
circulating system are only met with in Cetaceous animals, which
have some interesting peculiarities dependent on their remaining

INTRODUCTION. obs

long immersed in water; some arteries appear to be intended as
reservoirs of arterial blood, and the dilatations of some of the veins
serve to prevent too ereat distension while the respiration is stopped.

The brain is larger than in any other class of animals, owing chiefly
to the increased size of the cerebral hemispheres, which are united in
most by a fibrous band called the corpus callosum. The cerebellum
too has lateral lobes, which are united by the pons varolii, and the
hemispheres are usually convoluted externally. The Marsupial
animals, however, do not possess the great commissures, and the
cerebrum is smooth externally, thus more resembling Birds. The
olfactory tubercles, and the optic lobes, are greatly reduced in size.

The organs of the senses are highly specialized, and in a great state
of perfection in Mammals. The sense of touch is very delicate, and
is usually concentrated in various parts, ¢.g., in the whiskers of the
Seals, of some Insectivora and Carnivora, in the lips of the Horse, the
trunk of the Elephant; and this sense is greatly developed and
extended among Bats in every part of the body, but especially in the
naked wings, the ears, and facial appendages.

The sense of smell is very acute in most animals, and many have
a mobility of the outer nostrils to aid it, never found in the other
Vertebrata. The olfactory tubercles are so diminished in size as
barely to be recognized. We are all familiar with the power of the
scent in the Dog, as well as in most of the Carnivora, which enables
them to discover and hunt down their prey. Antelope, Deer, and
other timid animals have likewise very acute sense of smell, to enable
them to avoid approaching danger. The nasal plates of the ethmoid
bone, and the convolutions of the turbinated bones, are coated
with a delicate membrane, which forms a large surface, amply sup-
plied with minute branches of the olfactory nerves, and the air
inhaled passing to the lungs over this membrane, imparts the im-
pression.

The structure of the eye is in all Mammals almost identical with
that in Man. In some the pupil is round, in others oblong or linear.

In Bats, and some ,nocturnal Insectivora, the external eye is very
minute, but the sense of sight appears to be compensated for by an
increase of that of touch. Many of the Ruminants have the eye

XX THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

large and full, and several of the Carnivora have a very keen sight,
though not so acute perhaps as that of many raptorial birds. The
eyelids in most are double as in Man, but in some of the lower forms
« remnant of the nyctitating membrane is also met with. A lachrymal
apparatus exists in most animals except the Cetacea.

The sense of hearing attains its greatest perfection in Mammals,
and an external ear is present in most ; it is generally mobile, to assist
in conveying and concentrating the sound from every direction. The
internal ear is imbedded in the petrous portion of the temporal bone,
and is remarkable for the development and complexity of the cochlea.
‘he tympanic cavity is large, and communicates with the pharynx by
the eustachian tube. ‘The communication between the membrane of
the tympanum and the inner ear, which in the other vertebrates takes
place by one ossicle, here consists of four.

Owing to the fleshy nature and mobility of the tongue, the sense of
taste is much greater than in any other animals.

The leading peculiarity of the class of Mammals, viz., the nourish-
ing of the new-born young with milk, has been already alluded to.
The milk is secreted by the mammary glands, and these vary in
number and position, being most numerous in the more prolific
races. In most animals they are ventral, inguinal in many, and
pectoral ina few. They vary in number from two to twelve. The
yelk of the ovum which suffices for the nourishment of the young of
Reptiles and Fishes, only affords a very small amount of nutriment
to the Mammalian ovum, when expelled from the ovary, and the
foetus is supported in the uterus by-the blood of the mother, conveyed
by means of a vascular connection, called the placenta, the shape and
situation of which, within the uterus, varies considerably. In one
tribe of animals, however, the Marsupials, the young are expelled
from the uterus at a very early period of development, and receive no
nourishment beyond that derived from the yelk, no placenta being
formed.

The young of several animals are born blind, others with their eyes
open. Most are helpless at first, whilst a few are able to run about
very shortly after birth ; some attain their full size in a few months,
others take‘several years.

INTRODUCTION. Og

In the majority of Mammals there is little to mark the signs of
sex, except superior size and strength, and a different colour in a
few; but in certain tribes there are other external marks. The
Lion, and a few others, have a shaggy mane, and the males of many
Ruminants are adored with fine horns, either altogether absent in
the females, or much smaller. In a few, the canine teeth are greatly
superior in size in the males, or only found in them.

The male generative organs differ much in size and shape, and
some are provided with the succenturiate glands of large size, whilst
others are wholly without them. The males of some animals have
a seasonal development, and at such times only have the power to
procreate, whilst others are able at all seasons. Most Mammals,
perhaps, are monogamous, a few are polygamous.

The females of most Mammals have certain periods of heat, or
estrum, coincident with a catamenial discharge, and will in general
only receive the males at these times. The uterus is usually single,
but double in a few, as in the Rabbit, with two openings into the
vagina. In many of the lower animals, and especially in ‘such as
are remarkable for their fecundity, the horns of the uterus are more
developed in pregnancy than the body, and the fetus lies there ;
as we ascend in the scale the body of the uterus becomes
larger.

The urine is contained in the bladder, which is large, and it is
evacuated by a distinct opening in the generative organs, except in
the Monotremata, the lowest organized Mammals, where there is only
one passage for feces and urine. The excretory canal in the female
is quite separate from the vagina.

Mammals are silent compared with Birds, and their voice is not
generally musical or capable of harmony. It is chiefly employed to
call one another, or to express anger, fear, or hunger.

The skin contains numerous glands and follicles, secreting a
lubricating fluid, to maintain it in a moist and supple state.

In many animals there are special glands in various parts of the
- body. Some of the Carnivora have special anal glands, which usu-
ally secrete a fetid fluid. The Elephant has a temporal gland; and
many Ruminants have both large hollow glands below the eyes,

xxl THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

secreting a waxy fluid, and inguinal and foot-glands as well. A few,
as the Musk-deer, have a preputial gland, secreting a most powerfully
scented substance, musk; the kindred substance, castor, is secreted
bya Rodent animal. Many of these secretions appear to be connected
with sexual purposes.

In cold climates several animals pass the winter in a state of
torpidity, and even in India certain Bats and Hedgehogs, and
perhaps some Rats, are more or less torpid during the cold season.
In Southern India I do not think that Bats usually become
torpid, but they certainly do in the Northern Provinces. The two
species of Bears found in the Himalayas both retire to their caves
during winter, and are rarely or never seen from December till the
end of March.

Most animals are habitually solitary or live in pairs; but many
are gregarious. Some live chiefly on animal food: e.g., Bats, Shrews,
Moles, &c., on insects and worms; the Carnivora on birds, reptiles,
and mammals; and the Otter and Seal on fish. Some of the
Carnivora, however, have a mixed diet, as Beays, which eat insects,
honey, and fruit, as do several of the smaller Plantigrades; whilst a
few partake of carrion. Many live solely on vegetable food. Some
graze, others browse, and a few dig up roots or plunder grain.

Wanting the great powers of locomotion of Birds, no extensive
migrations can take place among Mammals; but partial migrations
have been observed among certain Rodents, as the Lemming; and
the Coffee-rat of Ceylon is stated to migrate at times from place to
place in countless thousands.

There are not many constructive habits in this class compared with
that of Birds. ‘The Beaver is one of the most noted exceptions ; and
Squirrels and certain Rats and Mice build nests.

Most animals content themselves with holes excavated in the
ground, or bring forth their young under rocks, in caves, or in
thickets, or, like many Ruminants, on the bare ground.

Man has brought under his dominion various animals, either for
food, carriage, or the chase ; many of these have been domesticated
for ages, and numerous varieties occur among them, the result of long
domestication in varied climes, and perhaps partly of different origin,

INTRODUCTION. XXill

The previous remarks (page xx) will have prepared the reader for
the first step in the arrangement of Mammals, viz., their division
into those in which the young are nourished in the maternal uterus
by means of a placenta, —PLacenTtaL Mammazs,—and those in which
the young foetus is expelled at a very early period, and maintained in
a pouch firmly attached to a nipple, Imppacenraz, or Marsupial
animals. None of these last occur in the Asiatic province, being
chiefly developed in the Australian region, and a few in America.
They have, moreover, very anomalous forms of dentition.

Having separated the Marsupial animals, the great mass of the
Mammals still remains. Taking the teeth as our guide, we finda
large number of animals possessed of all four kinds of teeth (ede
page xiv) though in varying number and proportion. These are called
by Blyth, Typopowrra, z.¢., animals with the typical forms of teeth
developed, and include Man,* Monkeys, Bats, Carnivorous animals
and Shrews, &c., in fact all the most perfect forms of Mammals.
We next find a large and still more varied association of animals, of
inferior and more specialized organization, in which the teeth vary
much from the typical formation, and have rarely more than two
kinds of teeth developed. ‘This group is called by Blyth, DipLopon-
TIA, and includes Rats and Squirrels, Deer, Sheep and Cattle, the
Elephant, Pig and Horse, and the almost toothless Ant-eaters.-
‘They chiefly live on vegetable matter, as the majority of the Typo-
dontia do on animal food.

A third small division, comprising the Whales and Porpoises
&e., were called Isoponri1a by Blyth, because the teeth when present
are all of one kind.

Having thus divided Placental Mammals into three great groups,
which can in most cases be recognized by a glance at the teeth,
the next step is to divide them into orders; and first the typically-
toothed Mammals. On examining the hairy covering of a Monkey
and a Bat, it will be seen that there is only one kind of hair, no
underhair or wool being present. In both these animals too, the
penis is pendent, and not sheathed as in all other animals. As
Man belongs to this division, it was called Primates by Linneus.

* Man is excluded from the scope of the present work.

XXIV THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

It is composed of two very distinct orders, that of QUADRUMANA,
z.¢, the four-handed, comprising Monkeys and Lemurs, in most of
which there is a thumb or opposable finger on the foot; and CHzrR-
OPTERA, 7.¢., hand-winged, the Bats, which have the forearm and
hand extended into an organ of flight. The remaining groups of
perfect-toothed animals have two kinds of hair, in variable amount,
and were named SecunpatEs by Blainville. They are likewise divi-
sible into two orders. ‘The first is the Carnivora, or beast of prey,
the most typical of the two, and distinguished by powerful canines
and trenchant molars, which are never studded with sharp points,
and the clavicle is generally imperfect. The other order is that of
INsECTIVORA, a group of small Mammals, having their molar teeth
studded with sharp points to bruise their insect prey, and they usually
have a greater number of teeth than the Carnivora. They all possess
clavicles.

The Diplodontia present much greater differences of aspect and
structure than the more perfect group, and it is only as a matter of
convenience that they are grouped together. One order, which, like
the preceding orders, has claws, or is unguiculate, possesses two chisel-
shaped teeth in front of each jaw, no apparent canines, and a small
number of flattened molars. This is the Roprenrra, or Gnawers,
comprising Rats and Squirrels, &e. Another order, likewise with
claws, which are large and fossorial, or capable of digging, but
partially enclosing the toes and somewhat hoof-like, is distinguished
by the total absence of the incisors and canine teeth, and in some
of all the teeth. It is called Epznrata, or Toothless. Such are the
Ant-eaters and Armadillos.

All the remaining animals of this group have the toes more or
less joined together, and ending in a hoof, which is single and
solid in the Horse, double or suleate in the Deer and Pig, in three
divisions in the Rhinoceros, in four unsymmetrical parts in the
Hippopotamus, and with five hoof-like nails terminating the pad
of the Elephant. These form the Uneurara of some writers, and
are usually divided into the Rumrnanria, or Ruminants, and the
PAcHYDERMATA, or thick-skinned Mammals. The former is a very
natural group, and comprises all that chew the cud—Deer, Cattle,

INTRODUCTION. XXV

Sheep, &c. They have two hoofs, and two upper supplemental ones,
no upper incisors (except in the Camel), and flattened molars. A
canine is present in a few.

The PacHyDERMATA is a more varied and artificial group than the
Ruminants, comprising the Elephant, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus,
Pig, Horse, and Tapir. ‘They differ much in their dentition, and
only agree in the negative character of not ruminating; and perhaps
it would be more scientific to divide them into separate orders as
some have done, viz., Cu@ropra for the Hippopotamus and Pig ;
PrososcrDEA for the Elephant ; and Bextura for the others.

The herbivorous Cetaceans, sometimes classed with Pachydermata,
are generally separated as a distinct order, called Srrenta, and are
distinguished from the other Diplodonts by the absence of limbs.

The Isoponr1a, comprising the Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises,
are generally called Cetacea, and have no posterior extremities, whilst
their anterior limbs are changed into fins.

Such is the Classification adopted in the present work, of which the
accompanying synopsis may be found useful.

A. PLACENTAL MAMMALS.
(Foetus nourished in the uterus through a placenta.)
I. Typopontra.—Teeth of all four kinds.
Ist Group, Prrmates.—Hair of one kind only.
Ord. Quadrumana.—With thumb on the feet.
», Cheiroptera.—Winged.
2nd Group, Secunpatges.—Hair of two kinds.
Ord. Carnivora.—Molars trenchant mixed with tubercular ones.
», Lnsectivora.—Molars studded with cusps.
II]. Dipropontra.—Teeth generally of two kinds only, abnormal.

Ord. Lodentia.—Front teeth long and chisel-like.
» Pachydermata.—Teeth varied—skin thick—do not ruminate
» Luminantia.—Upper incisors generally absent—chew the cud.
,, Strenta.—Want posterior extremities.
» Hdentata.—lIncisors absent.

XXvl THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

III. Isoponrra.—Teeth when present of one kind and often
very numerous.

Ord. Cetacea.—Post-extremities wanting.

B. IMPLACENTAL OR MARSUPIAL MAMMALS.

In the body of the work the orders do not follow exactly as in this
synopsis. I have made the Insectivora follow the Bats, and the
Cetacea the Carnivora.

‘This classification is nearly that of Cuvier, but he classed Bats,
Insectivora and Carnivora, in one group, Carnakia, and placed the
Sirenia with the true Cetacea.

The following is the classification adopted by Linneeus.

I. Unevicutata.—With nails.
Ord. Primates.—Monkeys and Bats.
» Merce.—Insectivora and Carnivora.
» Gtlires—Are Rodentia.
, Bruta.—The Ant-eaters, Elephant, and Rhinoceros.

II. Unaurata.—Hoofed.
Ord. Pecora.—Ruminantia.
», ellua.—Pachydermata, except the order Bruta above.

III. Murica.—Wanting the posterior extremities, Cetacea.

This, it will be seen, is, with the exception of his separating the
Elephant and Rhinoceros from the other Pachydermata, essentially
the same as Cuvier’s, and the system adopted here.

Professor Owen classifies Mammals according to the structure of
the brain alone, and, excluding Man, whom he places by himself, as
the type of his Archencephala, he divides the Mammal class into three
great groups—Lyencephala, Lissencephala, and G'yrencephala. The
first comprises the Implacental or Marsupial animals, and is quite
natural. In this group the olfactory lobes, part of the optic lobes, as
well as the cerebellum, are all exposed, and the lobes of’ the cerebrum
are not connected by a corpus callosum.

The Lissencephala, or smooth-brained Mammals, have the corpus
callosum, but the cerebrum is smooth in most and of small bulk.
This group is composed of the Cheiroptera, Insectivora, Rodentia, and

INTRODUCTION. XXVll

Edentata ; and the separation of the perfect-teethed Bats and Shrews
from the Monkeys and Carnivora, does not appear to be felicitous,
or so natural as the system of Linneus. The Gyrencephala have
more or less convolutions on the surface of the brain, and are divided
into three groups—Murinara, the Cetacea and Sirenia ; Unou-
Lata, the Pachydermata and Ruminantia ; and Uneuicuata, the
Carnivora and Quadrumana.

But few naturalists in India have recorded their observations on
the class of Mammals. Colonel Sykes was the first who published
a list of the animals observed by him in the Deccan, in which he
described several of the common animals of the country. Sir Walter
Elliot followed, in 1839, with a Catalogue of the Mammalia of the
Southern Mahratta country, and this excellent observer was the first
to distinguish many of the smaller Mammals, of which he has given
an admirable account. He has not published since, but has continued
his researches, and discovered several novelties, amongst others the
Tupaia of Southern India. That indefatigable observer and collector,
Mr. Hodgson, has published several lists of the Mammals of Nepal,
and has described many species, giving detailed accounts of the habits
and structure of a few. Colonel Tickell has published a detailed
history of a few animals in such a full and interesting manner, as to
lead one to wish he had written much more. Major Hutton has
also recorded some interesting facts on the Mammals of Afghanistan,
and has largely collected, especially the Bats and smaller animals of
the Himalayas. I understand that he is at present engaged on a
popular natural history of the Himalayan animals, and I can only
express my regret that it had not been published previously to the
appearance of this work. Other scattered notices will be referred to
in their proper place.

It only remains to make a few observations on the geographical
distribution of the Mammals of India.

The Lungoors (Gen. Presbytis) form a well-marked group of
Monkeys in India, and are still further developed in the Indo-Chinese
provinces and Malayana. Out of five species found on the continent,
there is only one spread through all the plains of Central and
Northern India, and one through the Himalayas, whilst there are

XXVlll THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

three well-marked species in the extreme south of the peninsula.
Whilst Macacus radiatus of Southern India replaces Inwus rhesus of
all Northern and Central India, a well-marked form of this eroup,
Inwus silenus, is peculiar to the south-west corner of the peninsula.

The Lemurs are only outliers of the Madagascar Fauna, and
whilst one species is very abundant in the extreme south, another
Malayan species extends sparingly through Burmah into the north-
eastern corner of Bengal.

Of the Frugivorous Bats, two species are spread throughout the
whole of India, and one additional species occurs in the south only.
Among Insectivorous Bats, the Lhinolophus group is much more
developed on the Himalayas than in all the rest of India ; seven
species being recorded as Himalayan, whilst only two occur in
Southern India ; but the Hipposideros section, which is more Malayan,
is about equally represented in the north and south of India. A
peculiar form, Calops of Blyth, has hitherto only been found in
the Bengal Sunderbuns. The yellow-bellied Nyctéiceji occur pretty
generally throughout India, but the largest species is from the
south ; whilst a peculiar type, I. ornatus, is only found in the
Himalayas. Most of the other Bats are generally distributed through
the continent, except a few European forms, which only occur on the
Himalayas.

Moles are only found in India in the south-east portion of the
Himalayas, being apparently an offshoot from the Indo-Chinese
region ; and the Shrews are more numerously developed in the same
portion of the Himalayas than in other parts of India. One species
of the peculiar Insectivorous genus, T'upaia, a Malayan form, occurs
in Southern India, and another spreads from Burmah into the south-
eastern Himalayas.

India abounds in Carnivora. ‘wo species of Bears are Hima-
layan, and one of a somewhat different type extends throughout the
whole plains of India. A very remarkable form of Urside, Adurus
Sulgens, is peculiar to the Eastern Himalayas. One Marten is found
both on the Himalayas and Neelgherries, but Weasels, in India,
only occur on the former range. There is only one species of Otter
found in the South of India, but two are found in Bengal, and more

INTRODUCTION. XX1X

on the Himalayas. Out of the fifteen Feline animals found in India,
five are common to India and Africa; seven are found in India and
the Indo-Chinese region, but of these there are three that only
occur, in India, in the south-east Himalayas; one (the Ownce) is
Himalayan, extending there from Central Asia; and three (and these
are the smallest of the family) are peculiar to the plains of India,
two of them occurring in the extreme south of the peninsula, and
the other in the north-west. The genus Paradogxurus is strictly
Asiatic, and more Malayan than Indian. One species only is
common in most parts of India, and there are two in the Himalayas
and adjoining Terai. Out of seven species of Herpestes, a genus
common to India and Africa, five are only found in the southern
portion of the peninsula, and four of these in the extreme south. Of
the Civet Cats, one small species is found throughout India, common
also to Malayana ; and there is a large species in Northern India,
replaced in the extreme south by a different race. Several peculiar
forms of Carnivora, viz., Arctonya, Arctictis, Helictis, Urva, and
Prionodon, are found in the South-east Himalayas, but they all extend
there from the Indo-Chinese region.

Of the Canide, the Wolf, Jackal, and Wild Dog are found
throughout India, and two small desert Foxes are found throughout
the plains, whilst a Fox of the European type occurs in the
Himalayas.

Of the large Squirrels, three species of races occur in Southern
India, and one inthe Hastern Himalayas, extending from the Indo-
Chinese district ; and in the same region two closely allied races
of Squirrel are found of a type immensely developed in Assam,
Burmah, and Malayana. Three species of ground Squirrel are
found in Southern India, one of which extends to the foot of the
Himalayas, and another to Central India; one small species is
found in the eastern Himalayas spreading to Assam. Only two
species of Flying Squirrel are met with in Southern India, one of
them limited to the extreme south of the peninsula, the other
extending through Central India, although several species are found in
the Himalayas. Marmots only occur on the same range, being
outliers from Central Asia, :

XXX THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

There is not much remarkable in the distribution of the numerous
Muride of India. A few are peculiar to the South of India, and
these are somewhat more distinct in type, viz., Golunda, three
species of Zeggada, and the curious Platacanthomys. . Arvicola only
occurs in the Himalayas; and hizomys, an Indo-Chinese type, in
the most eastern Himalayas.

One species of Hare is found in the south of the peninsula, and
another in Northern and Central India ; whilst a very curious form,
the Hispid Hare, inhabits the north-eastern portion of Bengal.
Lagomys, a northern type, is only found on the Himalayas.

One Elephant is found throughout India, and two species of
Rhinoceros occur in the north-eastern parts of Bengal, one of them
extending to the extreme south of the Malayan peninsula. One
Wild Pig, with some slight differences of race, occurs throughout
all India, and a peculiar dwarf species is found sparingly in the
Terai adjoining the south-eastern Himalayas. A Wild Ass is
found in the north-western deserts, an extension from Persia and
Western Asia.

True’ Deer, of the type of the Red Deer, only occur, in India,
within the Himalayas beyond the outer snowy range, in Kashmir,
and Sikim, and these two species extend over great part of Asia;
four Rusine Deer, all peculiar to the Indian region, are found
throughout India; one, which approaches nearest the Hlaphine
group (Jtucervus), occurring in Northern and Central India only,
but also extending into Assam. The little Mouse-deer, Memimna, a
Malayan form, occurs throughout India; although the northern
Musk-deer is only found in the Himalayas.

Four species of Antelope are found throughout India, two of
them, the Nyleai and the four-horned Antelope, being distinct in
type from any African form; whilst the Gazelles occur both in
Africa and Asia. Two goat-like Antelopes (Wemorhadus) are found
on the Himalayas, the form being peculiar to Eastern Asia from
Japan to Burmah. Of the true Goats, one type, Hemitragus, has
a representative on the Himalayas, and another on the Neelgherries.
The Siberian Ibex extends to the Himalayas, and a splendid wild
goat, the Markhor, quite of the type of the domestic goat, is found

INTRODUCTION. XXX1

on the north-west Himalayas and adjoining hilly districts. Two
species of Wild Sheep occur, one in the Punjab Salt Range, the other
in the Himalayas. The occurrence of the former at such a low
altitude, and in such a hot summer climate, is very remarkable.

The magnificent Gaur, the Bison of sportsmen, abounds in the
forests of Southern India, and extends more sparingly into Central
India, as well as to Burmah and the Malay peninsula; but the
wild Buffalo is found in the eastern portions of both Northern and
Central India.

Two species of Scaly Ant-eater, Manis, occur in India, one
common throughout all India; the other a Chinese species, just
reaching our north-east limit at Darjeeling.

Little is known of the distribution of the marine Cetacea and
Sirenia. The Dugong occurs sparingly in the southern coasts of
India, and various species of Delphinus, one Globicephalus, and
one Ralenoptera, are occasionally captured off the coasts or stranded.
The Ganges and the Indus abound with a fresh-water Porpoise of a
peculiar type, Platanista.

To conclude, Southern India, more particularly the richly-wooded
Malabar coast, possesses more species peculiar to it than all Central
and Northern India, except the Himalayan range. Of the
animals only found in this latter region, several equally belong to
the Indo-Chinese Fauna, of which they appear to be the western
extension, or to Central Asia; still a moderate number of species
appear to be peculiar to this mountainous region.

Mh Daa eh

A é 4p
ee ws vain cP We ;
‘ v f

1 t . i pe

THE MAMMALS OF INDIA.

—/.

Orp. PRIMATES.

Fam. Simiap#, Monkeys.

Syn. Quadrumana in part, Auct. Heopitheci, Van-Horven.—Catar-
rhinw, GEOFFROY.

mes ; molars, ; total, 32 teeth ; as in

1—1 5—5
man. Nails flat or somewhat rounded, blunt; fore-feet usually with 5
toes ; hind-feet always pentadactylous, thumb remote ; nostrils separated

A 4 F
Incisors, — ; canines,
4

by a small and narrow septum. Tail never prehensile, sometimes
wanting ; the region of the tuberosity of the ischium usually destitute
of hair and callous. Peculiar to the old world.

In their anatomical characters monkeys generally closely resemble man,
differing chiefly in the relative proportions of parts. The incisors are
approximate in both jaws ; the canines are conic, larger than the incisors,
and the upper ones remote from them ; the molars are nearly cubical in
form with short tubercles, and equally enamelled. The face and hands
are devoid of hair, and the fore-feet are often larger than the hind-feet.
Some have cheek-pouches, others have none. Some have laryngeal
pouches, or membranous expansions, sending prolongations into the
muscles ; these are receptacles of air, and communicate with the cavity
of the larynx by an aperture at the base of the epiglottis. Their probable
use is to diminish the specific gravity of their body in the action of
climbing. The cheek-pouches enable them to eat with rapidity ; their
callosities enable them to assume the sitting posture readily ; and the
long tails of some enable them to balance themselves in their surprising
leaps.

Their dentition resembles that of man very closely, differing in the

B

2 SIMIADA.

incisors, and especially in the canines being larger ; this necessitates a
larger space between the incisors, and the false molars. The other points
in which even the nearest allied species differ from man are the con-
spicuously longer fore-arms, the long flexible toes, and the thumb on the
hind-feet. The pelvis is narrow, and does not assist the equilibrium in
the erect position, and when they stand erect they cannot do so on the
soles of their feet, but rest on the outer edge of the foot. In the young
of some, the form of the skull approaches that of man, but with age it
differs much, the jaws lengthening. The skeleton generally may be said
to deviate from man towards some of the larger carnivora. The mass of
the brain is smaller comparatively than in man, usually broader than
long, and the central convolutions are less numerous and deep, the corpus
callosum of less extent, and the nerves thicker in proportion to the size
of the brain.*

The intestines of monkeys generally are similar to those of man. The
penis is free and pendent, and they possess vesicular prostrate glands.
The mamme are pectoral. The uterus is simple, and they menstruate.
The placenta is usually discoid, sometimes double.

As a general rule monkeys are herbivorous, but some live on a mixed
diet. Most live in societies, and they are chiefly arboreal in habit. They
seldom give birth to more than two young at a time, frequently only
one ; and they carry their young about with them. The liberty of their
arms and the make of their hands permit many actions and gestures
similar to those of man. Many are capable of domestication, and their
intelligence and docility are familiar to all.

The monkeys of the old world may be divided into Ist, Apes without
a tail, to which division belong the Orangs and Gibbons; 2nd, Monkeys
properly so called; and 3rd, Baboons.

The Apes, sub-fam. Srm1ana comprise the Chimpanzee, 7'roglodytes
niger ; the Gorilla, 7. Gorilla ; and perhaps a third species, all from
Africa ; and the Orangs, Simia Satyrus and S. Morio, from Borneo and
Sumatra.

The Gibbons are separated by some as a sub-family, HyLoBaTIN2.
They are peculiar to the Indo-Chinese countries and Malayana. One of

* Owen’s separation of man from the monkeys, under the title of Archencephala,
founded on the supposed greater extent of the hemispheres posteriorly, and sume
other points, is opposed by Huxley and others.

PRESBYTIS. 3

the best known is Hylobates hoolook, found in the forests and hill ranges
of Assam, Sylhet, Cachar, &c., whose extraordinary howlings I have
heard in. the Khasia hills and in Cachar; Hylobates lar occurs in
Tenasserim, and H. agilis in the Malayan peninsula, and there are
several other species from the Malayan islands. They are of small size,
gentle in disposition, and progress on the ground on their hind legs in a
series of hops or jumps sideways, with their arms raised erect.

MonkeEYs.

The Entellus group of monkeys are placed by Mr. Blyth in a sub-
family, Cotopin#, along with an African genus, Colobus. They are
distinguished from the other monkeys and baboons, by wanting the
cheek-pouches, and having a peculiar sacculated stomach.

Gen. Prespytis, Illiger.
Syn. Semnopithecus, F. Cuvier.—Langur, H. Hunumdn, of Hindus.

Char.—Cheek-pouches rudimentary or wanting ; head round, the face
but little produced, having a high facial angle. The last molar tooth of
the lower jaw, with a fifth or accessory tubercle behind ; canines much
longer than the incisors ; extremities and feet long; fore-feet with the
thumb short, and the third and fourth fingers long and sub-equal. Tail
very long, slender, and straight. Callosities present. Peculiar to the
Indian region.

The body of these monkeys is comparatively slender, and the Germans
call them slim-apes. Their long and slender limbs, long tail, and the
black face with an eyebrow of long stiff black hairs, pointing forwards,
distinguish the Langurs from all other monkeys. The absence of the
cheek-pouch appears to be in some measure compensated by a peculiar
sacculated stomach, described fully by Owen, in the 1st Vol. ‘ Trans-
actions of the Zoological Society” ; several distinct sacs or pouches being
added to and communicating with the stomach. Ina specimen of P.
entellus, 20 inches long to the root of the tail, the small intestines were
134 feet long, the large ones 2 feet 10 inches, and the ccecum 4 inches.
The distended stomach measured 31 inches along the greater curve, and
was | foot in circumference. It consisted, firstly, of a simple cardiac
pouch ; secondly, of a wide and sacculated middle portion ; and thirdly,
of a narrow lengthened canal, sacculated at first, and simple afterwards,
vascular, and the true digestive stomach. Owen in this paper, asks if

B 2

eS

4 SIMIADE.

they feed on young shoots or leaves, from the quasi-ruminant character
of the stomach ; and it has since been ascertained beyond a doubt that
they constantly do partake of leaves. Bezoars have been found in the
stomach of a Malayan Presbytis, thus affording a curious analogy to the
ruminants, in whom alone they otherwise occur.

The species of this genus abound in most of the forests of India, and
their loud calls resound to vast distances through the jungles. They leap
with surprising agility and precision from branch to branch, and when
pressed take most astonishing jumps. I have seen them cross from tree
to tree, a space of 20 to 30 feet wide, with perhaps 40 or 50 feet in
descent, and alight in safety on the branch they sought. They can run
on all-fours with considerable rapidity, taking long strides or rather
bounds. The tail of these monkeys of course is not prehensile; yet I
have heard several men whom I considered persons of observation, and
whose testimony I would willingly take on other subjects, assert most
positively that they had seen Langurs holding on by their tails and
thus swinging themselves from tree to tree. Such is the force of a
pre-conceived idea, that it prevails over actual observation of the
senses.

Several species of Presbytis have been described of late years, which
were formerly confounded under the old name of Hntellus, and there
are five undoubted species of the genus inhabiting India proper.

1. Presbytis entellus.

Simia apud DurrEsNoy—fig. F. Cuvier, Mamm., I. 3, and ITI. 6.—
Hunumin of Hindus.—Langur H.—Wanur, and Makur, Mahr.—
Musya, Can.—Buytu, Cat. 27.—Euiot, Cat. 2.—Horsriztp, Cat. 4.—
P. anchises, Exuior ?

Tue Beneat LANcur.

Descr.—The general hue of this species is a pale dirty or ashy stra-
mineous, darker (in some) on the shoulders, rump, and sides of the limbs,
and paler on the head and lower parts; entire hands and feet con-
spicuously black ; no trace of a crest of hairs on the vertex.

Length of a male, 30 inches to root of tail, which was 43 inches ;
but it attains a still larger size.

This is the common Langur or Hunuman of Bengal and Central
India. Buchanan Hamilton says that it is not found north of the

Lr

PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS.

a

Ganges, and that even south of that river it is rare in certain parts that
would appear suitable for it, as at Rajmahal. Mr. Blyth states that he
has never seen it wild east of the Hoogly, but that it extends up the
right bank of that river and the Ganges, and thence to Cuttack and
Central India. Jt is uncertain how far it extends southwards and
westwards, and one variety or race from the south was named as distinct
by Elliot. My impression of the Zaxgur found in the Deccan is, that
it had less black on the hands and feet, and was of a decidedly more
ashy hue than the Bengal monkey, thus corresponding with part of
Horsfield’s description of entellus ; and it is still a desideratum to
define the geographic boundaries of Presbytis entellus and P. priamus.

This monkey, like all others of the genus, abounds most in forests and
highly-wooded districts, but it not unfrequently takes up its abode in
large groves near towns and villages, and occasionally enters towns and
plunders the shops of the grain-dealers with impunity ; for Hindoos, in
the North of India especially, deem it sacrilege to kill one. In some
parts of the country, indeed, it would hardly be safe to do so, though
Mr. Blyth records that some villagers along the Hoogly are not at all
sorry to see one shot by a Kuropean. :

The Entellus feeds on grain, fruit, pods of various trees, especially of
leguminose, and also of leaves and young shoots. It is said* that, the
males live apart from the females, who have only one or two old males
with each colony. These are said to drive away or kill, if they can, the
younger males,—whom, however, the females protect,’all assisting. Ata
particular season all the males sally forth to the nearest colony of
females and a regular fight ensues, at the end of which the vanquished
males receive charge of the young ones of that sex from the females, and
retire to some neighbouring jungle. This account was partly confirmed
by Blyth, who found in one locality males alone, of all ages ; and in
another, chiefly females. The female has usually only one young one,
occasionally, it is said, twins.

Hunuman, the meaning of which is long-jaw, was one of the monkeys
of the monkey kingdom of Southern India, who aided Rama in his con-
quest of Ceylon, by forming a bridge of rocks opposite Mandar, and
greatly distinguished himself. His figure is often found in Hindoo
temples in the guise of a man, with a black monkey face, and a long tail :

* Bengal Sporting Magazine, August, 1836.

6 SIMIAD A.

he is not worshipped, only greatly reverenced. In some temples in the
West of India, this monkey is regularly fed by the priests.

Tn confinement the Entellus monkey is quiet, sedate, and indolent.

Messrs. Elliot and Blyth at one time separated from P. entellus a race
or variety, under the name of P. anchises, Elliot. It nearly corresponds
in colour with P. entellus, but has the hands and feet much less black
than that species, and the hair of greater length, that of the toes par-
ticularly being remarkably long ; and the hairs moreover are straight,
not wavy, as in Hntellus. This race was founded, I believe, on a single
skin from the table-land of Southern India, and further specimens are
required to establish it satisfactorily as a distinct species. Mr. Blyth,
indeed, in his Catalogue, now puts it as a variety of Hntellus. As
before stated, however, I think it by no means impossible that another
race does take the place of Hntel/us in the Southern portion of Central
India.

2. Presbytis schistaceus.

Hopeson, J. A. 8., [X., 1212.—_BiytuH, Cat. 28.—HorsFIELD, Cat.
5.—Langur, H.—Kamba suhi, Lepch.—Kubitp, Bhot.

THe HimaLtAyAN LANGUR.

Descr.—Dark slaty above ; head and lower parts, pale yellowish ;
hands concolorous with body, or only alittle darker ; tail slightly tufted ;
hair on the crown of the head, short and radiated, on the cheeks long,
directed backwards and covering the ears. In old individuals the general
colour is gray, inclining to hoary, and the head yellowish-white. Grows
to a larger size than Hntellus. A moderately-sized one measured, head
and body 30 inches, tail 36.

This fine species has only of late been fully recognised in Europe as
distinct from Hntellus, much to the surprise of observers in India. It is
found along the whole range of the Himalayas, from Nepal to far beyond
Simla, but has not to my knowledge been actually procured in the Sikim
Himalayas. Mr. Hodgson says, that it inhabits the Terraie and lower
hills of Nepal, being rare in the Cachar, or upper range. Further west,
however, it ascends to nearly 12,000 feet, at which elevation I saw it in
Kumaon, in summer ; whilst Captain Hutton states, that he has seen
them leaping and playing about at an elevation of 11,000 feet, while the

fir-trees among which they sported were loaded with snow-wreaths. It

PRESBYTIS PRIAMUS. ie

is common about the stations of Nynee Tal, Mussoorie, and Simla, and
extends much further West. Its reputed absence in Sikim is only
founded on negative. evidence, and I heard of some Langurs having
been seen near Punkabari, about 1,600 feet of elevation, and that some
of this herd actually used to seize fruit and vegetables from some of the
women and children who passed that way. On one occasion, two or
three huge fellows attempted to take a bottle from the servant of a
friend of mine who was following his master, and it was not till the
gentleman rode close up to them that these bold Turpins gave up their
felonious attempts. I cannot say whether these individuals were of this
species or Y/ntellus, but most probably the former.

Hodgson in a copy of a new edition of his Catalogue of Nepal Mam-
malia, gives a Presbytis thermophilus. This is probably Entellus.

3. Presbytis priamus.

EL.iot, apud Bryrn, J. A. 8., XIJ.—Bryru, Cat. 30.—HoRrsFIELp,
Cat. 6.—Gandangi, Tel.

THe Mapras LAncur.

Descr.—Ashy gray colour with a pale reddish or “chocolate au lait”
tint overlying the whole back and head ; sides of the head, chin, throat,
and beneath, pale yellowish ; hands and feet, whitish ; face, palms and
fingers, and soles of the feet and toes, black ; a high compressed vertical
crest of hairs on the top of the head ; hairs long and straight, not
wavy ; tail of the colour of the darker portion of the back, ending in a
whitish tuft.

Much of the same size as Hntellus.

This species inhabits the Eastern Ghats and Southern portion of the
table-land of Southern India, not extending, however, to the Malabar
Coast. It also occurs in the Northern part of Ceylon. We have no
authentic information recorded of its extension to the Deccan and
Southern Mahratta country, and we cannot be certain whether the
species recorded by Mr. W. Elliot* and Colonel Sykes, are Hntellus or
Priamus or Anchises ? I have seen this monkey on the Eastern Ghats
near Nellore, at Bangalore, where it is exceedingly numerous; near
Trichinopoly, and elsewhere. It is found both in forests and large
groves of trees, and has the usual habits and call of its tribe. It is often
domesticated at Madras and other places.

* Catalogue of the Mammalia of the Southern Mahratta country.

8 SIMIAD A.

4. Presbytis Johnii.

Simia apud FisHer.—Semnopithecus Dussumierti, Scu1nz.—S. Johnia,
var., Martin.—S. cucullatus, Is. Grorr.—sS. hypoleucos, BuyTH.—
Biytu, Cat. 29.—HorsFIELD, Cat. 9.

Tue MatLapar LANGUR.

Descr.—Above, dusky brown, slightly paling on the sides; crown,
occiput, sides of head and beard, fulvous, darkest on the crown ; limbs
and tail, dark brown, almost black ; beneath, yellowish white. Not
quite so large as Hntellus.

This monkey is found on the Malabar Coast, from about N. L. 14 or
15 to Cape Cormorin ; that is to say, in the provinces of South Canara,
Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore. Horsfield, in his Catalogue, states it
to have been found ‘near Madras, and also in the interior of the
peninsula.” This is certainly erroneous, and I do not believe that it
extends beyond the limit of the forests of Malabar. It does not ascend
the mountains to any great height above the sea, and I never saw it
above 1,200 or 1,300 feet on the various passes that I have traversed.
It certainly does not occur on the wooded table-land of the Wynaad.
It is not confined to the forests, but frequents gardens and the belt
of cultivated wooded land that extends all along the sea coast of
Malabar.

Like others of this genus, it generally, by a noisy and alarmed chatter,
gives notice of the presence of tigers, leopards, and other animals of
prey. A pair that frequented my garden at Tellicherry pointed out the
situation of a tiger that had come during the night. Its food is similar
to that of its congeners—fruit, seeds, and leaves,—and it has the usual
loud cry as it leaps from branch to branch. Though frequenting high
trees in garden land, it is not at all familiar, like /ntellus in similar spots,
and rather shuns observation. It is frequently taken when young and
tamed, as is mentioned by Belanger.

Blyth, in his Catalogue, considers that cucullatus of Is. Geoffroy in
Belanger’s voyage, belongs to the next species, which he formerly looked
upon as John ; but Iam convinced that Geoffroy described our monkey,
which indeed he procured at Mahi, only 5 miles from Tellicherry, where,
as I know, it abounds. It varies a good deal in the intensity of its
colour, and especially in the blackness of its limbs and tail, and the
young are throughout of a sooty brown.

PRESBYTIS JUBATUS. 9

5, Presbytis jubatus.

Semnopithecus apud Wacner.—S. Johnii apud Martin, and Biyri
(olim).—Buryrtu, Cat. 35 (syn. exc.).

Tur NEELGHERRY LANGUR.

Descr.—Of a dark glossy black throughout, except the head and nape,
which are reddish-brown, the hair very long; in old individuals, a
grayish patch on the rump. Length of one, head and body, 26 inches ;
tail, 30; but larger individuals are seen, though it does not attain the
size of Hntellus.

This handsome monkey is found on the Neelgherry hills, the Animal-
lies, Pulneys, the Wynaad, and all the higher parts of the range of
Ghats as low as Travancore. It does not, as far as I have observed it,
descend lower than from 2,500 to 3,000 feet. It is shy and wary, and
does not affect the neighbourhood of man. It is, or used to be, very
abundant in the dense woods of the Neelgherries, and when they were
beaten for game, these black monkeys would make their way rapidly and
with loud cries to the lowest part of the shola, and thence to some
neighbouring wood at a lower level. The fur is fine and glossy, and is
much prized.

Presbytis pileatus, Blyth, inhabits the hilly regions of Sylhet, Cachar,
and Chittagong ; P. Barbet, Blyth, the interior of the Tippera hills; P.
obscurus, Reid, Mergui; P. Phayrei, Blyth, Arrakan; and P. albo-
cinereus, the Malayan peninsula. Several others inhabit various of the
Malayan isles ; and Ceylon possesses P. cephalopterus, and P. wrsinus,
Blyth, peculiar to that island.

The genus Colobus contains several species from Africa, most of them
black, and some with fine white manes. These monkeys differ from
Presbytis in wanting the thumb of the fore-hands.

Papionin#, Baboons.

This sub-family comprises the true baboons of Africa, and the monkey-
like baboons of India. They have the stomach simple, and cheek-pouches
are always present.

Gen. Inuvs, Geoffroy.

Macacus in part, Auct.

Char.—Face, somewhat produced, but rounded ; callosities, present ;

10 SIMIAD.E.

the last molar tooth of the lower jaw has five tubercles, the other two
true molars with four tubercles; tail, short.

The monkeys of this genus have a somewhat prominent muzzle, and
protruded superciliary ridge ; the nostrils open obliquely at some distance
above the end of the muzzle ; their canines are very strong, and the first
molars are inclined backwards to make room for the large upper canine.
The limbs are strong and compact, and they are as much terrestrial as
arboreal. They eat frogs, crabs, lizards, and insects, as readily as
vegetable food. Their callosities are large, as are their cheek-pouches,
and they have also laryngeal expansions. Their tails are short. They
are quiet and intelligent in youth, but become ferocious and untameable
in old age.

6. Inuus silenus.

Simia apud Linnazus.—S. leonina, Suaw.—Silenus veter, GRAY.—
Buiytu, Cat. 12.—HorsrFretp, Cat. 23.—Ni bandar, Beng.—Shia
bandar, H.—Nella manthi, Mal.

Tue Lion Monkey.

Descr.—Black, with a reddish white hood or beard surrounding the
face and neck ; tail, with a tuft of hair at the tip.

Length of one, about two feet ; tail, 10 inches.

This well-known monkey has been bandied about in several genera,
some making him a Papio, others a Cynocephalus, and many a Macacus ;
whilst Lesson, followed by Gray, places him as a distinct genus. It cer-
tainly has the baboon-like characters, viz., the stronger teeth, more
lengthened face, and the tufted tail more strongly marked than others.
Till lately it has been looked upon in Europe as a native of Ceylon as
well as of the Southern parts of India, and the name Wanderoo, applied
to it by Buffon, is properly the Ceylonese name of the Langurs; but
Templeton and Layard pointed out that it was never found on that
island. It is a native of the more elevated forests of the Western Ghats
of India from N. L. 14° to the extreme South, but most abundant in
Cochin and Travancore. It is said to occur still further North up to
Goa, N. L. 154, but I have no authentic information of its occurrence
sohigh. It frequents the most dense and unfrequented parts of the
forest, always, as far as I have observed it, at a considerable elevation,
and I had often traversed the Malabar forests before I first fell in with
it. This was at the top of the Cotiaddy pass, leading from Malabar into

INUUS PELOPS. IL

the Wynaad. I have since met with it in several other localities, but
always near the crest of the Ghats. It occurs in troops of from twelve
to twenty or more, and those I observed were exceedingly shy and wary.
Tt is not, to my knowledge, often caught in the Wynaad, and most of
the individuals seen in captivity appear to be taken in Travancore. In
its nature it is more sulky and savage than the next species, and is with
difficulty taught to perform any feats of agility or mimicry.

7. Inuus rhesus.

Macacus apud DrsmarERtT.—In. erythreus, SCHREBER.—Dithex oinops,
Hopcson.—HorsFIEtp, Cat. 20.—Btytu, Cat. 15.—Bandar, H.—WMor-
kot, Beng. ; also Banur or Marcut banur.—Suhu, Lepch.—Piyu, Bhot.—
Figd. F. Cuvier, Mamm., II. 9 and 10, and III. 14.

THe Beneat Monkey.

Descr.—Above brownish-ochrey or rufous ; in old individuals more
rufous, or rusty on the lower back and rump ; limbs and beneath, ashy-
brown ; callosities and regions in their vicinity, red ; face of adult males,
red ; tail, about half the length of the body ; hairs on the crown not
radiating.

Length of one, about 22 inches (head and body) ; tail, 11 inches.

This is the common monkey of all Northern India, extending South to
about N. L. 18° or 19°. I have observed it in Goomsoor and near Nag-
pore, but not further South. It extends into the Himalayas up to at
least 4,000 or 5,000 feet of elevation. It frequents alike forest and
groves in the open country, and may be seen in abundance in many large
towns and villages in Northern India. It is very commonly tamed, and
made to exhibit various feats of agility. When old, the males especially
become somewhat savage, and less tractable than younger individuals.

8. Inuus pelops.

Macacus apud Hopveson.— MM. assamensis, McLELLAND ?—HorsFIELD,
Cat. 21.—Btytu, Cat. 16.

Tue Hitt Monkey.

Descr.—Brownish-gray, somewhat mixed with slaty, and rusty-brown-
ish on the shoulders in some; beneath, light ashy-brown ; fur, fuller and
more wavy than in the last ; canine teeth, long ; of stout habit. Length
of one specimen, 20 inches; tail, 9}; face and callosities less red than in
rhesus.

12 SIMIAD 4.

There is still some doubt about the distinctness of this monkey from
rhesus ; as well as its identity with the Assam one, and the materials in
the museum of the Asiatic Society are insufficient to form a decided
opinion. Major Hutton, however, considers that he has obtained this
monkey in the interior of the Mussoorie hills, where it replaces rhesus at
a high elevation ; and he had one or two young individuals alive which
showed the wavy fur noted by Hodgson.

Hodgson in the last edition of his Catalogue has, in addition to rhesus
and pelops, another species which he names in MSS. Macacus sikimensis.
If this be distinct from the other two, it may be assamensis ; and it is
perhaps the monkey, not rare near Darjeeling at from 4,000 to 5,000 feet
high, which I considered to be rhesus, and which is very destructive to
the fields of Indian corn.

Other species of Jnwus are I. nemestrinus, from the Tenasserim pro-
vinces and Malayana, and J. leoninus, Blyth, from Arrakan, perhaps the
same as J. arctoides of Is. Geoffroy.

Gen. Macacus.

Tail longer than in Jnwws, and face not so lengthened ; otherwise as in
that genus.

9. Macacus radiatus.

Cercopethecus apud Kunu.—Simia sinica, Lin. (in part).—EL.iot,
Cat. 1.—Btytu, Cat. 18.—HorsFIELp, Cat. 22.— Bandar H.—Makadu,
Mahr.—or Wanur (Syxes).—Kerda, Mahr. of the Ghats._Mianga, Can.
—Koti, Tel.— Vella Munthi, Mal.—Figd. F. Cuvirr, Mamm., I. 13.

THe Mapras Monkey.

Descr.—Of a dusky olive-brown colour, paler and albescent on the belly,
and somewhat asny on the outer sides of the limbs ; hairs on the crown
of the head, radiated ; tail, dusky-brown above, whitish beneath. Length
of one, head and body, 20 inches ; tail, 15.

This monkey is found over all the Southern parts of India, extending
North to N. L. 18°, or thereabouts, where it is replaced by Jnwus rhesus.
“Tt abounds,” says Mr. Elliot, “over all this portion of country, sometimes
inhabiting the wildest jungles, and at others living in populous towns, and
carrying off fruit and grain from the shops of the dealers with the greatest

coolness and address.”

LEMURID®. 13

It is the monkey most commonly found in menageries, and led about
to show various tricks and feats of agility. It is certainly the most
inquisitive and mischievous of its tribe, and its powers of mimicry
are surpassed by none. With age it becomes more sullen and less
amenable to discipline.

A variety, with an apparently longer tail, was brought to me at Nel-
lore from the Eastern Ghats, and the shikarees called it the Konda koti,
or hill monkey, to distinguish it from the common one ; but I had not an
opportunity at the time of comparing it with a specimen of the common
one, and must therefore, in the absence of specimens, consider it only as
an individual variety.

Ceylon possesses a representative of MZ. radiatus in M. pileatus, Shaw
(sinica of Linneus); and IM. cynomolgos, L., and M. carbonarius, F.
Cuvier, are both found in Burmah.

The African monkeys of this sub-family belong to Cynocephalus and
Papio, true short-tailed baboons, of savage disposition and carnivorous
habits; whilst the species of Cercopithecus, with their long tails and
sombre colours, externally more resemble Presbytis.

The family Cepip# or PLATYRHIN®, with the nostrils far apart, are
all American. They are divided into,—I1st, HaPatin&, or Marmosets, of
very small size, the ears tufted, the tail bushy but not prehensile, the
teeth as in the last family, but the tubercles of the molars sharp ; they
feed both on insects and fruit. 2nd, Cepina, with 36 teeth, viz., incisors,

= 3 canines, molars, gat ; a prehensile tail ; smallor of moderate

4 1—1 6—
size ; the face often naked. They are mild and tractable in their dispo-

sition, and feed both on insects and fruit.

Fam. LEMURID&.
- =!)

Upper incisors, 4, usually in pairs ; lower:ones, 4 or 2 ; molars,

Nostrils terminal ; first finger of the hind-feet with recurved claw ; other
nails flat ; thumbs of both extremities opposable ; molars with pointed
and alternating tubercles.

This highly interesting family, classed by some under the name of
Strepsirhini, has been lately separated into the sub-families, /ndrisine,
Lemurine, Nycticebine, and Galagine.

The great majority are natives of Madagascar ; one genus from Africa ;
and two or three species trom India, including Malayana. They are dis-

14 LEMURID&.

tinguished from monkeys by the two-horned uterus, by the lower jaw
remaining permanently divided in the middle, and by the bony orbits
being open behind, but with a bony ring separating them from the
temporal fossee. The Indian members of this family belong to the sub-
family named Vycticebine.

Gen. Nycricrsus, Geoffroy.

Char.—Head, round ; muzzle, short and triangular ; ears, short, hairy ;
extremities, strong and robust ; thumb, widely separated from the fingers
2 or 4 ; 1

canines,

4 3 i

in both limbs; tail, short ; teeth, incisors,

—l

a0 molars,
6—6

6—6 = 34 or 36. Eyes, large, approximate ; index finger of hand,
short ; nostrils, projecting beyond the mouth ; body, slender.

The first molar of the lower jaw is acuminated and incurved, resem-
bling a canine tooth. The tongue is long, narrow, and rough, and is
supported by a cartilaginous plate. The stomach is almost globular,
with the cardiac and pyloric orifices very close. The ccecum and colon
are both large. The uterus is long, and there is a large perforated
clitoris through which the urethra passes. The base,of the arteries of
the limbs are divided into small branches, as in the Sloths.

10. Nycticebus tardigradus.

Lemur apud GEorrroy.—Stenops yavanicus, Auct.—J. bengalensis,
Grorrroy.—HorsFIELD, Cat. 25.—Buytu, Cat. 47.—Lajja banar, or
Lajjawoti-banar, Beng., 2. e., the bashful monkey.—Sharmindi billi, H..,
d. €., the bashful cat.

THe Siow-pacep Lemur.

Descr.— Dark ashy-gray, with a darker band down the middle of the
back ; beneath, lighter gray ; forehead in some dark, with a narrow white
stripe between the eyes, disappearing above them ; ears and round the
eye, dark ; tail, very short. Length of one, 14} inches; tail, of an
inch ; another was 16 inches long.

This species is joined to V. javanicus by Blyth asa local variety. It
has only two upper incisors. The Javanese race has also only in general
two upper incisors, but it has five well-marked dark stripes on the fore-
head and head. The race from the Malay peninsula has usually four
upper incisors, and the fur much darker in hue.

The slow-faced Lemur is only found, within our limits, in the most

LORIS GRACILIS. 15

eastern portion of Bengal, Rungpore, Dacca, &c. It keeps to the forests,
and is quite nocturnal in its habits, sleeping in the day-time in holes of
trees, and coming forth at night to feed on leaves and shoots of trees,
fruit, and also, it is said, insects and small birds.

Sir W. Jones, in 4th Vol. Asiatic Researches, gives an interesting
account of one kept in captivity by him. It is stated to sleep with its
head downwards, suspended by the hooked claw of the thumb of the hind-
feet. It closes its eyelids diagonally, the lower one having most motion.
The intestines of one examined were 64 inches long ; and the cecum 3}
inches.

Gen. Loris, Schreber.

Body and limbs slender ; no tail ; eyes, very large, almost contiguous ;

nose, acute, slightly ascending ; otherwise as in Vycticebus.

11. Loris gracilis.

Lemur apud Suaw.—L. ceylonicus, Fiscuer.—Biytu, Cat. 48.—
Tevangar, Tam.— Dewantsi-pitli, Tel. Sloth of Europeans in Madras, &c.

Tue SLENDER LEmuR.

Descr.—Above of a grayish rufescent colour ; beneath, the same but
paler ; a white triangular spot on the forehead extending down the nose ;
fur, short, dense and soft; ears, thin, rounded.

Length of one, about 8 inches; arm 5 ; leg, 54.

I believe that this curious little animal is found in most of the forests
of Southern India, but it is difficult to find owing to its small size and
nocturnal habits, and it generally escapes the observation of travellers.
It does not appear to be common, or at all events well known in the
Malabar Coast, yet I have heard of it near there. It is, however, very
abundant in the forests of the Eastern Ghats, and large numbers are
brought alive at times to the Madras market, their eyes being a highly-
esteemed remedy for certain diseases of the eyes among the Tamul
doctors.

This lemur is of course quite nocturnal, and it is said to eat fruit, young
leaves, insects, eggs, and young birds. In confinement it will eat boiled
rice, plantains, honey, or syrup ; and also, it is stated, raw meat. Though
slow in its motions in general, it can make its way along a branch with
considerable activity, and its grasp is very tenacious. Several made their
escape one night from my house in Fort St. George in 1845, and found

16 CHEIROPTERA.

their way along windows, balconies, and roofs, to some of the public offices
in the neighbourhood, considerably alarming some of the native writers
by clambering in at the open windows.

The slender Lemur occurs also in Ceylon. Kelaart mentions that the
intestines of one examined by him were 35 inches long, and the cecum
2 inches. A black variety is mentioned by Tennent as found in Ceylon.*

Tarsium, with one species, from Java, is the only other Asiatic member
of this family. Lemur, Indrus, and Lichanotus are Madagascar forms, and
Galago is African. Chetromys, a very singular form from Madagascar,
having teeth allied to those of the Rodents, is generally placed in this
family.

The genus Galeopithecus is usually made the type of a distinct family,
GALEOPITHECIDS. They are the flying lemurs of English authors, having
a membrane connecting theirlimbs. They have not the power of sustain-
ing flight, are nocturnal and insectivorous, with pectoral mamme, and
sleep with their heads downwards. They are natives of Malayana, and
may be said to form a link to the frugivorous bats.

Sub-order. CHEIROPTERA, Bats.

Incisors, various in number ; canines, distinct ; molars uniformly ena-
melled, with many points, or witha flat depressed crown. Feet, pendacty-
lous ; bones of the anterior extremities and especially of the fingers (except
the pollux which is always unguiculate) elongated, sustaining a large
naked membrane serving for flight ; posterior toes all unguiculate. Two
pectoral mamme.

Bats, as is well known, are nocturnal animals of usually small size,
with very small eyes and large ears, capable of sustaining a rapid and con-
tinuous flight for some hours. Most are insectivorous, a few frugivorous,
They produce one or at most two young ones at a birth, which are of a
very large size compared to the parent, and are carried about by her.
Their sense of hearing and smell is very acute. They roost in the day-
time in trees, in the hollows of trees, in caves, old buildings, under roofs,
&c., hanging head downwards by their hind claws. They may be said to
resemble Jnsectivora with the addition of wings.

The skull is thin, the temporal bone, especially its acoustic portion and
the cochlea, much developed. The ribs are extraordinarily long, and the
sternum greatly developed, the manubrium or anterior portion being

* May not this be the last species ?P

“|

PTEROPODID, 1

much extended laterally to afford a strong attachment for the clavicles
which are always present and very robust. The ulna is almost rudimen-
tary and firmly joined to the radius, and the fore-arm is quite incapable
ofany rotation, The metacarpal bones are greatly elongated. The pelvis
is straight and long, and the coccygeal bones are lengthened in some to
support the membrane, and assist them in turning rapidly. The organ
of hearing is greatly developed in the insectivorous species, especially the
tragus. The foliaceous appendages to the organs of smell in some
(Lhinolophine) may be perliaps intended to give increased power and
delicacy to this organ. Their wings form an enormously expanded organ
of touch, by means of which they can direct their flight even when their
eyes are extirpated, and their hearing blunted, as was proved by some
experiments by Spallanzani.

Bats do not possess a cecum. The penis is pendulous and has a small
bone in it. The testes only descend during the breeding season. The
uterus has two short horns. The supposed additional inguinal teats of
the Lhinolophi are probably only cutaneous glands. The females of many
bats have nursing pouches. Many become periodically torpid, hy bernating
in cold countries.

The hairs of bats generally appear under the microscope as serrated and
jointed, in some almost annulated, mostly so at the tip. Many are infested
by insects of the genus Vycteribia. Bats are found throughout the whole
world. They are divided into the families Pteropodide, Vampyride,
Noctilionide, and Vespertilionide.

Fam. PrEeRopopID&.
Frucivorous Bats.

Molars, with the crown flat with a median longitudinal groove. ars,
small, without a tragus. Index with three phalanges, generally unguicu-
late. Tail, very short, or none. Interfemoral membrane, small, deeply
excised posteriorly. Face, lengthened. Gape, moderate.

The frugivorous bats, differing so much in their dentition from the
insectivorous species, seem to lead through the flying Lemurs directly
to the Quadrumana. They comprise the largest species in the order,
and are chiefly found in the tropical regions of the East, being very
numerous in the Malayan islands as far as Australia. Their molars have
rounded eminences ; the stomach is complex, long, and twisted on itself,
has two dilatations and some deep longitudinal rug or folds. The pyloric

c

18 PTEROPODID#.

orifice is very small, whilst the cesophageal is dilated widely. The intes-
tinal canal is long, being about seven times the length of the body. The
females of some are provided with nursing pouches. It is possible that
the fabulous Harpy of the ancients was one of these large bats.

Gen. Preropus, Geoffroy.

zee Index-finger
6

: +t f 1—1 5
Char.—Incisors, — ; canines, ; molars,
+ 1—1

unguiculate. Snout lengthened. No tail in some ; ashort one in others.
The tongue is covered with large papille, pointing backwards, each ter-
minating in a brush.

12. Pteropus Edwardsi.

Grorrroy.—P. medius, Temmincx.—P. leucocephalus, Hopeson.—P.
assamensis, McLELLAND.—ELLIiot, Cat. 3.— Buiytu, Cat. 51.—G@adal, or
Barbagal, H. in the South.—Bddun and Pata debli, H. in the North.—
Badil, Beng.— Warbagil, Mahar.—TZoggul bawali, Can.—Stkat-yelli, of
Wuddurs.—Sikurayi, Tel.—Flying-fox of Europeans in India.

Tue Larce Fox-Bat.

Descr.—Head and nape rufous-black ; neck and shoulders golden-
yellow ; back, dark-brown ; chin, dark ; rest of body beneath, fulvous
or rusty brown ; interfemoral membrane, brownish-black.

Length, 12 to 145 inches; extent of wings, 46 to 52 inches.

This large bat, the flying fox of Europeans, is found throughout all
India, Ceylon, and Burmah. Specimens vary considerably in shade and
colouration.

During the day they roost on trees, generally in large colonies, many
hundreds often occupying a single tree, to which they invariably resort if
not driven away. Towards sunset they begin to get restless, move about
along the-branches, and by ones and twos fly off for their nightly rounds.
If water is at hand, a tank, or a river, or the sea, they fly cautiously down
and touch the water, but I could not ascertain if they took a sip, or merely
dipped part of their bodies in.* They fly vast distances occasionally to
such trees as happen to be in fruit. They are fond of most garden fruit

* A recent writer, on observing this, has jumped to the conclusion that they do
this for the purpose of fishing, and a note on the fishing propensities of the Pteropus
is to be found in a late number of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

PTEROPUS LESCHENAULTII. 19

(except oranges, Wc.), also the neem, jamoon, bér, and various figs.
About the early dawn they return from their hunting-grounds, and the
scene that then daily takes place is well described by Tickell, in an excel-
lent memoir published in the Calcutta Journal of Natural History, from
which I extract the following :—

“ From the arrival of the first comer until the sun is high above the
horizon, a scene of incessant wrangling and contention is enacted among
them, as each endeavours to secure a higher and better place, or to eject
a neighbour from too close vicinage. In these struggles the bats hook
themselves along the branches, scrambling about hand over hand with
some speed, biting each other severely, striking out with the long claw
of the thumb, shrieking and cackling without intermission. Hach new
arrival is compelled to fly several times round the tree, being threatened
from all points, and when he eventually hooks on he has to go through a
series of combats, and be probably ejected two or three times before he
makes good his tenure.”

The female brings forth only one young one, which adheres firmly to
the breast, retaining its position whether the dam be flying or at rest.
The flesh is esteemed good eating by some. Colonel Syke calls it delicate,
and with no bad flavour, and states that it is eaten by the native Por-
tuguese. Many classes in the Madras presidency also eat it.

Whilst on service with my regiment in the Ghazeepore district during
the mutiny in 1858, the force was encamped in a grove of trees, on
one of which was a rather small colony of these Péeropi. The wind which
had hitherto been from the east and moist, suddenly changed to a fierce,
hot, dry, westerly blast, and this so affected the bats, that one by one they
descended to lower branches, being blown to leeward of course at the
same time, and eventually fell to the ground, and many were picked
up, panting and all but lifeless, others quite dead, by our followers,
Madras grooms, and grass-cutters. Several birds and numerous flies also

perished from the same cause.
13. Pteropus Leschenaultii.
DesMARESt—P. seminudus, KELAart.—Btytu, Cat. 54.
Tue Futvous Fox-sat.

Descr.—Fur, of a fulyous ashy, or dull light ashy-brown colour, paler
c 2

20 PTEROPODID&.

beneath, the hairs whitish at the base ; membranes, dark brown ; fur,
short and downy.

Length, head and body, 5 to 5L inches ; extent, 18 inches, Of another,
length, 6 inches ; extent, 20 inches; fore-arm, 33, ; tibia, 14; ear, 3%.

I have only procured this species in the Carnatic, at Madras, and Tri-
chinopoly, and know nothing of its habits. It is stated to have been
procured at Pondicherry and Calcutta. One specimen from the Coro-
mandel coast is stated to have the fur browner, a white collar with the
hairs on the sides of the neck longer and directed forwards. Could this
have been a specimen of P. Dusswmierii, Is. Geoffroy, stated to occur
on the continent of India, but of which littleisknown? It is described
as being fulvous-rufescent of different shades, lighter beneath, and on
the sides of the neck sometimes brown with a white collar. Length, 7
inches ; exterior, 27. A specimen is stated to exist in the British
Museum from Sharunpore.

The membrane of P. Leschenaultii is described as occasionally marked
with white spots in rows. Kelaart met with such in Ceylon.

Many Péeropi are found throughout Malayana; one of large size, P.
edulis, in Java and Malacca ; one species at least occurs in Africa ; and
some in Australia.

Gen. Cynoprerus, F. Cuvier.
Syn. Pachysoma.

ee or ee 4—4
Char.-—Incisors, ——}; canines ; molars
4° 1-1’ "55

Two rudimentary false molars in each jaw, but they want the last
molars, Snout, short ; tail, very short or none.

14. Cynopterus marginatus.

Vespertilio apud Hanirton.—Pteropus pyrivorus, Hopeson.—P.
tittecheilus, TemMiIncKk.—EH.1lor, Cat. 4.-—Biytu, Cat. 58.—-HORSFIELD,
Cat. 35.—Cham-gadili, Beng.

Tue Smatt Fox-pat.

Descr.—General colour fulvous olivaceous, paler beneath and with an
ashy tinge ; ears, with a narrow margin of white.

Length, 4 to 44 inches. Of one, 44; the extent of wing, 174 ; fore-
arm, 2,8; tail, ;4, Kelaart gives larger dimensions ; one measured
54 inches; extent, 20}; fore-arm, 2}; tibia ; tail, 3.

In some the neck and sides are deeply ferruginous, and fresh speci-

CYNOPTERUS MARGINATUS. 21

mens are often deeply tinged with dark ferruginous throughout, but fade
quickly on drying.

This bat is found throughout all India, from the Himalayas to Cape
Comorin and Ceylon. It roosts during the day in clusters on the folded
leaves of the plantain, Palmyra palm, and other trees. It is exclusively
frugivorous in habit.

Several species are recorded, apparently very closely allied, and some
of them perhaps not distinct. C. affinis, Gray, from the Himalayas, is
usually considered the same. It may, however, be distinct, and is perhaps
Hodgson’s P. pyrivorus in part, described as “ wholly earthy brown, nude
skin of lips, of joints, and the toes fleshy gray; length, 6 inches ; expanse,
24 ; weight, 5 oz.”*

Of this family, other Ygenera are antharpyia, and Hpomophorus from
Africa ; and WMacroglossus, the type of which is Pt. minimus, from Tenas-
serim and Malayana. .

The rest of this sub-order are all insectivorous. They have true molars,
= beset with pointed tubercles adapted for crushing the hard cases

of beetles, &c. The canines are often of large size. The gape is large.
The fore-feet have the thumb clawed, the hind-feet without aclaw. Index
with one or two bony phalanges. The stomach is small andsimple, and
the intestinal canal short, being only about twice the length of the body,
or less. They are found all over the world. They are called Gadal
Chamgidar in Hindustani ; Chamgiiddri, Beng.; Chidgu, at Bhagulpore,
Gabbelay and Jiburai in Telugu ; Kanka-pati in Canarese ; Phiyw longtd,
Bhotia; and Brin, Lepcha.

Fam. VAMPYRID®.
A nose-leaf, either simple or complicated.
Sub-fam. MEGADERMATIN.

Nose-leaf complicated. Index-finger of two joints.

Gen. MrcAprErma, Geoffroy.

Char.—Incisors, : ; molars, ear Nose furnished with a complicated

* T see that in the last edition of Hodgson’s Catalogue, by Mr. Gray, P.
pyrivorus is given, in addition to Cynopterus marginatus, from the Sikim Terai.
This, if really distinct, may be (C. affinis, as noted above; or Pteropus dusswmierit.

bo
Lo

MEGADERMATINA.

membranous apparatus ; ears very large, connate at the base, with a small
tragus. No tail. Interfemoral membrane cut square. Peculiar to the
Eastern hemisphere.
15. Megaderma, lyra.
Grorrroy.— MV. carnatica, Exutot, Cat. 5.—M, schistacea, Hove-
son.—Biyru, Cat. 59.—HorsFIexp, Cat. 73.

Tue LARGE-EARED VAMPIRE Bat.

Descr.—Of a slaty blue or pale mouse colour, albescent or yellowish-ashy
beneath. Nasal appendage large, oblong, free at the tip, reaching to the
base of the ears with a fold down the centre; tragus, cordate, two-lobed,
anterior lobe pointed, twice as high as the posterior, which is rounded ;
muzzle, truncated ; under lip, cleft.

Length of one, head and body, 34 inches ; extent, 193 ; fore-arm, 23 ;
tibia, 1,3).

The molar teeth above are occasionally only three on each side, as
found by Mr. Elliot, but Hodgson and others have observed four on
each side.

This curious-looking bat is found over all India, from the foot of the
Himalayas to the extreme South, frequenting old buildings, pagodas,
caves, roofs of houses, &c. It is very abundant in the innermost com-
partments of the cave temples of Ellora and Ajunta, Hodgson consi-
dered those he procured (which were under the roof of the Dak bungalow
at Silligoree, at the foot of the Sikim Himalayas) distinct ; but I got
Specimens from the very same locality and found them apparently quite
identical with those from Southern India. THorsfield, indeed, when
noticing Hodgson’s new Mammals, &c., stated that dry specimens could
not be distinguished from M. Lyra.

Mr. Blyth has fully ascertained that this bat at times sucks the blood
from other bats, fixing on them behind the ear, sucking the blood during
flight, and then devouring the body. It has also been known to eat frogs
and fish. Hodgson found insects only in those he examined.

16. Megaderma spectrum.
Wacner.—In Hiigel’s Kaschmir, IV. p. 569, with figure.

Tue KaAsHmMIR VAMPIRE BAT.

Descr.—Ahbove slaty cinereous, whitish heneath ; the vertical nose-leaf
of moderate size, oval ; inner lobe of tragus, ovate.

~

RHINOLOPHIN~. 2S

Length, head and body, 2? inches; ear, 1,8;. Wagner, in his sup-
plemental volume to Schreber, makes Hodgson’s species schistacea, as
synonymous with this one ; and as part of his description is apparently
taken from Hodgson, I can give no other characters than those above.
T have not seen a specimen. It is stated to have been found in Kashmir
by Baron Hiigel.

Two other species are recorded from the East, I/. Horsfieldii, Blyth,
from Tenasserim, and Jf, spasma, L. from Malayana and Ceylon. Dr.
Cantor states that in the latter species he found a sinall cecum, 5}; of
an inch long.

One species, MZ. frons, is from Egypt.

Sub-fam. RHINOLOPHIN.

Nasal leaf, complicated, membranous. Fore-finger of a single joint ;
wings, largely developed. Females with pubic warts simulating mamme.
This family is greatly developed in India and Malayana.

Gen. RurnoLopyus, Geoffroy.

Char.—Incisors, = or ai the upper ones small and distant ;
canal 5—5 5—5

or. or f
5—5 5—) 6—6

apparatus, consisting of a cordate or semi-orbicular leaf, bilobed in front

molars, nose furnished with a complicated

of the nostrils ; a longitudinal crest along the nose, and an erect frontal
leaf posteriorly, more or less lanceolate. ars, large, not joined at the
base, without a tragus, but often with a lobe at the base of the outer
margin. Tail, long, connate with the membrane. Wings, long, ample.

These bats are said to hang with their body rolled up in their wings as
in a mantle,

17. Rhinolophus perniger.
Hopesoy, J. A. 8., XIT. 414.—Btryru, Cat. 62.—A. luctus, TemMinck ?

THE LARGE LEAF-BAT.

Descr.—Ears, very large, much longer than the head, broad, acutely
pointed ; nasal apparatus, very complicated, the lower leaf very large, con-
cealing the upper lip like a door-knocker ; the upper leaf like a graduated
spire ; ears, transversely striate ; a rather large semicircular lobe at base

5—5

y—

of ear ; lower lip with two warts ; molars, Fur, long, dense, soft,

«

4 RHINOLOPHIN.E.

Li)

and lax, slightly curled or woolly, black, with a silvery grizzle, or greyish-
black, or rich chestnut brown.

Length of one, head and body, 34 inches ; tail, 1? ; expanse, 17 ; fore-
arm, 23 ; tibia, 11; ear, 1} by ?-inch wide. Hodgson gives one, head and
body, 34; tail, 21; expanse, 17 ; fore-arm, 28; leg, 12.

This fine bat has been usually considered the same as Temminck’s
R. luctus from Java, &e. ; but latterly, Blyth considered it distinct, stating
that its facial membranes are less complicated than in ductus. Hodgson
procured it in Nepal, and I got it at Darjeeling in warm valleys. I pro-
cured one specimen at Tellicherry, which I forwarded to Mr. Elliot, who
pronounced it to be #. luctus. It was of a reddish-brown colour, and a
rufescent variety of /wctws has been described by Eydoux. It is impossible
now to decide if the Malabar bat be the same as the Himalayan one, but
if not, it will probably turn out to be true Juctus.

R. perniger occurs also on the Khasia hills.

18. Rhinolophus mitratus,
Buytu, J. A. S., XIII. 483.—Cat. 63.
Tue Mitrep LEAF-BAT.

Descr.— Ears, large, anti-helix moderately developed ; upper leaf, trian-
gular, acute ; tail, extending beyond the tibia ; above light-brown, paler
beneath. Length, head and body, 23 inches ; tail, 1}; fore-arm, 21 ; tibia,
1; ear, 1. Expanse, ‘ probably 12,” according to Blyth, but from its
size I should judge considerably larger, probably 14 at least.

This species has only been hitherto recorded from Chybassa, Central
India, whence sent by Colonel Tickell. Hutton, however, considers that
he obtained it at Mussoorie.

19. Rhinolophus tragatus.
Hopeson, J. A. 8., IV. 699.—Buyru, Cat. 66.
THe Dark-Brown LEAF-BAT.

Descr.—U pper process like a barred spear-head ; central one small and
narrow, a little expanded at the summit ; anti-tragus less developed than
usual ; lips, simple ; colour, a uniform deep brown, with the tips of the
hairs paler and somewhat rusty.

Length, head and body, 23 inches ; tail, 12 ; expanse, 15} ; fore-arm,
24; tibia, 1,.

RHINOLOPHUS ROUXI. 25

This bat has been found in the central region of Nepal, and also at
Mussoorie. It conceals itself in cavities of rocks, and issues forth soon
after dusk, earlier, says Hodgson, than the species of Vesperti/io. Blyth
remarks on the inappropriate name, for, says he, the anti-helix is less

developed than usual.

20. Rhinolophus Pearsoni.
HorsFiEtp, Cat. 43.— Brytn, Cat. 64.
Pearson’s LEAF-BAT.

Descr.— Colour above, dark-brown, with a slight shade of chestnut ;
underneath, brown, with a sooty cast; fur, very long, dense and soft ;
ears distinct, with an additional rounded lobe below, measuring ante-
riorly three-fourths of an inch ; point of facial crest moderately deve-
loped. Length to root of tail, 3 inches; tail, } inch; fore-arm, 2;
expanse, 11 inches. Although allied to tragatus, possesses distinct cha-
racters.”

This bat has been found at Darjeeling, and Capt. Hutton informs me
is common about Mussoorie.

21. Rhinolophus affinis.

HorsFiELD.— Brym, Cat. 67.—A. rubidus and R. cinerascens, KELAART.
THe ALLIED LEAF-BAT.

Descr.—Ears, large, pointed, emarginate externally, anti-helix well

developed ; upper leaf triangular, emarginate at the tip, reaching above

>)
the base of the ears ; incisors, —. Varies much in colour—aboye, bright

rufous, or ferruginous brown, or brown ; paler beneath. Length, about
8 inches, of which the tail is 1; fore-arm, 142; extent, 11 to 12. Kelaart
gives head and body, 2,8; tail, 3%, ; expanse, 12; forearm, 1,%;
tibia, 5%, ; ears, +5.

This variable bat is more abundant in Ceylon, Burmah, and Malay-
ana; but it is said to have been taken on the Malabar coast. It appears
to be very closely allied to the next species, but is stated to differ in
having 2 upper incisors, 6 lower molars, in the tail being longer than
the tibia, and in the fur being long. It is possible that the specimens
stated to be from Malabar belonged to the next species.

22. Rhinolophus rouxi.
TeMMINCK.—B ytTH, Cat. 68.—R. lepidus, BLyTH.

26 RHINOLOPHINA,

THE Rurous LEAF-BAT.

Descr.—Kars, large, pointed, externally notched ; tragus, broad ; tip of
upper nose-leaf, triangular, with its sides well emarginate, reaching above
the base of the ears ; no upper incisors ; lower molars only five ; canines
very large; fur, short, crisp; colour above, smoky brown in some, red-
brown in others, and golden rufous in some ; beneath, paler.

Length of one, 3} inches, of which the tail is 11; expanse, 13;
forearm, 1%; tibia, ~; ear, =. Blyth gives much smaller dimen-
sions to his /epidus, which, however, he identifies with Rout, viz., head
and body, 1? inch ; tail, }; expanse, 9; fore-arm, 18. Wagner gives
total length, 355,; tail, 12; fore-arm, 11°.

I procured specimens of this beautiful bat in a covered drain near
Tellicherry, on the Malabar coast, and Blyth has procured specimens
from the neighbourhood of Calcutta, from a cave near Colgong, and also

from Mussoorie, where Hutton tells me it is rare.

23. Rhinolophus macrotis.
Hoveson, J. A. S., XITI. 485.—Btytu, Cat. 70.

Tue LARGE-EARED LEAF-BAT.

Descr.—Ears, very large, broad, oval, with pointed recurved tip, and
a large obtuse tragus ; anterior central crest of nose-leaf produced in front
over the top of the flat transverse front edge; hinder leaf lanceolate ;
triangular; above, sooty-brown, or light earthy olive-brown ; paler
below ; some with a rufous or isabelline tint. No pubic teats.

Length, head and body, 1$ inch; tail, $; fore-arm, 14%; ex-
panse, 93.

This species occurs in the Himalayas, having been sent from Nepal
and Mussoorie, where stated to be rare.

24, Rhinolophus sub-badius.
Honeson, J. A. 8,, XIIT. 486—Btrytu, Cat. 69.
THe Bay LEAF-BAT.

Descv.—FEars, not larger than the head, obtusely pointed, and ovoid ;
nasal appendage quadrate, with a transverse bar nearly surmounting it,
upper leaf triangular, with slightly emarginate sides ; above, clear brown ;
paler below and on the head and face.

Length, head and body, 14 inch ; tail, 14 ; expanse, 74 ; fore-arm, 11 ;
ears, 2.

HIPPOSIDEROS SPEORIS. 27

From the Himalayas. Has been sent from Nepal only. Blyth hasa
RHINOLOPHUS BREVITARSUS from Darjeeling—not described.

One or two Rhinolophi are European, a few from Africa, and there are
several others from the Malayan islands, China, and Japan.

Gen. HrpposipEros, Gray.
Char.—Nasal leaf, broad, depressed, transverse ; ears, with transverse
; Alias 2 44. a :
wrinkles ; incisors re molars a ; the upper incisors near the canines,
—5

the lower ones close, crenulate, tricuspid ; interfemoral membrane large.

Most of the species of this genus have a remarkable peculiarity, viz., a
circular cavity or sac behind the nasal crest, which the animal can turn
out at pleasure like the finger of a glove ; it is lined by a pencil of stiff
hairs, and is probably a glandular organ, as it contains a peculiar waxy
matter. The ears are very tremulous. Most of the species are from
India and Malayana, a few African.

25. Hipposideros armiger.

Hopeson, J. A. S., lV. 699.—Biyru, Cat. 74.—H. nobilis, var. Biytu,

olim,
Tuer Larce Horse-SHor Bat.

Descr.—Nasal leaf, large, quadrate ; lips, with a triple fold of skin on
each side; “tragus, vaguely developed, and wavily emarginate.” Of a
nniform light-brown colour, with marone tips to the hairs of the upper
parts ; membranes, black.

Length, head and body, 43 inches ; tail, 21; expanse, 22 ; fore-arm, 33 ;
tibia, 13.

This fine bat was first procured by Hodgson in Nepal ; and Hutton
found it at Mussoorie at 5,000 feet of elevation. I obtained specimens at
Darjeeling. This species is represented in Ceylon by H. lankadiva,
Kelaart, and in Burmah and the Malay countries, by H. nobilis.

26. Hipposideros speoris.

Rhinolophus apud ScunerpER.—Buytu, Cat. 78,—Exutor, Cat. 7.—
H. apiculatus and H. penicillatus, Gray.—R. dukhunensis, SYKES.

Tue INDIAN HorsE-SHOE BAT.

Descr.—Ears, large, erect, acuminate, rounded at the base, emarginate

98 RHINOLOPHINE.

on the outer margin; facial membrane, complicated ; muzzle, short ; inter-
femoral membrane, narrow, square, enclosing the tail, the half of the last
joint alone free ; body, short, thick, of variable colour ; sometimes light
mouse colour, paler beneath ; at times, fulvous-brown ; at other times,
bright rufo-ferruginous or golden fulvous.

Length of a male, about 3,8, inches, of which the tail is 1 ; fore-arm, 2 ;
tibia, 5°, ; expanse, 13; ear, 56. The females are a little smaller.

Sykes’ species has generally been considered the same as speoris, but
I see that Wagner separates it, and Blyth states that ‘the races from
different localities may yet prove to be distinct, however closely aftined.”

Tt inhabits India, Ceylon, Malayana, as far as Timor, &c. ; and is far
from: rare in Southern India, inhabiting old buildings, wells, &e. It has
been sent from Deyra Doon. I procured it at Madras, Nellore, and in
the Deccan.

27. Hipposideros murinus.
Rhinolophus apud Exxiot, Cat. 8.—R. fulgens, Evuiot, Cat. 9.—BiytH,

Cat, 80.
THe Littte Horse-sHor Bat.

Descr.—Kars, large, erect, rounded ; muzzle, short ; a transverse frontal
leaf and sac ; in front a simple membrane round the nostrils ; interfemoral
membrane, large, including the tail all but the extreme tip; body, short
and thick ; colour, dusky-brown or mouse colour, sometimes light fawn
or ferruginous ; wing membranes blackish.

Length to end of tail, 3 inches, of which the tail is 152, ; expanse,
103 ; fore-arm, 1,8, ; tibia, 8, ; ear, +5.

This small bat has only been obtained, in our limits, in Southern India ;
but it also occurs in Ceylon, in Burmah, Malayana, and the Nicobar
islands.

The mouse-coloured race is common in the Carnatic, but I have only
seen the light rufous race on the Neelgherries, at Kaitee, and Rallia. Mr.
Elliot obtained both races in the Southern Mahratta country. Blyth
considers that a dark race of this bat was named Rhinolophus ater by

Templeton, and H. atratus by Kelaart.
28. Hipposideros cineraceus.
Buiytu, J. A. S., XXII. 410, and Cat. 79.
Tue AsHy Horss-sHor Bar.

Descr.—Similar to H, murinus in structure, but larger ; above, ashy
gray, the hairs whitish at the base, dusky gray at the tip ; beneath whitish.

RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII. 29

Length of fore-arm, 1,3; ; ears posteriorly, 2 of an inch.
Blyth states, that this is larger than murinus, but the fore-arm as given
is much shorter. It may prove to be a local race of H. murinus, and
has only been found in the Punjab salt range.
H. larvatus, Horsfield, is common in Sylhet, Burmah, and Malayana ;
and Cantor gives H. nobilis, insignis, diadema, and galeritus, from the

Malay peninsula. Gould has one species from Australia.

Gen. Catops, Blyth.

Char.-—General characters of Rhinolophus, but the tail and calcanea
wanting entirely, the intercrural membrane acutely emarginate to the
depth of a line even with the knees. Lars, large, broad, rounded ; the
summit of the facial membranes rising abruptly, obtusely bifid, bent
forward ; fur, long, delicately fine.

29, Celops Frithii.
Buyru, J. A. 8., XVII. 251.—Cat. 81.

Tue Tartuess Bat.

Descr.—Colour, dusky or blackish; the fur tipped with dull ashy-brown
above, paler and somewhat ashy beneath ; membranes, fuscous. Length
to rump, 1Z inch; membrane beyond, 2 ; fore-arm, 13.

Mr. Blyth obtained one specimen only of this curious bat, which was
procured by Mr. Frith in the Soonderbuns.

Gen. Rutvoroma, Geoffroy.

aa ee ae
SS —

rate, connate ; auricle, small, erect ; forehead, excavated ; nostrils, oper-

: 2 ;
Char.—Incisors, ee canines, ears, mode

culate by a small lamina, tail, connate by its base with the intercrural
membrane, but produced beyond it.

The genus by its connate ears approaches Megaderma, near which it
is classed by some.

30. Rhinopoma Hardwickii.

Gray.—B1ytu, Cat. 83.

Tue Lone-ratteD LEArF-BAT.

Descr.—Muzzle, long, thick, truncated, and surrounded by a small
leaf; tragus, oblong, bi-acuminate; forehead, concave, with a fossa or
channel down the centre ; fur, soft and very fine; dull brown through-
out ; face, rump, and part of the abdominal region, naked.

30 NOCTILIONID&.
Length, 52, inches, of which the tail is 2} inches; expanse, 13 ;

Io
fore-arm, 2,4,; tibia, 1}; ear in front, 2.

This bat is found over almost all India, in Burmah and Malayana. It
frequents old ruins, caves, clefts in rocks, &c. In 1848 many were cap-
tured in Madras by Mr. Elliot and myself in a house for three succes-
sive nights, this bat being not of common occurrence there in general.
They had probably been blown there by the strong westerly winds which
had just set in from the rocky hills to the westward of Madras.

This species is very closely allied to &. microphylla, from Egypt, on
which the genus was founded, the only other species known.

Nycteris is another allied form, mostly African, but with one species,
Nycteris javanica, Geoffroy, from Java and Malacca.

The remaining animals of this family are American, and comprise the
sub-families Phyllostomatine and Desmodine of some. The former, which
represent the Rhinolophine in the new world, have a nose-leaf, usually 4
incisors in each jaw, ear with a distinct tragus, and the tongue long and
extensile. The Vampire of authors, Vampyrus spectrum, L., is one of
the largest of the group, but it does not appear certain that this bat and
its allies are so sanguivorous as those of the next sub-family. The
tongue, however, is furnished witha suctorial disc. One genus, Glosso-
phaga, has the tongue very long and narrow, furnished at the tip with
a brush of hair-like papille ; another genus, Stenoderma, is stated to be
frugivorous. The Desmoding: are furnished with most formidable lancet-
shaped incisors and canines, evidently adapted for blood-letting.

Fam. Nocrivionip&.
No facial membrane ; head, short and obtuse; lips, large ; wings,
long ; tail, usually free at the tip.
Sub-fam. TAPHOZOIN az.
Ears, distant ; tail, much shorter than the membrane, free at the tip.
Gen. TarpHozous, Geoffroy.

Char.—Two small incisors above in young individuals only, none in
adults.

5—d

Molars, ; snout, conical, with the nostrils approximate ; forehead,

5—5
with a rounded cavity ; ears, moderate, apart ; tail, short, emerging by

a free tip above the intercrural membrane.

TAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON. 31

The face is flat, and the nostrils can be closed at pleasure. There isa
large gular sac in the males, which is glandular ; a longitudinal fold on each
side leads to this sac. The fur is close, soft, and velvety. The wing is
long and narrow, and collapses with a double flexure outwards. From the
warmer regions of the old world and Australia.

31. Taphozous longimanus.
HarpwickeE, Lin. Trans., XIV. pl. 17.— Biytu, Cat. 85.—Z".. brevi-
manus, cantort, and fulvidus, Buyru (olim).

Tue LoNG-ARMED Bat.

Descr.—Ears, oval, with many distinct folds, naked except at the base ;
tragus, securiform ; fur, thick, close, fuscous-black or dark fuscous- brown
above ; beneath paler, except on the throat, the hairs being conspicuously
tipped with grey ; the upper hairs all white at their base ; face, nude ; it
and the membranes, dark brownish-black.

A fulvescent variety was named 7’. fulvidus by Blyth, who subse-
quently stated that young individuals are fulvescent and become gradually
blacker with age.

Length, about 5 inches ; expanse, 15 to 16 inches ; tail, 1, capable of
being protruded for 3 inch ; fore-arm, 23 ; tibia, 1 ; ear, 9, internally.

The long-armed bat is very common about large towns, as at Madras
and Calcutta, and is found generally throughout India, It frequents dark
out-houses, cellars, stabling, old temples, and the like. Blyth noticed that
it had the faculty of creeping about on a vertical board (of a cage) in a
most surprising manner, hitching its claws into the minute pores of the
wood.

32, Taphozous melanopogon.

TEMMINCK.—HORSFIELD, Cat. 69.
THe BLAack-BEARDED Bat.

Descr.—Ears, moderate, oval, with the outer margin extending under
the eyes, dilated into a large rounded lobe ; the tragus, leaf-shaped ; the
head, muzzle, and chin covered with short hairs. Above brown or reddish-
brown ; beneath brownish-white, with a long black collar or beard round
the throat of the male, surrounded by alight brown band. Many males,
however, it is stated, want this collar. The females are brownish-mouse,

gray above, lighter beneath.

on TAPHOZOINA.

Length, 33 to 4 inches, of which the tail is 5; expanse, 14 to 15
inches.

This bat is stated in Horsfield’s Catalogue to have been sent from some
caves in Canara by Dr. Wight, but no other record of its occurrence in

our province isknown to me. It is common in various parts of Malayana.

33. Taphozous saccolaimus.
TemMinck.—Biytu, Cat. 84.—T7". crassus, BLytH.—T7’, pulcher, Exuiov.

Tue WHITE-BELLIED Bart.

Descr.—Muzzle, angular, naked, very acute ; nostrils, small, close ; ears,
distant, shorter than the head, large inner margin recurved, outer ditto
dilated, reaching to the conmissure of the mouth ; tragus, wide, securi-
form; fur, short, smooth, blackish on the head, chestnut-brown on the
back ; beneath, dirty-white; or black-brown above with white pen-
cillings ; pure white below.

Length, nearly 5 inches; expanse, 17 ; tail, ;%,. One obtained by
Mr. Elliot at Madras, was 4,°, inches long ; expanse, 17; fore-arm, 2’.
Malayan examples appear to be smaller.

This fine Zaphozous has been procured occasionally in various parts of
the peninsula, and it also inhabits Burmah and Malayana.

Taphozous bicolor, Temminck, is said to be from the East Indies, and
Wagner states that M. Roux brought four examples from Calcutta. As
it was never obtained by Blyth, I imagine there must be some mistake,
and that the specimens, if of a distinct species from those recorded above,
were not obtained at Calcutta; 7’. bicolor is described as having the ears
oval, long, nude ; the tragus, short and securiform ; the hairs white at the
base, and dusky black at the tip. length, 3,8 inches ; expanse, 13.

There are one or two more Asiatic species of Z’aphozous, several from
Africa and one from Australia.

Most of the remaining groups of this sub-family are from America ; one,
Emballonwra, having a representative in Java.
Sub-fam. Nocrisionins,
Tail, longer than the membrane, free at the tip for some length in several.
Gen. Nycrinomus, Geoffroy.
Syn. Dysopes, in part, Illiger.
2 9 9

: ‘ 2
Char.—Incisors, inthe young, aim adults, ri or a or a molars,

a

NYCTINOMUS PLICATUS. 33
4—4 5—5
a) as
5—d 5—5
outer margin terminating in an erect lobe beyond the conch ; tragus

Ears broad, short, approximate or connate, with the

small, concealed ; wings narrow, folded as in Zaphozous ; intercrural
membrane short, truncate ; tail free at the tip ; feet short, thick, with
strong toes; muzzle thick ; lips tumid, lax; upper lip with coarse
wrinkles.

34, Nyctinomus plicatus.

Vespertilio apud Bucuanan, Linn. Trans. V. 11-18, with figure.—
BiytH, Cat. 88.—N. bengalensis, Gtorrroy.—W. dilatatus and tenuis,
HoRSFIELD.

THE WRINKLED-LIPPED Bat.

Descr.— Ears large ; incisors tail thick ; above smoky or snuff-

brown ; paler and somewhat ashy beneath.

Length, 4} to 4,7, inches ; expanse 13} ; tail 12.

This curious-looking bat is generally distributed throughout the
country. It is tolerably common about Calcutta, and I have taken it
near Madras. It frequents ruins, dark buildings, and occasionally, it is
said, the hollows of trees. Several species are found in Africa.

Cheiromeles torquatus, a very curious bat found in Java, has the thumb
of the hind feet separate from the toes, and capable of separate motion.

Most of the other species of this family of bats are American ; and
some of them have a very remarkable physiognomy.

Fam. VESPERTILIONIDA.

No facial leaf; ears usually separated ; upper incisors four or two,
the two middle ones apart ; five or six lower incisors, sharp and some-
what notched ; molars with very pointed tubercles ; lips simple ; tail
long, included in the membrane ; wings wide ; a single phalanx in the
index fingers.

This family comprises the ordinary bats, and is divided into two
groups, differing in the number of teeth. They are of general distribution.

Sub-fam. ScoToPHILIN&.

—- or = ; ears of medium size ; upper incisors in adults
== 5 —_
4 or 2, widely separated, and close to the canines.

Molars

The species of this sub-family have the muzzle somewhat more
D

34 SCOTOPHILINE.

abbreviated and blunt than those of the next group. They are the most
numerous and diffused of all Indian bats.

Gen. Scotoruitus, Leach.

Char.—Upper incisors usually 4; molars eS: or Ps ;
5—-5 5—5
branes attached to the foot close to the base of the toes ; ears small,

ovoid, rounded at the tip ; tragus short, rounded.

mem-

35. Scotophilus serotinus.
Vespertilio apud ScHREBER.—V.. noctula, Grorrroy, Ann. Mus. VIII.
t. 17 and 18.—Btyrtu, Cat. 100.
Tue Sitxy Bat.
Descr.—Ears distant, ovately triangular, much shorter than the head ;

tragus short, semicordate ; muzzle somewhat denuded ; fur deep bay or

chesnut-brown above, somewhat fulvus-gray beneath ; hairs of the back
—4

long and silky. Molars :

Length, head and body, 2} to 2? inches; extent 13; tail 2; fore-
arm nearly 2 ; ears #ths.

This European bat has been killed in the Himalayas. Hutton tells
me that he procured it on the Tyne range beyond Mussoorie—rare.

36. Scotophilus Leisleri.

Vespertilio apud Kunu.— V. dasycarpus, Letster.—Btiyrua, Cat. 102.

THe HaArrRy-ARMED Bat.

