U6—ST “TMeSBNIT TYUOTLEN coes ‘ADV1LSOd 4O LNAWAWd GIOAV OL 3SN ALVAIYd 4HOS ALIVNAd Ss ‘SsTeumeNT JO UOTSTATG *punoj oq j7OU WED GeSSoAppe JI UANJor osveTg SSSNISNG Ivldlaso "Oo "cd ‘NOLONIHSYM WNASNIN IVNOILVN SALVLS G3SLINN NOILNLILSN| NVINOSHLING =e. - : % saa0. — ‘\ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION {VA MMUNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 56 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY OF THE UNITED STATES A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF MAM- MALS OCCURRING IN THAT REGION; WITH A GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE NATURAL | HISTORY, AND A LIST OF TREES BY EDGAR ALEXANDER MEARNS, M. D. Major and Surgeon, U.S. Army aN inate ZW someon SUty es . eo Q PART I ee WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Avr 73,1907 3, 1907. ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two series—the Bulletin and the Proceedings. The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more or less extensive works intended to illustrate the collections of the United States National Museum and, with the exception noted below, is issued separately. These bulletins are monographic in scope and are devoted principally to the discussion of large zoological and botanical groups, faunas and floras, contributions to anthropology, reports of expeditions, ete. They are usually of octavo size, although a quarto form, known as the Special Bulletin, has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. This work forms No. 56 of the Bulletin series. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as Contributions from the National Herbarium, and containing papers relating to the botan- ical collections of the Museum, have been published as bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended as a medium of publication of brief original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, and setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of lim- ited groups. A volume is issued annually, or oftener, for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and in view of the importance of the more prompt dissemination of new facts a limited edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. Cuar_Les D. Watcortt, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Wasuineton, U.S. A., March 15, 1907. It TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page EEE SPP DDE oe a ee She ee Pe v 8D PS OS SS is ee CE ERE Cee, oe ee eee Ba Organization of the International Boundary Commission ------.---..--...--- 1 Estabiishment of the biological section of the Survey.............:---------- 2 Persons who participated in the field work of the biological section ......__.. Sa) 28 SEE TUES geet ie kee 2 kn eee See ee eee 6 MarEmenitaut: Houndary SeCHOns= 26 -= 5-2 Se et ee Se 7 Lo GEO pe ae oR ae ap my gee RR ey peat eee Oe ene ets 8 General character of the region explored --..-.-....------.-++--.---------.-- 23 Mie) ce Meet bamiary TOMO oe. 52 ssc lek Aa ee 32 List of trees of the Mexican Boundary Line. --.---..=.....--..-.-..--==-.-..- 36 Pinus strobiformis (Mexican white pine) ~................ -.......-.---- 36 ined ccnbroqgen (Mexican pion) = =. <<... J... <2 4 ease 37 PUTTS BE) EY ETT aay Rs nee ee ee Oe oP ei 37 Lanmenopnylia (simele leat pmon ).2_- 2... 222. =. ..-- 222-2 37 Piueeetcyuns | Pareey pine). of oe ee ee ee 38 Petes CIE A TIRONA PANE) 2 22 2s FS ee 3s PSHE ONUCrt HIE pine eon a A ee i Se a oe ee 38 LES DESEO i Bag a ee ee apes See eee epee ree =) neer = 38 Pinuvenwnnanuans (Chihuahua pine)_ <=... 5-2. = S22 222 22 es 39 Pie eee Ceanvie: Pine) © 28. = =< oS 5 Se Ss Se 39 Pi PeIMeREET (GOULLGE PING) <2 2 Se 2 ss ee Se eee oe Pseudotsuga mucronata (Douglas spruce) -..