Descr.— Ears short, oval, triangular ; tragus short, rounded at the
tip ; membrane attached to the base of the outer toe ; all toes short ;
membrane over the arm very hairy ; some cross lines of hairs on the

interfemoral membrane ; molars in adults; fur long, deep fus-

cous-brown at base, chesnut at the tip ; beneath, grayish-brown.
Length, head and body, 24 inches ; tail 17; extent 11} ; forearm 13.
This bat is said by Hutton to be common in valleys of the Tyne range.
37. Scotophilus pachyomus.
Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1857, 50.
Tue THICK-MUZZLED Bat.

Descr.—Muzzle rounded, obtuse ; ears ovoid ; tragus short, of nearly

SCOTOPHILUS COROMANDELIANUS. 35

uniform breadth, rounded at the end ; wing-membranes extending to the
base of the toes, which exceed the rest of the foot in length ; fur bico-
loured ; above, dark-brown, with whitish-brown tips ; beneath, brown at
the base, the tip yellowish-brown.

Length, head and body, 24 inches; tail 112; expanse 133 ; forearm
23, ; tibia + ths.

This species of bat was brought from some part of India by Captain
Boys.

38. Scotophilus coromandelianus.

Vespertilio apud F. Cuvter.—B ytu, Cat. 105.—Kerivoula Sykest,
Gray.—No. 12, Etnior, Cat.

Tae CoROMANDEL Bat.

Descr.—Ears rather large, broad ; tragus lunate, or slightly curved
forwards, and obtuse and rounded at the tip ; a minute premolar above,
situated laterally internally, not visible from without ; two lower premo-
lars ; two pair of upper incisors about equal in size ; fur short ; above,
dingy fulvous-brown, beneath grayish fulvous ; in some dark-brown both
above and below.

Total length, 23 inches, of which the tail is 1} ; expanse 7} to 73 ;
forearm 13,. Elliot gives total length 2-3, ; forearm 1.

This minute bat is found in every part of India, and usually conceals
itself in the roofs of dwelling-houses, in holes in the thatch, under tiles, &.

39. Scotophilus lobatus.

Vespertilio apud Gray.—Harpwicke, Ill. Ind. Zool_—V. abramws,
TEMMINCK ?

THe LoBE-EARED Bat.

Descr.—Ears small, ovoid, ends rounded, scarcely emarginate, with a
lobe at the base ; tragus short, of nearly uniform breadth, curved inwards
and rounded at the end; muzzle very short, pointed. Fur, above,
blackish-yellow, ashy beneath. Some cross lines of hairs on the inter-
femora] membrane.

Length, 2,3, inches, of which the tail is 1} ; extent 7,8, ; forearm 1,%,.

This bat, figured in Hardwicke’s Illustrations, is considered by Tomes
to be very close to, if not identical with, the Japanese bat, named /.
abramus by Temminck. It is not certain from what part of India it
was procured.

36 SCOTOPHILIN A.

40. Scotophilus fuliginosus.
Hopeson, J. A. 8. IV. 700.
Tue Smoxy Bar.

Descr.— Feet very small, included in the wing-membrane, nearly to
the ends of the toes ; ears acutely pointed, shorter than the head ; muzzle
grooved, nudish ; face sharp; rostrum somewhat recurved. Wholly
sooty-brown. A little smaller than Vesp. formosa.” Such is Hodgson’s
description of this bat, which does not seem to have been recognized of
late. I see it stated to have six lower molars, and it is perhaps not a
Scotophilus. Blyth at one time considered it to be his Vycticejus atratus.
Hodgson procured it from the central region of Nepal.

Blyth describes a Scotophilus fulvidus from Tenasserim, and Tomes has
S. pumiloides from China. Gray, in his Catalogue of British Museum,
has enumerated, but not described, S. Wodgsoni from Calcutta, S. falcatus
from India, and 8. fulvus from Madras and Java, the latter probably
Blyth’s fulvidus.

Gen. Nocrutinia, Gray.

Feet quite free from the membrane, which is attached to the ankle

a

72
5) ee

: ‘ , : 4
only; otherwise as in Scotophilus. Incisors A ; molars 5

= with a very small false molar.

41. Noctulinia noctula.

Vespertilio apud ScurEeBer.— V. lasiopterus, ScuREBER.— V. altivolans,
Wuitrt.— V. labiata, Hopeson.—Btyrtu, Cat. 89.

Tue Noctute Bar.

Descr.—Ears remote, oval-triangular, or rounded, wide, extending
nearly to the angle of the mouth ; tragus short, broad, curved, ending in
a broad rounded head; muzzle short, blunt, nude ; lips somewhat tumid ;
fur dark reddish-brown, both above and below.

Length, 43 to 5 inches, of which the tail is nearly 2 ; expanse 14 to 15
inches ; forearm 112,

This fine bat has been sent from Nepal by Hodgson, who states that
itis found in the central hills of Nepal. It is not uncommon in England,
and its flight is lofty.

NYCTICEJUS HEATHII. 37

Gen. Nycticesus, Horsfield.

Char.—Incisors in the young — ; In adults Z ; molars = ; upper
—5

incisors resembling canine teeth; ears short and broad, distant, and
stand out from the head ; muzzle broad.

The bats of this group are more brightly coloured than any of the
tribe, most of them being yellow beneath, of different shades ; this, added
to their peculiar physiognomy, caused by the short muzzle, and the ears
standing out laterally, causes them to be easily recognized. There are
several species in India, and they are mostly numerous in individuals.

42. Nycticejus Heathii.
HorsrFigxp, P.. Z. 8. 1831, 113.—Buyru, Cat. 91.

Tue Larce YELLow Bat.

Descr.—Eaxs shorter than the head, straight, oblong, with rounded
tip, sub-emarginate posteriorly, lobed ; tragus linear, slightly curved ;
fur short, soft, shining ; above, bright olivaceous with a tinge of ferru-
ginous er golden-brown ; beneath pale and slightly greenish-yellow.

Length, 6 to 6} inches, of which the tail is 21; expanse 18; fore-
arm 23 to 23.

This handsome bat is by no means rare in Southern India, in the
Carnatic, and the Malabar coast ; and it is also met with, though rarely,

in some parts of Central India. It roosts both in houses and trees.

43, Nycticejus luteus.

Buyra, J. A. 8. XX. 157, and Cat. 92.—N. flaveolus apud Hors-
FIELD, Cat.

THE Beneat YELLow Bart.

Descr.—Similar to the last species, but smaller ; above, rich yellow-
brown, or bright golden-rufous, or dark olive-brown ; beneath, pale buff,
or dark buff, or yellow, or yellowish-gray.

Length, 54 inches, of which the tail is 21; expanse 143; fore-
arm 23. Others are smaller.

This bat is found over all the continent of India. I have seen it in
the Carnatic, also in the N. W. Provinces, and it is very common about
Caleutta. It also occurs all over Burmah to Assam. The colours of
this, and the allied species, fade much on exposure to light.

38 SCOTOPHILIN &.

44, Nycticejus Temminckii.

Vespertiho apud HorsrieLp.—Biyta, Cat. 93.—V. Belangeri, Is.
Greorrroy ; also V. noctulinus,

Tue Common YELLOW Bat.

Descr.—Ears short, rounded ; tragus moderate, curved inwards; above,
castaneous-olive, or rufous, or rufo-fulvous ; beneath, flavescent or fulvous.

Length, 43 inches, of which the tail is 1} ; expanse 13; forearm 2.

This bat is found over all India, also Burmah and Malayana. YJ.
noctulinus, Is. Geoffroy, is confidently stated to be the young of this,
but it is described as having an elongated muzzle, triangular ears, and
a long straight tragus.

45. Nycticejus castaneus.

Gray, apud Horsrietp, Cat.—Briyrnu, Cat. 94.

Tue Cuesnut Bat.

Descr.—Very similar to the last, but slightly smaller, and the colours
much darker ; chesnut or tawny rufous, or dark ferruginous above, the
under parts scarcely paler.

This species or race is chiefly found in the countries to the eastward,
Burmah and Malayana, but it extends into Eastern Bengal. Tytler
sent it from Dacca.

46. Nycticejus atratus.
Biytu, Cat. 96.—Sce. fuliginosus, apud Bryn, olim.
THE Somsre Bar.

Descr.—Fur rich dark brown above, a little paler beneath. Size
nearly of Scotophilus fuliginosus ; forearm 13 inches.
This bat was procured at Darjeeling by Major Sherwill.

47. Nycticejus canus.

BuiytH, Cat. 99.—Vespertilio, No. XI. Ettior, Cat.—wScot. maderas-
patanus, GRAY t
Tue Hoary Bat.

Deser.—Light dusky above, with the tips of the hairs pale grayish or

fulvous ; lighter beneath ; sometimes variegated with bright ferruginous.

NYCTICEJUS ORNATUS. 39

Length, 3,4, inches, of which the tail is 1,8; extent 9}; forearm
1.

This bat is exceedingly common in most parts of India. Mr. Blyth
mentions in a note to this species (Cat. p. 32), that there is another and
very similar species common about Calcutta, which has permanently the
two small pairs of upper incisors characteristic of Scotophilus, instead of
the one larger pair of adult Vycticejus.

The next species differ considerably in coloration, and are typical of
another section.

48. Nycticejus ornatus.

Brytu, J. A. S. XX. 517, and Cat. 90.
THe Hartequin Bart.

Descr.—Kavr-conch elongate, oval, erect ; tragus rather narrow, semi-
lunate, curved towards the front ; above pale rusty isabelline colour,
somewhat paler below ; a pure silky white spot on the centre of the
forehead ; others on each shoulder, and on the axille above; and a
narrow stripe of the same along the middle of the back ; face and chin
deep brown ; a broad white demi-collar from ear to ear ; succeeded by
a dark-brown one, and below this again, a narrow white one ; mem-
branes black ; interfemoral membrane tawny red ; limbs and digits
the same.

Length of a female, 4? inches, of which the tail was 12; expanse
143; forearm 21; tibia Zths; another was 43 inches ; tail 24, ; forearm
23 ; tibia, Zths.

This remarkably coloured bat was sent from Darjeeling. I obtained
one specimen from the same place, which was said to have been taken from
a folded plantain leaf, in the warm valley of the great Rungeet river.

49. Nycticejus nivicolus.

Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855.—HorsFietp, Cat.

Tue ALPINE Bat.

Descr.—Head and body above uniform light-brown, with a slight yel-
lowish shade ; underneath, from the throat to the vent, dark-gray with
a brownish tint, lighter on the sides of the throat. Ears long, attenuated
to an obtuse point.

Length, 5 inches, of which the tail is 2; expanse 19; forearm 2$ ;

tibia 1}; ears 2ths.

40 VESPERTILIONIN A.

Horsfield states that this bat has the fur similar in character to Lasi-
wrus Pearsoni, being delicate, soft, and silky ; and I see that in the last
edition of the Catalogue of Hodgson’s specimens it is classed as a Lasiurus,
and JV. ornatus is considered to be the male. It is also stated to have
some affinity to Vesp. formosa, Hodgson. This bat is stated to have
been procured from near the snows in Sikim, If this be the case, its
habitat is very different from that of ornatus, which frequents warm
valleys ; and as there are various other differences in the descriptions,
without further evidence I shall keep them distinct.

Sub-fam. VESPERTILIONIN &.

: : aes 4 :
Lower molars usually six on each side ; incisors q> tragus long, thin,

and narrow, more or less pointed. These bats are difficult to group in
genera, and almost require a special cheiropterologist. Mr. Tomes,
indeed, has undertaken the task partially, and it is to be hoped he will
publish a complete history of Chetroptera. Several groups have been
generally recognized.

Gen. Lasturus, Horsfield.

Char.—Head small; ears oval, short, pointed ; tragus short, bent
—4 4 4

or :
ah Gla6

4 : :
forwards ; molars — , with a minute premolar close to the

canines above ; interfemoral membrane hairy above ; wings hairy along
the forearm.

This group is classed as a section only of Vespertilio by Tomes, but
Blyth, in his Catalogue, places it separately from other species of Ves-
pertilvo, though classing it as a typical Vespertilio apud Tomes, which I
do not think that naturalist intended ; and as the bats referred “ to, or
near to this group,” by him, viz., swillus, Pearsont, formosus, and emar-
ginatus, are certainly of a different type from various other species of
Vespertilio, I shall class them here under the three sub-generic groups
of Lasiurus, Murina, and Kerivoula.

50. Lasiurus Pearsoni.

HorsFiEtp, Cat.—Btyru, Cat. 106. Noctulinia lasiura, Hopason
(in part).
THe Hatry-wincep Bart.

Deser.—Ears ovoid ; tragus rather long, nearly straight, acute at the

MURINA SUILLUS. 41

tip ; muzzle somewhat thick ; wing-membranes extend to the base of the
toes ; fur, above very soft, silky and long, brownish-gray, with a ferrugi-
nous cast, and variegated with whitish hairs on the head, neck, and
shoulders ; the rest of the body above, with the base of the membrane,
thighs, and interfemoral membrane, deep bay, or reddish-brown, with a
few hairs of the same tint scattered over the membrane, and projecting
from its edge ; body, beneath gray, palest on the throat and breast ;
membranes brown ; interfemoral membrane marked with transverse lines.

Length, 44 inches, of which the tail is 1} ; expanse 14 ; forearm 2} ;
ear 2; tragus ;*,ths.

Hodgson’s description of NVoctulinia lasiwra is as follows : “ Entire
legs and caudal membrane clad in fur like the body, which is thick
and woolly ; colour bright rusty above, sooty below, the hairs tipped with
hoary.”

This handsome bat has only, I believe, been procured at Darjeeling,
where Hodgson says he took it near his own house, and whence also
specimens were sent by Mr. Theobald. Mr. Blyth states that Hodgson
sent specimens of the next species, Mwrina suillus, under the name of NV.
lasiura ; and I see that this is included by Horsfield in the list of new
species sent by Hodgson from Sikim, though not recorded in Gray’s
Catalogue of his collection.

Lasiurus has been considered chiefly an American group. -

Gen. Murina, Gray.

Char.—Head and face somewhat lengthened, hairy ; nostrils produced ;
ears large, with the outer margin folded ; tragus long, filiform, acute ;
wing-membrane broad, united to the whole length of the outer toe;

~
ij

° * . ov—
interfemoral membrane and toes hairy ; canines small ; molars — 5
o—

51. Murina suillus.

Vespertilio apud Temminck.—Buyru, Cat. 107.—J. lasiwra, in part,
Hopeson, and L. Pearsoni apud Biyru.

Tue Pia Bat.

Descr.—F ur long, woolly, bright-rufous, the hairs whitish at the base ;
abdomen isabelline.
Length, head and body, 1} to 2 inches; expanse 9-10; tail 1Q ;

forearm 11; tibia 5,ths.
rey

42 VESPERTILIONIN &.

This curious bat obtained its specific name from the lengthened snout.
It is chiefly an inhabitant of the Malayan archipelago, but has been sent
from Darjeeling, where I also procured several examples.

The next species has not usually been placed under this genus, being
classed as a Kerivoula by Gray, and as a Nycticejus by Blyth, whilst
Tomes considers it as belonging to that section of Vespertilio, in which
he also classes the last species. As, however, I have retained Vespertilio
for another group of true bats, I have preferred retaining this species
under the generic name of one of its nearest affines, which, indeed, with
some extended characters, might include all belonging to this section as
understood by Tomes.

52. Murina formosa.

Vespertilio apud Honeson, J. A.S. IV. 700.—Kerivoula apud Gray,
Cat. Hopeson’s Collection.—WNycticeyus. Tickelli, Buyru, Cat. 95.—/.
isabellinus apud HorsFiELD, Cat.—Figd. P. Z. 8. 1858, pl. XV.

Tue Beautirut Bat.

Descr.—Head conic; face acute; ear moderate ovoid, emarginate,

acute ; incisors : ; molars : ; fur thick and cottony ; above, bright

soft ruddy yellow, pale yellowish beneath ; membranes yellow along the
fingers, the rest brownish-black.

Length, head and body, 2} inches ; tail 2; expanse 124. Blyth gave
the dimensions of V. Tickelli as total length 43 inches, of which the tail
is 21; forearm 22.

This beautiful bat has been found both in Nepal and Sikim, in the
Himalayas, and also in Central India, if Blyth be right in referring his
NV. Twckelli to this species. Tickell procured his specimens at Chybassa.
I got one or two examples at Darjeeling.

Gen. Kerivouta, Gray.

Char.—Face short, hairy ; chaffron concave ; muzzle narrow ; ears
broad, not very acute at tip; tragus very long, narrow, and pointed ;
two pair of upper incisors, the anterior the longest ; feet hairy above,
half attached ; interfemoral membrane large, pointed, somewhat hairy
beneath ; tail long.

KERIVOULA PICTA. 43

53. Kerivoula picta.

Vespertilio apud Patias.—Buytru, Cat. 109.—V. keriwoula, Bop-
DAERT.
Tue Parntrep Bat.

Descr.—Fur fine, woolly ; above, yellowish-red or golden-rufous ;
beneath, less brilliant and more yellow ; wing-membranes, inky-black,
with rich orange stripes along the fingers, extending in indentations
into the membrane.

Length, 3,8, inches, of which the tail is 1,4, ; expanse 10; forearm
1,8, ; tibia ,4,ths; ears ;6,ths. One measured, head and body 1,%, inch ;
tail 14; forearm 1,4; ; tibia ths; expanse 103.

This very beautiful bat, which, when disturbed in the daytime, looks
more like a butterfly or moth than a bat, has been found over a great part
of India, though nowhere common. [I first obtained it at Madras, and
subsequently on the Malabar coast. It has also been found in Bengal, in
Dacca, where it is said not to be rare, and called the “‘ orange bat,” also
in Ceylon, and in Burmahand Malayana. It conceals itself in the folded
leaf of the plantain, and its Ceylonese name is properly, as Kelaart tells
us, Kehelvoulha, meaning plantain bat.

54, Kerivoula pallida.
Biyta, Cat. 108.

Tue Pate Parintep Bat.

Descr.—‘ Much larger than KX. picta, with the woolly fur shorter,
denser, and much paler in colouring; fulvous, with a slight ruddy
or ferruginous cast, paler on the under parts; the orange portion of
the wings broader and less defined; forearm 2; longest finger 3;
expanse 11.”

This bat was sent from Chybassa by Tickell.

50. Kerivoula papillosa.
Vespertilio apud Temminck.—Tomgs, P. Z. 8. 1858.
THe PapiLuose Bar.

Descr.—F ur fine, woolly, long, bicoloured ; above, dusky at the base,
brown, with a rufous tinge at the tip ; beneath, dusky at base, yellowish-
brown at tip. Interfenoral membrane margined with minute papilli.

Length, head and body, 2 inches ; tail 2; forearm 1}; tibia ?ths.

44 VESPERTILIONIN A”,

This bat, said to inhabit Java and Sumatra, has been sent to England
both from Calcutta and Ceylon.

Vesp. tenuis and V. Hardwickii, both from Java and Sumatra, are
considered by Tomes to belong to this group

Gen. Vespertitio L. (as restricted).

Char.—Feet more or less free from the membrane ; the wings in
some attached only as far as the ankles; face short, hairy ; forehead
somewhat convex; ears moderate ; interfemoral membrane with only

6

a few scattered hairs ; molars usually =

There are two groups indicated by Tomes, even in this limited generic
division ; the first typified by V. mystacinus, the other by V. tralatitius.

Group like V. mystacinus.

56. Vespertilio caliginosus.

Tomes, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860, p. 60.
Tue MovustacHoep Bat.

Descr.—Muzzle pointed, short ; two tufts of hair projecting laterally
like whiskers from the upper lip ; ear moderate, with a distinct round
lobe at the base, narrow at the tip ; tragus not quite half the length of
the ear, with an angular lobe at its base, barely bent outwards, not very
acute ; feet small; wing-membrane attached to the base of the outer toe ;
fur, long, soft, rather silky ; above, the hairs black at the base, yellowish-
chesnut at tip ; beneath, dead black at base, with a grayish-brown tip.

Length, head and body, 1} inch; tail]; forearm 1,4; tibia $;
expanse 83,

This bat was brought from some part of India by Captain Boys.

517. Vespertilio siligorensis.
Honpeson apud Horsrietp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, 102.
Tue Tera Bat.

Deser.—Muzzle pointed, with a moustache on the upper lip; ears
oval, slightly emarginate, and somewhat pointed; tragus elongate,
acute; wing-membrane attached to the base of the toes; fur, above

uniform dark brown, paler below.

% ile

VESPERTILIO DARJELINGENSIS. 45

{
Forearm 1,3,; tibia ee
12

From Siligoree in the Sikim Terai.

58. Vespertilio darjelingensis.
Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855.
THe DarJEEnine Bat.

Descr.—Very like the last, differs in the ears being more emarginate,
with a distinct lobe at their base; tibia somewhat shorter; upper fur
darker colour, tipped with chesnut, and glossed.

Tomes notices that this bat is exceedingly like V. mystacinus of Europe.

The next group has received from Gray the name of 7’ralatitius. It
has the feet wholly disengaged from the wing-membranes.

59. Vespertilio Blythii.
Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1857, 53.

Biytu’s Bat.

Descr.—Ears ovoid, somewhat pointed, the ends sloping outwards ;
tragus narrow, tapering to a sub-acute point ; crown moderately ele-
vated ; feet large, wholly disengaged ;.tip of the tail free ; membrane
naked ; fur long; above, dark-brown at the root, the tip cinnamon-
brown, brightest on the rump ; beneath, dark at the base, the terminal
half brownish-white.

Length, head and body, 2} inches; tail 17; expanse 15; forearm
22, ; tibia 4+}ths.

This bat was found by Captain Boys at Nusseerabad, in Rajpootana.

60. Vespertilio adversus.
HorsFIELD, Zool. Res.—Brytu, Cat. 110.
THE Maayan Bat.

Descr.—Ears straight, obtuse, curved backwards, with a small lobe
at their base ; tragus straight, linear, blunt, half the length of the ear ;
fur soft, silky, grayish-brown above, light-grayish beneath. Length,
31 inches, of which the tail is 1}; expanse 10}.

This Malayan species of bat has been taken at Calcutta. It is also
found in Ceylon and Burmah.

46 VESPERTILIONIN ©.

Other eastern species of Vespertilio are V. Horsfieldi, T. (V. tralatitius,
Horsfield) from the Malayan peninsula and Java, belonging to the last
group ; and J. éralatitiws, Temminck, which belongs to the mystacinus

group.
Gen. Myotis, Gray.

Char.—Kars large, longer than the head, oval, distant ; tragus mode-
rately Jong, slender, sickle-shaped ; face lengthened, somewhat denuded ;
nostrils elongate ; upper lip pendulous on each side; feet partly free ;

interfemoral membrane with distinct hairy bands beneath; molars

61. Myotis murinus.
- Vespertiho apud Grorrroy.—Buytu, Cat. 111.
THe Movse-nikeE Bar.

Descr.—Fur long, smooth, reddish-brown above, dull or hoary white
beneath.
Length, head and body, 3 to 34 inches; expanse 15; tail 2; fore-

This European bat has been sent from Mussoorie by Captain Hutton.

62. Myotis Theobaldi.

Biya, J. A. 8S. XXIV. 363, olim I. pallidiventris, Hopason apud
BuiyTHu.
THEOBALD’S Mouse Bat.

Descr.—Very close to M. pipistrellus of Europe, but differs by the
much greater length of the fore-thumb ; above, dark dull brown, paler
and more albescent beneath ; feet, very large ; same size as pipistrellus,
v.¢., about 3 inches long ; tail 14; expanse’8.

This bat was sent by Mr. Theobald from Kashmir, He found it in
some limestone caves near Islamabad.

63. Myotis parvipes.
Buiytu, J. A. 8. XXIT. 360, olim IZ, pipistrellus.
THe SMALL-FooTED Mouse Bat.

Descr.—Characterized by the diminutive size of the foot, which is, with

PLECOTUS AURITUS. 47
claws scarcely ;8- inch ; much darker than the last, and than pipistrellus ;
dimensions much the same.

This bat, formerly considered by Blyth to be the same as the J. pipis-
trellus of Europe, was sent from Mussoorie by Captain Hutton.

Hodgson has a I. pallidiventris, not described, which may be either
of the above species. Blyth describes another, J. lepidus, from Kandahar,
and WW. Berdmoret, from Tenasserim.

It appears from Mr. Tomes’ observations, that he looks on J. pipis-
trellus as a Scotophilus, of which it has, says he, the dentition, viz., 5
molars only on each side.

Gen. Piecotus, Geoffroy.

Char.—Ears very large, united at their base ; tragus large, elongated ;
5—5 5—5

PGlarS = OF, 5
6—6 5—5

64. Plecotus auritus.

Vespertilio apud Linnxus. — Biytu, Cat. 114. — Pl. homochrous,
Hoveson.—P darjilingensis, Hopeson.

Tue Lonc-EARED Bat.

Deser.—Fur silky, short, uniform dull brown ; tail long, the tip
alone free.

Length, head and body, 12; expanse 10, tail 1}?; forearm nearly
14; ear 13.

Hodgson considers that his homochrous, of which he gives a very
ample description in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, is distinct from
the European bat, but I see that it is considered identical. Pl. darjilin-
gensis, also considered distinct by Hodgson, is probably the same, for
Major Sherwill sent a specimen from Darjeeling, which Blyth considered
identical with the European species.

Plee. timorensis, Geoffroy, from Timor, and P. velatus from 8. Ame-
rica, are other recorded species.

Gen. BArRBASTELLUS, Gray.

Char.— Ears large, connate at the base in front, triangular, emarginate
on the outer margin, broad, concealing the back of the head, hairy in
the middle ; tragus broad at the base, narrow at the tip, and curved

48 VESPERTILIONINA.

Or
or

; but the

wate 4
outwardly ; muzzle short, obtuse ; incisors 2 ; molars

on

—
first one very minute and concealed by the gums.

65. Barbastellus communis.

Gray.—Bryra, Cat. 115.—V. barbastellus, ScuREBER.—B. Dauben-

tont, BEL.
THe BARBASTELLE Bat.

Descr.—Fur, above blackish-brown, the hairs fulvous at the tip ; ab-
domen grayish-brown ; hairs fine, silky.

Length, head and body, 2 inches; tail 1,2; expanse 10} ; fore-
arm 1}.

This bat has been found in the Himalayas, at Mussoorie by Hutton,
and in Nepal by Hodgson.

V. leucomelus, Riippell, from the coast of the Red Sea, and V. macrotis,
Temminck, from Sumatra, are considered to belong to the present genus ;
and there are others from America.

The next bat has usually been placed among the Noctilionine, but
erroneously so according to Blyth and others, who say that its affinities
are with Myotis and Plecotus.

Gen. Nycroruitus, Leach.

Char.—A simple transverse nose-leaf; ears large, ovoid, united at

their base as in Plecotus ; tragus short and broad ; wings as in Vesper-

5) eee 2 4—4
tilio ; incisors a Wiolars; y=!

66. Nyctophilus Geoffroyi.
Leacu, Lin. Trans. XIII.—Btyrtu, Cat. 116.
THe LARGE-EARED Lear Bat.

Descr.—Over the eyes, at the hind corner, a tuft of black hairs ; fur
dark-brown above, long, thick, and soft ; throat and flanks brownish-
white ; all the rest of the lower parts with the fur black at the base,
whitish at the tip.

Length, head and body, 1? to 2 inches; tail 1,5, ; expanse 97; fore-

. 4 + egy 3
arm 1,4, ; ear ?ths.

This bat, which has been found in Europe and Australia, was sent
from Mussoorie by Hutton.

we

INSECTIVORA. 49

Orn. INSECTIVORA.

Tncisor teeth various in number and almost always different in the
two jaws ; no distinct canines in most ; molars with acuminated tuber-
cles. Feet usually pentadactylous, plantigrade.

The insectivorous mammals are mostly of small size, with short limbs,
and some of them superficially much resemble the Rodents. Many live
under ground, and most are nocturnal. They feed chiefly on insects.
Some are torpid in winter in cold countries. They are timid and un-
obtrusive in their habits, and rather slow in their motions. The tail is
variously developed. In running they place the entire sole of the foot
upon the ground.

The skull is of slight make and elongated form, the bones of the face
and jaws being much produced, and the latter are weak. The distinct
division of the teeth into sets is not apparent here, and it is some-
times difficult to say to which set particular teeth belong. There are
usually eight teeth in front of each jaw, of which the outermost are re-
garded by some as the canines, though often smaller than the others, no
placental mammal having more than six incisors in each jaw. The orbit
and temporal fossa are confounded in one cavity, except in 7’wpaia. The
molar teeth are studded with sharp cusps or tubercles, for the purpose
of breaking down the hard elytra of beetles, on which they chiefly sub-
sist. All have clavicles, and the number of ribs is large. The deciduous
teeth of the moles and shrews are developed and disappear before birth.
The stomach is perfectly simple ; and, except Zupaia, they have no
cecum, ‘The brain and organs of sense closely resemble those of the
Rodents. The mammez are ventral and generally numerous, The testes
pass periodically from the abdomen into a temporary scrotum.

Insectivorous mammals are nearly confined to the old continent, none
being found in South America, if we except the curious Solenodon para-
doxus of St. Domingo ; and only a few moles in N orth America. They
are represented on that continent chiefly by small species of Dide/phys or
Opossum, a marsupial animal. There are likewise none in Australia,
bnt several marsupials resemble them so closely that, were it not for
their special anatomical structure, they would undoubtedly be classed
with them.

Blainville looks on the Insectivora as being intermediate between
Bats and the Edentata. Cuvier places them next the Bats, as do most

E

59 TALPID®.

systematists ; Blyth removes them to the end of the Carnivora. This
interrupts the series perhaps more than the generally adopted plan.

The Insectivorous mammals may be divided into Valpide, or Moles ;
Sorecide, Shrews ; Hrinaceide, Hedgehogs; and Tupaiade, or Tree
Shrews ; all of which have representatives in India.

Fam. Tauprp#, Moles.

Body, hairy. Fore feet, large, fossorial, with large claws. External
ears, none. Eyes, very minute. ‘Tail, short or none.

Moles are better known in Europe than in India, where they are only
represented on the Eastern Himalayas, and the Khasia hills. The body
is short and thick ; the legs short and strong, and the muzzle lengthened.
The shovel-like hand of the mole is furnished with a curved prolongation
of one of the carpal bones, called the falciform bone, which gives addi-
tional strength to the hand. The structure of their fore feet is beautifully
adapted for burrowing, being broad and furnished with strong large
claws, supplied by very powerful muscles. The hind feet are compara-
tively small and week. The eyes are very minute, and in some cases not
discernible, the skin over them not being pierced. The tympanum of
the ear is large, but there is no external ear, though the sense of hearing
is very acute. The hairs of their fur are set on vertically, and hence
have no particular grain or direction, and can be smoothed down in any
direction, so that in moving backwards in their runs, the hairs lie equally
smooth as when advancing. Moles are quite subterraneous in their
habits, being very rarely seen above ground. They live chiefly on worms
and insects, to find which they burrow most extensively. They are found
in Europe, Asia, North America, and a peculiar section in Africa.

Gen. Tarra, Linnzus.

Char.—Incisors, apparently : or molars, = ne =!

these the first false upper molars, and the outermost pair of lower in-
cisors represent the canine teeth. Nose, lengthened, truncated at the
point. Eyes, very small, in some the integument not pierced. Tail, very
short or wanting. Anterior feet turned outwards, with the toes con-
nected or palmate, and with very strong claws.

True moles are found in Europe and Asia, and, in our province, are

vestricted to the South-east portion of the Himalayas.

TALPA MICRURA. 51

67. Talpa micrura.

Hopeson, J. A. S. X. 910.—Bxyru, Cat.—7. eryptura, Buyta.—Skull
figd. J. A.S. XTX. 217.—Pariam, Lepch.—Biyu-kantyem, Bhot.

Tue SHortT-TAILED MOLE.

Descr.—Uniform velvet-black, with a silvery-gray gloss, iridescent
when moist ; snout, nude ; feet and tail fleshy-white, the last very
minute.

Length, 4? to 5 inches ; tail, ;°,ths, sometimes less ; head alone, 17 ;
palm with claws, Zths,

There is no perforation of the integument over the eye. There are
three small upper premolars between the quasi-canine tooth and the
large scissor-toothed premolar, which is much developed. Blyth states
that Darjeeling specimens almost want the tail, but that those from
Nepal have it. Some I procured at Darjeeling, however, had the tail
well marked.

This mole is not uncommon at Darjeeling, and many of the roads and
pathways in the station are intersected by its runs, which often proceed
from the base of some mighty oak-tree to that of another. If these runs
be broken down or holes made in them, they are generally repaired during
the night. The moles do not appear to torm mole-hills as in Europe.
The Lepchas do not know how to set mole-traps, and the few specimens
I procured at Darjeeling were picked up early in the morning on the
ground or in ditches.

68. Talpa macrura.
Hopeson, J. A. 8S. XX VIT. 176.—Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. 82.
THe Lone-TaiteD Mote.

Descr.—Deep slaty-blue, with canescent gloss, iridescent when wet.
Tail cylindric, pretty well covered with soft hairs, which extend a little
beyond the tip.

Length, 4 inches ; tail (with the hair), 1}; head, 1}; palm, jths. This
species differs most conspicuously from the previous one by its long tail.
It was procured in Sikim by Hodgson.

Blyth has described Zalpa leucura, from Sylhet and Tenasserim, dif-
fering from micrura in only having two small premolars between the

E 2

ayy SORECIDA.

upper canine and the scisssor-tooth; and the short tail is clad and
tufted with white hairs. A species from Japan, 7’. mogura, is described
by Temminck, and there are twoin Europe, 7’. ewropea, and 7’. ceca, of
Italy and Greece.

A writer in the Bengal Sporting Review (the Rev. H. Baker) sus-
pects the presence of moles on the Neelgherry hills, having found muti-
lated remains of what he took to be such. This conjecture has not to my
knowledge been verified, and I much doubt their existence on those hills.

In Condylura, a North American genus of moles, there is a peculiar
star of moveable cartilaginous filaments at the end of the snout, and the
tail is longer than in Talpa. The shrew-moles, Scalops, also from North
America, chiefly differ from true moles by their teeth. Uvotrichus tal-
poides is a Japanese mole, with a moderate hairy tail ; and a second
species of this genus has been quite recently discovered in North America.

The African or Cape moles, have been by some classed as a distinct
group, Chrysochlorine. They have two incisors above, and four below ;
and their fur has a peculiar metallic lustre, hence called Golden Moles.
They have no external ears nor eyes, and want the tail.

Fam. Sorecip#, Shrews.

Body, covered with soft hair. Eyes, small but distinct, External
ears in most, generally small. Muzzle, elongated. Fore feet, of ordinary
form.

The Shrews comprise a large number of small animals, which, from
their general appearance and nocturnal habits, are popularly confounded
with rats and mice. Thetwo middle incisors above are large and hooked,
the lower ones are slanting and lengthened, and these are followed by
several smaller ones. There is a tuberculous tooth in the upper jaw,
and three cuspidated molars in each jaw. The feet are pentadactylous,
the toes well cloven, and the tail of moderate length, more or less naked,
or thinly clad with hairs. The snout is lengthened, pointed, and very
mobile. On each side of the body in certain species there is a gland
under the skin surrounded by a circlet of short hairs, which secretes
a fluid of the odour of musk. It exists in both sexes, and appears to be
more developed at certain periods. During the day shrews remain con-
cealed in drains or holes, dark outhouses, under boxes, mats, &c., and
those that dwell in forests, under stones or in holes under trees. At
nightfall they sally forth, and hunt for their food, which is chiefly insects.

ee, ee ee, ee ee ee

SOREX CZRULESCENS. 53

Shrews are found over all the old continent. Several genera have been
formed of late, founded on some peculiarities of dentition.

Gen. Sorex, Linneus, as restricted.

Syn. Pachyura, De Servs Lonecuamps.—Crocidura, WAGNER.

Char.—-Upper front teeth large and strongly hooked, and much longer
than their posterior spur ; inferior incisors entire, or rarely so much as
a trace of a serrated upper edge; following those in the upper jaw are
four teeth anterior to the scissor-tooth, the first large, the next two
much smaller, the third exceeding the second, and the fourth diminutive,
Teeth generally wholly white. Ear-conch very distinct. Tail thick
and tapering, and furnished with a few long scattered hairs, which cer-
tain species likewise exhibit upon the body.

This genus includes the majority of those shrews that inhabit tropical
countries. Some of them do not appear to be furnished with the musk-
gland,

69. Sorex cerulescens.

Suaw.—B iyrtn, Cat. 244.—S. indicus, giganteus and Sonneratii, GEOF-
FROY.—S. myoswrus, Gray, figd. Harpwicke, Il. Ind. Zool.—Chuc-
hindar, H.—Sondeli, Can.—Musk -rat of Europeans.

THE Common Musk SHREW.

Deser.—Of an uniform bluish-ash or pale gray colour, very slightly
tinged with ferruginous, and most so on the hinder parts ; naked parts
flesh-coloured.

Lengih, head and body, 6 to 7} inches; tail, 3h tonearly 4. The skull
of an adult male, according to Blyth, 1 ; caudal vertebre, 24 in number.

This appears to be the common musk-rat of almost all India, fre-
quenting houses at night, and hunting round rooms for cockroaches or
any other insects, occasionally uttering a sharp, shrill cry. It wil
not, however, refuse meat, for it is sometimes taken in rat-traps baited
with meat. It is popularly believed in India that the musky odour
emitted by this shrew is so volatile and penetrating, that f it pass over
a corked bottle of wine or beer, it will infect the fluid within ; and
certainly many bottles are met with in this country quite undrinkable
from the musky odour. I much doubt, however, the possibility of in-
fection in this way, and think it much more probable that the corks of

such bottles were impregnated previously to being used in bottling,‘and

54 SORECID 4.

in support of this I may state that I have never found this odour in
Euglish bottled liquor. I notice that Kelaart also scouts the idea of the
scent passing through the bottles, but thinks that it may pass through
a bad cork in the bottle. I think that this is not so probable as the
former supposition.

Horsfield, in his Catalogue, considers S. indicus, vel Sonneratit, Is.
Geoffroy, as distinct from cwrulescens. Is. Geoffroy states that his S.
Sonneratit is smaller than cwrulescens, and with the tail always one
quarter of the entire length ; fur, ashy, washed with russet-brown, pale
ashy below. From the Coromandel coast. I have followed Blyth and

Tomes in joing this to cwrulescens.

70. Sorex murinus.

Linnaus.—Biytu, Cat. 246.—S. myosurus, Pattas.—S. Swinhees,
and S. viridescens, Buyru (olim).

THe Movse-coLouREeD SHREW.

Descr.—Brownish, or dark brownish-gray above, grayish-brown be-
neath, the fur longer and coarser than in cerulescens ; ears, larger ; tail
nearly equal in length to the body, rounded, thick at the base, nearly
nude, with a few longish hairs scattered over it ; feet and tail, fleshy.

Length of one, head and body, 5 inches; tail, 3; but larger speci-
mens are met with.

This is the common large musk-rat of China, Burmah, and the
Malayan countries, extending into Lower Bengal and Soutbern India,
especially the Malabar coast, where it is said to be the common species,
the bite of which is considered venomous by the natives. The musky
odour of this shrew is much less powerful than in cwrulescens.

71. Sorex nemorivagus.
Hopeson, Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist. IV. 288.—Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
XV. 269.—S. murinus from Nepal, apud Horsriexp ?

Tue Nepat Woop SHREW.

Descr.—Similar to S. murinus, but of stouter make, with smaller
ears ; legs, entirely nude; a longer and more tetragonal tail; colour,
sooty black, with a vague reddish smear, or shining rufescent-brown,
paler beneath ; nude parts, fleshy-grey.

Length of one, head and body, 32 inches ; tail, 2; foot, 31 ths.

SOREX SERPENTARIUS. 55

This species was formerly considered by Blyth to be the same as murv-
nus, but in his Catalogue he places them separately. There are no speci-
mens, however, of this shrew in the Calcutta Museum. It inhabits
Nepal, only in woods and coppices, says Hodgson, not entering houses.
In the late edition of the Catalogue of his Collection, he also gives it
from Sikim, and states that there are specimens in spirits in the India
House Museum from the latter country.

Sorex Griffithit, Horsfield, is a nearly allied species to S. murinus, from
the Khasia hills, distinguished, according to Tomes, by its large teeth,
deep blackish-gray, glossy, and rather coarse fur, and by its small ears.

Length, head and body, 5? inches; tail, 2,5,ths. This ought to be
compared with Hodgson’s species.

72. Sorex serpentarius.
Is. Grorrroy.—Biytu, Cat. 248.—S. kandianus, KELAART.

THe RuFESCENT SHREW.

Descr.—Ahbove, dusky-slate colour, with rufescent tips to the fur ;
beneath, paler, with a faint rufous tinge about the breast ; ears, mode-
rately large ; limbs, small ; tail, slender ; teeth, small.

Length of one, head and body, 4 inches; tail, 2,5. Another, head
and body, 44; tail, 2}; foot, +8ths.

This musk-rat has been found, within our province, only in Southern
India, but it is common in Ceylon, and extends into Southern Burmah
and Mergui. It has been taken on the Malabar coast, but is said to be
more common on the east coast of Southern India, at about Tinnevelly.
Kelaart, who calls it the common godown musk-rat of Kandy, says that
its odour is quite as offensive as that of cwrulescens.

Blyth has described Sorex heterodon from the Khasia hills, like
serpentarius, but smaller and with stouter limbs. He elsewhere likens
it to S. soccatus.

73. Sorex saturatior.

Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd series, XVI. 110.
THe Dark-BRowN SHREW.

Descr,—Colour, uniform deep brown inclining to blackish, with a very

56 SORECID A.

slight rufescent shade ; fur, short, with an admixture of a few lengthened
piles, when adpressed to the body smooth, but reversed, somewhat
harsh and rough ; tail, cylindrical, long, gradually tapering ; snouts,
elongate, regularly attenuated ; ears, moderate, rounded.

Length, head and body, 53 inches ; tail, 3.

This shrew is said to be nearly allied in habits and dimensions to
S. Griffithit from the Khasia hills, the more lengthened and cylindrical
tail forming the chief distinction. It was procured by Hodgson at
Darjeeling in his fowl-house.

74, Sorex Tytleri.

BriytuH, J. A. 8, XXVIII. 285,

THe Denra SuHRew.

Descr.—Light rufescent sandy-brown, paler beneath ; unusually well
clad even on the feet and tail, this last being covered with a shortish
fur, having numerous long hairs intermixed ; form very robust ; basal
portion of tail very thick.

Length, head and body, 44 inches ; tail, 23; hind foot, Zths.

This shrew is a native, according to Lieut.-Col. Tytler, of Dehra Doon.

75, Sorex niger.

Exxiiot, MSS.—Horsrietp, Cat. 147.—Biyru, Cat. 251.

Tue NEELGHERRY Woop SHREW.

Descr.—Blackish-brown, with a rufescent shade on the upper parts ;
abdomen, dusky-grayish ; tail, equal in length to the body, gradually
tapering to a point ; snout, much attenuated.

Length, head and body, 33 inches ; tail, 24.

This shrew is said to be quite a miniature of the Khasian S. G'rifithii,
but with a long and slender tail. It is tolerably common on the Neel-
gherry hills, frequenting woods and gardens, especially about Ootacamund,
and dead specimens are often found on the roads. [ have seen it turned

out from the hollow of an old tree. It has a very faint musky odour,

76. Sorex leucops.
Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. New series, XVI. 111.
Tue Lone-Tartep SHREW.

Descr.—Of a uniform blackish-brown colour ; tail, very long, slender,

SOREX SOCCATUS. oY

exceeding in length the head and body, and terminating in a whitish tip
of half an inch long.

Length, head and body, 3 inches; tail, 3}.

This shrew is stated to be from Nepal. As a MSS. name, nivicola,
was also given it by Hodgson, it is to be presumed that he obtained it

at a great elevation.
77. Sorex soccatus.

Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XV. 270.—Not of Cal. J. N. H.—
Buytu, J. A. 8. XXIV. 30.—Cat. 249.

Tue Hatry-FooTeD SHREW.

Descr.—Distinguished, according to Hodgson, by its feet being clad
with fur down to the nails, by its depressed head and tumid, bulging
cheeks ; ears, large, exposed; colour, a uniform sordid or brownish-
slaty hue.

Length, head and body, 34 inches ; tail, 21; foot, 18ths.

Blyth states that it has a considerable resemblance to S. serpentarius,
but is a good deal darker, with well-clad feet and tail, head and limbs
proportionally larger; tail compressed towards the tip, which is fur-
nished with a pencil tuft of stiffish hairs. One measured, head and
body, 5 inches ; tail, 3.

This species has been found in Nepal, Sikim, and also at Mussoorie.
I procured it at Darjeeling.

The remaining species of this section are of diminutive size.

78. Sorex Hodg'soni.
Bryn, J. A. 8. XXIV. 334.—Cat. 257.—S. pygmeus apud Hopeson.

THe NEPAL PIGMyY-SHREW.

Descr.—Uniform brown with a slight tinge of chesnut, and scarcely
paler below ; feet and tail, distinctly furred, besides the usual scattered
long hairs in the latter ; claws, whitish and conspicuous ; tail, brown
above, pale beneath, tapering evenly throughout.

Length, head and body, 14 inch; tail, 1; hind foot, +3. Hodgson
gives larger dimensions—head and body, nearly 2 ; tail, 1,8; ; foot, Zths.

This little shrew has been found in Nepal and Sikim. Hodgson states
that it dwells in coppices and fields, rarely entering houses, and that it
has no musky smell.

58 SORECID &.

79. Sorex Perroteti.
Dovernoy, Mag. Zool. 1842, pl. 47.

Tur NEELGHERRY PIGMY-SHREW.

Descr.— Back, deep blackish-brown ; belly, pale; limbs and feet, brown ;
palms and plantze clad with hairs ; ears large, conspicuous.

Length, head and body, 1,4; inch; tail, +3ths.

This minute shrew was first sent from the Neelgherries by M.
Perrotet. I have taken it there myself; and have also seen what at the
time I took for the same species in Mysore, at Madras, and at Jalna

in the Deccan. Possibly other minute shrews occur in Southern India.

80. Sorex micronyx.

Buiytu, J. A. S. XXIV. 338.—Cat. 25.

Tur SMALL-CLAWED PIGMY-SHREW.

Descr.—Claws very minute ; feet and tail, nearly nude ; fur, paler and
more chesnut than any of the other small shrews, and more silvery beneath.

Length, head and body, 13 inch ; tail, 13 ; hind foot, 35.

This species inhabits the Western Himalayas, having been procured
in Kumaon and at Mussoorie, where many were picked up dead during
a fall of snow.

The next species differs from all the previous ones in having the teeth
black, and Wagner makes it the type of his section, Paradomodon

(Suppl. LV. 805).
81. Sorex melanodon.
Brytu, J. A. 8. XXIV. 33.—Cat. 255.
THE BLAcK-TOOTHED PIGMY-SHREW.

Descr.—Allied to S. Hodgsoni ; colour an uniform fuscous, scarcely
paler below ; feet and tail nearly naked ; ears and snout livid; claws
white ; teeth, piceous, white-tipped.

Length, head and body, 14; tail, ~; ; hind foot, =5ths.

A single specimen of this remarkable little shrew was obtained by
Blyth from a house in Calcutta. Blyth indicates two other Himalayan
shrews, J. A. S. XXVIII. 255 ; and in the late edition of Hodgson’s

Collection, are enumerated the following species not described :—

SORICULUS NIGRESCENS. 59

Sorex sikimensis, 8. homourus, S. oligurus, S. macrurus, 8. holo-
sericeus, and another, No. 94, without a specific name, which, in the
copy sent me by that gentleman, is marked on MSS. as S. tenwicauda.
All these are from Darjeeling, but unfortunately skins of few of these
appear to have been preserved. Besides those previously alluded to from
Ceylon, S. ferrugineus and S. montanus, Kelaart ; S. Kelaarti, Blyth ;
S. purpurascens, Templeton ; and S. Horsfieldit, Tomes, are on record
from Ceylon. Blyth has described S. fuliginosus and S. nudipes from
Tenasserim, and S. atratus from the Khasia hills, the two latter species
being pigmy shrews. The same naturalist has described S. albinus from
China, A shrew from Central Asia, S. pulchellus, has been described
by Lichtenstein, which is said to have only two intermediate teeth, be-
tween the upper incisors and the scissor-tooth, and has been made the
type of Diplomesodon, Brandt. Sorex araneus of Europe belongs to this
group, and there are many from Africa, some of which are said to have
only three intermediate teeth in place of four.

Gen. Soricutus, Blyth.

Char.—Teeth white, tipped with ferruginous or pitch-colour ; upper
quasi-incisors much larger than their posterior spur (as in the last) ; the
lower incisors with a single posterior spur, more or less rudimental ; of
the four lateral intermediate teeth which follow the incisors, the first two
equal, the third somewhat smaller, and the fourth minute ; tail, slender,
tapering, mouse-like, with no scattered hairs on it; ears concealed amid
the fur; hind feet of ordinary form.

One species only of this group occurs in the Himalayas.

82 Soriculus nigrescens.

Corsira apud Gray.—Blyth, Cat.—S. sikimensis, Hopason apud Hors-
FIELD, Cat.—S. aterrimus, BiytH.—S. soccatus, Hopeson, Cal. Jour.
Nat. Hist. IV. 288.—Tang-zhing, Lepch.—Ting-zhing, Bhot.

’ Tue MovuseE-TAILED SHREW.

Descr.—Above dark-blackish, or blackish-brown, slightly tinged ru-
fescent, and with a silvery cast in certain lights ; beneath, grayish-black ;
snout long, regularly attenuated, with few lateral hairs ; body, abruptly
terminated behind ; tail, slender, rigidly straight, naked, half as long as

rr SORECID&.

the body ; feet and claws pale ; fur short, smooth, delicately soft, closely
ad pressed.

Length, head and body, 3} inches; tail, 14 ; hind foot, gths. °

This shrew is very common in Sikim, and also occurs in Nepal. I
found many dead on the roads at Darjeeling without any apparent injury.
The same has been noticed of the common shrew of England, and no
satisfactory explanation has been given. An allied species from Ceylon
has been named Corsira newera-ellia by Kelaart, which ought perhaps
to occur on the Neelgherries.

Gen. Crossopus, Wagner.

Syn. Hydrosorex, Duvernoy.
Char.—The hind feet large and ciliated ; tail compressed and ciliated
beneath towards its extremity ; otherwise as in the last.

The water-shrew of Europe is the type of this division.

83. Crossopus himalaicus.

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, 261—Oong lagniyu, Lepch.—
Choopitsi, Bhot.
Tue HimaLrayaAN WATER-SHREW.

Descr.—Fur dark-brown or blackish above, somewhat paler beneath,
and rusty-brown on the lower part of the throat and the middle of the
. belly ; fur rather long, with scattered long white-tipped hairs ; a few on
the sides, many on the rump and round the root of the tail; ears very
small, hairy, concealed ; tail long, slender, with a brush of hairs at the
tip, and ciliated with rigid whitish hairs beneath ; feet distinctly ciliated ;
claws very short ; whiskers elongate, brown.

Length, head and body, 5 inches ; tail, 34; hind foot nearly ?ths.

Another measured 6 inches ; tail, 34; hind-foot, 12ths.

I procured this water-shrew at Darjeeling, from the Little Rungeet
river, where it is said not to be uncommon, and its aquatic habits are
well known to the natives, who distinguish it by a distinct name, signi-
fying water-shrew. It is said to kill small fish, tadpoles, water-insects,
&e. It is not recorded among Hodgson’s collections, though I imagine
he must have procured it in Sikim, and probably one of his undescribed
species may be referred to this.

Crossopus fodiens, Pallas, is the well-known water-shrew of Europe ;
and there are other species from North America and Japan.

CORSIRA ALPINA. 61

Gen. Corsira, Gray.

Syn. Amphisorex, Duvernoy.

Char.—Lower incisors distinctly serrated, with three or four points ;
anterior point of upper incisors not prolonged beyond a level with its
posterior spur ; the lateral small teeth following in the upper jaw are
five, gradually diminishing in size from the first backwards ; tail cylin-
drical, not tapering, furnished with a stiff brush at the tip ; teeth tipped
with ferruginous.

84. Corsira alpina.

Sorex apud Scuinz.—S. caudatus, Hopcson.—Btryvru, Cat. 261.
Tue ALPINE SHREW.

Descr.—Deep blackish-brown, very slightly rufescent in certain lights ;
tail slender, nearly naked, very slightly attenuated, equal in length to
the head and body ; compressed at the tip.

Length, head and body 24 inches ; tail 24.

Mr. Tomes has identified this species with the Alpine shrew of Europe,
to which indeed Blyth had previously noted its close affinity. Jt has
only been procured, I believe, from the neighbourhood of Darjeeling.

Sorex vulgaris, L., and S. pygmeus, Pallas, of Europe, belong to this
group, and there are several American members of it, some of which,
with a shorter tail, were named Brachysorex by Duvernoy, and others
with prominent ears, Otisorex, by Dekay.

Sorex macropus, Blyth, from Ceylon, has been made the type of Fero-
culus by Kelaart. It has a thick tapering tail, strong feet, and ears
almost concealed. It is of large size.

The genus Myogalea (olim Mygale), or musk-rat, of which there are two
species in Europe, is another genus of this family. They have long car-
tilaginous snouts, a long scaly tail, and are aquatic in their habits.
Solenodon paradoxus of the West Indies, previously alluded to, has the
habit of a large shrew, with a long naked tail, and is placed,in the family
by some naturalists.

Fam. Ertnacerp&, Hedgehogs.

Back protected by spines or rigid bristles, with setze intermixed ; feet
pentadactylous, not fossorial ; tail, very short or none.

The body of the hedgehogs is short, thick, and stout, and the muzzle is
less pointed than in the other groups of this order. The cranium is said

62 ERINACEIDA.
to approach the form of that of some of the smaller Carnivora. They
are only found in the old continent.

Gen. Ertnaceus, Linneeus.

Char.— Dental formula, according to Owen, incisors

4—4 3—3
; molars

2—2 3—3
lower ones procumbent; no canines; molars with the crown square,

53 premolars

; total 36 teeth. Upper middle incisors distant ;

tuberculate ; snout, lengthened ; ears, moderate ; tail, very short ; body,
densely covered with spines on the back and sides, with hairs and
bristles beneath.

The skin of the back is furnished with muscles which enable the
animal to roll itself into a ball, so as to present spines on every side.
Hedgehogs hybernate in cold countries, but do not burrow, concealing
themselves under leaves, in hollow trees, ditches, and under thick bushes.
They feed chiefly on insects, also on slugs, frogs, mice, snakes, and eggs.
They have even been accused of killing young leverets ; and are said at
times to partake of vegetable food. They are nocturnal in their habits.
The female produces as many as six, or seven young sometimes, at a birth.

85. Erinaceus collaris.

Gray, figd. Harpwickg, Ill. Ind. Zool.—Buytu, Cat. 236.—Probably
Li, Grayvt, BENNETT.
THe Norru-InpiAn HepGenoe.

Descr.—Ears long ; spines irregularly interwoven, apiculated with
yellow, and ringed white and black ; or white on the basal half, and jet-
black on the upper half, some with the base and tip black, white in the
middle ; ears, and chin as far as the ears, white ; belly and feet pale-brown.

Length, 8 to 9 inches ; tail, 7, ths.

This hedgehog is found in the North-west Provinces of India, the
Punjab, and Sindh. It is stated to occur in the Doab, @e., between the
Jumna and Ganges, but I have only seen it myself west of the Jumna,
about Hansi and Hissar. Adams states that it is found in the Deccan,
and also in the lower Himalayan ranges. Hutton, who observed it at
Bhawalpore, states that “their food consists of insects, chiefly of a small
beetle of the genus Blaps ; also of lizards, snails, &e.” “ They are,”
says he, “remarkably tenacious of life, bearing long abstinence with

apparent ease.”

ERINACEUS MICROPUS. 63

86. Erinaceus micropus.

Bryn, J. A. 8. XV. 171.—Cat. 237.—Z. nudiventris, HorsrreELp.—
£. collaris, from Madras, apud Gray.

Tue Soutu-InpIAN HEDGEHOG.

Descr.—Ears moderately large ; form somewhat elongated ; tail very
short, concealed ; muzzle rather sharp ; feet and limbs very small ; head
and ears nude, sooty colour ; belly very thinly clad with yellowish hairs ;
spines ringed dark-brown and whitish, or whitish with a broad brown
subterminal ring, tipped white.

Length of one, about 6 inches.

Wagner describes (Schreber, Suppl. II. 22) 2. albiventris, probably
from India: “abdomen and sides clad with white sete ; spines ringed
white and yellowish-brown ; feet slender.” This is perhaps the same as
our species.

This hedgehog is stated to be found at Madras, and on-the Neelgherries.
Many years ago I procured one alive at Trichinopoly, which I gave to
Mr. Walter Elliot, and I have reason to believe that this specimen is the
supposed ZL. collaris from Madras, now in the British Museum. I never
got another specimen from the Carnatic, yet it must be a denizen of the
low jungles of the extreme South of India. It has also been obtained on
the Neelgherries, and on the Western range of Ghats ; it is said not to
be rare near the Missionary Station of Cottayam, inland from Cochin.
It is probably one of the two species stated to be found in Ceylon.

Bennett has described Hrinaceus Grayti, from the Himalayas, the
spines yellowish-white, with a blackish ring in the upper half; ears and
lower jaw with white hairs ; head above brown, with some white hairs
intermixed ; 6 incheslong. The same naturalist has described Z. spatan-
gus, from the Himalayas; spines parallel to each other, white beneath,
blackish above ; those on the sides with a small yellow ring near the
point ; ears and chin white; 3} inches long, ‘This is probably the young
of the former one, and perhaps both are referable to Z. collaris. Gray
has also #. mentalis from India, the black-chinned hedgehog, not
described. Besides the well-known Z. ewropeus of Europe, there are
described, #. concolor, Martin, from Asia Minor; /. auritus, Pallas,
from Central Asia ; and #, mega/otis, Blyth, from Afghanistan, perhaps
the same as Pallas’s species ; and there are several from A frica.

64 TUPAIADA.

The Zenrecs from Madagascar, Centetes, Iliger, of which there are
three or four species, have the body more elongated, the spines feebler,
and they cannot roll themselves into a complete ball. Hchinogale, with
one species, from Madagascar, is very closely allied to Hrinaceus, differ-
ing chiefly in its dentition.

Fam. TuPAlaD&.

Incisors 2 ; the upper ones remote, the lower ones procumbent, with

a ; molars — ; the lower

ones divided by a transverse groove and cuspidate ; muzzle attenuated,

the four middle ones longest ; preemolars

lengthened ; ears oval, rather large; feet pentadactylous ; tail long,
densely clothed: with hairs, somewhat distichous ; the hair of the body
soft and glistening.

The skull differs from that of other Insectivora, in having the bony
orbit complete, and moreover they possess a small cecum. The tree-
shrews, as they may be called, are diurnal in their habits, live on trees,
which they climb well, and feed both on fruit and insects, which they
hold in their paws like squirrels. The female has four mamme, but
according to Cantor only produces one young at a birth.

Gen. TupataA, Raffles.

Syn. Cladobates, F. Cuvier.—Hylogale, TEMMINCK.
Char.—Those of the family of which it is the only genus. Peculiar to
South-Eastern Asia.

87. Tupaia Elliotti. :
WarernousE, P. Z. 8. 1849.—Buytu, Cat. 241.
THe Mapras TREE-SHREW.

Descr.—Ahbove pale rufescent or reddish-brown, the hairs being grizzled
red and brown; chin, throat, breast, and lower parts yellowish-white ;
which is continued in a narrow line along the underside of the tail. Head
shorter than in 7’. tama or 7. ferruginea ; nails nearly equal.

Length of one, 14 inches; of which the tailis 7}. Another measured,
head and body, 8 inches ; tail, 9 ; head from muzzle to ear, 1,5ths.

This interesting addition to the Fauna of Southern India was made by
Walter Elliott, Esq., who procured it on the hills west of Madras, the
continuation of the Eastern Ghats. It does not, however, appear to be
very common.

TUPAIA PEGUANA. 65

88. Tupaia peguana.

Lesson, BELANGER, Voyage.—T’. Belangeri, Wacner.—T’. ferruginea,
var. Biytu, Cat. 240.—Aalli tang-zhing.— Lepch.

THE Sikim TREE-SHREW.

Descr.—General hue a dusky greenish-brown, the hairs being ringed
brown and yellow; lower parts the same but lighter, and with a pale
buff line; a stripe from the throat to the vent, broadest between the
forearms, and then narrowing; ears livid red, with a few short hairs ;
palms and soles dark livid red; nails fleshy,

Length of one, head and body not quite 7 inches; tail 63; the hair
one inch more ; head to occipital ridge 21; ear &ths; foot 12; hand
about 1. Another measured, head and body 7} inches, tail 73.

The Burmese 7zpaia was considered by Lesson and others sufficiently
distinct from the Malayan ferruginea, of which Blyth, in his Catalogue,
considers it to be only a variety. My specimens differ somewhat from
those from Arrakan, in having the lower parts much darker, and with
the pale central line narrower; in the Burmese examples the whole chin,
throat, and breast being buff. I obtained this tree-shrew at Darjeeling,
being one of the very few novelties that had escaped the notice of Mr.
Hodgson. It frequents the zone from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, and was said by
the natives to kill small birds, mice, &c. In its colours as well as in size
and general appearance, it wonderfully resembles Sciwrus lokriah ; and I
see in a note on these animals in the English edition of Cuvier, edited by
Blyth, the statement that, “it is remarkable that the squirrels of the
same region have very similar fur, both in colour and texture.”

As a sequel to the history of these animals, I may transcribe part of
Cantor’s account of the common Malayan species, 7’. ferruginea. ‘The
natural food is mixed insectivorous and frugivorous. In confinement in-
dividuals may be fed exclusively on either, though preference is evinced
for insects ; and eggs, fish, and earth-worms are equally relished. Their
disposition is very restless, and their great agility enables them to perform
the most extraordinary bounds in all directions, in which exercise they
spend the day, till night sends them to sleep in their rudely constructed
lairs in the highest branches of trees. . : : . The lateral
raised lines of the palms and soles, the posterior part of the first phalanges,
and the third phalanx, which is widened into a small soft disk, in fact all

F

66 TAPAIADA,

the points which rest on the ground are studded with little transversely-
curved ridges, or duplications similar to those observed under the toes of
some Geckotide, which fully account for the precision, the aplomb, with
which these animals perform the most astounding leaps from below, barely
touching with their soles the point d’appwi above. Ina cage the Tupara
will continue for hours vaulting from below, back-downwards, poise itself
for an instant, continuing back-downwards under the horizontal roof, and
regain the point of starting, and thus describe a circle, the diameter of
which may be three or four times the length of the animal, in far shorter
time than is required for the description.”

Besides the species referred to above, 7. javanica, T. tana, and T.
murina, are on record, respectively from Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

There are two peculiar Eastern forms of Insectivora, which make some
approach to Zupaia, but cannot be included at present in this family.
Ptilocercus Lowii, from Sumatra, has the tail scaly, but some long hairs at
the tip arranged like the barbs of a feather. Hylomys, with two species,
suillus from Java, and Peguwensis, Blyth, from Tenasserim, is stated to be
intermediate between Zupaia and Sorex. Macroscelides is an African
form of uncertain position, but from its long hair, large eyes, and
diurnal habits, makes some approach to the Tree-shrews.

CARNIVORA. 67

Orv. CARNIVORA.
Fer NORMALES, Gray.—SecunpDAtss, apud Blyth.

; 6 ; : F 1
Incisors, 3 canines large, acuminate ; molars uniformly enamelled,

with acute uneven crowns, and one or more of the hinder teeth tubercu-
lated. Toes mostly cloven for a short distance, but with more or less
membrane between them ; usually five in front and four behind.

This order includes all those animals usually called beasts of prey.
Their limbs are mostly adapted for rapid exercise, their muscular energy
is great and their circulation and respiration rapid. They are not all
exclusively carnivorous, some living partly on vegetable food, and in these
the tuberculated teeth exceed the cutting ones in extent. The incisors are
of small or moderate size, and cutting, the outer pair always the largest,
and medial the smallest, especially in the upper jaw. The canines are
stout and separated. The molars graduate from trenchant to tuberculate.
The teeth of the lower jaw pass within those of the upper. One of the
molar teeth, which exceeds the rest in size, is furnished with a sharp
cutting edge, and is the “ scissor-tooth” of some naturalists, the “ flesh-
tooth,” “la carnassiére” of F. Cuvier. According to Owen, the typical

number of premolars is, = ; of molars, :

; but they vary in the

different families.

The cranium is characterized by the shortening of the bones of the face
and the smallness of the posterior aspect. A. strong occipital crest sepa-
rates it from the anterior portion of the skull. A large median crest exists
in many, to afford a strong and extended surface of attachment to the
powerful temporal muscles. The orbit and large temporal fossa are con-
founded in one great excavation. The zygomatic arch is perfect and of
great size. The nasal bones are small. The ascending ramus of the
lower jaw is large, and is articulated by a hinge joint, which confines the
motion to a perpendicular one. In some there is a long process in the in-
ternal surface of the cranium, separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
The clavicle is absent or rudimentary, except in the Bears, and perfect in
none. Thesternum is usually well developed longitudinally. The two
bones of the forearm are distinct.

The stomach is simple ; the intestinal canal short ; and tliere is a small
F 2

ad

68 CARNIVORA.

cecum in some, but totally wanting in others. The liver is usually deeply
lobed, especially in the Cat tribe. The cerebellum is almost wholly un-
covered, but the optic thalami are concealed. The organ of hearing is
well developed, and the organ of smell extensive ; the upper and lower
turbinated bones being complicated, and covered by pituitary membrane.
The tongue of the Cat and Civet tribe is rough, with horny papillee.
There is a scrotum in some; the penis is sheathed and turned backwards
in some ; it contains a bone in most (except the Hyzenas), and in many
the female clitoris also has one. The uterus is two-horned. The teats
are abdominal, and vary from four to ten in number.

Many possess peculiar organs, secreting an odorous or fetid substance,
in some round the anus; in others between the anus and the tail; ina
few between the anus and the genital organs.

In the most active of the order, the bones of the hands and feet are so
connected with those above them, as to form a continuous line with them,
and the animal rests upon the points of the toes; these arecalled Digiti-
grade. In others, a portion of the sole of the hind feet is applied to the
ground in walking, hence called Semi-plantigrade; whilst in others, the
hands and feet are so united with the bones above them that the animal
bears upon its palms and soles, and are hence called Plantigrade. Certain
aquatic species (the Seals) have all the feet short, and expanded into
broad webbed paddles. These are called Pinnigrade ; and they approach
the Bears in various parts of their anatomy.

Tn conformity with these distinctions the Carnivora are here divided into
the tribes Plantigrada, Sub-plantigrada, Digitigrada, and Pinnigrada.

Tribe PLANTIGRADA.

Walk on the whole sole of the foot. Five toes to each foot. No cecum.
Most are nocturnal in their habits and of slow action ; and those which
inhabit cold countries hybernate. This tribe comprises the family of the
Bears. Cuvier remarks, that in the absence of the cecum, their slow
and nocturnal habits, &c., they resemble /nsectivora, which they likewise

do in their plantigrade motion.

Fam. UrsiIp2.

9

2—2

: 6 : —1 t—t
Incisors normally 53 canines Io ; preemolars eae molars

Two tuberculated teeth on each side in the upper jaw ; one or two in the

URSUS ISABELLINUS. 69

lower jaw. Scissor-tooth nearly resembling the tuberculate. Soles of the
feet usually devoid of hair ; ears small; snout lengthened ; tail usually
very short.

Bears are mostly large, heavy animals, strictly plantigrade in their
walk, and their body covered with long and shaggy hair. Their claws
are adapted for digging, being long and stout, and they are mostly expert
climbers. Many live almost entirely on fruits and roots, and other vege-
table diet ; others much on insects, larve, honey &c.; a few are more
carnivorous in their habits. They conceal themselves in the daytime in
caves, holes of trees, and thickets.

Gen. Ursus, Linnzus.

Teeth as in the characters of the family. The false molars small, often
deciduous ; the penultimate lower tuberculate tooth very large; scissor-
tooth with a flat tuberculated crown ; snout produced, the cartilage
mobile, truncated in front; ears small, erect, rounded ; tail very short ;
mamme six, four ventral and two pectoral ; feet with very strong claws.

Bears are found in both continents. Their cylindrical bones are nearer
those of man than those of most animals ; the femur, especially, closely
approximates the same bone in the human skeleton ; and hence the faculty
possessed by bears of standing erect, and of dancing. The sole of the foot,
as is well known to sportsmen, leaves a mark not unlike that of the human
foot. There are three species in our province, two of which are Himalayan.

Bears have been subdivided of late into several sub-genera.

89. Ursus isabellinus.

HorsFieLp.—Biytu, Cat. 224.—U. syriacus, Hempricu? Barf ka
rich, or Bhalu, H.—Harput, in Kashmir.—Drin-mor, in Ladak. Snow
bear—Brown bear—Red, yellow, gray, and silver Bear, of sportsmen.

THe Brown Bear.

Desc.—Of large size, general colour isabelline or yellowish-brown. In
winter and spring the fur is long and shaggy, in some inclining to silvery-
gray, in others to reddish-brown ; the hair is thinner and darker in
summer as the season advances ; and in autumn the under fur has mostly
disappeared, and a white collar on the chest is then very apparent. The
cubs show this collar distinctly. The females are said to be somewhat
lighter in colour than males.

70 URSID A.

A moderate-sized one measured 7 feet 6 inches in length, and was
above 3 feet in height.

This fine bear belongs to restricted Ursus of some writers, being of
the same type as the brown bear of Europe. The claws are less powerful
than in the other groups, straight and obtuse. It is supposed by some
to be identical with the Syrian bear. It is found only on the Himalayas,
and at great elevations in summer, close to the snow. In autumn they
descend lower, coming into the forests to feed on various fruit, seeds,
acorns, hips of rose-bushes, &c., and often coming close to villages to
plunder apples, walnuts, apricots, buck-wheat, &c. Their usual food in
spring and summer is grass and roots. They also feed on various insects,
and are seen turning over stones to look for scorpions (it is said) and
insects that harbour in such places. In winter they retreat to caves,
remaining in a state of semi-torpidity, issuing forth in March and April.
Occasionally they are said to kill sheep or goats, often wantonly appa-
rently, as they do not feed on them. They litter in April and May, the
female having generally two cubs. If taken young, they are very easily
domesticated. This bear does not climb trees well. They abound par-
ticularly in the N. W. Himalayas, and in the mountains round Kashmir.
Many are killed every year by sportsmen.

To this division belong the Brown bear of Europe, U. arctos, L., of
which I see it surmised (Nat. Hist. Review, 1865, pt. I.) that our species
is only a well-marked variety or race ; the Black bear of N. America, U.
americanus ; and the huge Grisly bear of the Rocky Mountains, U. ferox.

The next group has been named /elarctos, or Sun bears. They are
found on mountains in India and Malayana. The claws are larger and
more curved than in restricted Ursus.

90. Ursus tibetanus.
F. Cuvier, Mammif. pl. 56.—Buyru, Cat. 225. — U. torquatus,

Scuinz.— U. feroz apud Roginson, Ace. of Assam.—Lhalu, H.—Bhalak,
Beng.—Thom, Bhot.—Sona, Lepch.

THe Himatayan Brack Bear.

Descr.—Black, the lower lip white, also a large crescentric mark on
the breast, sending up a branch on each side in front of the shoulder.
Of moderate size. Neck thick; head flattened; forehead and muzzle
being almost on a straight line; ears rather large ; body compact ; limbs
thick and clumsy.

URSUS TIBETANUS. 71

This bear is only found, within our province, on the Himalayas, but
it is also found in the hill-ranges at Assam. Its specific name is un-
fortunate, since it is rare in Thibet. In summer itis generally found ata
considerable elevation, 9 to 12,000 feet or so, and often close to snow; but
in winter it descends to 5,000 feet, and even lower sometimes. It lives
chiefly on fruits and roots, apricots, walnuts, apples, currants, &., also on
various grains, barley, Indian corn, buck-wheat, &c.; and in winter
chiefly feeds on various acorns, climbing the oak-trees and breaking down
the branches ; and it is not uncommon to find one early in the morning in
an oak-tree, close to some dwelling-house or village. Occasionally, when
urged by hunger, they will destroy the crops of barley, buck-wheat, &c.,
in broad daylight, also the cucumbers and pumpkins planted close to the
villages, and trailing over the huts. They are very fond of honey, and
occasionally pull down the honey from the hives kept by the hill people,
and built into their huts. Now and then they will kill sheep, goats, &c.,
and are said occasionally to eat flesh. They often visit the village mill,
licking up the remnants of flour. During the daytime they take shelter
in the interior of some decayed tree, or among rocks, occasionally in
some thick clump of trees. The female brings forth her young, generally
two in number, in some den or cave among rocks.

This bear has bad eyesight, but great power of smell, and if approached
from windward is sure to take alarm. -A wounded bear will sometimes
show fight, but in general it tries to escape. Itis said sometimes to coil
itself into the form ofa ball, and thus roll down steep hills, if frightened
or wounded. Jf metsuddenly where there is no-means of escape, it will
attack man at once ; and, curious to say, it always mauls the face, some
times taking off most of the hairy scalp and frightfully disfiguring the un
fortunate sufferer. There are few villages in the interior, where one 01
more individuals thus mutilated are not to be be met with. It has been
noticed that if caught in a noose or snare, if they cannot break it by
- force, they never have the intelligence to bite the rope in two, but
remain till they die or are killed. In captivity this bear, if taken young,
is very quiet and playful, but is not so docile as the next species. Like
others of its kind, it is fond of sucking its own or its neighbour’s paws.
An imperfect skin of a bear from Thibet, termed the “ Blue bear,” was
pronounced by Blyth to be a variety of Zibetanus. The fur was softer
and longer than in the ordinary race, black with hoary tips, which im-
part a very characteristic appearance.

(ee URSID.

Ursus malayanus is a very closely allied species of bear, inhabiting
Burmah, Arrakan, the Malayan peninsula, and some of the islands ; whilst
U. euryspilus of Borneo, is looked on as only a variety of Malayanus.

The next species differs a good deal in its type and has been named
Melursus by Meyer, Prochilus by Illiger. The claws are very large and
powerful, the snout very much elongated and mobile, and there are only
4 incisors in the upper jaw.

91. Ursus labiatus.

BiatnviLLteE.—Biytu, Cat, 227.—E ior, Cat. 14.—Bradypus ursinus,
Suaw.—Figd. F., Cuvier, Mamm. III. 57.—Melursus lybicus, Mever.—
Lhalu, H. Rich or Kinch, H. in south of India.—Riksha, Sanscr.—A swail,
Mahr,—Elugu, Tel— Kaddi or Karadi, Can.— Yerid, of Gonds.— Banna,
of the Coles.—Sloth bear of some.

Tue Inpian Brack Bear.

Descr.—Black, hair very long and shaggy ; muzzle and tip of feet dirty
white or yellowish ; a white crescentic, or \(J shaped mark on the breast.

Length about 54 feet ; height nearly 3 feet ; tail about 7 or 8 inches.

This bear is found throughout India and Ceylon, from Cape Comorin
to the Ganges, chiefly in the hilly and jungly districts. There never appear
to be more than 4 incisors in the upper jaw. Bears are very abundant in
some parts of the peninsula, where forest and jungle occur and the hills
are rugged and rocky, and especially, as is the case in the Northern Cir-
cars, from Goomsoor southwards, and in various parts of Central India
likewise, there are many hills formed of huge decomposed masses of granite
simulating boulders (and indeed popularly called so), which have number-
less natural caverns and recesses that suit these animalsso well. They ascend
the top of the Neelgherries and other high ranges of mountains in spring
to feed, especially on the large larvee of a huge longicorn beetle, that issues
from the ground in great numbers lateron; and which larve the bear sucks
out of the ground, having first found the spot and scraped away some of
the top earth. Bears are at times dangerous when met in the woods, and
in the Vindhian range of mountains, near Mhow, where they are very
abundant, woodcutters are very often attacked by them without any pro-
vocation, and sadly mauled orkilled. Tickell mentions the same occurrence
in other parts of India, but attributes it to the bears having their cubs
with them at the time. Mr. W. Elliot, in his Catalogue, says, “Their food

URSUS LABIATUS. ho

seems to be black ants, termites, beetles, fruit, particularly the seeds of
Cassia fistula, of the date tree, honey, &c. When pursued they carry
their cubs on their backs. In 1833 a bear was chased and killed, having
carried her two cubs in this way for nearly three miles. It appears to be a
long-lived animal ; instances are known of their living in captivity for 40
years.” Had Mr. Elliot lived in parts of Central India, he would have
learned that there is no fruit* the Bear enjoys more than that of the
Mohwa (Bassia latifolia), which falls in such profusion during the night,
and the early sportsman is sure to find the bears engaged in their pleasant
repast under some of these trees.

I have abridged from Tickell’s admirable account of this animal the
subsequent observations :—‘“‘ The power of suction in the bear as well as of
propelling wind from its mouth is very great. It is by this means it is
enabled to procure its common food of white ants and larve with ease.
On arriving at an ant-hill, the bear scrapes away with the fore-feet until
he reaches the large combs at the bottom of the galleries. He then with
violent puffs dissipates the dust and crumbled particles of the nest, and
sucks out the inhabitants of the comb by such forcible inhalations as to be
heard at two hundred yards’ distance or snore. Large larvee are in this way
sucked out from great depths under the soil. Where bears abound, their
vicinity may be readily known by numbers of these uprooted ants’ nests
and excavations, in which the marks of their claws are plainly visible.
They occasionally rob birds’ nests and devour the eggs. In running the
bear moves in a rough canter, shaking up and down, but gets with great
speed over very bad gound, regardless of tumbles down the rough places.
The sucking of the paw accompanied by a drumming noise when at rest,
and especially after meals, is common to all bears, and during the heat of
the day they may often be heard puffing and humming far down in caverns
and fissures of rocks.” The cause of this has often been speculated on, but
Tickell imagines that it is merely a habit peculiar to it, and he states
“that they are just as fond of sucking their neighbour’s paws, or the
hands of any person, as their own paws.”

They go with young about seven months, and generally bring forth two,
at various times, but most usually about December and January. When
taken young they are capable of being most thoroughly tamed, and will
then partake of any kind of food. They are very commonly led about to

* Itis properly only the sweet fleshy flower that falls off, not the fruit, as popularly called.

74 URSID®.

perform various antics. Their pursuit is a favourite sportamong Europeans
in India, and now and then a daring sportsman gets mauled severely by a
wounded bear, whilst many others have had a narrow escape of a close
embrace of their grisly foe. In the extreme south of India, among the
Polygars of the hills, bears used to be hunted by strong fierce dogs, and
when held at bay by them, the native sportsmen each thrust a long bamboo
loaded with strong birdlime into the shaggy coat of their quarry, and thus
firmly held their struggling prey ; this practice I understand has of
of late years almost fallen into disuse.”

The huge Polar bear, U. maritimus, L., is the type of Zhalarctos of
Gray. There are some bears on the Andes in South America.

The only other form belonging to the Bears which inhabits our province
is the following remarkable animal, and which differs sufficiently to have
been classed by Gray in a sub-family, Adurina.

Gen. ArLurus, F. Cuvier.

The crowns of the posterior molars

Char. —Incisors : ; molars

furnished with salient but truncated tubercles ; head sub-globose, broad ;
cheeks tumid ; ears short, acute, distant, hairy ; eyes well in front near
the nose ; tail equal to the body, cylindric, with long spreading hair; soles
clad with fine down ; claws falcate, compressed, sharp, partly retractile.

This curious genus has been considered to have points of resemblance
to Badgers and Racoons, and also to Cercoleptes, and by some even has
been compared in external appearance with certain Lemurs ; but there is
no doubt that its nearest affinities are with the Bears, whilst it has one
or two points of affinity with the Feline or Viwerrine, viz., its semi-
retractile talons, and the structure of its genital organs. There is only
one known species.

92. Ailurus fulgens.
F. Cuvier, Mamm. III. pl. 52.—Buytu, Cat. 219.—Harpwicke, Lin.
Trans. XV. 161.—A. ochraceus, Hopeson.— Wah, of Nepal.— Wah-donka,
Bhot.—Sunnam or Suk-nam, Lepch.—Negalya ponya, of the Nepalese.

Tuer Rep CAtT-BEAR.

Descr.—Above deep ochreous-red ; head and tail paler, and somewhat
fulvous, displayed on the tail in rings ; face, chin, and ears within white ;
ears externally, all the lower surface and the entire limbs and tip of tail

AILURUS FULGENS. 75

jet-black ; from the eye to the gape a broad vertical line of ochreous-red
blending with the dark lower surface ; moustache white ; muzzle black.

Length of head and body 22 inches ; tail 16 ; height about 9 inches ;
weight 8 lb.

This very curious and richly-coloured animal is a denizen of the south-
eastern Himalayas, having only been taken in Nepal and Sikim. It is
stated to be found from 7,000 feet up to 12,000 feet or so, General
Hardwicke was the first to discover this animal, but his description was
not published till after F. Cuvier had described it from a specimen
sent to Paris by M. Duvancel. Hodgson has given a full account of it,
from which I extract the following observations :—‘ The W4h is a
vegetivorous climber, breeding and feeding chiefly on the ground, and
having its retreat in holes and clefts of rock. It eats fruits, roots, sprouts
of bamboo, acorns, &c. ; also, it is said, eggs and young birds ; also milk
and ghee, which it is said to purloin occasionally from the villages. They
feed morning and evening, and sleep much in the day. They are excel-
lent climbers, but on the ground move rather awkwardly and slowly.
Their senses all appear somewhat blunt, and they are easily captured.
In captivity they are placid and inoffensive, docile and silent, and shortly
after being taken they may be suffered to go abroad. They prefer rice
and milk to all other food, refusing animal food, and they are free from
all offensive odour. They drink by lapping with the tongue, piss and
spit like cats when angered, and now and then utter a short deep grunt
like a young bear. The female brings forth two young in spring. They
usually sleep on the side, and rolled into a ball, the head concealed by
the bushy tail.”

Tt is not very common now about Darjeeling. The Lepchas there say
that it feeds a good deal on insects and larve, which it scratches out of
the ground. A friend of mine watched a pair seated high up in a lofty
tree. They were making the most unearthly cries, he assured me, he
ever heard. It was evidently the pairing season.

Hodgson states that one he examined had!14 ribs and dorsal vertebra,
another 15; the radius and ulne are distinct and nearly equal in size,
and the tibia and fibula also distinct. There is no clavicle: altogether
the skeleton was sufficiently ursine. The tongue is rather rough; the
stomach is semicircular, and the intestinal canal nearly five times the
length of the body. There are no anal”glands ; the penis is as in Fels
or Viverra ; and the female has eight mamme.

76 MELIDID”,

Other animals placed in this family, but classed in a separate sub-
family, Procyonine by Gray, are the Racoons of North America, Procyon ;
the Coatimondis (Vasua), from the warmer parts of the same continent,
and the Kinkajou or Potto, Cercoleptes, from South America. This last
very curious animal has a long prehensile tail, an extensile tongue, and
the flesh-tooth tuberculated. The Racoons have three pointed false molars
above, and three tuberculated molars. They have a moderately long tail,
and live chiefly on animal food, eggs, &c. The Coatimondis have longer
tails and sharper snouts than Racoons, and their feet are semi-palmate,
but they have similar dentition, and live on worms, slugs, small animals,
and birds’ eggs, &e.

The animals next in succession do not quite bring the heel to the
ground in walking, though they often rest on it, and they constitute the

Tribe Spmi-PLANTIGRADA, of Blyth.

They form part of the Plantigrada of Cuvier, and part also of his
Digitigrada, and may be divided into Melide or Badgers, and their affines ;
and I/ustelde or Weasels and Martens ; with a sub-family for the Otters,
Lutrine. Blyth, in his Catalogue, classes them in three sub-families of
one great family, Mustelide. None of them have more than one true molar
above, and another below, which, however, vary much in development,
and the flesh-tooth is most marked in those in which the tuberculate is
least developed, and vice versd. The great and small intestines differ little
in calibre, and many of them can diffuse at will a disgusting stench.

Meuipip, Badger-like animals.

Molars 4, or sometimes 5 above, 4, 5, or 6 in each side in the lower
jaw, only one true tuberculated tooth on each side in the upper jaw;
premolars compressed and cutting ; the flesh-tooth usually with a large
blunt tubercle on the inside ; ears small, or rudimentary ; anterior feet
with large claws, fossorial in some.

The Badgers and their affines differ from the Weasels and Martens by
their heavy form, stout limbs, and more inactive gait, by their decidedly
fossorial claws (in some), and their harsh coarse hair ; and in this group are
comprised most of those animals that have the power of diffusing a fetid
stench. They are, moreover, entirely ground animals. They ordinarily
erect their tail, and most of them are more or less striped longitudinally.

~I
~I

ARCTONYX COLLARIS.
There are three representatives of this group in India.

Gen. Arctonyx, F. Cuvier.

44 44
or
44 5—5
that of Gulo or Meles. Incisors of moderate size, bluntish, in a regular

curve, vertical in the upper jaw, inclined outwards in the lower one.

. Dentition in general like

Char.—Incisors = molars

Canines large and strong, and stout at the base; molars compressed ;
feet plantigrade, pentadactylous, claws strong, compressed, fossorial ;
claw of the index finger greatly exceeding the others in size. Tail
short, attenuated, with rough hairs. Habit that of the Badger, but
still more robust. Snout somewhat lengthened.

93. Arctonyx collaris.

Cuvier, Mamm. III. t. 60.—Btytu, Cat. 212.—Mydaus, apud Gray.
— Harpwicxg, Ill. Ind. Zool. I. pl. VI.—A. isonyx, Hopesoy, P. Z. 8.
1856, pl. 4.—Bhalu-soor, H., z.e. Bear-pig.

THe HoG-BADGER.

Descr.—Upper parts with the head, throat, and breast yellowish-white,
more or less grizzled ; nape of neck, a narrow band across the breast,
anterior portion of abdomen, and the extremities, deep blackish-brown ;
there is likewise a brown band from the middle of the upper lip, gradually
widening posteriorly and including the eyes and ears ; and another smaller
and narrower band arising from the lower lip, passing through the cheek
and uniting with the former on the neck.

Length from snout to root of tail 25 inches; tail 7 ; height at the
rump, | foot.

This very curious hog-badger has been found within our province in
the Nepal and Sikim Terais, and also I believe in parts of Eastern Bengal.
Its chief localities, however, would appear to be still further east in
Assam, Sylhet, Arrakan, &c. Hodgson considered the one to be found
in the Terai to differ ; but this opinion has not been upheld.

Itis stated to pass the greater part of the day in profound sleep, but to
become active at the approach of night ; its gait is heavy and slow, and
it readily supports itself erect on the hind feet, having much general re-
semblance to bears, One kept in captivity preferred fruit, plantains, &c.,

78 MELIDID &.

as food, and refused all kinds of meat. Another would eat meat, fish,
and used to burrow and grope under the walls of the bungalow for worms
and shells.*

Evans found on dissection, the tongue large, broad, and soft ; the stomach
simple, no cecum, 5 lobes to the liver. There was a caudal pouch directly
under the origin of the tail (as in the Badger) secreting a brown unctuous
matter like the wax of the ear. Blyth described a second species,
A. taxoides, from Sylhet and Assam ,much smaller than the last, and
with a longer and finer coat.

One of the earliest figures of this animal is to be found in the well-
known Bewick’s Quadrupeds.

Gen. MeEtiivora, Storr.

Syn. Ratelus, Bennett.— Ursitaxus, Hopcson.

Char.—Molars = ; 2 false molars above and 3 below ; the tuber-
culate tooth in the upper jaw transverse, smaller than the flesh-tooth ;
the lower flesh-tooth with the edge sharp, tricuspidate ; the upper one
has the anterior and inner tubercles conical; no external ear ; only a
cutaneous border round the external auditory meatus ; head rather short ;
feet short ; tail very short ; hair long, rigid ; anterior claws very strong.

This is another form very nearly allied to the Badgers in general appear-
ance, but still more ursine in its short tail and habit. It was founded on
an African animal, the Cape or Honey Ratel, so very similar that it is
only lately that they have been allowed to be distinct. The female has
four teats. The male genital organ is bony and spirally annulated. On each
side of the anus there is a hollow gland with a distinct tubular canal
opening by a round pore on the caudal margin. Each gland is large
enough to contain a walnut, and the secretion is dark, thick, and fetid.

94, Mellivora indica’

Ursus apud SHaw.—Harpwickg, Linn. Tran. IX. 115, with figure.—
Ursitaxus inauritus, Hopeson, As. Res. X LX. 60, with figure.-—Ratelus
M. ratel, apud Bryru, Cat. 207.—Biyu, H., Biyu
khawar, Tel., in the Hyderabad country.—Zava karadi, Tam.—Bajru

indicus, SCHINZ.

bhdl, at Bhagulpore.

* Journal As. Soc., TX. 732,

MELLIVORA INDICA. 79

Tue InpIan BADGER.

Descr.—Above tawny-white or light gray, black on the sides and
beneath ; tail short.

Length of one, head and body 26 inches; tail 6. Another measured
32 inches ; tail 5.

The Indian badger has long been considered as the Cape Ratel, or
Honey-eater, but was recognized as distinct by Schinz ; and Blyth, who,
in his Catalogue, joined the two, has written me from England, where
he has seen both alive, that he now considers them sufficiently distinct.
The Indian animal wants the marked white stripe that exists in the Cape
species, between the gray of the upper parts and the black lower surface ;
and its tail is decidedly shorter. A recent writer, too, in the Natural
History Review, for 1865, vol. I., states it as his opinion, from observa-
tions of the living animals, that they are distinct.

The Indian badger is found throughout the whole of India, from the
extreme south to the foot of the Himalayas, chiefly in the hilly districts,
where it has greater facilities for constructing the holes and dens in which
it lives ; but also in the north of India in alluvial plains, where the banks
of large rivers afford equally suitable localities wherein to make its lair.
I never heard of its occurrence on the Malabar coast, nor in lower Bengal,
but it is certainly found in most other districts of India, though rarely
seen and often not very well known, even to the natives, in the southern
parts. Throughout Central India it is well known under the nameof Biju.
It is stated to live usually in pairs, and to eat rats, birds, frogs, white
ants, and various insects, and in the north of India, where it is accused of
digging out dead bodies, it is popularly known as the grave-digger. It
doubtless also, like its Cape congener, occasionally partakes of honey. It
is often very destructive to poultry, and I have known of several having
been trapped and killed whilst committing such depredations in Central
India, and in the northern Cirears. In confinement the Indian Badger
is quiet, and will partake of vegetable food, fruits, rice, &c.

The Cape Ratel, Mellivora ratel, is said chiefly to live on honey, of which
it is stated to be immoderately fond. The European badger, JJeles taxus,
is one of the best-known animals of this group ; and Blyth has described
Meles albo-gularis, from Thibet, which country also possesses one species
of Taxidea or Taxel, described and figured by Mr. Hodgson as Taaxidea
leucura, the Tum-pha, of the Tibetans. The badger of North America

80 MELIDID®.

belongs to this last group, which has a much finer fur than the Badger
and Ratels, and a more carnivorous dentition.
The next animal has a less heavy and more lengthened form.

Gen. Hetictis, Gray.

6—6
two-pointed inner process ; upper tuberculate tooth moderate, transverse 5

Char.—Molars

the upper flesh-tooth three-lobed, with a wide

the lower one small. Head and body somewhat lengthened ; feet short ;
soles naked almost to the heel ; nails strong, the anterior ones long,
compressed, fossorial ; tail moderate, cylindric.

This genus was founded on the G'ulo orientalis of Horsfield, and appears
to be a sort of link between the Badgers and Martens. It is stated to be
rather carnivorous in its habits, and to exhale a musky odour. It is not
unlike, in general appearance, the Mydaus meliceps, figured by Horsfield,
of which it has the colouring, viz., pale-brownish with a white dorsal
stripe, but it is more slender in its habit and a different dentition, nearly
indeed that of Gulo.

95. Helictis nipalensis.

Gulo, apud Hoveson, J. A. 8, V. 237, and VI. 560,—Brytu, Cat-
208.—Oker of the Nepalese.

Tue Nepat WOLVERINE.

Descr.—Above earthy-brown, below with the edge of the upper lip,
and insides of the limbs, and terminal half of the tail yellowish ; a white
mesial stripe from the nape to the hips ; and a white band across the
forehead, spreading on the cheeks, and confluent with the paler colour of
the lower surface ; tail cylindric, tapering, about half the length of the
animal ; half the planta naked ; fur of two sorts, long, not harsh.

Length, head and body 16 inches; tail 73, 9 with the hair.

The form of this animal, says Hodgson, is decidedly musteline from
snout to the tail, with, however, fossorial fore-feet, and sub-plantigrade,
and therefore unsuited either for raptatory or scansorial habits.

There is no account of its habits or food, but Horsfield states of its
Malayan representative, Helictis orientalis, to which the Nepal animal

appearsvery closely allied, that it is more carnivorous than Mydaus, living

MARTES FLAVIGULA. 81

exclusively on small animals and birds. It does not diffuse the fetid ex-
halation so characteristic of Mydaus. Near here should be placed the
Skunks, Mephitis. They have the upper tuberculous molar very large,
and two tubercles on the inner side of the lower flesh-tooth. They have
also long claws adapted for burrowing, and in fact approximate the
Badgers, but have a fine large bushy tail, which they ordinarily erect.
They and the Zorillas might be referred either to the Badgers or the
Weasels.

Fam. Musteiip., Weasels and Martens.

Four or five molar teeth on each side in the upper jaw ; five, rarely
six, in the lower; one tuberculate tooth on each side in both jaws;
canines slender and curved ; flesh-tooth broad and sharp. Feet penta-
dactylous, slightly sub-plantigrade ; claws sharp, but not retractile ;
snout short, rounded.

This family is here restricted to the Weasels and Martens, animals of
small size, elongated vermiform make, and with very short limbs. The
head is rounded in front like that of the Cats, but the distance from the
orbit to the occipital foramen is very great, so that the skull has an
elongated form posteriorly. They are very active and agile in their move-
ments, and highly carnivorous and bloodthirsty in their habits, destroying
vast numbers of small animals and birds, which they generally seize by the
back of the head. The fur of many is soft and fine, and is very highly
prized. They are most abundant in cold climates, in the northern portion
of the old continent ; and there is only one species in our province, south
of the Himalayas ; butseveral appear peculiar to this lofty mountain-chain.

Gen. MARTEs.

Five molars on each side above, and six below. Muzzle more length-
ened than in weasels and less rounded ; tail rather long, bushy.

The Martens are a more or less arboreal group of rather small animals,
chiefly found in the northern portion of the world, and many of them are
highly prized for their fine fur. Though of larger size, they are less fierce
and sanguivorous than their smaller relatives, the Weasels. Besides the
additional false molar, they have a small tubercle on the inner side of the
flesh-tooth, which is not present in the Weasels ; and what scent they have
is not disagreeable. There is only one species in India, which extends into
Malayana.

82 MUSTELID&.

96. Martes flavigula.

Mustela apud Bopparrt.—Buytu, Cat. 196.—Mustela Hardwickit,
HorsFiE.pD, Zool. Jour.—Martes Gwathinsvi and Galidictis chrysogaster,
JARDINE, Nat. Libr.—WMal sampra, Nepal.—Tuturala, in Kumaon,—
Kusiah, in Sirmoor.—Huniah, or Aniar, Bhot.—Sakku, Lepch.