-...-----------------.----- 39 PUES UW ELIGE SEE )- S20 ooh Sohn OR es ees 40 een Gigientn Chald Cypress) <=. <2 = 326 eS i 2 ee +40 ihihocedrns-aecurrens (Incense cedar) —<- = = 2s <2 eS +0 Cupressus goveniana (Gowen. cypress) - ....=-.=----+---=-+-----+--=-.-- +0 Gapressus arizomes ( Arizona Gy press) - ..—. =. <=. . /o<<22<_ 22. 222-236 =2 41 Juniperus monosperma (One seed juniper). -....--.-..----------------- 41 Juniperus californica (California jJumiper) ---............--.-.--.------+--- 2 Juniperus pachyphleea (Alligator juniper). -........------------------- 42 = Neowashingtonia filamentosa (Fanleaf palm) ----.--.------.-------.---- 45 Yucca treculeana (Texas Spanish bayonet) --.-.--.---------------------- 45 aeewy PEC VGHA (SONG YUCER) 2.22 ooo 22222 2 eee Se see 43 Muertos (Meserh yuees) —- 2%... == see k= See ee 43 Wuccemacrotarps (Largefrnit yucea) .. ~~~ -.~-s20-~ 25. 2222-25 x: Puce monsvencis (Mohave yucca) ——.- . 1. .<-3-. S225 s22 44 Nahnalnmclava (Bigelow nolma) -_...--_..--~-<5- se—- <~55. 5.3 ee 4 Juplags rupestris( Western walnut) .....-.. = -.<-5-23-5c.24..25-s-61e t4 Eiiereee green) Elta oe SS a ee eee a ee eee 45 Seer Simete metlithg )f< 2 ooo . i 3 Soe eee am aoe eee oe 45 Salix occidentalis longipes (Longstalk willow) -.........---------.-------- 45 Salix amygdaloides (Almondleaf willow) --.----.---------------------- +6 Sabncirvirete ( OMmoonnuear WLLOW) s2-2< 2. -seee o-oo 46 PPOUHMWIAiHS | CAIMERE WEIOW ) 3.5.6) = sao> = See a ea oe ee 46 pam oarrenbylla (Canescent willow) - =. =--~=-= 22-o5.~ <<<. 205 s24 ee & 46 Pmenarnne ( Tewleal witlaw ). 2.52. .222 3-37. 255225 hee oe 46 Pen asimiens ( Bbiselow willow). .........-.=s..--+-~:---< oO “NY WSOrewTIWwWoo £& 2 bo bo bo b&b bo bo oO bo io 0) Hs TABLE OF CONTENTS. Mammals of the Mexican Boundary Region—Continued. GempiseC wee Muses sors eo sale neeee ne ee oe eee Dee aes Me CANUS AVI CUS sae eee eee ee Spllosomararens -c2s tees tec oa are oes eee soe ace ANNE CEN Sea. sey eee ee ee ieee TAA CTOS PiUlo UUs teeth en epee tee tereticandus 325725) vee See eae AEE TAS Oyo QUIN Sys eras Ss eee a ee ahs ae ate ee eee ee ee Bnd liv CASTOR RCs ee Meet hom ewes aaa re IS en cree roe Gens! Castors nits See ee oye aie so eee Se eee Ramalll vas Minn dese een ace ne nae eer een a Sos wees ase oe ee ee PieveiO men COnera OL WhUTIGSe 257.2 5c se ae ee dc ein er eee ee a ee Gremlisa VS steerer ery ee ee ee Uk Se ate re Se a Soyer Key to the species of Mus found on the Boundary Line..-_..----..---.... IN LOTS TOON AEA KCC 215 -t oa or oni ae ee ee ee eee ALGO wear e sm eee ae Sava a Srare eae ata wae area eee Bl escat GGUS s ae aS eat ae Rea ae = Se TOUS GUNS peepee ew errata See ee ee a ee CemupenOigie Noy 4S tee ee oon See in nae eee Oe sarees se eee lONeRNeS Ae Saco ok ee eis) See eee Key to eight species and subspecies of Onychomys........-......-.------- Onychomiysipalllescen si see eas eee ae eee oe eee melanophinyseeee ek ameter eee are eee ee ae LORLICHISH bE PeiseeE EA Seman ers c/o et eee perpalidtig tes .2 25-522 sels< aes MAINO TIE ers ee en Ge ee 4222s Soe ae eee clenientis< eee ee ee michicanensistpallescenseass====eee= == sees = TEATS oe sees ee ee ee ee ae ° (WE ATNUIS 21s a. ee eer es ae ciae Sa aeeee OTM GS eae ee eee = eee ee iS Ong 61 Peer ES as SORE UA. Ze. Sb Rhy toe pe DIDS aAe ant ta ee eee ahha penicillatasw ence tees OL ee SiiWaterl eee se an See ee See MATIC TISIS te ees een ee Sane = See era Stephensigesie a sare. oo eee | eee & CAliTOMn CUShnIS Ounce eee GLEMICUSHY aaa a ees eB E Aah eyes tes 9R9 DOOD 364 364 365 366 366 368 369 369 371 372 374 377 378 379 381 381 382 382 384 389 391 394 398 400 401 403 404 408 410 413 416 22 423 425 427 429 43 x TABLE OF CONTENTS. Mammals of the Mexican Boundary Region—Continued. Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus .-.....--.--.-- PULA OVO NMI Mo ke ee haem ee arenanlus =e seems aoe Genus SicmMOd On Seee ees sp eee eee ee eee avIZONe = Lessee eee e eremicusy =. eee ees Genus OnyZomiyse ances eos 2 ae eee palustris Texensis,+.5-5:.25522=-2sea=c AOUATUC MS theo eee erect hen ese Genus Reithrodontomiysosss-]- 2 oe eee ee Key to Reithrodontomys found on the Mexican Boundary Reithrodontomys mexicanus intermedius PU ESCENS oe smee Sse eat eh ote AMUAOMEN SIS = eee ele oe mecaloOtisi. eee Oe. Hee eee deserticss22 fae ase lomeu cad ae eens se ae eae GenusiNeotoma; Sa 9st ae eee ee eee eee ee ser Key to the species and subspecies of Neotoma fquil on the Mexican Boun- MUUCTOPUSs see ae ee ee ere CanesCens 4 ac s.o eee Gumplaton - She Beek «eee ema Ni(S10 qh () 2 ene a ee ae Se we eae oo Oe! he ee UW oprea CNet te paeages ee Ce ee es ies Seer PNAC Osoe sage oassoosess ae LELOTIVECI Ack See het crepe oo mn desertorunr Assessor ee eee eee LUSCLPESHMaACKO LIS pee ea ee eee pinetonumyc ost ee eee eee eee TIER ALGAE: Sur co neta ree ye meyer here ener PIPCOSSeeseere sees eee Genus ‘Microtus,.23. Nae ee 2 Californmicus shee = sete = cae ee ee MOn tans aMiZOUeNSS =a alticola. {52 See Ss oe ee leucophitus 2 es. .. Sn see mogollonensis) see ee eee mexicanus guadalupensis -.-.---.-...- Index seee ee ee oeeo sec ase aoc oo we ee ee ee ee ewe i Puate I. Ries -—Quercus by poleucaeco0 tooo sem = eee ee eee ne VIII. Fig. 1.—Cereus giganteus. Hits 2.-—-Cpres alee so ee ee IX. Fig. 1.—Chilopsis linearis. Fig. 2.—Rio Grande opposite the First Monument-.-----.--- X. Fig. 1.—Eastern edge of Animas Valley. Rig 2. — cane ear Walley ii aecanc sat s2s.2 so Stee = <2 XI. Fig. 1.—View down Millers Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Fig. 2.—Patagonia Mountains, showing Emory Oaks ..-.-..-- XII. Fig. 1.—Monument No. 126, Elevated Central Tract. Fie. bisl OF IEEUSPRATIONS: Map showing stations along the land boundary between Mexico and the United States from the Rio Grande to the Pacific . Frontispiece Facing page. II. Map showing differentiation tracts of the Mexican Boundary Line- - Ill. Fig. Fig 1.—Pinus ponderosa. 2 2-——Westtoovoneam Wuisountains= = 2222525. — 22. . 1.—Juniperus californica. ep Seal ca Lie eT GO Ee pee te es me ay pee he na Ph ad ig. 1.—Yucea radiosa. 1.—Diagram showing sections of Mexican Boundary Line ou Quercus ;palnbellb 25 -oe. cet ess sees esate g. 1.—Populus fremontii. ion 2. — Across the Rio GrandeiRiver=.2=2-5-55-2-5-225>- 5 g. 1.—Quercus agrifolia. . 2.—Western part of Elevated Central Tract-...-.....-.- . 1.—Tinajas Altas, Western Desert Tract. g. 2.—Campo, California, Pacific Coast Tract.........-.--- TEXT FIGURES. 2.—Distribution of trees on the west side of the Animas Mountains ---.- 3.—Tayassu angulatum. a, Right forefoot; b, right hindfoot - - - 4,—Tayassu angulatum sonoriense. 5.—Tayassu angulatum sonoriense. a, Skull, ventral view; b, lower jaw, a, Skull, lateral view; }, dorsal SEV TN BRO Vag CLONE, = Maca ee Ee nee ok ke Ca eee 6.—Tayassu angulatum sonoriense. Skull, front view 7.—Tayassu angulatum sonoriense. Inner surface of ear 8.—Tayassu angulatum sonoriense. 9.—Odocoileus americanus. a, Skull; b, audital region._-.-.---- 10.—Tail of odocoileus couesi. a, Right hindfoot; 6, right forefoot. a, Under surface; b, upper surface 23 35 42 44 48 XII ; LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. é Page. Fic. 11.—Odocoileus couesi. Metatarsal gland .....--- Bate ste saa se eee Lis, 12.—Skulls of Odocoileus. Viewed in profile from behind. a, O. couesi; b, O. americanus; c, O. crooki; d, O. hemionus canus.