Tue Inpian MARTEN.

Descr.—Head and face, ears, and whole upper parts, with the body
from the breast, and limbs, glossy blackish-brown, the chin and lower lip
white ; throat and breast yellow, more or less deep, and inclining to orange-
yellow, or yellowish-brown in some. The body is at times dirty brownish,
or chestnut-brown, or mixed brown with gray, and the middle of the back
is sometimes paler than the rest, or the same tint as the sides of the body.
In some, the top of the head is pale brown, but it is edged by a dark
peripheral line ; and in some, there are one or more irregular dark spots
between the forelimbs ; soles nude.

Length, head and body, about 20 inches ; tail, about 12, with the hair.

This marten is found throughout the whole extent of the Himalayas ;
also on the Neelgherry hills and Ceylon ; and, out of our province, it ex-
tends from the Khasia hills through Arrakan down the Malayan peninsula
to Java. Horsfield, in his Catalogue, applied the synonym J/. Gwatkinsii
to the dark Neelgherry race, but it was originally given to a Himalayan
specimen, many of which are equally dark ; and Dr. Adams considers
that the dark state is merely the summer fur. The Malayan race is paler
than the others, and according to Blyth, all specimens from thence are
true to the particular colouring.

The Indian Marten is chiefly found in the valleys both of tho outer
ranges and the interior, but also ascends the wooded ridge in summer up
to 7,000 or 8,000 feet of elevation. It is sometimes found in pairs, often
in small families of five or six, and is not unfrequently met with in the
daytime, hunting among brushwood, fallen trees, &e. If pursued by
dogs, it at once takes refuge on trees, in climbing which it is very active.
Its food is said to be chiefly birds’ eggs ; also rats, lizards, and snakes
sometimes, and even, it is said, the young of the Kakar deer (Stylocerus).
It is also very destructive to poultry, Adams states that it is easily
domesticated, and is very active and playful; and Mr. Bennett, many years

ago, gave an account of its manners in confinement in the ‘“ Gardens

MUSTELA SUB-HEMACHALANA. 83

and Menageries of the Zoological Society.” It has a very slight unplea-
sant odour.

Martes toufeus, Hodgson, is stated to have been killed in Tibet,
Ladak, &e., at 11,000 feet of elevation, where it chiefly lives in the
villages of the inhabitants. It is also found in Afghanistan, and its skin
sold in the bazaars at Peshawur. Another species, which Blyth is inclined
to identify with Justela zibellina, the Sable Marten, has also been pro-
cured from Tibet. This has the soles clad with fur. The former of these
has by some observers been taken for the Pine Marten of Europe, artes
abietum.

Gen. Mustena, Linneus.

Char.—Four molar teeth above on each side, and five below; lower
canine with no internal tubercle, upper tuberculated tooth with the crown
broader than Jong ; ears short, rounded ; feet short ; toes separate ; claws
sharp ; tail short or moderate. Of small size ; body elongated, vermiform.

Weasels are a well-known group of small animals, of lengthened habit
of body and very short legs, to which the name vermin is commonly
applied. They are, though so small, most sanguinary in their disposition,
often killing far more than will satisfy their hunger. They are ground
animals, hunting on the ground, and living in holes in walls and like
places. They are chiefly inhabitants of the northern parts of the
old world and Northern America ; in India they are only found in the

Himalayas.
97. Mustela sub-hemachalana.

Hopeson, J. A. 8. VI. 563.—Bryru, Cat. 202.—M. humeralis, BuytH.
—Zimiong, Bhot.—Sang-king, Lepch.
THe HimaLaAyaAn WEASEL.

Descr.— Uniform light bay or brown, slightly darker along the median
line ; nose, upper lip and forehead, and the end of the tail dark reddish-
brown ; edge of the upper lip and chin hoary-white ; feet dusky-brown ;
fur close, glossy and soft ; head and ears more closely clad than the body ;
tail laxly furred, tapering.

Length, head and body, 12 inches ; tail 54, with the hair 1 inch more.

Blyth described a specimen that had some white spots and mottling
on the shoulders and sides of the neck. He also likens this species to
the Ermine, which is about the same size, but is darker in colour, and
has the tip of its tail black.

84 MUSTELID.S

This weasel appears spread throughout the whole range of Himalayas,
from Cashmere to Darjeeling, chiefly on the middle and outer ranges.
Adams states that it is common in Cashmere, and very destructive to
poultry, &e. A dark variety is indicated in the list of Hodgson’s col-
lections.

The Stoat or Ermine, /. erminra, is confidently stated to occur in
the Himalayas, in Nepal by Hodgson, and Adams states it to be common
in the lower and middle regions of the Western Himalayas; but there
do not appear to be Himalayan examples of this species in any of our
museums. It is reddish-brown above, white beneath, the extremity of
the tail black in winter, changing to yellowish-white, retaining the black
tail tip.

98. Mustela kathiah.

Honeson, J. A. 8. IV. 702.—Btytu, Cat. 203.—M. auriventer, Hope-
son.—Kathia nyal, Nepal.

THE YELLOW-BELLIED WEASEL.

Descr.—Deep rich brown above, golden-yellow below ; chin whitish ;
ears, limbs, and tail concolorous with body ; tail cylindric, tapered, half
the length of the animal.

Length, snout to rump, 10 inches ; tail (minus the hair) 5. The fur
is short, shining and adpressed, and the palms and soles are clad in hair.

A horribly offensive yellowish-gray fluid exudes from two openings
placed near the root of the tail.

This weasel has only been found in the eastern Himalayas, from Nepal,
and probably Bootan, as a specimen said to be from Assam is in the
Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta.

“This beautiful creature,” writes Mr. Hodgson, ‘‘is exceedingly prized
by the Nepalese for its service in ridding houses of rats. It is easily tamed,
and such is the dread of it common to all murine animals, that not one
will approach a house where it is domiciled. Rats and mice seem to have
an instinctive sense of its hostility to them, so much so that as soon as it
is introduced into a house they are observed to hurry away in all directions,
being apprized no doubt of its presence by the peculiar odour it emits.
Its ferocity and courage are made subservient to the amusement of the
rich, who train it to attack large fowls, geese, and even goats and sheep.
The latter, equally with the former, fall certain sacrifices to its agility

MUSTELA STRIGIDORSA. 85

and daringness. So soon as it is loosed it rushes np the fowl’s tail or the
goat’s leg, and seizes the great artery of the neck, nor ever quits its hold
till the victim sinks under exhaustion from loss of blood.”

99. Mustela strigidorsa.

Honeson, apud Horsrietp, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855.—-P. Z.S.
1856, pl. XLIX.
THE StrRipED WEASEL.

Descr.—Intense brown, with lips, head, and neck inferiorly, as well
as a dorsal and ventral stripe, yellowish-white or pale aureous.

Length, snout to vent, 12 inches ; tail 54, with the hair 1 inch more.
Larger than W. kathiah. Horsfield states that in one specimen sent to
the East India Museum, the brown has a shade of chestnut, and the
under parts of the head, neck, and breast are nearly white, with a slight
isabelline discoloration.

This weasel was procured by Hodgson in Sikim. If the dorsal stripe
were not uniformly present, it might be taken merely for a variety of
M. kathiah.

Gray has described M/. Horsfieldii from Bootan, uniform dark blackish-
brown, very little paler beneath ;"and middle of the front of the chin, and
the lower lips white ; tail slender, blackish at the tip ; half as long as the
head and body. This is very probably a dark race of Mustela sub-hemacha-
lana, such as was obtained by Hodgson in Nepal, and of which there is
a drawing in the British Museum.

Hodgson has described two other weasels from Tibet, Mustela temon,
brownish-fawn above, pure yellow beneath ; head and limbs canescent.
Length, head and body, 94 inches ; tail 64; fur short, soft.

M. canigula, cinnamon-red, head and neck below hoary ; whiskers
small and rigid. Length, head and body, 153 inches ; tail 93.

A weasel is described from’the Malayan peninsula and Java, J. nudipes,
F. Cuvier ; 1. sarmatica, Pallas, of Northern and Central Asia, has been
procured in Afghanistan ; and JZ. sibirica, Pallas (17. Hodgsom, Gray),
has been sent from China.

M. putorius, L., the Polecat of Europe, of which the Ferret is con-
sidered to be a domestic variety, has been made the type of the genus
Putorius, F. Cuvier ; and a race nearly allied has been described by
Hodgson, as Putorius tibetanus, olim Mustela larvata, from Tibet.

86 LUTRIN &.

Sub-fam. Lurrin#, Otters.

Of large size ; feet webbed ; tail flattened.

Gen. Lurra, Ray.

—4
5 ; molars

Char.—Dental formula, according to Owen, premolars
pes
2—2
internally, the lower one tuberculated posteriorly ; otherwise as in the

The upper flesh-tooth very large, with a large accessory tubercle

Weasels. Ears small, remote; feet palmate, short ; body lengthened ;
tail longish, stout at the base, round, depressed towards the tip, and flat
beneath.

Otters are a well-marked group of animals, distinguished by their
elongated and somewhat flattened form, short and stout limbs, with the
toes well webbed and spreading, and with naked soles. The fur is close,
fine, and short, consisting of a woolly fur beneath, and a layer of smooth
glossy hairs above. The eyes are provided with a nictitating membrane,
or additional half-transparent eyelid like that of birds, as a defence to
them under water. The teeth are strong and sharp, and the tubercles of
the molars very pointed, to secure their prey, which is almost entirely fish,
which they hunt for and capture under water with wonderful activity and
skill. The skull is said to have something in common with Seals in the
short muzzle and wide and flat cranium; the suborbital foramen is
large. The articulations of the extremities are such as to admit of great
freedom of motion. The intestines are about six times longer than the
head and body.

Mr. Blyth remarks, ‘‘The species of this genus are most difficult of
determination, and require to be further studied and more elaborately
described with reference to their distinctions one from another.”

100. Lutra nair.

F. Cuvirr.—Z. chinensis and L. indica, Gray.—L. tarayensis,
Hopeson.—Eztiot, Cat. 15.—Buytu, Cat. 214.—Puni kuta, H.—WNir-
nai, Can.—Neeru-kuka, Tel., all signifying water-dog.—Jal manyer,
Mahr., ae. water-cat.— Ud or Hud, Udni, Ud billau, Hindi.

Tue Common INDIAN OTTER.

Descr.—Above, hair brown, or light chestnut-brown, in some grizzled
with hoary tips, in others with a tinge of isabella-yellow ; beneath yellowish-

LUTRA NAIR. 87

white, or reddish-white ; upper lip, sides of head and neck, chin and
throat, whitish, the line of separation between the two colours more or less
distinctly marked ; in some the throat tinged with orange-brown ; paws
albescent in some, simply of a lighter shade in others ; tail brown beneath.
F. Cuvier, in his description, mentions some pale facial spots, but these
are indistinct, though there is sometimes a faint pale eyebrow.

Total length up to 46 inches, of which the tail is 17, and 3 inches
wide at the base,

I have followed Blyth in joining Z. nair and L. indica, though at one
time I was strongly inclined to believe them distinct. My impression
was that the common otter of most of the rivers of Southern India at
all events, was distinct from the generally larger and more robust otter
found in such numbers along the Malabar coast, and in lower Bengal ; and
that the latter, besides» being Jarger, had the fur more reddish or yel-
lowish-brown, and with the two colours much more distinctly divided ; in
fact more resembling Lufra vulgaris ; butin the absence of authentic speci-
mens, I can only draw the attention of observers for future verification.

Accepting the synonymy as above then, this Otter is found throughout
all India, from the extreme South and Ceylon, to the foot of the Hima-
layas, and from the Indus to Burmah and Malayana, frequenting alike
rivers and salt-water inlets, and from the level of the sea to a consider-
able elevation. It has its lair under large rocks, among boulders, and
in alluvial countries excavates extensive burrows, generally in some
elevated spot close to the river, with numerous entrances. It is almost
always found in parties of five, six, or more, and, though partly nocturnal
in its habits, may often be seen hunting after the sun is high, and some-
time before sunset. I have seen a party out in the sea, on the Malabar
coast, probably making their way from one backwater to another ; but as
they are very numerous on this coast, they may now and then hunt in
the sea. This otter is trained in some parts of Bengal to assist in fishing,
by driving the fish into the nets. Young ones are not unusually caught
in the fishermen’s nets, and are very easily tamed. I had one brought
me when very young, whilst at Tellicherry, on the Malabar coast, which
I brought up with a terrier dog, with whom it became very friendly. This
otter would follow me in my walks like a dog, and amuse itself by a few
gambols in the water when it had the opportunity, and now and then
caught frogs and small fish. As it grew older it took to going about by
itself, and one day found its way to the bazaar, and seized a large fish

88 LUTRINA.

from a Moplah. When resisted, it showed such fight that the rightful
owner was fain to drop it. Afterwards it took regularly to this highway
style of living, and I had on several occasions to pay for my pet’s dinner
rather more than was necessary, so I resolved to get rid of it. I put it
in a closed box, and having kept it without food for some time, I con-
veyed it myself in a boat some seven or eight miles off, up some of the
numerous backwaters on this coast. I then liberated it, and when it had
wandered out of sight among some inundated paddy-fields, I returned by
boat by a different route. That same evening, about 9 P.m., whilst in the
town, about one and a half miles from my own house, witnessing some
of the ceremonials connected with the Mohurrum festival, the otter en-
tered the temporary shed, walked across the floor, and came and lay
down at my feet !

The specific name given by F. Quvier is unfortunate, it being only the
termination of the common native name WVir-nai, or water-dog, and
wrongly spelled moreover. Blyth, in his Catalogue, records a specimen
from Algeria, quite undistinguishable from specimens from Bengal.

101. Lutra vulgaris.
ERXLEBEN.—BiytH, Cat. 216.—Z. monticola, Hopeson.

THe Hitt Orrer.

Descr.—Above bistre-brown ; below sordid hoary, vaguely defined
except on the lips and chin ; limbs dark ; fur long and rough, not ad-
pressed. Such is Hodgson’s description of his monticola. Blyth describes
a specimen from Darjeeling, as “fur longish, dark colcothar-brown,
slightly grizzled, with a paler ing near the tip ; beneath fulvous white,
which extends to the tip of the tail ; the pale lower parts beneath abruptly
separated from the brown above. The second incisor is slightly out of
its place behind the others.” This is also noticed by Hodgson.

Length, head and body, 32 inches ; tail 20.

Blyth has compared the skull of this otter with that of the European
one, and finds them identical. The skull differs from that of Z. nair in
being more compressed between the orbits.

As far as we at present know, the common otter of Europe is restricted,
in India, to the interior of the Himalayas.

Hodgson has described a small otter from the hills, as Lutra auro-
brunnea. Size small ; habit of body vermiform ; tail less than two-thirds
of the length of the body ; toes and nails fully developed ; fur longish and

LUTRA LEPTONYX. 89

rough. Colour rich chestnut-brown above, golden-red below, and on the

extremities, Length, head and body, 20 to 22 inches ; tail 12 to 13.
Blyth, in his Catalogue, has “ No. 215, Z.

specimens, with adult dentition, smaller by one half, or nearly so. Found

, very like Z. naw, but

only at great elevations in Ceylon.” This is probably the same as the small
otter of the Neelgherries, referred to by some writers in the “ Bengal
Sporting Review,” &c. ; by some called the black otter, by others the
ved one ; and is perhaps the same as Hodgson’s LZ. awro-brunnea.

Hodgson has indicated other otters from the Himalayas. In the
Malayan peninsula, besides Z. nair, there is another, Lutra barang, Rafiles.

The next otters have the claws very minute, not projecting, but im-
bedded in the phalanx, the foremost upper premolars often naturally
wanting ; they have been separated generically as Aonya, Lesson.
The third and fourth toes exceed the others in length, and are more
closely united. Lesson’s genus was founded on a Cape species, Lutra
nunguis. One is found in India extending into Malayana.

102. Lutra leptonyx.

HorsFiep, Zool. Res. Java, with figure.—Btiyru, Cat. 217.—Aonyx
FHorsfieldii, Gray.—lL. indigitata, and Aonyx sikimensis, Hopcson.—
Chusam, Bhot.—Suriam, Lepch.

THE CLAWLEsS OTTER.

Descr.—Above earthy-brown or chestnut-brown ; lips, sides of head,
chin, throat, and upper part of breast white, tinged with yellowish-gray.
In young individuals the white of the lower parts is less distinct, some-
times very pale-brownish.

Length, head and body, 24 inches ; tail 13; palm 23 ; planta 3$.

This otter has been found throughout the Himalayas, from the North-
west to Sikim ; also in lower Bengal, in Arrakan, down to the islands, &c.
I saw one killed close to Calcutta at the edge of the salt-water lake. It
had not previously been recorded from lower Bengal.

Tribe, DIGITIGRADA.

Syn. Cynodia, Blyth, in part.

In walking, the digits alone are placed on the ground. These are the
most typical of the Carnivora, and most of them are very speedy and
quick in their actions.

They differ from the previous tribes in having a small cecum.

90 FELID.

The Digitigrade Carnivora are divided into three families—Velide,
Viverride, and Canide, or the Cats, the Civet Cats, and the Dogs.

Fam. Fetipa. The Cat tribe.

Molars — of which, according to F. Cuvier, two are false molars

on each side in both jaws, and there is no tuberculate molar in the lower

jaw. According to Owen, the dental formula is, incisors

1—1 3—3 | 1
3 preemolars ; molars
1 2—2 1

1— eS) ae

} canines

- total 30 teeth. Fore-feet with

five, hind-feet with four or five, toes.

The animals of this family have the smallest number of molars, and
hence their jaws are short and strong; the head is rounded, and the limbs
powerful. Their teeth are particularly cutting, the canines very large and
sharp, the flesh-tooth above three-lobed, with a tubercle on its inner side ;
and the tuberculated molar above small. All are essentially carnivorous,
and they are the type of the tribe and order. Their footfall is noiseless,
from the thick pads with which the under surface of their feet is furnished.
To preserve their claws sharp, theyare habitually kept withdrawn between
the toes, by the action of an elastic ligament which acts on the last joint
of each toe, bending it upwards. When the animal is about to strike, the
flexor tendons pull down this last phalanx, and the claw is thus exserted.
Their fur is usually dense and short. Their limbs are of moderate length
and very powerful, and they can take astonishing bounds. Their vision is
adapted for night as well as day, and all are nocturnal in habits, or nearly
so. Their sense of hearing is very acute, and their long whiskers are deli-
cate organs of touch. The tongue is furnished with rough papille, directed
backwards and somewhat recurved. The clavicle is rudimentary, and
imbedded among the muscles. They usually take their prey by suddenly
Springing on it from a concealed spot, and if they fail in seizing it, rarely
pursue. They are generally solitary, but occasionally hunt in families.

The Cat tribe are found over both continents, but do not occur in Aus-
tralia ; and the larger species are most numerous in warm countries.

Mr. Blyth has recently published (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 181) a
Synopsis of the Asiatic species of Felis, containing several alterations in
the nomenclature from that of his Catalogue, all of which I have here
adopted.

ee.
A

FELIS LEO. oi

The Cat tribe may be popularly divided into Lions, Tigers, Leopards,
Cats, and Lynxes; which have been, not unfrequently, made by late
authors into as many genera, but recently have been retained in one
large genus. Blyth divides the Asiatic cats into three groups—the
Pardine series, with robust skeleton, and rounded and obtuse ear-conch ;
Lynxine seires ; and the hunting Cheeta.

Gen. Fetis, Linn.

Char.—Those of the family. Hind-feet with four toes.

Ist. Lions, Zeo, Gray, and others. Unspotted, of large size; pupil
round. Lions are distinguished by their enormous heac, maned neck,
comparatively weak hind limbs, and a shortish, tufted tail.

103. Felis leo.

Linynzus.—VF, (leo) asiaticus of some.—/. (leo) gujraten is, SMEE,
Trans. Zool. Soc., with fig—Brnnert, Tower Menagerie, pl. X XIV.—
Buytu, Cat. 171, Synops. 2.—Shér, Babbar-shér, H.—Untia bag in
Guzrat and Cutch, i.e. the camel-coloured tiger.—Singha, H
parts.—Shingal, Beng.

., IM some

Tue Asiatic Lron.

Descr.—Of a pale tawny colour without spots or stripes ; ea tufted ;
mane scanty in some, well marked in others.

Length 8} to 94 feet ; 33 feet in height ; foot 64 inches in diameter.
The weight of one, 8 feet 94 inches long, was 35 stone.

The Asiatic lion was long considered to differ from the African one,
in being smaller and less powerful, and in wanting the rufous or vinous
tinge so general in the African race; but recent observations tend to
confirm the specific identity of lions from Asia and Africa, pale-coloured
races being by no means rare in Africa ; but it must be allowed that the
African lion has generally a finer mane, as well as a median line of
lengthened hairs along the abdomen, which is seldom present in the Asiatic
lion ; and, moreover, has a somewhat different physiognomy. The race from
Guzrat was considered distinct by Major Smee, of the Bombay army, and
it was supposed that the Indian race wanted the mane altogether. It
has, however, been clearly shown by Blyth and others, that the absence
of the mane in certain specimens was probably accidental, being toru off
in the prickly jungles of those districts of India which it «ti}] fre-

92 FELID&.

quents, and that, if allowed to grow, the mane would be well developed.
Bennett’s figure, referred to above, was taken from a lion brought from
Hurriana.

The Lion is found in various parts of India, chiefly the North-west,
from Cutch to Hurriana, Gwalior and Saugor, but is now only at all
common in Guzrat and Cutch. I have heard of its having been killed
south of the Nerbudda many years ago, and I have seen the skins of

two that were obtained near Saugor a few years back, near which place,

indeed, tolerably authentic intelligence was received of their presence
in 1856; whilst quite recently two lions were killed most unexpectedly
near Gwalior. In former years, lions were much more common in the
eastern portion of their present habitat.

Little is recorded of the habits of the Lion as found in India. It is
said to prey chiefly on bullocks and donkeys, and the fat is highly prized
by the natives as a cure for rheumatism. Later and more authentic
accounts of the habits of the Lion in Africa than those usually found
in the older works on natural history, do not quite confirm those
accounts of its noble character.

The Puma, F. concolor, of South America, the largest of the Ameri-
can feline animals, is sometimes classed with the Lions from its uniform
coloration, but it wants both the mane and the tail tuft.

2nd. Tigers. Of large size, striped, pupil vertical. Gen. Tigris, Gray.

104. Felis tigris.

Linn £us.—Tigris regalis, GRAY.—BuytH, Cat. 172, and Synops. 3.—
Bagh, and Patayat bagh, fem. Baghni, H.—Shér and (female) Shérnt,
in the North of India generally.—Sela-vagh, Hindi.—G‘o-vagh, Beng.—
Wuhdg, Mahr.—Néhar in Bundeleund and Central India.—7it of the
hill people of Bhagulpore.—Nongya-chor in Gorukpore.—Pul, Tel. and
Tam. ; also, Pedda pili, Tel.—Parain pili, Mal.— Huh, Can.—Tdgh in
Tibet.—Suhtong, Lepch.—7vikh, Bhot.

Tue TIGER.

Descr.—Bright fawn-colour, more or less tinged with rufous, and
with dark stripes.

“The peculiarly striped skin of the Tiger,” says Blyth, “at once
distinguishes it from every other feline animal, and equally so does the

intensity of the bright rufous ground hue, so exquisitely set off with

FELIS TIGRIS. 93

white about the head.” Again, “Unless the Lion, no other cat approaches
it in the massive proportions of the fore paw, as compared with the hind.
Some of both sexes are made more heavily than others, with a greater
development of the fold of skin along the belly, which adds to their
apparent bulk. The stripes too vary much in different individuals, and
occasionally are almost throughout double.”

The Tiger is found throughout all India, from Cape Comorin to the
Himalayas, ascending the hills occasionally to an elevation of 6,000 or
7,000 feet. Itis found in all the forests and jungles throughout the
peninsula, occasionally visiting the more open and cultivated parts of the
country, and harbouring in thickets, long grass, and especially in brush-
wood on river-banks, and on churs covered with tamarisk, In the hot
weather, indeed, these are its favourite resorts in many parts of Central
India, and from there it sallies forth towards the villages in search of food.
In lower Bengal the heavy grass jungles and swamps are his usual lair.
Tigers are perhaps more abundantin lower Bengal thanin most other parts
of the country, and are said to be both larger and more savage than those
from other parts of India. Those of Central India, however, are perhaps
as large, and quite, if not more ferocious than their Bengal brethren.

The average size of a full-grown male tiger is from 9 to 94 feet in
length, but [ fancy there is very little doubt that, occasionally, tigers are
killed 10 feet in length, and perhaps a few inches over that; but the stories
of tigers 11 feet and 12 feet in length, so often heard and repeated,
certainly require confirmation, and I have not myself seen an authentic
account of a tiger that measured more than 10 feet and 2 or 3 inches.
Major Sherwill, who was for some years in Dinagepore district, told me
that the largest he had seen killed was 9 feet 8 inches. The skin is very
often measured either when fresh taken from the carcass, or after it has
been stretched out to dry ; and Mr. W. Elliot records an instance of a
lion measured by himself at 9 feet 4 inches. This was noted by one of
the party as 11 feet and by another as 12 feet, the first measurement
being taken from the skin when taken off; the other from the skin
stretched out by pegs for drying.

Mr. Walter Elliot * has the following remarks on the distribution and
habits of this anima] in Southern India. “The Tiger is common over the
whole district, breeding in the forest and mountain tracts, and coming

* Cat. Mammalia, South Mahr, Country.

94 FELID.

into the open country when the grain is on the ground. In some places
they do much mischief, and have been known to carry off the inhabitants
out of the villages whilst sleeping in their verandahs during the night.
The female has from two to four young, and does not breed at any
particular season. Their chief prey is cattle, but they also catch the
wild hog, the sambar, and more rarely the spotted deer. It is naturally
a cowardly animal, and always retreats from opposition, until wounded
or provoked. Several instances came to notice of its being compelled
to relinquish its prey by the cattle in a body driving it off. In one case
an official report was made of a herd of buffaloes rushing on a tiger that
had seized the herd-boy, and forcing it to drop him. Its retiring from
the wild hog has been already adverted to. Though the wild hog often
becomes its prey, it sometimes falls a victim to the successful resistance
of the wild boar. I once found a full-grown tiger newly killed, evidently
by the rip of a boar’s tusk ; and two similar instances were related to me
by a gentleman who had witnessed them—one of a tiger, the other of a
panther. It is generally believed a tiger always kills his own food, and
will not eat carrion. J met with one instance of a tigress and two full-
grown cubs devouring a bullock that had died of disease. I saw the
carcass in the evening: next day, on the report of tigers having been heard
in the night, I followed their track, and found she had dragged the dead
animal into the centre of a cornfield, and picked the bones quite clean,
after which she found a buffalo, killed it, and eat only a small portion of
it. Another instance was related in a letter from a celebrated sportsman
in Khandeish, who having killed a tigress, on his return to his tents sent
a pad elephant to bring it home. The messenger returned reporting that
on his arrival he found her alive. They went out next morning to the
spot, and discovered that she had been dragged into a ravine by another
tiger and half the carcass devoured. They found him close by, and killed
him also. The Bheels in Khandeish say that in the monsoon, when food
is scarce, the Tiger feeds on frogs, and an instance occurred some years ago
in that province of one being killed in a state of extreme emaciation from
a porcupine’s quill that had passed through his gullet, and prevented his
swallowing, and which had probably been planted there in his attempt to
make one of these animals his prey. Many superstitious ideas prevail
among the natives regarding the Tiger. They imagine that an additional
lobe is added to his liver every year ; that his claws arranged together so
as to form a circle, and hung round a child’s neck, preserve it from the

FELIS TIGRIS. 95
effect of the evil eye ; that the whiskers constitute a deadly poison, which
for this reason are carefully burnt off the instant the animal is killed.
Several of the lower castes eat his flesh.”

The late Major Sherwill, of the Revenue Survey, gave me some in-
teresting information on the habits of the Tiger, as observed by him in
the Dinagepore district—the substance of which is as follows :—

Tigers arve very partial to certain localities, and avoid others to all
appearance quite as favourable cover. Year after year they will be found
in one locality and killed, and never be seen in another close at hand,
apparently just as suitable. They are very fond of ruins, and may often
be seen lying on the top of old walls, temples, &c. ; sometimes three or
four together. Generally speaking, the Bengal Tiger is a harmless, timid
animal, but when wounded he becomes ferocious and dangerous. He
seldom molests man without provocation, and man-eaters are very scarce
in Bengal, except in the vicinity of the Sunderbuns. A tigress has from
two to four cubs at atime, which remain with her until they are able to
kill for themselves. Young tigers are by far the most mischievous, occa-
sionally killing as many as four or five cows at once, whilst an old one
seldom kills more than what it requires for its food. An old tiger will
kill a cow about once a week, and for this purpose will quit its place of
retreat in dense jungle, proceed to the vicinity of a village and killa
bullock or cow. It will remain near the “ i//” for two or three days,
and sometimes longer, gnawing the bones before retreating to deep cover.
A tigress deposits her young in good cover. Two taken by Major Sherwill
were laid under a thorn bush in dense jungle. Null grass appears to be a
favourite place for breeding in. The mother appears much distressed on
losing her young, and for three or four nights afterwards remains at the
spot roaring all night in a very excited manner.

The few remaining observations must be considered as supplementary
to the previous observations of Messrs. Elliot and Sherwill. When once
a tiger takes to killing man, it almost always perseveres in its endeavours
to procure the same food ; and, in general, it has been found that very
old tigers, whose teeth are blunted or gone, and the vigour of whose
strength is faded, are those that relish human food, finding it a much
more easy prey than cattle. In some parts of Central India, however,
it appears to be more the rule than the exception ; and in the Mundlah
district, east from Jubbulpore, in 1856, and previous years, on an

average between two and three hundred villagers were killed annually.

96 TELIDA.

So dire was the destruction that Major Erskine, the Commissioner, applied
to the Madras Government to furnish an officer for the special work of
thinning these cannibals. In the Bustar country, south-east of Nagpore,
when I traversed part of that then unexplored district, I found that in
several parts the villages were deserted, entirely, as I was informed, from
the ravages of tigers, although, in some instances, the villages had been
surrounded by a high stockade. In the Bengal Sunderbuns too many
wood-cutters are (or used to be) annually carried off.

Tiger hunting is generally done from elephants in Northern India ; and
a well-trained shikaree elephant will stand the charge of a tiger well,
occasionally even rushing to meet it, which is by no means agreeable
to the sportsman in the howdah. In Southern India, where there are
but few elephants kept, the Tiger is often successfully slain on foot ; but
it is at all times a dangerous sport, and many serious and fatal accidents
are well known to have occurred. Occasionally a tiger is shot by night
from a platform on a tree, either close to where the tiger has killed, but
not eaten all his prey, or, with a fresh bullock picketed near. In the
Wynaad one class of Hindoos assemble in large numbers, and forming a
large circle, drive the Tiger into a net, where itis speared. Various modes
of capture are practised all over India, and strychnine has been had re-
sort to occasionally to destroy this animal] ; but in spite of the numbers
killed annually by sportsmen, and by native shikarees for the sake of
the Government reward, in many districts its numbers appear to be only
slightly diminished.

The native idea about the Tiger getting an additional lobe to its liver
every year has been fully taken up by English sportsmen, and in the pages
of the Bengal Sporting Magazine, &c., the number of lobes in the livers
of tigers whose death is there chronicled, are duly recorded. The clavicle
lies loosely imbedded among the muscles near the shoulder-joint, and is
considered of great virtue by natives. The whiskers are, in some parts of
Southern India, considered to endow the fortunate possessor with unlimited
power over the oppositesex. The claws are mounted in silver and made
into bracelets.

The Tiger is peculiar to Asia, extending as far west as Georgia, through
Persia to Bokhara, and is also found in Amurland, in the Altai region,
and China ; thence extending south through Burmuh to the Malayan
peninsula, and some of the neighbouring larger islands. It is not found

in Ceylon.

fs

FELIS PARDUS. 97

Next come the Leopards. Gen. Lroparpus, Gray. These are more

or less spotted. Of moderate or large size, tail long.

105. Felis pardus.

Linn£us.—Biytu, Cat. 173, Synops. 4.—/". leopardus, ScurEBER.—
Leopardus varius, GRAY.—The Panther and Leopard of the English in

Tndia.

Toe Parp.

Descr.—Of a rufous-fawn colour, more or less deep, with dark spots
grouped in rosettes ; tail more or less ringed. Varies greatly in size,
from six to eight feet, and upwards.

It is still an undecided point among Zoologists, whether there are two
distinct species of leopard, or whether they are simply varieties of the
same species. Temminck in his monograph of the genus J’elis, placed
them distinct, with the following characters :—J’. leopardus, the Leopard.
Tail as long as the body only ; fur light-fulvous, the spots moderately
distinct from each other, as much as 18 lines in diameter ; caudal verte-
bre 22. From Asia only. /. pardus, the Panther. Smaller ; tail as long
as the head and body ; fur deep yellow-fulvous, the spots closely approxi-
mate, not more than 14 lines in diameter; caudal vertebrae 28, From
both Asia and Africa. Cuvier considered that /. pardus was found in
Africa and part of Asia ; whilst /’. leopardus was confined to the regions
adjacent to the Straits of Sunda; and Miiller, reversing the names,
says that J’. pardus is only found in Sumatra and Java; thus confirming
Cuvier’s idea of one species being peculiar to these regions. Of late years
the two varieties have been classed under one specific name, and Mr,
Blyth has joined them in his Catalogue and Synopsis, which arrangement
I have also here followed.

The prevalent idea, however, among sportsmen in India, is that there
are two distinct races or varieties ; and taking Mr. Elliot’s remarks as
the groundwork, I shall briefly notice each.

Ist. The larger variety, which (with most sportsmen) I shall here call
the Panther. F. pardus apud Hodgson.—J/ leopardus apud Temminck.—
Leopard of Sykes.—TZ'endwa, H., throughout India.k—Zénduwa of Bauris,
or cheeta-catchers,— Ohita, and Chita-bag, popularly—Adndéra, Hindi, in

H

98 FELID&.

Central India.—/Honiga, Can.— Asned, Mahr. of Ghits.—Chinna puli,
Tel.— Birkdl of Gonds.—Bay-heera and Tahir hay in the Himalayas.—
Sth, Tibetan.

The colour of this large variety is generally pale fulvous-yellow, the
belly white ; whilst some are deeper and more tawny in hue, and others
without any white at all beneath. “Asa general rule,” says Walter
Elliot, “the fur of the Honiga is shorter and closer than that of the
small variety. The most strongly marked difference of character that
I observed was in the skulls. That of the Zoniga being longer and more
pointed, with a ridge running along the occiput, and much developed for
the attachment of the muscles of the neck. If this character is universal
and permanent, it will afford a good ground of distinction.”

‘‘ Mountaineer,” in the Bengal Sporting Review, vol. VIIL., says, ‘ This
is a fine and handsome animal. It may be distinguished by its superior
size, and the different formation of the head, which is much longer than
that of the other ;” thus hitting on the same distinctive mark as Mr.
Elliot. Hooyrsfield, 1. c., says “that this is a taller, larger, slighter animal
than the next one, with fewer and more broken spots.” Mr. Elliot gives
the dimensions as, head and body 43 to 5 feet ; tail 2} to 3 feet. <A fine
male, killed near Mhow in 1854, measured 4 feet 9 inches to root of tail,
which was 3 feet 2 inches ; total 7 feet 11 inches.

My own experience has led me to conclude that this large variety is
seldom found in dense forest country, but in more open country, where
low hills and deep ravines occur. Mr. Elliot says, “It is found chiefly
among the rocky hills to the eastwards. It is a taller, slighter, more
active animal, extremely strong and fierce. It is a very formidable
assailant, and several instances occurred of as many as four men having
‘¢ Mountaineer ”

>)

been killed by one before it was put ‘hors de combat.
says “ It generally keeps aloof from villages, wandering through the forests
and glens of the remoter hills, It preys on all wild animals, wild pigs,
monkeys, &c., occasionally seizes on domestic cattle.” Baker says “ that
in Ceylon (where it is called tiger) he has seen a full-grown bull with his
neck broken by a leopard which attacked it, and that at Newera-ellia they
destroy many cattle.” Johnson, in his Field Sports of India, gives an
account of “a panther or leopard having leapt over a wall 7 feet high,
two or three nights in succession, which killed and carried off a deer
each night :” he adds, “ I rather think it was a panther, an animal larger
than the leopard.” I have myself had ponies killed twice close to my

ee

FELIS PARDUS. 99

own tent, near Mhow, by panthers. Mr. Barnes, of Colgong, informs
me that he has known many cases of human beings killed by them in the
Bhagulpore district, old women being the chief victims, some of whom
were taken out of their huts. Children are not unfrequently carried off
in various parts of India. This is the variety usually found in Bengal.
It appears to extend through Western Asia as far as the Caucasus,
and it is common in the mountainous parts of Afghanistan, but does
not accompany the Tiger into Northern Asia. In Africa it is often
destructive to human life; as also in some parts of the Malayan
peninsula,

2nd. The Leopard, or smaller variety. /. leopardus apud Hodgson.—
F. pardus apud Temminck.—/’. longicaudata, Valenciennes.—Gorbacha,
or Borbacha, H., in the Deccan.—Beebeea-bagh, Mahr.—Zibla of the
Bauris.—Ghur-hay and Dheer-hay, of some of the hill tribes near Simla ;
but generally called Lakkar-bagha throughout the ae a word in the
plains confined to the Hyena.

W. Elliot says, “ The generality of Kerkals are dark, whence probably
their name, from kera, dark ; the fur is longer and looser than in the
Honiga. It is a smaller and stouter animal, and varies much in size,
some not being bigger than a large tiger-cat, though the skull proved
them to be adult animals. The skull is rounder, and the bony ridge of
the Zoniga wanting. Dimensions, from 3 to 34 feet to root of tail, which
is 24 feet ; height 1} to 2 feet.”

Horsfield says, ‘‘smaller, stouter, darker, with the spots more crowded.”
“ Mountaineer ” says, “ It is smaller, with a round bull-dog head.” This
isthe one most commonly met with, and appears to be the most numerous.
Itdoes not confine itself to the forests, but prowls among villages, carrying
off sheep, goats, dogs, and sometimes commits great depredations. It is
very fearless, frequently seizing a dog in the middle of a village, whilst
the inhabitants are still stirring. ‘‘ Everywhere,” says Mr. Blyth, ‘ it is
a fearful foe to the canine races, and in general to all the smaller animals
—sheep, goats, deer, monkeys, pea-fow], &c. ; and when such animals are
penned up and helplessly in its power, it will kill any number of them,
seemingly in indulgence of its blood-sucking propensity.” Hutton men-
tions one entering a house and seizing a bull-dog chained to the bed of its
master, and I have known it enter tents and carry off dogs in Goomsoor
as well ason the Himalayas. At Manantoddy, in the Wynaad, I have
known every dog in the station to have been carried off, many in broad

H 2

100 FELIDA.

daylight. This small variety appear to be most abundant in forest
countries, as in Malabar, the Wynaad, Goomsoor, and the more wooded
parts of the Himalayas, In winter it is particularly bold, coming on to
the roads in some of our hill stations shortly after sunset, and carrying
off many dogs. A spiked iron collar is often, however, a sufficient pro-
tection, and in the interior cf the hills most of the shepherd dogs are
thus clad. It always seizes its prey by the back of the neck or the throat,
and it is popularly believed in India that it cannot recover from a wound
inflicted on it, which would be the case sometimes if it seized a dog from
behind. Instances are known of the fine hill dogs killing leopards occa-
sionally in fair fight.

Speaking generally of the Pard, without reference to the distinct races,
Blyth says, “ The pard is a particularly silent creature, very stealthy,
and will contrive to dodge and hide itself in places where it would appear
impossible that a creature of its size could find concealment.” In the
Malay provinces, they are said to attack man not unfrequently, and are
said occasionally to climb up to the machdns * with facility, and carry
off people who are watching the grain by night. They are popularly
said to be much in the habit of climbing trees, but this habit does not
seem to have been much noticed by late observers. The natives assert
that they are fearful of water, and will not readily swim, and are there-
fore rarely found on small islands. Blyth too says that “it shows great
aversion to wetting its feet, and if water be spilt in its cage, will care-
fully avoid treading on it if possible.” Like the Tiger, the Leopard will,
if hungry, eat any dead carcass he can find.

A well-marked race is the Black Leopard, 7’. melas, Peron.— /. perniger,
Hodgson, Cat. Coll. B. M., No. 25. Tt is of an uniform dull black colour,
the spots showing in particular lights. Mr. Elliot considered it a variety
of the Honiga, or panther, but it is generally a smaller animal, and is
almost always found in forests or forest country ; in this more resembling
the Leopard. It is found sparingly throughout India, from the Himalayas
to Malabar and Ceylon, and in Assam, the Malay peninsula, &ec. ; but
Ihave not seen it recorded from Africa. Mr. Hodgson is inclined to
consider it a distinct species.

The name leopard and also panther were originally both given to the
Cheeta, or hunting leopard, this being the Pard of the ancients ; but they

* Platforms erected on trees.

=v

ord

FELIS UNCIA. 101

have been so universally applied to the present species, that it would be
vain to attempt to restore these names to their legitimate owner.

106. Felis uncia.

ScHREBER.—BiytH, Cat. 174, Synops. 5.—Hopason, J. A. S. XI.
274.--F. uncioides, Hopason.—F. pardus apud Pattas.—Ff’. irbis,
Enrenserc.—/ker, Tibetan.— Sah, Bhot.—Phdlé, Lepch.—Burrel hay
of the Simla hills.—T7harwdq in Kunawur.—Snow Leopard of sports-
men.

THE OUNCE.

Descrv.—Ground-colour pale yellowish-gray ; head, cheeks, and back
of neck covered with small irregular dark spots, gradually changing
§ »§ y sims

posteriorly on the back and sides inte dark rings, running in lines on the

back, but irregularly distributed on the shoulders, sides, and haunch ;

_ from the middle of the back to near the root of the tail on the median

line is an irregular dark band, closely bordered on each side by a chain
of oblong rings almost confluent ; limbs with small dark spots ; lower
parts pale dingy yellowish-white, with some large dark spots about the
middle of the abdomen, the rest unspotted ; ears externally black at
the base, the tip yellow with a black edge; tail very long, thick, and
bushy, with incomplete broad bands, or with a double row of large black
patches, unspotted below.

Length, head and body, 4 feet 4 inches ; tail 3 feet ; height at shoulder
barely 2 feet.

The far throughout is very dense, and it has a well-marked though
short mane.

The Snow Leopard, as it is popularly called by sportsmen in the hills,
is found throughout the Himalayas ata great elevation, never very much
below the snows, at elevations varying with the season, from 9,000 to
18,000 feet. It is said to be more common on the Tibetan side of the
Himalayas; and it is found chiefly throughout the highland region of
Central Asia, but extending as far west as Smyrna.

The description above was taken from a fine specimen procured in
Sikim. It is stated to frequent rocky ground, and to kill the barrhel,
wild sheep ; hence one of its hill names ; also thd, domestic sheep, goats
and dogs ; but has never been known to attack man.

102 : FELID.

107. Felis Diardi.

Desmouins.—Biytu, Synopsis, 7.—/’. macrocelis, Temminck.— Figd.
Horsriexp, Zool. Res., Java.—/’. nebulosa, Grirriru, ed. Cuvier, with
figure.—/’. macroceloides, Hopeson, Cal. J. Nat. Hist. IV. 286.—
Buyrtnu, Cat. 175.—Figd. P. Z. 8. 1853, pl. XX XVIII.—Vexs n. sp.
Ticket, J. A. S. XII. with figure.—Zungmar, Lepch.—Zik, Bhot.—
Lamchittia of the Khas tribe.

Tue CLoupED LEoPARD.

Deser.—Ground-colour variable, usually pale greenish-brown, or dull
clay-brown, changing to paletawny on the lower parts and limbs internally,
almost white however in some ; in many specimens the fulvous or tawny
hue is the prevalent one ; a double line of small chain-like stripes from
the ears, diverging on the nape to give room to an inner and smaller
series ; large irregular clouded spots or patches on the back and sides,
edged very dark and crowded together ; loins, sides of belly, and belly
marked with irregular small patches and spots; some black lines on the
cheeks and sides of neck, and a black band across the throat; tail with
dark rings, thickly furred, long ; limbs bulky, and body heavy and stout ;
claws very powerful.

Length of one, head and body, 34 feet ; tail 3 feet; but it grows to a
larger size.

This handsome and powerful leopard is found, in our province, only
in the south-eastern portion of the Himalayas, usually at a moderate
elevation, 5,000 to 10,000 feet. It has been found in Nepal ? and Sikim,
extending through the mountainous regions of Burmah and the Malayan
peninsula in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Hodgson states that it occurs
in Tibet ; but as it is quite a forest leopard I doubt that, and fancy that
his shikarees must have misled him. I obtained the young from the
neighbourhood of Darjeeling, and it lived for some time, becoming very
tame and playful. Itis stated by the Lepchas to be very destructive to
sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs.

Mr. Blyth notices that some individuals have a cat-gray, and others a
fulvous ground-hue, and the markings vary to some extent, occasionally
even on the two sides of the same animal.

Other Asiatic leopards are Leopardus japonensis, Gray ; and Leopardus
brachywrus, Swinhoe ; respectively from Japan and Formosa.

aii is

FELIS VIVERRINA, 103

Another large leopard is the Jaguar of 8. America, /. onca, very
savage and dangerous, and of which a black variety is by no means
rare,

Next come the Cats. Of smaller size, and with shorter tails.

108. Felis viverrina.

Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1833.—Buiyru, Synops. 10.—/. viverriceps, Hope-
son.—Fied. Harpwicxe, Il]. Ind. Zool. IV. pl. 4.—/. celidogaster,
TreMMINCK, apud Gray and Briyrn, Cat. 179.—/’. himalayana, JARvINE,
Nat. Libr. pl. 26.—/. bengalensis apud Bucuanan Hamiiton.—ALach-
bagrul, also Bagh-dasha, Beng.

Tue LARGE TIGER-CAT.

Descr.—Of a mouse-gray colour, more or less deep, and sometimes
tinged with tawny, with large dark spots more or less numerous, oblong
on the back and neck, and in lines more or less rounded elsewhere, and
broken or coalescing ; cheeks white; a black face-stripe ; beneath dull
white ; chest with five or six dark bands ; belly spotted ; tail with six
or seven dark bands and a black tip ; feet unspotted; whiskers either
entirely white, or with a white tip.

Length, head and body, 30 to 34 inches, and sometimes more ; tail
104 to 124; height about 15 or 16 inches; weight of one 17 lb. The
ears are rather small and blunt, the pupil circular ; the fur coarse and
without any gloss ; the limbs short and very strong. The nasal bones
are somewhat attenuated, causing a narrowness of visage which has
suggested the names viverrina and viverriceps. In old animals the bony
orbital rings are complete.

This large tiger-cat is found throughout Bengal up to the foot of the
south-eastern Himalayas, extending into Burmah, China, andjMalayana.
I have not heard of its occurrence in Central India nor in the Carnatic, but
is tolerably common in Travancore and Ceylon, extending up the Malabar
coast as far as Mangalore. I have had one killed close to my house at
Tellicherry. In Bengal it inhabits low watery situations chiefly, and I
have often put it up on the edge of swampy thickets in Purneah. It is
said to be common in the Terai and marshy region at the foot of the
Himalayas, but apparently not extending further west than Nepal.
Buchanan Hamilton remarks, ‘In the neighbourhood of Calcutta it would

104 FELIDA.

seem to be common. It frequents reeds near water ; and besides fish,
preys upon Ampullarie, Unios, and various birds. It isa fierce untameable
creature, remarkably beautiful, but which has a very disagreeable smell.”
On this Mr. Blyth observes, ‘‘ I have not remarked the latter, though I
have had several big toms quite tame, and ever found this to bea
particularly tameable species. A newly caught male killeda tame young
leopardess of mine about double his size.” The Rev. Mr. Baker, writing
of its habits in Malabar, says “that it often kills pariah dogs ; and that _
he has known instances of slave children (infants) being taken from their
huts by this cat ; also young calves.”

It was considered the same as Temminck’s /’, celidogaster by ee in
which he was followed by Blyth in his Catalogue; but in his late Synopsis,
he states that ce/idogaster, Temminck, is an African species. J’. himalay-
anus apud Gray, remarks Mr. Blyth, 1. c., is perhaps true celidogaster,

109. Felis marmorata,

Martin.—Biytu, Synops. 8.—/. Charltoni, Gray.—Btiytu, Cat.
176.—F. Ogiibti, Hopeson ; probably also FF. Duvaucelli, Hopason,
and Leopardus dosul, Hopason, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B, M., new ed.—
LF’. Diardi apud Jarpive, Nat. Lib. Felide, figd.

Tue MARBLED TIGER-CAT.

Descr.—Ground-colour dingy-fulvous, occasionally yellowish-gray, the
body with numerous elongate, wavy black spots, somewhat clouded or
marbled ; the head and nape with some narrow blackish lines coalescing
into a dorsal interrupted band ; the thighs and part of the sides with
black round spots ; the tail black-spotted, and with the tip black ; belly
yellowish-white.

Length 18} to 23 inches, head and body; tail 14 to 15}; ears, from
crown of head, 2

This prettily marked wild cat has been found in the Sikim Himalayas,
in the hilly regions of Assam, Burmah, and Malayana, extending into the
islands of Java at all events. It was formerly considered by Mr. Blyth
to be the representative of the Malayan /’. marmorata, but in his Synopsis
he hag joined it to that species.

In the original edition of Hodgson’s British Museum collections, it is not

FELIS BENGALENSIS. 105

mentioned, and it first occurs in Horsfield’s paper on some new contri-
butions by Hodgson, presented in 1853, as 7. Charltoni, with the MS.
name by that gentleman of 7, Duvaucelli. In the recent edition of
Hodgson’s British Museum Collections, we find No. 26, Leopardus dosul,
syn. #. Duvaucelli and F. dosul, Hodgson ; but Hodgson himself
described it in 1846, in Cal. J. N. H., as #. Ogilbit.

I can find nothing recorded of the habits of this cat. Mr. Blyth
remarks that it has much the same distribution as /’. Diardi, or not per-
haps quite so extensive: and the ground-colour would similarly appear

to become more fulvous with age.

110. Felis bengalensis.

Desmoutins.—/’. sumatrana and I. javanensis, Horsrietp, Zool.
Res., Java, with figure.—Jarpinge, Nat. Libr., pl.—/F. minuta, Trm-
miInck.—J’”, undulata, Scuinz.—Ff. nipalensis and pardichrous, Hopason.
—Ff, , Exxtor, Cat. 29.—Leopardus chinensis, Reevesti, Hllioti ; and

Chaus servalinus, GRAY.

THe LEOPARD-CAT.

Descr.—Ground hue varying from fulvous-gray to bright tawny-yellow,
occasionally pale yellowish-gray or yellowish, rarely greenish-ashy, or
brownish-gray ; lower parts pure white ; four longitudinal spots on the
forehead, and in a line with these four lines run from the vertex to the
shoulders, the outer one broader, the centre ones narrower, these two
last continued almost uninterruptedly to the tail; the others pass into
large, bold, irregular, unequal, longitudinal spots on the shoulders, back,
and sides, generally arranged in five or six distinct rows, decreasing and
becoming round on the belly ; two narrow lines run from the eye along
the upper lip to a dark transverse throat-band ; and two similar transverse
bands run across the breast, with a row of spots between ; tail spotted
above, indistinctly ringed towards the tip ; the inside of the arm has
two broad bands, and the soles of all the feet are dark-brown. There is
generally a small white superciliary line.

Length, head and body, 24 to 26 inches; tail 11 or 12, and more.

From the numerous synonyms it will be seen that this is a variable
species, both as to the ground-colour of the animal, and the size and
boldness of its markings, though all retain much the same pattern as

106 FELIDA.

the example here described: Mr. Blyth states that 1”. javanensis differs
most from the type, approximating J. viverrina in colouring. Those
from Southern India appear to have both a richer ground-colour, and
the spots of a bolder pattern than most from the north of India ; but I
have seen some from the Himalayas very similar. In some the marks
have a marbled appearance ; in others they appear to be disposed more
irregularly and less in rows, and in some the spots are much smaller
than in typical specimens.

The original specimen described by Pennant was that of one said to
have swum on board ship at the mouth of the Hoogly, and it is said to
have coupled with English female cats, and that one of its offspring had
as little fear of water as its sire. I cannot help thinking that this must
hare been a specimen of F. viverrina rather than bengalensis, especially
as Buchanan Hamilton applied the latter name to viverrina.

The Leopard-cat is found throughout the hilly regions of India, from
the Himalayas to the extreme south and Ceylon, and in richly wooded
districts, at a low elevation occasionally, or where heavy grass jungle is
abundant, mixed with forest and brushwood. In the South of India
it is most abundant in Coorg, Wynaad, and the forest tract all along
the Western ghats ; but is rare on the east coast and in Central India.
It ascends the Himalayas to a considerable elevation, and is said by
Hodgson even to occur in Tibet, and is found at the level of the sea
in the Bengal Sunderbuns. It extends through Assam, Burmah, the
Malayan peninsula, to the islands of Java and Sumatra at all events.

Mr. Elliot says of his Wagati,* that “it is very fierce, living in trees
in the thick forests, and preying on birds and small quadrupeds. <A
shikaree declared that it drops on larger animals and even on deer,
and eats its way into the neck ; that the animal in vain endeavours to
roll or shake it off, and at last is destroyed.” In Coorg, I was informed
that it lives in hollow trees, and commits great depredations on the
poultry of the villagers. It also destroys hares, morse deer, &c. Hutton
says, ‘I have a beautiful specimen alive, so savage that I dare not touch
her. They breed in May, have only three or four young, in caves or
beneath masses of rock.” Mr. Blyth says, “ I have had many in captivity,
none of which ever showed a disposition to become tame and confiding,

* Mr. Elliot did not name this cat F. wagati, as is generally quoted, even by
Blyth, but simply gave it as No. 29, Felis ——. Wagati, Mahratta of the ghats,

—————————

FELIS AURATA. i 107

even though but half-grown when they came into my possession ; but
I never had a small kitten to begin with. It never paces its cage for
exercise during the daytime at least, but constantly remains crouched
in a corner, though awake and vigilant.” Ihave seen several caged, and
now possess one, all of which were quite untameable, and I noticed the
same repose during the day that Mr. Blyth observed.

Gray gives F. Wagati as synonymous with viverrina, in which he is
quite wrong. J, nipalensis, Vigors, sometimes referred to this, is pro-
bably a hybrid.

111. Felis Jerdoni.
Buytu, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 185; Synopsis, No, 12.

Tut Lesser LEoPpARD-CAT.

Descr.— Very similar in its markings to the preceding species ; but
the size of the full-grown animal much smaller,—that of /. rubiginosa ;
and the ground hue of the upper parts gray, untinged with fulvous.

“ Hab. Peninsula of India. I first detected an adult male and a kitten
of this species in the Museum at Madras, and find that there is an adult
specimen also in the British Museum.”

Nothing more is recorded of this cat, which may turn out to be only a
small variety of the last ; but see further on, page 109.

112. Felis aurata.

TemMinck. — 7’. moormensis, Hopcason. — 2. Temminckii, Vicors
(young).—Horsrigtp, Cat. 82.—Buiyru, Synops. 15.—/. nigrescens,
Hopeson, Cat. Coll. B. M., new ed., No. 30, black variety.

Tne Bay Cart,

Descr.—Ahbove deep bay-red ; paler beneath and on the sides; a few
indistinct dark spots on the sides ; throat white ; ears internally, and tip
of tail black. The lower surface in some is reddish-white, with large
and small marroon-brown spots; the cheeks are yellowish, with two
black streaks, and there is a pale black-edged line over the eyes ; the
whiskers are black with white tips, and the nails are black.

Length, head and body, 31 inches and more ; tail 19.

Mr. Blyth has lately determined the identity of Hodgson’s “ moormi

108 FELID.

eat” with Temminck’s 7’. aurata, the origin of which was not known.
Its dimensions are given, as head and body, 3 feet 4 inches ; tail 12}; but
if Hodgson is right in his measurements, that of the tail must be a mis-
take. Hodgson does not allude to the spots at all; but Blyth states
that a Nepalese specimen in the Indian Museum is very distinctly and
conspicuously spotted. He further writes me that it comes near Diardi
and marmorata. There is a very beautiful variety of a saturated brown
or black colour, of which Mr. Hodgson sent several specimens from
Darjeeling to the India House and British Museums. The tip of the
tail has a whitish discoloration.

Nothing is known of the habits of this cat, which is stated to inhabit
the central region of Nepal and Sikim.

113. Felis rubiginosa.

Ts, GEOFFROY.—BELANGER, Voyage, pl.— Vamali pilli, Tam.— BiytH,

Synops. 13.
Tue RUSTY-SPOTTED CAT.

Descr.—Greenish-gray, with a faint rufous tinge ; beneath and inside
of limbs white ; a white superciliary streak, extending on the side of the
nose ; two dark face-streaks ; top of head and nape with four narrow
dark-brown stripes, becoming interrupted posteriorly, ang passing into
a series of rusty-coloured spots on the back and sides, somewhat longi-
tudinal on the back, but roundish on the sides; tail short, more rufous
than the body, and uniform in colour, or very indistinctly spotted, the
tip not dark ; the lower surface and inside of the limbs with large
dark-brown spots; feet rufous-gray above, black on the soles ; ears
small; whiskers long, white ; fur short and very soft.

Length, head and body, 16 to 18 inches ; tail 95.

This cat varies somewhat, it appears, both in the ground-colour of
the fur and the character of the spots. Is. Geoffroy calls the ground-
colour reddish-gray, and Kelaart describes it as ferruginous grayish-
brown. The latter calls the spots on the body dark ferruginous-brown,
almost black on the limbs. It appears to be very rare in museums, and
I have not had many specimens, but in all the spots were rusty, and
the fur much of the same hue, more or less tinged with rufous.

I have only procured this cat in the Carnatic, in the vicinity of Nellore

and Madras. Belanger’s specimen was procured in the same district, at

FELLS RUBIGINOSA. 109

Pondicherry, and I never saw or heard of it in Central India, or on the
Malabar coast. It occurs in Ceylon also, but there, according to Kelaart,
is found, not in the northern provinces, which resemble the Carnatic, but
in the south, and on the hills, even at Newera-ellia. This distribution,
and the somewhat different character of the markings, incline me to
think that this may be a different species, and I think it possible that it
may be Felis Jerdoni of Blyth, which that gentleman recently writes
ime is perhaps the representative of /. rwbiginosa on the Malabar coast.
In the British Museum there is a specimen stated to be from Malacca,
but Mr. Blyth is inclined to think this a mistake.

This very pretty little cat frequents grass in the dry beds of tanks,
brushwood, and occasionally drains in the open country and near villages,
and is said not to be a denizen of the jungles. I hada kitten brought
me when very young (in 1846), and it became quite tame, and was the
delight and admiration of all who sawit. Its activity was quite marvel-
lous, and it was very playful and elegant in its motions. When it was
about eight months old, I introdueed it into a room where there was a
small fawn of the Gazelle, and the little creature flew at it the moment
it saw it, seized it by the nape, aud was with difficulty taken off. I lost
it shortly after this. It would occasionally find its way to the rafters
of bungalows and hunt for squirrels. Mr. W. Elliot notices that he has
seen several undoubted hybrids between this and the domestic cat, and
I have also observed the same.

Felis pianiceps, Vigors, from the Malayan peninsula, is the only
other Asiatic cat of this division known at present. There are many
from Africa and America, besides the wild cat of Europe, /. sylvestris.
The North African, 7. maniculata and F’. margarita, are considered to be
two species, from which some of our domestic races may have originated,
but several species are known to breed freely with the domestic cat in
different parts of the world.

Other well-known species are the Ocelot of South America, /’. par-
dalis ; the Serval of Africa, /’. serval, a very beautiful long-limbed cat;
allied to the Lynxine group ; and there are very many others.

2nd. Lynxine group. Distinguished by a more slender form of
skeleton ; a somewhat large and pointed ear, which is more or less
tufted in general; and a short tail. Mr. Blyth approximates the
domestic cats and their aftines to this group.

The first is by no means a typical form of Lynx.

110 FELIDA.

114. Felis torquata.

F, Cuvier, fid. Buytu, Synops. 16.—/’. ornata, GRAY.—HABDWICKE,
Ill. Ind. Zool. (bad figure, the colour much too pronounced).—BLytu,
Cat. 184.—J/’, servalina, JARDINE, Nat. Libr. pl.—/. Huttoni, Buyru.—
Leopardus ticonspicwus, GRAY.

Tue SpotteD Wixtp Cart.

Desc.—Ground-colour of the fur cat-gray, more or less fulvescent, or
pale grayish-fulvous, with numerous small black roundish spots ; on the
head, nape, and shoulders the spots are smaller, and tend to form longi-
tudinal lines on the occiput and nape ; some distinct cross bands on the
limbs, with one or two black streaks within the arm ; cheek striped as
usual; the breast spotted, but the belly almost free from spots ; tail
short, with a well-defined series of dark rings and a black tip; ears
externally dull rufous, with a very small dusky pencil-tuft ; cheek-
‘stripes as usual ; paws blackish underneath.

Length, head and body, about 16 to 18 inches, tail 10 to 11.

The fur is more or less dense, and the markings are much brighter
and more distinct in some than in others, but never so much so, that I
have seen, as in the figure in Hardwicke’s illustrations. Specimens
from the Salt range of the Panjab and Hazara, whence sent by Captain
Hutton, vary somewhat, and were at one time considered distinct by
Blyth. The markings in this variety often form somewhat large trans-
verse ill-defined stripes on the sides and limbs. Length 2 feet ; tail 1.

Mr. Blyth first obtained it from the district of Hurriana, near Hansi ;
and Dr. Scott, who sent the specimens, stated that “‘ itis very common
at Hansi, frequenting open sandy plains, where the field-rat must be
its principal food. I hardly ever remember seeing it in what could be
called jungle, or even in grass. One of these spotted cats lived for
a long time under my haystack, and I believe it to have been the
produce of a tame cat by a wild one. The wild one I have seen of half
a dozen shades of colour, and you also frequently see a tendency in
these cats to run into stripes, especially on the limbs.”

I have procured it at Hissar, where it is common ; at Mhow, far from
rare ; also at Saugor, and near Nagpore, rarely; but it does not appear
to extend into the Gangetic valley, and is rare south of the Nerbudda.
Those I obtained at Mhow and Saugor were generally killed by my
greyhounds in corn and stubble fields, but I have seen it in date-groves

a ane ene

FELIS CHAUS. Wh

though never in jungle. At Hissar it is almost always found among
the low sand-hills, occasionally in bare fields, usually in the same
ground as the desert fox (Vulpes leucopus). Tere it appears to feed
chiefly on the jerboa-rat (Gerbillus indicus), so abundant in the sandy
tract there.

I have followed Blyth, in his recent Synopsis, ,in giving this species
as the F. torquata of F. Cuvier. In his Catalogue, he assigns Colonel
Sykes’s J’. torquata also to this species, but in a recent letter to me he
writes, that he is inclined to consider Sykes’s cat as either a domestic
cat run wild, or a hybrid. Colonel Sykes states of his species, that it
“frequents the grass roofs of houses, thick hedges, and obscure places in
cantonments, shunning the face of man and the light ; but it is con-
stantly on the alert at night. It is a pest from the damage it does in
ponltry-yards in the Dekhan.” These habits are so perfectly opposed
to those of our wild cat, which is constantly abroad all the day in open
ground, and whose habitat is so different, that I can only conclude with
Blyth, that it is merely a domestie cat run wild, many of which are
found in all cantonments. It may indeed be a hybrid between the
spotted and the domestic cat. The description by Gray of /. incon-
spicuus differs a good deal, and it is said to have a long tail. The
figure in Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library (7. servalina) is not a bad
representation of the wild cat. Blyth formerly gave Gray’s Chaus
servalinus as a synonym of this cat, but now refers it to 1. bengalensis.

The next cat is not a typical Lynx, and it has been separated

generically as Chaus, Gray.

115. Felis chaus.

Guipewstapt.—F, Cuvier, Mamm. 3, pl. 32.—Bryru, Cat. 186,
and Synops. 19-—/. affinis, Gray. Harpwicxe, Ml. Ind. Zool. fig.—
F. kutas, Puarson.—F. (lynchus) erythrotis, Hopcsoy.— Ll’, Jacquemontit,
Ts, Grorrroy, figd. Jacquemont, Voy. pl.—Chaus lybicus, GRAY.—
Katds, Beng. and H.—Jangli-billi, H.— Banberdl, B.— Birka of Bhagul-
pore hill tribes.—J/ant bek, Can.—Kada bek or Bella bek of Waddars.
—Vota lahn manjur, Mahr.—Bhaoga, Mahr. of the ghats.—Jinka pila,
Tel. —Cherru puli, Mal.

Tue Common JUNGLE-cAT.

Deser.—Yellowish-grey, more or less dark and unspotted, approaching
to rufous on the sides of the neck and abdomen, where it unites with

iY PELID.

the white lower parts ; a dark stripe from the eyes to the muzzle ; ears
slightly tufted, rufous-black externally, white internally ; limbs with
two or three dark stripes internally, occasionally faintly marked ex-
ternally also ; tail short, more or less annulated with black, most con-
spicuously in the young.

Length, head and body, 26 inches; tail 9 to 10; height at shoulder
14 to 15.

A drawing of this species, in Buchanan Hamilton’s collection, has the
marks on the limbs very conspicuous externally, and also those on the
belly, and the face very rufous ; whilst some from Sindh and the Punjab
Salt range (1. Jacquemontit) have no black markings on the limbs, and
there are two or three faint blackish rings at the end of the tail.

This is the common wild cat over all India, from the Himalayas to
Cape Comorin, and from the level of the sea to 7,000 or 8,000 feet of
elevation. It frequents alike jungles and the open country, and is very
partial to long grass and reeds, sugar-cane fields, corn-fields, &c. It does
much damage to game of all kinds—hares, partridges, &c.,—and quite
recently I shot a peafowl at the edge of a sugar-cane field, when one of
these cats sprang out, seized the peafowl, and after a short struggle (for
the bird was not dead) carried it off before my astonished eyes, and in
spite of my running up, made good his escape with his booty. It must
have been stalking these very birds, so immediately did its spring follow
my shot. It is occasionally very destructive to poultry.

It is said to breed twice a year, and to have three or four young ata
birth. I have very often had the young brought me, but always failed
in rearing them, and they always evinced a most savage and untameable
disposition. I have seen numbers of cats about villages in various parts
of the country, that must have been hybrids between this cat and tame
ones; and Mr. Elliot, as quoted by Blyth, says the same.

A melanoid variety is not very rare in some parts, Dr. Scott has
procured it both near Hansi and in the neighbourhood of Umballa.

This jungle-cat appears to be found throughout Africa, most abundant
perhaps in the north.

The next species is a true Lynx, with the ear pointed and the tuft
well developed. The small foremost upper false molar tooth is generally
deficient in the adult lynxes, if not in the young also. Their talons
though slender are very sharp. Most have a facial ruff, and pointed
tuft and beard, which are both wanting in the Indian species.

FELIS CARACAL. te

116. Felis caracal.

SCHREBER.—BiytuH, Cat. 187; Synopsis, 20.—Caracal melanotis,
Gray.—Wotr, Zool. Drawings.—Siagosh, H., 7. e. black-ear.

THe Rep Lynx.

Descr.—General colour unspotted vinous-brown or bright fulvous-
brown, paler beneath, almost white in many ; tail concolorous with the
body, tapering, with the tip black ; lower parts with some obscure spots,
at times distinct, on the belly, flanks, and inside of limbs ; ears black
externally, white within, with a long dark ear-tuft ; a black spot where
the moustaches grow, and another above the eye, also a line down each
side of the nose.

Length 26 to 30 inches; tail 9 or 10 ; ear 3 ; height 16 to 18 inches.

This handsome animal is found, though rarely, in many parts of
India. I have had it from the Northern Circars on the east coast ;
from the Neermul jungles between Hydrabad and Nagpore ; and from
the Vindhian range of hills near Mhow. It was sent to Mr. Blyth from
Jeypore. It appears to be more abundant perhaps in the west of India,
in Kandeish, Gujrat, and Cutch ; and the Guicowar is said to keep a
pack of trained lynxes with which he hunts peafowl, hares, &c. It
appears to be quite unknown in the Himalayas and in Bengal, and the
countries to the eastward. The Bheels about Mhow assert that it kills
many peafowl, hares, &c., in its wild state, and itis occasionally trained to
stalk peafowl, hares, kites, crows, cranes, &c. &c. It is found in Persia
and Arabia ; in Tibet, where it is sometimes trained, and throughout
all Africa.

The common lynx of Tibet is /. isabellina, Blyth, and there is a small
cat-like species in the same country, /. manul, Pallas (7. nigripectus,
Hodgson). There is also recorded a /. megalotis, Temminck, from
Timor. Other lynxes are the European red lynx, J. lynx, Temminck ;
the great lynx, /. cervaria, L. ; the pardine lynx, of Spain, /. pardina ;
and the arctic lynx, /. borealis, Temminck ; all four found in Europe,
and the last in North America also ; and the bay lynx, /. rufa, peculiar
to North America.

The last of the Indian Felide differs a good deal from the others in
having the claws only partially retractile, in being of a much more
slender make, and with longer limbs ; and it has been separated generally
as Cynailurus, Wagner.

114 FELID A.

117. Felis jubata.

Scureser.—J/. guttata, Hermann.—J/. venatica, A. Smita.—Chita, H.
—Yuz, of the trainers.— Kendua bagh, Beng. —Laggar, in some parts.—
Chita puli, Tel.—Chircha and Stwungi, Can.—The Cheeta, or Hunting

Leopard.
Tue Huntinc LEoPARD.

Descr. — Bright rufous-fawn with numerous black spots, not in
rosettes ; a black streak from the corner of each eye down the face ;
tail with black spots and the tip black ; ears short and round ; tail long,
much compressed towards the end ; hair of belly long and shaggy, and
with a considerable mane ; pupils circular ; points of the claws always
visible ; the figure slender, small in the loins like a greyhound ; limbs long.

Length, head and body, about 44 feet ; tail 24 ; height 24 to 2 feet.

This animal was the original Panther and Leopardus of the ancients,
who considered (with the Arabs of the present day in Northern Africa)
that it was a breed between the lion and the pard.

The hunting leopard is found throughout Central and part of Southern
India, and in the North-west from Kandeish, through Sindh and Raj-
pootana to the Punjab.

Tt is also found in South-western Asia, as far as Syria and Mesopo-
tamia, and throughout Africa, It is stated to exist in Ceylon (fid. Baker
ex Blyth), but I doubt extremely its occurring in thatisland. I have met
with it myself in the Deccan, near Jaulna, and near Saugor in Central
India, in both cases in tolerably open ground where the common antelope
was abundant. In the one instance I turned it out of a small low bér
bush, along with a jackal that was keeping it company ; and near Saugor
I saw a pair of them stalking some nil-ghai in mid-day. I had one
young one brought to me also at Saugor, only a very few days old. It
was clad with long hair of a greenish fawn-colour without spots, and it
was not for several days that I recognized it to be the Cheeta :—the cheek-
stripe was the first mark that appeared. Antelope, gazelle, and nil-ghai
are said to be its chief food in the wild state, but it is said occasionally
to carry sheep off. Native shikarees assert that it usually has its lair
among rocks, and feeds only every third day, sleeping the two others.

I brought up the young one above alluded to along with some grey-
hound pups, and they soon became excellent friends. Even when nearly
full grown it would play with the dogs (who did not over relish his

FELIS JUBATA. 115

bounding at them), and was always sportive and frolicsome. It got
much attached to me, at once recognizing his name (Billy), and he would
follow me on horseback like a dog, every now and then sitting down for a
few seconds, and then racing on after me. It was very fond of being
noticed, and used to purr just like a cat. It used to climb on any high
object,—the stump of a tree, a stack of hay, and from this elevated perch
watch all round for some moving object. As it grew up, it took first to
attacking some sheep which I had in the compound, but I cured it of this
by a few sound horsewhippings ; then it would attack donkeys, and get
well kicked by them ; and when not half-grown it flew one day at a full-
grown tame nil-ghai, and mauled its legs very severely before it could be
called off. I had some chikaras (Gazella Bennettit) caught, and let loose
before it to train it. The young cheeta almost always caught them
easily, but it wanted address to pull them down, and did not hold them.
Occasionally, if the antelope got too far away, it would give up the
chase, but if I then slipped a greyhound, it would at once follow the
dog and join the chase. It was gradually getting to understand its
work better, and had pulled down a well-grown antelope fawn when I
parted with it, as I was going on field service.

Its mode of hunting the antelope has often been described ; and I
transfer an account of it from the pages of the Indian Sporting Review.

“Ona hunting party,” says Buchanan Hamilton, “ the cheeta is carried
on a cart, hooded, and when the game is raised the hood is taken off.
The cheeta then leaps down, sometimes on the opposite side to its prey,
and pursues the antelope. If the latter are near the cart, the cheeta
springs forward with a surpassing velocity, perhaps exceeding that which
any other quadruped possesses. This great velocity is not unlike the
sudden spring by which the tiger seizes its prey, but it is often continued
for three or four hundred yards. If within this distance the cheeta does
not seize its prey, he stops, but apparently more from anger or disappoint-
ment than from fatigue, for his attitude is fierce, and he has been known
immediately afterwards to pursue with equal rapidity another antelope
that happened to be passing. If the game is at too great a distance when
the cheeta’s eyes are uncovered, he in general gallops after it until it ap-
proaches so near that he can seize it by a rapid spring. This gallop is as
quick as the course of well-mounted horsemen. Sometimes, but rarely,
the cheeta endeavours to approach the game by stealth, and goes round
a hill or rock until he can come upon it by surprise. This account of the

oy

116 FELID®.

manner of hunting I collected from the conversation of Sir Arthur
Wellesley, who, while Commanding Officer at Seringapatam, kept five
cheetas that formerly belonged to Tippoo Sultan.” Mr. Vigne writes
thus: “The hunting with cheetas has often been described, but it re-
quires strong epithets to give an idea of the creature’s speed. When
slipped from the cart, he first walks towards the antelope with his tail
straightened, and slightly raised, the hackle on his shoulder erect, his head
depressed, and his eyes intently fixed upon the pooranimal,who does notyet
perceive him. As the antelope moves, he does the same, first trotting, then
cantering after him, and when the prey starts off, the cheeta makes a rush,
to which (at least I thought so) the speed of a race-horse was for the
moment much inferior. The cheetas that bound or spring upon their prey
are not much esteemed, as they are too cunning ; the good ones fairly run it
down. When we consider that no English greyhound ever yet I believe
fairly ran into a doe antelope, which is faster than the buck, some idea may
be formed of the strides and velocity of an animal, who usually closes with
her immediately, but fortunately cannot draw a second breath, and con-
sequently, unless he strike the antelope down at once, is obliged instantly
to stop and give up the chase. He then walks about for three or four
minutes in a towering passion, after which he again submits to be helped
on the cart. He always singles out the biggest buck from the herd, and
holds him by the throat until he is disabled, keeping one paw over the
horns to prevent injury to himself. The doe he seizes in the same manner,
but is careless of the position in which he may hold her.” The natives
assert that (in the wild state) if the ground is not very favourable for his
approaching them without being seen, he makes a circuit to the place where
he thinks they will pass over, and if there is not grass enough to cover
him, he scrapes up the earth all round, and lies flat until they approach so
near that by a few bounds he can seize on his prey. Mr. W. Elliot says,
“they are taught always to single out the buck, which is generally the last
in the herd ; the meer-shikars are unwilling to slip till they get the herd to
run across them, when they drive on the cart, and unhood the cheeta.”

I have only to add to this on my own testimony, that I have often
seen it, when unhooded at some distance from the antelope, crouch along
the ground, and choose any inequality of surface to enable it to get within
proper distance of the antelope. As to Vigne’s idea of its rush being made
durimg one breath, I consider it a native one and unfounded ; and I may

say the same of its holding one paw over the horns of the buck. The

=a > gle

FELIS JUBATA. 117

cheeta, after felling the antelope, seizes it by the throat, and when the
keeper comes up, he cuts its throat and collects some of the blood in the
wooden ladle from which it is always fed: this is offered to the cheeta,
who drops his hold, and laps it up eagerly, during which the hood is
cleverly slipped on again. My tame cheeta, when hungry or left alone
(for it appeared unhappy when away from the dogs and with no one
near it), had a plaintive cry, which Blyth appropriately calls a “ bleat-
like mew.” Shikarees always assert that if taken as cubs they are useless
for training, till they have been taught by their parents how to pull
down their prey. This opinion is corroborated, in part at least, by my
experiences with the tame one mentioned above.

Out of the fifteen species of Yeline included here, five are common to
India and Africa ; viz., the Lion, the Pard, the Cheeta, the Chaus, Wild
Cat, and the Caracal or Lynx. Seven are common to India and
Malayana, including Burmah, Assam, &e. ; viz. the Tiger, the Pard, the
Clouded Leopard, the Marbled Tiger-cat, the Large Tiger-cat, the Leo-
pard-cat, and the Bay Cat, of which three only occur (in our province)
in the south-east Himalayas, viz., the Clouded, the Marbled Cat, and the
Bay Cat; one, the Ounce, is an outlier of Central Asia ; and only three
appear peculiar to the peninsula of India; viz., the small Tiger-cat
(Jerdont), the Rusty-spotted Cat, and the Spotted Wild Cat.

Fam, VIVERRID.

5—5 ta 6—6

Molars vary in number from
4-1 6—6

; feet tetradactylous or

pentadactylous.,

The Civets, as usually recognized, comprise a varied assemblage of
animals exclusively confined to the eastern continent, and chiefly to the
warmer regions thereof. They most of them possess a pouch under the
anus. _ They are divided into the Hyenas and the true Civets.

Sub-fam. Hy2nIn&.

Molar teeth es or 58

; feet tetradactylous; trunk declining

backwards from the shoulders ; tail short.

In general form hyzenas resemble dogs more than cats, and Linnzus
classed them with the former, to which they appear united by the Zycaon
pictus of South Africa. In their dentition they more resemble Yelide.
They have three false molars above and four below, all conical, blunt and

118 HY ENINA.

very large ; their upper flesh-tooth has a small tubercle within and in
front ; but the lower one has none, presenting two stout cutting points ;
behind it is one tubercular molar in the upper jaw, none in the lower
jaw. The hind legs are much bent, so that the hind quarters are always
lower than the shoulders. The feet have usually four strong claws,
which are not retractile. The tongue is rough with recurved spines.
They mostly occur in Africa, one only extending to Asia. Blyth con-
siders that they are physiologically most nearly related to the Civets, as
shown by their rough tongue, the form of their cecum, the structure of
their reproductive organs, their anal pouch, and style of colouring.

Gen. Hy2nNa.

Char.—Incisors = ; canines — 3 premolars

—l
aa molars Toi?
feet all with four toes. Other characters those of the sub-family.

Hyenas have a short solid skull, short muzzle, the cervical vertebre
often anchylosed ; 15 to 16 pairs of ribs ; tibia and fibula very short ;
claws stout and blunt. Beneath the tail is a deep pouch analogous to that
in the Civets, but not secreting an odorous substance. Their temporal
muscles are very large and powerful, as are those of the neck, and their
jaws and teeth are strong enough to enable them to crush large bones.
They are quite nocturnal in their habits, living in holes and caverns, and
feeding chiefly on the remains of carcasses, but they not unfrequently carry
offdogs. They are easily tamed, are even susceptible of attachment ; and
it is stated that tame individuals are occasionally used as watch-dogs.

There is only one species in India, which is spread over great part of
Asia and Africa.

118. Hyena striata.

ZIMMERMANN.—Z. vulgaris, DesmMAREST.—EL.I07, Cat. 24.—Biytu,
Cat. 138.— Taras, H. (in the South) and Mahr.—Hwndar in some parts.
—Jhirak, H., in Hurriana.—Lakhar baghar, H., in the North of India ;
also Lokra bag, or Lakar bégh’; also Lakra bagh.—Naukra bagh, Ben.
—Harviagh, in some parts.—Rérdé in Central India.— Kirba and Kat-
kirba, Can.—Korna gandu, Tel.

THE StripeD Hyana.

Descr.—Of a pale yellowish-gray colour, with transverse tawny
stripes; neck and back maned,

acre ©

HYANA STRIATA. 119

Length of one, 3 feet 6 inches to root of tail; tail 17 inches.

The Hyzena is common over the greater part of India, most rare in the
forest districts, and abundant in open country, especially where low hills
and ravines offer convenient spots for the holes and caverns it frequents.
It is not enumerated by Kelaart from Ceylon. It is quite nocturnal,
sallying forth after dark and hunting for carcasses, the bones of which it
gnaws, occasionally catching some prowling dog, or stray sheep as a
“bonne bouche.” Adams says that it is “very destructive to poultry.”
This I have not heard noticed elsewhere. Now and then one will be
found in the early morning making its way back to its den, but in general
it is safe in its lair long before sunrise. I have more than once turned
one out of a sugar-cane field when looking for jackals, and it very
commonly lurks among ruins ; but in general its den is in a hole dug by
itself on the side of a hill or ravine, or a cave ina rock. The call of the
Hyeena is a very disagreeable unearthly cry, and dogs are often tempted
out by it when near, and fall a victim to the stealthy marauder. On
one occasion a small dog belonging to an officer of the Madras 33rd
N. I., was taken off by a hyena very early in the morning. The den
of this beast was known to be not far off in some sandstone cliffs (at
Dumoh, near Saugor), and some sepoys of the detachment went after it,
entered the cave, killed the hyzena, and recovered the dog alive, and with
but little damage done to it!

A hyena, though it does not appear to move very fast, gets over rough
ground in a wonderful manner, and it takes a good long run to overtake
it on horseback unless in most favourable ground. A stray hyzena is
now and then met with by a party of sportsmen, followed and speared ;
but sometimes not till after a run of three or four miles if the ground is
broken by ravines. It is a cowardly animal, and shows but little fight
when brought to bay. The young are very tameable, and show great
signs of attachment to their owner, in spite of all that has been written
about the untameable ferocity of the Hyzena.

Other species of hyena are H. crocata, the Spotted Hyena, and
H. brunnea, the Woolly Hyzna, both from Southern Africa. The Proteles
Lalandii, Is. Geoffroy, also an African animal, most resembles a hyena
in outward appearance, but has an anomalous form of dentition. The
canines are moderately large, there are three false molars, and one small
tuberculous back molar ; and all are small and separated by intervals.
Tt has five toes before and four behind.

120 VIVERRIN 2.

Sub-fam. VIvERRIN#, Civets.

Molar teeth mostly = viz., three false molars above, and four below,

the anterior of which sometimes fall ont ; two tolerably large tuberculous
teeth above, only one below ; the lower flesh-tooth with two tubercules on

3—3 1—1
its inner side. Dental formula, incisors 333 canines 7— 3 premolars
3—3 3—3 5
; molars . The canines are moderately large and sharp, the

false molars conical and pointed. Feet mostly digitigrade, the posterior
in some partially plantigrade, with four or five toes, the claws in a few
semi-retractile.

The Civets are animals of more or less elongated form, with the muzzle
produced, and a long and generally tapering tail. The tongue is rough
from rigid papille directed backwards ; and most of them have a large
glandular pouch between the anus and the genital organs, secreting an
odorous substance. The pupils contract circularly. They are nocturnal
in their habits ; and, according to their genus, are more or less carnivorous
in their habits. Their hair is usually coarse and harsh.

Gen. ViverRA, Linn.

Teeth as in the sub-family ; feet pentadactylous, the claws small, in-
curved, blunt, partially retractile; the pollex small and raised. Fur
usually spotted.

The anal pouch is large, and divided into two sacs. It secretes a
strongly odorous sebaceous substance called civet. The pupil is vertical
and oblong. They have a more or less erectile mane along the back, and
are moderate-sized animals, most of them larger than a cat. The female
has six teats. Their diet is partly carnivorous, but they will also feed on
vegetable substances. There are three species in our province. They are
divisible into two sections, which have been made the types of genera.

Ist. Size large, does not climb, thumb not remote, s. g. Viverra.

119. Viverra Zibetha.

Linnxus.—Brytu, Cat. 141.—V. bengalensis, GRAyY.— HARDWICK, II.
Ind. Zool. 2, pl. 5.—V. undulata, Gray.—V. melanurus and V. orientalis,
Hopeson ; also V. Civettoides, ejusdem.—Horsrietp, Cat. 87.—Katds,
H., (used for several other animals as well) —JMach-bhondar, Bengal ; also

‘VIVERRA CIVETTINA. 121

Bédgdos and Pudo-gaula, in some parts.—Zhrdn in the Nepal Terai,
and Nit biralu in Nepal.—Aving, Bhot.—Saphiong, Lepch. The Zibet
of Shaw. '

Tue LARGE CIvET-CAT.

Descr.—More or less yellow-gray, or hoary gray, with black spots and
stripes ; throat white, with a broad transverse band ; another on the
side of the neck on each side, showing four alternating black and white
bands ; beneath hoary white ; tail with six black rings ; limbs nearly
black or sooty brown. In some the body is nearly immaculate; in
others, marked with numerous dark wavy bands ; mane distinct.

Length, head and body, 33 to 36 inches ; tail 13 to 20 (with the hair).

This large civet-cat inhabits Bengal, extending northwards into Nepal
and Sikim, and into Cuttack, Orissa, and Central India on the south ; but
replaced on the Malabar coast by the next species. It also extends into
Assam, Burmah, Southern China, and parts of Malayana. It is perhaps
the large variety of V. Rasse, indicated by Sykes as found in the country
east of the Ghats; 28 inches long, with a more ferruginous tint, and
the black lines on the neck more marked. It is said to frequent brush-
wood and grass; also the dense thorny scrub that usually covers the
bunds of tanks. Itis very carnivorous, and destructive to poultry, game,
&c., but will also, it is said, eat fish, crabs, and insects. It breeds in
May and June, and has usually four or five young. Hounds, and indeed
all dogs, are greatly excited by the scent of this civet, and will leave
any other scent for it. It will take readily to water if hard pressed.

The drug called civet is produced from the subcaudal gland of this
animal, which is 2} inches in diameter. In some parts the drug is
collected periodically from animals kept for this purpose.

120. Viverra Civettina.
BiytH, Cat. 40.—V. Zibetha, apud WATERHOUSE, Cat. Mus. Zool. Soe.

THe MALABAR CIVET-CAT.

Descr.—* Like the African V. Civetta, but the mane commences be-
tween the shoulders instead of from between the ears.” Dusky gray,
with large transverse dark marks on back and sides ; two obliquely
transverse dark lines on the neck, which, with the throat, is white ; a

122 VIVERRIN&.

dark mark on the cheek ; tail ringed with dark bands ; feet dark. Size
of the last, or nearly so.

This species differs chiefly from V. Zibetha in the more pronounced
character of the dark marks, and in the purer gray of the ground colour ;
and it would perhaps be considered by some as a climatal variety ; indeed,
Mr. Blyth himself, in a note to this species (Cat. p. 44), says ‘the differ-
ence however is scarcely greater from V. Zibetha than in the most dissi-
milar examples of /elis bengalensis.” All that I have seen, however, were
quite true to the particular type of marking, and in no case showed any
tendency to the uniformity of coloration sometimes met with in Zibetha.

The Malabar civet-cat is found throughout the Malabar coast, from
the latitude of Honore at all events to Cape Comorin, and very possibly
it extends further north. It inhabits the forests and the richly wooded
low land chiefly, but is occasionally found on the elevated forest tracts
of Wynaad, Coorg, &c. It is very abundant in Travancore, whence I
have had many specimens. It is not recorded from Ceylon, but most
probably will be found there. I have procured it close to my own house
at Tellicherry, and seen specimens from the vicinity of Honore. I
never obtained it from the Eastern Ghats nor in Central India. It is
stated by the natives to be very destructive to poultry.

Viverra Tangalunga, Gray, is very closely allied to V. Zibetha. It
inhabits the Malayan peninsula and islands as far as the Philippines.
V. Civetta, vera, is from Africa.

2nd group. Size small, vermiform; nails more raptorial ; thumb
remote ; of scansorial habits.

s. g. Viverricula, Hodgson.

121. Viverra malaccensis,

GMELIN.—BLytu, Cat. 143.—V. indica, Grorrroy.—E 1107, Cat. 20.
—V. Rasse, HoRsFIELD, apud SyKes, Cat.—V. pallida, Gray (variety),
figd. Harpwicks, Ill. Ind. Zool. 2, pl. 6.—Mushak billi, H.— Kasturi,

Mahr. ; also Jowddi manjur—Gando gaula or Gandha gokul, Beng.— |

Pinagin bek, Can.— Prinagi pilli, Tel., these names all signifying musk-
cat ; popularly Katds, Beng. —Sayer and Bug-nyil, in the Nepal Terai.

THe Lesser CIveET-CAT.

Descr.—Tawny gray or grayish-brown, with several longitudinal lines

VIVERRA MALACCENSIS. £23

or streaks on the back and croup; the side spotted more or less in rows;
some transverse bands on the sides of the neck, and also a few indistinct
lines ; abdomen without spots ; head darker, with a black stripe from the
ear to the shoulder ; tail long, with eight or nine complete dark rings.

Length, head and body, 22 or 23 inches; tail 16 or 17.

This civet-cat is found over the whole continent of India, from the
foot of the Himalayas to Cape Comorin and Ceylon, and extends through
Assam and Burmah to the Malayan peninsula and islands. It lives in
holes in the ground or in banks, occasionally under rocks, or in dense
thickets, now and then taking shelter in drains and out-houses.

Mr. Hodgson says, “these animals dwell in forests or detached woods
and copses, whence they wander freely into the open country by day
(occasionally at least) as well as by night. They are solitary and single
wanderers, even the pair being seldom seen together, and they feed
promiscuously upon small animals, birds’ eggs, snakes, frogs, insects ; be-
sides some fruits or roots. In the Terai a low caste of woodmen, called
Musahirs, eat the flesh.” The female has six ventral teats, and has
usually four or five young ata birth. It is frequently kept in confine-
ment in India, and becomes quite tame, contrary to what Horsfield says
of it inJava. I have had several myself perfectly tame, that caught rats
and squirrels at times, as also sparrows and other birds. The civet is
extracted by the natives from these kept in confinement.

The Genets, Genetta, Cuvier, have the pouch very small, and the secre-
tion scarcely discernible, the claws quite retractile, and the pupil vertical.
They are smaller and more slender animals than the Civets, with the
markings generally more pronounced. There are several species, all
African, and one extending to the South of Europe.

Near the Genets should be placed the next animal, which at one time
was classed along with the Feline.

Gen, Prionopon, Horsfield.
Syn. Linsang, Miiller.
Char.—Molars =

: ; false molars three-lobed or serrated ; body slen-

der ; limbs short ; tail very long, cylindrical ; feet with the claws quite
retractile ; a fifth toe on the hind feet ; thumbs of both feet approximate
to the other digits ; soles all well furred.

No anal pouch is present, and the tongue is rough with retroverted

124 VIVERRINZ.

prickles. The female has four teats, two pectoral and two inguinal.
This genus was founded by Horsfield on a Malayan animal from Java.
Tt forms quite a link between the Cats and Civets. The fur is short and
close, resembling that of the Cats.

122, Prionodon pardicolor.

Hopeson.—Cale. J. N. A. 2, 57, with figure.*—Zik-chiim, Bhot.—
Stliya, Lepch.

Tue TIGER-CIVET.

Descr.—Rich orange-buff or fulvous, spotted with black ; the neck
above with four irregular lines ; the body above and on the sides with
large entire elliptic or squarish marks, eight in transverse, and seven in
longitudinal series, diminishing in size from the dorsal ridge, which has
an interrupted dark line, and extending outside the limbs to the digits ;
below entirely unspotted; tail with eight or nine nearly perfect and
equal rings.

Length, head and body, about 16 inches ; tail 14; height 6 or so.

This very beautiful animal is said to have the manners of the Cats, to
spring and climb with great power, to prey on small mammals and birds,
and to frequent trees much in search of the former, as well as for shelter.
Hodgson says, “equally at home on trees or on the ground, it dwells
and breeds in the hollows of decayed trees.” It has only been obtained
in the south-east Himalayas, in Nepal and Sikim, and does not appear
to be at all common, though Hodgson asserts it to be so. I only pro-
cured one specimen whilst at Darjeeling. Cantor thus refers to an in-
dividual of the Malayan species, to which ours is very closely allied,
kept in captivity for some time :—“ At first the animal was fierce and
impatient of confinement, but by degrees it became very gentle and
playful, and when subsequently suffered to leave the cage, it went in
search of sparrows and other small birds, displaying great dexterity and
unerring aim in stealthily leaping upon them.”

Hodgson had our species in confinement, and states that it was very
gentle and fond of being petted. It was fed with raw meat. It never

* By an oversight in the recent edition of Hodgson’s British Museum Collections,
this is twice enumerated as 38, Linsang pardicolor, and 39, Prionodon pardochrous.

f
\:

ee

PARADOXURUS MUSANGA, 125

uttered any sort of sound. He further states, that “ the sharpness of
the coronal process of the molar teeth seems to indicate that the animal
is somewhat insectivorous, which I hear is actually the fact.”

Gen. PARADoxurus, F. Cuvier.

Char.—Molar teeth = as in Viverra ; flesh-teeth, especially the

lower one, thick, with conical tubercles ; all feet with five toes connected
by a web, the thumb not raised ; sole of the feet bald, tuberculous ; claws
semi-retractile ; tail very long, cylindrical.

The Tree-cats are stouter in form than the Genets, with which they
have been confounded, and more uniform in their coloration ; their gait
is plantigrade. Their pupil is elliptic, and they are quite nocturnal in
their habits. Their dentition is very similar to that of dogs, but the
cerebral cavity is proportionally smaller. The bony orbit is not closed.
There is a glandular fold in some between the anus and genitals,
secreting a peculiar matter, without the odour of civet or musk ;* but
not a distinct pouch. They are chiefly inhabitants of the Indian region,
and a considerable number of species have been lately made known.
They climb trees remarkably well, and roost during the day either on
trees or on the roofs of houses, among the rafters. Their diet is of a
mixed character.

The character of the tail, from which the generic name was derived, is
shown by Blyth to have been the result of some deformity, and not to be
a normal state. It can be rolled up, but is not prehensile.

This genus is linked to Prionodon by a Malayan species, P. ? derbyanus,
Gray, of which Cantor remarks, “ The serrated false molars, the soles
hairy under the toes, the somewhat remote thumb, are characters by
which this animal differs from Paradoxurus, and forms a link between
that genus and Priondon.” It has indeed been made the type of a
distinct genus, Hemigalea, by Jourdain.

123. Paradoxurus Musanga.

Viverra apud Marspen.—B tyra, Cat. 148.—Figd. F. Cuvier, Mamm.
2, pl. 55.—P. typus, F. Cuvier.— Exxiot, Cat. 23. —P. Pallasii, P.
musangoides, P. Crossii, and P. dubius, Gray.—P. prehensilis, and Viverra

* Cantor, Cat. Mamm., Malay.

126 VIVERRIN®.

hermaphrodita, Pattas.—Ménivi, H., in the south.— Lakdti, H., in some
parts ; occasionally Khatés.— V ulgo, in Southern India, Jhdr ka kata, or
Tree-dog.— Ud, Makr.— Bhondar, Bengal.—Kéra bék, Can.— Mdni-pilhr,
Tel. ; and Marrapilli, Malayl., both signifying tree-cat.—Toddy-cat of
Europeans in Madras.

Tue Common TREE-CAT.

Descr.—General colour brownish-black, with some dingy yellowish
stripes on each side, more or less distinct, and sometimes not noticeable ;
a white spot above and below each eye, and the forehead with a whitish
band in some; a black line from the top of the head down the centre of
the nose is generally observable. In many individuals the ground colour
appears to be fulvous with black pencilling, or mixed fulvous and black ;
the longitudinal stripes then show dark; limbs always dark-brown.
Some appear almost black throughout, and the young are said to be
nearly all black. Some appear fulvous-gray washed with black, the face
black, and the tail very dark; and others appear to have the sides
spotted. Many of these variations are owing to the state of abrasion of
the fur, which is yellowish at the base and blackish at the tip. One is
described as “pale grayish-brown with longer black hairs intermixed,
and most prevalent on the back of head, neck, and along the back ; three
black bands on the loins ; head brownish, with a gray mark above and
below the eyes; tail with the terminal fifth yellowish-white.” I have
had several skins with the terminal portion of the tail yellowish-white,
and one or two with the whole posterior parts of the same hue. Some
have the abdomen marked with elongated white spots, and individuals
occur with the tail spirally twisted, so that the extremity has the lower
surface uppermost ; and, according to Blyth, it was an individual similar
to this on which the genus was founded, and the name Paradoxurus
bestowed, which has been translated into Screw-tail.

Length, head and body, 22 to 25 inches; tail 193 to 21; hind foot
3; ; weight 83 lb.

This tree-cat is a common and abundant animal throughout the greater
part of India and Ceylon, extending through Burmah and the Malayan
peninsula to the islands. It is most abundant in the better wooded
regions, and is rarely met with in the bare portions of the Deccan, Central
India, and the North-west Provinces. It is veryabundant in the Carnatic,

,
:
'
2

ee

PARADOXURUS MUSANGA. 197

and Malabar coast, where it is popularly called the Toddy-cat, in conse-
quence of its supposed fondness for the juice of the palm (Tari, H.,
toddy, Anglicé), a fact which appears of general acceptation both in India
and Ceylon (where it is called the palm cat), and which appears to have
some foundation. Kelaart says it “is a well established fact that it is a
consumer of palm-toddy.” It lives much on trees, especially on the
Palmyra and cocoa-nut palms, and is often found to have taken up its
residence in the thick thatched roofs of native houses. JI found a large
colony of them established among the rafters of my own house at Telli-
cherry. It is also occasionally found in dry drains, outhouses, and
other places of shelter. It is quite nocturnal, issuing forth at dark, and
living by preference on animal food, rats, lizards, small birds, poultry,
and eggs; but it also freely partakes of vegetable food, fruit, and in-
sects. In confinement it will eat plantains, boiled rice, bread and milk,
ghee, &c. Colonel Sykes mentions that it is very fond of cockroaches.
Now and then it will commit depredations in some poultry-yard, and I
have often known them taken in traps baited with a pigeon or a
chicken. In the South of India it is very often tamed, and becomes
quite domestic, and even affectionate in its manners. OneI saw, many
years ago, at Trichinopoly went about quite at large, and late every
night used to work itself under the pillow of its owner, roll itself up
into a ball, with its tail coiled round its body, and sleep till a late hour
of the day. It hunted for rats, shrews, and house lizards. Their
activity in climbing is very great, and they used to ascend and descend
my house at one of the corners of the building in a most surprising
manner.

One, 20 inches long, examined by Kelaart, had the small intestines
5 feet 4 inches long, the large do. 9 inches; cecum 3ths; liver with
seven lobes, &c. &e.

Hodgson has described several new species lately, of which P. strictus
and P. quadriscriptus appear to be merely varieties of colour of P.
Musanga. They are figured at plates 47 and 48 of the Proc. Zool. Soc.
for 1856. Blyth described the skull of one from the Andaman Islands,
which had peculiarly large canines. It may possibly be the species
lately described by Colonel Tytler, Journ. As. Soc. for 1865, and named
after himself, Paradoxurus Tytlert. From the description, it is evi-
dently nearly related to P. Musanga.

The two next species were formerly classed under the genus Paguma,

128 VIVERRIN&.

Gray, differing somewhat from Paradowwrus in the form of some of the
teeth, in the more attenuated tail ; in the fur being dense and woolly,
with the coloration more uniform and less variegated.

124, Paradoxurus Grayii.

Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1835.—Burytu, Cat. 154.—P. nipalensis, Hopeson,
Asiatic Trans. Vol. XIX.—P. Bondar, apud Temminck, Mon. t. 65, f.
4—6, skull.

THe Hitt TREE-CAT.

Descr.—Colour above light unspotted fulvous-brown, showing in cer-
tain lights a strong cinereous tinge, owing to the black tips of many of
the hairs; beneath lighter and more cinereous; limbs ash-coloured, deeper
in intensity towards the feet, which are black ; tail of the same colour as
the body, the end dark, white-tipped ; ears rounded, hairy, black ; face
black, except the forehead, a longitudinal streak down the middle of
the nose, and a short oblique band under each eye, which are gray or
whitish.

Length, head and body, 30 inches ; tail 20.

This animal inhabits the South-east Himalayas only, extending into
Assam and Northern Burmah. It has been sent from Nepal, Darjee-
ling, and the Arrakan hills. Hodgson states that “it is common in the
central region of Nepal, keeping to the forests and mountains. It feeds
both on small animals and birds, and vegetable food. One shot had
only seeds, leaves, and unhusked rice in its stomach. A caged animal
was fed on boiled rice and fruits, which it preferred to animal food.
When set at liberty it would lie waiting in the grass for mynas and
sparrows, springing upon them from the cover like a cat, and when spar-
rows, as frequently happened, ventured into its cage to steal the boiled
rice, it would feign sleep, retire into a corner, and dart on them with
unerring aim. It preferred birds thus taken by itself to all other food.
This animal was very cleanly, nor did its body usually emit any unplea-
sant odour, though, when it was irritated, it exhaled a most fetid stench,
caused by the discharge of a thin yellow fluid from four pores, two of
which are placed on each side of the intestinal aperture.”

125, Paradoxurus Bondar.

Gray ex BucHanan Hamitton.—P. hirsutus, Hopeson, As. Res.
XIX. 72.—P. Pennantii, Gray.—Harpwick, Il. Ind, Zool, 2, pl. 13.

|
:
)

~

PARADOXURUS BONDAR. 129

—Chinghér, H.—Bondar and Baum, Beng.—Machabba and Malwa,
in the Nepal Terai, and neighbouring districts.

Tue TeErAI TREE-CAT.

Descr.—Colour a clear yellow, largely tipped with black, and entirely
devoid of marks or lines upon the body ; the bridge of the nose, the
upper lip, whiskers, broad cheek-band, ears, chin, lower jaw, forelegs and
hind feet, and terminal third of the tail, black or blackish-brown ; region
of the genitals and a zone encircling the eyes, pure pale-yellow ; snout
and soles of feet brownish fleshy-gray ; nude parts of lips, palate, and

tongue, pure fleshy-white. The hair is straight, long, erect, yellow at

the base, black-tipped ; the under wool soft, curly, yellow. Its nails

are very sharp and curved, sheathed and mobile. Total length 45 inches,
of which the tail is about half; weight 6 lb. The female is somewhat
smaller and paler, and has four ventral teats.

This tree-cat is said to be found throughout the Terai of the hills,
extending into the neighbouring districts of Bengal and Behar, but of its
distribution elsewhere I can find no record. In*its habits it is said to be
found in inhabited and cultivated tracts, its favourite resort being old
abandoned mango-groves, seeking refuge in holes of decayed trees, where
it also breeds. It seeks its food as well among the branches of trees as
on the ground, and is highly carnivorous, living upon birds, small mam-
mals, mice, rats, and even young hares; also on snakes, but it will not
touch frogs or cockroaches. Occasionally it is very destructive to poultry.
It will eat ripe mangoes and other fruit. It sleeps rolled up like a ball,
and when angered spits like a cat. It is naturally very ferocious and
unruly, but capable of domestication if taken young. It has a keen sense
of smell, but less acute hearing and vision by day than the mungooses,

Another species allied to these two last, is Paguma laniger, Gray, Martes
laniger, Hodgson, from Tibet and adjoining snowy Himalayas. Parado-
xurus quinque-lineatus, Gray, appears to be described from the same speci-
mens as P. strictus, formerly alluded to ; and there are other species de-
scribed, some of which also appear to be varieties of P. Musanga.

Ceylon possesses a peculiar species, P. zeylanicus, Pallas; P. trivir-
gatus, Temminck, and P. leucomystax, Gray, are found in the Malayan
peninsula and islands, in addition to P. Musanga and P. Derbyanus,
already alluded to,

130 VIVERRIN®.

The next animal has only a doubtful claim to a place here.

Gen. Arctictis, Temminck.

Syn. /ctides, Valence.

6 : : :
=; canines stout, those in the upper jaw very long,

Char.—Molars :

compressed at the base, with a longitudinal groove exteriorly ; muzzle
short, attenuated ; ears short, rounded; body long; legs short; tail
nearly as long as the body, partially prehensile ; hair long, rough, copious ;
feet plantigrade ; toes five in each foot, with short half-retractile, com-
pressed, strongly curved claws.

126. Arctictis binturong.

Viverra apud RaFrLtes.—Brytu, Cat. 157.—Jctides ater, F. Cuvier,
Mamm. III. pl. 50-51, olim Paradoxurus albifrons.

Tue Buiack BEAR-CAT.

Deser.—General colour throughout deep black, with a white border
to the ears, and a few brown hairs scattered over the head above, and on
the anterior surface of the forelegs; hairs long, rigid and diverging ;
tail monstrously thick at the base, tapering to a point, with bristling
straggling hairs, exceeding those of the body in length.

Cantor describes it as black, sprinkled with pale ferruginous ; head,
face, and throat whitish and grizzled ; a trace of a white spot over the
eye in the young ; tail black, whitish at the base.

Length, head and body, 28 to 33 inches; tail 26 to 27.

It has a large gland between the anus and genitals, which secretes an
oily fluid of an intense but not fetid odour.

This peculiar animal forms a very distinct genus, whose place in the
natural system has not been satisfactorily decided. In general form of
skull it resembles J/eles, but the relative position of the bones is more like
that of Paradoxurus. It deviates from the type of Viverrine in the
more strictly plantigrade character of the feet, and in the partially pre-
hensile tail, approaching Adlurus and Cercoleptes among the Urside. The
head is somewhat bulky, and the muzzle slightly turned up; the ears are

.
|

ARCTICTIS BINTURONG. Tail

large, black, and prominent, edged with white, and terminated by tufts
of black hair. Its habit of body is slow and crouching. In its habits it is
quite nocturnal, solitary, and arboreal, creeping along the larger branches,
and aiding itself by its prehensile tail. It is omnivorous, eating small
animals, birds, insects, fruit, and plants. It is more wild and retiring
than Viverrine animals in general, and it is easily tamed ; its howl is loud.

One examined had 14 pairs of ribs ; the intestines were 9 feet 9 inches
long, and the czecum $ inch.

This bear-cat was classed by Cuvier and Cantor among the Ursine, and
it may be considered a sort of link between the plantigrade and digitigrade
Carnivora, with some distant analogies to the Lemurs. I have followed
Blyth in his Catalogue in placing it after Paradorurus. It has been
stated to inhabit Nepal, Bhotan, and Assam, but it does not occur in the
Catalogue of Hodgson’s Collections. It is said to have been obtained
from Bhotan by M. Duvaucel, and will probably be found to occur rarely
in the north-eastern limit of our province. It is known from the hills
of Assam, Arrakan, and Malayana.

Other animals belonging to this group of Carnivora are Cryptoprocta
Jerox, Bennett, from Madagascar ; Cynogale Bennettii, Gray (Potamo-
philus barbatus, Kuhl), an aquatic species from the Malayan peninsula,
Sumatra, &e.

The next group have been separated by Blyth as a distinct sub-family,
Herpestidine. They differ from the Viverrine by the quality of their
fur, which is long and harsh, and generally ringed with pale and dark
tints ; the tail is thick and bushy at the base, more tapering than in the
tree-cats, and they have a large and simple pouch with the anus situated
within its cavity. The bony orbits of the skull are perfect in several
species. Compared with the Paradowuri, they are much more terrestrial,
seeking their prey entirely on the ground, and very rarely climbing trees.

Gen. Herpestes, Illiger.

Syn. Mangusta, Fischer.

Char.—Teeth as in Viverra, but the molars vary in number, some

others Vi and some ges ; ears small, short,and rounded ;
5 6—6 7—7

feet all with five toes, with large compressed, incurved, somewhat
K 2

4 hes
having
i

132 VIVERRIN&.

retractile claws ; tail long, thick at the base ; hairs long, rigid, often
ringed with distinct colours. .

The Ichneumons or Mungooses, as they are named in India, have a
sharp muzzle, small eyes, short limbs, the hinder ones semi-plantigrade,
and the toes connected by a membrane. The female has only four
mamme. The tongue is rough with horny papille. Some of the species
are stated to have a voluminous simple anal pouch, which does not
contain odoriferous matter, and at the bottom of which the vent is
placed. Hodgson states, ‘that both Nepal species of Herpestes have a
congeries of small glands surrounding the caudal margin of the anus like
a ring, and secreting a thick musky substance, which is slowly protruded
in strings like vermicelli, through numerous scattered minute pores ; and
one species (nyula) has also on either side the rectum two large and
hollow glands of similar structure, but with a thinner secretion, each of
which has a larger and very palpable pore.”

The mungooses are very active in their habits, bold and sanguinary in
disposition. They are partly fossorial, and in the hot tropical countries
of the old continent appear to take the place of the weasels of colder
regions.

The bony orbit is often closed by a ring posteriorly, which however is
not perpetual, and in some appears to depend on advanced age.

This genus is numerously represented in the Indian peninsula, and
extends to Africa.

127. Herpestes griseus.

Grorrroy.—Biytu, Cat. 164.—H. pallidus, Scutnz.— Mangusta
mungos apud KExuurot, Cat. 21.—Mangis, H. and Mahr. in Southern
India.—Néwal, Néwara, in Northern and Central India ; sometimes
called Vyil.— Miingli, Can.— Yentawd, Tel.—Kordl of Gonds.

THe Mapras Muncoos.

Descr.—Tawny yellowish-gray, the hairs ringed with rufous and
yellowish, the general result being an iron-gray tinge, with less of the
yellow tint than in the next species from Northern India, which it
otherwise much resembles in size and form, whilst in the character of its
fur it is more like H. nipalensis. The muzzle is concolorous with the
body, as is the tail, which is not tipped with black, and is nearly equal
in length to the body.

HERPESTES GRISEUS. 133

Average length, head and body, about 16 to 17 inches ; tail 14. It
is said occasionally to reach 20 inches and upwards, with the tail 164.

This mungoos is spread through most of Southern India, replaced in
Bengal and the lower Gangetic plains by a nearly allied one, H. malac-
censis. I am not able to state the limits of each species exactly. but the
present animal occurs in the North-west Provinces and the Punjab, and
throughout the Deccan up to the Nerbudda river. It frequents alike
the open country and low jungles, being found in dense hedgerows,
thickets, holes in banks, &c. ; and it is very destructive to such birds as
frequent the ground. Not unfrequently it gets access to tame pigeons,
rabbits, or poultry, and commits great havoc, sucking the blood only of
several. I have often seen it make a dash into a verandah where some
cages of mynas, parrakeets, &c., were daily placed, and endeavour to
tear them from their cages.
~ It also hunts for, and devours, the eggs of partridges, quails, and other
ground-laying birds ; and it will also kill rats, lizards, and small snakes.
I do not think it would go out of its way to attack a large snake in its
wild state. Colonel Sykes states, that “it is believed by the Mahratta
people to have a natural antipathy to serpents, and in its contests with
them to be able to neutralize the poison from the bite of serpents by
eating the root of a plant called moonguswail ; but no one has ever seen
the plant.” This is the prevalent belief throughout all India, and also
in Java, and many experiments have been made with a view to test the
native idea above referred to, that the mungoos, either by virtue of some
plant to which it has recourse, or from some other cause, is proof against
the bite of acobra. Many have asserted that after being apparently bitten,
it would retire to some hedge side, returning shortly with evident marks
of its having eaten some green herb ; whilst others have declared that it
never attempted anything of the kind even when set free, and that where
it was forcibly kept indoors it suffered as little as if allowed its liberty. I
of course entirely disbelieve in the eflicacy of any herb as an antidote to
the serpent’s poison ; and I do not think that the mungoos habitually
has resort to any herbif bitten. The plants are supposed to be Ophiorhizon
serpentinum, and O. mungos. I have witnessed many contests between a
mungoos and cobra, and though the mungoos has in general succeeded in
killing the serpent, it often declines the combat, or undertakes it some-
what unwillingly. In none of the combats that I have seen has the
mungoos suffered, but my belief is that it generally escapes being bitten

134 VIVERRINA

by its extreme watchfulness and activity ; or, if bitten at all, has been
so very superficially ; and that perhaps its very thick skin may have a
certain degree of insusceptibility to poison. Since this paragraph was
first penned, a writer in the Indian Lancet confirms this idea, whicb
he says he has practically proved, both by seeing the cobra bite the
mungoos, and by forcing the fang of a cobra into the skin of one, which
did not suffer from the experiment. A very recent writer, however, in
one of the Indian newspapers, declares that if the. fangs are forced
through the skin into the flesh the mungoos will die.

This little animal is frequently domesticated, and becomes excessively
tame, following its owner about like a dog, and effectually clearing a
house of rats. Mr. Bennett* mentions that an individual of this
species in the Tower, “actually on one occasion kilied no fewer than a
dozen full-grown rats which were loosed to it in a room sixteen feet
square, in less than a minute and a half.” The Egyptian Ichneumon,
Herpestes ichnewmon, is said to have a peculiar penchant for crocodiles’
eggs. This habit is not noticed with regard to our species, though I

dare say it would devour them if it came across any.

128. Herpestes malaccensis.

F, Cuvier, Mammif. I. pl. 65.—Buiyrta, Cat. 163.—H. nyula, Hone-
son.—-Newol or Nyul, H.— Néwédra, in Central India.—Baji or Liji, H.,

in Behar.
Tue Bencat MunGoos.

Descr.—General colour mixed rich reddish-brown and hoary-yellow,
the ears, face, and limbs redder, and less maculate ; neck and body pure
pale yellow ; tail concolorous with the body, pointed, and nearly equal
in length to the body; the hair harsh, bristly, not closely applied but
diffuse.

Length, head and body, 15 inches ; tail about 10 or 11.

This mungoos replaces H. griseus in Bengal and other parts of the
North of India, and has precisely the same habits as that species. It
extends into Assam, Burmah, and Malayana. Hodgson states that it
affects cultivated ficlds and grass, and lives in burrows made by

themselves. The females produce 3 to 4 young at a birth.

* Tower Menagerie, p. 106,

I IIIEOIEOEDEOO_

HERPESTES SMITHII. £35

129. Herpestes monticolus.

W. Exuiot, MSS8.—-Konda yentawa, Tel.

Tue Lona-TAILED Muneoos.

Descr.—Colours much as in griseus, but somewhat more yellow in its
general tone ; tail longer, tipped with maronne and black, and more
hairy ; feet dark reddish-brown; muzzle not dark, slightly tinged with
reddish. Larger than grisews. Tail nearly equal in length to the head
and body.

Length of one 20 inches ; tail with hair 19.

This fine species differs conspicuously from grisewsin its longer and
dark-tipped tall, which also distinguishes it from malaccensis. It differs
from H. Smithit in its muzzle being concolorous with the body, or
nearly so, and prevalent lighter colour.

I have only procured this mungoos from the Eastern Ghats inland
from Nellore, where it inhabits forests among the hills.

It most resembles H. fulvescens, Kelaart, of Ceylon, but this has a
shorter tail with the tip reddish, and has a more prevalent fulvous hue.
The muzzle too is blackish and the face ferruginous-brown,

130. Herpestes Smithii.

Gray.—Btytu, Cat. 162.—H. Eilioti, Buytu.—-H. rubiginosus,
KELAART.

THe Ruppy Muncoos.

Descr.—General colour ferruginous-brown, in some inclining to
grizzled maronne-red, brighter where it joins the blackish limbs and
black tip of the tail; muzzle dark; face rusty-red ; head and legs
redder than the other parts ; feet black ; the hairs are ringed black and
white, and have a dark reddish tip. It approximates malaccensis in the
character of the fur and also in size.

Length of one, head and body, 13 to 15 inches; tail 12 to 13.

This mungoos has been taken in forest jungle among the Eastern
Ghats near Madras, and in other parts of the same region. I procured
it in the forest at the foot of the Neelgherries, but did not obtain it in
the Malabar forests, though it most probably will be found there also.

136 VIVERRINL.

It is said to be not rare in Ceylon. The first specimen obtained by
Mr. Elliot had an accidental dark collar, and that gentleman named it
torquatus in MSS., which name is alluded to by Kelaart.

131, Herpestes Nipalensis.

Gray.— Biytu, Cat. 165.—H. auro-punctatus, Hopeson.—W/. puallipes,
Biytu, olim.

Ture GoLp-spoTteED Mungcoos.

Descr.—Of an uniform olive-brown colour, more or less striate in-
different individuals, freckled with golden-yellow, paler and somewhat
yellowish-gray beneath ; cheeks more or less rusty ; tail shorter than
the body; hairs with five distinct rings of black and golden ; the fur
short, soft, adpressed. )

Length, head and body, 12 to 13 inches; tail 9 to 10.

This species resembles H. javanicus, but the ground colour is lighter.
It is found over the whole extent of the lower Himalayas, from Sikim
to Kashmir (and even to Afghanistan) ; and it also occurs in the plains
near the hills, from Bengal to the Punjab, not extending far south. It
also inhabits Assam, Burmah, and the Malayan peninsula. Nothing
peculiar has been noticed of the habits of this Mungoos.

I find a species recorded in Schinz, H. thysanurus, Wagner, from
Kashmir; hair dark-brown ringed with pale yellow ; feet brown; tail
ending in a long deep black tuft. This, if correctly described, must be
distinct from NVipalensis. The only mungoos I got in Kashmir was the
latter species.

132. Herpestes fuscus.

WATERHOUSE.—B.iytH, Cat. 167.

Tue NEELGHERRY Brown Muncoos.

Descr.—General colour brown, the hair being ringed black and yellow,
and tawny at the base ; throat dusky-yellowish ; tail nearly equal in
length to head and body.

Length of one, head and body, 18 inches ; tail with the hair 17.

I procured this Mungoos, many years ago, on the Neelgherries in the
dense woods near Ootacamund, and have not seen it from any other
locality. My original specimen is in the Museum of the Asiatic Society at

HERPESTES VITTICOLLIS. 137

‘Calcutta. It appears nearly allied to H. Javanicus. Its distribution is

more local than that of any other of the Indian species, no record of its

occurring elsewhere existing ; Waterhouse’s type specimen also came

from the same locality. It probably will eventually be found in other
elevated hill regions of Southern India.

The next species has been, with some others, separated as a sub-

genus, Mungos, having the molars Eos

: and the bony orbital ring

always complete. It approximates to Urva.

133. Herpestes vitticollis.

Bennett.—Buytu, Cat. 159.—Ettiot, Cat. 22, with figure.

Tur SrRIPE-NECKED Muncoos.

Descr.—Of a grizzled gray colour, more or less tinged with rusty
reddish, especially on the hinder part of the body and tail; a dark
stripe from the ear to the shoulder ; tail rufous-black at the tip.

Length of one killed on the Neelgherries, the head and body 21
inches ; tail with the hair 15 ; weight 6 lb. 10 oz.

This fine species of mungoos is found throughout all the forests of the
Western Ghats, from near Dharwar to Cape Comorin. It is rare in the
northern parts, and most abundant in Travancore. It have killed it on
the Neelgherries, in Wynaad, and seen specimens from varions parts of
Malabar. From its large size this must be a very destructive animal to
game and the smaller quadrupeds. The Malayan region, besides those
common to India, viz., H. malaccensis and H. nipalensis, has H. java-
nicus and H. brachywrus, peculiar to that district ; and H. exilis is
recorded, Zool. de la Bonite, from some of the islands. There are many
species from Africa, and one extends into Spain.

Gen. Urva, Hodgson.
Syn. Mesobema, Hodgson.

Char.—Teeth as in Herpestes, but blunter ; structure intermediate to
that genus and Gulo ; snout elongate, acute, mobile ; hands and feet
large ; soles nude ; nails subequal ; digits connected by large crescentic
membranes ; tail long, cylindric ; habit sub-vermiform.

This genus contains only one species.

138 VIVERRIN&.

134. Urva cancrivora.

Hopeson.—Btytu, Cat. 158.—G@ulo wrva, Hopeson (olim).— Viverra
fusca, Gray, apud Harpwickes, Ill. Ind. Zool, I. pl. 5.—Osmetictis
fusca, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist.

THe Cras Mungcoos.

Descr.—General colour jackal or fulvous iron-gray ; inner fur woolly ;
outer of longstraggling lax hairs, generally ringed with black, white,
and fulvous ; in some the coat has a variegated aspect; in others an
uniform tawny tint prevails, and in a few dark rusty brown mixed with
gray is the prevalent hue ; abdomen brown; limbs blackish-brown ; a
white stripe on either side of the neck, from the ear to the shoulder ;
tail rufous or brown, with the terminal half rufous.

Length, head and body, 18 inches ; tail 11; weight 4 1b.

This curious animal has been found in the South-east Himalayas,
extending into Assam and Arrakan. In its habit it is somewhat
aquatic, preferring, it is said by Hodgson, frogs and crabs. It lives in
burrows in the valleys of the lower and central regions of Nepal. The
drawing of the one figured by Hardwicke was taken from a caged indi-
vidual at Agra. Colonel Phayre informed Mr. Blyth that it was the
only mungoos found in Arrakan.

Some details of its anatomy were furnished to Mr. Hodgson by Dr.
Campbell. It has two glands about the size of a cherry on each side
of the anus, which secrete an aqueous fetid humour, which the animal
has the power of squirting out with great force. The female has six
ventral teats, remote. The bony orbits are incomplete.

Other genera allied to the mungooses are Galidia and Ichnewmonia of
Is. Geoffroy, the former from Madagascar. Cynictis, Ogilby, with four
toes to each foot, and Ryzena, Illiger, with the same number, both from
South Africa ; and Crossarchus, F. Cuvier, from Sierra Leone.

Bassaris astuta, Lichtenstein, from Mexico, a peculiar digitigrade,
carnivorous animal, is placed here by some systematists, and it has some
likeness to Paradoxurus, but it belongs to the sub-plantigrade division,
none of the Viverride occurring in the new continent.

The next group is well marked by anatomical characters as distinct
from the other digitigrade carnivora.

CANIS PALLIPES. 139

Fam. Canip&. The Dog tribe.
= eg

; more rarely t or = two of these

7—7 7—7 8—8

in general on each side in both jaws being tuberculous, rarely three ;

Molar teeth mostly

the first of the upper tuberculous teeth very large ; upper flesh-tooth
with one inner tubercle, lower do. with its posterior portion tuberculous.
Fore-feet with five toes, the thumb raised ; hind-feet usually with four.
Head more or less conical, and pointed in front, the jaws being pro-
duced ; legs of nearly equal length.

The tongue is smooth ; the intestines rather long, and the cecum of
a peculiar spiral form. Some have a dermal gland above the base of
the tail ; others a sac or hollow gland on each side of the anus, opening
by a pore, which secretes a pungent whey-like substance with the peculiar
smell of the animal, the contents of which can be made to trickle out on
pressure.

In domestic dogs these pores exist, but are evanescent, and without a
distinct sac or secretion. In these too there is often a fifth claw on the
hind-feet, but only connected by skin, and called the dew-claw.

Gen. Canis, Linn. (restricted).

Char.—Dental formula, incisors

: 1—1

3 canines 3 premolars

1—1

ial ee et) OTR o tale tolaesiara) = ; and the tubercular
t—t 3—3 4—4

os:
molars 5 2 ; the former small ; tail moderately brushed ; pupil rounded.

Lim

In this group, as here restricted, are classed the Wolf and the Jackal.
Linneus included Foxes and Hyzenas as well.

lst. Wolves, Zupus, Hamilton Smith.

Of large size. Muzzle obtuse, not much lengthened ; tail short ; no

caudal gland.

135. Canis pallipes.

Sykes, Cat.—Buyrn, Cat. 121.—C. lupus, var., Exuiot, Cat. 17.—
Léndagh, H., in the South.—Bherd, or Bhérid, or Byria, or Bharya,
H., in Northern and Central India.—Nékré, in some parts.—Bighdna,
in part of Bundeleund.—Hinddr, or Hirdr, in other parts.—-Tola, Can.
—Torali, Tel.

140 CANIDA.

Tue InDIAN WoOLF.

Descr.—Hoary fulvous or dirty reddish-white, some of’ the hairs
tipped black, which gives it a grizzled appearance ; somewhat reddish on
the face and limbs, the latter paler than the hody ; lower parts dingy
white; tail thinly bushy, slightly black-tipped. Ears rather small.

Length of one, head and body, 37 inches; tail 17; height at the
shoulder 26 inches.

Elliot and Horsfield have stated that they did not consider the Indian
wolf specifically distinct from the European wolf, but Blyth gives it as
his opinion that it isso. ‘The Society’s Museum now contains good
and characteristic examples of the skulls of the European, Indian, and
Tibetan wolves, C. lupus, pallipes, and laniger, and the specific distinct-
ness appears to be well marked. The European is the largest of the
three, with proportionally much larger and more powerful teeth, and the
orbital process of the frontal bone is much less developed than in the
others. The Indian and Tibetan wolves are more aflined to each other
than either is to the European one.”

This wolf is found throughout the whole of India, rare in wooded
districts, and most abundant in open country. ‘‘ The wolves of the
Southern Mahratta country,” says Mr. Elliot, “ generally hunt in packs,
and I have seen them in full chase after the goat antelope (Gazella
Bennettvi). They likewise steal round a herd of antelope, and conceal
themselves on different sides till an opportunity offers of seizing one of
them unawares, as they approach, whilst grazing, to one or other of their
hidden assailants. On one occasion three wolves were seen to chase a
herd of gazelles across a ravine in which two others were lying in wait.
They succeeded in seizing a female gazelle, which was taken from them.
They have frequently been seen to course and run down hares and foxes,
and it is a common belief of the Ryots that in the open plains, where
there is no cover or concealment, they scrape a hole in the earth in
which one of the pack lies down, and remains hid, while the others
drive the herd of antelope over him. ‘Their chief prey, however, is
sheep, and the shepherds say that part of the pack attack and keep the
dogs in play, while others carry off their prey, and that if pursued they
follow the same plan, part turning and checking the dogs, whilst the
rest drag away the carcass till they evade pursuit. Instances are not un-
common of their attacking man. In 1824, upwards of 30 children were

f
i
f
§
;
i
:

CANIS PALLIPES. 141

devoured by wolves in one pergunnah alone. Sometimes a large wolf
is seen to seek his prey singly. These are called Won-tola by the
Canarese, and reckoned particularly fierce.”

I have found wolves most abundant in the Deccan and in Central India.
I have often chased them for several miles, they keeping 50 to 100 yards
ahead of the horse, and the only kind of ground on which a horse appeared
to gain on them was heavy ploughed land. I have known wolves turn on
dogs that were running at their heels and pursue them smartly till close
up to my horse. A wolf once joined with my greyhounds in pursuit of
a fox, which was luckily killed almost immediately afterwards, or the wolf
might have seized one of the dogs instead of the fox. He sat down on
his haunches about 60 yards off whilst the dogs were worrying the fox,
looking on with great apparent interest, and was with difficulty driven
away. In many parts of the North-west of India, they are very destruc-
tive to children, as about Agra, in Oude, Rohilcund, and Rajpootana, and
rewards are given by Government for their destruction. Wolves breed
in holes in the ground, or caves, having only three or four young, it is
said. The female has ten teats. ‘They are usually rather silent, but
sometimes bark just like a pariah dog. The howling after their prey,
recorded of the European wolf, is seldom heard in India.

Hodgson has described a wolf from Tibet, Canis langier, sometimes
called the “ white wolf” by sportsmen who cross the Himalayas. It is
the Chdangt of Tibet, Chankodi near the Niti pass from Kumaon ; and
it isa larger animal than the Indian wolf, with white face and limbs,
and no dark tip to the tail, which is fully brushed. The fur is extremely
woolly, and the hairy piles few; but this is also to a certain extent
apparent in domestic dogs of the same region.

Another species of wolf has recently been described by Gray,* as
Canis chanco, or the red wolf of Tibet, or golden wolf: “ fulvous, head
grayish-brown, lower parts pure white. Somewhat larger than the Eu-
ropean wolf, to which its skull bears a close resemblance.” It is probably
the same as the animal in Blyth’s Cat. Mamm. No. 119, “large red
wolf,” referred by that naturalist with doubt to Pallas’s C. alpinus ; but
Gray says that that isa fox. The specific name given by Gray is the
name also applied to the common wolf of that region, spelt differently.
_ There are many other species of wolves in various parts of the northern
regions of both continents.

* Proceedings Zoological Society, 1863, p. 94.

142 CANID.

' Qnd. Jackals. Saccalius, Hamilton Smith.

Of moderate size, gregarious ; brush rather scanty.

136. Canis aureus.

Linn£vus.—Biytu, Cat. 124.—Extiot, Cat. 18.—Khold or Kold, H.,
in the South of India and Mahr.—Kolya, in some parts.—Gidar or
Ghidar, H., in the North.—Shial or Sial, or Sidr and Shialu, in Bengal
and adjacent provinces.—Nari, Can.—Nakka, Tel.—Nerka of Gonds.—
Shingal or Sjekal, in Persia, whence our English word.—Amu, Bhot.

THE JACKAL.

Deser.—Fur of a dusky yellowish or rufous gray, the hairs being
mottled black, gray, and brown, with the under fur brownish-yellow ;
lower parts yellowish-gray ; tail reddish-brown, ending in a darkish
tuft ; more or less rufous on the muzzle and limbs ; tail moderately hairy.

Length, head and body, 28 to 30 inches; tail 10 or 11; height about
16-17 inches.

The Jackal varies considerably in the colour of its fur according to
season and locality. A black variety is by no means rare in Bengal ;
but I never saw or heard of it in the south of India.

This well-known animal abounds throughout all India, and its habits
are too well known to require much notice. It occurs also in Ceylon,
but is rare in lower Burmah, and said to be only of recent introduction
there. It isa very useful scavenger, clearing away all garbage and
carrion from the neighbourhood of large towns, but occasionally com-
mitting depredations among poultry and other domestic animals. Sickly
sheep and goats usually fall a prey to him ; and a wounded antelope is
pretty certain to be tracked and hunted to death by jackals. They will
however partake freely of vegetable food. Sykes says he devastates the
vineyards in the west of India ; in Bhagulpore he is said to be fond of
sugar-cane ; and he everywhere consumes large quantities of the bér
fruit, Zizyphus jujuba. In Wynaad, as well as in Ceylon, he devours
considerable quantities of ripe coffee-berries: the seeds pass through
him, well pulped, and are found and picked up by the coolies: it is
asserted that the seeds so found make the best coffee !

The female jackal brings forth about four young in holes in the ground,
occasionally in dry drains in cantonments. The Jackal is easily pulled

CANIS AUREUS. 143

down by greyhounds, but gives an excellent run with foxhounds. They
are very tenacious of life, and sham dead in a way to deceive even an
experienced sportsman. I have seen one, after being worried by a pack
of hounds, and getting a good rap or two on its head with a heavy whip,
limp off some time afterwards when unobserved, with apparently a good
chance of affording another run on a future day. I have known a
jackal come to the aid of his comrade (or mate perhaps) when seized by
greyhounds, and attack them furiously, whilst I was close by on
horseback. The call of the jackal is familiar to all residents in India,
and is certainly the most unearthly and startling music. The natives
assert that they cry after every watch of the night. Jackals not
unfrequntly get hydrophobia, especially in Bengal, and I have known
several fatal cases from their bite.

Connected with the old name of the “lion’s provider” are the generally
credited tales about one always attending the tiger. Mr. Elliot says,
“ Native sportsmen universally believe that an old jackal, which (in the
South of India) they call ‘BAdli,’ is in constant attendance on the tiger,
and whenever his cry is heard, which is peculiar and different from that
of the jackal generally, the vicinity of a tiger is confidently pronounced.
I have heard the cry attributed to the Bhdli, frequently.” The “ Kole
bhaloo” is frequently referred to by Lieutenant Rice, in his very in-
teresting work on “Tiger-shooting in Rajpootana,” as having been
frequently heard and seen by him in company with the tiger. In
Bengal the same jackal is called “ Phéall,” or Phao, or Pheeow, or
Phnew, from its call, and in some parts Ghog, though that name is said
by some to refer to some other (fabulous) animal. “It is,” says
Johnson, in his Field Sports of India, as quoted in the India Sporting
Review, N.S. vol. I., ‘“‘a jackal following the scent of the tiger and
making a noise very different from their usual cry, which I imagine they
do for the purpose of warning their species of danger.” Again, “Soon
after the tiger passed within a few yards of us. In a minute or two
after he had passed, we plainly saw the jackal, and heard him cry when
very near us. I have often heard it said that the Phéall (or provider,
as it is sometimes called) always goes before the tiger, but in this
instance he followed him, which I have also seen him do at other times.
Whether he is induced to follow the tiger for the sake of coming in for
part of the booty, or whether he merely follows as small birds often follow
a bird of prey, I cannot say. Evidently his ery is different from what

144 CANID#.

it is at other times, which indicates danger being near, particularly as
whenever that cry is heard the voice of no other jackal is, nor is that
particular call ever heard in any part of the country where there are not
large beasts of prey. Phéall, I believe, was the original, and is now the
usual name, from its resembling the cry they make; but they are better
known in Ramghur by the name Phinkar, which means crier—pro-
claimer—or warner.” Mr. Blyth records that, “some time ago I heard
a pariah dog, upon snifling the collection of live tigers, before referred to,
set up the most extraordinary cry I have ever heard uttered by a dog,
and which I cannot pretend to record more intelligibly, but it was
doubtless an analogous note to the Phéall ery of the jackal.” I have
often heard this peculiar cry, and seen a jackal following a tiger in
various parts of the country ; and I have already noted my turning a
jackal out of the same bush as a cheeta.

A horn is supposed by the natives in the same parts of India to grow
on the head of some jackals, which is of great reputed virtue, ensuring
prosperity to its possessor. The same idea is prevalent in Ceylon.

The Jackal is found over a great part of Asia, in Southern Europe,
and in Northern Africa.

There are several allied species of small or moderate size in Africa and
part of Asia.

The domestic dog belongs to this division, but his origin is lost in
‘obscurity, and it is probable that several species of wolf and other animals
may have contributed to form this valuable animal. Now and then very
jackal-like dogs may be seen about villages, but whether these are hybrids
or simply a reversion to one of the original types, it is impossible to say.
In India it is a well-known fact that the various breeds of English dogs,
if bred in the plains, have a tendency to change towards the pariah dog,
the muzzle of the bull-dog, as well as his limbs, lengthening sensibly in
even two generations.

The next animal, though called a dog, differs in its dentition so
remarkably that it has been made the type of a distinct genus.

Gen. Cuon, Hodgson.
Char.—General structure and dentition of Ownis, but the molars only
= ; the second tubercular behind the flesh-tooth in the lower jaw being
deficient ; skull more uniformly arched than in dogs ; jaws shorter and

a eee

EEE eee

CUON RUTILANS. 145
stronger. Has the odour and aspect of Saccalius, but ears and tail
larger, the latter more brushed, the brow and eye bolder, and the muzzle
blunter. The shoulder and croup are about level. The female has
12 or 14 teats.

I have followed Blyth in his Cat. Mamm., in keeping this distinct
from Canis.
137. Cuon rutilans.

Canis apud TemMiInck.—Btyvtg, Cat. 117.—C. Dukhunensis, SYKES.—
Figd. Trans. Roy. As. Soc.—C. familiaris, wild variety, Exxior, Cat. 16.
—Cuon primevus, Hopeson.—Figd. also by DELEssERT, Souvenirs d’un
Voyage dans |’ Inde.—Jangli kitté, H. popularly. —Sona kiitd, i.e. golden
dog, in Central India.— Ram hiitd, in some parts.—Ban kitd,in the North
of India.— Rahnasay kiitd, of some.—Kolsun, Kolusnd, Kolsa, and Kolasra,
as variously pronounced by the Mahrattas in different localities.—Rézé
kitd, Tel., i.e. fierce dog; vulgo Adavi kiité.—Shen nai, Mal.—Hram
naiko of Gonds.— Sakki sarai, at Hydrabad (Buchanan Humilton).—
Ram hin in Kashmir.—Sidda-ki, Tibetan in Ladak.—Sihi-téim, Lepch.
—Pudohé, Bhot.—Bhaosa, Bhoonsa, Buansi, in the Himalayas, generally
from Simla to Nepal.—Wild dog of Europeans,

Tue Wixp Dosa.

Descr.—General colour bright rusty-red or rufous fawn-colour, paler
beneath ; ears erect, rather large, somewhat rounded at the tip; tail
moderately brushed, reaching to the heels, usually tipped blackish ;
limbs strong ; body lengthened.

Length, head and body, 32 to 36 inches ; tail about 16 inches ; height
17 to 20 inches.

I quite agree with Mr. Blyth in considering that the wild dog of
Malayana does not differ specifically from the Indian one ; and therefore
adopt Temminck’s specific name, Sykes’s local name and Hodgson's
theoretic one being alike inapplicable, as well as posterior in date. “A
Malayan specimen,” says Blyth, “ differs only in the considerably deeper
tint of the rufous colouring.” There is, however, a prevalent belief among
sportsmen of the existence of two races of wild dogs in India. In an early
notice of the wild dog, in the first vol. of the ‘‘ Gleanings of Science,” two
kinds are indicated ; one called Shikari bhowsa, which hunts its own
prey ; the other ZLdgh, from eating the offal of its prey. Hamilton
Smith says, “ Besides the Jangh hiité of the plains, there are two hill

L

146 CANID&.

kinds, one larger, the other smaller, but with shorter tails, said to
ascend as high as the snow-line, and to be very shy.”

Blyth gives a description of a wild dog from Darjeeling, which he was
informed Mr. Hodgson had considered distinct from the common one.
“‘ This one (a female) had a considerably more vulpine aspect, with longer
and softer fur, with much wool at the base, a considerable ruff round the
neck, and much lengthened fur about the jowl; the ears also were densely
clad both externally and within ; and in a living animal from the same
locality were closely approximated, and directed forwards ; a remarkably
full brush, with much less black than usual on the terminal half, but most
of the tail having a nigrescent appearance not particularly noticeable at
a little distance. All this may merely indicate the winter vesture as
assumed in a cold climate; but the actions of the living animal were
decidedly peculiar, and the general appearance as vulpine as that of the
ordinary wild dog is jackal-like. It was particularly light, agile, and
graceful in its movements; still I can discover no distinction in the
skull, or in the rest of the skeleton, excepting that the metacarpal bones
of the Darjeeling specimen are comparatively shorter. Upon present
evidence, I can only regard it‘as as pecimen of the common wild dog in
winter vesture as developed in a cold climate.”

In the late edition of Hodgson’s Collection Brit. Museum, 1863, asecond
species of wild dog is described as Cuon Grayiformis, with the following
description :—“ Deep uniform red, deeper than rust, paler and flavescent
below ; lining of ears, chaffron, and end of tail nigrescent. Hair close
and short, no feathering of limbs nor brush to tail. Form slighter than
in other species, and larger—that is in largest dimensions.” Length,
head and body, 3 feet 1 inch ; tail 16 inches. This was from Darjeeling.
It will be observed that this does not tally with Mr. Blyth’s description
above. Some young wild dogs were brought to Darjeeling whilst I was
there, which did not appear to me at the time to differ in any material
point from others I had seen in various parts of India. Specimens from
the Eastern Ghats perhaps differ more from those of other parts. They
have the colour lighter and more fulvous, the tail less brushed and
concolorous with the body, or nearly so, and the hair shorter. Those
from Coorg and the Malabar forests have the tail blackish and mode-
rately bushy, and closely resemble others from Central India, and one
represented in a drawing of Buchanan Hamilton’s. Mr. Blyth wrote
to me from Madras, stating that some specimens he had seen in the

Museum there had rather staggered him as to the unity of the species.

~¥

CUON RUTILANS. 147

Mr. Hodgson gives the following excellent account of his Cuon primevus
as met with in Nepal. “ The Budnsu is in size midway between the wolf
and the jackal, being 2} feet long to root of tail and 21 inches in average
height. It is a slouching, uncompact, long, lank animal, with all the
marks of uncultivation about it, best assimilated in its general aspect to
the jackal, but with something inexpressibly but genuinely canine in its
physiognomy. It has a broad flat head and sharp visage, large erect ears,
a chest not broad nor deep; a shallow compressed harrel, somewhat
strained at the loin ; long heavy limbs ; broad spreading feet, and a very
bushy tail of moderate length, straight, and carried low. It stands rather
lower before than behind, with the neck in the line of the body, the head
unelevated, the nose pointed directly forwards, the fore limbs straightened,
the hind stooping; the back inclined to arch, especially over the croup,
and the tail pendulous. In action the tail is slightly raised, but never so
high as the horizontal line. Though the Budnsu be not deficient in speed
or power of leaping, yet his motions all appear to be heavy, owing to their
measured uniformity. He runs in a lobbing long canter, is unapt at the
double, and upon the whole is somewhat less agile and speedy than the
jackal, very much less than the fox. The wild dog preys both by night
and day, but chiefly by day. Six, eight, or ten unite to hunt down their
victim, maintaining the chase by their powers of smell rather than by the
eye. Theyusually overcome their quarry by dint of force and perseverance,
thqugh they sometimes effect their object by mixing stratagem with direct
violence. Their urine is peculiarly acrid, and they are said to sprinkle it
over the low bushes amongst which their destined victim will probably
move, and then in secret, to watch the result. If the stratagem succeeds,
they rush out upon the devoted animal whilst half-blinded by the urine,
and destroy it before it has recovered that clearness of vision which could
best have enabled it to flee or defend itself. This trick the Budnsu usually
plays off upon animals whose speed or strength might otherwise foil them,
such as the buffalo, wild or tame, and certain large deer and antelopes.
Other animals they fairly hunt down, or furiously assail and kill by more
violence. In hunting they bark like hounds, but their barking is in such
a voice as no language can express. It is utterly unlike the fine voice of
our cultivated breeds, and almost as unlike the peculiar strains of the
jackal and the fox. The Budnsw does not burrow like the wolf and fox,
but reposes and breeds in the recesses and natural cavities of rocks.” After
speaking of some kept alive by him, Hodgson continues: “ After ten

L 2

148 CANIDA.

months’ confinement they were as wild and shy as at the first hour I got
them. Their eyes emitted a strong light in the dark, and their bodies
had the peculiar fetid odour of the fox and jackal in all its rankness.
They were very silent, never uttering an audible sound save when fed,
at which time they would snarl in subdued tone at each other, but never
fight, nor did they on any occasion show any signs of quarrelsomeness
or pugnacity.”

Mr. Elliot has the following remarks on this species :—The “ wild dog
was not known in the Southern Mahratta country until of late years. It
has now become very common. The circumstance of their attacking
in a body and killing the tiger is universally believed by the natives.
Instances of their killing the wild boar, and of tigers leaving a jungle in
which a pack of wild dogs had taken up their quarters, have come to
my own knowledge, and on one occasion a party of the officers of the
18th M. N.I. saw a pack run into and kill a large samber stag (Rusa)
near Dharwar. I once captured a bitch and seven cubs of this species,
and had them alive for some time.”

I have come across the wild dog myself on several occasions, in
Malabar, the Wynaad, at the foot of the Ajunteh Ghat in Kandeish,
near Saugor, on the N eelgherries, dc. &c. It may be said to inhabit
the whole of India where sufficiently wooded to supply it with suitable
game. The pack I saw at Ajunteh had just run down a full-grown
female samber, which our followers at once appropriated. In lower
Malabar I came suddenly on a pack that had just killed a tame female
buffalo. It was much worried about the throat, and had in the agonies
of death given birth to a fetus a few months old. This is the only
instance I have heard of in the south of India of cattle being killed by
them ; but in the north they are said often to kill calves.

The bitch has twelve to fourteen teats, and has at least six whelps
at a birth. They breed from January to March. Colonel Markham
mentions that a breeding-place was discovered by Mr. Wilson, near
Simla, in holes under rocks, several females apparently breeding together.
At this time it appears that they endeavour to hunt their game and kill
it as near their den as possible. I entirely disbelieve the native story
of their capturing their prey through the acridity of their urine.

The wild dog is common in Ceylon, where it is called the Dhole by some,
by which name it has been treated of by Hamilton Smith and other writers,
and it is found over all the jungles of Assam, Burmah, the Malayan penin-

sta, and the larger islands. Hodgson asserts that it extends into Tibet.

VULPES BENGALENSIS. 149

Gen. Vuures Auctorum, Foxes.

Char.—Muzzle lengthened and very acute ; head round ; ears large,
erect ; pupil elliptic, or linear by day ; upper incisors less sloping than
in dogs and wolves; body long; limbs short ; tail thick, long, and
bushy, otherwise as in Canis.

Foxes have a gland at the base of the tail, above, which secretes a
strongly odorous substance. This is called by German huntsmen the
viole. The female has six teats. Species are found over all the world
except in Australia.

There are two types of Foxes in India; the first the foxes of the
desert or plains. These are not typical in their characters, having
longer ears, longer and more slender limbs, and they have been separated
by Hamilton Smith as Cynalopex. This is adopted by Blyth in his
Catalogue, but I shall only mark it as sectional. The type is Canis
corsac of Central Asia. They inhabit bare open plains, in which they
burrow ; are less carnivorous in their habits than true foxes, feeding

much on fruit, insects, crabs, &c.

138, Vulpes bengalensis.

Snaw.—Biytu, Cat. 126.—Exuiot, Cat. 19.—Haspwickg, Ill. Ind.
Zool. II., pl. 2.—C. rufescens, Gray.—C. hokree, Syxes.—C. corsac of
India, Auctorum.—C. chryswrus and C. wanthurus, Gray.—Lomri or
Limri, H.; also Lokri in some parts.—Lokeria in Central India.—
Kokri, Mahr.—Khekar and Khikér in Behar.—Khek sial, Bengal.—Konk,
Can.—Konka nakka, or Giinta nakka, Tel.—Kemp-nari and Chandak-
nari, Can.—Poti-nara, Tel. at Hydrabad (Buch. Ham.).

Tue Inpian Fox.

Descr.—Reddish-gray, rufous on the legs and muzzle, reddish-white
beneath ; ears long, dark-brown externally ; tail long, bushy, with a broad
black tip ; muzzle very acute ; chin and throat whitish.

Length, head and body, 21 to 22 inches ; tail 12 to 14; weight ofa
male about 7 lb. ,

This pretty little fox varies a good deal in the shades of colour in
different localities, and according to season. The fur just after it has
assumed its winter coat is very beautiful, a purer gray on the body con-
trasting with the rufous limbs. The legs are remarkably slender. The

tail is very bushy. It is usually carried trailing when the fox is going

150 CANID.

slowly or hunting for food; horizontal when running ; and raised
almost erect when making a sudden turn.

This fox is found throughout India, rare in the forest countries, very
abundant in open country. At night it often comes into cantonments
and gardens, but does not appear to molest poultry in general. Mr. Elliot
says: “Its principal food is rats, landerabs, grasshoppers, beetles, &c. &e.
On one occasion a half-devoured mango was found in the stomach. It
always burrows in the open plains, runs with great speed, doubling like
a hare; but instead of stretching out at first like that animal, and
trusting to its turns as a last resource, the fox turns more at first, and
if it can fatigue the dogs, it then goes straight away.”

The burrow which this fox makes has always several openings con-
verging towards the centre, some of them blind, others leading towards
a larger central one, where the animal breeds. This is often two or
three feet below the surface. The burrow is usually situated quite in
the open plain, now and then in some thorny scrub. In alluvial plains,
the fox takes advantage of any small rise in the ground, to prevent its
den being flooded in the rains ; and ity burrow is frequeutly found on
bunds of tanks and other artificial mounds. I have on two occasions
run foxes to holes in old trees, which, from the marks round one of
them, had evidently been occupied by the animal for long.

Lizards are a favourite food with the Fox, as well as rats, crabs, and
various insects, white ants, &c., and it habitually eats melons, bér fruit,
and others ; now and then pods and shoots of Cicer arietinum, and other
herbs. I have seen it hunting quail, and it doubtless occasionally kills
young birds, and eats eggs.

Foxes couple according to locality from November to January and
the female brings forth almost always four cubs from February to April.
At this season the female is rarely to be met with after sunrise, and the
cubs are very seldom seen outside their earth till nearly fully grown.

This fox is much coursed with greyhounds in many parts of India, and
with Arab or country dogs, or half-bred English dogs, it gives a most
excellent course, doubling in a most dexterous manner, and if it is within
a short distance of its earth, racing the dogs. With good English dogs it
stands little chance. Its numerous earths prevent in general much sport
being had in hunting it with foxhounds, and its scent is poor.

If taken young, this fox is easily tamed, and it shows a very playful
and frolicsome disposition ; but it is very generally asserted that tame

VULPES LEUCOPUS. 151

ones always go mad after a longer or shorter interval, and certainly I
have known one or two instances of this.

Vulpes corsac, Pallas, of Central Asia, appears to be nearly allied to
this fox, but the ears are represented to be still larger. Some from
Africa have yet larger ears, such as the Fennec of North Africa, V. zerda,
and the Caama of the Cape of Goop Hope: these have been placed in a
distinct genus, Megalotis, Illiger.

The next species, though so similar in general appearance to the last,
that it is often confounded with it by sportsmen, is placed by Blyth in
restricted Vulpes.

139. Vulpes leucopus.
BuiytH, Cat. 135.
Tue Desert Fox.

Light fulvous on the face, middle of back, and upper part of tail ; cheeks,
sides of neck and body, inner side and most of the fore part of limbs,
white; shoulder and haunch, and outside of the limbs nearly to the midde
joint, mixed black and white ; tail darker at the base above, largely tipped
with white ; lower parts nigrescent ; ears black posteriorly ; fur soft and
fine, asin V. montanus, altogether dissimilar from that of V. bengalensis.
The skull with the muzzle distinctly narrower, and the lower jaw weaker.

One I killed at Hissar had the upper parts fulvous, the hair black-
tipped ; sides paler; whole lower parts from the chin, including the
inside of the arm and thigh, blackish ; feet white on the inner side and
anteriorly, with a blackish border on the anterior limbs; legs fulvous
externally ; all feet white; tail always with a white tip.

Length, head and body, 20 inches ; tail to tip 14 ; weight 53 Ib.

Mountstuart Elphinstone (quoted by Blyth), writing of the foxes of the
Hurriana desert, says, “‘ their backs are of the same colour as the common
fox; but in one part of the desert their legs and belly up to a certain
height are black, and in another white. The line between these
colours and the brown is so distinctly marked that the one kind seems as
if it had been wading up to the belly in ink, and the other in whitewash.”
It has been suggested that the female is always white-limbed, and the
dog with black limbs; but the variation of colour is apparently due to
the degree of abrasion of the hairs of the limbs, which are mixed black
and white. Some are very light-coloured above ; others are sandy-red.

The Desert Fox inhabits the North-west of India, from Cutch on the

152 CANID.

south, to Ferozepore, Umballa, and several parts of the Punjab. It is
said to be the only fox in Cutch and some of the Rajpootana states ; and
where it does encroach on the grounds of the common fox, it is always
true to the kind of ground it chiefly haunts. At Umballa, for instance,
this desert fox is only found on the sandy downs of the rivers about that
station, the common fox occurring in the fields around. Mr. Elliot
evidently alludes to this species when he says, ‘“ It is remarkable that
though the brush is generally tipped with black, a white one is occasionally
found, whilst in other parts of India, as in Cutch, the tip is always white.”

Dr. Scott, writing from Hansi, says “ that this animal is common in the
neighbourhood of Hansi in the cold weather only, and rarely seen at other
times, whereas V’. bengalensis is equally abundant at all times. Those that
live on sandhills get covered with burrs (from a plant very abundant
in such spots), and have much of their fur scratched off.’ I have now
seen this fox at Umballa, near Mozaffurnuggur, and near Hansi and
Hissar, almost always on sandhills, or in the broad downy sandy beds of
nearly dry rivers. Now and then one may be found in fields near the
sandhills, though rarely ; but where this fox is the only species, as at
Nusseerabad (I am informed), Cutch, Sirsa, and elsewhere, it does not con-
fine itself to the sandy downs, but is also found in open cultivated land.

This fox appears to be more carnivorous than the last, and lives a great
deal on the jerboa rat (gerbillus), so exceedingly common among the
sandhills and sandy plains. It is I think more speedy than the common
Indian fox, and gives a capital run sometimes even with English dogs.
When the fur is in good condition it is very handsome.

Vulpes ferrilatus, Hodgson, from Tibet, is a very pretty small fox,
which Blyth places, though with doubt, in Cynalopex. It is very distinct
from Bengalensis, with which Gray at one time classed it, but approaches
the description and figure of C. corsac by Pallas. It has the ears shorter
than in Bengalensis, the upper fur pale fulvous, and the sides iron-gray or
grizzled white.

True foxes. Legs shorter ; ears of moderate length.

140. Vulpes montanus.

Pearson.—Biytu, Cat. 131.— V. Himalaicus, Ocitpy.— V. Nepalensis,
Gray, apud Hopeson’s B. M. Collections.*—Wamoo, Nepal. — Loh,
Kashmiri.

* Mr. Blyth appropriates this synonym to JV. flavescens.

me a

VULPES PUSILLUS. 05353

Tue Hitt Fox.

Descr.—General colour pale-fulvous, deeper on the sides, and whitish
on shoulders ; middle of the back dark, inclining to rufous ; haunches and
tail more gray ; ears externally deep velvety-black ; head mixed with
white ; a faint eye-streak ; the cheeks and jowl white ; moustaches black ;
limbs pale-fulvous ; tail very bushy, white-tipped.

Length, head and body, 30 inches ; tail 19 ; height 133-14.

This is a very handsome animal when in full fur, very like the English
fox, but less rufous, paler and more hoary. The fur is exceedingly rich,
dense and fine, the longer hairs 2 inches long, the inner fur also long and
woolly. It is found throughout the Himalayas, from Nepal at all events
to Kashmir, in the central region chiefly. I did not hear of it in Dar-
jeeling, but it may occur in the interior of Sikim, where the climate is
drier. In the neighbourhood of Simla it is very common, especially in
winter, coming close to houses in search of poultry, and even offal, it is
said ; and I have seen it at Fagu carry off a fowl in broad daylight. It
is also destructive to game, pheasants, partridges, &c. In Kashmir it is
very abundant, affecting the cultivated districts in the neighbourhood
of hills, and doing much damage to poultry. In 1865, the 7th Hussars
had a pack of foxhounds in Kashmir, and killed many of these foxes.

It is stated to breed in April and May, the female having usually three

or four cubs.
141, Vulpes pusillus.

Biytu, Cat. 133.— V. flavescens, apud Buytu, olim.

Tue Punsas Fox.

Descr.—Similar in colour to V. montanus, but much smaller, being
only a little larger than Bengalensis. From the’ Punjab Salt Range. This
may perhaps be only a dwartish race of the last, caused by a warmer
climate, but I have at present followed Blyth in keeping them distinct.
The type specimen in the Asiatic Society's Museum has quite the
aspect of V. montanus. Dr. Adams suggested that it might be a variety
of V. leucopus, but it is very distinct from that.

Hodgson in the new edition of his British Museum Collection, has

4.)

named another species Vulpes fuliginosus, the ‘‘ Thecké,” probably from

154 PINNIGRADA.

Tibet or Sikim, but has given no description. Vulpes flavescens, Gray
(V. montanus apud Hodgson, olim, and Horsfield), is a handsome fox
from Tibet, of a peculiarly bright light yellowish-fulvous colour
throughout, with black ears and a superb brush. It is about the size of
the English fox, but has the fur finer, longer, and denser. It has not
I believe occurred on this side of the Himalayas. It is said to be
common at Lhassa. Blyth has another species from Afghanistan,
formerly referred by him to V. flavescens, which he now names /.
Griffithii, Cat. 134. Beside the well-known English fox, Vulpes fulvus,
there are others in Europe, the V. melanogaster, and the Arctic or blue
fox, V. lagopus, so much esteemed for its fur. There are very many
other species generally diffused over both continents.

The PrnniGRADA, or Amphibia, comprising the Seals and allied animals,
are not represented in the Indian seas, being inhabitants of colder regions.
Their feet are short and completely enveloped in skin. They have a
lengthened body covered with short close fur, a very moveable spine, and
are able swimmers. They have no tubercular teeth, all being conic and
trenchant, and the true and false molars are alike. Their bones are light
and spongy.

They are most abundant in the cold seas of the Arctic and Antarctic
regions. The Seals, of which there are several genera, constitute the
family Phocide ; and the remarkable Walrus, or sea-horse, T’richecus
rosmarus, L., isthe representative of another family, Zrichecide. Their
most natural position would, perhaps, have been following the Otters,
between them and the Yelide ; but in the present classification they are
followed naturally by the Cetaceans.

‘
t
‘
f
‘
‘
t
\
‘
:
h

CETACEA. 155

Orv. CETACEA. The Whale tribe.
Cete of some.— Mutilata, OwEn.

Anterior feet changed into fins; no posterior extremities. Tail
horizontal, flat, continuous with the trunk ; no external ears.

Cetaceans are distinguished by the fish-like form of their members, and
live in seas and large rivers. They are generally bulky animals, with very
large heads, tapering bodies, terminated by a broad tail-fin, which is the
principal agent in swimming. It is supported by cartilage only. The
head is not separated from the body by a neck. The eye is of very small
size, and from the great development of their facial bones, appears in
some to be placed nearly in the middle of the body. Their skin is thick
and intimately mixed with fat, forming the blubber, which serves to
preserve the warm temperature of the body in the cold seas they
frequent, and at the same time renders them light.. Their skin is
usually devoid of hair except a few bristles in the fcetal state of some,
and whiskers in one remarkable genus.

They have spiracles or external nostrils, sometimes on the fore part of
the nose, but usually on the top of the head, which can be closed by a
conical stopper or valve. The cervical vertebre are free in some, more
or less anchylosed in others. The sternum is short and wide. The ribs
are much curved, and very few of them join thesternum. They have no
clavicles. The anterior limbs are completely enclosed, forming a fin, but
contain the usual bones of the arm of vertebrate animals, sometimes with
very numerous phalanges. ‘Two small bones suspended in the flesh near
the anus are the only vestiges of posterior extremities. The sacrum is
absent, but the caudal vertebre are distinguished from the lumbar by the
presence of a series of inferior small V-shaped arches.

They have large brains with many and deep convolutions. The
arteries are infinitely convoluted, and vast plexures of vessels filled with
oxygenated blood occur under the pleura, and between the ribs on each
side of the spine. These form a reservoir of oxygenated blood, which
supports life whilst their respiration is suspended under water.

The petrous portion of the temporal bone, which contains the internal
ear, is separated from the rest of the head. The organ of hearing is of
great delicacy. Their sense of smell is little developed. They are either
edentulous, or the teeth are of one kind, simple in form, and one set only

156 DELPHINID&.

is developed (Monophyodont). The stomach has several distinct pouches,
usually five. They have several distinct spleens. Many of them havea
dorsal fin, which however is only a simple prolongation of skin devoid
of any independent movement, and not connected in any way with the
vertebre.

The spiracle, or blowhole, is single or double. This does not serve
as an organ of smell, but is used as a respiratory aperture. It has
generally been believed that the water taken into the mouth along with
their prey is expelled through this aperture in a jet, forming the
so-called spouting of whales ; but of late it is confidently asserted that
water is never expelled this way, and that it is simply the moisture of
the lungs and air-passages expelled along with the expired air which
causes the jet or spouting.

The Cetacea are divided into the tamilies Delphinide, or Porpoises,
and Balenide, or Whales, both of which have representatives in the

Indian seas.
Fam. DELPHINIDA.

Teeth numerous, conical ; nostrils open by a single transverse aperture ;
head of moderate size ; caudal fin notched.

The cranium is broad and high ; the naval passages nearly vertical.
The maxillaries are prolonged anteriorly, and also much devoloped pos-
teriorly, rising anterior to the frontals, over which they are expanded,
extending as far as the level of the nasals, which form the summit of the
cranium. They have in general no cecum.

The Dolphins, or Porpoises, as they are popularly called (the word

dolphin being usually restricted to the fish, Coryphena, celebrated for .

its changeable tints when dying), are found all over the world, in-
habiting seas, and many asceuding large rivers. They generally associate
in flocks or shoals, are very active, swimming and playing near the
surface of the sea, and feeding on fishes, crustacea, cuttle-fish, &c. They
often accompany ships for miles. There are several genera recognized,
one of which is peculiar to the rivers of India.*

Gen, Deteuinus, Linn.
Char.—Rostrum narrow, of moderate length, continued abruptly from

* Materials for the elucidation of this family as represented in India are very
deficient, and I am only able to indicate the names of some. Professor Owen has
recently read a paper on those collected by Walter Elliot, on the east coast, de-
scribing several new species, but the paper is not yet published. I will introduce,
in an Appendix to this volume, the species there described, if published before the
work is completed.

2 ETE Se eae ee et ey Bw On

of? &

ee eS oe a oF

— arn

DELPHINUS PLUMBEUS. 157

the forehead ; teeth numerous, slightly recurved, vary from 24 to 60 on
each side, both above and below ; a medium dorsal fin.

142, Delphinus perniger.

ELuiot apud Bryru, Cat. 280.

THe Brack Do.pHin.

Descr.—26 teeth on each side, above and below, obtuse, slightly curved
inwards. Of an uniform shining black above ; beneath blackish.

Total length of one, 5 feet 4 inches ; back to frontal elevation 4 inches ;
dorsal fin (somewhat posterior) 104 inches long, 6 inches high ; spread of
tail flukesabout 143inches. This species was taken in the Bay of Bengal
and sent to the Museum of the Asiatic Society by Mr. W. Elliot.

<

DussuMIER.

143. Delphinus plumbeus.

THe Piumpeous Do.paHIn.

Descr.—36 teeth on each side in the upper jaw, and 32 in the lower
jaw. Of an uniform leaden colour, with the lower jaw white. Length
of one, 8 feet.

Has been taken on the Malabar coast. Blyth, in his Catalogue, has
indicated, from the skulls, Delphinus eurynome, Gray ; Steno frontatus,
Cuvier ; Steno attenuatus, Gray ; and Veomeris phoceencides, Dussumier,

all from the Bay of Bengal. I shall refer to these in the Appendix.

Gen. PLATANISTA.

Char.—Rostrum very long, compressed, slightly enlarged at the
extremity ; teeth very numerous, conic and recurved in both jaws,
compressed ; paddles triangular, fan-shaped ; dorsal fin rudimentary ;
eyes minute. :

Skull with the maxillary bones bent up in front of the spiracles,
forming a vault; the neck long, the cervical vertebre moveable,
Possesses a small czecum.

This genus is peculiar, as far as known, to India.

158 DELPHINID &.

144, Platanista gangetica.

Delphinus apud Leseck.—RoxpureH, Asiat. Researches, VIT. pl. 5.
—Buytu, Cat. 286.—D. rostratus, Saaw.—Figd. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
1852, pl. V., &c.—Harpwickg, Ill. Ind. Zool. fig.—Susdé, Sons Susdé, H.
—Sisik or Sishik, Bengal.—Sisumar, Sanscr.

Tue GANGETIC PoRPOISE.

Descr.—Teeth 28 on each side, 29 below, total 114 : one account gives
120. Spiracle linear ; aperture of ears small, semi-lunar ; eye excessively
minute, rudimentary, of a dark plumbous colour ; when old, with some
lighter spots here and there ; shining pearl-gray when dry.

Length of one, 64 feet ; paddle 9 inches by 7 ; tail 14 ; eye 1 to 1} line
in diameter. One 6 feet long had the rostrum 174 inches long from the
gape ; whilst another, 7 feet long, had the rostrum only 13} inches. Both
these are believed to be females ; and Mr. Blyth, Cat. Mammalia, p. 92,
note, states that “certain discrepancies of proportion which I had sus-
pected to indicate sexual diversity may yet prove to be of ‘specifical
importance.”

This remarkable porpoise is found in the Ganges and its larger tribu-
taries, Jumna, Gogra, &c., up nearly to the hills, most abundant perhaps
in the middle portion or lower third; also in the Berampooter. I am
not aware of it being found in the Nerbudda, or in any of the large rivers
of the South of India. A nearly allied species from the Indus and its
tributaries has been discriminated by Blyth. The Gangetic porpoise is
very abundant in some localities; large shoals of them may be seen
sporting near most of the large towns on the Ganges, rising to the
surface to take an inspiration, and dipping down again in a way that is
popularly’ called rolling, and gives an impression of their back being
much rounded. I have always found this dolphin most abundant at the
junction of rivers with the main body of the Ganges, as it is here that
fishes also abound most. Ido not think that it ever goes out to sea, as
conjectured in Erickson’s paper, on Dr. Cantor’s authority. It feeds on
fishes chiefly, also on crustacea, molluscs (cuttle-fish), &c. In one case
recorded, some grains of paddy and some small shells alone were found
in the stomach ; but I should imagine that these came from some bird
or animal which the porpoise had picked up. They are rarely taken by

fishermen. Two, a male anda female, are recorded by McLelland, to have

:
-
.

PLATANISTA INDI. 159

been killed by the explosion of gunpowder in a wreck in the Hoogly.
At Monghyr, a certain caste occasionally catch them; and many are
stated to be killed in Dacca by a peculiar tribe called Garwarus, who
spear them and otters. They eat the flesh and burn the oil, which is
also used in rheumatism.

A long account of this animal, with copious anatomical details by
Erichson, and translated by Dr. Wallich, is to be found in the number
of the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History ” quoted above. He
considers it most nearly allied to Wyperoodon, with relations to the South
American genus Jia, also found in rivers. The very minute eye, with
the very small or almost rudimentary state of the optic nerves, show that
this dolphin must be considered to occupy among whales the same place
as the mole does among insectivora, and that it seeks its food in places
devoid of solar light, owing to the muddy state of the river. It is,
however, occasionally found in moderately clear water in the higher
parts of the Ganges.

The following species is pronounced by Blyth to be conspicuously
distinct.

145, Platanista Indi.
Buytu, Cat. 285.—J. A. S. XXVIII. 493.

Tue PorpoisE OF THE INDUS.

Descr.—Larger and more robust than P. gangetica, and of a paler
colour ; number of teeth the same, but twice as stout; the depth of the
two jaws with the teeth, about their middle, 31 inches, whilst in P. gan-
getica it is barely 1} inch.

Length of one, 7 feet; skull 204 inches; greatest width at the
zygomata 9}; symphysis of lower jaw 11.

There is a drawing of this porpoise among those of Sir A. Burnes,
and there is a skull in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta,
presented by the same gentleman, from the river Indus.

Gen. GLOBICEPHALUS, Lesson.

Char.—Head rounded in front ; paddles long, narrow, and pointed ;
teeth few in number, deciduous when old ; dorsal fin distinct ; inter-
maxillaries broad.

160 DELPHINID&.

146. Globicephalus indicus.
Buytu, Cat. 274.—J. A. S. XIX. 426 ; XXII. 358.

Tue InpIAnN Ca’iInc WHALE.

Descr.—Of an uniform leaden-black colour, slightly paler beneath ;
similar in form and size to G. deductor of European seas, but the teeth
fewer and larger than in that species, being 6 or 7 above, 7 or 8 beneath.

Length of an adult male, 14 feet 2 inches ; flippers 2 feet ; dorsal fin
24 feet long, 11 inches high ; breadth of tail-flukes 3 feet.

A shoal (schule or school of mariners) of this species was carried by a
current into the Salt-water lake, near Calcutta, in July 1852, where
Blyth saw them, and procured two specimens. They were floundering
about in all directions in the shallow water, and groaning painfully. He
was near enough to decide that when spouting, no jet of water was
thrown up, only aqueous particles, as from a wet syringe: this was
whilst the spiracle was above water.

Another of this species was killed in the Hoogly near Serampore,
about the same time of year.

There are very many species of this family now described, distributed
in numerous genera. One of the most remarkable is the Varwhal, or
Sea-unicorn, MZonodon monoceros, L., the long ivory tusk of which is
grooved spirally and directed forwards. The germs of two tusks exist,
but only one is developed, usually the left.

The Cachalots, or Sperm Whales, constitute the sub-family Catodontine.
They have an enormous head, with numerous teeth in the lower jaw, the
upper teeth being concealed in the gums. The upper part of their huge
heads is cellular, and the cavities are filled with a fatty substance,
becoming hard when cool, known as spermaceti, for which these whales
are chiefly hunted. The substance called ambergris is a concretion
found in their intestines.

Blyth, under Catodon macrocephalus, remarks, “ Occasionally hunted
at the entrance of the Bay of Bengal, within sight of Ceylon ;” species
doubtful, however, as identical with that inhabiting the Northern seas.
I see that Professor Owen, in the paper referred to (page 156), alludes
to a new species of this family from Mr. Elliot’s collection, which is
probably the one referred to. He names it Physeter (Muphysetes) simus.

ELLE EEO OO ee

ie), =

BALENOPTERA INDICA. 161

Fam. BALENIDE.

Head enormous ; spiracle double ; no teeth, but transverse horny
lamin adhering to the upper jaw; forming the baleen or whalebone.
Conical teeth are found in the feetal state. They possess a cecum.

Whales are the largest of all known animals, some being nearly 100
feet in length. They produce one young at a birth, which they suckle
for a considerable time. Their mammez are pudendal. They are often
found in large shoals sporting on the surface of the ocean. They are
most abundant in high latitudes, both arctic and antarctic. They feed
on small fish, cuttle-fish, other mollusca, and small crustacea. The
whalebone or baleen sometimes, in large whales, consisting of six
hundred to eight hundred plates 12 to 15 feet long, forms a regular
sieve through which the animal strains his food from the vast gulps of
water he takes in whilst feeding. The lower jaw has neither teeth nor
baleen, but is furnished with fleshy lips.

The skull is characterized by the great predominance of the facial
over the cranial portions, and the curvature of the rami of the lower
jaw, which extend outwards in a convex sweep far beyond the sides of
the upper maxilla, and converge to the symphysis, but do not unite.
The only Indian species of the family belongs to a group possessing a
dorsal fin, and hence called Finner, Finback, Fin-whale, &c.; also
Pike-whale, Rorqual.

Gen, Batznoprera, Lacepéde.

Char.—Those of the family, but with an adipose fin on the back ;
belly marked by longitudinal grooves. Head about one-fourth of total
length.

They feed on small fishes, and are found in all seas, tropical as well as
cold. The largest animals of the family belong to this genus.

147. Balenoptera indica.
Buiyru, J. A. 8, XXVIII. 488 ; Cat. 288.

Tue INDIAN FIN-WHALE.

Descr.—A whale supposed to be of this species was thrown ashore on
the Chittagong coast, said to be 90 feet long and 42 in circumference.
Another was cast up dead at Amherst Islet, 84 feet in length. Of this

M

162 BALENOPTERA INDICA.

last the rami of the lower jaw and a few other bones are now in the
Museum Asiatic Society, Calcutta, and on these remains Blyth founded
this species. The length of each ramus is close on 21 feet. It tapers
very gradually and evenly, and is remarkably slender for a Balenoptera.
The radius is 38? inches long.

Very large whales, most probably of this species, have been stranded
near Kurachee ; on the Malabar coast (one of which was said to be 100
feet long ; and another 90 feet, which got among the reefs off Quilon in
Travancore) ; also on Ceylon, and they are often captured off that island.
The Maldives and Seychelles are the head-quarters of the whalers who
seek these whales, but they are not so much sought after as the right-
whales (Balena), which yield much more blubber. Balenoptera boops,
L., is the great Rorqual, and B. musculus, L., the Lesser Rorqual, are
both found in European seas.

The true Balene have a still larger head, about one-third the length
of the whole body, and have no dorsal fin. They are all from arctic
or antarctic seas. Balena mysticetus, the Greenland whale, is the best
known. It seldom attains 70 feet in length, and B. japonica is the only
other one from Northern Seas, but there are at least two from the South,
L. australis and B. antarctica.

RODENTIA. 163

Orv. RODENTIA.

Syn. Glires of some.

Two incisors only in each jaw, large, incurved, and without roots. No
canines. Molars separated from the incisors by an interval, usually few
in number, varying from two to six on each side, rarely more than four.
Feet unguiculate, generally with five toes.

The so-called incisors are, however, by most anatomists considered the
representative of canine teeth, the incisors being obliterated except in
hares, which have a pair of incisors behind the upper gnawing teeth.*

The Rodents or Gnawers are chiefly characterized by the remarkable
conformation of their teeth. Their quasi-incisors have a plate of enamel
only in front, often coloured yellow or brownish ; behind this the anterior
plate of true dentine is also harder than the posterior layer, though not
so hard as the enamel. From this structure a sharp edge is effected by
the constant attrition, the teeth acquiring a chisel-shape with the slope
backwards. The pulp being persistent, these teeth are always growing,
and if from any cause the upper tooth is displaced or lost, its antagonist
in the lower jaw has been known to grow on, enter the skull, and
cause death. The molars have flat crowns, and the enamelled emi-
nences, which are always transverse, vary from thin lines to blunt
tubercles, according as their diet varies from frugivorous to omnivorous.
The condyle of the lower jaw is longitudinal, and slides backwards and
forwards, and this motion acting on the peculiar chisel-shaped incisors,
serves to reduce the hardest substances by a constant filing or gnawing.
The orbits are not separated from the temporal fosse. The inter-
maxillaries are enormously developed to hold their large incisors, and
the maxillaries are therefore pushed far backwards. The nasal bones
are greatly elongated. Some possess clavicles, others have none. The
os magnum of the carpus is often divided into two, as in some monkeys.
The pelvis resembles that of Carnivora. The fibula is situated behind
the tibia, and consolidated with it in the lower portion in many. The
os calcis is much developed.

The stomach is usually simple or in two distinct pouches ; the in-
testinal canal is very long, and pretty even in diameter ; and the cecum
is generally much’ developed, and is only absent in one group. The

* T shall continue to call these teeth the incisors, or quasi-incisors. Blyth has,
lately named them the rodential tusks.
mM 2

164 RODENTIA,

liver is large, a gall-bladder generally present, but deficient in some
rats ; and the pancreas is also large. The brain is small, either tapering
in front as in birds, or somewhat circular and smooth, and without con-
volutions. The cerebellum is scarcely overlapped by the cerebrum.

There is no scrotum in most of the rodentia, but the testes increase
much in size in the breeding season, and at that time pass into a sort of
temporary scrotum. Most possess a bone in the corpus cavernosum of
the penis. The uterus has two horns, and in some indeed is actually
double.

The rodents are mostly animals of small size, the Capybara, the Poreu-
pines, and the Beavers being the giants of the order. Their eyes are
directed sideways. The opening of the mouth is small, and many have
cheek-pouches. The ears are moderate or large. Their limbs are usually
short, the hind extremity in many much larger than the anterior. They
are usually clad with hair, in a few with bristles or spines. The tail
varies much in size, is sometimes hairy, at others naked or scaly. They
live chiefly on vegetable substances, often on hard nuts, roots, the bark
of trees, &c. ; and many are nocturnal in their habits. Many of them
build artificial nests, and a few manifest a constructive instinct in
association ; whilst others are remarkable for their migrations. They
are very prolific, often producing several litters in the year, and the
young quickly attaining maturity. Many hybernate like reptiles. In
many of their anatomical features, as well as in their habits, we are
reminded of birds, and they manifest a decided inferiority of type.
Cheiromys, a Lemurian form already alluded to, is the only animal
that possesses teeth similar to the rodents, with which it was classed
by some. Blyth considers that “perhaps the nearest affinity of the
Rodentia is with the Elephant among the Pachydermata.” *

The division of the rodents into groups is attended with some diffi
culties, and various classifications have been proposed. I shall here
group the Indian rodents in four families—Sciuride, squirrels ; Muride,
rats ; Hystricide, porcupines ; and Leporide, hares ; which, indeed, are
considered by some to embrace the whole of the order; to which has
recently been added the Saccomyide, or pouched rats,+ whilst many
systematists make separate families of the dormice, Myowide ; jerboas,
Dipodide ; voles, Arvicolide ; mole-rats, Aspalacide and Bathyergide ;

* Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom (Transl.), p. 109.
+ Vide Selater, Quarterly Jour. Science, October, 1865, p. 617.

SCIURID®. 165

all included in the Murip# ; and the Caviade, Octodontide, and Hydro-
cheride, belonging to the Hystricip2.

The two first families possess clavicles, and have the projecting angle
of the lower jaw subquadrate.

Fam. Sciuripx, Squirrels.
ts 5—) 4—4

Quasi-incisors smooth, compressed ; molars usually 7 pe 2
enamelled continuously, or complex, and furnished with roots. Feet
either all pentudactylous, or the fore-feet with four toes and a thumb-
wart or tubercle. Tail typically long, bushy ; clavicles perfect.

The Squirrels form a well-marked group of elegant animals, mostly
with arboreal habits, and widely distributed both in the old and new
world. One group only is quite terrestrial,—the Marmots. The addi-
tional molar of the upper jaw is early deciduous. The most striking
feature of the skull of the Squirrels is the distinct post-orbital process ;
and the palate is larger than in other rodents. The molars are variously
tubercled, some with blunt, others with sharp points. Of five well-
marked generic groups, three occur within our province ; one however
only as an outlier from the central Asian plateau.

Gen. Scrurus, Linn.

Char. — Preemolars — molars = ; quasi-incisors smooth in
front, brown or orange-coloured, the lower ones compressed, acute ;
fore-feet with only four toes, and a tubercle on the site of the thumb ;
claws compressed, incurved ; tail very long, bushy, the hairs directed
more or less laterally.

Squirrels have a large head and prominent eyes, a large body and
moderately long limbs. They are mostly quite arboreal in their habits,
exceedingly active and lively, feeding on buds, fruit, nuts, and other
vegetable substances ; and building a large rude nest of leaves, grass, &c.
They hold up their food to their mouth between the two thumb-
tubercles. They are found over both continents, most rare in the
Neotropical region.

There are three well-marked groups in India, distinguished by size,
coloration, and habits.

Ist group. Large Squirrels.

These are squirrels of very large size, rich coloration, and more or less

166 SCIURIDA.

pencilled ears, They are peculiar to South-eastern Asia, including the
Archipelago as far as Borneo, attaining their maximum in India. Of these
Blyth, though retaining them as species, remarks in a foot-note, Cat.
Mammal., p. 98, ‘It is difficult to conceive of the whole series as other
than permanent varieties of one species.”* There are two or three
nearly allied species or races inhabiting the peninsula of India, wherever
there are large and lofty forests, but the specific distinctions and the

exact geographic limits of each yet require much investigation.

148, Sciurus malabaricus.

Scuinz.—S. maximus, apud Biyru, Cat. 307.—HorsFIEtp, Cat. 209.
—Jungli gilheri, H.

THE MALABAR SQUIRREL.

Descr.—Fars, nape, back of neck, the back and sides of the body,
bright maroon-chestnut ; the posterior part of the back, ramp, and upper
portion of all the limbs, and the tail, black ; forehead and interocular
regions brownish ; muzzle and cheeks rufous ; neck, breast, and lower
parts dingy-yellow ; feet rufous in front, yellow internally ; ears small,
rounded, very hairy.

Length, head and body, 16 to 18 inches ; tail with the hair 20-21.

This race inhabits the southern portions of Malabar, the Wynaad,
slopes of the Neelgherries, Travancore, &ec. &e.

149, Sciurus maximus.

ScHrEBER.—ELLI07, Cat. 43.—Sc. No. 308, Biytu, Cat. (sine nomine).
—Kéat berrél, Bengal.—Kondeng of Coles.—Kuarrdt, Hindi.—fasié and
Ratuphar, at Monghyr.—Bet-aidatd, Tel.—Per-warsti of Gonds.

THE CrentTrRAL INDIAN RED SQUIRREL.

Descr.—Similar to the last, but there is never any black on the croup
or thighs, and less on the fore limbs ; the tail more or less black or deep
maroon above, usually with a pale yellowish tip ; the under parts are
more or less deeply coloured.

* Theoretically I quite agree with Blyth, but practically we must distinguish
them as species, as indeed he himself does; and the same remark might be applied
with more or jess reason to many other groups of animals.

oa

SCIURUS ELPHINSTONEI. 167

About the same size as the last. This race inhabits Central India,
whence often brought alive to Calcutta. I have seen it in the forests at
the foot of the Puchmurri hills, near Seonee, and in the vast jungles of
Bustar, where it is very abundant ; also in Goomsoor.

Blyth remarks that it is very constant to its particular type of
coloration, “apparently never varying.”

150, Sciurus Elphinstonei.

Sykes, Cat.—S. bombayanus, apud Scuinz.—E..iot, Cat. 43, var.—
Shekra, Mahr. of the Ghats.—Kés annalié, Can. of the Halapyks.

THe Bompay Rep SQuIRREL.

Deser.—Ears and the whole upper surface of the body, and halfway
down the tail, outside the hind-legs, and halfway down the fore-legs
outside, of an uniform rich reddish-chestnut ; the whole under surface of
the body from the chin to the vent, inside of the limbs and lower part
of the fore-legs, crown of head, cheeks and posterior half of the tail, of
a fine reddish-white, the two colours being separated by a defined line,
and not merging into each other; feet light red; forehead and nose
reddish-brown, with some white hairs intermixed. Ears tufted.

Length of one, head and body, 20 inches ; tail 18.

The Bombay red squirrel is found in the northern portion of the
Western Ghats, extending into north Malabar. It is probably the
species found on the Mahableshwar hills. Mr. Elliot records S. maximus
as being the species of the forest of the Southern Mahratta country,
but alludes to this as a variety found in the Ghats.

These three well-marked races or species have similar habits, dwelling
in lofty forests, and making a large nest near the top of the tallest trees.
Their voice is a loud quickly-repeated cry, which Sykes syllabises as
chook-chook-chook. Many are taken young and brought to Calcutta
and other large towns for sale, and they become very tame. They are
awkward in their gait on the ground, but most active on trees, jumping
from bough to bough with amazing agility. J am unable to define the
geographic limits of each race more than what I have noted under the
species. Many years ago I saw a large colony of one of these races in
a wood near Kotagherry, on the Neelgherries, which was perhaps
S. Malabaricus ; but I have an impression that it might have been
S. macrourus, or S. Tennanti,

168 SCIURIDE.

151. Sciurus macrouroides.

Hopason. — S. bicolor, var. indica, Horsrretp, Cat. 204.—Bty7n,
Cat. 309.—/S. giganteus, McLettanp. —Shingsham, Bhot.— Lé-hyik,
Lepch.

THE Brack Hint SQuirRe..

Descr.— Uniform dark blackish-brown or black above, beneath and
round the lower part of the limbs fulvous-white ; posterior limbs wholly
black externally, and the anterior ones black behind, and more or less
so externally ; a black cheek-band ; cheeks fulvous-gray with a large
triangular patch ; a rusty-red spot between the ears, which are sometimes
pretty densely tufted.

Length, head and body, 15 inches ; tail with the hair 16.

The fur is more glossy and less wavy than in S. macrourus. The
pelage is sometimes blanched and rusty on the back towards the rump ;
and, in the young, it is said to be always thin and pale on the croup.

I have here, with Hodgson, considered the south-east Himalayan
squirrel, with its well-clad ears, as distinct from the Malayan race, which
has the ear-conch almost nude. It is found in the south-east Himalayas,
Nepal, and Sikim, also in the hill regions of Assam and Burmah. Near
Darjeeling I found it at about 5,000 feet of elevation, but by no means
common. It has been stated to occur in Southern India; and a well-
marked race or species, S. Zennantit, is found at high elevations in Ceylon.
This may have been the one observed by me near Kotagherry. The
nearly allied S. bicolor is found in the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra,
&e. Itis S. affinis of Rafiles, S. awriventris, Is. Geoffroy.

152. Sciurus macrourus.

Forster.—Biytn, Cat. 313.—Horsrievp, Cat. 211.—Harpwicke,
Til. Ind. Zool. 2, 19.—S. Ceylonensis, Bopparrt.—Figd. PENNANT’s
Indian Zoology.

THE GrizzLep HILL SQuIRREL.

Descr.—Head and neck, basal half of tail, and limbs externally, dull
maroon-black, much grizzled with white, especially on the haunches,
sides, croup, and tail, the apical end of which is brown with a whitish
grizzle ; lips, cheeks, neck in front and on the sids, belly, and limbs

ON

ae

SCIURUS LOKRIOIDES, 169

~

internally, yellow or yellowish-white. Ears ovate, acuminate, with
short hair, not tufted, or whitish externally, with a very small black tuft.

Length, head and body, 12 to 13 inches ; tail 12, or with the hair 133.

The fur is coarse, slightly waved, and varies from maroon-black to
rufous-brown, and the hairs are often grizzled and tipped white and
yellow. In many specimens the anterior half is black or nearly so, and
the posterior parts light-brown. One that was sent to me from Travan-
core was of a grizzled yellow-brown colour above, slightly darker on the
top of the head, beneath dirty straw-colour, the toes blackish-brown.

Length 11 inches ; tail 10.

Blyth mentions a ruddy-white or whitish isabelline variety from
Ceylon.

This squirrel is stated to have been sent from the jungles of Mysore
and the Neelgherries. I have only had it myself from Travancore, and
cannot speak with certainty of its geographic limits.

S. ephippium, 8. Miiller, from Borneo, is another species of this
division, |

The next group consists of squirrels of medium size, with grizzled fur.
They are peculiar to South-eastern Asia and its islands, and, as Blyth
remarks, are extraordinarily developed in the Indo-Chinese countries
and Malayan peninsula, where the species or permanent races, would
seem to be almost endless, differing more or less in size and colouring.

In India they are confined to the south-east Himalayas, and the pro-
vinces north-east of Bengal.

153. Sciurus Lokriah.

Honpeson.— Biytu, Cat. 327.—S. subflaviventris, McLELLAND. —
Lokria, Nepal.—Zhdémo, Bhot.—Killi or Kalli tingdong, Lepch.

THE ORANGE-BELLIED GRAY SQUIRREL.

Descr.—Above dark grizzled olive-brown, the hairs tipped with
orange-colour ; beneath and thighs deep orange-yellow ; tail concolorous
with the body above, ferruginous beneath, distichous, flattened, rather
broad, with a double margin of black and hoary.

Length, head and body, about 8 inches ; tail 63 to 8 (with the hair).

154, Sciurus Lokrioides.
Hopeson.—BiytH, Cat. 328.—S. Lokriah, apud Gray.

170 SCIURID.E.

Tue HoaAry-BELLIED GRAY SQUIRREL.

Descr.—Very similar to the last, lower parts rufous-hoary, instead of
orange ; thighs usually concolorous with body above ; tail narrower and
devoid of the marginal bands ; upper parts not so dark, with less of
the rufescent tinge observable in S. Lokriah ; thighs occasionally tinged
with rufo-ferruginous. Of the same size as the last.

This species is nearly allied to S. Assamensis, McLelland, but differs in
wanting the black tip to the tail, and in some other points of coloration.

These two squirrels, Lokriah and Lokrioides, are not distinguished from
each other by the natives of Sikim, and there is a great resemblance
between them. SS. Lokriah, I think, ascends to a higher elevation than
the other species. They are both found in the south-eastern Himalayas,
Nepal, Sikim, and Bhotan, the former extending into the hill regions of
Assam and Arrakan. S. Lokrioides has been considered by some identical
with Assamensis, which occurs in the neighbourhood of Dacca, Sylhet, &e.
About Darjeeling neither are very abundant in individuals. Most are
seen in the autumn when the chestnuts ripen, of which they are very
fond.

Of this group, Sciwrus ferrugineus, F. Cuvier, 8. erythreus, Pallas ;
S. erythrogaster, Blyth ; S. hyperythrus, Blyth ; 8. chrysonotus, Blyth ;
S. hyperythrus, Is. Geoffroy ; S. Phayrei, Blyth; S. Blanfordi, Blyth,
and S. atrodorsalis, Gray, inhabit various localities, from the Khasya
hills to Tenasserim ; and there are several others from the Malayan
peninsula and islands,

The next group is that of the Striped Squirrels, which, from the best
known species, S. palmarum, has been named by some the Palmists.
They are of small size, and affect the ground more than anv other of the
Indian squirrels ; and in this, as in general appearance, nearly approach
the group of ground squirrels called Zamias.

155. Sciurus palmarum.

GMELIN.—BLyTH, Cat. 339.—Ettrot, Cat. 42.—S. penicillatus, Lracu,
Zool. Mise. fig. — Gilheri, H.—Berdl, also Lakki, Bengal.—Kharri,
Mahr.—Alalu, Can.—Vodata, Tel.— Urta of Waddurs.

THe Common STRIPED SQUIRREL.

Descr,—Ahbove dusky greenish-gray, with three yellowish-white stripes

SCIURUS TRISTRIATUS. 7

along the whole length of the back, and two fainter lines on each side ;
beneath whitish ; tail with the hairs variegated with red and black ;
ears rounded.

Length about 13 to 14 inches, of which the tail is nearly half.

This well-known little squirrel is common throughout the whole penin-
sula of India, except in some parts of Malabar, and the north-eastern part
of Bengal ; and from its familiarity and shrill voice is quite a pest at
times, especially to invalids. It does not occur out of India, nor in
Ceylon. It enters houses freely, picking up crumbs, grains of rice, Xc.,
and, indeed, often has its permanent abode in bungalows and out-
houses, building its nest on the eaves, rafters, and in the thatch. It
resorts much to the ground for its food, and it is often carried off by
the dwarf-eagle, Aquila pennata, which stoops on it when thus em-
ployed. It usually constructs a bulky nest of grass, wool, cotton, &c.,
which it takes no pains to conceal among the branches of trees, or in
the eaves of houses, on cornices, &c. Why it was named the “ palm-
squirrel” has often puzzled the Indian naturalist, for though occasionally
seen on palm-trees, it is so exceedingly rarely, The female has from
two to four young ata birth. Mr. Blyth has noticed that the call of
this squirrel, but more particularly that of the next closely-allied one,
reminded him of the chirping of birds, which, says he, is also noticed
of the allied form Zamias.

This squirrel is easily caught in a common rat-trap. If taken when
young, it becomes very tame. Great numbers used to be taken at Trichi-
nopoly, and the skins very nicely tanned for sale to Europeans. An
Indian legend runs that when Hunamén was crossing the Ganges, it
was bridged over by all the animals. A small gap remained which was
filled by this squirrel, and when Hunamén passed over, he placed his
hand on the squirrel’s back, and the marks of his five fingers remained
ever since on its back. When alarmed, the hairs of its tail are erected
at right angles, like a bottle-brush.