-----.----- 178 13.—Odocoileus couesi. a, Skuil, lateral view; 6, auditory bulla.--.-.-- 179 12 Odocoilleus couecsi. a Amtlers:o fea Uil iae = see er 180 15.—Odocoileus couesi. Teeth of adult females. a, Incisor-canine series viewed from in front; 6, crowns of right upper molars; c, outer lateral viewsotnoht wp permio] ang asses ea eee 180 16:—Odocoileus crooki, “Metatarsalioland of ittypemesen ss anes ae eee 185 17.—Odocoileus crooki. Tail of type. a, Upper surface; b, lower sur- TACO SN Gniod BAGS Oe Rae oe Bee ee ee Ss See Sean See Soe eee 186 18.—Odocoileus crooki. Skull of type. a, Lateral view; 6, dorsal view; G -ventraliviews 2 Seek Seton Soh ts ees Shoe ee eee a ere eee 188 19.—Diagram showing position of yomer with relation to basi-sphenoid. a, Odocoileus hemionus canus; 6, Odocoileus couesi; c, Odocoi- leus: cro kiss (Dyes) sof ae eee as Sere mie Sees eee eee 189 20.—Odocoileus crooki. Teeth of type. «a, Profile of right upper molar series; b, crowns of same; c, profile of right lower molar series; d, crowns of same; ¢, incisor-canine series, front view-.--------- 190 21.—Odocoileus hemionus canus. Metatarsal gland.......-.---- 622 cc 192 22.—Odocoileus hemionus canus. a, Upper surface of tail; 6, lower sur- IUZKC( 2 epee ame eek pire NE AEE sin ede AES Nea, Ogee eRe A At te 192 23.—Odocoileus hemionus canus. El Paso, Texas ....-..-.---.-------- 195 24.—Teeth of Odocoileus hemionus canus. a, Profile of right upper molar series; 6, crowns of right upper molar series; ¢, profile of right lower molar series; d, crowns of right lower molar series; ¢, incisor- Canine Series wtront: vlewsweces aac eee oe eee eee See eee 195 25.—Diagram of antlers of Odocoileus hemionus canus ....---.--------- 196 26.—Antlers of Odocoileus hemionus eremicus...............---------- 210 27.—Odocoileus hemionus ealifornicus. Skull of young male..-...----- 211 28.—Odocoileus hemionus californicus. a, Tail, upper surface; 6, tail, UMN GET SUTEACE sce a ee IE BS ee ee hen Zl 29.-—Odocoileus hemionus californicus. Metatarsal gland .....-.------- 212 30.—Odocoileus hemionus californicus. Teeth of young male. a, Pro- file of right upper molar series; 6, crowns of right upper molar series; c, profile of right lower molar series; d, crowns of right lower molar series; ¢, incisor-canine series, front view-.-.--.----- 212 31.—Antilocapra americana mexicana. a and ¢, Forefoot; 6 and d, hin dioGh. 22. Ses eS. Se Se, es ae ee ar 220 32.—Antilocapra americana mexicana. Tail. a, Upper surface; b, lower surface 2 00%. Ser eee c Ser ye et ar San ee 221 33.—Skull of Antilocapra americana mexicana........-.---..----------- 225 34:—Horm-orOvis canadensisimexicanal pe... + 2) pe see ae 236 35.—Ovis canadensis gaillardi. Feet of adult male. «a and b, Forefoot; @and d, hindicot, | 32. 5-2 eeeee Baas oe eee ee ee 240 36.—Ovis canadensis gaillardi. Skull of type... <=... 22 -- 2g ee eee 241 37.—Ovis canadensis gaillardi. Skull of adult male. a, Lateral view; bs dorsal view o.oo. cic. 23 eee ee eee eee eee 241 38.— Ovisicanadensis gaillardi.. (Horn oftype so. -a2n-e ae eee ee 242 39.—Ovis eanadensis. Skull of adult male. Three Buttes, Montana. a; Lateral view) dorsal vieweoce ee eee eee eee ee eee eee 243 40.—Sciurus mearnsi. (Type.) «a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral yiew=25<0.22 5-252. Doe eee eee eectwcsceeesce asec 263 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIII Page, Fig. 41.—Sciurus griseus anthonyi. Laguna Mountains, California. «, Fore- EMO omCMBEraT GRO OU. © fake: of sees Be eens te wom tiene ie ces 265 42.—Sciurus griseus anthonyi. San Diego County, California. a, Dorsal view; 3, ventral Views ¢ lateral view sees saeeees somes = see's <- 266 43.