Gray has applied the synonym of 8S. penicillatus to the next species,
but it certainly appertains to this one, the type having been taken in a
house in Madras.

156. Sciurus tristriatus.

Warernouse, P. Z. 8. 1839.—S. palmarum, var. b, dark variety,
Etuiot, Cat. 42.— Biytn, Cat. 340.—S. Brodiei, and S. Kelaarti,
LAYARD,

172 SCIURID.E.

THE JUNGLE STRIPED SQUIRREL.

Descr.—Very similar to the last, but generally darker, the face,
forehead, back, and haunches more or less tinged with rusty-red, or
reddish-brown ; the stripes small, narrower than in the common one,
and not extending the whole length of the back ; tail beneath distinctly
rusty ; sides darker than in palmarwm.

Length, head and body, 7} inches ; tail 73.

Mr. Blyth says he observed no difference in size. I have always found
this species slightly larger and conspicuously heavier than palmarum.

This species is so exceedingly similar to the last that many would only
look on it as a slight variety, but it differs very remarkably in its voice,
which is much Jess shrill, and indeed quite different in character. This
was first noticed by Mr. Blyth, and I can fully confirm his statement. It
is found in most of the forest districts of India, from Midnapore to the
extreme south and Ceylon, where it quite replaces S. palmarwm, as indeed
it does in some parts of Malabar. I have not seen specimens from the
Eastern Ghats, nor did I notice it in the Bustar jnngles. Mr. Blyth
remarks that specimens from Midnapore quite resemble others from
Ceylon. Although generally, as Mr. Blyth remarks, the tendency of
this species is to avoid human habitations as much as that of the other
is to affect them, yet at Tellicherry, where I resided for some time, and
at other stations on the Malabar coast, where the whole country is
densely wooded, it does occasionally enter and even take up its abode
in houses. A pair frequented my own house at Tellicherry, but they
were much more shy than their ally, and always endeavoured to shun
observation.

With reference to the very great similarity of these two squirrels,
Mr. Blyth well remarks, “The slight differences of form and colour
between these two species, so ditsinct in their voice and habits, should
indicate the extreme caution necessary ere we conclude other allied

races to he merely varieties of the same, from their general similarity of
size and colouring.”

157. Sciurus Layardi.
Buytu, Cat. 341.—J. A. 8. XVIII. 600.

Tue TRAVANCORE STRIPED SQUIRREL.

Deser,— Much darker than the last, being of a dark dingy olive-colour

SCIURUS McCLELLANDI. 173

with a tinge of ashy ; middle of back black, with a short yellowish
streak in the middle and a faint and shorter streak on each side ; tail
tipped black, rusty in the middle ; lower parts somewhat ferruginous.
Size of the last, or a trifle larger.
This well-marked race is found in the mountains of Travancore, and
in Ceylon. I have had skins from the former locality, but know nothing
peculiar in its habits, nor is its call recorded.

158. Sciurus sublineatus.

WaternHouse, P. Z. 8. 1838. — Biyru, Cat. 342.— Se. Delesserit,
Gervais, Mag. de Zool. 1842, and Zool. Voyage de DELEssERT, with
figure,

Tur NEELGHERRY STRIPED SQUIRREL.

Descr,—Of a dark grizzled olive-colour, tinged with tawny above, and
with three pale lines alternating with four dark ones on the back and
croup, the outer dark lines narrower and somewhat less dark than the
others ; beneath lighter, more mixed with tawny ; tail grizzled dusky-
olive and ferruginous. Fur remarkably dense, close, and soft.

Length, head and body, 53 to 6 inches; tail 6.

I first procured this small squirrel on the Neelgherries in the dense
woods there ; where, however, it is by no means common. I have since
killed it in Wynaad and Coorg, but only at considerable elevations. It
has been sent to Mr. Blyth from the mountains of Travancore, and is
also found in Ceylon, ‘at Newera-ellia, and other localities. Blyth
remarks that this squirrel is somewhat allied to S. insignis, Horsfield,

from Java.

159. Sciurus McClellandi.

HorsrFiew, P. Z. 8. 1839.—Bryru, Cat. 344.—Perhaps Se. No. 135,
Hopason, New edit. British Mus. Collection, called in the preface
S. chikhura ? olim S. Pembertoni, Buyru.—Kalli Gangdin, Lepch.

THE SMALL Himanayan SQuiRREL.

Descr.—General hue dull brownish-fulvous grizzled with black ; under
parts whitish-brown ; a black stripe on the nose anterior to the whiskers ;
a black mesial stripe from near the shoulders to the croup, and a narrow

lateral black stripe, with a broader fulyous one external to it from the

174 SCIURIDA.

sides of the neck ; tail grizzled dark above, fulvous beneath ; ears small,
black-edged, fulvous-white within, and with a small white tuft is

Length, head and body, 5 inches ; tail 4.

This little squirrel is found in Sikim, Bhotan, and the hill ranges of
Assam, the Khasya kills, &ce. I procured several in the neighbourhood
of Darjeeling, at an elevation of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet chiefly, but it
is not abundant. It does not appear to extend to Nepal.

S. Barbet, Blyth, from Tenasserim, is nearly allied to this, but more
brightly coloured ; and S. plantani, Horsfield, from Java, is another
similar species. S. Berdmorei, Blyth, from Mergui, is the representative
of S. palmarum.

Sc. ewropeus, L., the European squirrel,'is found in Northern and
Central Asia, and a skin from Tibet, received by Mr. Hodgson, was named
by him J/ustela calotes. Adams states that he thinks he observed it in
Kashmir, but did not obtain a specimen. Rhinosciurus tupaioides, Gray
(S. laticaudatus of 8. Miiller), is a peculiar long-snouted squirrel of
. Malayana ; and a group of African squirrels have been named Xerws by
Ehrenberg, Geosciwrus by Dr. A. Smith.

The next group is that of the Flying Squirrels.

These are divided into two smaller groups, one of large size, and with
the tail round and hairy throughout,—Pteromys ; the other of smaller
size, with the tail flat, and the hairs distichous,—Sciwropterus.

Gen. Preromys, Cuvier.

Char.—-Dental formula as in Sciwrus ; molars complex, the first upper
ones very small, placed inside the second. Feet as in Sciwrus. Theskin
of the flanks extended between the fore and hind feet, forming when
expanded a wide parachute ; tail rounded, hairy all round, as long as the
body or longer.

They have long osseous or cartilaginous appendages to the feet, which
serve to support the lateral membrane. This genus is restricted to
south-east Asia and the islands of Malayana. There are three species
in our province, one in’ the peninsula, the other two respectively from
the north-west and south-east Himalaya.

160. Pteromys petaurista.
Patias.—Brytu, Cat. 291.—P. Philippensis apud Extior, Cat. 44.—

a PTEROMYS PETAURISTA. 175

P. oral, Ticket, Cale. J. N. H. 2, pl. XI.—Ordl of the Coles.—Pakya,
Mahr. of Ghats. —Parachaten, Mal. (Buch. Hamilton).

THe Brown Fiyina SQuIRREL.

Descr.—Upper parts dusky-maroon black grizzled with white, the
membrane and limbs above somewhat brighter and more rufous ; the
feet, the muzzle, and round the eyes, and terminal half of the tail, dark-
brown or black, the last sometimes with a little white towards the tip ;
under parts dingy brownish- gray or nearly white. Mr. Elliot calls its
upper colour a beautiful gray, caused by the intermixture of black with
white and dusky hairs. The male is distinguished by an irregular patch
of rufous on the sides of the neck, which in the female is a sort of
pale fawn.

Length, head and body, 20 inches ; tail 21 ; breadth 24.

The female has six inamme, two pectoral and four ventral.

This flying squirrel is found throughout the peninsula of India wherever
there are extensive lofty forests. I have observed it in Malabar, in Tra-
vancore, where very abundant ; in the forest of Bustar in Central India,
and in the Vindhian mountains, near Mhow ; and I have seen specimens
from the Northern Circars. It also extends from the Midnapore jungles
through great part of Central India. It is foundin Ceylon. It frequents
the loftiest trees in the thickest parts of the forests, and is quite nocturnal
in its habits, usually making its appearance when quite dusk. The

‘natives discover its whereabouts by noting the droppings beneath the trees

it frequents. It is said to keep in holes of trees during the day, and
breeds in the same places. In the Wynaad many are killed, and a few
captured alive by the Coorumbars, a jungle race of aborigines who are
usually employed to fell the forest trees in clearing for coffee ; and I
have had several sent to me alive, caught in this way, but could not
keep them for any time. It lives chiefly on fruits of various kinds, also
on bark, shoots, &c. ; and Tickell says, “ occasionally on beetles and the
larve of insects.” Mr. Elliot says, ‘it is very gentle, timid, and may
be tamed, but from its delicacy is difficult to preserve.”

Tickell also states, that ‘when taken young it becomes a most
engaging pet. It can be reared on goat’s or cow’s milk, and in about
three weeks will begin to nibble fruit of any kind. During the day it
sleeps much, either sitting with its back bent into a circle, and its head
thrust down to its belly, or lying on its back with the legs and parachute

176 SCIURIDA.

extended, a position it is fond of in sultry weather. During the night-
time it is incessantly on the move. In spite of its flying paraphernalia,
the Oral is by no means so agile as other squirrels ; its pace on the
ground is a hobbling or hopping kind of gallop, nor is it particularly
nimble even in trees, the parachute flapping about and impeding
its movements in moving from branch to branch. In its wild state it
scrambles in this manner all over a tree, and when wishing to pass on to
another at some distance, does not descend to the ground, but leaping
from the topmost branches sails through the air by means of the
parachute, and reaches the lower part or trunk of the adjacent tree.
These leaps or flights can be extended, I am told, to ten yards or
upwards, always of course in a diagonal and lowering direction. I myself
have never witnessed them.”

I have on several occasions seen both this species and the next take
flights, and on one occasion an individual of the present species went over
a distance, from tree to tree, of above sixty yards. Of course it was very
close to the ground when it neared the tree, and the last few feet of its
flight were slightly upwards, which I have also noticed at other times.

“ The voice of the Oral,” says Tickell, ‘is seldom heard. Itis a weak,
low, soft monotone, quickly repeated, so low that in the same room you
require to listen attentively to distingnish it. It is to the Koles asound
ominous of domestic affliction. When angry the Oral seldom bites, but
scratches with its fore-claws, grunting at the same time like a guinea-
pig.” The fur of this species is, when in good order, very beautiful and
soft, and is highly prized.

161. Pteromys inornatus.

Ts. Georrroy, Zool. Voynge de JAcquemont, pl. 1V.—Buyrtu, Cat.
293.—P. albiventer, Gray '—Rusi gugar, Kashmiri, 7. e. the Flying rat.

THE WHITE-BELLIED FLYING SQUIRREL

Descr.—Above grizzled reddish-brown, or dark gray with a rufous tinge
and white speckled, the sides, parachute, and outer edge of limbs darker,
nearly maroon-red ; the head, neck, and breast light grayish-rufous; cheeks
gray ; chin and throat white ; lower parts from the breast white, faintly
tinged with rufous on the belly, and more strongly on the lower surface of
the parachute, the posterior outer edge of which has a border of grayish-

PTEROMYS MAGNIFICUS. Lee

white ; a band across the nose, orbits, whiskers, and feet black ; tail
round, bushy, brownish-rufous, tip nearly black.

Length of one, head and body 14 inches ; tail 16.

This flying squirrel is found throughout the north-west Himalayas,
from Kashmir to Kumaon, usually at a considerable elevation, from
6,000 to 10,000 feet, lower in winter; and in Kashmir it is stated
to hybernate during the season, It is often killed near Simla and
Landour.

162. Pteromys magnificus.

Hopeson.—Biytu, Cat. p. 95.—P. chrysothrixz, Hopason.—Seiuro-
pterus nobilis, GRAY (variety).—Biyom, Lepch.

THE RED-BELLIED FLYING SQUIRREL.

Descr.—Above dark-chestnut, or ochreous-chestnut mixed with black,
in some with a golden-yellow mesial line, and an external border of the
same ; shoulders and thighs golden-yellow or red ; all the lower parts
orange or golden-red, ochreous on the limbs and on the margin of the
parachute ; tail somewhat depressed, slightly paler than the back, tipped
black for about two inches ; a black zone round the eyes, and mystaceal
region also black, between which the nose is pale golden-colour ; chin
pale, with a black triangular spot; ears red. The pelage thick, soft,
and glossy.

Length of one, head and body 16 inches ; tail 22: of another, head and
body 15 ; tail 18.

This splendid flying squirrel is found in the south-east Himalayas, from
Nepal to Bhotan, and also in the Khasya hills, and hill-ranges of Assam.
It is not very uncommon near Darjeeling, and used to be more so before
the station was so denuded of its fine trees. It frequents the zone from
6,000 to 9,000 feet or so, and feeds chiefly on acorns, chestnuts, and other
hard fruit ; also on young leaves ‘and shoots.

In one examined, the intestinal canal was 14 feet long, and the
crecum 20 inches, very capacious and sacculated.

Various other species are found in the Indian region ; viz., Péeromys
cineraceus, Blyth, from Burmah ; P. nitidus, Geoffrey, from the Malayan
peninsula ; P. elegans, 8, Miiller, from Java ; P. philippensis, Gray, from
the Philippines, &e. &e.

Gen. Scturorterus, F. Cuvier.

Char.—Tail shorter than the body, flat, and the hairs more or less
N

178 SCIURIDA.

distichous ; molar teeth tuberculated. Usually of smaller size, otherwise

as in Lieronys.

163. Sciuropterus caniceps.

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. X. 262.—Brytu, Cat. 296.—Pteromys
senex, Hopason.—Biyom chimbo, Lepch.

Tue GREY-HEADED FLYING SQUIRREL.

Descv.—-Entire head iron-gray ; orbits and base of ears deep orange-
fulvous; whole body above, with parachute and tail, a mixture of
blackish and golden-yellow ; limbs deep orange-ochreous ; margin of
parachute albescent ; beneath, the neck whitish, rest of the lower parts
pale orange-red ; tip of tail black ; ears nearly nude ; tail sub-distichous.

Length of one, head and body 14 inches ; tail with the hair 16}.

This species by its long and only slightly distichous tail, its large
size, and coloration, is quite a link between Sciuropterus and Pteromys,
and I would have preferred classing it with the latter, but for the sake
of uniformity with Blyth’s Catalogue have placed it as the first of the
former group. ‘The pelage is not so fine as in true Pteromys.

Tt has been found in Nepal and Sikim. I got one or two specimens
only near Darjeeling and it was said to frequent a somewhat lower zone
than P. magnificus, viz., from about 4,000 to 6,000 feet.

Horsfield, in his Catalogue of Mammalia, has Péeromys Pearsoni, Gray,
like cauniceps, about one-third smaller, paler above and below, head
coloured like the back, no orange spot over the eye or at base of ears ;
tail flatter and broader. From Darjeeling. I fancy that this must be
the young of S. caniceps, or it may be S, villosus, q. v. Blyth does not
notice it in his Catalogue.

Sc. Layardi, Blyth, from Ceylon, is stated to be somewhat allied to
S. caniceps,

164, Sciuropterus fimbriatus.

Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. N. 8. I. 584,.—Bryru, Cat. 298.—Péeromys
Leachii, GRAY ?

Toe Gray Frying Squirret.

Desc’.--Fur above pale rufous-brown, or soft gray, varied with black,

SCIUROPTERUS VILLOSUS. 179

like the colour of the wild rabbit, the hairs being lead-coloured at their
base, the rest brown with a black tip; face whitish ; orbits black ;
whiskers very long, black ; chin and lower parts yellowish-white ; tail
broad, rather tapering, fulvous, the hairs near the base black-tipped,
and the tail black at the end; feet broad, the outer edge of the hind-
feet with a broad tuft of hair.

Length of one, head and body 10 to 11 inches ; tail 8 to 9, but it is
said to attain larger dimensions.

This flying squirrel is found throughout the north-west Himalayas
from Simla to Kashmir, and is said to extend still further west into
Afghanistan. Blyth has named a flying squirrel Sc. baberi, from the
drawings of Sir A. Burnes, which is probably the same species, or a very

nearly allied one.

165. Sciuropterus alboniger.

Hopeson.—Biytu, Cat. 302.—Se. Turnbulli, Gray.—-Khim, Lepch.
—Piam-piyu, Bhot.

THE BLACK AND WHITE FLYING SQUIRREL.

Descr.— Above black, faintly shaded with hoary or rufous; tail
concolorous, distinctly distichous ; beneath white with a slight tinge of
yellowish ; nude lips ; ears and feet fleshy-white.

Length, head and body 11 inches ; tail 8} to 9. The young is pure
black and white.

This flying squirrel is found from Nepal to Bhotan, generally at an
elevation of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. I procured it near Darjeeling,

but it is not common now.

166. Sciuropterus villosus.

Brytn, J. A. 8. XVI. 866.—Cat. 299.—S. sagitta from Assam,
WALKER

Tur Hairy-roorep Fiyinc SqutrREt.

Descr.—Upper surface bright ferruginous, grizzled, with some pale
tips intermingled ; tail strongly rufescent, pale towards the base ; under

surface of parachute deep ferruginous, which more or less imbues the
nN 2

180 SCIURID.

whole under surface; ears small, clad with a tuft of long fine hair
surrounding them ; feet, especially the hind-feet, with brushes of hair
impending the claws, and densely hairy.

Length of one, head and body 8 inches ; tail 8.

The long-haired flying squirrel has been found in Sikim, Bhotan, and
the hill regions of Assam. It is more rare than aboniger at Darjecling,
and is found from 3,000 to nearly 6,000 feet.

167. Sciuropterus fusco-capillus.

JerpDon apud Buyru, J. A. 8, XVI. 867.—Btyru, Cat. 300.

Tir Smart TRAVANCORE Fiyina SQUIRREL.

Descr.—Upper parts a rufescent-fulvous or dark-brownish isabelline
hue, the hairs being fuscous with a fulvous tip; head darker and
fuscous ; lower parts rufous-white, as are the cheeks and under lip ;
margin of the membrane rufo-fulvous ; tail concolorous, or nearly so,
with back above, with a whitish tip, and the lower surface blackish-
brown. Ears small, almost nude. Tail bushy, the hair above one inch
long at base, hardly distichous ; moustaches long and black ; fur long,
porrect, very fine.

Length of one, head and body 7} inches ; tail 6} with the hair.

T had a skin of this flying squirrel sent to me from Travancore, which
I forwarded to Mr. Blyth. He subsequently had other specimens sent
him by the Rev. Mr. Baker, also from the same country. Nothing is
recorded of its particular habitat. At one time Mr. Blyth was inclined
to think it identical with a Ceylon Sciwropterus, which has since been
named as distinct, 8. Layardi, Kelaart, apud Blyth.

Sciuropterus spadiceus, Blyth, is a small species from Arrakan, and
S. Phayrei, Blyth, inhabits Pegu and Tenasserim ; whilst S. sagitta, L. ;
S. Horsfieldii, Waterhouse, and S. genibarbis, Horsfield, inhabit Malayana.

One Sciuropterus is found in the North of Europe and Asia, the skin
of which is occasionally brought to Peshawur ; and there are others in
North America.

The genus Zwmias, or ground-squirrel, already alluded to, possesses
cheek-pouches and burrows in the ground. It thus appears to form a
sort of link to the Marmots. The species are found in the northern
regions of both continents.

ARCTOMYS BOBAC. 181

Sub-fam, Arctomypin#z, Marmots.

Dental formula, incisors — premolars —y ; molars at ; incisors
smooth in front, rounded ; molars enamelled continuously, marked by
transverse tubercles on the crown; the first upper tooth smaller than
the rest. Ears short, rounded, scarcely apparent. Fore-feet with
4 toes, and an unguiculate hallucar wart ; hind-feet with 5 toes ; claws
strong, incurved. Tail short or moderate.

Marmots are heavy-bodied animals with short tails, of social habits,
and strictly terrestrial, burrowing extensively in the ground, and
inhabiting elevated districts in the north of both continents, more
particularly North America. There are only two genera in the sub-
family, one distinguished by the presence of cheek-pouches, and not
represented in our limits. The other is

Gen. Arctomys, Gmelin.

Char.—Those of the family; tail short ; head and eyes large; no
cheek-pouch ; body stout ; ten to twelve mammee in the female.

168. Arctomys bobac.

Scureser.—Biytu, Cat. 348.—Pattas, Glires, t. 8.—A. tibetanus,
Hopesoy, olim A. himalayanus.—A. caudatus, JACQUEMONT, Voyage.—
Brin of Kashmir.—Xadia-piu, in Tibet.—Chibi, Bhot.—Lho or Pot-
samnong, Lepch.—White Marmot of Adams.

Tue Tiset Marmot.

Descr.—Colour a clear fulvescent cat-gray, like that of Felis chaus,
fading into pure rufescent-yellow beneath ; limbs and ears the same, but
darker ; chaffron and end of tail dark-brown ; fur close and thick, both
hairy and woolly ; tail cylindric, bluff-pointed.

Length, head and body 23 to 24 inches ; tail 5 to 6.

This marmot, which inhabits Eastern Europe and Central Asia, is only
a scanty outlier in our province, crossing over the snowy Himalayas only
for a short distance, but found on the Indian side along the whole length
of the range, from Kashmir to Sikim, though less abundantly than on

182 ARCTOMYDINA,

the Tibet side, never at a lower elevation than 12,000 feet ; often up to
16,000 feet. It burrows in the ground, living in small societies, and
feeding on roots and vegetables. It lifts its food to its mouth with its .
fore-feet. It is easily tamed. One was brought alive to Calcutta some
years ago, and did not appear, says Mr. Blyth, to be distressed by the
heat of that place. It was quite tame and fearless, and used to make
aloud chattering cachinnation. It was fond of collecting grass, &c.,
and carrying it to its den. Travellers and sportsmen often meet with
this marmot, and speak of its sitting up in groups and suddenly
disappearing into their burrows. The cured skins form an important
article of commerce, and are brought to Nepal, and in great numbers
to China.

169, Arctomys hemachalanus.

Hopeson, olim A, tibetanus.—Sammiong, Lepch.—Chipi, Bhot.—
Drun of Kashmir,

THe Rep Marmot.

Descev.—General colour dark-gray with a full rufous tinge, which is
rusty and almost ochreous-red on the sides of the head, ears, and limbs,
especially in summer ; bridge of the nose and last inch of the tail dusky-
brown ; head and body above strongly mixed with black, which hue
equals or exceeds the pale one on these parts ; claws long ; pelage softer
and fuller than in the last.

Length, head and body about 13 inches; tail 53.

This species is not fully recognized, and Blyth states that the speci-
mens of the Asiatic Society did not enable him to determine the point.
Hodgson, however, insists on their distinction, and some skins which I
saw at Darjeeling incline me to consider this a distinct species. The
Lepchas distinguish the Tibet marmot from this one by a prefix, signi-
fying mountain, from its occurring at higher elevations. Adams,
moreover, distinguishes the two, stating of this one that it is found at
elevations varying from 8,000 to 10,000 feet in Kashmir and the north-
west Himalayas, inhabiting fertile and secluded spots, forming burrows
on gentle slopes among stones, and emitting a loud wailing cry.

Hodgson kept some of this species in his garden for some time. They
were somnolent by day, active at night, and did not hybernate in Nepal.

ARCTOMYS HEMACHALANUS. 183

They were fed on grain and fruit, and would chatter a good deal over
their meals, but in general were silent. They slept rolled up into a
ball, were tame and gentle usually, but sometimes bit and scratched
like rabbits, uttering a similar ery.

The marmot of the Alps and Pyrenees, Avctomys marmota, is the best
known of the group ; and there are others in Northern Asia, and many in
North America, of which the so-called Prairie dog, A. ludoviciaius, is one
of the most remarkable. The genus Spermophilus differs from Arctomys
in having a longer tail, and in possessing cheek-pouches. One species is
found in Europe, and others in Central Asia and North America.

The next family comprises all the remaining rodents with tolerably
perfect clavicles and sub-quadrate lower jaw. They are usually divided
into several distinct families, but were all included, of late, by Water-
house * and others in one group, Mwride. Blyth classes them in the
families Myouwide, Dipodide, Muride, Arvicolide, aud Bathyergide ;
only two of which have representatives in India, viz, the Muride and
Arvicolide, which will be here considered as sub-families.

Fam. Murip&.

Incisors compressed or rounded ; molars 3 or 4 on each side ; fore-
feet usually with 4 toes ; hind-feet with 5. Tail very various,

Two of the groups comprising this family are somewhat related to the
Squirrels, and may be said to form the transition between them and the
Rats. Such are the Dormice, Myoxide, Auct. These have 4 molars on
each side, the crown divided hy closely-folded lines of enamel, and the
lower incisors pointed. They are pretty little animals with soft fur-
hairy and tufted tail, and live on trees. They are remarkable as being
the only rodents that do not possess a cecum. Blyth classed a peculiar
rodent from South India in this family, but this location has not been
upheld by late writers.

The Jerboas, Dipodide or Jerboide, Auct., have teeth similar to the
true Murine, but with an occasional small tooth in front of the upper
molar. Their hind limbs are much lengthened, and the metatarsus of
the three middle toes is formed of a single bone. The fore-feet have each
5 toes. The tail is long and tufted. Some, in which the hind-feet have

* Vide Sclater, South American Mammals, Quarterly Journal of Science.

184 MURIDA.

5 toes as usual, have been separated as Alactaga, Gray, one species of
which, Alactaga indica, Gray, inhabits Afghanistan, and its habits have
been described by Hutton. Most of the jerboas are from Africa, a few
from Central Asia. They make most surprising jumps.

Sub-fam. Murinaz, Rats and Mice.

Incisors compressed laterally, the lower ones acuminate, awl-shaped ;

Boo
molars
3

: ; rooted, uniformly covered by enamel, the anterior one of

each series the largest, the posterior the smallest ; the upper molars shelve
somewhat backwards, the lower ones forwards. Fore-feet with 4 wide-set
toes, and a hallucar unguiculate wart; hind-feet with 5 toes. Tail usually
long, and thinly clad or nude, short and hairy in a few. Cosmopolite.

This comprises the true rats and mice. Mr. Blyth, just before his
departure from India, wrote a valuable memoir on the rats and mice of
India, which has been my chief guide in treating of these little animals.
Much yet remains to be done in elucidating this group, and determining
the value of many of Mr, Hodgson’s species.

Gen. Grrpitius, F. Cuvier.

Char.—Upper incisors grooved; molars equably enamelled, with
transverse ridges, forming when worn oval figures. Hars oval. Head
lengthened and somewhat pointed. Hinder tarsus and toes elongated.
Tail long, hairy, with a tuft of hair at the tip.

These field-rats have small fore limbs and well-developed hinder
limbs. Their form is somewhat slender, and their eyes are large.
They are extraordinarily agile, and form extensive burrows in plains,
especially in sandy districts, and also in sand-hills, but not generally in
cultivated fields. They are found in Africa and Asia.

170. Gerbillus indicus.

Dipus apud Harpwicke, Lin. Tr. VIII. pl. 7.—Ill. Ind. Zool.—
Buytu, Cat. p. 110.*—Enutor, Cat. 32.—G. Hardwichit, Gray, and
G. Cuviert, WATERHOUSE.—Hurna mis, H., 2. e. Antelope rat.—Jhenku
indir, Sansc. and Bengal. Vert yelka of Waddurs.—Tel yelka of the
Yanadees.— Billa clei, Can.

* The printer has played such pranks with the subsequent numbers in Blyth’s
Catalogue, that henceforth I will only cite the page.

GERBILLUS INDICUS. 185

THE INDIAN JERBOA-RAT.

Descr.—Above light fulvous-brown, or bright fawn-colour, somewhat
paler on the sides, beneath white ; eyebrow whitish ; whiskers long,
black ; tail blackish towards the tip, which is clad with a tuft of long
blackish hairs; ears large, almost nude. The hairs of the back are
light plumbeous at the base, with fulvous tips, with some thin black
hairs intermixed, most conspicuous on the sides and cheeks.

Length, head and body 7 inches ; tail 8} ; ear #ths. Another mea-
sured, head and body 7 inches; tail 83, ; ear {®,ths ; fore-foot =5,ths ;
hind-foot 2; weight 62 oz.

The Jerboa-rat is very abundant in most parts of India, frequenting
the bare uncultivated plains and sandy downs, where it forms extensive
burrows ; occasionally near the roots of shrubs or bushes, but very gene-
rally in the bare plain. “The entrances,” says Mr. W. Elliot, “ which
are numerous, are small, from which the passage descends with a rapid
slope for 2 or 3 feet, then runs along horizontally, and sends off branches
in different directions. These galleries generally terminate in chambers
from half a foot to a foot in width, containing a bed of dried grass. Some-
times one chamber communicates with another, furnished in like manner,
whilst others appear to be deserted, and the entrances closed with clay.
The centre chamber in one burrow was very large, which the Wuddurs
attributed to its being the common apartment, and said that the females
occupied the smaller ones with their young. They do not hoard their
food, but issue from their burrows every evening, and run and hop
about, sitting on their hind-legs to look round, making astonishing
leaps, and on the slightest alarm flying into their holes.”

This rat eats grain, various seeds, but chiefly roots and grass. It is
the common prey of foxes, owls, and snakes. The female brings forth
numerous young ones, usually 8 to 12, occasionally it is said as many as
16 to 20. It is certainly the most elegant and graceful of its family,
and well deserves the name of the antelope-rat, equally from its colour,
activity, and fine, full, gazelle-like eyes.

It is found over all India and Ceylon, but not in general at high
elevations. Blyth states that it also occurs in Afghanistan.

171. Gerbillus erythrourus,
Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842? New species ?

186 MURINE,

THE DESERT JERBOA-RAT,

Descr.—Much smaller than the last, with the tail also comparatively
shorter, and the ear smaller. Above pale-rufous or sandy, with fine
dusky lines, the hairs being blackish at the base, the rest fawn-coloured,
with a minute dusky tip ; a few longer piles on the rump and thighs ;
sides slightly paler, with fewer dusky lines ; all the lower parts whitish,
tinged more or less with fawn-colour on the belly, the line of demarca-
tion of the two colours not strongly marked ; limbs pale-fawn ; tail
yellowish-rufous or fawn-colour throughout, with a line of dusky-brown
hairs on the upper surface of the terminal half, gradually increasing
in length to the tip; orbits pale; whiskers mostly white, a few of
the upper ones dark.

Length, head and body 5 inches ; tail 44; ears 3 ; palm 4; hind-foot 1.

I have not at present access to Gray’s description of G. erythrourus, of
which there is no specimen in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, so
merely conjecture it to be the same from the specific name applying to the
Indian one, and its habitat being not far removed. At any rate it differs
conspicuously from the common jerboa-rat of India, and if not the same
as Gray’s species, may be designated as Gerbillus Hurriane. When I
first observed this rat, I thonght that it must be a casual variety of the
common kind, especially after Blyth’s emphatic statement that he had
seen Gerbillus indicus from every part of India without any decided vari-
ation ; but I have seen it since in vast numbers over a large extent of
country, all pretty constant to the description and measurements above
given. Its habitat is the sandy tract of country west of the Jumna, Hur-
riana, and adjacent districts. Whether it extends much further south, or
through the Punjab, I cannot now say, but should imagine that it will
be found throughout Rajpootana, part of Sindh, and the Punjab, thence
extending into Afghanistan. It is exceedingly numerous in the sandy
downs and sand-hills of Hurriana, both in jungles and in bare plains, espe-
cially in the former, and a colony may be seen at the foot of every large
shrub almost. I found that it had been feeding on the kernel of the nut
of the common Salvadora oleifolia, gnawing through the hard nut, and
extracting the whole of the kernel. Unlike the last species, this rat,
during the cold weather, at all events, is very generally seen outside its
holes at all hours, scuttling in on the near approach of any one, but soon
cautiously popping its head out of its hole and again issuing forth, In the

NESOKIA INDICA, 187

localities it frequents it is far more abundant than I have even seen
G. indicus in the most favourable spots.

There are many other species of Gerbill on record, both from Asia
and Africa.

Near the Gerbills should be placed the genus Meriones, F. Cuvier,
from North America. It differs from the former in having still longer
hind-feet, the tail being nearly naked, and in having a very small
tooth in front of the upper molars, as in the true Jerboas.

Gen. Nrsoxta, Gray.

Char.—Incisors very large, flat in front, and smooth; the anterior
upper molars large, with three transverse ridges; the middle ones
oblong ; and the posterior the smallest, narrowed behind and with two
ridges ; the three middle toes subequal, long ; claws small, compressed ;
ears moderate, nude; tail short, naked.

“ This genus,” says its founder, “is easily known from Jus by the
large size of the cutting teeth, and the comparative shortening of the
tail ; it appears to be intermediate to the Rats and Rhizomys.” On
this Mr. Blyth remarks that he can perceive no particular approxima-
tion, but I fancy Mr. Gray only meant the general reaemblance of a
large bluff head, large teeth, and a short naked tail. This bluff aspect
led him formerly to class the best-known species as an Arvicola.

172. Nesokia indica.

Mus apud Grorrroy.—Btiytu, Cat. p. 112.—Avicola indica, Gray,
figd. Harpwickr, Ill. Ind. Zool. — MW. kok, Gray.—M. providens,
Exutot, Cat. 31.—J/, pyctoris, Hopcson.—Kok, Can.—Golatta koku,
Tel. of Yanadees.

THe InpIAN MOLE-RAT.

Descr.—Fur long and somewhat harsh, brown mixed with fawn, the
short fur softer and dusky ; paler beneath and tinged gray ; the colour
generally being like that of the common rat, but with more fawn or red
intermixed, and lighter beneath ; head short and truncated ; ears small,
nearly round, covered with a fine down or small hairs; tail naked,
nearly as long as the body without the head ; whiskers long and full ;
incisors orange-yellow.

Soy

188 MURINE.

Length, head and body 7 inches ; tail 6 ; head 1,8,; ear ,°,ths ; fore-
palm ;4;ths ; hind-palm 1,45. Another measured, head and body 8};
tail 6 ; hind-foot 14.

Hodgson describes his If, pyctoris ‘as follows :—“ Characterized by its
bluff face with short thick muzzle, and by its short tail. Pelage of two
sorts, with the long piles sufficiently abundant ; colour dusky-brown with
a very vague rufous tinge; below fulvescent ; long hairs black, rest with
hoary bases and black points ; inner piles mostly dusky. Length, snout
to vent 7 inches; tail 4}; head 12; ears 18ths ; palm &ths ; planta 1}.
I think there can be very little doubt that this is the same as the
kok of Southern India, but I do not think that the specimen in the
British Museum, with that name attached, described by Gray, is the
same, but rather that of one of the allied species.*

This large field-rat is found throughout India, ranging up to a con-
siderable altitude, above 7,000 feet, and also in Ceylon, but is not hitherto
recorded from the east of the Bay of Bengal.

Mr. Elliot has given the following interesting account of the habits
of this rat :—

‘¢ Tn its habits it is solitary, fierce, living secluded in spacious burrows,
in which it stores up large quantities of grain during the harvest, and
when that is consumed, lives upon the hwryalee grass and other roots.
The female produces from eight to ten at a birth which she sends out of
her burrow as soon as they are able to provide for themselves. "When
irritated, it utters a low grunting cry like the Bandicoot.

The race of people known by the name of Wuddurs, or tank-diggers,
capture this animal in great numbers as an article of food, and during the
harvest they plunder their earths of the grain stored up for their winter
consumption, which in favourable localities they find in such quantities
as to subsist almost entirely upon it during that season of the year. A
single burrow will sometimes yield as much as half a seer (1 1b.) of grain,
containing even whole ears of jowaree (Holchus sorghum).

The kok abounds in the richly cultivated black plains or cotton-ground,
but the heavy rains often inundate their earths, destroy their stores, and
force them to seek a new habitation. I dug up a winter burrow in August,
1833, situated near the old one, which was deserted from this cause. The
animal had left the level ground, and constructed its new habitation in the
sloping bank of an old well. The entrance was covered with a mound of

* Vide p. 192.

NESOKIA INDICA. 189

earth like a mole-hill, on removing which the main shaft of the burrow
was followed along the side of the grassy bank at a depth of about 1 or 1}
feet. From this a descending branch went still deeper to a small round
chamber, lined with roots, and just large enough to contain the animal.
From the chamber a small gallery ran quite round it, terminating on
either side in the main shaft at the entrance of the chamber, and the
passage then continued down to the bottom of the bank and opened into
the plain. Near the upper entrance and above the passage to the chamber
was another small branch, which terminated suddenly, and contained
excrement. But these burrows are by no means on an uniform plan.
Another occupied by an adult female was likewise examined in the same
neighbourhood. It was much more extensive, and covered a space of
about 15 feet in length by about 8 in breadth, also in a grassy mound, of
which it occupied both sides. Six entrances were observed (and there
may have been many more), each covered with bare earth. The deepest
part of the burrow near the chamber was about 3 feet from the surface ;
the chamber raised a little above the shaft, which terminated abruptly,
and was continued from the upper part of the chamber. The chamber
itself was lined with roots of grass and bark of the date-tree, The
branching galleries, of which there were six, from the principal shaft,
appeared to have been excavated in search of food.

“A variety found in the red soil is much redder in colour than the
common kok of the black land. Another variety is said to frequent the
banks of nullahs and to take the water when pursued, but the specimens
I have seen differed in no respect from the common kind (of which they
appeared to be young individuals) except in size.”

I have seen many burrows of this rat in all localities, but especially in
pasture and meadow land on the Neelgherries and elsewhere, much more
extensive than those recorded by Mr. Elliot, not unfrequently covering a
space nearly 15 to 20 yards in diameter, and covered with huge mounds
of the earth thrown out, forming unsightly heaps in a grassy compound,
or ona hill side. This rat is occasionally destructive to tea-trees, biting
the roots just below the surface ; more, I believe, because they come in

‘the way of their burrows, than to feed on them. In the Government

Tea-garden near Dehra, many trees are destroyed by these rats, and the
superintendent is obliged to keep some men employed to dig them out
whenever they betray their presence by the rat-hills of loose earth.
Several that I procured from Dr, Jameson were of a very large size,

190 MURINE.

and correspond somewhat to the description of Hodgson’s If. macropus,
but that species is said to have a fine pelage, and the Dehra rat has the
usual harsh hair of the kok.

173, Nesokia Hardwickii.

Afus apud Gray.—Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, 585.—WNes. Hutioni, Buytu,
J. A. 8. XV. 139 Memoir on Rats, &e.

Tae SHORT-TAILED MOoLE-RAT.

Descr.— Reddish or yellow-brown, with longer dark-brown hairs inter-
mixed on the rump ; sides grayer and paler ; hairs lead-coloured at the
base.” Such is Gray’s original brief description. Elsewhere it is described
as “ yellowish-brown, paler beneath, with numerous bristles tipped black ;
incisors broad.” Gray says, “very like kok, skull wider, stronger, and
larger; cutting teeth nearly twice as wide, grinders very little larger.”
Blyth writes me that the “cutting teeth of a specimen in the British
Museum are large, smooth, yellow, flat in front ; the thumb of the fore-
feet small, clawed, grinders about the same size as in kof ; tail shorter.”

Blyth described V. Huttoni as follows :—“ Bears a near resemblance to
JT. indica (v. kok), but the tail is shorter, and the general colour lighter,
resembling that of the gerbilles. On comparison of the skulls, the
zygomatic arch is seen to be conspicuously broader anteriorly, and the
palate is much narrower and contracted to the front; but the most
obvious distinction consists in all the teeth, both incisive tusks and
grinders, being considerably broader and stronger. In other respects the
skulls of these species bear a very close resemblance. Length, head and
body about 6 iuches ; tail (vertebrze) 4 ; tarsus with toes and claws 13 ;
ears posteriorly $. Fur soft and fine, blackish for the larger basal half
of the piles, the surface pale rufescent-brown, deepest along the crown
and back, pale below and whitish on the throat ; whiskers small and fine,
chiefly black ; tail naked, feet light-brown ; incisive tusks buff-coloured.”
It will be observed that Hardwickii and Huttoni are both described as
differing from kok or indica by the broader skull, and especially the
broader incisors, and also by a shorter tail; which, however, is stated by
Blyth (in epistola) to be only 21 inches in a specimen of Hardwickii in
the British Museum ; but the total length of that individual is not given,
and the description does not imply such a very short tail as typical of the
species. Blyth, in addition, writes me that the fur of this specimen is

*

—— ee ee ea eed pie
ee NE Ee ee ee an . a

NESOKIA HARDWICKII. 191

dense, shortish, and of uniform length. On the whole, I see no reason
against these two being considered identical. Hardwickii is stated to
inhabit gardens in India; and Huttoni occurs “south of Bahawulpore ;
and is abundant in Afghanistan, throwing up the mould after the manner
of the Mole. In the gardens along the sides of watercourses, and in the

fields at Kandahar, their earth-heaps are abundant. It feeds on herbs.

and seeds, and burrows in the ground beneath hedgerows and bushes, as
well as along the banks and ditches. Its nest is deep-seated, and it
constructs so many false galleries immediately below the surface, that
it is difficult to find the true passage to its retreat, which dips down
suddenly from about the middle of the labyrinth above.” *

Nesokia Griffithii, Horsfield, also from Afghanistan, ought to be closely
allied to this, but it is said to have the cutting teeth xearly white ; but
they are represented to be, as in Huttoni, large, flat anteriorly, and broad ;
tail nearly naked, short ; ears moderately large ; thumb of fore-feet very
minute ; fur soft and silky ; above dusky chestnut-brown, with streaks ofa
plumbeous tint ; chin, chest, and under parts of a lighter tint, passing into
grayish-leaden colour on the abdomen. Length of specimen 6 inches ;
tail 3 ; but the “body probably stretched, and tail shrunk.” Blyth, in
a copy of his Memoir forwarded to me, puts this as “ probably young of
N. indica,” but it appears to me just as likely V. Hardwickii vel Huttont.
Closely allied to this species must be Hodgson’s Mus ? hydrophilus, olim
Arvicola, now Nesokia hydrophila, Gray. Hodgson described his species
(which, however, was evidently a young one) as characterized by its
small ears, hardly above one-third the length of the head, also by its
short tail, and by a pelage that is short and fine ; above dusky-brown,
below and limbs nearly white ; long piles inconspicuous. Length, head
and body 33 inches ; tail 23}; palm i; planta iths. Gray, describing
a specimen in the British Museum, says, “ gray-brown, beneath whitish ;
fur very soft, with rather elongated, very slender, soft longer hairs ;
ears moderate, rounded ; whiskers black at base, slender ; front cutting-
teeth broad, yellow ; grinders very large ; hind-feet large (1,8, inch), but
length of animal not recorded.” This measurement corresponds to the
dimensions of the foot of I. macropus.

Hodgson calls this the small water-rat of Nepal, dwelling in holes on
the margins of ponds and rivers. His If. ? macropus he calls the large
water-rat, “like the last, but twice as large, distinguished by the large-

* Hutton, Journal Asiatic Society.

192 MURINE.

ness of its feet, and also by the fine pelage and proportions of hydro-
philus ; above smoky-black, below smoky-gray; legs dark. Length,
head and body 7; inches ; tail 6 ; ears 13th ; palm 1 (2); planta 11ths.”

Blyth examined the specimen of Hydrophilus in the British Museum,
and writes me that the “ fur is soft, much finer than in Jndicus ;” so
that we must conclude that this rat of Hodgson is certainly distinct
from Nesokia indica ; and if the dimensions of the ear and feet are
correct, also from Hardwickii.

I recently examined a single specimen of a field-rat, Vesokia, procured
by Colonel Tyler in Umballa. It has the incisors white, fur fine and
soft, the hairs fawn-brown above, plumbeous at base, mixed with some
long, slender, white, bristly hairs ; the tail almost quite nude ; whiskers
mostly black, slender, some of them white.

Length, head and body 5 inches; tail 3}; ears 3ths nearly ; palm
’ths ; hind-feet 1}.

This differs from uttoni vel Hardwichit in the incisors being white, and
in the long hairs being white in place of brown, black-tipped. It also differs
from the description of I/, hydrophilus in the white incisors, but agrees with
it in other characters ; but as I only have seen one specimen, it would be
premature to increase the list of names of this perplexing group. It cer-
tainly differs conspicuously from Nesokia indica ; though it approaches
most nearly to Gray’s description of MZ. ? pyctoris, from the British Mu-
seum specimen, already alluded to. “Fur soft, dark-brown, minutely
gray varied with scattered narrow white bristles; lower cutting-teeth very
narrow, rounded in front ; middle of belly whitish ; tail very slightly hairy.
Length, head and body 7 inches ; hind-feet 1,3, ; tail 41.” The most
obvious difference is the slightly larger foot of the Umballa specimen.

From the above notices and descriptions, it appears to me obvious that
besides Mesohkia Hardwickit and N. indica, there is at least one other species
of this group in Northern India, but, with the few specimens hitherto
examined, it is at present impossible to decide whether the differences
noted depend on imperfect descriptions, nonage, or are of specific value.

The next group is that of the true rats.

Gen. Mus, L. (restricted),

Char.—Incisors usually smooth in front. Ears more or less rounded.
somewhat naked, exsert. Tail long, scaly, usually thinly haired. Other-
wise as in the characters of the sub-family.

ee

—— eee

MUS BANDICOTA. 193

The genus, as here restricted, comprises the house-rats and mice, and
some field-rats of more or less allied form, and the various species may
be grouped together according to their size and habit.

1st Group. Rats more or less allied to the common brown rat, Mus
decumanus, L.—Chithé, H.—Velka, Tel.—Illi, Can.—Kallok, Lepch.—
Pitsi, Bhot.

174. Mus bandicota.

Becustein.—Btytu, Cat. p. 112.—1/. giganteus, HarDwickeE, Lin.
Trans. VIII. t. 18.—. malabaricus, SHaw.—WM. nemorivagus, Hove-
son.—JW/. perchal, SHaw 1—JV. setifer, HoRsFIELD, fid. BuyrH.—Ex1ior,
Cat. 30.—/ndir, Sanse.—Ghous or Ghus, H. and Mahr.—Tkria or Ikara,
Beng.—Hegyin, Can.—Pandi koku, Tel., i.e. the pig-rat, whence the
word Bandicoot is derived.

THE BANDICOOT-RAT.

Descr.—Dark dusky olive-brown colour above, with some black bristly
hairs intermixed ; beneath lighter, mixed with gray.

Length of a large individual, head and body 15 inches ; tail 13 ; weight
31lb. Hardwicke’s specimen figured was, head and body 134; tail 13.
Average size in Bengal, head and body 10# inches ; tail 83. Hodgson
gives dimensions of xemorivagus as, snout to rump 12 ; tail 9}; weight
20 oz.

The incisors are dark olive-green at the base, becoming yellow at the
extremities. The molars have strong alveolar processes ; the anterior
(premolar) is divided inte three portions by transverse ridges of enamel,
the middle ones into two, and the posterior ones only partially so. They
become quite tubercular when old. The tail is scaly, with a few scat-
tered, short, adpressed, bristly hairs. The female has twelve teats.

This well-known rat is found throughout India, also in Ceylon, and
many parts of Malayana, the V. setifer of Horsfield being identical with
this species. According to information lately received from Mr. Blyth, it
appears to be more abundant in the south of India and Ceylon than in
the north ; and Mr. Blyth states it to be rare in Calcutta. In the fort at
Madras it is exceedingly numerous, living during the day in drains, and
entering houses at night. During my residence in Fort St. George, I
killed a great many in my own house, some of which were of large size, and

Oo

194 MURIN-E,

showed great fight. It is found in all towns and large villages in the
south, frequenting granaries and stack-yards, and is very destructive to
the stores of grain, on which it chiefly feeds. It burrows under walls,
and often injures the foundations of houses. Besides grain, it will feed
on fruit and various other vegetable matter, and even at times, it is
said, animal food. At Newera-ellia, in Ceylon, it is said to be very
destructive to potatoes, peas, &c. It does not occur, to my knowledge,
in the Neelgherries, a similar climate. Kelaart says that it occasionally
attacks poultry also. When assailed it grunts like a pig ; hence its
Telugu name. It is eaten by some classes of natives. Hodgson, in his
first account of MZ. nemorivagus, stated that it avoids houses, and dwells
in burrows in fields and small woods. He subsequently stated that it
was a house-rat, and most likely identical with the bandicoot.

Mus andamanensis, Blyth, is according to that gentleman, in an anno-
tated copy of his Memoir sent to me, the J. setifer apud Cantor, and
inhabits the Andaman Islands, probably the Nicobars (in which case
M. nicobaricus, Scherzer), and the Malayan peninsula.

In Blyth’s MS. notes, above alluded to, he gives “a small pale speci-
men (of VW. andamanensis) in the British Museum, marked J. kok, from
India? Perhaps an allied species.” Is it possible that this is Hodgson’s
M. rattoides, instead of that being referred to M. rattus, which we know
to be rare, except near the coast ?

175. Mus rattus.

Linnaus.—Biytu, Cat. p. 113.—Exutot, Cat. 34.—M. rattoides,
Hopeson.

Tre Brack Rat.

Descr.—Grayish-black above, dark-ashy beneath ; tail longer than the
body ; long piles numerous, somewhat flattened.

Length of one, head and body 74 inches ; tail 8.

The muzzle is sharper than that of the brown rat, the ears more oval,
and it is lighter in its make, and with much longer hair.

Hodgson describes his V7. rattoides as “above dusky or blackish-brown,
below dusky-hoary. Limbs dark ; fingers pale ; tail longer than head and
body ; long piles sufficiently numerous. Length, snout to vent 74 inches ;
tail 83; ears Zths ; palm 43ths; sole 14. Gray at one time ‘referred

Hodgson’s species to I. indicus, Geoffroy, which he apparently consi-

MUS DECUMANUS. 195

dered distinct from Nesokia indica vel kok. Blyth describes MW. anda-
manensis as “ears much as in Decumanus ; fur a shade darker on the
back, paler on the sides, and dull white below ; the long piles distin-
guished by their flattened spinous character. Length 8 inches; tail
the same.” This would appear to differ from Hodgson’s species chiefly
in the shorter tail.

The black rat of Europe has been occasionally found in various parts
of India, chiefly in large towns near the coast, where it has probably
been introduced by shipping. Blyth notices a brown variety obtained
at Calcutta, which, however, he subsequently referred to another species.
Elliot notices it as occurring rarely, and Kelaart obtained in Trinco-
malee only.

If my suggestion hold good as to /. andamanensis being the same as
Hodgson’s . rattoides, it will probably be found extending from the
Malayan peninsula through Burmah to the south-east Himalayas.

176. Mus decumanus.

Patuas, Glires, 91.—Btiyru, Cat. p. 113.—Extior, Cat. 33.—J/. nor-
veyicus, Burron.—M. desumanoides, Hopeson !—Ghur-ka-chiihé, H.—
Demsa indur, Beng.—Manei ilei, Can.

Tur Brown Rat.

Descr.—Above dusky cinereous-brown, with a tinge of yellow, the
shorter hairs being slaty at the base, with a yellow tip, and the longer ones
dusky-blackish, beneath dirty pale-ashy ; ears as broad as long, rounded ;
tail naked and scaly.

Length of one, head and body 8 inches ; tail 6 ; ears ?ths: of another,
head and body 104 inches ; tail 8}.

Blyth remarks that “ Calcutta specimens are undistinguishable from
British,” and the same may be said of specimens from other parts of the
country. It is yet a doubtful point from what country this pest has
spread itself over the greater part of the world. Mr. F. Buckland remarks
“ that it is now agreed by most naturalists that it is a native of India
and Persia; that it spread onwards into European Russia, and was
thence transferred by merchant ships to England and elsewhere.” On
this Blyth observes : “If an indigenous inhabitant of India, it would
undoubtedly be more generally diffused over this, if not also the neigh-

o 2

196 MURINE.

bouring countries. I suspect that the Trans-Baikalian region of Hast
Asia has at least as good a claim to the discredit of originating the
abominable brown rat as any other.” Again, “ Whatever the extremes
of temperature and climate, Jf, decumanus contrives to find itself a
home, and to increase and multiply about human abodes and granaries,
to the serious detriment of not quite all-subduing man.”

IT have found the brown rat throughout great part of India, more
abundant near large towns, as it appears to be particularly a parasite
on man and his belongings. It is most omnivorous in its propensities,
and particularly carnivorous, destroying pigeons, chickens, &c. &c., and
showing great ingenuity sometimes in reaching the cages of tame birds,
&c. It also destroys a vast number of birds’ eggs. Sykes states that
it migrates sometimes in thousands, destroying the crops in its progress.*
I never heard of similar migrations in other parts of India. Blyth
states that though it is common at Akyab, it is not found at Rangoon
or Moulmein, or at Mergui.

One or two other rats, with tail shorter than the head and body, are
recorded by Hodgson.

177. Mus plurimammis.
Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, p. 112.

Tue NeEparn Rat.

Descr.—Colour above brown, with a rufescent shade ; fur soft, consist-
ing of brown and rufous hairs, intermixed in equal proportions, forming
an uniform upper surface; a rather obscure band extending from: the
gape over the cheek, terminating under the ears ; and the abdomen and
adjoining parts rufous-gray. Head proportional y short ; muzzle abrupt;
ears moderate. Tail equal in length to the body, tapering to a sharp
point, minutely annulated. Length of head 23 inches ; body 54; tail
the same. ‘The distinguishing character,” says Horsfield, “ according
to Mr. Hodgson, rests on the number of teats exceeding that of other
species ; but the number is not stated. From the Nepal Terai and
adjacent plains.”

Blyth, in his MS. notes before referred to, writes, “ Good species,

specimen in British Museum. Fur uniform, with a few longer piles.”

* Perhaps this refers to the ravages of Golunda meltada, q. v.

——

a ee

—allrenée

————— a

MUS INFRALINEATUS. 197

Hodgson has a Mus tarayensis, which appears to be not far removed
from UM. decumanus. It is thus described by Dr. Horsfield, A. M. N. H.,
1855. “Nearly allied to I. brwnneusculus. Colour of the body and
head above dark-brown, delicately variegated with blackish and rufous
hairs ; a very slight gloss on the surface. Outer sides of the extremities
rather darker. Under parts from the chin to the vent, and inner parts
of the extremities, grayish-brown with a rusty shade. Tail shorter than
the body, tapering to an abrupt tip. Head lengthened and compressed,
muzzle gradually tapering to an abrupt tip. Mr. Hodgson’s collection

.contains a single specimen, and further observations are required to
confirm the distinctness of this species.”

Another rat that might be placed here is the following—

178. Mus infralineatus.

Exxiot, MSS. — Bryru, Memoir.—W. Liliotti, Gray, Br. Mus. Cat.
Mamm. (not Golunda Elliotti).—M. fulvescens, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s
Coll. 4

THE STRIPED-BELLIED FIELD-RAT.

Descr.—Above, the fur fulvous, with the shorter hairs lead-coloured ;
throat, breast, and belly pure white, with a central pale fulvous-brown
streak ; tail slightly hairy.

Length of one, head and body 5% inches; tail not quite 5. Another
about 5 inches ; tail 4}; hind-foot 1,,.

I think it exceedingly probable that Gray’s WZ. fulvescens, from Nepal,
is the same. It is described as, “‘ fur pale fulvous, hairs very soft, lead-
coloured, with bright yellow tips, and interspersed slender black bristles ;
throat, belly, and beneath pure white ; in one specimen with a central
yellow streak.” This is not included in the British Museum Cat.
Mamm. ; but there is a Mus Liliotti (distinct from Golunda Liliotti) not
described, which may be the same.

Kelaart’s rat, referred by him to J/. asiaticus, may be the same.
“Fur soft, above pale-brown mixed with black, the sides ashy-gray ;
beneath pure white; tail thinnish, shorter than head and body ; ears
large, slightly hairy ; limbs slender. Length, head and body 6 ; tail 51.”

I saw specimens of this field-rat in Mr. Eiliot’s possession in 1848,
procured in the neighbourhood of Madras ; and I have twice obtained it

198 MURINE.

myself, on both occasions lying dead on a path in the forest country of
Bustar in 1857.* :

Mr. Blyth places this field-rat among the field-mice, but, if it does not
belong to the true rats, it appears to me related to the Mus meltada
group, and J. plurimammis may be somewhat allied. Another similar
rat is described in the same place as Mus morungensis, Hodgson,
‘Hairy covering of the body above minutely striated with black and
rufous hairs nearly equally mixed, giving the animal a blackish rufous
aspect ; abdomen and extremities paler, rufescent gray. Body propor-
tionally robust and stout ; head large and thick, and muzzle short and
abrupt ; ears large and rounded ; tail cylindrical, gradually tapering to
the point and delicately annulated, equal in length to body and head ;
fur above soft, hairs longer than in plurimammis. Length, head and body
45 inches ; tail 44. From the Nepal Terai and adjacent plains.”

Next come a group of rats with the tail usually fully as long, or longer
than the head and body. Some of these have quite arboreal habits,
building nests among the branches of trees, among the rafters of houses,
&c., and not burrowing in the ground.

179. Mus brunneus.

Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845.—JL. nemoralis, ociees ASS:
XX.—Cat. 114.—. equicaudalis, Hopeson %

Tne TREE-RAT.

Descr. — Above reddish-brown, or rusty-brown, with a few long
bristles intermixed ; beneath dull-whitish, or pale-rusty with a hoary
tinge, or pale grayish-brown ; tail as long, or a little longer than the
head and body ; feet pale fleshy ; ears rather long, and head somewhat
lengthened.

Length of one, head and body 94 inches ; tail 9: another measured 8$ ;
tail the same : and another 84 inches, tail 94.

Some have the upper parts dark brown, with only a slight rufescent
tinge.

This rat appears to be found throughout India and Ceylon, not habi-
tually living in holes, but coming into houses at night ; and, as Blyth

* These were unfortunately lost during the Mutiny, with many other valuable
specimens from the same district.

MUS RUFESCENS. 199

remarks, often found resting during the day on the hil mi/, or venetian
blinds. It makes a nest in mango-trees, or in thick bushes and hedges.
Hodgson calls it the common house-rat of Nepal, and Kelaart also calls
it the small house-rat of Trincomalee. Blyth writes me that it comes
very near Mus alexandrinus of Africa,

I have given Hodgson’s brunneus as the name of this species on
Blyth’s authority. Whether Jf. equicaudalis be the same or not is yet
doubtful. He describes it as “pure dark-brown above, with a very
slight caste of rufescent in some aspects ; underneath, from chin to vent,
with interior of thighs, yellowish-white ; head and ears long.”

180. Mus rufescens.

Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837.—M. flavescens, Extior, Cat.—BLytH,
Cat. p. 115.—JL. arboreus, BucHanan Hamitton apud HorsFiE.p, Cat.
Mamm.—.V/. brunneusculus, Hopcson.—Gachua indur, Beng.

THe RuFEScENT TREE-RAT.

Descr.—Pale yellowish-brown or rufescent-brown above, white
beneath, with numerous bristles on the back tipped with black. Head
long, muzzle pointed ; face narrow ; eyes large ; incisors yellow ; ears
very large, subovate, nude.

Length of one, head and body 54 inches ; tail 6} : another measured,
head and body 73 inches ; tail 8} ; and some are recorded as even larger
than that.

It varies a good deal in the character of the upper fur, some being
described as above dark iron-gray, with the lower parts white, the hairs
black and tawny, the former the most numerous. This variety, however,
may be a distinct species, MZ. niveiventer, q. v. Some are much browner
than others, and the lower surface is sometimes very white, often pale
yellow, at other times not much paler than the upper surface. The
white is generally abruptly separated from the hue above, rarely gradu-
ally blending. It comes very near the last, but differs in its smaller
size, in the more general rufescent tone of colouring, and the lower parts
being whiter. In the south of India, specimens are generally pale rufes-
cent above, yellowish-white below, and it is rare to meet with dark-

brown specimens, as is said to be often the case at Calcutta. Perhaps

200 MURINE.

some of these varieties may be hybrids, as it has been lately shown* that,
in London, JZ. decumanus, M. rattus, and M. alewandrinus interbreed
and commingle, yielding fertile hybrids of all degrees of intermediateness.

This rat is found over great part of India. Mr. W. Elliot observed it
at Dharwar, frequenting stables and out-houses only, but abundant
there. It is common at Calcutta, but varies more there than in Southern
India. I have met with it in various localities, at Madras, at Nellore, on
trees generally, and on the Malabar coast ; but most abundantly at
Secunderabad in the Deccan, frequenting the beams and rafters of
houses, verandahs, &e.

It is perhaps Hodgson’s J. brunneusculus, which, he says, “ closely
resembles brunneus (vel nemoralis), but considerably smaller; rusty-
brown above, rusty below, extremities pale.”

Buchanan Hamilton states that at Calcutta it frequents cocoa-nut
trees and bamboos, making a nest with the branches, and bringing
forth five or six young in August and September. They eat grain,
which they collect in their nest, also young cocoa-uuts. They enter
houses at night, but do not live there.

181. Mus niveiventer.

Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845.—Biyru, Memoir.
THe WHITE-BELLIED HOUSE-RAT.

Deser.—Above blackish-brown, shaded with rufous ; below entirely
white, tail and all.

Length of one, head and body 51 inches; tail 6: another 6 inches
head and body ; tail 7 ; hind-foot nearly 13. A female 7 inches long ;
tail 74.

This rat is stated by Hodgson to be a house-rat in Nepal, but not very
common. Itis the rat very generally found in most hill stations, and
I found it very common at Darjeeling. Blyth also received it from
Mussoorie, from Colonel Tytler, and noticed it as “a well-marked
species, rather larger than as originally described.” In his Catalogue
he gives it doubtfully as a variety of IZ. rufescens. I have occasionally
obtained it in various other localities.

Hodgson states it to have the proportions and character of his rattoides,
but to be less, with a shorter tail, and the long piles of the pelage rarer.

* Proc. Linn. Soc. 1862.

¥

MUS NITIDUS. 201

Two specimens from Landour were considered by Mr. Blyth as doubtfully
belonging to this race, being very like rufescens, but with coarser and
sub-spinous fur of duller colouring.

Blyth has a Wus robustulus (M. rufescens, variety olim) and JM. rattus,
brown variety olim, from Pegu and Tenasserim, the common house-rat
there, very like I. rufescens, but darker, less rufescent, and the tail about
equal to the head and body. <A variety he described as I. Berdmoret, with
peculiarly hispid fur ; and one specimen differed from the other in having
very dark upper parts, and very white lower parts, also smaller front
teeth. This specimen would appear to accord with Gray’s description of
a specimen of I/. niveiventer, “ dark-brown, cutting-teeth narrow and
slender,” of which Blyth remarks, probably not the same as the above
(niveiventer).

182. Mus nitidus.

Hopeson.—B.iytu, Cat. p. 116.

THe Surinc Brown Rat.

Descr.—Dusky-brown above, dusky-hoary below ; distinguished by its
smooth coat, wherein the long hairy piles are almost wanting ; short piles
cinereous below, with pale rufous tips ; long piles basally horny, apically
black.

Length, head and body 63 inches ; tail 7} ; ears ?ths ; palm 11ths.

Blyth states that one, of eight specimens, from Darjeeling has the lower
parts pure white, abruptly defined. They are especially distinguished
by the fineness and softness of the fur. Hodgson says that it is a house-
rat, and I procured several specimens of this rat at Darjeeling, mostly
in houses.

Hodgson has another smail rat, apparently of this group, ‘us horeites.
‘A small species with fine pelage; tail longer than head and body ;
colour above sordid brown, below sordid white. Length, head and body
4 inches ; tail 41; ears ths ; palm 3}; sole 13.”

This has not been recognized by Mr. Blyth.

183. Mus caudatior.
Hopeson apud Horsrietp.—W. cinnamomeus, Buytu, Cat. p. 115.
THe CHESTNUT Rat.

Descr.—Ahbove bright cinnamon or chestnut-brown, with a rufous

202 MURINE.

shade, the hairs with inconspicuous black tips, under parts white, abruptly
divided from the upper colour, sometimes yellowish-white. Muzzle rather
sharp ; ears long; tail long. Like MW. rufescens, but smaller, with pro-
portionally longer tail and softer fur.

Length of one, head and body 6 inches ; tail 7? ; hind-feet 14.

Blyth has recently identified Hodgson’s species with the one described
by himself from Burmah. Hodgson’s specimens were from Nepal. I
procured one or two individuals at Darjeeling. Those from Nepal are
said by Blyth to be “ much darker than those from Burmah, but other-
wise similar.” This is considered by Blyth as one of the best marked
species of this group. The only other rat of this section noticed by
Blyth is Mus concolor, Blyth, the “common small thatch-rat of Pegu
and Tenasserim.” He states, however, that Mus palmarum, Scherzer,
from the Nicobar Islands, probably belongs to this group.

Another group consists of some small arboreal, long-tailed mice, dimi-
nutives of the last, which constitute the genus Vandeleuria of Gray. This
he characterizes as having the upper incisors triangular, grooved in
front ; ears hairy ; hind-feet very long, slender ; claws small ; tail long,
with scattered hairs, more crowded at the tip; the fur soft, with long
bristles interspersed.

184. Mus oleraceus.

Sykes.—Biytu, Cat. p. 120.—Exuior, Cat. 37.— M. dumeticola,
and J. povensis, Hopason.—Marad ilei, Can.—Meina yelka, Tel. of

Yanadees.
Tue LoNG-TAILED TREE-MOUSE.

Descr.—Above light rufous or pale chestnut ; lips, feet, and lower
parts pure white ; tail almost nude, very long ; muzzle slightly rounded ;
head of moderate length ; ears ovate.

Length of one, head and body 24 inches ; tail 4: of another 3; tail
41: another measured 3; tail 4,2,; head 1 ; ears 4.

This very pretty little mouse has been found in all parts of India,
from the Himalayas to the extreme south, but is not recorded from
Ceylon. I have found it most abundant in the south of India, where
it frequents trees, and very commonly palm-trees, on which it is said to
make its nest generally. It, however, occasionally places its nest in the
thatch of houses, on beams, &c. It is very active, and from its habits
dificult to procure.

MUS URBANUS. 203

Colonel Sykes merely observes that ‘‘it constructs its nest of leaves
of oleraceous herbs in the fields.” This I have not observed myself, but
had once a nest sent to me at Trichinopoly, said to have been found in
a garden on some low shrub.

Hodgson’s descriptions agree well enough with the characters of this
mouse. He merely observes that it frequents woods and coppices.

185. Mus nilagiricus.
J ERDON.—New species 4

Tur NEELGHERRY TREE-MOUSE.

Descr.—Above deep but bright chestnut-brown, beneath bright fawn-
yellow, with a distinct line of demarcation between the two colours ; head
rather elongated ; ears long, oval ; tail somewhat hairy.

Length of one, head and body 33 inches; tail 5; head 1-3, ; ear
qioths.

I have on several occasions found this tree-mouse in woods on the
summit of the Neelgherries, near Ootacamund. The first I observed was
brought into the house by a cat. I afterwards, on two or three occasions,
found the nest, a mass of leaves and grass, on shrubs and low trees, from
4 to 6 feet from the ground, and on one occasion it was occupied by at least
eight or ten apparently full-grown mice.

Blyth has Mus badius and Mus pequensis of this group from Burmah,
and MW. gliroides from the Khasia hills. Gray has also described Mus
castaneus, from the Philippine Islands, similar in colour to the Neelgherry
mouse.

The following group chiefly comprises house-mice, and perhaps a few
field ones. It has been named Musculus by Hodgson and others.

186. Mus urbanus.

Hopeson.—Brytu, Cat. p. 118.—M. musculus apud Evxiot, Cat. 39,
and Krnaart.—J/. dubius, Hopcson.—M. manei, GRay (undescribed).

Tue Common Inpran Mouse.

Descr.—Above dusky reddish-brown, below paler and more or less
rufescent ; feet paler.

Length of one, head and body 2 inches ; tail 33; head 1th ; ear
~;ths; palm $ths ; sole 3}: of another, 3; tail 4.

j

204 MURINE.

Blyth says that this differs conspicuously from the common English
mouse in its smaller ears and much longer tail. It has also larger eyes
and smaller feet. The fur, too, is of very different texture.

This mouse is found throughout India in houses in the plains, and also
in Ceylon; and its habits do not differ from those of its English congener.
M. dubius, Hodgson, is considered the young of this one.

ea ME ey Oras

187. Mus homourus.

ee ee eee en ed

Hopcson.—Brytn, Cat. p. 118.—Olim, WZ. nipalensis, Hopeson.
THe HILL-MoUsE.

Descr.—Dark rufescent-brown above, rufescent-white below; hands
and feet fleshy-white ; tail equal in length to head and body ; ‘‘fur more
gerbille-like in character than in JZ. musculus, the piles less dense and
sinuous.”

Length of one, head and body 33 inches; tail 33; head 13, ; ears

Tie}

=?,ths. Hodgson states that the female has only eight teats, whilst other
mice have ten.

This is the common house-mouse of the Himalayan hill stations, from
the Punjab to Darjeeling.

I obtained a specimen of what I considered the English house-mouse
at Tellicherry, on the Malabar coast, where it may have been introduced
from the shipping ; but I shall not give it a place here.

eee

er

188. Mus crassipes.

Briytu, J. A. 8. XXVIII. 295.

THe LARrGE-FooteED Mouse.

Descr.—Like M. homouwrus, but with the tail rather longer than the
head and body ; the feet particularly large, and, like. the tail, well fur-
nished with coarse short setze.

Length 2? inches ; tail 34; hind-feet 3ths. From Mussoorie.

Some years ago I obtained one or two specimens of a mouse in a house
on the Neelgherries which certainly differed both from JZ. urbanus and

41. homourus. St was larger, with large head and ears, and very large feet,

;
4
’
‘

MUS TYTLERI. 205

and had more the appearance of a small rat than a mouse ; but my
specimens were lost before I had taken a more detailed description.

189. Mus darjeelingensis.
Hopeson, apud Horsrietp, Cat. 168.

Tuer Darseetinc Mouse.

Descr.—Above dusky-brown with a slight chestnut reflection, under-
neath pale yellowish-white. Proportions of body, tail, and extremities,
comparatively slender ; ears long.

Length of one, head and body 3 inches; tail 24. From Darjeeling.

A white-bellied house-mouse is found frequently in the plains at various
stations. I have also seen it on the Neelgherries. Its colours are dark
mouse-brown above, white beneath. It differs structurally from J,
wrbanus in its shorter tail, longer ears, and more slender feet. I+ is also
usually smaller. I have found it common at Jaulna in the Deccan, at
Nagpore, and other places. Length of one, head and body 22 inches ;
tail 2.2, ; ear ,®ths ; fore-foot ,5,ths ; hind-foot =§ths. It bears some
resemblance to the descriptions of J/. darjeelingensis, having the same
proportional length of tail, slender feet, and longer ears.

The next mice have the colour of field-mice.

190. Mus Tytleri.
Bryts, J. A. 8. XXVIII. 296.
Tue Lonc-HAIRED Mouss.

Descer.Fur unusually long and full, of a pale sandy mouse-colour
above; isabelline below, and pale on the well-clad limbs, and also on the
tail laterally, and underneath. Whiskers exceedingly fine in texture and
of a whitish colour.

Length 2? inches ; tail the same. From Dehra Doon. Apparently
very nearly allied to the next, but kept distinct by Blyth in his Memoir.
It should be compared with IZ. homourus.

191. Mus bactrianus.

Buiytu, J. A.S. XV. 140.—. gerbillinus and M. Theobaldi, Buyru,
Cat. p. 119.

206 MURINE.

Tar Sanpy Movust.

Descr.—Upper parts light isabelline, or sandy-brown, the extreme
tips of the hairs dusky, and the basal two-thirds deep ashy ; entire
under parts and feet white; tail thinly clad with minute sete. Fur
dense and long.

Length of one, head and body 23 inches ; tail 23 ; hind-foot ?ths ; ear-
conch barely 3: of another, head and body 24 ; tail 23 ; ears $ ; tarsi 11ths.

This mouse has been sent from Pind Dadun Khan, in the Punjab,
and from Kashmir, and it is stated to be the common house-mouse of
Kandahar.

Blyth has in this group Jus nitidulus from Burmah ; and J. cunicularis
and J. erythrotis, from the Khasia hills.

Next field-mice. Tail shorter than head and body ; fur not spinous.

192. Mus cervicolor.
Hopeson.— Biytu, Cat. p. 119.—WM. albidiventris, Buyta.

THe Fawn FIELD-MOUSE.

Descr.—Above dull fawn or yellowish-gray; below sordid white ;
lining of ears and extremities pale ; tail short ; ears large, hairy. ~

Length of one, head and body 34 inches; tail 2%; head 1 ; ears
°;ths : another, 3}; tail 23.

Blyth described his I. albidiventris as light mouse-colour above, paling
to grayish-white on the lower parts.

This field-mouse has been found in lower Bengal, in Nepal, and in
south Malabar, although this last locality is given with doubt by Blyth.

It appears to me that Hodgson’s I. strophiatus is nearly allied, if not
the same. He describes it as “ bright fawn above, pure white below, a
cross or gorget on the breast. Length 31; tail 2,2. <A field~mouse,
closely allied to JZ. cervicolor, but seemingly distinct.”

There is a nearly allied species in Ceylon, Mus fulvidiventris, Blyth
(JL. cervicolor apud Kelaart).

193. Mus terricolor.
Buytn, J. A.S. XX. 172.—Cat. p. 119.

Tue Eartuy FIe.p-Mouse.

Descr.— Above variable according to the soil, light fawn-brown, more or

LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX. 207

less rufescent ; under parts white, abruptly separated from the hue of
the upper parts.

Length of one, head and body 23 inches ; tail 21; ears $th; hind-
foot =%ths. Much resembles I. lepidus of Elliot, but the fur is short,
soft, and not spinous in the least degree. Those from the alluvium of
the Ganges are darker than specimens from the ferruginous soil to the
westward.

“This,” says Blyth, “is the most common field and garden-mouse in
lower Bengal.” It has been also found in Midnapore, and in southern
India, a specimen having been sent to Mr. Blyth by Walter Elliot,
along with a lot of Mus lepidus, from which he did not distinguish it.

The following species are a group of field-mice, the fur of which is
mixed with spines. They have been placed in a distinct genus by Gray,
which is practically adopted by Blyth in his Memoir.

Gen. Leccapa, Gray.

Char.—Molars high, with somewhat convex crowns, the cross ridges
of the crown of the upper grinders deeply three-lobed ; the front one
with an additional lunate lobe at the base of its front edge ; fur fine,
mixed with numerous spines, somewhat flattened.

This group was founded on a mouse first described by Colonel Sykes.

194, Leggada platythrix.

Mus apud Syxes.— Byrn, Cat. p. 121.—Etuior, Cat. 40.—Legyade
and Kdl yelka of Waddurs.—Gijeli-gadu, Tel. of Yanadees.—Kal «lei,
Can.

Tue Brown Spiny Movse.

Descr.—Above light sandy-brown or light brown mixed with fawn ;
beneath pure white, the white separated from the brown by a well-defined
pale-fawn line. The flattened spines are transparent on the back, beneath
smaller, and form with the fur a thick close covering. The head is long,
the muzzle pointed, the ears rather large, oblong, rounded.

Length, head and body 34 inches ; tail 24 ; hind-foot ths ; ear $.

This mouse is found only in southern India, and Mr. W. Elliot has given
a full account of its habits. “The Leggyade lives entirely in the red
gravelly soil in a burrow of moderate depth, generally on the side of a

208 MURINE.

bank. When the animal is inside, the entrance is closed with small
pebbles, a quantity of which are collected outside, by which its retreat
may always be known. The burrow leads to a chamber, in which is
collected a bed of small pebbles, on which it sits, the thick close hair of
the belly protecting it from the cold and asperity of such a seat. Its
food appears to be vegetable. In its habits it is monogamous and
nocturnal.

“In one earth which I opened, and which did not seem to have been
originally constructed by the animal, I found two pairs ; one of which
were adults, the other young ones, about three-parts grown. The mouth
of the earth was very large, and completely blocked up with small stones ;
the passage gradually widened into a large cavity, from the roof of which
some other passages appeared to proceed ; but there was only one com-
munication with the surface, viz., the entrance. The old pair were seated
on a bed of pebbles, near which, on a higer level, was another collection
of stones, probably intended for a drier retreat. The young ones were in
one of the passages, likewise furnished with a heap of small stones.”

I have often opened the burrows of this rat, and can confirm Mr.
Elliot’s account. The Yanadees of Nellore state that one variety uses
small sticks to sit on instead of stones, and give it a distinct appellation ;
but I did not notice any difference in the few specimens they brought
me, though it is possible that they might have been of the next species.

195. Leggada spinulosa.

Buiytu, J. A. 8. XXIII. 734.—Cat. p. 121.
Tue Dusky Spiny Mouse.

Descr.—Nearly aftined to the last, but of a dark dusky colour above,
with fulvous tips to the softer fur ; below and all the feet dull whitish.
Upper rodential tusks orange, the lower white.

Whiskers long and fine, the posterior and longer of these black for
the basal half or more, the rest white.

Length of adult, head and body 33 inches; tail 3 ; foot Zths.

This species was originally described by Blyth from specimens sent
from the Punjab, and specimens were afterwards received from South
Malabar, “‘ quite similar, unless rather larger, and there is little differ-

ence in the colour of the upper and lower tusks.”

LEGGADA LEPIDA. 209

196, Leggada Jerdoni.

Buytu, Cat. p. 121.—Memoir on Rats, &e.
Tue Himatayvan Spiny FIe.p-Mouse.

Descr.—Above bright dark-ferruginous, pure white belew ; some fine
long black tips intermingled among the spines of the back ; limbs marked
with blackish externally ; the feet white.

Length 4 inches ; tail 33 ; hind-feet {ths.

I procured specimens of this large field-mouse at Darjeeling, and
lately in the valley of the Sutlej in Kunawur, at an elevation of nearly
12,000 feet, living under large stones.

197. Leggada lepida.

Mus apud Exttor, Cat. 41.—Leggada booduga, Gray.—Chitta bur-
kani, Chit yelka, Chitta ganda, Tel., of Wuddurs.—Chitta yelka, Tel.,

of Yanadees. :
Tue Smatt Spiny Mouse.

Descr.—Above pale sandy-brown, pure white below, separated from
the upper colour by an exact line. The spines are small, fine, trans-
parent, and of a dusky tinge tipt with fawn. The head very long, and
muzzle pointed. Ear large, ovate, naked. Tail naked. Limbs rather
long, fine.

Length of a large individual, head and body 2,°, inches; tail 2,4.

This pretty little mouse lives in pairs in the red soil, but sometimes a
pair of young ones is found in the same burrow with the old ones.

I have found this species in gravelly soil, in gardens and in woods, in
most parts of Southern India, making a small burrow, which generally
has a little heap of stones placed at a short distance from the hole. It
is preyed on now and then by the common Indian roller or jay, and it
is very generally used as a bait to catch that bird with birdlime.

Near these spined mice perhaps should come the “ curious spiny rat
of South Malabar,” which Mr. Blyth considered as belonging to the
- Dormouse family, J/yoxide, but Professor Peters has recently * called
in question this location, stating it to be a true Murine type.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865.

210 MURINE.

xen, PLATACANTHOMYS, Blyth.

Char.—Molars — ; equal in size, except the last upper one, which is

smaller than the rest, surrounded with enamel, with three or four trans-
verse folds ; incisors srnooth, compressed ; muzzle acute ; ears moderate,
nude ; tail hairy, the hairs arranged distichously ; whiskers very long ;
upper parts densely covered with sharp flat spines, mixed with an exceed-
ingly delicate thin undercoat ; a few spines also on the lower part, but
smaller and finer; hallux nailless. Blyth states that the rodential
tusks are quite those of Myoxus, and that its whole habit is myoxine.
Professor Peters, too, says the resemblance of this genus to the dormouse
at first sight is very striking, principally on account of the long-haired
tail; but in other respects, in its smaller eyes, very thin ears, and the
well-developed, although very short, thumb of the fore-foot, it more
approaches several murine genera of tropical India. The peculiarities
of the skull in which it deviates from the murine type are, according
to Peters, the small and narrow foramina incisiva, formed only by the
intermaxillary bones, the imperfect perforate palate, and the very short

coronoid process of the lower jaw.

198. Platacanthomys lasiurus.
Buytu, Proc. As. Soc. Calc. 1859, Cat. p. 109.
THe Lonc-Taitep Spiny Mouse.

Descr.— General colour a somewhat light rufescent-brown ; under fur
paler. On the forehead and crown, where the hair is very full, the
colour is more rufescent ; whiskers chiefly black ; lower part dull or
subdued white. The hairs on the tail darker than the body-colour,
infuscated, except at the tip of the tail, where they are dull white,
forming a conspicuous pale tail-tip.

Length of one, head and body 6 inches ; tail 35, 1} more to the end
of the hair ; ear posteriorly 3, ovoid and all but naked ; hind-foot 1.

This very interesting addition to the Fauna of Southern India was
found by Rev. Mr. Baker in the hill-ranges of the Western Ghats of
South Malabar, and also in Cochin and Travancore. “I was ignorant of
the existence of this animal,” says Mr. Baker, “till about a year ago,
when I found it in a range of hills about 3,000 feet high. It lives in

"e
*

PLATACANTHOMYS LASIURUS. 211

clefts in the rocks and hollow trees, is said to hoard ears of grain
and roots, seldom comes into the native huts, and in that particular
neighbourhood the hill-men tell me they are very numerous. I know
they are to be found in the rocky mountains of Travancore; but I
never met with them on the plains.” In a further communication he
remarks : ‘“T have been spending the last three weeks in the Ghats,
and among other things had a great hunt for the new spiny dormice.
They are most abundant, I find, in the elevated vales and ravines,
living only in the magnificent old trees found there, in which they
hollow out little cavities, filling them with leaves and moss. The hill
people call them the ‘ pepper-rat,’ from their destroying large quantities
of ripe pepper (Piper nigrum). Angely and jack-fruit (Artocarpus
ovalifolta and integrifolia) are much subject to their ravages. Large
numbers of the Shkunda palm (Caryota) are found in the hills, and
toddy is collected from them: these dormice eat through the covering
of the pot as suspended, and enjoy themselves. Two were brought me
in the pots halfdrowned. I procured in one morning sixteen specimens,
The method employed in obtaining them was to tie long bamhoos (with
their little branches left on them to climb by) to the trees, and when
the hole was reached, the man cut the entrance large enough to admit
his hand, and took out the nest with the animals rolled wp in it, put
the whole in a bag made of bark, and brought it down. They actually
reached the bottom sometimes without being disturbed: it was very
wet, cold weather, and they may have been somewhat torpid ; but I
started a large brown rat at the foot of one of the trees, which ran up
the stem into a hole, and four dormice were out in a minute from it,
apparently in terror of their large friend. There were no traces of
hoarding in any of the holes, but the soft bark of the trees was a good
deal gnawed in places. I noticed that when their tails were elevated
the hairs were perfectly erect, like a bottle-brush.”
Another rat has been made the type of the

Gen. Gotunpba, Gray.

Char.—Molars when perfect low, with a broad flat crown ; the cross
ridges of the crown of the upper grinders divided into three distinct,
slightly-raised tubercles ; upper incisors grooved.

Two species are classed under this by Blyth, which are apparently
sufficiently distinct in general feature as well as in habits.

pP2

212 MURINE.

199. Golunda Elliotti.

Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837.—Biyru, Cat. p. 121.—Mus hirsutus,
Exttor, Cat. 36.—JL. coffeus, KeLaart.—Gulandi, Can.—Gulat yelka
of Wuddurs.—Sora-panji-gadur, Tel., of Yanadees.

THE BusH-RAT.

Descr. — Above olive-brown mixed with fulvous, giving a dusky
fulvous tint ; beneath yellowish-tawny, or light yellowish-gray ; the
tail somewhat villose ; the head long, muzzle blunt, rounded, and
covered with rough hair, as are the face and cheeks ; ears round, hairy ;
whiskers long and very fine.

Length of one, head and body 6,2, in. ; tail 4,8; head 1,5; ear ;8,ths.

This rat is found only in Southern India and Ceylon. I have only
met with it myself in the Carnatic, Malabar, and the Deccan.

“The gulandi,” observes Mr. Elliot, ‘‘ lives entirely above ground, in a
habitation constructed of grass and leaves, generally in the root of a bush,
at no great height from the ground ; often, indeed, touching the surface.”
Again : “ The gulandi lives entirely in the jungle, choosing its habitation
in a thick bush, among the thorny branches of which, or on the ground,
it coustructs a nest of elastic stalks and fibres of dry grass, thickly inter-
woven. ‘The nest is of » round or oblong shape, from 6 to 9 inches in
diameter, within which is a chamber about 3 or 4 inches in diameter, in
which it rolls itself up. Round and through the bush are sometimes
observed small beaten pathways, along which the little animal seems
habitually to pass. Its motion is somewhat slow, and it does not
appear to have the same power of leaping or springing, by which the
rats in general avoid danger. Its food seems to be vegetable, the only
contents of the stomach observed being the roots of the haryalee grass,
Its habits are solitary (except when the female is bringing up her
young) and diurnal, feeding in the mornings and evenings.”

The Yanadees of Nellore catch this rat, surrounding the bush and
seizing it as 1t issues forth, which its comparatively slow actions enable
them to do easily. I have always found the nest on the ground, or
very close to it, in the midst generally of a thorny mass of Zizyphus
nummularia.

This is the coffee-rat of Ceylon, so destructive to coffee-trees, whole

plantations being sometimes deprived of buds and blossoms by these rats.

GOLUNDA MELTADA. £13

«They are found,” says Kelaart, “in all the higher parts of the
Kandian provinces. They appear to be migratory ; and are not always
seen in coffee estates; when they do visit the cultivated parts, their
numbers are so great that in one day more than a thousand have been
known to be killed on one estate. In clearing forests, the nests of these

rats are met with under the roots of trees.”

200. Golunda meltada.

Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837.—Mus lanuginosus, Exuior, Cat. 35.—
Mettade of Wuddurs.—WMetta yelka, Tel., of Yanadees.—Kera let, Can,

THE Sort-FURRED FIELD-RAT.

Descr.— Above reddish-brown with a mixture of fawn, lighter beneath.
The fur fine, close and soft, with a few longer hairs projecting, Head
short ; muzzle sharp ; ears large ; tail shorter than body.

Length of one, head and body 5,8, inches ; tail 4,8, ; ear 5; ths.

This rat has only been found in southern India. “ The metéade,” says
Mr. Elliot, “lives entirely in cultivated fields in pairs or small societies
of five or six, making a very slight and rude hole in the root of a bush, or
merely harbouring among the heaps of stones thrown together in the
fields, in the deserted burrow of the kok, or contenting itself with the
deep cracks and fissures formed in the black soil during the hot months.
Great numbers perish annually when these collapse and fill, up at the
commencement of the rains. The monsoon of 1826 having been
deficient in the usual fall of rain at the commencement of the season,
the mettades bred in such numbers as to become a perfect plague. They
ate up the seed as soon as sown, and continued their ravages when the
grain approached to maturity, climbing up the stalks of jowaree and
cutting off the ear to devour the grain with greater facility. I saw many
whole fields completely devastated, so much so as to prevent the
farmers from paying their rents. The ryots employed the Wuddurs to
destroy them, who killed them by thousands, receiving a measure of
grain for so many dozens, without perceptibly diminishing their numbers.
Their flesh is eaten by the tank-diggers. The female produces from
6 to 8 at a birth.”

The physiognomy of this rat is so distinct from that of the last, as is
also the character of the fur and the habits, that I much doubt if they

ought to be included in the same group.

DA MURINA,
e

Kelaart has a Golunda newera, which he considers allied to this last
species, and found in the black soil of Newera-ellia, where it is a great
destroyer of peas and potatoes.

It appears to me that Hodgson’s Mus myothriz has some affinities
for Golunda Elliotti. It is described as, “ fur yellow-brown, minutely
black varied, hair rather short and rigid, lead-coloured with yellow tips,
and with scattered narrow black bristles ; beneath yellowish-white, tail
slightly hairy, yellow. Length of one 6 inches, tail 33; head 14.
Tenants the woods only, dwelling in burrows under the roots of trees,
but not gregariously.”

Blyth has described a Hapdlomys longicwudatus from Burmah.

The next animal has been referred by Gray to another group, the
Aspalacide, but this is not agreed to by Blyth and Waterhouse, who
consider it as a murine type.

Gen. Ruizomys, Gray.

Syn. Vyctocleptes, Temminck.

Char.—Incisors very large, long, somewhat triangular, sharp ; molars
ee

3 sini :
, rooted, subcylindric, the crown with somewhat parallel cross

€

ridges ; upper molars with a lobe internally ; head large ; body massive ;
eyes small; ears naked, conspicuous; feet short, strong; tail short,

thick, naked. Chiefly from the Indo-Chinese region and Malayana.
One species extends into our north-eastern limits,

201. Rhizomys badius.
Hopeson.— Byrn, Cat. p. 122.—R. minor, Gray.
THe Bay Bampoo-rar.

Descr.—Above of a bay or chestnut colour, the fur being slaty-gray
with rufous-brown tips; below dark ashy-gray ; feet dark.

Length 9 inches.

This small bamboo-rat has been taken only in the Terai of Sikim,
and the adjoining parts of the Nepal Terai. It eats the roots of
bamboos and other trees, constructing burrows under the roots. It is
said to be very bold and easily taken.

khizomys pruinosus, Blyth, is from the Khasia hills; 2. castaneus,

Blyth, from Burmah ; and L. sumatrensis, from the Malayan peninsula

RHIZOMYS BADIUS. 215

and islands. 2. sinicus, Gray, from China, is figured in Hardwicke’s
Illustrations.

There are many genera of true rats found in the New World, and a
few in Africa. From the Old continent there are several peculiar
forms, some of which deserve particular mention. Among these are
the Hamsters, genus C'ricetus. They have the teeth of Murine, but
their tail is short and hairy, and they have cheek-pouches. They
belong to the Palearctic region.

The Beaver, Castor fiber, L., is one of the most remarkable Muride,
and is, by some, placed in a distinct sub-family. It has four molars on
each side, and five toes on all the feet. Its flattened tail, webbed hind
feet, together with its aquatic habits and peculiar habitations, are
described in all popular works on natural history. Their fur is highly
prized, and much sought for, and it is now all but extinct in Europe.
The substance called Castor is a peculiar pungent secretion of a glandular
pouch, terminating in the prepuce ; and the organs of generation of both
sexes terminate within the rectum.

The genus Helamys, F. Cuvier (Pedetes, Illiger), from South Africa,
is a peculiar animal, isolated in its position. It is called the jumping
hare, has a large head and eyes, a long tail, short fore-feet, with 5 toes,
having long pointed nails; and lengthened hind-feet, with only four
toes, having large claws like hoofs. The Mole-rats, Aspalacide, chiefly
from Africa, have the incisors broad, large, and exserted ; three molars
as in rats, heavy bodies with short limbs and tail, very small eyes,
concealed in ome, and the ears small. They live underground, and
feed entirely on roots. Bathyergus, of South Africa, is made the type
of a distinct family by Blyth, Bathyergidw. They have four molars on
each side, small eyes, and a short tail.

The pouched rats are considered by some to form a distinct family,
equal in rank to the other four large families. They are the Saccomydide
of authors. They have four molars on each side ; the upper incisors are
grooved ; the anterior median nails very long and trenchant. They have
deep cheek-pouches, opening externally, and are all from North America.

Sub-fam. Arvicotin#, Voles, Xe.

Snout blunt, rounded ; ears small, more or less concealed in the hair;

3 ; ‘ : :
~, composed of alternating triangular prisms, without
—— vo

roots ; incisors rounded ; tail generally short.

molars

216 ARVICOLINA.

This family comprises several forms mostly Palearctic, one or two
species only occurring in the Himalayas, of the same genus as the Water-
rat and Meadow-vole of Britain.

Gen. Arvicota, Lacepede. ;

Syn. Hypudeus, Illiger.

Char.—Incisors smooth in front ; snout short, bluntish ; eyes small or
moderate ; anterior feet with four toes and a hallucar wart, posterior feet
five-toed ; nails curved ; tail short or moderate, hairy ; otherwise as in

the character of the sub-family.

202. Arvicola Roylei.

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842.—Figd. Royzg, Il]. Bot. Himal.—
Buytu, Cat. p. 125.

Tur HIMALAYAN VOLE.

Descr.—Above ashy-brown with a tinge of rufous more or less
apparent ; beneath pale brownish-ashy ; ears moderately large, rounded,
hairy ; tail clad with rigid pale hairs ; incisors yellow in front.

Length of one, head and body 3} inches ; tail 1,2; ; hind-foot 58;ths.
One procured by myself measured, head and body 3{ ; tail 12.

The Himalayan Vole is noted by Blyth only from Kashmir and Pind
Dadun Khan, in the Punjab. I obtained it in Kunawar, near Chini, at
an elevation of nearly 12,000 feet, and again on the south side of the
Barendo pass, at about the same height, in great numbers in a fine
meadow, where it was burrowing lightly close to the surface, and several
were caught in digging a light trench round my tent. I also observed
it in the Pir Punjai pass. Its occurring at such a low level as Pind
Dadun Khan is remarkable, as it is only found on the Himalayas at
great elevations.

In the recent edition of Hodgson’s British Museum Collections, there
is No. 116, Arvicola thricotis, new species, Darjeeling, in woods near

houses ; but it is added, compare with Neodon sikimensis.

Gen, Nropon, Hodgson.

Chav.—Nearly allied to Avvicola; incisors similar; grinders both above

NEODON SIKIMENSIS. 217

and below disposed in a regular compact series with slightly elevated
ridges or folds; anterior grinders of the upper jaw larger than the
others, and having an additional ridge more than Arvicola. Molars of
lower jaw more uniform, with a very slight decrease posteriorly, other-
wise as in Arvicola.

This genus is very close to Arvicola. I have not had an opportunity

of examining the teeth.

208. Neodon sikimensis.,
Hopeson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849.—Buiyvu, Cat. p. 125.
THe SIkIM VOLE.

Descr.— Fur very soft and silky ; above deep brownish-black, with a
slight rusty shade, minutely and copiously grizzled with hairs of a deep
ferruginous tint, giving a general shade of dark rufescent-brown ; beneath
dark bluish-gray or ashy, with a slight ferruginous or fulvous shade.
All four feet very slender. Ears moderate, hairy.

Length of one, head and body 4# inches ; tail 13 ; head 14 ; hind-foot
$ths. Another was 5 inches long. 'The female has six teats.

This Vole differs from the last in its much darker tints. It has only
been procured in Sikim, near Darjeeling, at heights varying from 7,000
to 15,000 feet. It is said by Hodgson to breed in hollow decayed
trees, or among the roots of trees, making a saucer-shaped nest of moss
or soft grass. The female brings forth three or four young only.

Compared with the Arvicola, it is more a denizen of forests. Mr.
Atkinson found it under fallen trees and stones, on the top of Tonglo,
near Darjeeling, 10,000 feet; whence, also, I had a specimen brought me.

Some of this family are nearly related to the Beavers, and the fur of
one, Fiber zibethicus, the Musquash or Oudara of North America, is
highly prized. It has semi-palmated hind-feet and a long scaly tail.
The Lemmings, J/yodes, are another well-known genus of Arvicoline.
They occur in the northern parts of both continents in immense num-
bers, and their migratory habits are familiar to all. They quite resemble
voles, but are more heavily formed, with very short ears and tail. They
have five distinct nails on the fore-feet.

The peculiar genus Geomys perhaps belongs to this sub-family. Blyth

described a Phaiomys leucurus, from Tibet.

218 HYSTRICINA.

The remaining rodents have the clavicle imperfect in many, almost

wauting in some. They form two groups, Hystricide and Leporide.
Fam. Hystricip&.

Clavicles typically imperfect ; the lower angle of the lower jaw acute;
usually 4 equal molars on each side with roots.

This family comprises a large number of rodents of varied form and
habits, by far the greater number being from America, and only one sub-
family occurring in the Old World.

Sub-fam. Hystrricins, Porcupines.

t—4

Incisors large, usually coloured, not grooved anteriorly ; molars

in adults, complex, with undulated strize of enamel in the crown; body
more or less clad with acuminate spines ; fore-foot tetradactylous, with
a very small wart-like thumb ; hind-feet with 4 or 5 toes.

Porcupines possess clavicles, which, however, are only attached to the
sternum, and not to the scapula. The skull is remarkable for the great
size of the infra-orbital foramen. They have usually 14 pairs of ribs. }
The length of the tail is very various.

Porcupines are burrowing animals, of strictly nocturnal habits, feeding
on roots, fruit, bark, and young shoots. The most typical forms of the
sub-family belong to the Old World.

Gen. Hystrix, Linnzus.

Char.—Hind-feet with five unguiculate toes ; all the claws stout ; bod y
armed with rigid spines, mixed with some longer flexible ones ; tail very
short, with a bundle of open tubes at the end ; muzzle truncated.

Porcupines are a well-known group, which take their popular name,
signifying spiny-pig, from their large size and grunting voice. They are
found in the warmer regions of the old continent. The peculiar open
tubes of the tail are supported on slender stalks, and they make a
rattling noise when shaken.

204, Hystrix leucura.

Sykes.—Bryru, Cat. p. 128.—Euuior, Cat. 45.—H. hirsutirostris,
Branpt.—H, cristata indica, Gray, Harpwicxe, Il. Ind. Zool. I.

HYSTRIX LEUCURA. 219

pl. 14.—H. zeylanensis, BLytu.—Sayi, Sayal, Sarsel, H., in various’
parts of the country.—Sajru, Bengal.—Saori, in Gujrat.—Salendra,
Mahr. of the Ghats.— Yed, Can.—Yeddu pandi, Tel.— Dumsi, in Nepal.
Ho-igu of Gonds.

Tue InpIAN PORCUPINE.

Descr.—Muzzle clad with short stiff bristly hairs, and a few white
spines on the face ; spines on the throat short, grooved, some with white
points, forming a demi-collar ; crest full, long, chiefly of black bristles,
a few of them only with long white points ; the larger quills on the back
black ; many annulated with white at base and middle, and some with
white points ; the long thin quills mostly white at tip ; the quills on the
loins mostly all white ; the pedunculated quills of the tail yellowish-
white; some of the quills of the sides and lumbar regions flat and
striated ; whiskers long, black, a few tipped white.

Length of one, head and body 32 inches ; tail 7.

The Indian Porcupine closely resembles the porcupine of Africa and
the South of Europe, but differs, according to Waterhouse, in “the
quills of the lumbar regions being white in l/ewcura, and chiefly dusky
in the cristata; and the bristles of the crest of the latter have all
long white points, whereas in /eucura only some have white points ;
the rest are entirely brown. The long quills of the back have the
white more extended in /eucura.”

This porcupine is found over a great part of India, from the lower
ranges of the Himalayas to the extreme south, but does not occur in
Lower Bengal, where it is replaced by the next one. It forms extensive
burrows, often in societies, in the sides of hills, banks of rivers and
nullahs, and very often in the bunds of tanks, and in old mud walls,
&e. &c. In some parts of the country they are very destructive to
various crops, potatoes, carrots, and other vegetables. They never issue
forth till after dark, but now and then one will be found returning
to his lair in daylight. Dogs take up the scent of the porcupine very
keenly, and on the Neelgherries I have killed many by the aid of
dogs, tracking them to their dens. They charge backwards at their
foes, erecting their spines at the same time, and dogs generally get
seriously injured by their strong spines, which are sometimes driven
deeply into the assailant. The porcupine is not bad eating, the meat,
which is white, tasting something between pork and veal.

220 HYSTRICIN.E.

This species is common in Ceylon, whence Mr. Blyth formerly named
a young specimen as distinct. It occurs also in Afghanistan, and pro-

bably in other parts of Asia.

205. Hystrix bengalensis.

Buiytu, J. A. S. XX. 179.—Cat. p. 128.—H. malabarica, Sctater,
P. ZS. 1865 (fid. Bryrs).

Tue BenGAL PORCUPINE.

Descr. — Smaller than Jeucura ; crest small and thin, the bristles
blackish ; body spines much flattened, and strongly grooved, ter-
minating in a slight seta; slender flexible quills much fewer than in
leucura, white, with a narrow black band about the centre ; the thick
quills basally white, the rest black, mostly with a white tip ; a distinct
white demi-collar ; spines of lumbar region white, as are those of the
tail and rattle ; muzzle less hirsute than in lewcura.

Length of one, head and body 28 inches ; tail 8.

Blyth compared this species with the hill porcupine, which it resembles
in its smaller crest, and also in its general characters, but it more resem-
bles /ewewra in the proportion of the large quills and other points. He
has quite recently written me from England that he considers the por-
cupine recently described by Sclater as 47. malabarica to be the same as
his bengalensis. Sclater describes it as having a great general resem-
blance to lewcura, but differing in the less bristly snout and the longer
tail, as also in many of the quills being orange-coloured in the place of
white, especially some of the spines of the back and tail, whilst others
were black and white, as in the common kind. If Mr. Blyth is right
in his identification of the two species, the orange colour of the quills
would appear to be only a local variation ; and even this does not appear
to be constant, for Mr. Day, who first noticed the orange porcupine,
states that in captivity they lose much of their orange colour, and its
vividness greatly decreases when they are ill. Besides the general
points of distinction between lewcura and malabarica, Mr. Sclater points
out a few slight peculiarities in the form of the skull of the latter.

The Bengal Porcupine is found in Lower Bengal, extending into Assam
and Arrakan ; and also in South Malabar, if Blyth’s identification be

correct. Nothing peculiar is recorded of its habits. Mr. Day states that

ee

HYSTRIX LONGICAUDA. 29%

he procured specimens of the orange porcupine from various parts of the
Ghats of Cochin and Travancore, and that the flesh of this kind is more
highly esteemed for food than the common variety. The native sportsmen
declare that the aroma from these burrows is quite sufficient to distinguish
the two species.

206. Hystrix longicauda.

Marspen.—B yu, Cat. p. 129.—H. alophus, Hopcson.—H. Hodg-
sonit, Gray.—Acanthion javanicum, F. Cuvier.—Anchotia Dumsi, in
Nepal ; z. e., the crestless porcupine.—Sathung, Lepch.—O’—e’ of the
Limbus.

Tue CRESTLESS PORCUPINE.

Descr.—-No crest ; head, neck, fore-half of the body, entire belly and
limbs covered with black spinous bristles, 2 to 3 inches long, shortest
on the head and limbs; the large quills of the back and croup vary
from 7 to 12 inches long, mostly white with one central black ring ; the
g, and the
rattle consisting of 35 to 40 hollow ‘cylinders, some closed, others open.

tail conico-depressed, with some quills about 5 inches lon

A narrow and vaguely marked white colour.

Length of one, head and body 24 inches; tail 4, or with the
quills 53.

This porcupine is found in the central region of Nepal and Sikim,
and extends through Burmah into the Malayan peninsula and islands.
Sclater in a Synopsis of the species of ystrix, separates H. Hodgson
from H. javanicum. IT have followed Blyth in uniting these two.

Hodgson states that they are “ very numerous and very mischievous,
depredating greatly among the potatoes and other tuberous or edible
rooted crops. They are most numerous in the central region, but are
common to all three regions. They breed in spring, and usually produce
two young, about the time the crops begin to ripen. They are mono-
gamous, the pair dwelling together in burrows of their own formation.
Their flesh is delicious, like pork, but much more delicate-flavoured, and
they are easily tamed so as to breed in confinement. All tribes and
classes, even high-caste Hindoos, eat them, and it is deemed lucky to
keep one or two alive in stables, where they are encouraged to breed.”

I saw several skins of this species at Darjeeling that had been killed
in some tea plantations between 4,000 and 5,000 feet of elevation. The

name given to this animal by the Limbus of Sikim (according to

bo
bo
bo

HYSTRICID&.

Hodgson), viz., O’—e’, is singularly like that which the Gonds of
Central India apply to the common one, Ho-yi.

Hodgson gives a few interesting anatomical details of this species.
There are two glands which almost surround the anus, secreting a
pus-like fluid devoid of any odour, which is carried off by several pores.
The penis is sheathed and pointed backwards, and has a bone 14 inch
long ; the testes are internal. The intestines of one were 30 feet long,
and the cecum 12.

The only other recorded species of /Z/ystrix, besides H. cristata of
Europe, is H. Africe australis of Peters.

Atherura fasciculata, is another species of porcupine found on the
Tippera hills, and thence southwards to the Malayan peninsula. It
has a much longer tail than the true porcupines, and the spines of the
back are less elongated. The tail ends in a tuft of long bristles. .

The American porcupines belong to a different group, called Cerco-
labine by some; Philodendree by others. They are more or less
arboreal, have long tails, prehensile in some, and the spines are short
and mixed with hair.

The remaining animals of this family are, with one or two exceptions,
exclusively American, and the great majority from the Neotropical region.

The sub-family Cavin comprises the Cavies and the Capybara. The
former, gen. Cavia, have short ears, and little or no tail, and the nails
of the toes are large. They are terrestrial and burrow. The guinea-pig
is a domesticated variety of one of the species. The capybara, [/ydro-
cherus. capybara, is one of the giants of the order, and has much the
appearance of a small pig. It has 4 toes in front, the three toes to the
hind-feet united by a short membrane, and is quite aquatic in its habits,

The Dasyproctine comprise the Agoutis and the Paca. The former,
Dasyprocta, have 4 toes before, and three or two behind; whilst the
latter, Celogenys, have small additional ones, making five on both feet.
They somewhat resemble hares and rabbits.

The EcuIMyin comprise a somewhat more varied gronp of animals.
Some have spines mixed with their fur, and one, Zyopotamus coypus, has
much the form of the Beaver, and has often been classed with it. It
has the hind-feet webbed, and 5 toes to all the feet. The fur is used by
hatters, and many are imported into Europe for that purpose.

Two African genera, Aulacodon and Petromys, are usually classed in

this division.

— So |

LEPORID. 223

The OctoponTIN& have rootless molars, and usually 5 toes to each foot,

with large claws. They have mostly large ears, and a long or moderate
hairy tail. They are of small size, and burrow. Their general aspect is
intermediate to that of chinchillas and voles. The chinchillas (Cur-
CHILLINS) have rootless molarsyand stout claws, as the last; but the
number of toes is usually less. The tail is moderate and hairy, and held
recurved, and the ears are generally conspicuous. The clavicles are
developed in this and the last group. The Chinchilla, Chinchilla laniger,
whose fur is so highly prized, and the Viscacha, Lagostomus tricho-
dactylus, are the best-known species. They burrow in the ground, and
live in numerous societies. The hind-feet are usually considerably
larger than the anterior, and the animals hold their food, like the
squirrels, between the short fore-paws. All the species of the two last

sub-families are exclusively confined to South America.

Fam. Leportp2, Hares.
Syn. Duplici-dentata, Van der Hoeven.

Upper incisors 4 in number, there being two thin teeth placed behind
the anterior and larger teeth. Molars 5 or 6 on each side above, and 6
beneath on each side, rootless, and formed of two Jaminz joined together
by a transverse ridge of enamel. Fore-feet with 5 toes, hind-feet with 4,
all with hairy soles ; nails long, compressed ; tail short or none.

This family is distinguished from all other rodents by the possession of
a small additional incisor placed behind each of the large incisive tusks
of the upper jaw. These small teeth are considered to be the true incisors,
the front teeth being, as before stated, the representatives of the canines.
Their orbits communicate with each other through an aperture in the
septum, as in birds. They have an enormous cecum lined internally with
a spiral layer throughout its entire length. ‘There are only two well-

marked generic forms, Lepus and Lagomys.

Gen. Lepus, Linnzus.
3—3

; ae 3—3
Char. —Incisors 7 3 premolars =? molars The last
cE: 9-2 ES

molar above small and simple; ears typically very long; tail short,
recurved. Hind-legs mnch longer than the fore-legs. Their clavicles are

imperfect,

924 ~ LEPORIDA.

Hares are found thinly scattered over all the world, except in Australia,
but are most abundant in the northern temperate zone.

The habits of hares are well known ; their timidity, watchfulness, in-
creased by the situation of their eyes, which are so placed that they can
see all round, and their great speed. In some, as in hares, the young
are born with their eyes open; in the rabbits with their eyes closed.
There are two well-marked species of hare in India, and a third of a
peculiar type.

207. Lepus ruficaudatus.

Grorrroy.—BiytH, Cat. p. 131.—Z. indicus and macrotus, Hopeson.
—Khargosh, H.—Kharra in Central India and part of Bengal.—Sasré,
also in Bengal.—Zamma, Hindi of some—Wolol, of Gonds.

THE Common InpDIAN HARE.

Descr.—General hue rufescent, mixed with blackish on the back and
head ; ears brownish anteriorly, white at the base and the tip brown ;
neck, breast, flanks, and limbs more or less dark sandy-rufescent, un-
mottled ; nape pale sandy-rufescent ; tail rufous above, white beneath ;
upper lip, small eye-mark, chin, throat, and lower parts, pure white.

Length of one, head and body 20 inches; tail with hair 4 ; ear ex-
ternally nearly 5; breadth of ear when expanded 23. Weight rarely
exceeds 5 |b.

This hare is found from the foot of the Himalayas southwards to the
Godavery river on the east, and on the west as far south as the Taptee
river at all events, perhaps further. It extends from the Punjab to
Assam. It is stated by the Rev. H. Baker also to occur in South
Malabar along with the next species, but no specimens appear to have
been sent, and I rather doubt its occurrence there. It is also supposed
to extend into Afghanistan, the skull of a hare from Kandahar being
very similar to that of our hare ; perhaps, however, Mr. Blyth suggests,
that of a nearly allied species.

Hares are very abundant in parts of the North-west Provinces, and
excellent coursing is had near Delhi, and especially in Hurriana. They
are less common in the Punjab.

Both this and the next species take to earth readily when pursued, and

appear to be well acquainted with all the fox-holes in their neighbourhood.

ee

Or

LEPUS NIGRICOLLIS. 22:

208. Lepus nigricollis.

F, Cuvier.—Btytu, Cat. p. 132.—Extio7, Cat. 46.--L. melanauchen,
Temminck.—Khargosh, H.—Malla, Can,—Sassa, Mahr.—Miésal, Tam.—
Kindéli, Tel.

Tue BLAck-NAPED HARE.

Descr.—Upper part grayish-rufescent, slightly mottled with black ;
large nuchal spot extending to near the shoulders velvety black ; ears
grayish-brown internally, dusky posteriorly, black at the base, and white-
fringed at the apex ; lower neck yellowish ; chin and abdomen white ; tail
grizzled black and yellowish-gray above, white beneath.

Length of one, head and body 19 inches ; tail 23 ; ear 42.

The black-naped hare is found throughout the South of India, extend-
ing north to the Godavery river on the east, and on the west coast as
high as the Taptee river, and perhaps further, for Adams states it to be
found in Sindh, and parts of the Punjab ; but this much requires confirma-
tion. It is the hare of Ceylon also, and has been introduced into Java
and the Mauritius. It is very abundant in many parts of the Madras
Presidency, more especially on the east coast and in parts of the Deccan.

Lepus peguensis, Blyth, is found in Upper Burmah, and L. sinensis in
China.

Lepus pallipes, Hodgson, J. A. S. XI. 288, with plate (L. tolai,
Pallas, apud Gray), is found in Tibet, along with L. tibetanus, Water-
house (Z. oistolus, Hodgson), if indeed they be distinct. The latter is
described as pale fawn above, whitish below and on the limbs ; the croup
grayish-blue, and the tail white. They are both represented as frequent-
ing rocky places, and running from rock to rock. It is possible that a
few individuals may occasionally cross to the Indian side of the passes,
but I have not observed them myself on this side. The Bhotia name is
hibong, or hill-ass.

The next species differs somewhat in general appearance and structure,
and was formerly separated generically by Blyth, and I think with justice ;
but he has in his Catalogue merely marked it asa section. The charaters
of the sub-genus, Caprolagus are,—large head, small eyes, short ears,
small and subequal limbs, strong, straight, and sharp claws, harsh hair
and inconspicuous whiskers. The skull is very strong, and the incisors
larger comparatively than in the common hare.

bo
bo
lor)

LEPORIDA.

209. Lepus hispidus.

Prarson.—Bxytu, Cat. p. 133.
Toe Hisprip Hare.

Descr.—General colour dark or iron-gray with an embrowned ruddy
tinge ; limbs and body shaded externally with black ; the tail rufescent
both above and below ; the inner fur short, soft, downy, of an ashy hue ;
the outer longer, hispid, harsh and bristly, some of the hairs annulated
black and yellow-brown, others pure black and longer, the wholly black
hair more abundant than the lighter ones. The ears are very short,
and broad.

Length of one, head and body 194 inches ; tail with the hair 23 ; ear 23.

This curious hare is of a very dark hue, of a heavy make, with small
eyes, make more rabbit-like, with small eyes, short and stout limbs,
and short whiskers. It is popularly called the black rabbit at Dacca and
elsewhere, and it is said to burrow in the ground like rabbits. It inhabits
the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas, from Goruckpore to Assam, ex-
tending south to Dacca, and probably still further, and even it is said to
the Rajmahal hills. It frequents jungly places, long grass, bamboos,
&c., shunning observation ; and, from its retired habits, is very difficult
to observe and obtain ; and it perhaps has a more extended distribution
through lower Bengal than that noted above. I have only seen it near
Dacca. The flesh is stated to be white, like that of the rabbit.

The next group is a Northern or Arctopolitan form.

Gen. Lacomys, Cuvier.

—wsy
; ears short, rounded ;
5

£
: : 5
Char.—Incisors double, as in hares ; molars

claws curved ; no tail ; limbs short and slender; clavicles perfect. Of small
size. This genus, called by some the calling hare, by others the barking
mouse, is composed of a few species from the northern regions of both
continents, one of which crosses the ridge of the Himalayas. They are
called by some travellers tailless rats. They construct curious and intri-
cate burrows, and have a peculiar piping call, heard to a great distance.

210. Lagomys Roylei.

OGILBy, figured in Royin’s IH, Bot. Himalayas, pl. 4.—L. nipalensis,
Hoveson.—Z, Hodgsoni, Biytu,— Rang-riint, or Rang-diéni,in Kunawar.

LAGOMYS ROYLEI. 227

Tue HIMALAYAN MoUusE-HARE.

Descr.—General colour deep rabbit-gray or brown, with a yellowish-gray
tinge, more or less rufous on the head, neck, shoulders, and sides of body ;
ears elliptic ; roundish at tip, nearly nude, with some long white hairs ex-
ternally ; muzzle hairy, brown ; lower lip pale ; under parts dingy whitish ;
whiskers long and fine, white anteriorly, the posterior ones blackish, 24
inches long. The hairs of the body are dark bluish at the base, with a
broad gray ring and a dark brown point, some of them slaty-black, then
rufous-brown, finally tipped dark ; the fur delicately soft and fine.

Length varies from 6 to nearly 8 inches ; of one 7 inches long, the
head 2; ears {ths ; hind-feet 11.

Some specimens have much more rufous than others. Hodgson
described his LZ. nipalensis (which Blyth identifies with Roylei) as deep
bay from snout to mid-body, black freckled with paler rufous thence to
the vent ; below chin and belly pale bay, limbs the same. ‘This indi-
cates a somewhat darker coloration than is usually met with.

This species of Zagomys was first made known from skins sent home
by Royle from the Chor mountain, not far from Simla. This hill, I may
observe, is some distance south from the Snowy range, and on one of
the outer ranges of the Himalayas. I have observed it in Kumaon also
at some distance on this side of the Snowy range, near the Borendo
pass, and elsewhere, at heights varying from 11,000 to 14,000 feet. It
has been found all along the Himalayas at suitable elevations, from
Kashmir to Sikim. It is also found on the other side of the Snowy range,
but in some parts is replaced by another species. It lives always in
rocky ground or among loose stones, several pairs together. They come
out to feed, but dart into their holes on the smallest alarm. It is said
that they hibernate during winter.

Lagomys Curzonice has been lately described by Hodgson from Tibet
and the interior of Sikim. This species replaces the common species in

_ Ladak, and other countries beyond the Snowy range.

Lagomys rufescens, Gray, is another species from Afghanistan, and
there are others in Northern and Central Asia, and one or two in North

America.

Q 2

228 ELEPHANTID.

Orv. UNGULATA, L.

Feet with hoofs instead of claws.

The feet being used only as supports, they have no clavicles, and their
fore-arms are constantly in a state of pronation ; whence they are reduced
to live on vegetables. Their forms and mode of life show much less
variety than unguiculated animals. They were divided into two large
groups or orders by Cuvier, the non-ruminating, or Pachydermata, and
the Ruminantia. More recently they have been divided into several
tribes or sub-orders, viz., Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla,
the two former, together with one family of the latter, constituting the
Pachydermatous division ; and the remainder of the Artiodactyla com-
prising the ruminating animals. Linneus divided them into Bruta,
Bellwa, and Pecora ; the former comprising the Elephant and Rhinoceros ;
the Bellua, the Horse, the Hog, and the Hippopotamus ; and the last
the ruminants.

Tribe ProposcipEA, Cuvier. *
This comprises only one family.
Fam. ELEPHANTID.

Two large incisive tusks in the upper jaw; none in the lower jaw;
molars large, with the crown elongated ; feet with 5 toes, with nails
surrounded by a thick callous skin ; snout elongated into a long pre-
hensile proboscis or trunk ; mamme two, pectoral.

The cranium of the elephants is much elevated vertically, the inter-
maxillary bones being much developed to support the tusks, which are
sometimes enormous, and curved upwards, and to give origin to some of
the numerous muscles which support the proboscis. This organ, which is
flexible in every direction, and endowed with great sensibility, enables
the elephant to procure his food from the ground or high trees ; it also
serves to suck up the water he drinks, and convey it to his throat. The
brain occupies but a small space in the huge cranium, which has
numerous sinuses or air-cavities extending through the frontal, parietal,
and temporal bones, even to the occipitals. The nasal bones are so
shortened, being pushed up by intermaxillaries, that the nostrils (in the
skeleton) are situated in the upper portion of the face, but in the living
animal terminate in the end of the proboscis. In a fossil genus when

ea od

ELEPHAS INDIOUS. 229

immature, the lower jaw possesses incisors. The carpus has the same
number of bones as in man, and there are five complete bony phalanges.
The stomach is simple ; the intestines voluminous, and the colon and
cecum are enormous. The testes of the male are deeply situated in the
abdomen, near the kidneys. The brain has numerous small but deep
convolutions, and the cerebellum is very large. There are two genera
of elephants, distinguished by the form of the molars, but one of them is
now extinct.

Gen. ExzepHas, Linneus.

Char.—Molars usually 2 on each side above and below, the crown
flattened. They are formed of a number of vertical lamella, consisting
of bone, enamel, and another substance, called cortical, or crusta petrosa.

The huge tusks are cylindrical with a conical tip, like the so-called
incisors of rodents, which, as before stated, they closely resemble, and
they grow from a persistent pulp, which is constantly forming new ivory.
They are formed of ivory and enamel only. The lamine of the molar
teeth are arranged transversely to the direction of the jaw ; also as in
rodents. The grinders succeed each other from behind forwards, so
that each tooth as it becomes worn is pushed forwards by the one
behind it; and thus at times the elephant has only one, at other times
two molars on each side, according to its age. It is said that these
molars are renewed eight times in some elephants. The tusks are only
renewed once, between the first and second years of age. The skin is
very thick, and nearly devoid of hairs.

Elephants are huge unwieldy animals with large ears, long and thick
limbs, and a long tail. They only occur now in the tropical regions of
the old world, but in former ages were also denizens of even the northern
portions of the old continent. There are two well-marked species, one
from Africa, the other Indian, and a third species is indicated.

211. Elephas indicus.

Cuvier. — Bryta, Cat. p. 154.—Etuior, Cat. 48.— 2. asiaticus,
BiumenBacuH.—Hathi, H.—Ani, Tam., Tel., Can., and Mal.—Venu, of
the Gonds.

THE INDIAN ELEPHANT.

Descr.—Head oblong, with a concave forehead ; crowns of the molars

230 ELEPHANTID&,

presenting narrow transverse ridges ; 4 toes to the hind-feet ; ears mode-
rate ; tusks large in the male, small in the female. Compared with the
African elephant this species has much smaller ears. In the former the
head is more rounded; the grinders present broad lozenge-shaped emi-
nences on their crowns ; and they have usually only 3 toes on their hind-
feet. The number of pairs of ribs is, 19 in the Indian elephant, and
21 in the African, and there are 33 caudal vertebra in the Indian, and
never more than 26 in the African. In some males only one tusk is de-
veloped ; and in Ceylon many male elephants have the tusks very small.

The elephant is still tolerably common in most of the large forests of
India, from the foot of the Himalayas to the extreme south. It is found
in the Terai from Bhotan to Dehra Doon and the Kyarda Doon, It used,
not many years ago, to occur in the Rajmahal hills, and it abounds in
many parts of Central India, from Midnapore to Mundla, and south nearly
to the Godavery. On the west coast it is abundant in many localities
from the extreme south of Travancore to north latitude 17 or 18 degrees,
all along the line of Western Ghats, more especially on the Animally
hills, named from that circumstance ; in the Coimbetore hills, Wynaad,
the slopes of the Neelgherries, Coorg, and parts of Mysore and Canara.
The Shervaroys and Colamallies, and other detached ranges to the east,
have occasionally small herds on them. It is numerous in Ceylon and
in Assam, southwards to the Malayan peninsula.

Now and then considerable damage is done by wild elephants to various
crops, and a single male individual at times becomes savage, and kills any
one that comes in his way. Such individuals often occupy a line of road,
and rush out at all passers-by, and not unfrequently prevent the dak-
runners from passing. As a general rule, however, wild elephants are most
timorous, and shun the presence of man as carefully as deer do, Some
years ago large rewards were given by the Madras Government for
elephants being killed in the Malabar forests, and several sportsmen
earned considerable sums by shooting them, only, however, taking the
Government rewards for females, or young males, as the value of the
tusks of old males generally exceeded that of the Government reward.
Two or three of our best sportsmen almost always succeeded in killing
elephants with a single shot, never firing till within a few yards.

Elephants used to be captured by Government establishments, both in
the south of India near Coimbetore, and in the north at Dacca; some
were taken in huge pitfalls dug for the purpose, and carefully concealed ;

ELEPHAS INDICUS. 231

?
others were driven, after days of preparation, into large enclosures ; and
occasionally one or two were captured by female decoys taken out for the
purpose. The Elephant rarely breeds in confinement. The female has
generally one young at a birth.

Of the value of the tame Elephant, its docility, intelligence, &c.,
numerous popular accounts have been written, and are familiar to all.
Sir J. Tennent has given the most recent and authentic history of the
Elephant in Ceylon.* Tigers are almost always shot from elephants,
and a well-trained one will stand the charge of a tiger without flinching,
though naturally one of the most timorous of animals. Elephants are
used in India occasionally to drag heavy pieces of ordnance, but their
chief use is in carrying tent equipage for troops, and to assist in the
transport of logs of timber from forests to river-banks.

A peculiar race or species, L. swmatranus, Schlegel, is stated to occur
in Sumatra, and the Ceylon elephant was by some considered to be of
this race ; but that opinion was opposed by Dr. Falconer.

The Sumatran elephant has twenty pairs of ribs, and the lamine of
the teeth are wider than in the Indian species. It is said to be of more
slender make, and to be more remarkable for its intellectual develop-
ment than the Indian.

The African elephant, Zlephas africanus, Cuvier, is not now tamed in
Africa, though it appears to have been so in the time of the Cartha-
ginians. The tusks are very large, and are nearly of the same size in
the male and female.

The Mammoth, Llephas primogenius, appears to have been tolerably
well clad with hair of two kinds, and was therefore probably an inhabitant
of cold climates. It has been found in both continents. The Mastodons,
which are quite extinct now, have the molar teeth with large conical
tubercles, and there are small tusks in the lower jaw of the immature
animal. They have been found in both continents.

Tribe PERIssODACTYLA, Owen.

With an uneven number of toes on the hind-feet at least. This tribe
comprises part of the Pachydermata ordinaria of Cuvier (excluding those
with cloven feet, the Hippopotamus and pigs) and the Solidungwla.

The crown of some of the premolars is complex, like that of the molars;

* Wanderings in Ceylon, and Natural History of Ceylon.

232 RHINOCEROTID,

?
the stomach is simple, and the czecum is large and complicated. It com-
prises the families of Rhinocerotide, Tupiride, Hyracide, and Lquide,
or the Rhinoceroses, Tapirs, Coneys, and Horses. Their molars are six
or seven on each side, both above and below.

Fam. RHINOCEROTID.

Syn. Masicornia, Iliger.
Incisors persistent in both jaws in some, in others disappearing with

age; no canines; molars tuberculate, the crown marked by narrow
rd

——¢

eminences, usually ; feet with three hoofed toes; one or two

horns, placed one behind the other on the median line of the muzzle ; tail
short ; skin very thick, marked by deep folds.

Gen. RutNoceros, Linneus.

Char.—Those of the family, of which it is the only genus.

The animals composing this genus are large, ungainly, and unwieldy-
looking, with long heads and a short tail, and the hide very thick, with
several folds. The incisors vary somewhat both in number and in size,
and they are stated to bear an inverse ratio to the horns. Canines in a
rudimentary state exist in the mature foetus, but early disappear. The
molars are implanted by distinct roots. The crowns of the upper molars
are subquadrate, with two transverse eminences, joined by a crest to the
outer margin ; the crowns of the lower ones are longer, narrower, with
two lunate lines, having the convexity outwards. The nasal bones are
very strong and arched to support the horn, which is composed of longi-
tudinal fibres, as if of hairs closely compacted together without any bony
structure. The upper horn, when present, is fixed in the frontal bone.
The upper lip is somewhat prolonged. The stomach is simple, and the
cecum large and sacculated. The intestines are about eight times
longer than the body, and the villi are very large. The females have
two inguinal mamme. Rhinoceroses are found only in the tropical
regions of the old world. Three species occur in India and Malayana,

two of which are found within our limits ; and four or five others inhabit
Africa.

212. Rhinoceros indicus.

Cuvier.—Biyrua, Cat. p. 136.—2. unicornis, Linnzus.—R. asia-

RHINOCEROS INDICUS. 233

ticus, BLUMENBACH.—R. inermis, Lesson.—Figured F. Cuvier, Ménag.
de Museum d’Hist. Nat.—Genda, Gonda, Ganda, and Genra, H.

THE GREAT INDIAN RHINOCEROS.

Descr.—Of large size ; only one horn; skin with a deep fold at the
setting on of the head, another behind the shoulder, and another in
front of the thighs; two large incisors in each jaw, with two other
intermediate small ones below, and two still smaller outside the upper
incisors, not always present. General colour dusky black.

Length, about 9 to 10 feet, occasionally it is said 12 feet; tail 2;
height 43 to 5 feet ; horn occasionally 2 feet.

Compared with the next species, this rhinoceros has the condyle of the
lower jaw proportionally much more elevated, imparting a conspicuously
greater altitude to the vertex when the lower jaw is in situ. The skull
of one.specimen was 2 feet long ; the height of the condyle of the lower
jaw one foot. The tubercles of the hide are also much larger than in
R. sondaicus.

This huge rhinoceros is found in the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas,
from Bhotan to Nepal. It is more common in the eastern portion of the
Terai than the west, and is most abundant in Assam and the Bhotan
Dooars. I have heard from sportsmen of its occurrence as far west as
Rohilcund, but it is certainly rare there now, and indeed along the
greater part of the Nepal Terai; and although a few have been killed
in the Sikim Terai, they are more abundant east of the Teesta river. As
far as is at present known, this species does not extend to the south of
the region adjoining the Himalayas, though it is possible that it may
cross the Berrampooter river, and occur on tbe north of the range of
hills that bound that valley to the south.

It frequents swampy ground in the forests, and dense jungles. The
Rhinoceros is almost always hunted for on elephants, and a wounded one
will occasionally charge and overthrow an elephant. The very thick hide
of this animal requires a hard ball, and a steel-tipped bullet was fre-
quently used before the introduction of the deadly shell, now in general
use against large game. Jelpigoree, a small military station near the,
Teesta River, was a favourite locality whence to hunt the Rhinoceros
and it was from that station Captain Fortescue, of the late 73rd N.L,
got his skulls, which were, strange to say, the first that Mr. Blyth had

934. RHINOCEROTID&,

seen of this species, of which there were no specimens in the Museum
of the Asiatic Society at the time when he wrote his Memoir on this

g roup.
213. Rhinoceros sondaicus.

Sou. Muuier. — Biytu, Cat. p. 137.—R. javanieus, F. Cuvier,
Mammif., pl. 85-86,—Horsrigtp, Zool. Res. Java, pl.

Tue Lesser INDIAN RRINOCEROS,

Descr.—Much smaller than the preceding ; with one horn ; two large
incisors in each jaw; folds in the skin less prominent and fewer ; hide
covered with square angular tubercles, much smaller than those of
R. indicus.

Length 7 to 8 feet; height 3} to 33.

As in the last, there is a short and broad type of skull, and a narrow
type, the broad type being the kind found in our province. Length of
the skull of one 1? foot ; height of condyle of lower jaw 9 inches. The
fold at the setting on of the head, so prominent in Jndicus, is at most
but indicated in Sondaicus.

The Lesser Rhinoceros is found at present in the Bengal Sunderbuns,
and a very few individuals are stated to occur in the forest tract along
the Mahanuddy river, and extending northwards towards Midnapore ;
and also on the northern edge of the Rajmahal hills near the Ganges.
Tt occurs also more abundantly in Burmah, and thence through the
Malayan peninsula to Java and Borneo. Several have been killed
quite recently within a few miles of Calcutta.

One of these species formerly existed on the banks of the Indus,
where it was hunted by the Emperor Baber. Individuals of this species
are not unfrequently taken about the country as a show.

The only other Asiatic rhinoceros is the two-horned one, Rhinoceros
sumatranus, which has been shot as high as north latitude 23° or so, near
Sandoway, and is suspected by Blyth to extend as far north as Assam.
Though with two horns, it is quite of the same type as the one-horned
species, having strong incisors, and not like the African two-horned species,
which have deciduous incisors. It is the most common rhinoceros in
the Indo-Chinese territories, extending to Sumatra only among the
islands. It appears from information received by Blyth, that the horns

TAPIRID, 935

of this species are sometimes much longer than such as are usually met
with, and he suspects that 2. Crossii, Gray, is this species,

Africa possesses four or five species of rhinoceros, all of them double-
horned, and without incisors,

The curious genus Hyrax is usually placed near the Rhinoceros family.
It forms the family Hyracide, and the tribe Lamnunguia, Wagner. They
are animals of small size, about that of a rabbit, and have quite similar
molars to the Rhinoceroses ; the upper jaw has two stout incisors curved
downwards, and during youth two very small canines ; the lower jaw has
four incisorsand no canines. The fore-feet have 4 toes ; the hind-feet 3,
all furnished with flat hoof-like nails; they have no tail, have a short
muzzle, and they are covered by hair. Several species are known from
Africa, and one from Arabia and Palestine, supposed to be the coney of
our version of the Scriptures, Hyrax syriacus. It was considered by
the Jews one of the animals that chew the cud.

The Tapirs, Tapirip&, have six incisors and two canines in each jaw,
separated from the molars by a wide interval. The fore-feet have 4 toes,
and the hind-feet 3. The snout is prolonged into a short fleshy trunk,
and the skin is covered with short close hair. ‘The tail is very short,
and the ears are small and upright. They are animals not unlike pigs in
their general form ; frequent damp forests, and are fond of the water.

One species is found in the Malayan peninsula and islands, Z'apirus
malayanus, and it has been killed in Southern Tenasserim, The only
other two species are inhabitants of South America, Vapirus wmericanus
and 7’. villosus, of the Andes,

The remarkable fossil genus Dinotheriwm was at first described as a
tapir. It is now considered to have been an aquatic animal, like the
dugongs ; and this would perhaps be the best place to intercalate the
family of Strenia, or herbivorous Cetacea, but I will describe them at the
end of the next tribe.

Fam. Equip, Horses,

Syn. Solidungula and Solipedes, Auct.
6—6 7-7

—l
; molars. —— or

1—1 60 6
toes are soldered together, forming a single perfect toe, covered by a

The two anterior

; 6 ‘
Incisors a ; canines

broad undivided hoof.
The molars are complex, with square crowns marked by lamine of

236 EQUID.

enamel ; and, in young individuals, there is often a small anterior molar
which is deciduous. The incisors have their crowns furrowed by a groove.
The canines are only present in males. The tail is moderately long, with
long hair, the ears rather large and pointed, and there isa mane. The
female has two inguinal mamme.

The skull is elongated, and the lower jaw is of great size and strength.
The humerus and femur are short, the fore-arm and shank are long and
partially anchylosed, and there is only one metacarpal and metatarsal
bone, the others, however, being represented by small bones called the
splint bones. Three phalanges complete the foot, the last of which
bears the hoof. The stomach is simple, the intestinal canal long and
capacious, and the cecum enormous.

The animals of this family are peculiar to the old world. They com-
prise horses, asses, and zebras, which are usually placed in one genus.

Gen. Equus, Linneus.

Char.—Those of the family, of which it is the only genus.

It subdivides into Horses properly so called, Hquus ; Asses, Asinus,
Gray; and Zebras, Hippotigris, Hamilton Smith. Wild horses of a
truly feral type are at present unknown, but they have become almost
wild in the Pampas of South America.

Gen. Asinus, Gray. Asses.

Asses are distinguished from horses by their longer head and ears,
by the tail being covered with short hairs at the base, and furnished with
a tuft of long hairs towards the tip and on the sides only, not throughout,
asin horses. They also want the peculiar hard horny excrescences found
on the legs of horses, and have almost invariably a dark longitudinal
dorsal stripe. Several species of wild ass are now known to exist, one
of which is a native of the western parts of India.

214. Equus onager.

Patias.—BytTH, Cat. p. 135.—Figd. F. Cuvier, Mammif. IT, pl. 92.
—TL. hemionus of India, Auct.—Asinus indicus, SctateR.—Ghor-khur,
H.—Ghour, of Persians.—oulan, of the Kirghiz.

THE Witp Ass oF CurcH.

Descr.—Of a pale isabella or sandy colour above, with a slight but

‘Uae

EQUUS ONAGER. 237

distinct rufescent tinge ; muzzle, breast, lower parts, and inside of limbs
white ; a dark chocolate-brown dorsal stripe extending from the mane to
the tail; tail-tuft and short mane blackish-brown; frequently a dark short
cross stripe on the shoulders, sometimes two; and limbs usually faintly
barred, now and then strongly so; a narrow dark ring over the hoof ; ears
sandy externally, white internally, with a black tip and outer border.

Height at shoulder 11 to 12 hands.

The head is heavy but well-formed, the ears longish, the neck rather
short, and the croup higher than the withers.

It is now generally acknowledged that this wild ass is quite distinct
from the kiang, or wild ass of Tibet, Hawus hemionus of Pallas; yet
Mr. Blyth in a paper on wild asses,* stated that the two species were so
alike that he found it difficult to characterize them apart. “Indeed,”
he says, ‘‘instead of being strongly distinguished apart, as has been
asserted, they bear so exceedingly close a resemblance that no decided
specific distinction has yet been pointed out satisfactorily, however pro-
bable that such distinction may exist.” Sportsmen and travellers, how-
ever, who have seen both the hiang and the ghorkhur, always assert their
marked distinction; and Sclater in his brief paper on wild asses, states
the ghorkhur to be “ obviously distinct from the Tibetan animal, though
apparently hardly separable from the next species, Asiiws hemippus.”
Dr. J. Hooker, too, asserts that the kiang “ differs widely from the wild
ass of Persia, Sindh, and Beluchistan.” Perhaps some of Mr. Blyth’s
hesitation about the distinctness of the two species arose from the
mistake he made in considering the wild ass, figured by Dr. Walker
(from a drawing from life by Dr. Cantor), to have been a ghorkhur ;
whereas, as Colonel Strachey pointed out, it was in reality a kiang.

The following distinctive marks have been pointed out. The dorsal
stripe is generally broader on the back in the ghorkhur than in the kiang,
but narrower over the tail, and not extending so low down, for in the
kiang it is continued down to the tail-tuft. In the ghorkhur too it is more
or less conspicuously bordered with white, which extends broadly towards
the tail, and along the hind margin of the buttocks. The stripe on the
shoulder is much more strongly marked in the ghorkhur, being often only
faintly visible, and not dark or blackish, in the kiang. The markings on
the limbs, though not always present in the ghorkhur, are denied to be

* Journ. As. Soc. 1859, p. 229, et seq.

238 EQUID.

ever traceable in the kiang. The white of the under parts extends
higher upwards, in some joining the white border of the dorsal streak,
and thus isolating the isabelline hue of the haunch ; and the muzzle has
more white than in the kiang.

The ghorkhur is found sparingly in Cutch, Guzrat, Jeysalmeer and
Bikaneer, not being found further south, it is said, than Deesa, or east
of 75° east longitude. It also occurs in Sindh, and more abundantly
west of the Indus river, in Beluchistan, extending into Persia and
Turkistan, as far north as north latitude 48°. It appears that the
Bikaneer herd consists at most of about 150 individuals, which frequent
an oasis a little elevated above the surrounding desert, and commanding
an extensive view around. <A writer in the Indian Sporting Review,
writing of this species as it occurs in the Pde, ‘a desert country between
Asnee and the hills west of the Indus, above Mithunkote, says, “They are
to be found wandering pretty well throughout the year ; but in the early
summer, when the grass and the water in the pools have dried up from
the hot winds (which are here terrific), the greater number, if not all
of the ghorkhwrs migrate to the hills for grass and water. The foaling
season is in June, July, and August, when the Beluchis ride down and
catch numbers of foals, finding a ready sale in the cantonments for them,
as they are taken down on speculation to Hindustan. They also shoot
great numbers of full-grown ones for food, the ground in places in the
desert being very favourable for stalking.” In Bikaneer too, according to
information given by Major Tytler to Mr. Blyth, “once only in the year,
when the foals are young, a party of five or six native hunters, mounted
on hardy Sindh mares, chase down as many foals as they succeed in tiring,
which lie down when utterly fatigued, and suffer themselves to be bound
and carred off. In general they refuse sustenance at first, and about one-
third only of those taken are reared ; but these command high prices, and
find a ready sale with the native princes. The profits are shared by the
party, who do not attempt a second chase in the same year, lest they
should scare the herd from the district, as these men regard the sale of
a few ghorkhurs annually as a regular source of subsistence.”

This wild ass is very shy and difficult to approach, and has great speed.
A full-grown one has however been run down fairly and speared, more
than once. It was generally believed that almost all the males shot or
otherwise procured were castrated, and that the old males thus treated all
the young ones which they could manage to overcome in fight. This idea

EQUUS ONAGER. 239

is of course erroneous, and simply arose from the fact of the testes being
drawn up close to the abdomen.

Thevoice of the ghorklw, according to Blyth, who heard it in some indi-
viduals taken to Calcutta by Colonel Tytler, is “a shrieking bray,” and was
considered by Colonel Tytler to resemble exceedingly the cry of the mule.

Lquus hemippus, Is. Geoffroy, inhabits the countries to the west of
L, onager, viz., Syria, Mesopotamia, North Arabia, &c., and is the wild ass
of our version of the Scriptures. Mr. Sclater remarks that it can barely
be distinguished from 2. onager, but Blyth considers them distinct. He
says that the ghorkhur differs from hemippus in the latter having a smaller
head and shorter ears. The voice of this species is said by Blyth to be
much more like the bray of the common ass than that of 7. onayer ; and
St. Hilaire also notices the difference of voice of the two animals. This
wild ass of Western Asia is considered by Blyth to have been the Hemionus
of the ancients, and their Onayer, the veritable wild LZ. asinus, which is
found in north-east Africa and southern Arabia ; so that the specific names
given by Pallas are unfortunately applied. To this last species, Dr.
Sclater applies the name Asinus teniopus, Heuglin.

The kiang or dzightai of Tibet and Central Asia, Lyuus hemionus,
Pallas, is met with across the snowy Himalayas in Ladak and other parts,
and has frequently been killed by sportsmen. It is much darker in hue
than the ghorkhur, the upper parts being of a dull ruddy-brown or chest-
nut-rufous hue, approaching to bay, especially on the head, and distinctly
darker on the flanks, where it abruptly contrasts with the white of the
belly. Cunningham calls it the wild horse, and says that it neighs, and
does not bray ; and others assert the same, or that the voice of the hiang is
“as much like neighing as braying.” On the other hand, Moorcroft, Col.
Strachey, and many sportsmen say that his ery is more like braying
than neighing. The evidence of Colonel Strachey, an accomplished and
scientific traveller, is valuable on this point. He says, “ My impression as
to the voice of the kiang is that it is a shrieking bray, not like that of
the common ass, but still a real bray, and not a neigh.” Again: “ The
kiang, so far as external aspect is concerned, is obviously an ass and not
a horse.” How any one can call it a wild horse after looking at its tail
I cannot understand (though Colonel Chesney even calls the hemippus
the wild horse); but I can imagine that its darker colour, shorter ears,
and large size, compared with the ordinary domestic ass, may give this
animal, at a distance, something of the aspect of a horse.

240 SUID.

There are several species of this genus in Africa known as zebras and
quaggas, some of them very beautifully striped, and hence named by
H. Smith, Hippotigris.

ARTIODACTYLA, Owen.

With an even number of toes. The crowns of the premolars smaller
and less complex than those of the true molars. The stomach is complex
and the ceecum small.

This group comprises the Pigs and Hippopotamus, 7. e. the Pachyder-
mata ordinaria of Cuvier, and the great tribe of ruminants. It is
generally adopted, I believe, by Zoologists, but is I think rather an arti-
ficial group, and I would prefer keeping the non-ruminating Artiodactyles
in a separate tribe, which has indeed been long ago named by Blyth.

Tribe CuaropiA, Blyth.

Incisors in both jaws ; canines directed outwards, aud usually rubbing
against their fellows in the opposite jaw. They comprise the families
Suide and Hippopotamide, the latter of which is not represented in India.

Fam. SuID&.

Incisors various; canines in both jaws large; molars vary from

9
= to a ; feet with the hoofs insistent, with 4 toes usually on
all feet, the hind-feet sometimes with 3; snout truncate, mobile, pro-

minent ; tail short.

Pigs have a somewhat moveable snout with a firm cartilaginous tip,
which they employ in turning up the ground in search of roots, &c. The
incisors, always smal], sometimes fall out with increase of age, and the
lower ones always slant forwards. The canines, very large in the males,
project from the sides of the mouth, except in the American peccaries.
The two middle toes are large, armed with strong hoofs, and the animal
walks on them alone, the two upper lateral toes with their hoofs not
touching the ground. The eyes are small, the ears moderate and
upright, and the skin is clad with strong bristles.

The occipital bone terminates abruptly above in a broad crest to form
an attachment for the strong muscles of the neck. There are four me-
tacarpal bones, the two middle ones of which are long, and much larger
than the others, and only the two middle phalanges touch the ground.
The same arrangement exists in the metatarsal bones and phalanges.

rs

‘SUS INDICUS. 241

Most of the animals of this family (unlike most of the Pachydermata
and ruminants) are very prolific. They are found in the warm and
temperate portions of both continents.

Gen. Sus, Linnzeus.

Char.—Incisors : or the lower ones procumbent or slanting

forwards ; canines large in the males, exserted, directed upwards ; molars
six or seven on each side in both jaws, tuberculate ; all the feet with
4 toes, which are enclosed in separate hoofs.

215. Sus indicus.

Scuinz.—S. cristatus, WAGNER.—S. scropha, L1nNxus.—BLtytH, Cat.
p- 189.—E trot, Cat. 49.—S. vittatus, ScHLEGEL.—Sir or Stiwar, H. ;
sometimes Biira janwar, or Lad ganwar, H., 2. e., the bad or unclean
animal.—Dikar, Mahr.—Handi, Mikka, and Jewadi, Can.—Pandi, Tel.
—Paddi, of Gonds and Mharis.—K%s of Bhagalpore hill tribes.

Tue InpiAN Witp Boar.

Descr.—Head longer and more pointed than in the European boar ;
the plane of the forehead straight and not concave ; ears small and
pointed ; tail more tufted ; the malar beard well marked.

Length of a tolerably fine boar, 5 feet to root of tail, which is | foot.
Stands a little over 30 inches high at the shoulder.

“The colour of the adult,” says Mr. Blyth, ‘“ is brownish-black, scantily
covered with black hairs. Besides the black recumbent mane of the
occiput and back, and the whiskers and the bristles above and below the
eyes, there is a bundle of long black bristles on the throat, and the hairs
of the throat and chest are reversed. The tail is scantily covered with
short hairs, and the apex compressed, with long lateral bristles like those
of the elephant, arranged like the rings of an arrow. The young is more
hairy, of a tawny or fulvous colour and striped with dark brown. The
hairs of the throat, chest, abdomen, and elbows (in the two latter places
very long) are black on the basal and white at the apical half.”

Mr. Blyth, in his Catalogue, has given the Indian boar only as a variety of
the common wild boar of Europe, but he allows it to be a well-marked race,

R

242 SUID”.

and [ think it as worthy of specific separation as many other recognized
species. Mr. Elliot states that the Indian wild hog differs considerably
from the German one, the former of which is altogether a more active-
looking animal, the German having a stronger, heavier appearance. He
was the first, I believe, to point out the differences, some of which, more-
over, are perceptible in domesticated individuals of the two countries.

Gray too, in describing a Sus indicus from Madras, says bristles more
abundant on the front part of the body, legs slender, covered with a few
bristles ; skulls of the Indian one have the hinder part of the forehead
less high and dilated.

There appear to be two or three varieties of type in India. Blyth has
indicated two different forms of skulls. One skull 142 inches long, was
only 12 inch wide at the vertex, flat and narrow, with the lower tusks 74
inches long: the other one was 21 inches wide at the vertex, and the
whole vertical aspect of the cranium wider and more convex. The latter
he distinguished as Sus bengalensis, and the former as S. indicus. The
frontal region is flat in the latter, somewhat convex and broad in the
former. The skull of one of the Bengal type was nearly 16 inches
long. It is found all over Bengal to the foot of the Himalayas, Arrakan,
and probably Assam, Sylhet, &e. Sus indicus, apud Blyth, is the wild
hog of India generally and Ceylon. Gray has indicated* another race,
from the Neelgherries, as Sus neelgherrensis. The wild boar of Bengal
is said to be larger, and to stand higher on its legs than those from
other parts of India, some large individuals being said to stand nearly
40 inches high at the shoulder.

The wild hog is found throughout India, from the level of the sea to
12,000 feet of elevation, wherever there is sufficient shelter either of long
grass, low jungle, or forest. It is very numerous in some parts, and does
much damage to various crops. It associates in more or less numerous
herds, called “ sownder” technically, in sporting language in the Deccan,
but isolated individuals are frequently met with, especially in long grass.

Where this forms their chief shelter, they construct a sort of rude abode
by cutting a lot of grass and spreading it out carefully on the ground.
They then creep under this and raise it up to the proper height, and they
remain in these lairs during the day, which afford a good shelter from the

heat of the sun. I have seen numerous lairs of this description in various

* Cat. of Osteological Specimens, British Museum.

SUS INDICUS. 243

parts of Bengal, and often turned the hogs out of them. They travel
great distances for their food in some parts of the country, and the early
traveller in Nagpore and other parts, often sees a herd returning to their
abode in the jungle an hour or so before sunrise. The root of a particular
kind of sedge (Carex) is much sought for by wild hogs, and the edges of
tanks and jheels may be seen covered with their excavations. Though in
general almost entirely vegetable-feeders, at times a somewhat carnivo-
rous habit has been observed. Wild pigs have been detected feeding on
the carcase of a dead elephant in Southern India.

Spearing the wild boar is one of the favourite sports of India wherever
it can be pursued, and is one of the most exciting pursuits, the dash of
danger intermingled with the excitement of the chase, giving it a zest
wanting in fox-hunting ; and the greater address and personal skill re-
quired giving it also the palm over tiger-shooting. The speed of the wild
hog for a short distance must be tried on a good horse before it can be
realized. In Madras and Bombay a long spear is used lancewise, but in
Bengal a short leaden-topped jobbing spear is preferred. Now and then,
as before stated, even the tiger has fallen a victim to the impetuous dash
of the wild boar, and the sudden onslaught of a wounded hog when
brought to bay, occasionally proves too speedy to be avoided even by a
timorous and active horse.

Wild pigs are found over great part of Asia and the North of Africa,
as well as in Europe, but recent information is required on the particular
races inhabiting such extensive areas.

Mr. Blyth has indicated a particular race from the Tenasserim pro-
vinces, like the Sws indicus of India generally, ‘‘ but one-fifth smaller in
linear dimensions, the tusks of the boar well developed.” Another race
is named Sus zeylanensis by Blyth, from Ceylon. It has the vertex very
narrow, and the last molar very large. A skull measured 165 inches ;
vertex 1; last molar 13 inches x 12ths. The same zoologist has
described a small race from the Andamans, as Sus andamanensis.

Near this small Andaman race should come the next little-known pig.

Gen. Porcuia, Hodgson.

a ill yas
; molars

—_ —i

Canines small,

A 6 3
Char.—Incisors é 3; canines

straight, scarcely cutting, but not ordinarily exserted from the lips ; the
fourth toe on all the feet small and unequal ; tail very short.

R 2

244 SUID.

This genus, it will be remarked, makes an approach to the American
peccaries, in the non-exserted canines, the short tail, and the small
fourth toe.

216. Porculia salvania.

Hopeson.—J. A. S. XVI. 423, and XVIII. 476.—Horsriexp,
P. Z. 8. 1853, pl. 37.—Sano banel, Nepal.—Chota siiwar, H.

Tue Piamy Hoa.

Descr.—Blackish-brown, slightly and irregularly shaded with sordid
amber ; iris hazel ; nude skin dirty flesh-colour ; hoofs glossy brown.

Length, snout to vent 26 inches ; tail little more than 1 ; height 10;
weight 7 to 10 1b., rarely 12 Ib.

There is no mane, but the general pelage is ample, and there is a
mystaceal tuft. The false molars are compressed, and the face is propor-
tionally less long than in Sws. The female has only 6 mamme, and the
tail is not so long as the hair of the rump. It wants the normal nasal
bones of Sus. The stomach is narrower and the orifices more terminal ;
it has also a smaller cecum and shorter intestines.

The Pigmy Hog is found in the Nepal and Sikim Terai, probably ex-
tending into Assam and Bhotan, but it is rare and with difficulty pro-
curable. Mr. Hodgson had long heard of its existence before he got a
single specimen. It is exclusively confined to the deep recesses of the
primeval forests. The full-grown males live constantly with the herd,
which consists of from five to twenty individuals, and are its habitual
and resolute defenders against harm. They eat roots, bulbs, &c., but
also birds’ eggs, insects, and reptiles. The female has a litter of three
to four young ones.

The above account is taken entirely from Mr. Hodgson’s descriptions.
I endeavoured in vain to procure a specimen from the Sikim Terai whilst
at Darjeeling.

The Babyroussa (Sus babyrussa), remarkable for its long, slender, curved
tusks, is found in Malayana, and Sus papuensis is from new Guinea. A
peculiar species exists in Africa and Madagascar, Sus larvatus, forming the
genus Potamocherus of F. Cuvier; and the same region produces the
curious wart-hogs, Phascocherus, F. Cuvier, with huge tusks, an immense
head, with a thick fleshy lobe hanging from their cheeks. Their molars
arerenewed, and succeed one another from behind, as those of elephants do,

The Pecearies, Dic tyles, Cuvier, represent this family in America.

RUMINANTIA. 245

They have only three toes to the hind-feet ; the canines do not project ;
they have no tail. Their metacarpal and metatarsal bones are soldered
together as in ruminants, and their stomach is also divided into several
sacs, presenting a marked analogy to that family.

To this division of the Ungulata belong some remarkable fossil
genera ; viz., Paleotherium, Anoplotherium, &c. The former somewhat
resembled tapirs, and the latter presents, according to Cuvier, most
singular relations with the different tribes of Pachydermata, approxi-
mating in some respects to the order Ruminantia. Their teeth form a
continuous series, without any intervening space, a disposition seen
elsewhere in man only.

The family Hippopotamide contains one genus only, the Hippopotamus,
with one or two species. They are huge unwieldy animals, with im-
mense heads, four incisors in each jaw, those of the lower one projecting ;
large canines, especially the lower one, and six or seven molars on each
side above and below. They have four toes on all the feet, nearly equal,
and ending in small hoofs, a short tail, and small eyes and ears. Their
stomach is divided into several sacs. Their skin is naked, and they are
very aquatic in their habits. The common species is Hippopotamus
amphibius, L., and a second species has been lately made known,
H, liberiensis, Morton, distinguished generically by Leidy as Cheropsis.

Tribe RUMINANTIA.

Feet with two toes with hoofs, and two supplementary hoofs in many.
Upper incisors generally wanting, six or eight (apparently) in the lower
jaw ; canines in the upper jaw sometimes present : four stomachs.

The camels alone, of all the ruminating animals, have incisors in the
upper jaw. In all] other they are completely wanting, their place being
supplied by a hardened and somewhat callous gum. The incisors have
simple trenchant crowns, slanting forwards. The outermost of the lower
incisors, when more than six, are the representative of the canines, and
there are besides upper canines in afew. There is generally a wide space
between the incisors and molars. The molars are almost always six in
number on each side, above and below, and their crowns are marked by
double crescentic ridges of enamel. The crowns of the premolars are
smaller and less complicated than those of the true molars, which are

of a quadrilateral form with a somewhat convoluted margin.

246 RUMINANTIA.

The two hoofs present a flat surface to each other, and appear like a
single hoof cleft in two; hence the names of bisulcate, cloven-footed,
applied to these animals. This form of hoof imparts lightness and elas-
ticity to the spring, and aids them in soft ground, expanding when sinking,
and closing when being extricated. Many have a sebaceous gland
between the toes, whose office is to lubricrate the digits and prevent injury
from friction ; and being hollow, are often called feet-pits. They have
received the name of ruminants, or chewers of the cud, from the circum-
stance of their having the faculty of masticating their food a second time,
it being returned to their mouth by one of their four stomachs. The
first of these, or the paunch, receives the food as it is plucked, and in the
second it undergoes a good maceration. It is then returned to the mouth
in pellets or boluses, to undergo a complete trituration by the molars ;
then passed into the third stomach, where it undergoes an additional
preparation, and is lastly received into the true digestive stomach. The
object of this provision of nature is obviously to enable them to crop a
large quantity of food quickly, to be masticated at leisure, to obviate
the many interruptions they are liable to from beasts of prey and other
alarms, as all are excessively timid and wary.

The tribe of ruminating animals comprises most of the animals useful
to man; viz., camels, deer, cattle, and sheep ; and of all the Ungulata,
they are the most truly and exclusively vegetable-feeders. They break
or tear rather than cut their food ; and this action is accompanied by a
swinging motion of the head forwards. To assist them in their watch-
fulness, their eyes are so placed laterally that they have a great range
of vision. Their ears are large, placed well back, and very mobile ;
and their smell is very acute. The speed of most is great. Many of
them are docile, and can be easily tamed, but they show very little
intelligence. Most of them possess horns.

The nasal bones vary much, and the intermaxillaries are usually much
lengthened ; the lachrymals are directed forwards, and occupy a cou-
siderable extent of the cheeks. The lower jaw is very long, and is
narrowed in the space between the canine and first premolar. The dorsal
vertebree are twelve to fifteen in number, and they have long spinous
processes. The median, metacarpal, and metatarsal bones unite and
form a cannon bone to each foot; there are phalangeal bones to each
toe. The olecranon and 06s ealcis are both large.

The salivary glands are large. The paunch or first stomach is capacious,

CAMELIDZ. 247

of a somewhat square form, with two well-marked constrictions. The
second stomach, small and globular, is situated between the paunch and
the third stomach, and appears to be a sort of terminal dilatation of the
cesophagus. It is called the reticulum, or honeycomb-bag, being lined .
with polygonal acute-angled cells. The third stomach, the manyplies of
the Scotch, is small and sub-globular, but is much increased in capacity
internally by the folding of the lining membrane. The fourth stomach is
the true digestive sac, about one-third of the size of the paunch, and of
an elongated pyramidal form. The intestinal tube is very long, and the
large intestines are very much wider than the small ones. The cecum is
bulky, smooth, and obtuse. The liver is simple, and there is a gall-bladder
in all except in the Cervide. The urinary bladder is large ; the testes
are enclosed in a scrotum ; and the mamme are inguinal, with two to
four teats. Many are provided with a hollow gland below the eye,
called the eye-pit, tear-pit, lachrymal, or infraorbital sinus. This
secretes a waxy sort of substance,—in some of the tribe it is very
mobile, and can be opened at pleasure, or even reversed. Its use is
not exactly ascertained, but it is generally considered subservient to
sexual purposes. Many also possess hollow inguinal glands, or groin-pits.

Ruminants form five groups,—Camelide, Camelopardide, Moschide,
Cervide, and Bovide.

Camels, CAMELID®, forming the Ancerata of Blyth, have a cleft upper
lip, which is prehensile, two toes encased in skin, with nail-like hoofs, and
the whole surface of the toes touches the ground. They have two upper
incisors, and six in the lower jaw, and two canines in each jaw. They have
usually 18 to 20 molars, there being generally one more molar above on
each side than in the lower jaw. In the true camels, the foremost molar
is placed considerably in advance of the others. This family includes the
Camels of the old world, and the Alpacas of the new world. The former
have the two toes united below almost to the point by a common sole, and
humps of fat on the back. Two species are known, both of large size,
Camelus dromedarius, L., the one-humped camel or dromedary ; and the
two-humped, or Bactrian camel, C. bactrianus, L. They are now com-
pletely domesticated. The former is supposed to have spread from Arabia
into North Africa, India, &c. ; the latter is considered to have spread
from Central Asia. Their humps are reservoirs of fat, which become ab-
sorbed during long fasts, and enable them to take long journeys on very

little food. Their flat feet are admirably adapted for treading on loose sand.

248 CERVIDA.

The Llamas of South America have their toes divided, are of smaller
size, and lighter make, than camels. There are two wild species, Auchenia
Tama and A. vicunna; and two domestic races, the //dama and alpaca, the
latter with long woolly hair.

The other families of ruminants constitute the Pecora of Blyth and
others. They comprise the Camelopardide, Cervide, Moschide, and
Bovide. The Giraffe, Camelopardus giraffu, L., is the only species of
the Camelopardide. It is a native of Africa, with the dentition of
deer, but with permanent short horns in both sexes, covered with a
hairy skin, and without any accessory hoofs. The neck is immensely
long, its fore-legs are disproportionately long, and it has a moderately
long tail, ending in a tuft of long black hair.

Fam. Cervip&#, the Deer tribe.
Elaphi, Van der Hoeven ; Cervina, Gray. Horns usually in the

; an ter) 0 ;
males only, deciduous ; incisors 7 apparently eer omes present occa-
¢

sionally in the upper jaw.

Deer are remarkable for their fine horns, or osseous prominences, which
are shed and renewed annually, more or less cotemporaneously with the
renewal of the hair, and are called antlers. In the reindeer alone of all
the family the females possess horns normally, though very rarely old and
barren females of other species have been known to assume them.

The feet touch the ground only at the extremity of the two principal
toes, and there are usually two rudimentary toes with small hoofs at the
back of the foot. The end of the muzzle is bare in almost all deer, and
is sometimes called the muffle. Eye-pits, or so-called lachrymal sinuses,
are constantly present, but inguinal or groin-pits are vague or wanting.
There are one or two glands, covered with a small tuft of hair, on the
hind-leg (metatarsus), the presence of which, in some cases at least,
furnishes a good character to distinguish females of this family from
hornless female antelopes: there are feet-pits also, either in all four
feet, or only in the hind-feet. The female has four teats, and the gall-
bladder is absent.

The metacarpus and metatarsus have each two “splint bones,”
attached to which are two small digits, each consisting of three pha-
langeal bones.

When the horns first appear they are covered with a hairy skin, com-

-—_ —

CERVID. 249

monly called the velvet, which becomes dry and is thrown off ; and at each
successive renewal of the horns, they become larger and more developed,
getting additional branches in some, till excessive age, when they diminish
at each renewal During the renewal of the antlers a strong determina-
tion of blood to the head takes place, the vessels enlarge much, and a
fibro-cartilaginous matrix is secreted on the summit of the cone, taking
the form of the antler of each species. In their early condition the horns
are soft and yielding, with a highly vascular periosteum, and delicate
integument, the cuticular portion of which is represented by fine, closely-
set hairs (the velvet). As development goes on, progressive ossification
takes place, the periosteal veins become enlarged, grooving the external
surface, the arteries are enclosed by hard osseous tubercles at the base of
the horns, which coalesce and render them impervious, and the supply
of nutriment being thus cut off, the envelopes shrivel up and fall off,
and the animals perfect the desquamation by rubbing their horns
against trees, tehnically called “ burnishing.”

There is a remarkable sympathy between the-generative organs and the
horns. The rutting season immediately follows the development of the
antlers, and it appears to owe its energy to the determination of the blood,
now no longer required for the formation of the horns, to the generative
system. Ifcastrated, deer shed their horns asusual, and theseare succeeded
by others that never drop off, but grow weakly, irregularly, and with the
velvet more or less permanent. Ifcastrated very young, horns donot appear
at all. The popular opinion, as expressed by Buffon, was, that if castrated
they do not shed their horns at all ; and it is possible that this may be the
case if they are castrated immediately after the appearance of the horns.

The deer found in India mostly belong to a peculiar group, occurring
chiefly in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia ; but two species
of elaphine deer occur within our limits.

Sub-fam. Cervinz&, True Stags.

These comprise the red deer of Europe and its affines, the reindeer
and the fallow-deer ; and are chiefly found in the northern parts of both
continents. They possess a median tine or royal antler, found (with
very rare exceptions) in no other deer. Body longer, and with a
somewhat different carriage.

Gen. Cervus, Linn. (restricted).

Char.—Horns of adults typically with two basal tines, a median tine,

250 CERVINA.

and the summit more or less branched ; muzzle somewhat pointed ; muffle
broad, with a hairy band above the lip; eye-pits moderate ; tail very
short, with a disk round it ; hair coarse. Of large size.

The red-deer of Scotland is the type of this group, and the Indian
Fauna includes two species, both outliers of Northern and Central Asia,
one in the extreme north-west, and the other in the extreme north-east
corner of the province. Some species have only one basal tine.

217. Cervus Wallichii.

Cuvier.—B1ytu, Cat. 481.—Figd. F. Cuvizr, Mammif. IT. pl. 103.—
CU. pygargus, apud HARDWICKE.—C. caspianus and C’. cashmiriensis, Fau-
CONER.—C’. elaphus of Asia apud Patuas. —C. nareyanus, Hopeson
(young).—Hangul or Honglu, in Kashmir.—Barasingha, H.

Tue Kasumir Srac.

Descr.—Horns with the extremity usually trifurcate in adults. General
colour brownish-ash, darker along the dorsal line to the rump; small
caudal disk white, contrasting strongly with the blackish border that
merges into the body-colour ; sides and limbs paler ; lips and chin white ;
ears whitish ; eyes surrounded by a white circle ; hair on the ridge of
the neck long, thick, and bushy, and browner than the rest.

Length, about 7 to 73 feet ; height 12 to 13 hands ; tail about 5 inches.

In summer the pelage is bright rufous passing into liver-brown, or
“bright pale rufous-chestnut.” The belly of the male is dark brown, con-
trasting with the pale ashy hue of the lower part of the flanks. The
legs have a pale dusky median line. In females the whole lower parts
are albescent. In old males the hair of the lower neck is long and shaggy.
The horns have frequently twelve points, ¢. e., a brow antler, bez-antler,
median tine, and a trifurcated tip ; but, sometimes other small points, and
occasionally a doubly-forked tip. Fifteen and sixteen, and even eighteen
points have been counted ; but such horns are very rare, and ten points
are the average of by far the greatest number killed. The average
length of the horns may be stated at about 40 inches, but they are
stated to reach 4 feet in length. In one pair 40 inches long, the
extreme divergence of the snags was 41 inches, and the nearest points
at the tip were 24 inches apart.

The Kashmir stag nearly approaches the red deer of Europe. It

CERVUS AFFINIS. 951

somewhat perhaps exceeds the European animal in size, and it has the
horns less rough, and somewhat larger than those of most specimens of
the European deer, and the second basal tine is generally present, which
it is not in young stags of C. elaphus of the same age. The horns too of
the Kashmir stag are more divergent and bowed, converging again at
the crown, whilst the European animal has them conspicuously straighter
in the beam, and the crown generally finer and more ramifying.

The Barasingha of Kashmir, as it is always called by sportsmen (and
generally by the native shikarees also), is only found, within our limits,
in Kashmir, where it inhabits the magnificent pine forests, usually at a
height in summer of 9,000 to 12,000 feet, but descending much lower in
autumn and winter. Most of the individuals of this deer have shed their
horns before the time when Europeans are allowed to enter Kashmir, viz.,
15th April, and many have the new horns perfect early in October, at
which time the rutting season commences, and the stags may be heard
bellowing in the woods all daylong, and theyare then easily stalked. The
females give birth to their young in April, and the young are spotted.

This stag is found throughout great part of Western and Central Asia,
and has been found as far as the eastern shores of the Euxine Sea. Itis
common in some parts of Persia, where called Maral, and it was long ago
described by Pallas as the C.elaphus. He stated that it appeared to be
larger than the European stag, and that it was very abundant in Caucasus
in the woods at the foot of the Altai mountains, round Lake Baikal, and
on the river Lena.

Specimens of this deer are living in the gardens of the Zoological
Society, London, and the female has bred there.

218. Cervus affinis.
Hopeson.—Biytu, Cat. 480.—Shou, of Tibet.

THe Sikim Svaac.

Descr.—Of very large size ; horns bifurcate at the tip in all specimens
yet seen; horns pale, smooth, rounded. Colour a fine clear gray in
winter, with a moderately large white disk; pale rufous in summer.
Length about 8 feet.

Stands 44 to nearly 5 feet high at the shoulder. Hodgson thus describes
the horns: “ Pedicles elevate ; burrs rather small; two basal antlers

nearly straight, so forward in direction as to overshadow the face to the

252 CERVIN/.

end of the nasals, larger than the royal antler ; median or royal antler
directed forwards and upwards ; beam with a terminal fork, the prongs
radiating laterally and equally, the inner one longest and thinnest.”

Compared with the Kashmir stag this one has the beam still more bent
at the origin of the median tine, and thus more removed from C’ elaphus ;
and, like C. Wallichii, the second basal tine or bez-antler is generally
present, even in the second pair of horns assumed. Moreover, the simple
bifurcation of the crown mentioned above, is a still more characteristic
point of difference, both from the Kashmir Barasingha, and the stag of
Europe. The Show nearly approaches the Wapiti, Cervus canadensis,
‘ in size and general character, but the horns of the latter converge less
at the tip, or do not tend to converge at all, and the crown consists
mostly of ‘‘ successively diminishing tines on the same plane, thrown off
and upward from the continuation of the beam that inclines backward.”

One pair of horns measured 54 inches along the curve, and 47 inches
in divergence between the two outer snags; the longest basal tine 12
inches, the median 8 ; and still larger ones have been seen.

Hodgson first made known this fine stag, but was misled by his shika-
rees to believe it to be an inhabitant of the sal forest of the Nepal Terai.
Blyth, from imperfect materials, long denied the existence of this species
as distinct from C. Wallichit, but latterly (1861) fully acknowledged his
former error. It inhabits Eastern Tibet ; and, as I was informed by
Dr. Campbell, the valley of Choombi, on the Sikim side of Tibet,
formerly the summer retreat of the Sikim Rajas.

It is probably also the great stag of Northern China, the /rbisch of
Siberia, and the Alain of Atkinson. How far west it extends we have no
exact information, but it probably extends to the longitude of the western
boundary of Nepal, at least, on the other side of the Snowy range Indeed,
it has been stated by Blyth, that he saw some “ horns of this deer brought
from Ladakh ; but that does not prove that they were killed there.”

It isa question whether the individual from which the figure of Cervus
Wallichti was taken belonged to this species or the Kashmir stag. The
individual stag was living in the Barrackpore Menagerie, and was stated
to have been brought from Muktinath, near Dewaligiri, to the east of the
Gundhuk river, but north of the Snowy range. When Mr. Blyth first
obtained a specimen of the “ Show” from Dr. Campbell, he stated that,
“most decidedly it is that well figured in M. F. Cuvier’s work by the

name C’, Wallichii.” He subsequently, however, says, “this animal died

CERVUS AFFINIS. 250

at Barrackpore, and we still possess what were evidently his horns. I
have now compared them carefully with mature horns of both Hungal
and Show ; and though it is impossible to pronounce with confidence, I
incline rather to assign them to the former, considering also the locality
and the dimensions of the young buck as given by Hardwicke.”

Judging from the figure alone, I am inclined to think that it represents
Cervus affinis, both from the peculiar light colour of the pelage, and the
larger white disk. In this case the Show would stand as C. Wallichii, and
the Kashmir stag as C. cashmiriensis, Falconer. It is a point reserved for
future travellers and sportsmen to ascertain the limits of C. Wallichii
east, and C’. affinis west ; for, as Dr. Sclater remarks, “ it would be con-
trary to all analogy to find two species of the same type inhabiting one
district.” In the new edition of the Catalogue of Hodgson’s Collections,
the native names given are Sia rupchu, and Shou of Tibet. I presume that
this is a misprint, and that Sia is given as the name of this deer in
Rupchu, which would be a more western locality than hitherto recorded.

Other species of true elaphine deer are, besides the Wapiti and the
Red-deer, Cervus barbarus, Bennett, from North Africa ; C. sika, Schlegel,
from Japan; C. mantchuricus and C’. tacowanus, Swinhoe, respectively
from Mantchuria and Formosa. Of these C. barbavus and C. sika appear
never to show the second basal tine. All the species, cxcept C. affinis,
are now living in the Zoological Gardens, London.

The Reindeer, Varandus rangifer, from the glacial regions of both
continents, and the Fallow-deer, Dama vulgaris, spread through Europe,
belong to this sub-family ; and both of them have the horns more or less
flattened. The former has no mufile. The Elk or Moose-deer, Alces
machlis, Ogilby, from the marshy forests of the north of both continents,
has the horns still more flattened, and is the giant of the deer tribe. It
has a small muffle. It is said to stand 6 feet high, and some pairs of
horns are known to weigh 66 lb., and to have fourteen points on each
horn. It is placed by some in a separate sub-family, Alcine.

Sub-fam. Rusinz.

With one basal tine and no median tine. Summit more or less
branched, generally with only one subterminal tine. Muffle high.

This group, whichincludes the Samber, the Spotted Deer, and the Kakur
or Muntjac, is peculiar to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia
and its archipelago, or to the Indian kingdom, taken in its widest sense.

254 RUSIN AE.

The first on the list is one that makes some approach in the number
of its branches to the true deer, and in aspect is intermediate between
Cervus and Rusa.

Gen. Rucervus, Hodgson.

Char.—Horns moderately slender, smooth, pale, large, with one basal
process, no median ; the summit in maturity much branched ; muzzle
pointed ; canines in the males only.

219. Rucervus Duvaucellii.

Cervus apud Cuvrer.—Btiytu, Cat. 487.—F. Cuvier, Mammif. I. pl.
104.—C. elaphoides and C. bahraiya, Hopason.—C. ewryceros, Knowsley
Menagerie.—Barasingha, H.—Baraya, of the Nepal Terai ; also Méhé of
many parts at the foot of the Himalayas.—Jiinkdr, in Kyarda Doon.
Petiya-haran, at Monghyv.—Goen or Goenjak (the male) in Central
India ; Gaoni, the female—Swamp-deer of many Europeans, generally
Barasingha of sportsmen in Bengal, Oude, &e.

Tue Swamp DEER.

Descr.—Horns very large and moderately stout, curving well outwards ;
pale, with basal antler, and a more or less branched summit, the lower
branches sometimes simulating a median tine. Form altogether lighter
than that of the Samber, especially the neck and fore-quarter ; hair finer
and more woolly ; tail moderately short. Colour dull yellowish-brown
in winter, bright rufous-brown or chestnut in summer, paler below and
inside the limbs ; white under the tail. The female is lighter, of a pale
dun or whity-brown colour. The young are spotted.

Length, nearly 6 feet; tail 8 to 9 inches ; height 11 to 11} hands
(44 to 46 inches).

Average length of horns 3 feet, oralittle more. Fourteen and fifteen
points are not uncommon in old stags, and I have seen them with
seventeen.

This fine deer is found in the forest-land at the foot of the Himalayas,
from the Kyarda Doon to Bhotan, and is very abundant in Assam, in-
habiting the islands and churrs of the Berrampooter, extending down the
river in suitable spots to the eastern Sunderbuns. It is also stated to
occur near Monghyr, and thence extends sparingly through the great forest
tract of Central India. It is rare to the south of the Nerbudda, but it
has to my knowledge been killed between the Nerbudda and Nagpore,

RUCERVUS DUVAUCELLII. 255

not far from Seonee, and it is tolerably abundant in the open forest land
between Mundlah and Omerkuntak, at the source of the Nerbudda. To
the east of this forest tract it has been killed near Midnapore, and in the
highlands of Goomsoor ; but does not, as far as is known, extend so far
west as the road between Mirzapore and Jubbulpore. It isvery gregarious,
being often found in large flocks feeding in plains near the forests, and
when pursued often keeping:in a close pack till they gain the shelter of the
forest. A writer in the Indian Sporting Review thus speaks of these deer
as he saw them in Central India :—‘The plain stretched away in gentle
undulations tuwards the river, distant about a mile, and on it were three
large herds of barasinghas feeding at one time: the nearest was not more
than five hundred yards away from where I stood: there must have been
at least fifty of them, stags, hinds, and fawns, feeding together in a lump,
and outside the herd grazed three most enormous stags. . . . Then the
herd went off in earnest, showing a perfect forest of antlers, and the
clatter of their hoofs on the hard ground was like the sound of a squadron
of cavalry going to water.”* According to Hodgson, it never enters the
mountains of the Himalayas, nor even habitually frequents the depths
of the forests. His lair is on the skirts of large forests, amidst swampy
and grassy glades. It is found sparingly in the forests of the Dehra and
Kyarda Doons, and here it is occasionally found on the low hills as well
as on the valleys. I have seen it in Dehra Doon in long grass, and in
forest in the Kyarda Doon. It is said to be exceedingly numerous in
Assam, enormous herds occurring in the grassy churrs of rivers. It is
stated to feed both on grass and on the bark and young shoots of trees.

The name Maha, sometimes applied to this deer, is also given to the
Samber stag, and it is occasionally called Jhdnk, a name usually applied
to the male spotted deer. This deer is now living in the Zoological
Society’s Gardens, London, and has bred there.

A remarkable deer, that approaches the last in size and some of its
characters, is the Panolia Hedii, Guthrie, Blyth’s Cat. 486, the Cervus
Srontalis, McClelland, and C. dimorpha, Hodgson, the Burmese or brow-
antlered deer. Gray, in his Catalogue of Hodgson’s Collection, gives both
Panolia Eedii and Rusa dimorpha, from Nepal, as distinct species, The
basal antler is directed forwards, and is very long, and the horns are
very divergent, with fewer terminal branches than the last. Itis found in
Munnipore, whereit is called Sung-nai or Simg-nai, and thence southwards

* Indian Sporting Review, vol. XVIII., p. 49.

256 RUSINA.

throughout Burmah to Siam, and the Malayan peninsula, It is the
Thamin or Té-min of Burmah. Hodgson asserts that he obtained it from
the sal forest of the Nepal Morung, where called Gowr and Ghos, and
he also gives another name, Séving. He was most probably deceived by
his shikarees who brought him the animal, and it will be observed that
the name Séving is probably a mispronunciation of the Burmese name.
The name Ghos is also probably the same as the Ghouws, by which the
Samber is called in Dacca and eastern Bengal. The horns of dimorpha,
as described by Hodgson, are considered by Blyth to be “ abnormal as
developed in captivity.”

Gen. Rusa, Ham. Smith.

Char.—Horns with one basal and one upper tine, thick, dark, and
rugose. Muflle large; eye-pits large and reversile ; no feet-pits. Of
large size. Canines in the upper jaw in both sexes; the males heavily
maned.

This genus is spread over the Indian region from the Himalayas to

the Philippine islands.
220. Rusa Aristotelis.

Cervus apud Cuvier.—B.iytu, Cat. 488.—Figured F. Cuvier, Mammif.
I. 104 and III. 93.—C. hippelaphus, C. equinus, and CU. Leschenaultii,
Cuvier.—C. niger, BLAINVILLE.*—C. jarai and C’. heterocercus, Hodgson.
—C. saumur, OaitBy.—Sdémbar, H. and Mahr.—J/arai and Jerrao, inthe
Himalayas.—J/ahd4, in parts of the Terai.— Mérai, Mahr. of the Ghats. —
Ma-ao, of Gonds.—Kadavi or Kadaba, Canarese.— Kannadi, Tel. —Ghous

or Gaoj, in Eastern Bengal ; the female, Lhalongi.

Tue SAMBER STAG.

Descr.—Horns with a basal antler springing directly from the burr or
base of the horn, and pointing forwards, upwards and outwards, the beam
bifurcating at the extremity, a snag separating posteriorly and pointing
obliquely to the rear. Colour dark brown, in summer somewhat slaty ;
the chin, limbs within, tail beneath, and irregularly marked patch on the
buttocks pale yellowish, or orange-yellow; neck and throat with long
hair, forming a sort of mane; tail moderately Jong. Female and young
dusky olive-brown, lighter than the buck.

* T think it doubtful whether this name was originally given to a Rusa or Avis.
V. H. Smith; Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. 1V., p. 114.

RUSA ARISTOTELIS. 257

Length 6 to 7 feet ; height 15 to 14 hands at the shoulder ; tail 12
to 13 inches ; ears 7 to 8. Some are stated to be larger than this even.

It has been for long a disputed point whether the Himalayan Jerrow
was distinct from the Samber of Central India or not. Horsfield, in his
Catalogue of Mammalia, gives three species,—R. equina, from Southern
India ; 2. Hippelaphus and R. Aristotelis, from the Himalayas. Hodgson
makes three races from the hills alone ; viz., C. hippelaphus, the samber, or
Phursa jarai, i. e. the hoary jerrow ; C. Aristotelis, the Rato jarai, or red
jerrow ; and C. heterocercus, the Kalo jarai. The former is said to havea
dark hide copiously sprinkled with hoary ; the basal antler recurved
towards the beam, and the posterior process of the bifurcation much
longer than the anterior one. C. Aristotelis is said to have the frontal
branch elongate, the rump very rufous, and the posterior terminal snag
very small and approximate to the other. The animal is also said to be
smaller. C. heterocercus is stated to have the upper part of the beam
simple ; the body-colour very dark, almost black ; and to be much smaller
than the two last. Gray, in his Catalogue of Mammalia of the British
Museum, gives 2. Aristotelis, Hippelaphus, and equinus. KR. equinus, by
some restricted to Southern India, by others looked on as the Rusa of
the Malayan countries, is said to differ from Hippelaphus in having the
basal antler directed forwards, and in the upper branch of the summit
being smal] and directed backwards ; and C. Leschenaultti, stated to be
from Southern India, is described as being not so dark as the Rusa of
Bengal, with the horns angulated and more rugose, and the caudal disk
more developed. Colonel Sykes too, in his Catalogue, speaking of the
race of Western India, says, “not so large nor so dark as C. niger of
Bengal.”

Blyth was at one time inclined to consider that the Himalayan Jerrow,
C. Aristotelis, differed from C. Hippelaphus of Central and Southern India,
stating that the Jerrow was larger, of a darker colour, and with the hair on
the head and neck more lengthened. The horns too were considered to be
generally larger and more diverging than those of Southern India, and the
forehead to be broader. Latterly, however, and in his Catalogue, he looked
upon them as all belonging to one species ; and after seeing these deer in
the Himalayas, in Central India, and in Southern India, I quite agree with
this decision. The chief distinctions relied on in naming these races are
a difference of size of the animals, and of their horns, the comparative
size of the basal and terminal snags, different shades of colour, with the

S

258 RUSINA.

more or less developed mane, and the more or less marked caudal disk.
Many of these differences are, however, observed in individuals from
the same part of the country, and others appear due to age or climate.
Elliot, in his Catalogue, considered all to be varieties of one species.
He says, “ The horns of different individuals present great diversities
of form. I have met with instances of medial antlers, of trifurcated
extremities, and in one case with the extremity showing a fourfold
division.” I have seen many sambers in Southern India with a
trifurcate extremity to one or both horns, and more rarely a horn
without the terminal snag, corresponding to Hodgson’s heterocercus.

The horns vary much in thickness and length, some being very massive
but of no great length, others being comparatively thin but long, and the
divergence of the horns varies much, as well as the degree of curvature,
and the relative size of the terminal snags. The horns are considered to
attain their complete form in the fourth year, and after that go on in-
creasing in size for several years more, without any normal alteration of
form. The length of the horns rarely exceeds 40 inches (indeed the
generality are under 3 feet), but some are recorded 4 feet along the
curvature ; the basal antler 10 to 12 inchesor more. The thickest pair of
horns in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, came from near
Cuttack, and are extraordinarily massive and heavy. An immense pair
from one killed in Mysore is alluded to by Colonel W. Campbell, in
his “Indian Journal,” which he states (from recollection however)
to have been nearly 18 inches in circumference at the base.

The colour too varies a good deal even in the same locality, some
being much darker than others. Mr. W. Elliot says, writing of the
Samber of the Southern Mahratta country, “The colour varies from
dark-brown to grayish-black or slate-black, with the chin, the inner
sides of the limbs, the under part of the tail, and the space between the
buttocks, yellowish-white, passing into orange-yellow, but never ex-
tending into a large circular disk on the buttocks. In several instances
I have met with the hinds of a pale yellow or light chestnut-colour.
The neck and throat are clothed with a long mane.”

The Samber, or J errow, is found in all the large forests of India, from
the extreme south to the Himalayas, ascending these mountains to 9,000
or 10,000 feet of elevation. Among other localities may be named the
Western Ghats throughout their whole extent, the Wynaad, Coorg, the
Neelgherries, many parts of Mysore, the Eastern Ghats, the Vindhya and

RUSA ARISTOTELIS. 259

Sautpoora ranges of hills, and all Central India where sufficient cover is
afforded by the forests. Also, the whole range of Himalayas, not only at
their base but far within the hills. Asa rule they prefer hilly ground to
flat land ; but if the forest is dense, are frequently found on comparatively
level country. They rarely leave the coverts of the forests, but in elevated
and cool districts, as on the Neelgherries and Himalayas, &c., they may
not unfrequently be seen morning and evening outside a patch of jungle,
grazing on the new grass that springs up after the old grass is burnt off.
They are generally more or less gregarious, being often found in herds,
varying from four or five to twenty and upwards ; but both males and
females are occasionally found alone. In the daytime they seek the most
sheltered spots, especially in hot districts, and in the hot weather, and
are very impatient of the sun’s rays. They feed both on grass, on young
shoots, and on various fruits. They travel wonderfully over rocky and
stony ground.

The stags drop their horns in April, sometimes earlier, and the new
horns are not perfected till the end of September, about which time the
rutting season commences, and their peculiar call may be heard, espe-
cially morning and evening. Mr. Elliot says that “the stags are then
fierce and bold. I have seen one, when suddenly disturbed, face the
intruder for a moment, shaking his head, bristling his mane, distending
the suborbital sinus, and then dashing into the cover.” The females
produce one young at a birth.

The eye-pit, or suborbital sinus, is very large in these deer, and when
the animal is excited or angry, or frightened, it is opened very large, and
can be distended at pleasure. Hodgson says that it is completely reversile.

The pursuit of this large stag is a favourite sport in India, its great
size and fine horns causing it to be greatly prized by sportsmen. It is
either stalked in the forests, or when seen feeding outside a patch of
jungle; but is generally driven by a line of beaters, the gunners being
posted at intervals. The clattering of a herd of samber over the stones
may often be heard for some distance before they come in view, usually
following one another in single file, and giving a succession of shots.
The action of this animal is by no means elegant, but it gets over a great
deal of rough ground very rapidly, with an apparently heavy, lumbering,
lobbing gallop. I have known it killed by foxhounds on the Neel-
gherries ; and large powerful deerhounds will bring it to bay occasionally.
When hard pressed it often takes to water. As previously mentioned,

s 2

260 RUSINA.

T have known it killed by the wild dog. In the interior of the Hima-
layas many are killed in winter in the snow, the hillmen mobbing them,
and knocking them on the head with clubs. I have seen some very fine
horns in Kumaon procured thus. The flesh of the Samber is rather
coarse, and rarely fat, but sometimes well-tasted. The specific names
Hippelaphus and Aristotelis were given under the impression that this
stag was the Hippelaphus, 7. e. the horse-deer, of Aristotle ; but most
naturalists think that the NVylghai was intended, and not this animal.

This deer is found in Ceylon, in Assam, Burmah, the Malayan penin-
sula, and some of the islands. Blyth remarks that “the race seems
rather smaller in Burmah, the Malayan peninsula, and Sumatra, being
the R. equina, Auct. ; but it does not appear to me to be fairly sepa-
rable. I have never seen really fine horns from the eastward of the
Bay of Bengal.” *

Several individuals of this deer are living in the Zoological Gardens,
where it has bred for some years.

Rusa Tungue, Vigors (Cervus rusa, 8. Miiller), from Sumatra, is
another well-marked species of this group ; and C. moluccensis, Miiller,
from the Moluccas, and C. Peronii, Gray, from Timor, are also considered
distinct by Dr. Sclater, though stated by Blyth to be barely separable
from the Javanese stag. All three are also living in the London Zoolo-
gical Gardens.

Gen. Axis, Ham. Smith.

Char.—One basal and one subterminal snag ; beam a good deal bent,
pale and somewhat smooth. Mufile large, eye-pits large, inguinal glands ;
feet-pits in the hind-legs only. Canine teeth in the upper jaw in the
males only, or in both sexes. Of small or moderate size. Pelage more or

less spotted. Tail moderately long.

221. Axis maculatus.

Gray.—Btyru, Cat. 490.—Figd. F. Cuvier, Mammif. I. 98-99.—
Cervus axis, ERXLEBEN.—C. nudipalpebra, OcILBy (melanoid variety).—
Axis major et medius, Hopason.—Chital, H.—Chitra or Chitri, in some
parts ; the male, Jhank.—Chatidah, of Bhagulpore.—Boro khotiyd, Beng.
at Rungpore.—Buriyd, in Goruckpore.—Saraga, Can.—Dupi, Tel.—
Lupi, of Gonds.

* Lieutenant R. Beavan assures me that the largest pair of Samber’s horns
which he has seen were from Burmah.

ad

AXIS MACULATUS. 261

THE Spottep DeEsEr.

Descr.—General colour yellow or rufous-fawn, with numerous white
spots, and a dark dorsal streak from the nape to the tail; head brownish
and the muzzle dark ; chin, throat, and neck in front white; lower
parts and thighs internally, whitish ; ears brown externally, white
within ; tail longish, white beneath. The basal tine is directed forwards,
and in old individuals has often one or two points near the base.

Length, about 4} to nearly 5 feet ; height at shoulder 36 to 38 inches.

Hodgson insists that there are two species of spotted deer, which he
named, respectively, Awis major and’ Axis medius, the latter as being
intermediate in size to the larger kind and the hog-deer, Aais minor
apud Hodgson. These are ignored by Blyth and Gray, but I am inclined
to agree with Hodgson in this from my personal knowledge of the
spotted deer of Malabar and of Central India. When I first saw horns
of the spotted deer killed in Central India, and subsequently killed it
myself, I was astonished at their size and their greater smoothness, as
compared with specimens of the Southern Indian Awis, and on making
the proper references, found that Hodgson had distinguished them.
From want of specimens, however, I am at present unable to point out
their specitic differences except in a general way, and have therefore
allowed both to stand under Awis maculatus.

It appears to me very probable that Kelaart’s Awis oryzeus is either
the same, or a still smaller race of spotted deer. Blyth, indeed, classes
the Ceylon animal as a variety of the hog-deer, but states that it is
somewhat lighter in form, with the menilling more distinct in summer
vesture, and the horns perhaps longer on the average, with the inner
prong of the terminal fork branching at a less abrupt angle, all tending
to approximate nearer to Awis maculatus. Now, if these differential
points be extended a little more, they would tally nearly with the spotted
deer of Malabar. This animal has the horns much longer than in the
hog-deer, slender in make, and rougher externally than those of the
deer of Central India, with the bifurcated extremity as described by
Blyth of the Ceylon deer, and the basal antler longer and more directed
upwards. I never saw, in the South of India, any disposition to throw off
points on the basal tine, as in the large Awis. It always retains its spotted
pelage, and is a good deal smaller than the northern deer, standing about
30 to 34 inches in height, and is a light and graceful animal, very unlike

262 RUSINA.

the hog-deer in habit. As, however, I have no specimens, and have lost
my notes of measurements, &e., I can do no more here than point out the
supposed difference, and leave it to future observers for verification. It
appears that Pennant also long ago distinguished it from the large one,
calling it the middle-sized Awis. Where Hodgson observed his Axis
medius, and what are its peculiar characters and haunts, we are un-
fortunately ignorant. He calls it the Jhao lugna, or Laghuna, which
would indicate that it frequented the sandy beds of rivers, in which
the jhow (Z’amariz) grows ; but it is impossible to say whether his Ais
medius is the same as the Malabar spotted deer or not; but, if really
distinct, it very probably will be found to be the same, and in that case
Hodgson’s name, Axis medius, would stand for the small race, whether
identical or otherwise with A. oryzeus of Ceylon.

The large spotted-deer is found in’ many of the forests and jungles
in Central India, both in hilly ground and level plains, and is very
abundant on both sides of the Nerbudda in suitable places ; also in many
localities along the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats, Northern Circars,
&e. &e. It is also abundant along the lower and outer ranges of the
sub-Himalayas, and in the forests and jungles that extend into the
plains, and along the course of the large rivers. It is also numerous in
the Bengal Sunderbuns, but is not found wild on the other side of the
Bay of Bengal, nor does it extend into the Punjab, Where numerous,
they are very gregarious. Early in the morning they may be found
feeding in the open glades, but soon retire to rest in the more shady
and retired spots.