—Sciurus apache. San Luis Mountains, near Monument No. 65. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral view-:------------------ 272 44.—Sciurus arizonensis huachuca. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. a, . Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral view -------------------- 278 45.—Sciurus rufiventer texianus. Dorsal view of skull. Fort Clark, Mem Ag ere OE 2 a Ss es ES hy et he I eee A Ar ES 282 46.—Sciurus rufiventer. Dorsal view of skull. West Northfield, LNG CaVOy See aden eee ee ome ee ct ane eae es epee ae Saas ere 282 47.—Eutamias dorsalis. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral view. 290 48.—Ammospermophilus harrisii saxicola. (Type.) «a, Dorsal view; 4, Venltralaviewse paternal wieweeene sacsee ns. os ocse se sieeee cone 307 49.—Callospermophilus lateralis. San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral view.......-------.----- 310 50.—Citellus tridecemlineatus. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. a, Dorsal VICWERO MV Cllibralavl GWemeee eae eee ea son cape cte ee Seem cees 327 51.—Citellus tridecemlineatus. Fort Snelling, Minnesota -.-....-.-.-- 328 52.—Citellus mexicanus parvidens. (Type.) a, Dorsal view; }, ventral ViewsEoslaicrileviewie masses See ae eee eo tues tees 329 53.—Citellus spilosoma arens. Fort Hancock, Texas. a, Forefoot; 6, Tawi n Gb HOY) Braet pe Ress ene re Se eT pS ee ns a ee Rn se 331 54.—Citellus spilosoma macrospilotus. La Noria, Sonora, near Monu- ment No. 112. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral view... 334 55.—Citellus tereticaudus. Quitobaquita, Arizona.................---- 337 56.—Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis. a, Dorsal view ; 6, ventral view; Ge laberall ewes a ece. meek tener ee I a ae ie oe a ae 340 57.—Castor canadensis frondator. (Type.) a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral VAC WUE CHe UbeTIA yd eC Wa tey meenee ne, Seca se S| Sek Soya Sere wel i eet 301 58.—Mus alexandrinus. a, Skull; 5, upper molars; c, lower molars .... 3638 59.—Mus musculus. a, Forefoot; b, hindfoot; c, ear; d, tail...--------- 364 60.—Onychomys‘ongipes. a, Skull; 6, lower molars: c, upper molars... 370 61.—Onychomys pallescens. a, Skull; b, lower molars; c, upper molars... 371 62.—Onychomys melanophrys. a, Lower molars; 6, upper molars -.--. 373 63.—Onychomys torridus. a, Forefoot; >, hindfoot; c¢, tail ........---- 375 64.—Onychomys torridus. a, Lower molars; >, upper molars .......--- 375 65.—Onychomys torridus arenicola. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; 4, Weinineall wee Glee Wey eaedeaadeaaa pases caccoss sesacn seme 377 66.—Onychomys torridus perpallidus. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; Pavicninralaviows sca lateral vie Wres o -tin cca eee eee eee eee 378 67.—Baiomys taylori. Under surface of feet. a, Forefoot; b, hindfoot... 381 68.—Baiomys taylori. Crowns of molar teeth showing progressive stages of wear. a, c, and e, Lower series; 6, d, and f, upper series ----- 381 69.—Baiomys taylori. Skull. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; ¢, lateral WAKER GER irs A SCORE = he RR EL a Cree re Mt Se EE ES I 382 70.—Peromyscus sonoriensis. a, Dorsal view of skull; b, crowns of lower soo EN ES Oy CORON; MOS] Oe Whoa WMO bes 38 no aa goer UO neS 385 71.—Peromyscus sonoriensis rufinus. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral WIE Wi aCe AberAleVRGW. =o sete ate eee ae et ee onla moeece 393 72.—Peromyscus sonoriensis rufinus. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; 6, upper series ...-...