The Malabar spotted deer occurs in forest all along the Malabar coast,
coming to open glades or patches of rice-land during the night, where it
commits great depredations, and where it may sometimes be shot early
in the morning before it has retired to the forest. I have seen herds of
above a hundred of these deer at the foot of the Neelgherries, and nearly
as numerous ones in Malabar and in the Wynaad.

The next deer has been separated as a sub-genus, Hyelaphus.

222, Axis porcinus.

Cervus apud ZimMERMAN. —Buyrtu, Cat. 491.—Figd. F. Cuvirr,
Mammif. IIT. 91-92.—C. oryzeus, KeLaart apud Bryra.—C. Dodur,
Royie,—C, niger apud Bucu, Ham. MSS., dark variety. —Pdré, H.—

= i

AXIS PORCINUS. 263

Khar laguna, of Nepal Terai.—Sugoria also, in some parts.—Nuthrini
haran, in some parts of Bengal, unless this name be properly applied to
the small spotted deer.

Tur HoG-DEER.

Descr.— General colour a light chestnut or olive-brown, with an eye-
spot, the margin of the lips, the tail beneath, limbs within, and abdomen
white. In summer many assume a paler and more yellow tint, and get
a few white spots ; and the old buck assumes a dark slaty colour. The
horns resemble those of a young spotted deer, with both the basal and
upper tines very small, the former pointing directly upwards at a very
acute angle, and the latter directed backwards and inwards, nearly at a
right angle, occasionally pointing downwards.

Average length of a full-grown buck from 42 to 44 inches, from
muzzle to root of tail; tail 8; height at shoulder 27 to 28 inches.
Average length of horns 15 to 16 inches.

The Hog-deer is found throughout the Gangetic valley in suitable spots,
extending to the foot of the hills, and more rarely into Ceneral India. It
is also found in the Punjab and Sindh, and is abundant in Assam, Sylhet,
and Burmah. It has been stated to inhabit south Malabar and Ceylon, but
the race from the latter country differs somewhat, and is probably distinct,
and neither M. Blyth nor myself has actually seen specimens from
Malabar, though I was resident in north Malabar for some time. It is very
abundant in Bengal, in many parts near the foot of the Himalayas, in
Deyra Doon, and near the Ganges, Jumna, Sutlej, and other large rivers,
frequenting chiefly long grass and jbow jungle. It rarely seeks the
shelter of forests, though frequenting grassy grounds in open forests and
open glades in the thicker jungles. It lies sheltered during the day in
thick patches of long grass, or in thick bushes in the grassy plains, and
lies very close, often getting up within a few feet of the elephant or
beaters. It runs with its head low and in a somewhat ungainly manner ;
hence its popular appellation in India of Hog-deer. It is not gregarious,
both sexes lying solitary in general, though at times two ore more may be
put up together. From the nature of the ground it frequents, high
grass, &c., it is generally shot from off elephants. It is not very speedy,
and if it breaks into a patch of open ground can be run down by dogs.

The buck drops his horns in April generally, and ruts in September
and October. The young are beautifully spotted.

264. RUSINA.

Both this and the spotted deer are living in the Zoological Gardens,

and have bred there.
Gen, Crervutus, Blainville.
Syn. Styloceros, Smiru ; Muntjacus, Gray.

Char.—Horns raised on high hairy pedicles, with only one small
basal snag. Large canines in the upper jaw in both sexes ; muflle large ;
two conspicuous longitudinal facial creases ; tail rather short ; eye-pits
very large and mobile ; large feet-pits in the hind-feet ; no inguinal
pits ; no calcic tuft.

The Muntjacs are deer of small size, inhabiting dense forests, and are
peculiar to the Indian kingdom. By their long canines and small
antlers they may be said to form a link to the J/oschida, or Musk-deer,
but they do not, I think, enter that family, as Blyth has placed them,

223. Cervulus aureus.

Ham. Smitu.—C. vaginalis, Boppanrr apud Bryru, Cat. 492.—C.
Ratwa, Hovason, As. Res. XVIII. 130, with figure.—-C. styloceros apud
Oartpy, Roytr’s Ill. Bot. Himal. pl. 5, f. 2.—(C. albipes, WacLEr.—-
C. Muntjac, apud Etxnror, Cat. 53.—C. moschatus, BLAINVILLE apud

Horsrieip, Cat. 276.—Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray, Cat. Mamm., and
Cat. Hopason’s Coll.—Kakur, H., throughout Northern India.
Beng., Ratwd, Nepal.—KXarsiar, Bhot.—Sikkii or Sith,
Lepch.—Gutra and Gutri (m. and f.) of Gonds, in Central India.—
Bekra or Bekur, Mahy.—Kén-kuri, Can.—Kiiké-gori, Tel. —Jangli-
bakra, vulgd of Mussalmans of Southern India ; hence the name of

Maya,

in Rungpore,

Jungle sheep in the Madras Presidency. Barking deer of sportsmen in

Bengal; rib-faced deer of Pennant ; red hog-deer in Ceylon.
Tue Ris-racep ork Barkina Derr.

Descr.—Colour a bright rufous-bay ; limbs internally, pubic region,
and tail beneath, white ; chin and lower jaw whitish ; some white spots
in front of the fetlocks of all four legs ; facial creases dark brown.

Average length of male 3} feet; tail 7 inches; height 26 to 28
inches ; horn 8 to 10 inches.

The doe is a little smaller, and has bristly black tufts of hair on a
knob in the spot where the horns of the buck are.

ee

CERVULUS AUREUS. 265

It is yet undecided whether the Awkur of India is distinct from the
Muntjac of Java and Malayana. Blyth, in his Catalogue, has considered
them the same, as Elliot had previously. Horsfield, in his Catalogue
of Mammalia, puts them distinct, but says that the specific distinctions
are by no means strongly marked. Schinz, in his Synopsis Mamm., gives
three species from continental India ; viz., C. styloceros of Koyle’s Ilustra-
tions, and CO. Ratwd, Hodgson, both from the Himalayas ; and C. albipes
from Poonah ; all of which he considers distinct from C. Muntjac of
Malayana. Gray also considered the Malayan race distinct, stating that
it was generally darker than the Indian animal. Dr. Sclater, from
observation of the living animals in menageries, says that they appear
sufficiently distinct ; and this is the view I have long taken.

The Rib-faced deer is found in all the thick jungles and forests of India,
from the extreme south to the Himalayas, and from a low level to 8,000
or 9,000 feet in the Himalayas. It is most abundant in hilly countries,
and it is quite a forest animal, only coming to the skirts of the woods
morning and evening to graze. It is a solitary animal, very rarely even
two being found together. It carries its head and neck low, and as its
hind quarters are high, its action in running is peculiar, and not very
elegant, somewhat resembling the pace of a sheep ; hence its popular but
very erroneous name in Southern India. “It has,” says Hodgson, ‘no
powers of sustained speed and extensive leap, but is unmatched for flexi-
bility and power of creeping through tangled underwood. They have, in-
deed, a weasel-like flexibility of spine and limbs, enabling them to wend on
without kneeling, even when there is little more than 6 inches (1) of perpen-
dicular passage-room ; thus escaping their great enemy the wild dog.”

In the Himalayas, near Darjeeling, two or three bowmen, with three or
four common hill dogs, will often chase one to death in an hour or so. I
have seen it hunted with foxhounds on the Neelgherries, and run down
with tolerable ease, the woods there being very open ; and if it be driven
out of the woods, a greyhound will quickly pull it down, It is easily
stalked, and on the Himalayas many are killed during the winter, when
the snow is on the ground. It gets its name of barking deer from its
call, which is a kind of short bark like that of the fox, but louder, and
it may be heard in the jungles it frequents both by day and by night.
Colonel Markham says that, “as it runs, a curious rattling noise may
often be heard, like that from two pieces of loose bone knocked together
sharply.” It is excellent venison, but rarely carries any fat,

266 MOSCHID.

Its tongue is very long and extensile, and it often licks its whole
face with it. Hodgson states that the vertebre of the back and neck
are very mobile, and the spinous processes of the dorsal vertebra are
unusually short and of uniform height ; the humerus and femur are
nearly as long respectively as the radius and ulna, and the metacarpus
and metatarsus are short.

Dr. Sclater says that the Cervulus vaginalis of Java and Sumatra is
a larger and finer animal than the India Cervulus. Another species is
recorded from China, C. Reevesit, Ogilby.

The deer found in America constitute a peculiar group, placed by Blyth
in a distinct sub-family, but without a name. One group has the horns
considerably branched, and to this belong the Virginian and Mexican
deer, Cariacus virginianus and C. mexicanus ; a peculiar group are
called Brockets, having the horn simple,—Coassus of Gray.

The little roe-deer of Scotland, Capreolus ewropeus, is the type of the
sab-family Capreoline. It is stated to be monogamous, wants the eye-
pits, and has a very short tail. An allied species is found in Northern
and Central Asia, C. pygargus, Pallas, somewhat larger and with
longer hair.

Fam. Moscuip#, Musk-deer.

Without horns. Canines in the upper jaw; feet very much cloven
and large false hoofs.

This group includes the Musk-deer and the Mouse-deer. They are
mostly of small size with very slender limbs, and are found in the Indian
region and Northern Asia, They are stated to differ from other deer in
possessing a gall-bladder.

Gen. Moscuus, Linnzus.

Char.—Canines in both sexes, very long and slender in the male ;
false hoofs very large, acute, touching the ground. Muffle large; no
eye-pits, feet-pits, or inguinal pits; a posteal calcic tuft; hair
exceedingly rough, long, and bristly.

This genus comprises the true Musk-deer, celebrated as producing the
musk of commerce and medicine,

224, Moschus moschiferus.

Linn.£vus.—Bxytu, Cat, 498,— WM. saturatus, M. chrysogaster, and

MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS. 267

M. leucogaster, Hopvason 1—Kastird, H.—Rous or Roos and Kasturé,
Kashmir.—Zé and Ldéwé, in Tibet.—Ribyjo, in Ladak.—Lénd, in
Kunawur.

Tue Musk-DEER.

Descr.—Colour usually dark fuscous-brown, paler beneath, the hairs
being long and harsh, with hoary rings and a black tip ; ears internally
and chin whitish ; ears large and erect ; tail very short, hairy in females,
almost naked, with a tuft of hair at the end, in males.

Length of male nearly 3 feet ; height 22 to 23 inches.

The colour varies a great deal, perhaps according to age and season.
Markham describes it as a dark speckled brownish-gray, nearly black on
the hind quarters, edged down the inside of the thighs with reddish-
yellow, the throat, belly, and legs lighter gray. Hodgson describes his
chrysogaster as bright sepia-brown above, sprinkled with golden red ;
orbital region, lining and base of ears, whole body below and insides of
limbs, rich golden-red or orange ; a dark brown patch on the buttocks ;
legs fulvescent. Adams says, “‘ others are yellowish-white all over, the
upper parts with the belly and inner side of the thighs white.” One I
got in Kashmir had the back sepia-brown, with grizzled gray spots in
lines on the back ; head more or less grizzled, edges and insides of ears,
rump, tail, lower parts, and limbs, grizzled gray, very pale and almost
white on the rump and tail ; posterior limbs with a dark brown stripe
as far as the knee. The young are spotted with white.

The hairs are long, thick, bristly, very thick-set, white at the base and
for more than half their length. The canines of the male are about
3 inches long, about as thick as a goose-quill. The tail of the male has
a peculiar gland, the secretion from which glues the hairs together. The
legs are long and slender, and the toes long and pointed, with the false
hoofs very long, touching the ground.

The musk-deer is found throughout the Himalayas, always at great
elevations, in summer rarely below 8,000 feet, and as high as the limits
of forest. It extends through the Himalayas to Central and Northern
Asia, as far as Siberia.

Hodgson says that the Musk-deer is “ solitary, living in retired spots
near rocks, or in the depths of the forests. They leap well but cannot
climb nor descend slopes well.* They rut in winter, and produce one or

* This is contrary to the experience of most sportsmen.

268 MOSCHID.

two young, usually in the cleft of a rock. In six weeks the young can
shift for themeelves, and are driven off by the mother. They can pro-
create ere they are a year old. They are easily tamed.”

Colonel Markham’ says that the Musk-deer is exclusively a forest
animal, keeps much to the same ground, and makes a sort of form, like
the hare, to lie on in the sun. It usually runs in bounds on all fours,
and often makes most astonishing bounds, occasionally 60 feet on a gentle
slope for several successive leaps, jumping over considerable bushes at
each bound. Adams too states that ‘its mode of progression is per-
formed by series of jerking leaps.” It is wonderfully sure-footed, and
over rocky and precipitous ground perhaps has no equal. It appears to
eat but little, chiefly grasses and lichens. If twins are produced, the two
are kept apart, it being very solitary in its habits, even in infancy. The
musk is milky for the first year or two, afterwards granular: the dung
of the males smells of musk, but the body does not, and females do not
in the slightest degree. The flesh is dark red and not musky, and the
young is considered to be the best venison in India.

The Musk-deer is much sought after for its musk, many being shot
and snared annually. A good musk-pod is valued at from 10 to 15
rupees. The musk as sold is often much adulterated with blood, liver,
&e. One ounce is about the average produce of the pod.

A few anatomical details of great interest by Dr. Campbell are here
given.

“The Musk-bag lies at the end of the penis, and might be termed a
preputial bag. It is globular, about 1} inch in diameter, and hairy,
with a hole in the centre about the diameter of a lead pencil, from which
the secretion can be squeezed. The orifice of the urethra lies near
this, a little posteriorly. Round the margin of the opening of the
gland is a circle of small glandular-looking bodies. The musk when
fresh is soft, not unlike moist gingerbread.

“ The anus is surrounded by a ring of soft hairs, the skin under
which is perforated by innumerable small pores, secreting an abominably
offensive stuff, which pressure brings out like honey. The scrotum is
round and naked.

‘“‘ There is, besides, a peculiar organ or gland on the tail, which indeed
is composed almost wholly of it. The tail of the male is triangular, nude
above, thick, greasy, partially covered with short hair below, and with
a tuft of hairs at the end, glued together by a viscid liquor. It has two

ee

MEMIMNA INDICA, 269

large elliptical pores beneath, basal and lateral, the edges of which are
somewhat mobile, and the fluid, which appears to be continually
secreted, has a peculiar and rather offensive odour. The liver consists
of a single lobe, and the gall-bladder is constantly present.”

The next group have the canines much shorter, and want the musk-
bag. They form the family Zragulide of some authors. They are
peculiar to the Indian region, and are among the smallest ruminants
known. The most typical form, 7ragulus, Bennett, is found in the
Malayan peninsula and islands. It has the hinder part of the meta-
tarsus bald and callous. Our province contains one member of this
group, slightly differing from 7'ragulus.

Gen. Mermimna, Gray.

Char.—Canines only in the males, small, not exserted ; false hoofs of
ordinary make and size ; tail very short ; ears moderate ; hinder edge
of metatarsus covered with hair; no eye-pits, groin-pits, or feet-pits.

These are animals of very small size, with the hair smooth. Their
limbs are exceedingly slender, and their hind quarters are high, causing
their action to be very inelegant. They frequent only the thickest forests.
But one species is known.

225. Memimna indica.

Gray.—Biytu, Cat. 494.—Moschus memimna, ERXLEBEN, ELLio7,
Cat. 50.—Moschiola mimenoides, Hopeson.—Pisuri, Pisora, Pisai, H.
and Mahr.—J/ugi, in Central India.—Jitri haran, Beng.—G'undwa, of
Oorias.— Yar, of Koles.—Kuru-pandi, Tel.

THE MOovusE-DEER.

Descr.—Above olivaceous mixed with yellow-gray ; white below ; sides
of the body with yellowish-white lines formed of interrupted spots, the
upper rows of which are joined to those of the opposite side by some
transverse spots ; ears reddish-brown.

Length of body about 22 to 23 inches; tail 1}; height 10 to 12
inches ; weight 5 to 6 |b.

The colour of this mouse-deer varies somewhat in different localities.*

* The note in Blyth’s Catalogue, p. 155, placed after this species, belongs to the
barking deer, and should be placed in the previous page, after C. Ratwa, Hodgson.

270 BOVID.

The Indian Mouse-deer is found in all the large forests of India from
the extreme south to the foot of the Himalayas, but it does not occur at
any great elevation, and I have rarely seen it from higher altitude than
about 2,000 feet. It is much more abundant in the south of India than
towards the north, and is certainly rare in the Himalayan Terai. It is
not included among the list of Hodgson’s Collections, presented to the
British Museum, but Blyth says he has seen it from Nepal, and certainly
Mr. Hodgson named it as above. I made many inquiries about it in
various parts near the foot of the hills, but could get no precise
information as to its actually occurring there. It is unknown in the
countries to the eastward of the Bay of Bengal. It abounds in the
forests of Malabar, and also occurs in some of the denser portions of the
woods of the Eastern Ghats. It is by no means rare in Central India,
and Tickell has given some interesting details of its habits, from which
I have taken the subsequent account.

The animal walks on the tips of its hoofs, which gives the legs a rigid
appearance, and the natives say that it has no knee-joint, and that, in
order to rest, it is obliged to lean against a tree. It never ventures into
the open country ; keeps a good deal among rocks ; and it is said not to
go out much about the fall of the leaf, as its sharp hoofs penetrate the
leaves, which clog its movements. They rut in June and July, and the
female brings forth two young towards the end of the rains, or beginning
of the cold weather.

The Mouse-deer is timid but easily domesticated, and has bred in
confinement.

Four or five species of 7’ragulus are known trom the Malayan pro-
vince, one of which, Zragulus Kanchil, occurs as high north as the
Tenasserim provinces.

We next come to the numerous and important tribe of the hollow-
horned ruminants, Cavicornia of some, to which belong, cattle, goat,
sheep, and antelope. In all these the horn consists of a conical bony
process of the frontal bone, covered by a sheath of horny matter which
is permanent, and is mostly present in both sexes. Their dentition is
the same as that of deer. They form one family.

Fam. Bovyip.

Canines rarely present. Horns in both sexes, or in the males only»
composed of a bony nucleus or core, and a persistent horny sheath ;

ANTILOPINA, , Dae

muffle generally present. Feet-pits usually in all four feet. Inguinal
pits in some ; eye-pits usually present. Four mamme in most.

This family comprises antelopes, goats, and cattle, which may form
as many sub-families. They are entirely wanting in South America
and Australia.

Sub-fam. AnTiLopinz, Antelopes.

Horns in both sexes, or only in the males. Eye-pits in all, and feet-
pits in most. The bony nucleus of the horn is generally solid, and often
has a sinus at the base within. The horns are seated below the crest of
the frontals, and are usually consideraby apart at the base. There are
inguinal pits in many, and the mufile is often wanting. The mammearve
in most cases four. The occipital plane of the skull forms an obtuse angle
with the frontal plane. They resemble deer in the lightness of their make ;
they are of still more slender form, with finer limbs, and possess
still greater speed, but physiologically they are far removed from them.*
Their hair is generally finer and more smooth than in deer.

The horns of antelopes are variously bent, usually ringed at the base,
and round and smooth at the tip, situated well forwards, almost over the
edge of the orbits. They are never branched, except in one species, the
prong-horned antelope of North America, which, by its harsh hair and
tail, evidently forms a sort of link between the antelope and deer, and
which, I have noticed, has been removed by a recent writer to the Deer
family. One small group has four horns. The eye is usually very large,
deep brown or almost black, contrasting with the light eye of the Caprine.
It is situated at the upper margin of the forehead, remote from the
nostrils. The head is lengthened, owing to the elongation of the nasal
bones ; the ears are seated well back, and are long. Antelopes mostly live
in more or less numerous herds, and are found chiefly in the old continent,
by far the greatest number being from Africa, with many types.

Antelopes have been variously grouped. Blyth, in his Catalogue,
distributes them in the sub-families, Zragelaphine, Cephalophine,
Adenotine, and Antilopine, of which the first and the last alone have
representatives in the Indian Fauna. Taking their habits as well as
structure, the Indian members of this sub-family may be classed into
Bush-antelope and Desert-antelope.

BusH-aNnTELope, J'ragelaphine apud Blyth.
Horns smooth, unknotted, spiral in some, females usually without

* Throughout the Bengal Presidency all antelopes are popularly called deer.

272 ANTILOPINE.

horns ; muzzle bovine ; four teats ; usually white ringed markings above
the hoofs, and many with white spots on the face and body.

There are two types of this group in India, and many in Africa, the
white markings being most highly developed in an African antelope,
Tragelaphus scriptus. The Indian species both frequent jungly ground.

Gen. Portax, C. H. Smith.

Syn. Damalis.

Char.—Horns only in males, short, recurved, distant, smooth; eye-
pit rather small; upper lip broad, ample ; nostrils approximate ; tail
long, tufted ; a short erect mane, and a tuft of hairs on the throat of the
male. Of large size.

There is a slight pit in front of the orbit, and anterior to this a small
longitudinal fold, in the middle of which there is a pore, through which
exudes a yellow secretion from the gland beneath. In the only species
of this genus the back is rather short, and slopes downwards from the
high withers, and the neck is deep and compressed like that of a horse.

226. Portax pictus,

Antilope apud Pattas.—Figured F, Cuvier, Mamm. ITT. 100-101.—
A. tragocamelus, PaLLAs-—Btytu, Cat. 512.— Damalis risia, H. Suiru.
—E.u107, Cat. 57.—TZragelaphus hippelaphus, Oc1tBy.—foz or Rojh, H.,
in Northern India.—fi#-i, Mahr. and H., in the south.—Ni-gai, gene-
rally ; the male often called simply Vi or Lil.—Gurayi and Giiriya, of
Gonds.-—Maravi, Can.—Méni-poti, Tel.

Tue NIL-GAI.

Deser.—Male of an iron-gray colour ; lips, chin, lower surface of the
tail, stripes inside the ears, rings on the fetlocks, and abdomen, white ;
head and limbs tinged with sepia-brown ; mane, throat-tuft, and tip of
tail, black.

The female is a good deal smaller than the male, and tawny or light
brown.

Length of a male about 64 to 7 feet; height at the shoulder 4 feet
4 inches to 44 feet ; horns 8 to 9 inches, rarely 10; ear 7, very broad ;
tail 18 to 21 inches,

The Nil-gai is found throughout India, from near the foot of the Hima-
layas to the extreme south of Mysore, but is rare to the north of the

PORTAX PICTUS. PA

Ganges, and also in the extreme south of India. It is most abundant
in Central India, and in the country between the Jumna and Sutlej,
but is rare in the Punjab, according to Adams. It does not occur in
Ceylon, nor in Assam, or the countries to the east of the Bay of Bengal.

It frequents thin forests and low jungles, and is often found in
tolerably open plains with only a few [scattered bushes. It does not
affect a hilly country, but does not avoid low hills clad with thin forest.
It is indifferent to the sun, except during the hottest weather. It
associates in small herds, varying from seven or eight to twenty and
upwards. It appears to go at a lumbering ungainly pace, yet it
requires a good horse and a hard run to overtake one, and the only
way to succeed certainly, is to press the animal with the utmost speed
at first and blow him.

The Nil-gai is not much sought after by the Indian sportsman, nor is
its flesh highly esteemed, yet at times it is excellent and juicy, and
gives a good beef-steak.

It is often caught young and becomes very tame, many being allowed
to wander about at large. They are apt, however, to get vicious at times.
It browses a good deal, and is very fond of many kinds of fruit. Mr.
Elliot says that those he kept used to drop on their knees to feed, and
attacked and defended themselves by butting with the head. A very
dark, almost black one, was lately seen by more than one sportsman
near Umballa. Blyth, Ogilby, and other naturalists, consider that the
Nil-gai was probably the Hippelaphus of Aristotle, and not the Samber
deer, which opinion I quite endorse.

Gen. TeTRAcEROS, Leach.

Char.—Horns in the males only, erect, slightly bent forwards at the
tip, round, subulate, slightly ringed at the base, situated far back on the
frontal bone ; an additional pair of small horns situated between the
orbits, short, conical, sometimes replaced by a mere bony knob ; eye-pit
moderate, linear ; muffle large ; feet-pits in the hind-feet only ; no in-
guinal pits ; canines in the males ; four mamme in the females.

The form of these animals is not so elegant as that of the true antelope,
and their hair is harsher. They frequent jungles and thin forest, and do
not associate in herds, but are monogamous, and often found in pairs.

This genus is strictly Indian, and there is only one well-marked species

known.

274 ANTILOPIN &.

227. Tetraceros quadricornis.

Antilope apud Buarnvitte.—Biytu, Cat. 513.—Figured F. Cuvirr,
Mamm. ITT. 99.—A. chickara, Harpwicxe, Linn. Trans. XTV. pl. 15.—
T. striaticornis, LEAcH.—T. iodes, Hopason, Cale. J. N.H. VIII. 88, with
fig.—T’. paccerois, Hopcson.—A. sub-quadricornutus, Exuiot, Cat. 56,
variety !—Chouka and Chousingha, H.—Bekra, Mahr.— Bhirki, at
Saugor. — Bhirkira (the male) and Shir (the female), of Northern
Gonds.—Bhirul, of Bheels.—Kotri, Bustar.—Xvris of Bustar Conds.
—Kond-giri, Can.—Konda-gori, Tel. Vulgd, Janglt bakra, H., in the
Deccan.

THe Four-HORNED ANTELOPE.

Descr.—Colour uniform brownish-bay above, lighter beneath, and
whitish inside the limbs and in the middle of the belly; fore-legs dark,
also the muzzle and edge of the ears, which are white within, with long
hairs ; fetlocks dark within, with more or less distinct whitish rings.

Length from 40 to 42 inches; tail 5; ear 44; height at shoulder
2 feet to 26 inches ; at the croup a little higher. Anterior horns up to
1} inch ; posterior horns 4 to 5.

The colour varies a good deal according to locality. Some are much
browner than others ; manyare light fawn,with a darker shade on the back
and hind quarters, and some are very pale yellowish-fawn. The anterior
horns vary much in development. Those in the South of India generally,
have rarely more than a knob or corneous tip, which often falls off, leaving
a black callous skin. Many from the North of India have the anterior
horns well developed, thick, conic, and straight, not exceeding 1} inch
in length. The posterior horns are nearly straight, or curve very slightly
forwards at the tip, and have three or four wrinkles at their base.

Hodgson separated A. Chickara from quadricornis, and named two
additional species, but these now are all looked on as identical.

I was at one time strongly inclined to consider Mr. Elliot’s species
distinct from the northern animal, as all those which I procured from the
Eastern Ghats had only a vestige of an anterior horn, and were very pale-
coloured ; but in deference to Mr. Blyth’s matured opinion I have followed
him in uniting them. The four-horned antelope is found throughout
all India, to which it is exclusively limited, not being known in Ceylon
nor the countries to the east of the Bay of Bengal. It frequents jungly
hills and open forests in the plains, not occurring in the dense woods of

ANTILOPE BEZOARTICA. 275

Malabar, nor in lower Bengal. It abounds in the hills of the Eastern
Ghats from near Madras northwards, whence it extends over all the
wooded parts of Central India ; and on the west is found in parts of
Mysore, and in the jungles that border the Western Ghats. It is
unknown in the valley of the Ganges, but occurs at the foot of the
Himalayas, in the more open forests. It is said by Adams to occur,
though rarely, in the Western Punjab and Sindh.

The Chousingha never frequents open plains, but may be seen in open
glades in the forests, and in bushy ground at the skirts of denser woods,
and is always found single or in pairs, being strictly monogamous.
Rarely I have seen five or six scattered not far from each other. It
is not a mountain animal, but is quite at home on rocky and
jungly hills) When first disturbed, it sometimes bounds off in a
succession of short leaps, but generally runs with its neck low. It is
stated to rut (in Central India) during the rains, and the female to
bring forth her young in the cold weather.

The specific name, Chickara, applied to this Rritlons by Hardwicke,
is quite erroneous, as that name is throughout all India applied to the
Indian gazelle. The venison of this antelope is rather dry, and is not
held in much esteem.

Other antelopes belonging to the 7ragelaphine section are the Lands,
Oreas canna and O. Derbianns ; the Gnoos, Catoblepas Gnu and C
Gorgon ; the Koodoo, Strepsiceros Kudu; the harnessed antelope, the
Grysbok, Klipspringer, and many others, all from Africa. No other
Asiatic form is known.

The next group is that of the true Antelope, or Antelope of the Desert,
restricted Antilopine of Blyth. They have a more or less ovine muzzle,
and ringed horns, generally present in the female also. They occur both
in Asia and Africa. The teats of the female are generally only two in
number. The two best known Indian antelopes belong to this group.

Gen. AnTILOPE, Linnzeus (restricted).

Char.—Horns in the males only, long, annulated with strong rings,
the tip smooth, spirally twisted, approximate at the base ; no muffle ;
eye-pits moderate, somewhat linear; no canines; large inguinal pits ;
feet-pits present ; small knee-brushes ; female with two mamme.

228. Antilope bezoartica.

ALDROVAND.—BLytTH, Cat. 528.—A. cervicapra, Patuas, and EL.ior,
ae

276 ANTILOPIN&.

Cat. 54.—Figured Harpwicke, Ill. Ind. Zool., and F. Cuvier, Mamm.
III. 102-103.—Mirga, Sanse.—Mirga, the male, and Harna, the female, of
some Hindus.—Haran, male, and Harnin, female, H. and generally ; also
Mahr.—Harin, in Bengal.—The black buck called Kalwit, H., and
Phandayat, Mahr.—Guria or Goria, in Tirhoot, the male being called
Kdlé.—Kédlsar and Baoti, male and female, in Behar.—Buréta, in
Bhagulpore.—Barout and Sésin, in Nepal.—Chigri, Can.—IJrri, the
male, and Ledi, the female (but also applied to both), Tel. ; also Jinka,
Tel. (generic name).—Alali, male, and Gandoli, female, of Baoris.

Tue InpIaAn ANTELOPE.

Descr.—Horns long, diverging, with five flexures in old individuals ;
rings strong at the base, tip smooth; colour of adult male, above
and on the sides, rich dark glossy brown; beneath and inside of the
limbs white. Colour of the hind, head, nape, and back of neck hoary-
yellowish ; nose and lips, and a large mark round the eyes, white.

Length about 4 feet to root of tail, which is 7 inches ; height at shoulder
32 inches ; ear 5}. Horns from 20 to 27 inches long, diverging at
the tip from 9 to 18 inches.

The female is somewhat less, and is pale yellowish fawn-colour above,
white beneath and inside the limbs, and with a pale streak from the
shoulder to the haunch.

“The horns of the males in the Southern Mahratta country,” says Mr.
Elliot, “seldom exceed 19 or 20 inches in length. The largest I have
seen was 22 inches, with four flexures in the spiral twist ;” but I saw a pair
from Hydrabad 24 inches long, with five flexures and fifty rings, and
another pair from Kattywar, which were 25 inches. In many parts of
Central and Northern India, the average length of the horns of black
buck exceeds those of Southern India, and in Hurriana, and especially
in the country between the Sutlej and Hissar, horns of 23 and 24 inches
are by no means uncommon, and I have seen them only 22 inches long
with more than five flexures. I have seen several pairs 26 inches long,
and heard of others 27, and I heard of one pair from the Deccan
that were said* to be close upon 30 inches. The horns vary much in the
size of the rings, in the degree of spiral twist, and in divergence. Three
instances of females with horns are now on record. They were, however,

* This much requires confirmation.

\

ANTILOPE BEZOARTICA. 277
thin and much curved, ‘‘ gyring round like those of Ovis Ammon.” One
buck is also mentioned in which one of the horns curved round, and
Blyth suggested that the testis of that side had probably been injured.

This beautiful antelope is found throughout India in suitable localities,
and does not occur out of our province. It is rare in Bengal, a few only
extending into Purneah and Dinagepore, north of the Ganges; and it
does not occur in the richly-wooded Malabar coast. It is abundant in
the Deccan, in parts of the Doab between the Jumna and Ganges, also
in Hurriana, Rajpootana, and neighbouring districts. It is found in the
Punjab, but does not cross the Indus. I have seen larger herds in the
neighbourhood of Jalna, in the Deccan, than anywhere else, occasionally
some thousands together, with black bucks in proportion. Now and
then, Dr. Scott informs me, they have been observed in the Government
cattle farm at Hissar in herds calculated at 8,000 to 10,000. Generally
throughout the country, smaller herds are more common, where one
black buck is accompanied by his harem of ten to twenty does, or even
more. With these herds younger bucks that have not turned black are
occasionally seen, the lord of the herd driving off the other bucks as
soon as they begin to turn black.

Mr. Elliot says, “‘ The rutting season commences about February or
March, but fawns are seen of all ages at every season. During the
spring months the buck often separates a particular doe from the herd,
and will not suffer her to join it again, cutting her off and intercepting
every attempt to mingle with the rest. The two are often found alone
also, but on being followed always rejoin the herd.

““ When a herd is met with and alarmed, the does bound away for a
short distance, and then turn round to takea look ; the buck follows more
leisurely, and generally brings up the rear. Before they are much
frightened they always bound or spring, and a large herd going off in
this way is one of the finest sights imaginable. But when at speed, the
gallop is like that of any other animal. Some of the herds are so large
that one buck has from 50 to 60 does, and the young bucks driven from
these large flocks are found wandering in separate herds, sometimes con-
taining as many as 30 individuals of different ages.

«They show some ingenuity in avoiding danger. In pursuing a buck
once into a field of toor, I suddenly lost sight of him, and found, after a
long search, that he had dropt down among the grain, and lay concealed
with his head close to the ground. Coming on another occasion upon a

278 ANTILOPIN &.

buck and doe with a young fawn, the whole party took to flight, but the
fawn being very young, the old ones endeavoured to make it lie down.
Finding, however, that it persisted in running after them, the buck turned
round and repeatedly knocked it over in a cotton-field until it lay still,
when they ran off, endeavouring to attract my attention. Young fawns
are frequently found concealed and left quite by themselves.”

When a herd goes away on the approach of danger, if any of the does
are lingering behind, the buck comes up and drives them off after the
others, acting as whipper-in, and never allowing one to drop behind.
Bucks may often be seen fighting, and are then so intently engaged, their
heads often locked together by the horns, that they may be approached
very close before the common danger causes them to separate. Bucks
with broken horns are often met with, caused by fights ; and I have heard
of bucks being sometimes caught in this way, some nooses being attached
to the horns of a tame one. I have twice seen a wounded antelope pur-
sued by greyhounds drop suddenly into a small ravine, and lie close to
the ground, allowing the.dogs to pass over it without noticing, and
hurry forward. This antelope, and indeed all the Indian species, have
the habit of always dropping their dung in the same spot.

Buck-shooting is one of the favourite sports of India, and gives fine
opportunities for testing the skill of the sportsman. Where they are very
abundant and the ground is favourable, shots can generally be had with a
little trouble in stalking, at from 100 to 150 yards, and sometimes closer ;
but in very open ground, shooting must be practised at from 200 to 300
yards. During the heat of the day antelopes usually lie down to rest and
chew the cud, and a single one may then often be stalked successfully ;
but if there is a herd, one of the females is always on the alert.

A wounded antelope gives occasionally an excellent course with grey-
hounds, and I have known one with a broken fore-leg get away from
half-bred dogs in the middle of the day when the sun was rather powerful.
Spearing a wounded buck off horseback is rather exciting work, and
I have known one, also with a broken leg, give a run of three miles
before he was overhauled, and that on tolerably good ground. Grey-
hounds are very keen after a wounded antelope, and occasionally get
savage and fight over it when pulled down, seeming to take pleasure
in sniffing and biting at the groin-pits.

Very rarely, good greyhounds have pulled down this antelope un-
wounded on ordinary ground ; but there are at least three localities where

GAZELLA BENNETTII. 279

this coursing used to be practised successfully: one at Pooree, on
the east coast, south of Cuttack, where the antelopes are found in the
morning on an extensive plain of heavy sand, and if the dogs are slipped
favourably, they are sometimes pulled down before they can get on to
hard ground. Another is in the desert near Sirsa, where the ground
is entirely sandy. The third locality is at Point Calymere, also on the
east coast, very far south, not far from Trichinopoly, where there is a
tract of fine pasture land always green and elastic, and on which first-
rate English dogs have repeatedly pulled down black buck. I rather
think that the antelopes here are in somewhat soft condition, the grass
being always green, and that from this cause they are more easily caught
than elsewhere. During the rains, indeed, if antelopes are found in the
fields where the soil is very soft and heavy, they fall an easy prey to
good dogs.

The venison of this antelope is at times excellent, the meat very fine-
grained, but not fat. Colonel W. Campbell says, that of old bucks is
infinitely superior to that of young ones. If taken young, this antelope
becomes very tame, and will follow its owner about, or wander forth by
itself all day and return at evening. I have often seen one accom-
panying a regiment on the line of march.

This antelope is living in the Zoological Gardens, in London. A large
herd of them is kept in the park round Government-house at Madras.
It is one of the constellations of the Indian zodiac, and is sacred to
Chandra. There is no other species of this genus.

/

Gen. GazELLA, H. Smith.
Syn. Zragops, Hodgson (partly).

Char.—Horns rather short, lyrate, ringed, approximate at the base,
diverging at the tip, present in the female, but very small ; ears long,
acuminate ; tail moderate ; eye-pits small, obliquely transverse ; groin-
pits distinct ; large feet-pits in all feet ; knees tufted, and calcic tuft
posteal.

This genus comprises the Gazelles, so called from the Arabic word
Al-ghazal, the name of the Antilope Dorcas. They are animals of rather
small size, with large eyes, and very active and graceful, inhabiting bare
and desert countries, chiefly in Africa, Arabia, and Persia, one species
at least extending to India. Several species are known.

280 ANTILOPINE.

Hodgson separated the Indian gazelle under the generic name of
Tragops, but on erroneous grounds, as the eye-pits (on the absence of
which he grounded his genus) are present, though small.

229. Gazella Bennettii.

Antilope apud Sykes, Cat.—Biytu, Cat. 533.—A. Arabica apud
Exuiot, Cat. 55.—A. Dorcas, var. SUNDEVALL.—A. Christi, GRay 1—
A. Hazenna, Is. Grorrroy, Voy. JacquEmont, Zool. pl. VI.—-Chikdra,
H., throughout India.—Kal-piinch, H. and Kal-sipi, Mahr., 7. e. black-
tail.— Tiska, Can. ; also Buddri and Mudari, Can.—Liridijinka, Tel.
—Porsya, male, and Chari, female, of Baoris.—Hazenne, near Chittor
in Malwa (J acquemont).—Ravine-deer of sportsmen in Bengal.—Goat-
antelope in Bombay and Madras.

Tue INDIAN GAZELLE.

Descr.—Colour above deep fawn-brown, darker where it joins the
white on the sides and buttocks ; chin, breast, lower parts and buttocks
behind white ; tail, knee-tufts, and fetlocks behind black ; a dark-brown
spot on the nose, and a dark line from the eyes to the mouth, bordered
by a light one above.

Length of a buck 32 feet; tail 84 inches; height 26 inches at
shoulder, 28 at the croup ; ear 6 inches ; head 9; horns 12 to 13.

The horns vary much in thickness and lyration. I have seen several
14 inches long with 23 rings ; but Adams states that he has seen them in
the Punjab 18 inches ;* asa rule very few exceed 14 inches, and most are
below this. The tip sometimes curves much forward. The horns of the
female are small, rarely longer than 6inches, usually 4 to 5, slender, slightly
wrinkled at the base, inclining backwards, with the tip bent forwards.

The Indian Gazelle is found throughout India in suitable localities,
unknown in lower Bengal and the Malabar coast, and most abundant in
the desert parts of Rajpootana, Hurriana, and Sindh. It is never found
in forest country, nor in districts having a damp climate, but is often met
with in low thorny jungle. As a rule, however, it prefers the open bare
plains, or low rocky hills or sand-hills ; and a barren country to a richly
cultivated one. It occurs generally in small herds, rarety more than 7
or 8, except in the extreme north-west, where I have seen 20 or more

* I think there must be some mistake in this, either that the measurement is
wrong, or that a different species is meant,

GAZELLA BENNETTII. 281

together. Usually I think there are several bucks if the herd is large,
but the young expelled bucks are also often found in separate herds.
Single individuals are also of common occurrence.

Mr, Elliot says, “‘ When two bucks fight they butt like rams, retiring
a little and striking the foreheads together with great violence. When
alarmed, it utters a sort of hiss by blowing through the nose, and stamps
with the fore-feet ; whence its Canarese name, ‘ Z%ska.’”

Dr. Scott informs me that in Hurriana, during the rainy season, a sort
of maggot or bot is constantly found under the skin of the Gazelle, only
near the root of the tail. It was never observed on the Antelope.

The Gazelle is occasionally hunted by dogs with the aid of the Saker
falcon (Valco Cherrug), which strikes the antelope on the head, and con-
fuses it, so that the dogs come up and catch it. Without this aid, dogs
have very little chance, though now and then I have known one pulled
down. It is considered better eating than the black buck.

Gazella Christit, Gray, from Sindh and Cutch, is said to be paler in
colour, and with the horns more slender and smaller than in the Indian
gazelle, and with the tips abruptly bent inwards. This is joined by
Blyth to Bennett. I have seen one or two heads of gazelles considered
distinct from the chikdra, called “the desert antelope,” smaller, and with
the horns more bent forwards. I only looked on them at the time as a
dwarf or stunted chikdra, but it is possible that there may be another
species extending from Beloochistan across Sindh into the plains of Raj-
pootana, either G. swb-qutturosa or G. Christi, if distinct from Bennettiz.
Indeed, Mr. Blyth, in a note, p. 172 of his Catalogue (transposed with
another on the opposite page), says, “An animal marked Gazella Christii,
Gray, in the London United Service Museum, appeared to me to be
G. sub-gutturosa. It was labelled from Sindh, but might have been
brought thither from beyond the passes.”

Gazella Dorcas of Arabia, to which Blyth unites A. Arabica, G. Cora,
Hevella, and Corinna of H. Smith, is sometimes brought alive to this
country, and has been considered by some to be really found in Western
India. Mr. Blyth, in a note, p. 173,* Cat. Mammalia Asiatic Society’s
Museum, says, “‘ After elaborate study of these specimens, I have been
obliged to bring all of them together, and suspect that the whole of the
animals (2. e., specimens in the museum that had died in captivity) had
been brought to India from Aden and Muskat.”

* This note, attached to G. Bennettii, has been transposed with another on the
opposite page, under G. Dorcas.

282 CAPRINA.

Gazella sub-gutturosa of Persia and Afghanistan (A. Dorcas, var.
Persica of Riippell), may, as above stated, occurin Sindh and Beloochistan.
The horns of this are said by Hutton and Blyth to be abruptly hooked
in at the tip. Other species of gazelle occur in Africa.

The Chiru of Tibet, Kemas Hodgsonii, is a fine antelope, of a somewhat
pale yellowish-white colour, with very long and nearly straight horns.
It is considered to be the Kemas of AXlian. It is probable that this
animal may have given rise to the belief in the unicorn ; for, at a little
distance, when viewed laterally, there only appears to be one horn, there
is so little divergence throughout their Jength.

Another antelope allied to the Gazelles is the pretty Procapra picticau-
data of Hodgson, the God and Rd-god of Tibet. Antilope gutturosa,
Pallas, of China and Central Asia, is by some classed as a Procapra. It
has the larynx dilated and swollen, and covered externally with long
hair. It has also a preeputial bag. The female is without horns.

The Saiga antelope, Saiga tartarica, has a most peculiar, vaulted cartila-
ginous muzzle, and very open nostrils. It is found in the deserts of Tartary
and other parts of Central Asia, and extends into Eastern Europe.

There are many other antelopes belonging tothis division in A frica, some
of them very fine, and with magnificent horns ; among others the Oryx
group, Oryx leucoryx, and O. gazella ; the Harte-beest, Boselaphus caama ;
Aigoceros niger, and A. equinus ; the Addax group, and many other types.

The group of Cephalophine apud Blyth are mostly small species peculiar
to Africa, somewhat resembling the Muntjacs and mouse-deer. They have
a pig-like form, slender limbs, short horns slightly ringed at the base,
with a tuft of lengthened hair between the horns ; and some have a long
extensile tongue. The females are mostly hornless, and have four teats.

The Adenotine apud Blyth are another group peculiar to Africa, with
bovine muzzle, and with semi-ringed horns curving forwards. Some are
large with coarse hair, others small with a soft coat. The females are
hornless and have four teats.*

The two first animals of the next group are by some classed among the
Antelopes ; but I think, taking all their characters, habits, and haunts
into consideration, they more properly pertain to the next sub-family.

Sub-fam. Caprinz, Goats and Sheep.

Horns usually in both sexes, or in the males only, more or less com-

* Blyth, Cat., p. 167 and 168.

NEMORHGDUS BUBALINA. 283

pressed, usually angulated, rugose, and curving backwards, or spiral ;
the bony cores of the horns thick, porous, and cellular. No canines.
Mufile generally absent. Feet-pits in all feet, or in the fore-feet only,
or none. Eye-pits rare. Groin-pits not usual. Teats generally two,
rarely four.

The horns are seated on the crest of the forehead, and are closely
approximate, covering the top of the head. The occipital plane of the
skull forms a more or less acute angle with the frontal plane. Eyes
usually pale.

This sub-family may be divided into the Capricorns, the Goats, and the
Sheep.

lst. Capricorns, or Antelope Goat, or Mountain Antelope.

Horns somewhat rounded, conical, curving backwards, of small size,
found in both sexes. Compared with antelope, these animals have a
heavy body, strunger limbs, large hoofs, and false hoofs. Dr. Sclater,
who places them among the Antelopes, says, ‘‘ The mountain antelopes
which form the transition between the Antilopine and the goats and
sheep, are a group distributed over the northern regions of the two
hemispheres, of which the well-known Chamois is a somewhat aberrant
European representative.” Blyth and Hodgson class them among the
goats, as I have done.

Gen Nemorue@pus, H. Smith.
Syn. Capricornis and Kemas, Ogilby.

Char.—Horns in both sexes, round, black, and ringed; a small
muffle ; eye-pits wanting or small ; large feet-pits in all feet ; no inguinal
pits nor calcic tufts; tail short, hairy ; four mamme.

This genus was founded by H. Smith upon A. swmatrensis, and therefore
must be retained for this group, even if we separate the-Goral, as is done
by Blyth and others, who apply Ogilby’s generic name, Capricornis, to
the Serow, retaining Vemorhedus for the Coral.

230. Nemorhedus bubalina.

Antilope apud Hopeson.— Biytu, Cat. 536.—A. Thar, Hopeson, olim ;
also Nemorhedus proclivus, Hopcson.—Thar, in Nepal.—Sarao, Serow
or Sarraowa, in the hills generally.—Himi, on the Sutlej.— Rami, in

Kashmir.

284 CAPRIN&.

THE SeErow, or Forest Goat.

Descr.—Above black, more or less grizzled, and mixed on the flanks
with deep clay-colour ; a black dorsal stripe ; forearms and thighs an-
teriorly reddish-brown ; the rest of the limbs hoary ; beneath whitish.

The hair is rather scanty except on the neck, on which there is a thick
mane, harsh and rough ; the horns are seated posterior to the orbits, but
below the crest of the frontals, stout, roundish, ringed more than half-
way, tapering, much curved backwards, slightly divergent, with the
points inclining outwards ; average length about 10 inches, but they are
said to reach 14 occasionally.

Length of male about 5 to 5} feet ; height at shoulder about 3 feet
2 inches. Weight about 200 lb.

Colonel Markham says that the Serow is something in appearance
between a jackass and a Tahir (Hemitragus jemlaica), with long stout
legs and a strong neck. Hodgson states that its back is straight, with
the withers higher than the croup, stout rigid limbs, high hoofs and
callous knees. By its structure it is well fitted for climbing, but not
for leaping.

It inhabits the precipitous wooded mountains of the central ranges of
the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikim. It is almost always found in
the forests from 6,000 to 12,000 feet, and is solitary in its habits, and
awkward in its gait. It rushes down the steepest declivities with fearful
rapidity, but is not in general speedy, and does not spring well.

Colonel Markham states that it is not very common, keeps to thickly-
wooded ravines, and forests in steep and rocky ground, and is very tena-
cious of life. It is very bold, and will keep the wild dog at bay, and has
been known to kill three or four of them. Its flesh is coarse.

Adams calls it a stupid animal, and says that unless wounded it is
sometimes not scared by the report of a rifle.

Those that I have met with were always alone, in thick forest, and
when approached unawares, dashed off down hill in a most reckless
manner. ‘They are stated to rut in February and March, and the female
brings forth one kid in September or October ; but Adams says that in
the north-west the female has her young in May or June.

Nemorhedus rubida, Blyth, inhabits the mountains of Arrakan. It is
“ of a red-brown colour with a black dorsal list, the hair shorter than the

others,” V. swmatrensis is found in Sumatra, and the Malayan peninsula

NEMORHCDUS GORAL. 285.

as high as Tenasserim. There is also a species in China, Vemorhedus
Swinhowt, Gray, figd. P. Z. S. 1862, pl. 35.

Near this group should be placed that very remarkable animal the
Takin, Budorcas taxicolor, Hodgson, from the Mishmi hills at the head of
the valley of Assam. It has something of the aspect of the Gnu of Africa.

The next animal differs somewhat in appearance, and also in its haunts,
and has been placed in a separate genus, Kemas, by Ogilby and others ;
but the points of distinction are very slight. The previous group is
stated to possess small rounded eye-pits, whilst this has none; but I have
not been able recently to examine a fresh head of Serow to ascertain if
they are actually present in that animal.

231. Nemorhedus Goral.

Antilope apud HarpwickE, Linn. Tr. XIV. 518, with figure.—Biyrtu,
Cat.540.—Figd. F. Cuvier, Mamm. IIT. 107.—A. Duvaucelei, H. Surru.
—Goral, throughout the hills.—Pijur, in Kashmir.—Séh or Sarr, of the
Sutlej valley.— Suh-ging, Lepch.—fd-giyu, Bhot.

THE GooRAL, oR HIMALAYAN CHAMOIS.

Descr.—Colour dullrusty-brown, paler beneath; a dark brown line from
the vertex to the tail; chest and front of forelegs deep brown; ears
externally rusty-brown; a large patch of pure white on the throat. The
female is paler than the male, and the young are said to be redder in tint.

Length of one, head and body about 50 inches; tail 4; height at
shoulder about 28 to 50 inches; horn 8.

The horns are situated on the crest of the frontals, and vary from 6 to
9 inches in length, incline backwards and slightly inwards, and have 20
to 25 annuli. The fur is somewhat rough, of two kinds of hair, and
there is a short semi-erect mane in the male.

The Gooral is very caprine in appearance, the back is somewhat arched
and the limbs are stout and moderately long, and it is well adapted both
for climbing and jumping. It inhabits the whole range of Himalayas
from Bhotan and Sikim to Kashmir, at a range varying from a little
above 3,000 to nearly 8,000 feet, though perhaps most common about
5,000 to 6,000 feet. It usually associates in small parties of from four to
eight or so, and frequents rugged grassy hills, or rocky ground in the midst
of forests. If one Gooral is seen, you may be pretty certain that others
are not far off, and they rarely or never forsake their own grounds. If

286 CAPRINE.

cloudy, they feed at all hours, otherwise only morning and evening. When
alarmed it gives a short hissing snort, which is answered by all within
hearing. The female breeds in May and June, gestating for six months,
and brings forth her young amid crags and rocky recesses.

Being generally found in somewhat broken ground, it is easily stalked ;
and as it is to be found close to most of our hill sanataria, it is generally
the first game obtained by the sportsman on the hills. ’

Blyth states that those from Assam or Bhotan are very ruddy in tint.
Radde has described a species from Siberia, and there is one in Japan,
NV. crispus.

True Goats.

Next come the Goats, having the horns distinctly angulated. Generally
speaking, they are devoid of eye-pits and feet-pits. There are two generic
types in this group, amongst the animals occurring in our province. The
first is

Gen. Hemirracus, Hodgson.

Char.—Horns trigonal, compressed, knotted in front ; a small mufile ;
no eye-pits nor feet-pits, nor inguinal pores. Teats two or four.

Sclater does not separate it from the true goats, but most systematists
have done so, and Blyth has followed Hodgson.

“This,” says Hodgson, “is a remarkable type, tending to connect the
keeled, compressed hollow-horned and odorous goats with the Deer family,
of which they possess the muffle and the four mamme. Its caprine
character is clearly indicated as well by general appearance and odour, as
by the acute angle of the occipital Jine of the skull with the frontal, as
distinguished from the large rounded angle of the antelope and deer.”

One species has four teats, the other only two.

232. Hemitragus Jemlaicus.

Capra apud H. Smira.—Buiytu, Cat. 541.—Capra jharal and H.
quadrimammis, Hopcson.—Figd. by Wotr, Zool. Sketches.—TZéhr,
variously spelled Tare, Zahir, by sportsmen.—/Jéhr, near Simla. —Jhéral,
in Nepal.—Krds and Jagid, in Kashmir.—KXaré, in Kulu.—Jhiild, the
male, and Thar, tharni, the female, in Kunawur.—Zsbu and sbi, male
and female, on the Sutlej above Chini.

THe Trenr, oR HimaLrayaAn WILD Goat.

Descr.—The male is dark brown, ashy in front, the inner fur being

HEMITRAGUS JEMLAICUS. 287

hoary-blue, and the mane ashy-blue, the upper part of the limbs rusty-
brown, the front of the legs and belly being dark brown ; head in front
dark ashy or blackish-brown, with a darker patch below the gape, and a
dark line along the back. Tail short and depressed, nude below; knees
and sternum callous; a long mane, and the hair on the cheeks, neck, and
sides long and copious. The horns touch at the base, are sub-compressed
and sub-triangular, uniformly wrinkled except at the tip, short, curve
slightly backwards, and diverge somewhat.

Length about 4 feet 8 inches to root of tail; tail 7 inches; 36 to 40
inches high ; the horns about 12 inches long, very thick at the base.

The female is much less, with much smaller horns, wants the mane, and
is of an uniform drab or reddish-brown colour above, dirty whitish below.
Some of both sexes are occasionally paler, of a “dirty whitish-fawn” colour.
The kids are said to be very pale, with a black stripe down the back.

“The Jhéral,” says Mr. Hodgson, “has a finely-formed head, no
vestige of a beard, the facial line straight; ears small, narrow and erect ;
a small moist muffle between the nostrils; limbs long, robust, rigid, with
straight pasterns. The back is slightly arched, and the shoulders higher
than the croup. The mane is long, and sometimes sweeps below the
knees. The male has a powerful odour at times.”

The 7éhr is found throughout the whole extent of the Himalayas,
only however at great elevations, generally above the limits of forest, and
not far from the snow. It frequents rocky valleys, and very steep and
precipitous rocky ground, and is often seen perched on what appear to
be inaccessible crags. It feeds on the grassy spots among rocks, and
though not unfrequently found solitary, is more generally seen in flocks,
sometimes as numerous as 20, 30, or even 40, it is said. If alarmed whilst
feeding, they all go off at speed with a clattering sound, but soon halt to
gaze on the intruder. They generally follow the guidance of an old male,
and will make their way up almost perpendicular precipices if there be
but a few rough edges, or crevices. In the north-west, they are said to
be sometimes seen along with Marhkor. Captain E. Smyth states* that
‘the males herd separately from February till October, ascend to a much
greater height than the females and very young males, and are very
difficult to find. In March and April they chiefly frequent the forests,
During the rutting season the males are always fighting, and numbers
are killed by falling down the crags.

* Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancashire, vol. IX. 1856.

288 CAPRIN.

Colonel Markham says that “the Tahir in general haunts the rocky
faces and grassy slopes of hills free from forest, but occasionally one will
be found in a patch of forest. Seen at a distance, it looks like a great
wild hog, but when near it is a noble beast. One shot fell 80 yards
perpendicular without touching, rebounded and fell again 15 yards more;
he got up, went off and was lost. The flesh of the female is tolerable ;
that of the male scarcely eatable at any time.”

It is bold and pugnacious, but easily tamed. It is living in the Zoolo-
gical Gardens, in London, and has been beautifully figured by Wolf.

Hodgson relates that a male Jhdéral at Nepal had intercourse with a
female spotted deer, which produced a hybrid of mixed appearance, more
like the mother than the father, which lived and grew up a fine animal.
The name Jemlaica (I may state) is taken from the Jémla valley, north
of Nepal.

233. Hemitragus hylocrius.

Kemas apud Ocingy.—Btyvu, Cat. 542.—Capra Warryato, Gray.—
Warra-ddé or Warri-dtt, Tam.— Ibex” of sportsmen on the Neelgher-
ries.*—Figd. by Wo xr, in “ My Indian Journal,” by Colonel W. Camp-
bell, p. 369.

THE NEELGHERRY WILD Goat.

Descr.—Adult male dark sepia-brown, with a pale reddish-brown
saddle, more or less marked, and paler brown on the sides and beneath ;
legs somewhat grizzled with white, dark brown in front, and paler pos-
teriorly. The head is dark, grizzled with yellowish-brown, and the eye
is surrounded by a pale fawn-coloured spot. Horns short, much curved,
nearly in contact at the base, gradually diverging; strongly keeled
internally, round externally, with numerous close rings, not so pro-
minent as in the last species. There is a large callous spot on the knees
surrounded by a fringe of hair, and the male has a short stiff mane on the
neck and withers. The hair is short, thick, and coarse.

Length of adultto root of tail 4 feet 2 to4 feet 8; tail6 or 7 inches; height
at shoulder about 32 to 34 inches; horns occasionally 15 inches, rarely more
than 12. Colonel W. Campbell gives the length as 6 feet 5 inchest (inclu-

* Colonel W. Campbell states that it is called the “ Chamois” by Madras sports-

men. This name I never heard applied to it.
+ Query 5 feet 6 inches ?

-
eee errr nee Sm,

i ia i il tl i tt

HEMITRAGUS HYLOCRIUS. 289

sive of tail); height 3 feet 6 inches at the shoulder. These measurements
appear to me to be unusually large, and I suspect are erroneous.

The female and young male are of a dusky olive-brown colour, paler
below ; and the very old male appears almost black at a distance, with
the pale saddle usually showing conspicuously. The horns of the female
are shorter and less stout than those of the male. She has only two
teats.

This wild goat was first described by Gray from a drawing and notes
of General Hardwicke, and it was said to have been sent from Nepal
and from Chittagong. This is of course erroneous. It has hitherto
only been found on the Neelgherry and neighbouring hills, extend-
ing south along the Western Ghats nearly to Cape Comorin. The
specific name given by Gray is the Zamul word for rock- or precipice-
goat. It is called an Ibex by sportsmen in Madras. It chiefly frequents
the northern and western slopes of the Neelgherries, where the hills
run down ina succession of steep stony slopes or rocky ridges, to
the high table-land of Mysore and the Wynaad, both of which dis-
tricts are themselves hilly. It has also been seen on several rocky
hills in the interior of the plateau, especially near the so-called
Avalanche hill. It is occasionally seen on the summit of the northern
and western faces, but more generally some distance down, at an eleva-
tion of 4,000 to 6,000 feet; and, if carefully looked for, the herd may be
seen feeding on an open grassy glade at the foot of some precipice. I
have seen above twenty individuals in a flock occasionally, but more
generally not more than six or seven. With the large herds there is almost
always one very large old male, conspicuous by his nearly black colour. If
alarmed or followed, they rush rapidly down hill, and are lost to sight
among the inequalities of the ground, or go straight down to the hilly
country at the foot of the slopes. Now and then they have been known
to take shelter in woods, through which they will freely pass if followed.
They are very wary animals, and from the limited extent of the Neel-
gherries have been so much hunted there, that it is difficult (I am told)
to get a near shot at them at present. The female is said to produce
two young at a birth.

Besides the Neelgherries, this wild goat occurs in the rocky ranges
south of these hills, on the Animallies, and along the range of Western
Ghats, nearly, I have been informed, to Cape Comorin. It has not been
observed in Ceylon. I have no doubt also of its being the wild sheep,

U

290 CAPRINA,

so called, of the highlands of Madura, and of the neighbouring Pulney
hills, as T long ago heard of the Neelgherry Ibex having been killed near
Madura and Dindigul.

The Rev. Mr. Baker, in sending a fine skull and horns from the
Western Ghats inland from Cochin, to Mr. Blyth, wrote as follows :—“The
animal when alive was as large as an ordinary donkey, and so heavy that
six men could with difficulty bring him in. They are very numerous,
feeding like a flock of sheep on the hill-tops, and only flee to the precipices
when alarmed. They will even hide in jungle and grass. There is a solitary
Roman Catholic church on a rock in the jungles, on the borders of Tra-
vancore and Cochin, where the wild ‘Ibex’ are common, and though
numbers of people go there on pilgrimage, these ‘ibex’ walk about
among them, and eat the sesamum-seed given them, but do not allow
themselves to be touched. They are considered holy and belonging to the
shurch.” Elsewhere the same observer, writing of the game animals of
the Western Ghats, remarks that, “if the mountains are at all rocky
and precipitous, you will find the wild goat or Ibex close to the rocks,
often in Jarge herds.” As an article of provender, Mr. Baker remarks
that “a quarter of ibex hung, as the country people in the mountains
do at home, within a wire or muslin bag, and exposed to the air, is equal
to Welsh mutton.”

Baikie, in his work on the Neelgherries, stated that the Neelgherry Ibex
had very large knotted horns, and a long black or brown beard.” Lieut.
Beagin also informed Mr. Blyth that the “Tbex” of the Neelgherries had
a considerable beard ; and on my first visit to the Neelgherries I was told by
more than one good sportsman that the male hada beard. Yet no speci-
men that I ever saw (though some were very old) had a vestige of a beard ;
and I imagine that the preconceived idea of the Ibex had involuntarily
deceived the observers into believing that those they saw had beards.

There are no other species of this strictly Indian genus.

Gen. Capra, Linnzeus.

Char.—Horns in both sexes, of moderate or large size, angular, flat in
front ; no mufile ; no eye-pits nor inguinal pits ; feet-pits in the fore-feet
only, or in none ; females with two mamme.

The knees are callous; both sexes are more or less bearded, and the
males are odorous. The muzzle is usually concave. Species of this genus
are chiefly Palzearctic, but they extend into the North of Africa, and two

CAPRA MEGACEROS, 291

are found, in our limits, on the Himalayas and the Punjab, one of them a
true wild goat of the same type as the domestic goat, the other an ibex,

234, Capra megaceros.

Horton,” Cale. J. N. Hist. I]. 535, pl. XX. (the horns).—Btiyts, Cat.
545.—C. Falconeri, Hucet.—Warkhor, i.e. snake-eater, of Afghans,
Kashmir, &c.—Ré-ché or Rd-pho ché, in Uadak, i.e. the great-goat.

THe Marknor.

Descr.—Horns very long, massive, straight, angular, with two to three
spiral twists, closely approximate at the base, and diverging outwards and
backwards, quite similar in character to those of many domestic goats, but
of gigantic size. Colour in summer light grayish-brown, in winter dirty
yellowish-white with a bluish-brown tinge ; the adult male with a long
black beard, and the neck and breast also clad with long black hair
reaching to the knees ; the hair generally long and shaggy; the fore-legs
chestnut-brown. Stands 114 hands high. The females have a short black
beard, but want the long mane.

The horns of a large old male have been seen as long as 52 inches ; not
uncommonly 4 feet ; and the tips distant 34 inches. One recorded by
Cunningham was 3 feet 9 inches long, 11 inches in circumference at the
base, 3 feet 21 inches distant at the greatest interval, and the tips 2 feet
8} inches apart. The longest horns have three complete spiral twists.
Specimens from the hills west of the Indus have the horns rounder,
straighter, and with a uniform spiral twist, like that of a corkscrew,
but are said not to differ otherwise.

This magnificent wild goat is found on the Pir Panjal range of the
Himalayas, to the south of the valley of Kashmir, in the Hazara hills, and
the hills on the north of the Jhelum, and in the Wurdwan hills separa-
ting the Jhelum from the Chenab river ; not extending, it is stated, further
east than the sources of the Beas river, and certainly very rare further
east than the Wurdwan hills. It is also abundant on all the hills to the
west of the Indus, the Sulimani range as far south as the junction of the
Sutlej with the Indus, and extending north into Afghanistan. It is also
found in Ladak, but not apparently further east.

The Markhor associates in small herds, frequenting steep and rocky

* Cunningham, I see, also suggests the same specific name.—“ Travels in Ladak.”
19
U

J ad

292 CAPRIN AE.

hills above the forest region in summer, but in winter descending to the
bare spots in the wooded regions. It is much sought after by sportsmen,
and the horns considered a great trophy.

A male Markhor is now living in the Zoological Gardens, at London,
and has bred with the common goat.

Capra egagrus, Gmelin, considered by some to be the original of the
domestic goat, is a native of Persia and other parts of Central and
Western Asia.

The next group is that of the Ibex, which has sometimes been separated

‘generically from the true wild goats, there being several allied species all
with the same character of horn, viz., very’ long, curved backwards and
knotted, One species extends from Northern Asia into the Himalayas.

235. Capra sibirica.

Meyer.—Biytn, Cat. 543.—C. Sakeen and Ibex Himalayana, BuytH.
—C. Pallasii, Scou1nz.—Skin, Skyin, Sakin or Iskin, of the Himalayas,
generally, and Tibet ; the female Dan-mo, in Tibet.—Bdz, in the upper

Sutle},—Ay/, in Kashmir.—TZangrol, in Kulu.
J YY, grot,
THE HIMALAYAN IBEX.

Descr.—The horns similar to those of the Ibex of Europe, but longer,
more abruptly curved and tapering, diverging less and with more slender
tips. Colour in summer light brownish with a dark line down the back ;
in winter dirty yellowish-white, faintly tinged with brown or grayish.
The female and young have a tinge of reddish in the brown. The beard
is from 6 to 8 inches long, of shaggy black hair. About the size of
the Zéhr, Hemitragus Jemlaicus. Horns of the male 4 feet long occa-
sionally, and 11 inches in circumference at the base. Those of the female
about 1 foot long. A pair are recorded 41 feet long.*

The Himalayan Ibex is found throughout the Himalayas from Kashmir
to Nepal, at all events. In the west of Kashmir it is rare, and is not found,
it is asserted, to the west of the Jhelum river, the J/arkhor, which has its
eastern limit in Kashmir, taking its place. It is found, however, in the
Pir Panjal range, and a few in the range of hills north of Baramulla ; and
more numerous in the Wurdwan ranges, east of Kashmir ; it is abundant

in parts of Kunawur, on some of the ranges on both sides of the Sutlej ;

* Proc. Zool. Society, 1840, p. 80.

ae ao,

CAPRA SIBIBICA. 293

and also near the source of the Ganges, where, however, it is rare. It
occurs in many other localities on the south side of the great Himalayan
chain, and is not restricted, as stated, to the Tibetan slopes of the
Himalayas; where, however, it is more numerous than in the ranges
to the south. It extends through Central Asia to Siberia.

The Himalayan Ibex is “ agile and graceful in its movements,” says
Colonel Markham, “and frequents the highest ground near the snows
where food is to be obtained. The sexes live apart generally, often in
flocks of one hundred and more. In October the males descend and
mix with the females, which have generally twins in June and July. It
is an exceedingly wary and timid animal, and can make its way in an
almost miraculous manner over the most inaccessible-looking ground.
No animal excels the Ibex in endurance and agility.”

Adams states that many are killed by avalanches, and that they are
much preyed on by the Panther (é.e. the Ounce). He also states that
the female has in general only one kid.

T have only seen the Ibex near Chini, in the Sutlej valley. In some of
the villages high up the valleys there, many are killed every year during
the winter, and their horns may be seen hung up on all the temples.

Mr. Vigne states that one or two hundred are killed yearly in Balti, in
winter, when forced to descend to the valleys. In Ladak they are snared
at night, and shot in the gray dawn of the morning when they venture
down to the streams to drink, They are killed for the sake of the soft
under fleece, which, in Kashmir, is called Asal tis. This is used as a
lining for shawls, for stockings, gloves, and is woven into the fine cloth
called 7vist. No wool is so rich, so soft, and so full. The hair itself is
manufactured into coarse blanketing for tents, and twisted into ropes.

A skin of an ibex killed in the Balti valley by Major Strutt, R.A.,
was much darker than anyI have seen. Its general colour wasa rich hair-
brown, with a yellowish-white saddle on the middle of the back, and a
dark mesial line; the head, neck, and limbs were dark rich glossy
sepia-brown, with a still darker central line on the front of the legs ; the
belly was brown, grizzled with yellowish-white. Others were seen by
Major Strutt in the same locality yet darker. The horns did not appear
to differ from those of individuals of the ordinary colour. Major
Strutt, who has shot many in different parts of the hills, never saw any
of the dark race except in Balti.

Dr. Adanis in his list of animals of India and Kashmir, gives Capra

294 CAPRINE.

caucasica, from Sindh and Beloochistan, but does not state if he procured
specimens or not.

Besides the European Ibex, Capra ibex, and the Caucasian Ibex just
alluded to, other species have been recorded ; viz., C. pyrenaica, from the
Pyrenees ; C. Walie, from North Africa ; C. nubsana, &e.

Domestic goats have feet-pits in the fore-feet, but not in the hind,
whilst sheep have them in all four feet, and by this means, as Blyth long
ago pointed out, a hind quarter of goat with the foot attached can be at
once distinguished from one of sheep, a point of some domestic interest
in India, where goat mutton is so often substituted for sheep.

Gen. Ovis, Linnzeus.

Char.—Horns in both sexes, large, angular, heavily wrinkled, turned
downwards almost into a circle, with their flat points directed forwards
and outwards. No muffle; no beard; chaffron convex ; large but
immobile eye-pits in some, wanting in others ; small feet-pits in all feet ;
inguinal glands distinct ; two mamme.

The characteristics of sheep compared with goats are, according to
Hodgson, as follows:—A feebler structure and more slender limbs,
shorter hoofs and small false hoofs ; a larger and heavier head ; an arched
chaffron ; longer and more pointed ears ; croup higher than the withers ;
want of hircine odour ; paler eyes ; shorter and more equal hair, and
straighter back. The sheep bears change of climate ill, is incurious,
staid, and timid; does not bark trees; and, in fighting, runs a tilt,
adding the force of impulse to that of weight. Blyth remarks that all
the wild races of sheep differ conspicuously from most of the domestic
races by their short deer-like tail ; but the fine Hiiia sheep of Tibet has
a short tail, 44 to 54 inches, and the fighting ram has also a short tail.

Sheep are found in Northern and Central Asia, in the South of Europe,
and in Northern Africa ; and one species in the Neoarctic region. Two
species are found in our province, and a third, still larger occurs on the
other side of the great Snowy range.

236. Ovis cycloceros.

Hurton, Cale. J. N. H. II. pl. XTX.—Scuarzr, P. Z. 8. 1860,
p. 126, with figure of the horns; and the animal figd. Illustrated Pro-
ceedings of Zoological Society, pl. LAX X.—Buyru, Cat. 548.—Figured

—

OVIS CYCLOCEROS. 295

by Wolf, Zool. Sketches.—0O. Vignei, Buytu (in part).—Uria or Uridl,
H., in the Punjab.—Xoch, or Kuch, of the Sulimani range.

THe OoriAL, on PunsaAB WILD SHEEP.

Descr.—Malewith the horns sub-triangular, much compressed laterally,
transversely sulcated. They touch at the base, curve backwards and down-
wards, then the tip is turned forwards, upwards and inwards towards
the orbit. The hair strong and wiry, not woolly. General colour
rufous-brown or rufous-fawn, the face livid, sides of the mouth, chin,
belly, legs below the knee, white ; a blotch on the flanks, the outside of
the limbs and a lateral line blackish ; a profuse black beard from the
throat to the breast, intermixed with some white hairs reaching to the
level of the knees. Tail short, white. Hye-pits large. The horns of
the male sometimes measure above 24 feet round the curve, and are
nearly 4 inches in diameter at the base. The male measures about 5 feet
in length, more or less, and stands nearly 3 feet high.

The female is much smaller, of a more uniform and paler fawn-brown,
paler beneath, with the belly whitish ; no beard ; horns very short and
nearly straight, only 3 or 4 inches long. The group to which this
species and O. Vignet belong, was formerly separated as a sub-genus,
Caprovis, Hodgson, distinguished, among other points, by the large
beard and mane, and the goat-like character of the hair.

This wild sheep was formerly confounded with an allied species, Ovis
Vignet of Blyth, found only in highly elevated districts. Living specimens
of the Punjab sheep having been presented to the London Zoological
Gardens, the distinctions were seen and pointed out by Sclater, who
restored the name Hutton had long previously given it, but which I think
he evidently applied to both races. The Qorialis found overthe whole Salt
range of the Punjab, on the Sulimani range across the Indus, the hills of
the Hazara, and those in the vicinity of Peshawur. In most of these
localities it occurs at a very low elevation, from 800 feet to 2,000 feet,
and rarely 3,000 feet, and it is therefore capable of enduring great heat,
and. is fully entitled to be included in the strictly Indian Fauna.

Small flocks of the Ooral may be seen not far from Jhelum. They
frequent the rocky and stony hills, and are wary and shy; but from the
nature of the ground are not very difficult to stalk. The male has a loud
shrill whistle, which he sounds as an alarm, and their usual call is a sort of
bleat. They rut in September, and have generally twins. Seen at a little

296 CAPRIN2.

distance, the Oortal is a game-looking animal, looking more like an
antelope than a sheep, and it is very speedy and active over rocky and
stony ground. Hutton remarks that it possesses “a moderate-sized
lachrymal sinus, which appears to secrete, or at all events contains, a
thick gummy substance of good consistency and of a dull grayish
colour. The Afghan and Belooch hunters make use of this gum, by
spreading it over the pans of their matchlocks, to prevent the damp
from injuring the priming.”

The nearly allied Ovis Vignei, Blyth, is the Sha-poo or Sha of Tibet
and Ladak, Ovis montana apud Cunningham, and is not found in general
below 12,000 feet of elevation in summer. It is found in the Hindoo
Koosh, the Pamir range, and west as far as the Caspian Sea ; also in
Ladak. Further east it is replaced by the next species. In this the
horns are more strongly wrinkled, curve outwards and backwards, with
divergent points, and do not tend to form so complete a circle as in
cycloceros. The colour of the sheep is brownish- or reddish-gray, and its
beard is short. The suborbital pits are smaller, deeper, and more
rounded in cycloceros ; the nasal bones are shorter ; and the series of
molar teeth is also shorter than in O. Vignei.

The next sheep was placed by Hodgson as the type of his genus
Pseudovis, with smooth and sub-cylindrical horns that form a bold are
outwards, and have the tip turned backward. They have no eye-pits,
and want the mane and beard of the last group.

237. Ovis Nahura.

Hopeson. —-Brytu, Cat. 549.--O0. Nahoor, Hopcson.—O. Burhel,
Buiyty, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. VII. 248, with figure. — Bharal and
Bharur, in the Himalayas ; .the male J/enda.— Wa or War, on the

4

Sutlej.—Nervati, in Nepal. —WV4@ or Sndé of Ladak and Tibet.

THe BurveEt, or Birue WILD Suezp.

Descr.—Horns moderately smooth, with the wrinkles not numerous,
rounded, nearly touching at the base, directed upwards, backwards, and
outwards with a semicircular sweep, then the rounded points are recurved
forwards and inwards. Colour of the pelage dull slaty-blue, more or less
tinted with fawn-colour or pale earthy-brown ; beneath yellowish-white ;
the nose, front of limbs, a band along the flanks, the chest and the tip of
the tail black ; the edge of the buttocks behind, and the tail, pure white.

OVIS NAHURA. 297

Insummer the coat is overlaid with a distinct rufous tint. In winter the
coat is stated by some to be dark brown in certain localities ; thus corre-
sponding with Blyth’s account of O. Burhel ; but these were probably
young animals.

Length of male to root of tail 44 to 5 feet ; height 30 to 36 inches ;
head 11 inches; tail 7; horns 2 feet and upwards round the curve, and
12 to 13 inches in circumference at base.

The female is smaller, with small, straightish, sub-erect, depressed,
slightly recurved horns. The dark marks are smaller, and of less extent,
and the chaffron is straighter. The young are darker and browner.

The head of the Buel is somewhat coarse, with the chaffron arched, and
a heavy muzzle. There is no mane; the knees and sternum are callous ;
the limbs long and slender, and the false hoofs mere callosities.

Blyth at one time, from the examination of a very dark skin, contended
that there were two species confounded under the name of Burrel, but he
has since reduced them to one species. He stated that his 0. Burhel was
smaller, and more robust than O. Nahoor, with a very short tail, and a
harsher coat than that species.

The Burrel, or blue wild sheep, is found from Sikim, and probably Bho-
tan, to near Simla, but not extending further west than the valley of the
Sutlej, its place being taken to the north and west by OvisVignet. It is
found on this side the great Snowy range at the head of the Tonse river, in
the Buspa valley, near the source of the Ganges, and still more abundant
eastward in Kumaon and Gurhwal, in the ranges between the Pindar and
Bhagirutty rivers. It is found at great elevations, from the limits of
forest to the extreme limits upwards of vegetation, in summer generally
keeping to the tops of the hills, and even in winter rarely descending
below the forests. i

These animals prefer grassy slopes to rocky ground, and associate in
flocks of various size, from four or five to fifty, or even a hundred. They
are timid and watchful, one or more being always on the look-out, and
giving a sharp shrill whistle on being alarmed; but they do not heed
noises much, not even the report of a gun if the shooter is concealed.
Early in the spring is the best time to shoot them, as the supply of
grass being then small, their ground is more limited, and they are obliged
to feed all day; later in the season they only feed morning and
evening. The males and females sometimes associate all the year round,
but generally large flocks of both sexes are met with separately,

298 CAPRINA.

especially in summer. They lamb in June and July, commonly producing
two young.

When in rocky ground, there are few animals “ which appear to move
with more ease and facility. On the faces of almost perpendicular cliffs of
the wildest character, it leaps from rock to rock with scarce an apparent
effort. .In winter, when snowed in, they actually browse the hair off each
others’ bellies, many together having retired under the shelter of some over-
hanging rock, from which they come out wretchedly poor.”*

The same sportsman, writing of the supposed difference between the
Ovis Nahoor and O. Burhel, states that, near Gangootrie, he saw some sheep
which appeared to differ slightly from the others, being apparently shorter,
more bulky and stouter, particularly about the head and neck, and the
horns shorter and more curved: on the same hills he saw females without
horns. The shikarees called them dMJoossa menda, to distinguish them
from the common Menda or Lurrel.

The Burrel getsvery fat in September and October, and is most excellent
eating.

Beyond the great central Snowy range, on the Tibet side, a magnificent
wild sheep is met with. This is the Ovis Ammon, Linneus (0. Argali,
Pallas ; O. Ammonoides, of Hodgson ; and 0. Hodgsonii, of Blyth). It is
the Hyan, Nuan, Nyan, Niar, Nyund, or Gnow, as differently spelled
by travellers, and pronounced in Tibet.

Tt has not to my knowledge been killed on the Indian side of the hills
(though one writer states that it has been seen near the source of the
Ganges), and therefore cannot be introduced here as a member of the
Indian Fauna. One is said to have been killed nearly 13 hands in height,
ae. 4 feet 4 inches ; but the more usual height is 3} feet. One that stood this
height measured 6 feet 2 inches in length ; tail with the hair 8 inches ;
ear 6; horns along the curve 3 feet 4 inches, circumference at base 17
inches. Colonel Markham mentions that he has known the horns 24 inches
in circumference, and that the skull and horns of one when dry weighed
40 lb. They are also stated to be sometimes so enormous that the animal
cannot feed on level ground, the horns reaching below the level of the
mouth, The natives say that foxes occasionally take up their abode in an
empty horn! Those of the female do not reach more than 18 inches in
length, are nearly straight, with only a slight curve. The horns of the
male are much wrinkled, massive, trigonal, somewhat compressed, being

* Mountaineer, in “ India Sporting Review.”

;
|

OVIS NAHURA. 299

deeper than broad at the base. They run backwards and outwards with a
bold circular sweep, and the flattened points again recurve outwards. The
forehead is flat and broad, the nose scarcely arched, and the muzzle fine.
The limbs are long and the tail very short. The vesture is close and thick,
consisting of more or less porrect piles, concealing a scanty fleece. The
colour is a brownish-gray, the sides mixed hoary and slaty gray-brown.
There is a well-defined dirty-white disk on the croup, and a more or less
marked dark mesial tine. The throat, neck, and breast are white, with
long hair, and the rest of the lower parts are dirty white. In summer
the pelage has a dull slaty tint, more or less tinged with rufous, and
hoary beneath. The female is paler, and wants the long hair of the neck.

This splendid sheep is never perhaps seen in summer lower than 15,000
feet of elevation, and is often found much higher in the midst of the snows,
being often snowed up in winter for many days, and many perish yearly
from this cause. It lives in flocks, the males and females generally apart.
They run and leap like deer, it is said, but are not adapted for rocky
ground, and as climbers are inferior to the Burrel. It is the shiest and
wildest of all animals, and is very hard to kill. To shoot the Ovis Ammon
is the greatest ambition of the sportsman on the Himalayas.

Cunningham states that the horns along with those of Ibex and the Sna
(O. Vignet), are placed on tke religious piles of stones met with in Ladak
and in other Buddhist countries.

Another wild Asiatic sheep is Ovis Polii, Blyth, found on the elevated
plains of Pamir, east of Bokhara, 16,000 feet high. This magnificent
wild sheep has immense horns, less massive but more prolonged than
those of the rocky mountain sheep. The horns of one specimen were
4 feet 8 inches in length round the curvature, and 144 inches in circum-
ference at their base. It is the Rass or Roosh of Pamir. O. Gmelina,
Blyth, from Armenia; and OQ. wivicola, Eschscholtz, from Kamtschatka,
are also described ; and another from the Caucasus is indicated, O. cylin-
dricornis, Blyth. Ovis Wusimon, L., the Moufilon sheep, is found wild -
in Corsica and Sardinia, and the large O. tragelaphus, the Aondad of the
Moors, is found on the Atlas mountains in North Airica. Two species are
recorded from North America, O. montana, the Rocky-mountain sheep,
and O. Californiana.

Hodgson has published a paper on the domestic sheep of the Hima-
layas, with figures of many.*

* Jour. Ag. Soc. Calcutta, 1847.

300 BOVINA

Blyth states that he considers the fighting ram of India to be descended
from O. Vignei (cycloceros). Hutton argues that the broad-tailed Afghan
sheep, the Dumba, was most probably the sacrificial ramof the ancient Jews.

Sub-fam. Boyin#, Cattle.

Horns always in both sexes, usually inclining upwards or forwards ; the
osseous core cellular ; mufile large and broad ; tail moderately long ; no
eye-pits ; four mamme.

Of large size, heavy and massive body, limbs stout; a dewlap often
present. The horns are inserted laterally on the apex of the frontal crest.
The occipital plane of the skull forms a small angle with the frontal plane.

This sub-family may be further divided into three groups,—the Bison-
tine, the Taurine, and the Bubaline.

The Bisontine group comprise the Bison of Europe and North America,
the Musk-Ox of Arctic America, and the Yék of Central Asia.

The true bison of Europe, Bison wrus, or the Awrochs, has a broad
forehead, long limbs, and a shaggy mane. It has 14 pairs of ribs. It is
very savage, and though formerly spread over most of Europe, is now
restricted to the marshy forests of Lithuania and a few other parts. The
American bison, Bison americanus, is similar to the European animal, but
with shorter limbs, and has one more rib, i.e. 15 pairs of ribs. It is
called the Buffalo in North America. The Musk-Ox, Ovibos moschatus, is
covered with long hair, stands low on its limbs, and has a very strong
musky odour. It inhabits the very coldest parts of Arctic America.

The Yak, Poephagus grunniens, L., is found wild on the other side
of the snowy Himalayas, and has lately been shot by several of our sports-
men. It is called the Ban-chowr, H.; or Brong Dhong, in Tibet ;
has the hair long, coarse, and shaggy, and the tail thick, shaggy, and black.
The horns of a wild Yak measured 2 feet 43 inches round the curve, 1 foot
in circumference, and the tips 1 foot 8 inches apart. Another measured
head and body 94 feet ; tail 3 feet 4 inches; height 164 hands ; horns
30 inches ; circumference of horns 15. It is found only at considerable
elevations, and a wounded bull will occasionally charge his assailant, but
in general it will retreat when possible.

The domestic Yak (Chaori gao, H.) is much used in all the elevated
districts of the Himalayas, both as milch-cattle and for burden, and breeds
freely with the common cattle. The milk is remarkably rich. It is the
best carriage for rugged hill-work, as they can ford a rapid stony torrent

GAVAUS GAURUS. 301

in a way that no other animal dare attempt, and can scramble up and down
rugged hills in a perfectly wonderful manner. The tails of the domestic
Yak, or chowries, are much used in India to keep off flies, &e.

The next group is the Taurine, subdivided by Blyth into—1. the Zebus,
or humped domestic cattle ; 2. Taurus, the humpless cattle with cylin-
drical horns ; and 3. Gavewus, the humpless cattle with flattened horns,
peculiar to South-eastern Asia. They have all 13 pairs of ribs.

The common humped cattle of India belong to the Zebus. In many
parts of the country small herds of these have run wild. Localities are
recorded in Mysore, Oudh, Rohilkund, Shahabad, &c., and I have lately
seen and shot one in the Doab near Muzuffurnuggur. These, however,
have only been wild for afew years. Near Nellore, in the Carnatic, on the
sea-coast, there is a herd of cattle that have been wild for many years.
The country they frequent is much covered with jungle and intersected with
salt-water creeks and backwaters, and the cattle are as wild and wary as the
most feral species. Their horns were very long and upright, and they
were of large size. I shot one there in 1843, but had great difficulty in
stalking it, and had to follow it across one or two creeks.

The genus Zaurus contains the cattle of Europe with cylindrical horns,
including the feral race of Chillingham.

The next group is that called by Blyth the flat-horned Taurines.

Gen. Gavaus, H. Smith.
Syn. Libos, Hodgson.

Char.—Head large, massive; horns slightly flattened on one side (the
section not cylindrical), thick, remote, spreading ; tail short ; muffle small ;
dewlap small or wanting ; frontals concave ; spinous processes of the dorsal
vertebra greatly developed. Otherwise as in Zaurus.

This genus comprises three species peculiar to the Indian region or
South-eastern Asia, one of which is common in our province.

238. Gaveus Gaurus.

Bos apud Ham. Suiru.—Bryru, Cat. 506.—Libos cavifrons, Hopason.
— E1107, Cat. 58, with figure. —Figd. DELEssErt, Souvenirs d’un Voyage
dans VInde.—Bos Gour, Trattt, Edin. Phil. Journal, and Harpwickr,
Zool. Journal, 111-232, pl. VII. 2.—2L. Asseel, Horsrretp.—Caur, H.,

302 BOVINA.

or Gauri-gai, generally through India; popularly Jangli khiilgd, i.e.
Jungle buffalo.—Bod, at Seonee.—Ban parrd, at Mundlah.—G@aoiya,
Mahr.—Kar-kona, Can.—Vana-go, quasi Ban-gau, Beng,—Peré-médoo,
of Gonds in the South.—Xatu-yeni, Tam.—Bison of sportsmen in
Madras.* é

THE Gaur.

Desev.—Hovrns pale greenish with black tips, curving outwards, upwards,
and slightly backwards, and finally inwards. General colour dark chestnut-
brown or coffee-brown ; legs from the knee downwards white.

Length 93 to 10 feet ; height at shoulder 6 feet ; tail 34 inches.

This magnificent animal was described by Dr. Traill, in the Ed. Philos.
Journal, by General Hardwicke in the Zoological Journal, and by Geoffroy
St. Hilaire, in the Mém. Museum d’Hist. Nat., all, it appears, from the
same animal, one killed in Central India; but Hodgson was the first who
fully defined its peculiarities ; and the following detailed account is chiefly
taken from the published observations of Hodgson and Elliot.

The skull is massive, the frontals large, deeply concave, surmounted by
a large semi-cylindric crest rising above the base of the horns. There are
13 pairs of ribs. The head is square, proportionally shorter than in the Ox,
the bony frontal ridge is 5 inches above the frontal plane., The muzzle is
large and full, and the eyes small, with a full pupil of a pale blue colour.
The whole of the head in front of the eyes is covered with a coat of close
short hair of a light grayish-brown colour, which below the eyesis darker,
approaching almost to black. The muzzle is grayish, and the hair is
thick and short. The ears are broad and fan-shaped. _ The neck is sunk
between the head and the back, is short, thick, and heavy. Behind the
neck, and immediately above the shoulder, rises a fleshy gibbosity or hump,
of the same height as the dorsal ridge. This ridge rises gradually as it
goes backwards, and terminates suddenly about the middle of the back.
The chest is broad, the shoulder deep and muscular, the fore-legs short,
with the joints very short and strong, and the arm exceedingly large and
muscular. The hair on the neck and breast, and beneath, is longer than on
the body, and the skin of the throat is somewhat loose, giving the appear-
ance of a slight dewlap. The fore-legs have a rufous tint behind and late-

* Colonel W. Campbell states that Madras sportsmen call this animal a wild bull,
and not a bison, for which he rebukes them. Now, I have always heard it called

the bison, but in reality the name wild bull would be much more correctly applied
to it.

GAVEUS GAURUS. 303
rally, above the white. The hind quarters are lighter and lower than the
fore, falling suddenly from the termination of the dorsal ridge. The skin
on the neck, shoulders, and thighs is very thick, being about 2 inches
and more.

The cow differs from the bull in having a slighter and more graceful
head, a slender neck, no hump, and the points of the horns do not turn
towards each other at the tip, but bend slightly backwards ; and they
are much smaller; the legs, too, are of a purer white. The very young
bull has the forehead narrower than the cow, and the bony frontal ridge
scarcely perceptible. The horns too turn more upwards. In old indivi-
duals the hair on the upper parts is often worn off. The skin of the under
parts when uncovered is deep ochrey-yellow.

A few additional measurements are added from Elliot.

Length from nose to root of tail 9 feet 64 inches ; height at shoulder
6 feet 1L inch ; at rump 5 feet 3 inches ; tail 2 feet 104 inches ; length of
dorsal ridge 3 feet 4 inches ; height of dorsal ridge 44 inches ; head from
muzzle to top of frontal ridge 2 feet 12 inch; breadth of forehead 1 foot
34 inches ; ear 101 inches; circumference of horn at base 1 foot 7}
inches ; distance between the points of the horns 2 feet 1 inch.

The horns are smooth and polished ; and in old individuals are generally
broken off at both tips. They are slightly flattened at the base.

The Gaur is an inhabitant of all the large forests of India, from near
Cape Comorin to the foot of the Himalayas. On the west coast of India
it is abundant all along the Syhadree range or Western Ghats, both in the
forests at the foot of the hills, but more especially in the upland forests, and
the wooded country beyond the crest of the Ghats. The Animally hills,
the Neelgherries, Wynaad, Coorg, the Bababooden hills, and. the Maha-
bleshewur hills, are all favourite haunts of this fine animal. North of this it
occurs, to my own knowledge, in the jungles on the Taptee river, and
neighbourhood, and, north of the Nerbudda, a few on the deeper recesses
of the Vindhian mountains. On the eastern side of the peninsula it is
found in the Pulney and Dindigul hills, the Shandamungalum range, the
Shervaroys, and some of the hill-ranges near Vellore and the borders of
Mysore. North of this, the forest being too scanty, it does not occur till
the Kishna and Godavery rivers ; and hence it is to be found in suitable
spots all along the range of Eastern Ghats to near Cuttack and Midna-
pore, extending west far into Central India, and northwards towards the
edge of the great plateau which terminates south of the Gangetic valley.

304 | BOVINE.

According to Hodgson, it also occurs in the Himalayan Terai, probably
however only towards the eastern portion, and here it is rare, for I have
spoken to many sportsmen who have hunted in various parts of the Terai,
from Sikim to Rohilcund, and none have ever come across the Gaur at the
foot of the Himalayas.

It also occurs in the countries to the east of the Bay of Bengal, from
Burmah to the Malayan peninsula. Horsfield, in his Catalogue, considered
that a distinct race which he named Pibos Asseel, from the native name
Asseel gayal, i.e. the genuine gayal, in contradistinction to the ordinary
Gayal, Gaveus frontalis. Blyth, however, states that he knows the indi-
vidual specimen on which this supposed race was founded, and that it is
only a female Gaur.

It was also formerly an inhabitant of Ceylon, but has been extinct
there for above 50 years.

Hodgson states in the Sub-Himalayan forests it does not ascend the
hills, and that it is not a mountain race at all. Sportsmen in Southern
India could tell Mr. Hodgson a different account of its habits there, for
it undoubtedly prefers hilly and even mountainous countries, and I have
seen it killed at above 6,000 feet of elevation.

The Gaur associates in herds of various numbers up to thirty and forty
or more, though perhaps generally met in smaller numbers, and a bull is
often seen alone. The herd generally consist of from ten to fifteen cows
and a bull. They feed mostly at night, or early in the morning, chiefly
on grass, but also browsing on the tender shoots of the bamboo, and during
the heat of the day retire to some cool and shady spot, the thick bed of a
dry nullah, a dense clump of bamboos, or long grass. Hodgson states
that they never venture into the open Terai to depredate on the crops, as
the wild buffaloes constantly do. In southern India, however, they do
occasionally at least, according to Mr. Fisher, as quoted by Mr. W. Elliot.
‘The chief food of the bison seems to be various grasses, the castor-oil
plant, and a species of convolvulus ; but they will eat withavidity any species
of grain commonly cultivated in the hills or plains, as the ryots find to
their cost. The Bison is particularly fond of the Avary cotty (Dolichos
lablab) when in blossom ; that they will invade and destroy fields of it in
open daylight, in despite of any resistance the villagers can offer. In
other respects it is a very inoffensive animal, rarely attacking any one
it encounters, except in the case of a single bull driven from the herd.
Such a one has occasionally been known to take up his location in some

ee ee

ee to ee

C2 ee ed

GAVAUS GAURUS. 305

deep bowery jungle, and deliberately quarter himself on the cultivation
of the adjacent villages. The villagers, though ready to assist Europeans
in the slaughter of bison, will not themselves destroy them (the inviola-
bility of the cow extending to the bison), and so bold does this freebooting
animal become in consequence, that he has been known to drive the ryots
from the fields, and deliberately devour the produce. But in general it
isa timid animal, and it is difficult to get within gun-shot of them.”

The same observer also remarks: “The bison ordinarily frequents
the hills, seeking the highest and coolest parts, but during the hottest
weather, and when the hills are parched by the heat, or the grass con-
sumed by fire, the single families in which they commonly range the hills,
congregate into large herds, and strike deep into the great woods and
valleys ; but after the first showers, and when verdure begins to re-
appear, they again disperse and range about freely. In wet and windy
weather they again resort to the valleys to escape its inclemency, and
also to avoid a species of fly or gnat, which harasses them greatly. In
the months of July and August they regularly descend to the plains for
the purpose of licking the earth impregnated with natron or soda,
which seems as essential to their well-doing as common salt is to the
domestic animal when kept in hilly tracts.”

The breeding season appears to be in the cold weather, and the young
are born from June to October, the greatest number in August. The old
male drives the others from the herd at the breeding season, and the
single ones seen in the jungle are young males of this description: it
is probable the veryold bulls are sometimes expelled also by younger and
stronger males. The period of gestation is said to be the same as with
the cow or buffalo. Hodgson was informed that it was longer.

The Gaur is, in general, one of the most timid and wary of animals, and
requires to be stalked most carefully. Where the hills are grassy, with
tracts of dense forest, they may be discovered occasionally, early in the
morning, feeding outside the forest, or even lying down, in pretty close
proximity, however, to the wood, and if very carefully approached against
the wind, and perfectly noiselessly, the sportsman may get a favourable
shot. Now and then too they are stalked in the depth of the forest, a good
tracker following them to their mid-day lair. When disturbed, the first
who perceives the intruder stamps loudly with his foot to alarm the rest,
and the whole rush through the forest, breaking down every obstacle, and
forcing their way with a terrible crash. When suddenly approached in

x

306 BOVINE.

‘the night, they start off with a loud hissing snort. The Gowlees say that
they see great numbers of bison when pasturing their herds in the neigh-
bouring forest. They describe them as very timid and watchful, more
so than any other wild animal, always reposing in a circle, with their
heads turned outside, ready to take alarm.

The bison is generally driven towards the sportsman by a line of
beaters, he remaining concealed behind a tree. A wounded bison will
occasionally charge, and several fatal instances are recorded; but in
general he will turn and seek safety in flight. Hodgson says that “in
the Tarai, the Gaur will pursue his assailant, and if he climb a tree, will
watch for a whole day ;’ but this account is evidently from native
shikarees, and such conduct must be perfectly exceptional. Mr. Elliot
remarks that “the persevering ferocity of the bison of the Sub-Hima-
layan range,” described by Mr. Hodgson, “is quite foreign to the cha-
racter of the animal in southern forests.”

Various attempts have been made to rear the young Gaur, but they have
all failed, the young animal never living over his third year. Blyth hada
young calf at Calcutta, procured near Singapore, which he shipped for
England, but it died on the voyage. An engraving of a photograph of
this calf was published in the “Illustrated London News.” “ It was tame
and tractable,” says Blyth, “yet full of life and frolic.” The natives of
Malabar, according to Buchanan Hamilton’s MSS., assert that bisons
take up stones with their nostrils, and discharge them at their adversaries
with the force of a nrusket-ball, and that the wound is always mortal !

The flesh of the Gaur is excellent if not too old, and the marrow-bones
and tongue are delicacies always preserved by the successful sportsman.

The Gayal or Mithun, Gaveus frontalis, is found in the hilly tracts to
the east of the Burrampooter, and at the head of the valley of Assam, the
Mishmi hills and their vicinity, probably extending north and east into the
borders of China. Itis domesticated extensively and easily, and has bred
with the common Indian cattle. It is a heavy, clumsy -looking animal com-
pared with the Gaur, the wild animal similarly coloured and with white legs.
It browses more than the Gaur, and, unlike that, it has a small but dsitinct
dewlap. The domesticated race extends south as far as the Tippera and
Chittagong hills, and northwards, has been seen grazing in company with
the Yak, close to the snows. It is better adapted for rocky and precipitous
ground than the Gaur. Gayals have often been taken alive to Calcutta.
The Bos Sylhetanus, figd. by M. F. Cuvier, is a hybrid with the Zebu.

BUBALUS ARNI. 307

The Banteng, or Burmese wild cow, Gaveus sondaicus, extends north-
wards as far as the interior of the Chittagong hills, where all three
species meet, according to the testimony of the Rev. M. Barbe. South
it extends through Burmah and the Malayan peninsula to the larger
islands. The young and the cow are red in this species, which resembles
the Gaur more than the Gayal, and it wants the dewlap. It is the 7’soing
of the Burmese, the Gaur being the Pyoung. A young male is now living
in the London Zoological Gardens.

Lastly, the Buffaloes.
Gen. Busatus, H. Smith.

Char.—Horns large, attached to the highest line of the frontals, inclin-
ing backwards and upwards, depressed, angular, more or less horizontal ;
muffle large and square ; no true dorsal ridge or hump; cranium elongated,
narrow, with an excess of facial over the frontal and cerebral portion ;
the frontals form a somewhat obtuse angle with the occipital plane.
Thirteen pairs of ribs.

239. Bubalus Arni.

Bos apud Kerr and Suaw.—B. Buffélus apud Brytu, Cat. 508.—2B.
Bubalus, Auct. wild var.—Arna, the male, Arni, the female, H.—Jangli
bhyns, vulgd, H.—Miing, of Bhagulpore.— Géra érumi, of Gonds.

THe WILD BUFFALO.

Descr.—Forehead convex, rounded ; horns large, black ; general colour
dark blackish-slaty ; hair scanty, black. Length 10} feet and upwards
from snout to root of tail, which is short, not extending lower than the
hock ; tufts of hair on the forehead, over the eyes, and on the knees,
Height at shoulder up to 64 feet.

The horns are of two kinds—the one very long, nearly straight, well
thrown back, var. Macrocerus of Hodgson—the other much shorter and
well curved, more directed upwards, var. Spirocerus, Hodgson.

Individuals with the longest horns are chiefly found in Assam and the
countries to the eastward. A single horn in the British Museum, figured
Phil. Trans. for 1727, is 6 feet 6 inches long. The head of another, also
in the British Museum, and killed by Colonel Mathie in Assam, measured
as follows :—Round the outside of both horns and over forehead, 12 feet

= 6

a

308 BOVINA.

2 inches ; circumference of right horn at the base 1 foot 8} inches ; width
of forehead 11 inches ; skull 2 feet 4 inches long.

The horns of the spiral race are rarely much more than 3 feet long each.

The wild buffalo is found in the swampy Terai at the foot of the hills,
from Bhotan to Oude ; also, in the plains of lower Bengal as far west as
Tirhoot, but increasing in numbers to the eastwards, on the Burrampooter,
and in the Bengal Sunderbuns. It also occurs here and there through the
eastern portion of the table-land of Central India, from Midnapore to
Raepore, and thence extending south nearly to the Godavery. South and
west of this it does not, to my knowledge, occur in India, but a few are
found in the north and north-east of Ceylon.

“The Arna,” says Mr. Hodgson, “ inhabits the margin rather than the
interior of primeval forests. They never ascend the mountains, and ad-
here, like the Rhinoceros, to the most swampy sites of the districts they
inhabit. It ruts in autumn, the female gestating 10 months, and produces
one or two young in summer. It lives in large herds, but in the season of
love, the most lusty males lead off and appropriate several females, with
which they form small herds for the time. The bull is of such power and
vigour as by his charge frequently to prostrate a good-sized elephant.
They are uniformly in high condition, so unlike the leanness and angu-
larity of the domestic buffalo, even at its best.”

Mr. Blyth states it as his opinion that, except in the valley of the Ganges
and Burrampooter, it has been introduced and become feral. With this
view I cannot agree, and had Mr. Blyth seen the huge buffaloes I saw
on the Indrawutty river (in 1857), he would, I think, have changed his
opinion. They have hitherto not been recorded south of Raepore, but
where I saw them is nearly 200 miles south. I doubt if they cross the
Godavery river.

I have seen them repeatedly, and killed several in the Purneah district.
Here they frequent the immense tracts of long grass abounding in dense,
swampy thickets, bristling with canes and wild roses; and in these spots, or
in the long elephant-grass on the bank of jheels, the buffaloes lie during
the heat of the day. They feed chiefly at night or early in the morning,
often making sad havoc in the fields, and retire in general before the sun
is high. They are by no means shy (unless they have been much hunted),
and even on an elephant, without which they could not be successfully
hunted, may often be approached within good shooting distance. A wound-
ed one will occasionally charge the elephant, and as I have heard from.

~ ee

rr ee

RUBALUS ARNI. 309

many sportsmen will sometimes overthrow the elephant. I have been
charged by a small herd, but a shot or two as they are advancing will
usually scatter them.

Hodgson remarks that “there is no animal upon which ages of domes-
tication have made so small an impression as upon the Buffalo, the tame
species being still most clearly referrible to the wild ones.” He also states
that the tame buffaloes when driven to the forests to be depastured have
intercourse with the wild bulls, and the breed is thus improved. In
Purneah I was informed, however, that the wild buffalo dislike the presence
of tame ones exceedingly, and will even retire from the spot where the
tame ones are feeding.

The domestic buffalo is extensively used in India both for draught and
as milch cattle, and its milk is richer than that of the cow of India. Some
of the hill races, such as those on the Neelgherries, are very fine animals,
resembling the wild buffalo ; and many along the crests of the Western
Ghats, and elsewhere, are seen with white legs like the Gaur.

The Cape buffalo, B. cafer, has very large horns, which nearly cover the

forehead. Another African species is 2. brachyceros, Gray.

310 SIRENIA,

Sup-Orp. SIRENIA. Herbivorous Cetacea.

Nostrils opening in the upper lip. Teeth of two kinds; incisors pre-
ceded by milk-teeth, and molars with flat crowns. Two pectoral mamme.
Body slightly hairy, and bristly moustachios on the lips. No hind limbs.
Posterior part of body ending in a horizontal cartilaginous fin; anterior
limbs in the form of fins or flappers.

The bones of the skull are dense and massive, aud the intermaxillaries
large. Theyare only loosely connected together, and this, with the generally
dense nature of the other bones, and their not having medullary cavities,
shows a reptile-like condition. There are traces of pelvic bones in all. The
bony nostrils open near the summit of the cranium, There is a short but
distinct neck. The number of ribs is large—nineteen pairs in some. The
stomach is divided into four sacs, of which two are lateral; they possess
a large cecum, and the intestinal canal is long.

The herbivorous Cetacea approach in structure perhaps nearest to some
of the pachydermatous Ungulata, near which they might have been placed,
but I have thought it more advisable to bring them in here at the con-
clusion of the order Ungulata. They feed entirely on plants, either plucked
at the bottom of the sea, or on rocks laid bare by the retreat of the tide,
and they do not venture far out to sea, but keep near the shore and the
mouths of large rivers.

Their pectoral mamme, and the peculiar physiognomy of these animals
as observed when they raise their bodies partially out of water, have pro-
bably led to the fabulous accounts by mariners of Tritons, Sirens, and
Mermaids.

One species has been observed on the southern coasts of India.

Gen. Haticorg, Illiger,

Syn. Dugongus, Tiedimann.

Char.—Two large upper incisors in the adult ; none in the lower jaw.

mehy
No canines. Molars 2 : in the young, fewer in the adult, flat; body
o—

elongated ; pectoral fin without claws; caudal fin lunate, broad.
The incisive teeth assume the form of pointed tusks, but are nearly
covered by the thick fleshy lips, which are bristled with moustaches.

The milk incisors are stated by Kelaart to be = and in the adult

HALICORE DUGONG. 311

the molars are only = The grinding surface has a ring of enamel

at the circumference, and a slightly excavated centre of ivory.

The tongue is spiny in front, and has a curious horny process on each
side of its base. The stomach is double, the cardiac portion large, the
pyloric narrower, with two tubiform cecal prolongations : it is divided
into distinct compartments. The cecum is simple and cordiform. The
heart is deeply cleft, separating the ventricles. The superficial air-
vessels of the lungs are large and turtle-like; and the lungs and bronchi
generally are like those of the Turtles. The organs of generation
resemble those of Ruminantia. There is a nyctitating membrane.

240. Halicore Dugong.

Trichechus apud ErRxLEBEN.—Btytu, Cat. 472.—Fig. F. Cuvier,
Mamm. II. 120.—dZ. cetacea, ItuigerR.—H. imdica, Dusmarest, figd
HarpwickE, Ill. Ind. Zool.

Tue Ducone or Duyana.

Descr.—Skin uniform bluish, sometimes blotched with white beneath,
or pale fulvous with white upper parts ; eyes very small ; incisors nearly
concealed ; a few scattered bristles on the body. With eighteen pairs
of ribs (Kelaart). Up to 9 or 10 feet in length and upwards ; usually
5 to 7 feet.

The Dugong has been taken on the Andaman Islands; in Ceylon, and
on the west coast of India as high, it is stated, as the Concan; 7. e¢., the
coast of Canara. It appears that they are known as Seals, and found
along the shore, and in the salt-water inlets of the Concan and south

Malabar. It is said to feed on the vegetable matter found about the
~ rocks, and also to bask and sleep in the morning sun.

The Seal of Forbes (Oriental Memoirs) appears to be the Otter. The
flesh of the Dugong is highly esteemed. It is tolerably abundant in
Ceylon, where called Talla maha; and in the Malayan regions at
Singapore, &c. The female gives birth to one young only at a time,
and is said to show strong affection for her young, Sir J. Tennent, in
his Natural History of Ceylon, figures a Dugong holding her young.

Another species recorded is Halicore tabernaculi, Riippell, from the
Red Sea, so named by him because he considers it to be the animal with
whose skin the tabernacle was veiled.

O12 SIRENIA.

Another species numerous on the coasts of Australia is Halicore
australis, Itis stated to be bluish on the back, with a white breast
and belly. It grows to 18 or 20 feet in length. The oil obtained ead
the fat is highly prized.

The other herbivorous Cetacea are the Manatis (IZanatus, Cuvier),
There are two or three species, from the mouths of rivers in Africa and
America. They have vestiges of nails on their sib a paws, and
the adults have no incisors.

The Stellerines (2ytina, Iliger) are now extinct.

EDENTATA. ald

Orv. EDENTATA.

Bruta in part, Linnezus.

No teeth in the front of the jaws in any, and altogether wanting in
some. Toes with large, curved, and often compressed claws.

The Zdentata are not uniformly toothless, except the Ant-eaters and
the Pangolins, but they never have any incisors or teeth in the front of their
jaws, and the molars, when present, are mono-phyodont, 7.¢., are never
displaced by a second series, but are without enamel or distinct roots,
having a hollowbase, and growing continually. Their huge claws are some-
thing of the nature of hoofs. Mr. Fry considers that the Hdentata are in
many points of their structure nearly related to Reptiles, in opposition to
Owen, who stated that they offered several relations to Birds.*

They are divided into two groups, the Z’ardigrada, or Sloths ; and the
Effodientia, or Burrowers.

The former consists of a single family, the BRADYPODID&, or Sloths.
These are peculiar to America, and live entirely on vegetable matter. They
have a short face, sharp canines, and cylindrical molars. Their toes are
completely joined by the skin, their fore limbs longer than their hind ex
tremities, the pelvis large, and the thighs directed outwards. They have
huge claws. Theyhave two pectoral mamme. Theyare evidently made for
hanging on the branches of trees, and their long arms are of use to gather
the leaves on which they browse. They have long and shaggy hair.
Some have three claws on their fore-feet, others only two. Their stomach
is enormous and divided into four compartments ; the intestines are short,
and there is no cecum. They are only found in the forests of the warmer
regions of South America.

The Hffodientia have the muzzle long and narrow. They are divided
into the following families :— Dasypodide, or Armadillos ; and Orycteropo-
dide, or Cape Ant-eaters, both with molar teeth ; and the Myrmecophagide
and Manidide, or the Ant-eaters of the new and old world, respectively,
without any teeth at all.

The Armadillos (Dasypop1D#) are covered with a scaly and bony shell
divided more or less into compartments; the muzzle is tolerably long; the
molars cylindrical, 7 or 8 on each side in both jaws ; large ears, and great
claws, 4 or 5 on the fore-feet, always 5 posteriorly, The tongue is but

* Proceedings Zoo., Soc., 1846;

314 MANIDIDA.

little extensile ; their stomach is simple, and they have no cecum. They
all inhabit South America, and live chiefly on insects. There are some
twenty species, divided into several genera.

The Cape ant-eaters, Orycteropide, have molars, and flat claws, but
otherwise are similar to the true ant-eaters, and have a somewhat
extensile tongue. Their teeth are cylindrical and solid, but traversed by
numerous little longitudinal canals. The stomach is simple and the cecum
small. They comprise only one genus.

The next two families are totally unprovided with teeth.
Fam. Manipipa, Pangolins.

No teeth. Body and tail covered with large, imbricate, horny scales;
tail long. Tongue round, exsertile. Ears small, mostly indistinct, Two
pectoral mamme. All feet with five toes.

The scales are evidently, from their structure, a congeries of agglu-
tinated hairs. They have the power of rolling themselves into a ball. The
stomach is slightly divided in the middle, and they have no cecum. They
are found in India and Africa.

Gen. Manis, Linneus.

Char.—Those of the order, of which it is the only genus.

241, Manis pentadactyla.

Liyn£vus.—Buytu, Cat. 553.—Manis crassicaudata, Grirrirus, apud
Exuror, Cat. 47.—M. macroura, Desmarest.—M. brachyura, ERXux-
BEN.—V. laticaudata, Iuicer.—M. inaurita, Hoveson.—Pangolinus
typus, Lusson.—Lajar-kit, Sanse. and H.—Bajra kapta, in some parts.—
Silli, H., in other parts ; also Sukunkhér.—Sdl Sali, H., in the south.—
Shilmd, of the Bauris.—Armoi, of the Coles—Kauli mah, or Kowli
manjra, and Kassoli manjur, Mahr.—A lawa, Tel.—A langii, Mal.—Vulgd
Banrohu, in the Deccan, i.¢., the jungle carp.—Keyot-mach, in Rungpore,
ae. the fish of the Keyots.—Adt-pohd, or timber animal, in other parts
of Bengal.

THE InpiaAn Scary ANT-EATER.

Descr.—Tail shorter than the body, very broad at the base, with 16 or

MANIS PENTADACTYLA, 315

17 scales in each longitudinal line ; 16 scales on the dorsal series in 10
or 11 rows; middle nail of the fore-feet much stronger than the others.
Scales thick, striated at the base, pale yellowish-brown or horny clay-colour ;
the lower side of the head, body, and feet nude, brownish-white ; nose
fleshy ; soles of the hind-feet blackish ; auricles indistinct.

Length of one, head and body 26 inches; tail 18, A female measuring
40 inches weighed 21 lb.

The common Pangolin, or Scaly Ant-eater, is found throughout the
whole of India, most common perhaps in somewhat hilly districts, but no-
- where abundant. It appears to extend into the lower Himalayas, for both
this and the next species were found by Hodgson in Nepal. It is strictly
nocturnal, and feeds almost exclusively on ants, especially the white ants
(termites). Its gait in walking is very peculiar, the back arched, the
fore-feet with their anterior surface bent over and brought into contact
with the ground, on which it progresses very slowly. Tickell has given
(Journ, As. Soc., xi. 221) a very good account -of this animal, with
characteristic figures.

Mr. Elliot says: ‘The Manis burrows in the ground in a slanting
direction to a depth of from 8 to 12 feet from the surface, at the end of
which is a large chamber about 6 feet in circumference, in which they live
in pairs, and where they may be found with one or two young ones about
the months of January, February, and March. They close up the entrance
of the burrow with earth when in it, so that it would be difficult to find
them but for the peculiar track they leave. A female I kept alive for
some time slept during the day, but was restless all night. It would not
eat the termites or white ants put into its box, nor even the large black
ants (Myrmica indefessa, Sykes), though its excrement was at first full
of them. But it would lap the water that was offered to it by rapidly dart-
ing out its long, extensile tongue, which it repeated so quickly as to fill
the water with froth. When first it came, it made a sort of hissing noise
if disturbed, and rolled itself up, the head between the fore-legs, and the
tail round the whole.”

The name of Lajar-kit means stone or hard reptile, from its scales. It
is popularly believed to eat stones, and these are sometimes found in its
stomach. Dr. Burt, in a paper in the 2ud vol. of the Asiatic Researches,
gravely propounds the question whether it cannot live entirely on mineral
substances. Its flesh is considered aphrodisiac by the natives ; and it is
much infested by a blue tick,

316 MANIDIDA.

I add a few anatomical observations taken from Tickell and others.

The tongue is 12 inches Jong, flattish or subcylindric, extensile, gene-
rally covered with a slightly viscid saliva. There is a strong, opaque nycti-
tating membrane. The right or pyloric side of the stomach is immensely
muscular, almost cartilaginous in structure, like the gizzard of a bird ; the
left side is thin and membranous. The cardiac and pyloric orifices are
approximate. The gall-bladder is very large, as are the kidneys. The
penis is not apparent externally ; and the feces are long, black, truncated
cylinders.

242, Manis aurita.

Hopeson.—Buytu, Cat. 554, olim IW, Javanica.
THE SIKIM ScALy ANT-EATER.

Descr.—Tail a little shorter than head and body, not quite so thick
at the base as the last, with five rows of scales about 20 in number in
each row ; 15 to 17 rows of scales in a line on the back, most of them
with a few whitish hairs or bristles beneath them, especially in young
individuals. Muzzle very acute ; ears conspicuous, large ; all the anterior
claws large, especially the middle one, and the next outer; posterior
claws small, There is a less-marked difference in the size of the scales
of the head and neck and body than in pentadactyla, in which the scales
of the head are very much smaller.

Length of one, head and body 19 inches ; tail 154.

This species of Manis was described by Hodgson in one of his earliest
papers, but it is not enumerated in either edition of the Catalogue of
Hodgson’s Collections, whilst J/. pentadactyla is given, a decision which
that gentleman appears to accept in the annotated copy of the new edi-
tion of his Catalogue, kindly forwarded to me. I suspect that it is rare
in Nepal, and that probably he did not procure it latterly, but he evidently
had both species before him when he named them respectively aurita and
tnaurita, on the more or less prominence of the auricle, which character is
very evident in fresh specimens.* Blyth too had considered the few
specimens he had seen from otber localities than the Himalayas, as the
M. Javanica of authors. I procured one fine specimen near Darjeeling,

as well as other smaller ones, on examining which, in company with Mr.

* Probably some at least of Hodgson’s specimens at the British Museum, or
elsewhere, will turn out to be this species.

'
{
1
’
:
:
f
!

MANIS AURITA. Balers

Blyth, we perceived that they were Hodgson’s species, and identical with
Blyth’s Javanica, and that his /ewcura was true Javanica.

This Manis appears to be the only species in Sikim, and thence extends
through the Indo-Chinese countries to China itself. My specimens were
procured about the level of 3,000 feet above the sea. In China it is called
Ling-li, or the Hill-carp, which I mention to show how similar resem-
blances appear to strike different races, the common Manis being called
the jungle-carp in the south of India.

Dr. Adams* states that this Pangolin is sold in the markets at Canton,
its scales being considered medicinal, and the flesh is said to be excellent.
The same observer gives a few anatomical notices of a female procured
by him. This had the small intestines 10 feet 10 inches long, the large
intestines 10 inches; the uterus two-horned, and the vagina long and
muscular. It was furnished with a sac close to the anus, opening by a
transverse, linear slit, studded with papille, and with the scent of the
peculiar odour of the animal, which is alliaceous.

Manis javanica, Desmarest (/ewcwra, Blyth), inhabits Burmah, and the
Malayan peninsula and islands. MV. leptura, Blyth, is probably African,
and there are several other species from that continent.

The Ant-eaters of America, Myrmecophagide, are clad with long hair,
aud have long tails, with a very elongated, slender muzzle. The largest
species, the Maned Ant-eater, Myrmecophaga jubata, is terrestrial. The
Tamandua, M. tetradactyla, L., has the tail naked at the tip and pre-
hensile, and it ascends trees, hanging from the branches. I. didactyla,
L., is only the size of a rat, and is stated to have undoubted affinities
for the Sloths.

The only group of Mammals not previously referred to, is that most re-
markable tribe, the Marsupials, Marsupra1ia, which, with some, constitute
a class of nearly equal value with the previous orders, viz., the Jimplacentals.
In most of these animals the young are expelled from the uterus at a very
early period of their development. Incapable of motion and barely exhi.
biting the rudiments of limbs and other external organs, these minute
ofspring attach themselves to the teats of their mother, and remain fixed
there until they have acquired a degree of development analogous to
that in which other animals are born. The skin of the abdomen is almost

* Proceedings Zool. Soc. 1859, p 132.

318 MARSUPIALIA.

always so disposed round the mamme as to form a pouch, in which these
imperfect young are preserved as in a second uterus ; and into which, long
after they can walk, they retire for shelter, on the apprehension of danger.
Two peculiar bones attached to the pubis, and interposed between the
muscles of the abdomen, support the pouch and prevent inconvenient pres-
sure of the young, when grown, upon the bowels. These bones are also
found in the male, and even in those species in which the fold that forms
the pouch is scarcely visible. The matrix of the animals of this order
does not open by a single orifice into the extremity of the vagina, but
communicates with this canal by two bent lateral tubes. The premature
birth of the young appears to depend on this singular organization. The
scrotum of the male, contrary to what obtains in other quadrupeds, hangs
before the penis, which at rest is directed backwards.

The members of this group are lower in their organization than any
other mammiferous animals, approximating the oviparous type, and par-
ticularlyreptiles in sundry details of their conformation. The hemispheres
of the brain, which is small, are not united by a corpus callosum ; and
they are observed to be very defective in intelligence, as is indicated by
their physiognomy ; the blood is returned to their heart by two prin-
cipal veins, as in Birds and Reptiles; and the sutures of the skull never
become united. In short, they hold an analogous relation towards other
Mammalia to that which the Batrachia present to all other reptiles.
Their incisor teeth frequently exceed six in number, which is the maxi-
mum throughout the rest of their class, another indication of their
inferiority.*

Although they all show a general resemblance to each other in this
peculiar structure and organization, yet they differ so much in the teeth,
digestive organs, feet, and external form, that they subdivide into several
distinct families, or sub-orders, which by some are ranged parallel to the
orders of Placental Mammals; and they are, by a few, looked on as
degraded types of these last, or rather, that their inferiority of type is a
sign of their earlier introduction, and that Nature has advanced in orgeni-
zation since the earlier types were formed. The earliest fossil Mamma’s
belong to this order. All are from the Australian region except one
group, the Opossums, found in South America, and Central America as
far north as Virginia.

* Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, English translation.

MARSUPIALIA. 319

Many are exceedingly like the Jnsectivora in the structure of their
teeth, but possess a much greater number, and the incisors especially
are more numerous than in true placental mammals, being in some
cases ten above and eight below. They possess canines also, and sharply
tubercled molars. Such are the Opossums, PERAMELIDA, Perameles,
Didelphis, Myrmecobius, &e. They mostly possess a small cecum.

Others with fewer and more powerful teeth represent the Carnivora,
and these want the cecum. Such are the Dasyuripm, Dasywrus,
Thylacinus, Sarcophilus, and others, popularly called Wild Cats, Wolves,
or Hyeenas, and native Devils.

Others have two large and long incisors in the lower jaw, with pointed
and trenchant edges sloping forwards, and six corresponding teeth in
their upper jaw. The upper canines are long and pointed. Their diet
is chiefly frugivorous, and their intestines long, with a large cecum.
Such are the Phalangers and Petaurists, PHaLtancistip®, Phalangista
and Petaurus, &c., which, in spite of their numerous teeth, would, in
many ways, really appear to represent the Rodents. The Wombat
indeed, Phascolomys, fam. PHASCOLOMYID, is a true Rodent as to its
teeth. It has a cecum with a vermiform appendage.

Some of large size, the Kangaroos, Macroropipm, Macropus, Halma-
twrus, and others, have the stomach complicated, formed of two elongated
sacs inflated in places, and the cecum also large and inflated. They want
the upper canines, and the middle incisors are short. Their fore-feet
are diminutive, but the hind limbs are much developed, and with a nail
like a hoof. They are gentle herbivorous animals, living in troops, and
making enormous leaps. They would appear to faintly shadow forth
the Ruminants.

Lastly, some want teeth altogether, and were included by Cuvier
among the Hdentata, but are now, by universal consent, placed among
Marsupials, as they possess the marsupial bones, though without a
pouch. Such are the celebrated Duck-bill, Ornithorhynchus anatinus,
and the curious Spiny Hchidna, sometimes placed in a distinct sub-class
from Marsupials, viz., MJonotremata, as they possess only one external
opening for all their excretions. In this and other points they somewhat
resemble birds, and at one time were thought to be oviparous, but that
is of course erroneous.

APPENDIX.

Pace 56, No. 74. Sorex Tytier1.—This is a well-marked species. It
is the common Musk-rat of Deyra, with a very strong musky odour.

Page 69, No. 89. Ursus ISABELLINUS.—I see that Dr. Gray, in a
revision of the species of this family in the Proc. Zool. Soc., keeps isabel-
linus of the Himalayas distinct from U. syriacus, as well as from U. arctos.

Page 83. Gen. Musrena. Dr. Gray, in a late revision of the family,
classes the Indian species of J/ustela under the genera Vison and Gym-
nopus. In the former group, he places 97, 7. hemachalana and M. Hors-
jieldii ; and under Gymnopus, M. kathiah and M. strigidorsa. I may
mention here that the first-named species, J/. hemachalana, is called
Kran or Gran in Kashmir.

Page 88, No.101. Lutra vutcaris.—Dr. Gray makes LZ. monticola,
Hodgson, distinct from vulgaris, but states that the British Museum
specimen, on which he founds this opinion, is in a bad state. He has
also another species, BARANGIA NIPALENSIS, founded on a skull sent as
that of Hodgson’s LZ. monticola. His genus Barangia comprises Otters
with hairy muzzle, rather long toes, and rudimentary claws, and is founded
on L. Barang of the Malayan isles.

Gray also indicates, but without any description, Lutra Kutab, Hiigel,
from Kashmir, which I regret to say I have not been able to procure,
and there is no specimen of it in the British Museum.

Page 89, No.102. Lurra LEepronyx is given by Gray as Aonyx indi-
gitata, Hodgson ; but he allows that the British Museum specimen iy
very imperfect.

Page 92. The Lion has quite recently been killed as far east as the
Allahabad and Jubbulpore road.

Page 102, No. 107. Fxrt1s Diarp1.—Blyth has recently changed his
opinion about this leopard, and now states that he considers the Hima-
layan race distinct from /. Diardi vel macrocelis of Malayana. It will

probably stand as F, NEBULOSA.
Y

322 APPENDIX.

Page 104. F. mMarmorata.—Blyth now is inclined to consider the
Himalayan and Assamese race as distinct, but “ not strongly specialized
apart from marmorata ;” in this case, I presume, it will stand either as
Ff. Charltoni, Gray, or F’. Ogilbyi, Hodgson.

Page 112, No. 115. The dimensions of a fine jungle-cat, /. chaus,
killed lately at Amballa, are,—total length 39 inches; height 18 inches
weight 18 lb.

Page 113, No. 116. F. caracan.—I am assured that the red lynx
occurs in the N. W. Provinces and the Punjab, and that it has been
killed near Delhi, Lahore, and other places. ;

Page 125, No, 123. Parapoxurus musanca.—Dr. Gray has an
elaborate synopsis of this genus and its allies, in the Proc. Zool. Society.
He makes the Indian race distinct from the Malayan one, and places it P.
hermaphroditus, Pallas. He even places P. prehensilis, Buch. Hamilton, as
distinct, though he allows that he has not seen a specimen. Of the other
synonyms, he places P, Pallasti and P. musangoides as synonyms of the
Malayan race, which, on very slight grounds, he classes as P. fasciatus,
Desmarest. He considers P. Crossit, from India, and P. dubius, from
Java, as distinct species; and referring to P. quadriscriptus of Hodgson,
states that is very like P. musanga. I am still inclined to keep my
nomenclature.

Page 128, No. 125. P. Bonpar.—Gray gives this as a true Para-
doxurus. He remarks that it may be known from P. Grayi by the
rigid harshness of the fur, and the dark colour of the outside of the limbs.

Page 128, No. 124. P. Grayii—This is a Paguma, and P. auratus,
Blainville, isa synonym. The genus Pagwma is stated to differ from
Paradoxurus in the form of the flesh-tooth, which is short in Paguma,
elongate in Paradowurus.

The Herpestine are placed by Gray quite distinct from the Paradoxuri,
being more digitigrade, and more nearly related to the Viverrida.

He divides them (Proc. Zool, Soc., 1864) into several genera, Herpestes
—Calogale—Calictis—Teeniogale—and Onychogale. Herprstss has the

3 To this
4

tail conical, with long hairs throughout, and the false molars

group belong No. 127, HErprstEs Griseus; No. 128, HERPESTES MONTI-
coLus ; and No. 132, H. ruscus. In this paper, Gray describes my H.
monticolus as H. JERDONI, and this name will have the priority. He
states that it closely resembles H. Jchnewmon of Egypt. The dimensions
of one in the British Museum are,—head and body 19 inches ; tail 17

APPENDIX, S25

Hi. fulvescens of Ceylon, with which I had compared it, belongs to another
group, Onychogale, distinguished by its long curved claws, and stands
now as O, Maccarthie, Gray.

CALOGALE has the tail long, slender, and cylindric, with short hair,
ee
long only at the tip, and the false molars :

2

To this belong

Nos. 128 and 131, H. malaccensis and nipalensis. Gray places the
former of these as CALOGALE NYULA, making it distinct from the Malacca
Mungoos ; but he states that there is no specimen from Malayana in the
British Museum ; so the distinction of the species is still doubtful, I
think, These two forms, viz. Herpestes and Calogale, have the flesh-
tooth long and narrow, The next two forms have the flesh-tooth broad
and triangular,

Catictis has the false molars as in Herpestes, viz. = and the tail

thick and tapering. To this belongs No. 130, Canictis Suir, which
I see is figured in the Illustrated Proceedings of the Zool. Society for
1851, pl. 31.

TNIOGALE is described as having the whiskers small and slender ; the
soles of the hind feet bald ;. the orbit complete ; and 42 teeth. To this
belongs No. 133, TNI0GALE VITTICOLLIS apud Gray. Should not
TENIOGALE give place to Mwngos, previously proposed for this species ?

With reference to 7. thysanurus, Wagner, from Kashmir, I may state
that I have recently again procured a mongoos from the valley of Kash-
mir, which is decidedly 1. nipalensis.

Page 141, A black wolf is occasionally seen in Tibet by sportsmen,
and it is considered by the natives to be a distinct species. Two young
ones, male and female, were brought from Tibet last year by Messrs.
Kinloch, Rifle Brigade, and Biddulph, 19th Hussars, and are now on
their way home to the Zoological Gardens. They are called Hakpo
chanko by the Tibetans, ¢.e. the Black Wolf.

Page 185, No. 171. Gerpintus ERyTHROURUS. I forwarded a skin
of this rat to Dr. Gray, British Museum, and he writes me that it is most
undoubtedly his G. erythrowrus, and that the skin I forwarded was the
fac-simile of the type specimen in the British Museum.

Page 199, No. 180. M. rurescens.—This rat is also Jf. decum a
noides, T., apud Horsfield.

Page 314, No. 241. Manis PENTADACTYLA.—This species is classed by-
Dr. Gray, in a late synopsis of the family, as Paotiporus inpIcus, Gray.

par

324 APPENDIX.

The genus Pholidotus is stated to differ from Manis in having the upper
part of the fore and hind feet covered with scales to the toes, whilst in
Manis, as restricted, the fore feet are hairy, without scales. The scales of
the body too are said to be shorter and broader than in Manis.

Page 316. MM. aurita is placed as Pooxiporus Datmanni, Manis
Dalmanni, Sundevall, described from China. Gray states that the skull
is stouter and more solid than in the last species, and that the nasal
bones are more rounded. He also considers that Je Pangolin, figured
by Buffon, vol. x. t. 34, is intended to represent this species, and not
the common one.

The following species of Cetacea have been described by Owen from
collections made by Walter Elliot on the East coast, mostly near Viza-
gapatam.

DELPHINUS GODAMA.

D. LENTIGINOSUS.

D. MACULIVENTER.

D. FUSIFORMIS.

D. POMEEGRA.

PHOCENA BREVIROSTRIS.

PuyseTeR (EUPHYSETES) SIMUS.

I regret not to be able to furnish descriptions of these.

ENGLISH INDEX.

—<-—_——.
PAGE PAGE
Ant-cater, Scaly cscccccsscsesccsececsessvas GLE | Dolphins c.cccscoseccnccssccscsoccscscssccces LOS
Antelope <........00. panneocnedinoc =pceceoscor ZIL | Dugong ..ccccsscccccersccesssccsvcecsssecs CEL
Common dos “cersscscccecsees atcessesesee 276
Four-horned do. ...ccccssssssessesceceee 274 | Elephant ..sssccssessessees sereeseceseceesses 229
(Naamiwildwosecccsccccestcrccceseesscscetcesess™ 200
ORES cic css cdesccsdscnsevecvocs pcabaaDUnCOoRa 149
Badger ACONOOCHOCO tiseelossaceecceres iddhecseran’ 49 Flying OO sccscanh aneccoasnes cnereueee 2 teen LS
EVOS=DAd PEL osececaceceseeesseess sas Recesendtdl
Barasitighiar cvsesescacvsdseuswcsee Prcehee oat) |) (atthe aceon spaesnecsenasineacsceseaemees «« B02
Bates eee ote heey haha ta yee ye TG) || (Gazelle, cesscccoxceccoccenetcouteccscecateetese 280
Bearsee eeeise: = DA Tata igh URE ACen AP Gow | Goats wsetscccscccescees CROP ROSEOCISOCOOOCTO0S 282
Cat-Dea™ sccccccccsssseccssevs aeueeeeeswes 74 Forest goat cssccssssorrsssssssscseccesors 283
SEI BOMP Re ask ca Savecions beses bib dbrcctetces: 302 Himalayan do, ..ssssescsessessereeeeeeees 286
IBOBTAWildsvoectscseesaesceescveosescoecsceace 241 Neeclglerry do. -scescassscasacecssecons 288
Bttcleng HACKS: ssssendeuoetaceesagansasraesetoes 276 Marker do.) /cstaccssaesusaciesamatensne 291
Bitfulla, wilde gesssaceces saveccees eawoatesucdcs 307 | Gooral ...scccsescrserscceeseneeees sendecesest Gal
areas seseesioerarveesttecieeen nace a Bates feces eee ca eee 293
Bo al ear anes Hedgehogs scccsscssccccsccivocsssosceesesn OZ
Caterer ieccetes Cents Seles ELA lee TOSY || elycenarcrevercesssreseccsoorees Wdaececsccsseas 118
ISGEMSETE agaccnocecoocodeonpoddodogsos0dce 330
Civettcaticcecctsttaseeiecse dcacabeseseses 120 TD GH saansscnsenseasersncasravsctse Serene eee
rec-Catarcacccscdcccssuccnssccossiesscseees VG Tapleall vs sic css ccc biee cx SOE C 142
Cattle PTTTTTITTTE ee 300 Jerboa Ta i nek aU Beas Si Been 185
Chamois, Himalayan ......sscecseees eevee 280
Wheetacscescscscscesceccecosececcsccssscacss= PUA Temury cccvcassvovcecsscecsccavceee BEOOCCOC « 4
Whitkatasccescssccsscavecsdasscccescevcscsecsse 280 Weopatdicrseccsesceccaeccdscessces Skah en 97
Civetst ccccccrcccoes Dolaanaseetenpransesisveses 120 Hunting do: ssccssssecacesaxescescaatee 114
SUGWAC Osi ccwecccsscscecereletscants eaaeuees 101
Deer OAD Ray pear area Cas es eg 248 | Lion Sshacde tees sevcecncvscsesseess BPPOREROCC 91
Barasingha deer ..+1sessserseeseseereee 250 iy iXguessseeaescedeccseases SOOROOEAL Weeseees 113
Barking do. ..ccccccccoccssecsresesssenees 264
LO Ose esiectacseccensbacescrsenacwssess PGS ee larkhOresccersecseccessesdensse seabsseeeses 291
Iomse UO Orsenceseecearcatecssccnetaccsanece DOO Marmot, ccaccccscccsesecoseccsescucsccsecsss 181
MiuskadOtectscusscdccccessevcnrcavcesssceer Xa) |) UMERIET, GasccocandsaosacosacbosacccooOSDCOSEne 82
Samtberdosmcsscsctecsceccsonsccesccssess DF OM WliGeleccscnsaseetees: anewssreecee eeenccccesees 202
Spotted do. ...crecssecveeeee Basee dene See Oilan |e NLOlGhapmenscncnsccreascasetsnasacscsscescesse== 50
Swamp do. ......0e. senbuscacosescocacens 254 | Monkeys ....... scccveeccecses Sevcesvaseceras 3

Dog, wild FOOTE T SEH SESE EEE PEEOO OTE SESH OED 145

Mungoos SPoeeneseeeer serene aoessecasovereseee 132

326 INDEX.

MLskcenabupmeecscs senas nahh eae aS

2 TNE Od Aaa oO UY Aa bal SIEM 272
arial tees ecc cancer eee ae Aeon 295
Wittens py esosccuce tree eee 86
MMR CE” 51 dations esccuevsReeeeeMeSabera ness 101
PAN GOW: .0.,coiasgediainereckacstorc: tet 314
Ig Wild. Ste ona eee ae 241
PORCHPING Ltivgccumneare conan an ene 218
POUNDIBG > Shaenc gaat canner ohetanp oe tee 144
| EVIE SRS hE a i A Aa Oe 184
| Sapralovercy GlGy” suansh osdacuneansobonocnechace 214
bandicootido eens tases ee eeteecees 193
(Bushtdor Meenas cuct. cece nsacceeneenenee 212
ULGTCRG OWEN e Waa tae i ales 213
Wola td osects cian aa ceict Sa rear cai 187
PEPER RIG Mara, ootcccscsenikiorten tatoo ate: 198
AUMINOG ORO Rant estneyesotie mn ceeen 232

POO eee eee eee ee eee eee nee eee eee

ee er re)

eee eee cry

ee ee is

eee eee eee eee ry

eee eee ee ee eee

eee eee eee ee ee ee)

eee eee ec re er

eee eee eee

eee eee eee eee

SO eee eee eee e ene tte e et eeeeee

INDEX.

SYNONYMS ARE IN ITALICS.

PAGE

ACANEKION JAVANICUM severesveserereeeees
Ailurus fUlgens...-.occcccscescerscovervesere
— OCHTACEUS aevoveceroccccerecscssesersces
AMNEHOPe cecceccecovecerecccssevscescscrasess
A. arabica
——= BRENMNELIL sccosecesscccurecsscsecercees
— bezoartica

Sere eee OE OER EHH EEE eesesessesee®

— Dubalind sisececveees Specoctnbcolensseneiae
— CEYViCADIA wie co vcccccceecteseccscsces

——TONICKONGicsscacccsesacenssceaceccvesississi
— Christii
= (OV COS scccsccovccensvores

== DUVANCelit ...reccovsecccececcsasasoesees
SI YOTAL sscercosccencccscccnccocsscscresoess
== AAZCNNA ossoscccccsscvecccersosecccecses
P—IPECLE Vavsccoscasecsescansasasnscenasassse
—— GQUAATICOTNIS ..erecseececesssccoereccoes
— sub-quadricornutus ...ccccccecevereee
== LRAT sovscvccrercccrccscccceccovscscsccccses
— ELAGOCAMELUS cereccrerececsessececrerees
Antilopince ....ccrscccsscceevecseccceccecces
Aonyax Horsfieldii .sss.ccesosesereserecese
A, indigitata
— SURUMENSIS ceceoresececccsscrceccccceces
WNTCUICEIS| <oscssessecascevenceevoccesancses ace
WePDIGNTON Gc. ss0s0csocccccescesseaestveen
Arctomyding ......s.cccscecess

eeetereesecs

ATCEOMYS 20.02. cececcnccsececcccncecccvesnces
IRS Tat ais svsoncacedsneueacooeeasceee ete
——AOHILANCUS enaccecudsudscreansess esas snsasec
—— himachalanus ..ccecccscccccsccvesccccces
== ZEDELANUS ccccccccecoccsssicoacsccesssess
ATCEONYX <.cccscscsecnetsnssvcescsocsccssons
A. COllarissscscctacdccsasstesecsseteKkeassesvee

221
74
ib.

PAGE

A. 1SONYL seveccncrvecsrssccscscenscecseneces
INTVICOIAG cones De ttee oieacerevresecnecsdeans
A. UNdICA cecccrcercsccccreccosccsssccvecccces
— Roylel ...csecssceceeececssscccsecceesences
— tRricotis secececeee Soeencedtuessceterecnes
ATvicolinde ..ccccveccorcsscevcccrecsoscocces
ASinus indicus .e.soesereee Seatsseaeessaatsee
A. maculatus ...... nennnncte Wcescosessaces
— MAJOM sserecceccceccerercnssenseseesrerons

— MINOT cacccccvcccccccccccascnccaccccceesse

— POLCINUS csccecescrerrecscssscasssesorces
B.

BAL ZINID Af occccccccccevccccenn: ccesesescses
Baleenoptera...cccccsseesecesscscseesecsesees
MS AULCICA® ccecaceccwecscccccescecscscbocescean
Barangia nipalensis ssesesseeee saadeaaass
Barbastellus ...cccccccosesscssccssecceccccses
B. COMMUNIS csccccssccccccccccvvevecevcsee
Bibos CAVIFTONS ...seceseevecnerevessseccerens
IROR ALTA secccccoccessccescescsocsvccascenced
Bs AS8CCL cevcccccesccccccsccercccvecpeccssace
— DUfFElus csrerereresececsecsesesccccsecees
— OUT sevasscenecscarenccrennrcessnecerensess
ROVIDAE cccccccoscccscvccccescéassasenennons
ROVIDEE cess ccacceccccaccdocosnencssavcewaeaana
Bradypus UPSiNus cesecsesscecssseceseeverees
Brbalus.cccsccseccscescecsicsiboccdsbsontsecee

B. ATM. sccccccccccccecsccsedscneisicccoosaiasec

C;

Calictis

Seedsendebbedboccedectenssvecsecsess

77
216
187
216

ib.
215
236
260

ib.
ib.
ib.

323

328

PAGE
WalOpale MiieclcescrenssestsseancscsssssaseneanOlo
WVAINDDYE: cccecsscesvscsscorccsscsvevavesntecse LOS
anise. ccocsscescccsessccccsccesusansastese soe 39)
(CAVAULCUS cccicccecesansonccseacistecce sss Gece Ae
— COTSAC secsecere coisesennccesecceceseeusses mua
—— AUKRUNENSIS cs cerccceccasesecsosseccessse, LAD
mers FAMNINANIS ice sacsiecesecioscesssesensescncs ens) i itOs
=I KONTOG sc cscscaceccatrestwcssestsesececarce LAO
= NUNIT CWencesurasencersteccercenestecensesecml Ak
== IU DUS) Moscsarecteaseerarssussentessescecsas lOO
== PILES Gcooononboscanccoongsdoncoscaos, dab
SIS CRCEME asecussauacsleuscsesnavevsccansat 10
S711 US anecesiteccedeccersasccedseredsens 145
== LANLHULUS seccecssccesccescnssccessersee LAY
MD BUT A” Rssaccaccccssessacnassass cater cocausnse SOU
CEPRALCONCNecsavecetsecccscsecnssosestsscseoe ool.
I CNUALC ER taunscasceessaccercrecceccnsarcase a2 G0
W/L Lb mweaneesnaneecescessvasccchocenersracMneO =
a TINEPACEROSssssescccnessevesesescensssscseool
LOSI Mawewesevecs esses shesoectentecetemeoe
“ASU RCC Diacccascascessaassvvecsssacesacesosess Wt06
ASIII CAncaccavsceesarccescessec chet scineecmeneGs
AOL OleweesaeccsarecsesrestesdeaseensenmOoe
WARNIVORA corcrcsvsories sasseccevessesacene (OM)
CERVID Ao eickvesstcccutcecsvessceccsosecgess toa
WervuUlus: vstiscsssssresscsecseccssessserereten poOd
COoPAUTCUSiescetces. cere
WervUs ck. cvciewicedeccwstewscences Ueeleseiesensstoee
rmathiniswecsecscaceccesccarese
———TLLDINCS ies sircarcssscteteccesorucesseedses a aOd
me APISLOLCIES. ceeececunenececee’
Tan IUDIS nee eacivnerea see Corecceeton cheesenes sea eTOU
TUL AU OC tenanascaseesacoactecresssssrsaes O02
=—ICOSIMITLENS1Sivenavccusececsrecoce coaeac! LOO
——NCOSUIONUSweneenecseessasnenctewssesesssesstz0.
NOUN eeresensctecsortoteccarseccseesreee nn OOe
— elaphus
= GHC Sbooconnagacoocoacconsacsoncaacennoun, Be
CUI CCV USavacesesatasceseacesaserercorssst 2Oo
== RELEFOCENCUS seocccseroebtecaccorerecser POO
=——- ID DCLADNUSeerenccateecececicctenacestaten ti:
HAT EB Moaameteroeantesarearaccanessnceteeremeelle
= IECRENAULILE. Nacacececatceretenscesertetenn els
=—aWOSCHOALUS sesteachedicdccecsecneeseceste O04

ec eesccesccccstoveesses 10.

mamINUMI AC sonsaccesecorccasccetacatacesccanenet an tGs
EOP CYANUS cccasccoccsvacocscousoccese spe AD
—PAWEP ccbocacoupcedbasoepsocoonoanacegosa, 240%
= NUAIPALPEDTA ssccasscesecesrorsccesceses 200
— oryzeus

PCOS OCC OOT HEEB EEE EEFOOEEETESOEe 262

INDEX.

PAGE
CODYGOANGUS covccsesesnscaseusensearsnvassass2O0
—— i NAUWOccvisncedaseasecastesse saves sssecemer moe
— SAUMUN secseceerecerece Eanatocdensseenneete 256
— SLY IOCETOS.cccssccaveccace aacnaeseao: denon s Od:
—— AGUILAS oudaeceacnaeaeceasi/snessacensasasian

esliesetsecemlod
CRAMSUYOLCUS ccacacucecsceotecsessseuences smell
C. servalinus
CHEIROPTERA \..3 <cccseccsccssesecscisiesesee @ LO
Cladobates
CoclOps cacosecensessesncssessecsecessnertesnes Moo
WH rithiitcccccccccceccaccnceececesceesrsnee-mneie
Corsina/ccovesccccesccsencccsccsecossccecessnss Ol

Cajalpinateseccsssscescenssdevesceseesssseca sme ioe
=< JUIOTESCENS cavencccceeserdsacsecccasenoss) OO
CENOSSOPUN sa cecves snusnancreessnesnsecniases man
CshimalaicusiecssescaresceeatenesceusseunentmaZe
CuOnerccscsessteccevsccscescscoscecascstesasreielL ace
CADPUNGOUS «. Sicden ean cone ee ona 145
— rutilans
Cymopterusiv . casa sa ocucsoncsterce emote 20
Cramarginatus ys cssunecesmeteeceeeeees ib.

CO

Damalis risia
DDELPHINID AR sine ttihintecessoeeueattore 156
Delphinus.. 2 c0.csesnswatewenesseaveeeeneees ib.
D. fusiformis
— gangeticus
— godama
—— enti ginOSUSsajviscaceceesesseeeereeteadie ib.
VW MACUIIVENLEL *svaszesannserecsdeneecetncl 16,
———SPOMGE RUA tea tiaa iiss dace aeivesinncieesst eects 1b.
== PEMNIPEL esecccanatacansstemerwcctemeseeee 157
— plumbeus
= TOSENALUB <s Senacicaserseisistvinoeaemescet 158

eee eee wearer eens reeeeeeee

Cem ee ee meee emo ae ee eee enneee

eee eee eee eee eee ee

SEPA RRR eee eee weer eee neeeee

Seen eee eee eee nee eee eee

Hil@phas’s..vccesscestannoecsseneincsenceetenees 229
Ei, \OStatteus® cis cescsuose tans sonceevert ceeenee tb.
ome INGICUS 03 vac cadancacetus: socaenmenestenecs ib.

INDEX 329
PAGE PAGE
ESUED AE. sc ouc teied eseinevicesaaaunccoemetedeen 23 bral CbeaPAaLdus nessa sucemosadanscusencteatate 97
BIG OMS» coe <a pavecicctiacsacoatsaamusdt ene 236: | SSnabipiMOsa i. ...,cocccassaiestreasesscecaseaes 108
IEE REMAONES no nics drdajrs ata ciw ochoo Merete ib 1 SCF UAUNG!, 52 vosinnnuatiinaeeaaswaraenacteets 110
= MOTEVE) Ps cgseuaupbooucestedvocodnedenenabes ib — SUMAEP ONE crevacnwersscn toed deaeaeeeese 105
IEIRENCAGCEDD t's once scstacc coses ceceteet ee Gl | SS Lemminchtt. cc aseeecs cacsancddaeteennes 107
Mra ACe US cosa, coctccccasiiccerCaneacueset es G2! 4 Settles Gecssagcscanesscsccsepnes cose 92
BISCO MAVING cass ayccssccsatewwanariesecs sa ctiees 40; \|\ SCOR GUA LA), «ceive iocler snistislaviels scien deeseerte 110
=> (CTA saa Ren CeAOCHEeY CONE CELE CeO G2 SSC ai ooh ec ccanaecece eee ecusae heehee 101
— MICrOpwUS...........065 Feiss a doaetnae seine GBei|! == eNCZOTM OSs. Soccwcsuoclos cence seeemeneeeeee ib.
— nudiventris ...... deseo ocvoesenass deassns AON =U ULAL acaerss clenanssedesileaiose ceneaeote 105
SSIS HATA), a, SRO RO ORD OCO CORP OA COOOGODOGNOC 114
F. MLV ETN CONS cadences siesaisctenennaceatte . 103
=i VAVEINING Ie scijerereesesselssecsseane ssc oo. ee
REDIDA- ...5: Maarceaetactsrescscencasaures 90
LTT Ss 2 aie PR 91 =
F. Gime Aare eee see ianieneceisesesieecteaeers lll Pie Rel ae a hie es 279
vurh CLEE LLL CUS ciclo niuiostsleisauisatel leaisitess/le sentels 91 GUHA GH e cake ee aN 280
Saunt: eR a ec ee aig Sn e 107 Gaveus..... FB Catron peencec eOnbUsOAcOnCAnOG 301
— bengalensis ............sseeseseeeeeees 105 | g. ELITE (Se Bop cjorineoosucdaaneanooLoenagaacoce ib.
ge SP al Gutta. ee rck, ee oI eee 184
ap celeang oa SO Ota ee CULE al EUS ugar tc, ee. ee ib.
ml ORAMULONE: © cc ccennsniveddeviiseis seelesanees 104 | _ er icciancs nt ee ee 185
GE a aac a som [eae 2 (ee eae eR Oe 184
PAPO st aires ets ite ateahieeweniene sare aanets 102 <p :
mmoBIN ICUS sees osice. cael seense neces beiene ib.
Dither cedh aw asiens dav covstenenesteres et ous Globicephalus: ¥...S.0.600030+.s2-00esonneu 159
EL OPES BB eT oe caus Sollee cr, | a ene nse 160
Sa OSSD Fee cdo etna ean SU ealanilan 2 <5... eA 211
_ oes soaunO Gases pnasqdsecoenocAche 103 ae Sar en eee Ie 212
— PAUULOE accesses secees ene sae ns sane UE ly eeermcltl ay 22 fee ce ie 213
— irbis ......... Cen oarnomneacdeteacetr onan: 101 Che ane ee 80
FO ETE ERC PEEK see's S| ee CTF CRORE SS DOO DCEO CER SGROU CORON ODOUCE- 138
—— FAUONCNSIS) Vaca pcaveciens-sbiessoccdee senor: 105
== UGT GT Brarecnoricad cso ncsapacasasonconcs 107 H.
HDA Lagan iioctectnaninerieeaianiee saiceanecitete sas 114
——WKULAS. Naa nieutsu as yaecanas sos veveesceraceues LTS | pL al COG aeecrtase seieaiejeiseieelcieleeiaeteaieresatrrr 310
ECOL maeerieon ke artes neabasemenestieslsewes LIER LATOR) ecgenpeaues cbocbogenenoennoo00c. 311
== LCONUNGAUS ven vessa)ssen=tossiecescaseraseaes Oi =U ZONE en eelcensdccessosepeleestneee ib.
—— | MACTOCEUS™ oa 5 cccnasacsnesaedascnasee ons MOD —— tt 01C MP meet c cs cclecsiseertentc asst ctor ssre sre: ib.
m= ACT OCELOULES. «.0.batesiedvetecsonocneasce 1b 1EIG Ta RoomonaGsensonskecdaaondnecoodcoSducased 80
mm) MALIMOLALR)\ 2s .csiessiccehesenseesee-tocees TOAD EL mipalensish 1.5.59. soeenessetoesieet en ib.
mL Deine neaoscissslaseaestespiaceecernees HOS) |) Hemitragus) si. c.5:.2..0+0scesseseeeeneesnes: 286
—— YO OINENAES ae deacon ea ena less ccasioeeeeiar UGE |) 1815 leh, efoe th Ga rcneapeeendc aoocopededasneconee 288
= OD ULOR Elance oe-tilevnssslesetecesesss's LOZ S20) | =— jemlaicus ef. .....0-.- sas. sseeeeeereeaeerr 286
—— MEGMESCENG) .cajcsascccosascccsiecseesesast 107 | — quadrimammis .........sccceeeeere ees ib.
re IAICNSIS is scscceseienosssssocetaceeee ss NOS |) lerpestesinse.ce-teescseaeacoeniveeeemenensss<> 131
— Ogilbii....cc.es awssseetaddesuedenccines 104 | A. auro-punctatus ...........0ceceeeceeees 136
Sem OMIEIEM ce sntaes se cosecnssesocaccacssteerese NO} —="FUtOtiee meee eeeies sescecn essere esse 135
— pardichrous....... aRetees soithooeee LOS 9} —SAUSCUS hee ecccdes ced stecsasuiccececeveeoenes 136

330 INDEX.

PAGE
Wer MISCUIS: Soon dsinnsineesusinan haeeenns AARNE 132
Se ENGONL oe ccciiscacsncieenaeces MNCS eee 322
PE AMAIACCENSIS pis iceeccccnnanasasne seen 134
ST MONHCOMUS, i..05scesaceercsceeeen eee 135
Bs NIPALENSIS a:s;senatncceinatioc esate eae 136
NY CLL «ah va cot ara suasernianslelacanets eee eee 134
SI PAUAAUS . <s aicadennsoseaanse se se ootneee 132
a POUUMER, aos snascondncaateudionne sete 136
Se PULUGTUNSUS 0 s020. éanneasns Mae RE 135
SHSM Oss cicis size vise oncasens eee ib.
AVICHICOMIS seacesarustnasasacneesoMeaeeee 137
RIP POMEL AS. ic suite sae oeciannnle METER RA 27
EB: APUCUIALUS, J 5.,454 neancoansune A Receeete ib.
SePOTIN ROL atctncabturnaceah ace oro aceanaseiene id.
=== (SWISECIE faahtieon uobaobebenobnenannee 28
ee PIMNUUIEUS arses ccraeeoariacarenee ona ie eiete ib.
POORER A rtalurs ts ttatanis oh arabia aa tsts ts eee 27
Eb ) ORE CULALUS ai a sauns ysneresuceeter eee ib,
HanV SPEOLIS aaasianic ses sascha sesumeame rose aeen ib.
Elysenaaaavese ssheaen sanonccasaeeee nee eee 118
BLS Strata: sqnice Adens pes sae seene eee ae ib
SS UULG ALIS) ie sadiatanccastedh es cee ib.
BLY enIA Ge evi teeters eee 117
TAG LOG RIC iscecevciceeee ieee te ee 64
FPYSTRICID AD: Ssaccciasccdadscssseseeeees 218
Ly SUK eaiantaceaniecsen se oeinee, eee ib.
WAN CLOPRUS) aascctton sh ssa seanenteeee eee 221
= ‘bengalensis ....::525:i.csssessscesesdeets 220
=< AUNSULITOSENER 2.) ss cne's van snennoeen eee 218
— HOdgsont...........c0ec cue BOE AE orca acot 221
mre SALOU eased ts sacoanecies eee 218
= MLENCULAY tra srsccencsencnceresmuctesnsiees ib.
== LONGI CAUA Mame, aateueteaAccneecneeecene 221
WN LILO OVECE or croc coe mise ma cenone las center 220
= ZeyLANENSIS .6. iiceeceeees Laplneini jeneus 219

I.
Thew himalayanus .cciccscesccvrarees . 202
Hetides Aber s.<<.nssevsneasaeisaiadmadintas 130
IINSHGTEVORAS cateassravecatincset Micon: 49
MMAUS) ossasteaeeegen ets inte laacceetceae eae 9
DBelops iis: veuesesaraasetoncnmseeeeeeee 1]
SEEBEVNESUS sdeaibancndewsisaaeeeonecunene mate ib.
SiS) So) Siam restemennocaneoececononeie ae lO)
K.

MPA Brere coc canes ies'sss assesses swite GRMN 283
—hylocrius ........ Kas erosisesienstnt aerate 288

PAGE
AE CrIV OU \sis)scduaneaantcncesnqorttenice oeeeee 42
OS Wallidgis. jccsiccsumeaseenscactasessee area 43
= Papllosas. css... .s0cesensssoes oa ebemaeee ib.
> PICA, addarcauavesaveanesesasace oostieaune ib
= YRS: x, ices vachakeseauace teeeee eee 35
L.
Pia gOMy a soe. easier seca aceon 226
Ei; FHOAGSONE SEA ieeseteete ib.
—— MAP ULENSES ESN RAIS SON come secre 16.
SOV ICI sacs ce conten RC Oe ib.
THASLUTUS: | SM vacncete: tercate eee cere eae 40
Tess GarsOniges soca te ecereee eee ib
PUL OE ERP Re Cee M REECE fs 207
3 Dr etc (0) cle aaperen becca: coon tosbonoLDSocCE 209
SS Plepida vs whowscsssrecdtendarencates on daeeee ib.
Se Plat y thr x, i cncn eave se eras saan, 207
= PSPINULOSA 2 3. .dctene oS saesgecesieennes+teeRe 208
RCTUUT. (Cer LONUCUS” 2o.2 sees adaneeateeees 15
PEL GUACUIS! nce ossetecea-seschesscioes Mate ib.
SCAR ALGV AAUS...<.0500<.cc0smeddeseaaneee 14
AM URID AS 5.0555 ccorewes atte 0s Seen Ream 13
Wop ar Us GOSUE maccwenceneeecene sea 104
SS TEUGOCLE Sec waits ap ircante coe soeenen tinea 105
==) UCONSPICUUS) Vnsscsiessnececeuewanectanat 110
FS RECUCSI oo Seacsvatesecennconamteeeentes 105
EC HALE ERM OCUOCHOCEEECCOUGET. ono rticn 97
TEPOR IDA Hicieccges sues cans ene eae 223
MEPUS © a oucilh) reastencenede cea aes ab
Paphispidtig: 2 ..ccsansscandeegataasnen inte 226
STUN DLCUS oo sacaceag ans siey PRL eRe 224
P Neeirermer ofthe. sus eases cond pineal aes
= NCLUNDUCKEN Vo... cccu sane Cul eet 225
—nigricollis .......... Fasinateanamsvmmaeae id.
= STU CANO ADUS! He oscsse ents sekeekerae ae 224
BORG ety fines hee canter 15
be eracilisae ena snbitlegee qe ameeerenin ta ib.
Rigitr as eee ss eenteen ean Nae ese dinedagh ee
L. aurobrunnea ............ sea tidioteors cs 89
— chinensis .........4. ieaetar deen 86
r= 31103 ene en gree ein en ib.
see ndipitala | oe ss scene 89
PENCE 2 oot ade ses nhscawa omens aaa 321
a= PEPCONYX) ..3.c0,cF <dceugsaaccs aaa 89
==imonticola, “53.4. sdvesed. +a) ae 88
SS MBE eo aivsnsacss coun ssiatentoe ee 86
Sri aravensis: 1c) ccc scot ceeeane ee mmeees ib.

Me WULCALIS a roceugs eer Saleh ee:

INDEX. 331
PAGE
M. Musics: ane SC HIISHORAR ORC te Dec eetce 192
BAG | Me albidiventnts, sie. sursaeae maar 206
MAA CACUS, ooeackecsaeesd asses saceuete adnante V2 | == @qutcaudalis ... 0... ...c.scaenscanaselos 198
MVE USSCINENSIS: cit cioa Nostenatysatndese hekes DO T= AnVOvEUS: cxcrpessacaqvass uti dove aueeeanas 199
CUUCRCUS. asec; cas dercesecses cagausaste 2D, oh == DACHHIANUS: fois cas «caavsunsncgeh ncaa aioe 205
BEAMOLOMS, wi cccacls Sep steaadinasinesisseeos actiigdats 2D.) t= DaMGICO a. ccsan con csvins apes 193
PCAC ACUS! cciccneiudétes ascicehis as tucleaciegtae P29 Jem DRUDMEUS’., scree <<a se he aces caeaaaadenes 198
ra== TA OGSU eGo nce eR ep EUHOLORE nee en eER Teta Lie} == bronneusculus) se.natsssieneaes 199
IMRAN TM TDG ce dents aiecsasictanssposeedacteme SUE} s= candations,:. sscceos cmieeenenenoreleedtes 201
NSE: Pater ciicaseaneccds stirs oecirasractgae G0. |= CEFVICOIOL |..<.s000- cm mene cre cdiis Naedlece ay 206
IMTS BAN Cal eea se wat cancels casesea eoeea haneasgaus SIG | == CinNaMOmMeUB 0.0 cs. s00nes 090089 ananees 201
me OMULDEOLINE Tecleacisoiactc aci\eteisneie sacs AUS = COPCUR. vaca onzsaiseaciaateagdidencearecs 212
Ss CROSSTCRUMOUE as acne vnssiieseessieccitesies 1Diat | CRBSEID OD as Josie cuits psa cas ae teraieineden 204
= Dalmannit yeeccse tes aviccacencssiaceerecs 324 | — darjeelingensis ................scec0e08 205
NEILL OLE, vate Salas cies nthe nereateehicae ease’ aa Olea cot CCCRIMANUSH ee menerant ss aeseeeataseee 195
ID AMUCR aaa ce ts oka seuk sas socen sone 5 (SS GEST AAT COED aap enonoeedonbr paormoner roe ib
ML LECHUMAUR cacncise caeisesiegseiciisatauas UA ets UD Tt Sree cares Ateenowsnae ss eee OCS 203
SM IIECHOUNE, oais cia cia es sisislen ie aire sntoe tines QUAN Neal LUI ECECOL Das croneranan sateen Aaeerese tat 202
NN CT GAD AC EY Aa ies esa cetsincienienee vad anges OD8 NSP BUOLD. . sosccsninsdarnscannere tens eones 197
VESTIGES praactles tervion noses ceeasiceavaaunagas SE ll \emlavescens: | cc cvesdnasatnednes concedes 199
Mier tlaviontlaias ss .esscincesccceedassmoncqeaaas Bo WS FULTESCENS. 5a ocasescadaaciseseamnead sis 197
mmm GRUMENINS CB sas Jicice eben voncenseaetandses HOB || GRACE Geceonundacloonebeace.ionoanline 205
INIGETG (aT E) Ganaserndboearocoopnondoponeescee QU Se RUNSULUS. Aosta sutra ace nans swan deaeaee 212
ME COPMEICEY ivschsivaevaadccsaacteoutsceee 22 I = NOMOULUS)! S seu ssseseatcean ewan aes 204
— lyra........ ‘pdcRCOUAOgencapOAAACHOCA oaAcoe Lg |e cub ogee N ATC) Dahecaneceonugonoaconesc sar 197
SIUC HIREACED. ons cas setcenaat teers evs gnats COB | SILT CUCU) Sake co lappeandnopeoccaoco: ober 213
= ISTE CEMUM ns asivsanesistiguiaadsaiapacass 4G 5 Wh = — MNALADONICUS) Fe ncscccdnnaceene neces 193
MEAD ID Athianeiccsntsccectivevcsasicdsssm CO aa LANGE aan geartnecieae sie diee naman ene: 203
Mellivora......... ROOMS Mer scmonceneete 78. | aMUSCULUE, veces eiseeensnioMigensyencee ib.
IME RINGICAN sectharcatieaac snesetaatsemencnen oe te 4D. |) —— NEMONAUE oe ccs ccsccvsceccccss TMD oe 198
SUP EL ED Sone ras aa siete as Salense aeioiagjoan dgasea 4D, | —— MEMOTIVAGUS oo. cecscccersneceevedecnven 193
DELURSUS LY ULE US: ivelssa (cc seciusiecgaas aes Aa We MU ACTCUS, siksdec ce erases fencer syaee 203
MEOW MINS eh ctdoes wavs dc scents vss ageiaencaces ZOD es me SUOIENRES: (ot S coe sai tuk sh s OoKea cera 204
1 TRG Tee ee ame Ree arr REE aD ORPRO nT err 40 ea NBIC US inna te Aacidiesnttran otc atl cReae ee 201
PRRORACTIG) ci Panay dis vonanis toc taad Peaci pd diya. f- Mee MUNAVORCES fsc-osheas see pant etvorumpadeee 200
Moschiola mimenoides ...........00e000s ZOD | —— RORVEU TOUT ic cacces<sstizitsceakfuahnen ses 195
Moschus ........ oe Ree ern Peer GRE ll Gleraceusrascg.an.ctaxewsedeahigecmierames 202
MEN CHFUSDGORIEN? .cvitacscrsdscsceeasbagy Mt tly | <a NEPEROD icostvacnvencdsaceved slanspuatihg 193
eet FOUCBRVRLEI «ch 6 cdiens coasts ten anadhcanss Be Bh => DLAIUPANER cv sldcucdiatve taste ee meeee 207
Seep ROMNEY ssc vcceseocnesCasmanaynuns, COM P= DIMPIMAMINNIS . ./0...40 sone henstonnancene 196
— moschiferus.............. REP reer cree PEW —— ONENSE: ce csinicnnis owas bes, ceneatlaeanenee 202
ma SULUT LUE loos clecidsiseleisieic eas anialsiseraefuar pe PLOVIG ENS )o251c4.taneerentaceaaeeeeetiae 187
Munitjacus vaginalis ....sccccccececcceess PAI | —— YU CCOLIS: sinsinn'c sovnaaticenmeanceaadammentct ib.
MUSE AG een ecco ch cienss an2.ccodda aan WT an HAPEOIER «5s oe cian se csucee Rant 194
WEUTINA S500 scares SncinpoRooaLdonnoeaoncodbox ANS Wy a FAGUUS) wore sine o's sinettinnine slsiceleceieaetasaasses ib
BR aOR 35.5 Pods Aside nie Boa reeaa ee AD. a= TULESCENS, 5: oddacadeineasenethand seins 199
SESUIINIA cedissces sae vinenns Wa sie a welaeeleantaca ANU Wale SOLEIL OT os setine intaas hance rea an Sieben 193
PRE a svc su Givi vinnis iv teeaaadxtaetangdl GE) We ex CELTICOIOR © seyicteeansviesdeeusdescsvncar 20

332 INDEX.
PAGE O.

M. Theobaldi , 205 PAGE
— TYytlerd os. eeeeesessesneeeeeeeceenen ees ib. | Onychogale ........ ont), Mame (iviaeeee
SSIES Gonpspoondaapbadsanosonasoscenco 203 | Osmetictis fusca ....cccccesseeee es, SREB
Mustela cideieaiteakacomacmnoe 835) SOVisteiece cee hehe eee ee Pes stl ters .. 294
WE VELOT Aer Chitin acest eee ee 82 | O) Ammons: ..cei eee ee
=== EV Orsfieldt 535 ccatsiniscsscascaeeeoe sens 80 Wh ihel aes eee = le heard , 296
——NUMCLANIS'* «J vscaknarnnce wees 83 — cycloceros wiathiew aie dv iohe oe oe!
== Katha ciystaacd cbaaevaadieeeet eee Ba Le ahoor: atk ob
— sub-hemachalana ..............0..0065 33) |) 2 nahnre sis sci.ch eee igen 18
= SEIIPIGORSA? cetareacesstorduncnmeneeee cnt Bb). Se Polina ae Aree eee etal cahirses . 299
Mustelidze © csin.aacessins Piss eaonn » 81 | — Vignei woe cube an aS

N.
UNEMOEHOCOUS tcuvutecevaescecrenrmenc ns . 283 P.
Nev WDAalinagl: cance contemonaees crests ad.
= DOLAIN cas veneaeimenomnmie cece nears. te 285 | Pachysoma ........ ang070050 Seatononc Sonbkionm ZAU
“I NOCILOUS vcs aclatncensarsicecuamanter osenss 283) |peapumavlanigen pveqesesten dete: doodac aooe ley)
INGCOGOM tencteicianenaccastasetossschescenee ras ZG) |) Pangolinusrly pus, vacuescnccnsacscereencs . 14
INTo GIIRTA SOS: gaonadoouondadedonbobosecooNeD 207 IP Raploninee ay. asccotssresceseceteabene aman
IN eSOlia Ma saceaetes canagen cme sancskmonas aia NB7 { earadOROEUS » caecsncee seme roeeeoneccenee seve 125
IN, JELARA WICKS, .cem. vcsasiedis cagmbiaaruateas TOE | £295 CHA ROO Seco enoesoaco onaceobaseno. FepoboC 130
Ses PEAULLOME Maen sence sens essays aecen eae CABS || <3 CURES Spoogeognvsodospcokoacenoundsdaod 322
AU CICA aeaisecieaien Supesissenseoareuetece er tee 187. I) ——Gondar Wsccocaasecejnesseceneeneeene mee 28
Noctilionins mmcreserceetreninencertetreeet: S32 Ne (CrOgsit: * ck aiaandecae saececoaemeteneoeerts 125
UNOCHIIIIR, *iacccascwenss evs cect seeeter em BB Uh SUD ER icnreatooee eae eee eee 5
UNS MO CULE, aires sroctneceiseasaeeeemaae veneers 16. jh —SGrayh Ves cchccenevodconbekeeomendes . 128
INV CbICCDUSUR mn crcaaimtsecne cane ements 14 | — Ahermaphroditus ......ccccecccrcsecenens 125
INR COPRO GTANSIS. bos ccs ce vesedts nae: 20. 4 ——“hireutas it) tee eas . 128
LAT CISTAUNS sii: cate cesses eeeseeeneceee 10. || P—— | muUsaN gar tieeeese teeter ceemee re cne . 125
IN FEUICAINS cas laksa chives cacottocceie mare SH | SURAT EHH ES saocacng96q0008000 o0t020000 i.
UNEREUIAGOR SO snfcu sander decciacostummecucmers 8 al) =" Penniamtil' a yen ene cera cette catteeceatientes 128
SCANS is eiheiciatsiesie stisiertectamatanavie crise seme AD. NN Terem PAV ASIL™ si cect caneanrs ee tame ne Oaeoeeee . 125
-ACASLATICUS i teerfaisilsitsetelestesiesiet sleniseis ele HOS | FRAC OSCLES soccoonopado coanoucse.coGhad50% ib.
mt FUAVEOLUR Sparc caioaainan ant aekionnnotemeeG cere 37 | — quadriscriptus .....cceccsessveres seer ee
mem FLCRENI ae sane scvanatbetastecveaereee ee 08) |) = UO/ AES. cooobooosconnoducneconcoocs.dcoNodoC . 125
= ISAUCLIAMUS: « scaisechantntaeeonesaaceeetete AQ Phoceena DLevILOsthise.ceceeessneereneneree 324
mee LULU See te ke eee OF le eholidotus Dalmanniieeaceecescecceene ib.
= MIVICOLUS sass jaidnmac een sasiecaemnnoeceeene BO! Gi) PE ANGICUS yh acdemeccseleusiosen wctseemmsenetre ib.
=n OLMAUUS! csi. gs) sisinsisteleaivstesisdicienieeo ener Us Ml DY SEteT SLONUS Ie cenetelactens ateieceneteecenrs 5 lbs
——-WeMm MIN Ch es weki wees cee eae en eee OS) | METZACNDE TG VAUDIAN Bianietreicien feeiatet sieect eerste 68
m— ELACKELLU wees tnracen coat nae astt eee eee 49 ||) Platacanthomys) sceteesssoceaasteeeecente 210°
IN ViChinOmMUSs) seasons nc heck reer otenes he 52 i (Ps lasiurus'! it Sacesewecesenotone coe ib,
Ie (ERG HET BS acicta son ocbocnvonecsocoaaance 3d, |) Platahistalcwasacsvencamies covenucneeante st la7)
Sees OMCULUUR si canes Gramonnccntien meets 10, |) IPaveangeticay.anssccuusesseveciestcceneete . 158
FI CATUS Mines vnc adauraeeneene neon 40. |) = "End ltyeacdodstouseatoenanccnneeceeees 159
=> WETOES ceceendarecrcanpicnidacocnderoncou: AD. ii WPlecotus? .vitctemvacconsnectecersn cane 47
Jy A GLiLay oot I a eg AE eer artebach 48. i|) (Py aurittis™ wacsecenesnemecseemenenenteets ib,
bg, CL 7 i Aa eh 4D. | —— darjelingensis rcccccccsecsseennvecsevene OD

INDEX a0
PAGE PAGE
P. homochrous.........000++: S aiojan enieeinls ATA NWR. UNICOPNIS) Neco ccsencn ec sircauieueeleces 232
TOV CUA PkGe Sens cee sentence Renee 243) |S RHUNOCEROTIDAD \s.ac.cieeenssceeareatens ib.
DerSalvaniay. ss scass susan cnc enmemeerinn tee 244) | Rhinolophus:.). 5.2 28.<e0caseesiesntsseeeeaaaece 23
POntaXee scare cisownsnecteacnecceh cou cvionsure Qian tle AMMMIS® ac.) neenisneccecanoer mere ne tmeeeaniie 25
PAE PICUUS ys nave civoonenerssechcec si smecease asia ADA || == CUNCTASCENB 2. co uaerassesis+-sashonsousne ib.
IBReSDYtISty sa sei cnet es memes canes detinceanenc 83 | SOON AG OS Mnoe — angasdoboornnageanscoces 27
PP MESMCOMUS /slesrses canciones <piotact oon ct AW ———WODLAUS Me duc caeusecnioacscnastuadeveecete 25
Seem OHIN US tse oeiad ceca sean eh haRe enone: WM n= LULGLUS See ec comes cy seer aaa ee eee 23
EID ADS sc viclaine steel caioitee ign av seasiemaeretins BE | em MACOS qractesmeverc seresenne uceneoane 26
SB IAMUS Pe seta esthetic ay coders ja ho itratusparsencehe et ce een aeeee ee 24
mS CINSCACEUIS Mas aanincs Serene oman OF | Eco UrINUss acoccacseere ae oauk eecsaaaenonee 28
IPRIMATES) -.cccee: Napiete Wese hwo atac testes ew Wy |i PEASONI ae scone cise doce ances secnaatee 25
Prion Od Onben wenccsrcsecce seessacsoscnesnese Uj) Ea Yet TaNG2) 2 Ss neapApbonde coo so poAancHoaduodAcc 23
A PATOIEGIOR | vooneccesaicsseeecacsiadte deecat 10. e—— FROURL scrieisiosciseie vase ainsleoaea nevseeliceites 25
=P ONO CHUOUBN Weieactesctinei ine reelenanesee OB (|) SPOUTS seSenodec »cppaonqccapsoGeaDNSNCAE ib.
IEROBOSCIDE AN cease tsces sete: sasiwsneiiseia es AQBiy Ine SN COMI ates siesreiseinclee ete seyrtsee cease estes 27
1 ELGIWA TET A conponirinpaeoneaneeeeel pick peodaa V4 No Sub-DAGIUS! |. h2actecteo6m eden tune ddvaciees 26
15) CHIEU" Wegahopaeoocube Palate nase tac VZ7G%s Wo— travatus! ...iecaccessicnscteiepaivtecstessss 24
ACY SOLATIL ancten nena n etenenc one cee eas IP f7p |e lRenteves sfeyen, padsde coonounpadenéoccanasoa 700: 29
=SevIMOTMA GIS sas arant «cence acc ceisnewesoneacs WG | oko elardwickiile s.. cas seessecenitestroneme seve 1b.
= PICRCHILT pacictidesavesuisersesciedesncenees 74S) |) AR FAONt ELS pac abadsonpnscesnetc opoponmdegsGd 214
PAP IME CUSiatae, craseiecne savctice aus res ise EF Ten |i Ro DAIS ass -cavteat oteiiatere scsscccatdetetacteseetane ib.
SSI GLANIVISUAN Tare yes cacleinoartes cee eeee TE! || 9S UO agkghancodsenocdmoganoespenavasaceboc ab.
= PURIPDENSIS: 0..0ss 0 o6se levee céeieee: ADEA RODENIOEA cocctuics tones csitecticcieeensteeaeats 163
eS OTN ONE clocvcraisis eis cs tice slelatotne eaniernetice ee aioe W782) RUCErVUS! se ccc ccet ccs sca aiecescecmernane 284
BAEC ORS Seer ca oS accu eae eo eae Si Re Duvancellit cece msrtecmarsecacrsetas ib.
I NUSSOMENSIS ©. ss so. ct eee ee ABS AN RAISE coho. oeacha Gunrstelaneumunneinecesmetn 256
me PUSSUTNLCT ION sina tea eae eae ee 20a | Ree Aristotelisias,nccssmeseodccemeurhstscnes ib.
== VNAWALUSI)” .hscs Nev cene tescacerentese VSO SRO MIENAN TITAS ci cusses siipreeistsarsearice 245
m= CSCHENAUIEL fi s0s6.s00c-sercerecscer sec OF We EUSID GR ecnaetaneuctiaatnescioss ea MMos 253
RI /OUCOCED RAINS cane esa. cenat eer icc 18
ILC ULUG MAEM re arete aston ee Ce a, 1b s.
=U PLUONUR Te Seon s tiancc on eater mera ee oe: ZOMG CLURUDZEMEnen wansades sr ceiincaaeeotsan seers 165
=I SENMNUDUS: Pace dicicodtecssccccccrécen cic VOM PSCUULODLCLUSmyreccentet mason cocci 177
Sam LELLCECETIUS outs sescaices Gasocue scenic. PAU || 0 Sh BulleVeyOE2) Pino oca nocoooceddousedcouosoDEdnDn 179
E— CANICEDS iy aeissairiesuteeneneeaisie sissies 178
Q. a RACH? A ste ib.
Monavie oe a lea PUSCOCAPILIWE! sanrdoisasaestaselecsntneetes 180
aoe as ee OL aan eee eionarbencaracnagn ode ll/d
R. ees FAILED os co ase saloaoiesoteva ne nce 179
men LUCILLE «cs cuescins vslerenie ee eereincetate ib.
Ratelus indicus .......c.cecescccscoeseecce FISH |) == SAO Ba ancdanonos ono SodscesabNte Donic ib.
IRIN GCeTOste here nc acccer eee eee Pe Da CLULUB 50 5014 csajehie cau ste stead nat) astern 165
PUM ASLALICUBS a laiseiiones aeidaetee th essen See PSSA Se OLCOLON, sv cctven neciscelscoaanatay cepmmetnts 168
meme NOICUIS s rerseraisecjnnsdsescbepencuaasea eee 23D || —DOMDAYANUS vvavcecis osmcieceleceimtcns 167
aI RETINIR EE Minstrsi acs sek oen ees aatE Cee IT ADS A =" DOGS. eicacccencesmosauimanacerecne «5 167
—FAUAMICUS!) nc cose sinessnsdeesaceeatsuaeee 2341 —— CCYLONENSIS 2cr, c.tewcacasiiatrs orm dinescs 168
Sat SONUAICUB Ss sive ecedenee heros, seseonenen Bootle — DCLOSBEF Seance ies sonar esas rence 173

334 INDEX,

PAGE PAGE
S. Elphinstonei ..... beeeeeeanens btedebends 167 | S. murinus wissiiscsstecssssesneeteieans | OF
==) TEU san qaovonoouddaonecnocusdun bb ckin V7 | = myosurus vivvcscices BOOHER CUaCOnridocins 1H)
m— WMayardl, siitithassasnenturtsmneneten es 172. | “== NEMOTIVERUA Vitkisssetnesner scare tiseene, OO
——NOKMAN se eas seeoecehtioecresee caterer oes GOH a MIBET etoracenscat ostanceneate costennte . §656
== 1OKTIOUdES) Wathstscnceorassstrameennrctat 41B:) || == PErrotetiyccncscvonscetecesvanesheeatt ve «88
=— MACTOULUBS! ssc rsdontseaseueiccveane ener: L683 -— DY GMBUS MR rtccccetessecactnerenatietrtemmam
F— MACTUTOIGES) ian sansne seseeneactgen eats 1H. | —saturatior .....cssccceeseers None ceaie ater Meese
= MALADALICUS: sstrecsensterasteasetinsttnttes NGOP|—"serpentarins: Gnamacenanancncecarnt fl lA
== MAXIMUS!” (Eien cnt enncedecasaocbaneaes ib. | — stkimensis ..... Ninusaaaameneenens inne 59
ses MICE ANGI te cae chesetceticjctesuetwnns ane 173) | 5=—"SOCCAEUS arse ceccnsccenciestect coumeant hts ice,
= IDAIMATILUA yssecs coder tant sancdencaneutis 170°) —— Sonneraiti oo. visio stivsinenes vepeaganns 53
——VPeMBerlLOnuonng nn hinaicccwentaecnia 17304) aro SWANN OEL rea veneiecemncnt Beemenccnne pended gree
=A ONCLULGLUS airaniendaverisiesornesiscewannie TAU) je UN RESOW cdpiecn odo eunbUnbuabce iaduncaween 56
— SUDIAVIVENETIS Vi iisesercensensensenses 169 | — viridescens ......... corveibec mundane gia) ee
em AMO LINEALUS) | siieins ease saaieeisinselnsesinercate 173 HS SOniCUlUS) camccmcodesceetsernnnnaaneaenae 59
——<AEPISHIACUS: . ciyarvsiiimbereseinesheMneencie 171 | S. nigrescens ..... GndddsaLuevadsooeauionen: iy sabe
RirccO panes esaycvres coweiseesonetale tans 33 | Stenops favanicus viiiccreccssrsceerserene 14
Scotophilus ...... Ada don san oA RAROHSOD HONEY O4 || (SUIDAL cdsssssers erect Suudddonoducecanadere 240
S. coromandelianus.......6cessecseveenees BA tH ae geecareoncn coaudoeornodctoctncacani acca 241
===) TIPE STEN ged nonhonuonmnpecnccoosuduande BO | Se CPISLALUS. 6 esis vecssentsseubsnaseurs ib.
em ODALUS Akecavess nese vetsiaeal wacatraaeeapyre 35 | —Jindicus ......... Caaeanestura aeaas sibuetoa ib.
mem NUCISLONI Vercrainsainesinad daanacaneneaeted iy 04, G18 CNOMNA 5 cos ranawonces sin tara amenaeece ib.
= MAAELASPALANUS «00 .0.seccercnssee cnn CeO (Hee OULEOEUR ceverv ex cetuaiaek uebatmunes wauat 120)
SHE CHV OMUS Nectenjeoeni dius acctersesaeuns 34
m= SCLOUMUS 05.5 s15 sts'as4 coe Suisise shguaelelseisieres ib. T.
Semnopithecus cucullatus ...........0605 Sol) ReMi OPAlG).cccescececssuaun cans gta teet eee
See DUSSUNGeTi8 wana ceeenenuesesahceen AOE MY Mal PAS. tence vsesaraanmeceaut ieee (urna 50
IU DOLEUCOS ssainashiasuaanastescanenaieats CBE MEE CRU DLUTE vvsiaeculedgeoncansnee teanaaane 51
Bet OUMIEscitcceins nasaisa naan saanomicn caster 4D. || == MACTUTA « .aescevensesinancegtys iaianadegee ib.
—jubatus ..... auiesnaaMicssinoaes mem Zeataae 41D. se WOLCLUYS = ccia-e acestanseesuaiert ety ib.
SALEMUSIBCLER) Wee anise ptaeisiesninssies eataamane 110}, Wamp att ionsssmonteaparie dooccec ston Teart | aty)
SPOR EUAN. oem bore nc ongoodcooanlectceic 4} aphozousl ys esscsacuamecscscne GKiN Tr erate)
ISVCONING vrseiceclchlusasestsisa msn gawuaaninte TRE We 28S Tea 7007 02 Erode aqubanoadandcth era, 31
STUCK ln idiavesctsaiNoeyn Aaiiieltseeseea ney any 12 Fy ie COROT 2. ceatoanaca sennenienee nme Renehe ib.
SEMTADIAG, “a 2)sclsatenelusie suactelsectecs eauhra tere Fl =) CHASSUS ovatcfus's semedianie vaineinaemeecieat + 32
SURENIA (cs scdsessieies siscteiesesisle gs Raceieneat SLO MV Ulvdus <.creussaudetoacioannennenten ater 31
SORKCID AD a seven nen iscsceeteanttrasuageds D2 Alt MOM PIMANUSE Ves sciefeesianeiaceheidadstsieneueralie
SOreX dence nveunearasiioonay Prnnmadgores ico Do || —— MelanOpOgon) sicisinsnatunecreenevee ib.
SA LOUMTINUS sa bere ah vlea,sgacnsahemnaramous © 99 | ——puleher visor chuisicieiste: aint <isiatrienimocererereees iD,
SI CAUMALUS) aa nenivas sesiesenee sh oaasinudenae’ ge GD) Hl) —=|saccolalmus: sc cencaenevecsestioeceeceiede ab,
—cerulescens ..... idatendusansceeeueare . 53 | Tetraceros ..... wana aati slow see Seimeetacae 273 \
SSVGEGUTLEOAY Sonooanocoqdanodadsdancacenor Cae lied AS et Te Ge naotkaon coppauobonoclonoodourera cn 274
— Hodgsoni ........... PacnodncoummoneDan 4) ll tee ACCENOS aris ser ewioe Uaemedenrycanats ib.
NE OLCUS* c siisassisieieatiaewis side owanmeeetaiiet DSi | LUA ONCOVIIS ©, aire stra cals cass vosee eget 4s abe
EW ONALARUS vi vcscesveaceeenneeanintntiies 5D. 1] = SEIALECOT RIS. “wsiecoulse se iynceee sean 26,
— lLeucops visssessesaees sagen saqecceteattg £. 00) i) Lag NES FEY GUES:. \ccavensviseoeucnesleeaen tapes
— melanodon ...........06 tiserpesseseeee O8 | Tragelaphus hippelaphus ....cciserceres 272

me MICKONYX ees ipystcsscrecsereecseesecsnegs 400

Trichechus dugong ..eirrarceecgerscrrsery SLL

INDEX. 335

PAGE PAGE

JEG) 2E1@ paponooponbanhooebDe Neato meget 64 | V. kerivoula ......., poencagoDnen HagAOOShG 43
Ey Belungerih tes Minune dea vas neieoeistes Gg TATE” Bocecuuconcannn pnobocananr saccade 36
==) SUNG) Ail ghaeda aca seod dopo nmcsunpscBBoontc G4 | = STO MLENUS. yc nsteisten ions eet sRisre open fo!
ACT PUGINCE aMule cathe sear iateecate Obi) =——Pyeislent san camncstuaeresarosanen tame
AP OR UAT As scsersefotse aieigsie e ietsee sie feinnealainer Dae | (NOLO UM ALES denne nesesiaectees tacit 20
BUIAVAD Ab rate Ji os tiaciesissine(on civic wtie tease 5 A S57 (0010 opanncnpace conan 5000 bondne 34 and 36
SSN TACS «Sagopa npadedonocdcobannocsonr 38

Uf Se 1) ICC erecueritrce Beste Deen cen ae Wier 43

= NOQHVE siceacoogonoocno son annponeupnr ian Od

LUE WAW, pop onh noo onmnodoooconsencpRoanEAe QI8 |) = SI FOTENSIS) sc. cenccesnetrse caer eeneenuee Fae
(RR SVE esse cates vv alvs' sist’ scetelsctotstaanisesss © 680) Lem minh ccewccsrscsscesesans iheesne 38
NUNS aS oa ecteieicte sense wisisis sana sciattaralsots oasis alee 69° | VESPERTILIONIDAL «. sccm easees cared 33
BE EROS a carina Secon nore eer dacaaTore 5 I) Ws AVG OGADTLONOTINEY Witonco cng sonoodpacododdenne 40
Se SAUEEREM, 5 tah s.c aapsiielcalb ase ua wns ema ny idhcvole MALCOORhnangbadeaddesoe sone 5 Rh dteanecatece at 120
S==ISADGIIMMS stra deste arnoniacsosmereacaiin ne Om leer aeg alens?shennatccnen Roch apa.
Sema MITA CILS MITT heir caeaon waaeeahde fe =a CLVGULIT Beary caienc ka ammanhateenimanean: 121
SE OHONCUR: Tis sc snlvsjonsnwrlcsimnswioanednss GO) | te C1 CLONES. j.0scoednacesootevunnessuuets 120
a TINGLANUS as eecemuriaseent ed munwteanetes TOW xe FUSE oars salle aeepieriasainnnteatnaiiaceien . 138
eet OVI AE LSE Dens cicdis cater tip ateasneegnvnn OLE A Ganapeighion Gein rincnanniccanaqoootistannc 122
Ursitavus iNQuritus ccrcsccceccreccecenes 79) | ——amnalageensisi. sf svaysu tence seneute ae Cae
NWA e tasters fuaysicive' vice 437 | — melanurus ........ MRT ec ey rosea 120
U. cancrivora ..... anaes del bBcachan std BE 60 UEC Ss saccosodaooponn onpsudocoondads ib.
ETAL sopcomnonan ObgeASCBO ODD OOOO TOG 122

Wi BASSO) vasa tichanieaasiees seanamenermentneans id.

= UN GU ALE rasonascasteieseomecenneeces 120

VAMPYRIDZ ..... amteaaminiaalae Gosaloneod ce ay ole | ——zibethtals jee netednceecccsecment eee id.
WeRPCRtAIG) -yeccslinedsssntisysespiacetaant AQ WAVEREIN Ge erc Mcaatetandpasenvaes tans ene ib.
WADE AUUSIT Re rak wonanainsinee doe nsanencet Soil Wiltlpest tenth cramnntoenttanae eae 149
mend ACL VEPRUS aie tvs s ra eis se cieeteista vs sieiistciaistviein 450 Ma bengalensisz,:csdanieoces Mime orcs ib.
Sa TILIVOLONG! Satsceiarnislelomoeaeasiae se vensicieieee SO |p ———"Ferrilatusy ceccmssstieecerclioccaiemeemec es 152
——-BelANG ENE Facceeloaecoveeeseeueivenseciars BB. ly ——"IQUESCENS sis vwciseieas vee sesisaacesocenes 153
== SIND Sa noncacteoboossbnoopomananoosaner CS 7D) noe Boncogodasononados apa bAdeor 152
ntl CALIDTTIOSUS rrcticiisierlenananeniieenseeleices GA E——MEUCOPUSrarniseniaeres «ceiante state center 151
oi ALIN ZENSIS! « stenslees saeiseneeet nals ones ADAM ONCANUS | arr, xsijslscie vecescnoanioceer nner 152
===) AOSYCOLBUS we cslescasecesioas sense Gaarayess DAs | MEIN ALENGIS ot sak ce suoewenestccen dn eae ab.
— FOVIMOST vases vaca saairortesn be dfaaersars AZ) oh <=" PUBIMUB saris toe scidaenoncee Neate 153

- " x Lents Lola ; : « ‘tek tp 7 {
4 ite (de tes wei i ix, OVERON CO pil oda tae Fass dimes etal te
. i ad

a. ae F ae : WYMAN AND SONS, PRINTERS,
ss GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S-INN FIELDS,
ae - LONDON, W.0.

hi

ii — re i

pie.
F
ey)
a
: i «
. , yo Mal

{= eee Fe

DE Se hE ee ey ee

—~ 4

i