- he ae eae ee ee A eden ehiiee sy O90 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 73.—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. Anterior upper molar of three individuals, showing changes in the form of the enamel patterns duesto wear.-.s Po... cc ele este eee ee eee eo aeiae See oe aioe Z 74.—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. a, Hindfoot; 0, tail......---- 75.—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. Skull. a, Dorsal view; }, ventral view: ic; lateral viewiese sees eee eee ne eee eee ee 76.—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Upper'series; 0; lower series .2 accent eae esa. tenes sacee 77.—Peromyscus sonoriensis medius. Skull -..-.-....-.....---- sae 78.—Peromyscus sonoriensis clementis. Skull........- dateice Seas 79.—Peromyscus leucopus. a, Forefoot; b, hindfoot; ¢, tail ........-.- 80.—Peromyscus mearnsii. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c¢, lateral \Wiewine eee es capaSe neo See ores Dee ee ee at 81.—Peromyscus mearnsii. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; |, TD DED SETICS | oo eeteh trac tee ehetae oe eaten en 82.—Peromyscus texanus. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; ¢, laberalinie wae sane cee es ee eae ee eee ae ee 83.—Peromyscus texanus. Crownsof molar teeth. a, Lower series; b, UPPeOr SOTIES 5. sc ssss Fae sae eee sae ae eee eel ee ses eos 84.—Peromyscus tornillo. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; ¢, lateral vie wase tics Ae sale oe eee eee ene Sn 85.—Peromyscus tornillo. Crowns of molar teeth. «a, Lower series; 6, UD PCLSENIGs ssi aes Soe ee ane Se ae eee oe ee 86.—Peromyscus arizone. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateraliview aisc secs soa sen ce eee a ee eee nn re eee 87.—Peromyscus arizone. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Upper series; 5, LOWEEISCLIOS 2:5 aero Se ete Os eS ra Oe eS ree pe ee 88.—Peromyscus boylii. Skulland teeth of type. a, Skull, dorsal view; b, crowns of lower molars; c, crowns of upper molars .......---- 89.—Peromyscus boylii pinalis. Skull and teeth. a, Skull, dorsal view; b, crowns of lower molars; c, crowns of upper molars. ....-.-.-- 90.—Peromyscus boylii pinalis. Lower surface of hindfoot -.....----- 91.— Peromyscus boylii penicillatus. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; 3, ventral views c lateral widwiesaceees core ee ee eee eee 92.—Peromyscus boylii penicillatus. Crowns of molar teeth of type. a,' Lower series; b, Upper series - San Sah ce eee 93.—Peromyscus martirensis. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c; lateral view. Wi: 28 See OIE RS ee De ee 94.—Peromyscus martirensis. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; b, upper series ..-...-..- ecco te ttiactcae Steere eaten ee te Cee 95.—Peromyscus stephensi. Skull. «a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; ec, lateral view -\..s. 23252 eeqeae eee See ted oe a ee 96.—Peromyscus stephensi. Crowns of molarteeth. «a, Lower series; |, iipper ‘series «2.54... See eee ee as 2 a 97.—Peromyscus californicus insignis. Skuil. a, Dorsal view; 6, ven- tral view; c, lateral viewses seen ee. e oc). eee 98.—Peromyscus californicus insignis. Crown of molar teeth. a, Lower series: b,jupper Series. | se ene oe ee oe Satocin we ae 99.—Peromyscus eremicus. a, Hindfoot; 5, tail....-- f Spee See 100.—Peromyscus ‘eremicus. Skull. a, Dorsal view; }, ventral view; c; lateral views: 2.2 255 0S Se eRe 101.—Peromyscus eremicus. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; by upperseriesyscc 252222 eee RES Hs tee Psasuse - sete 433 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV Page. Fic. 102.—Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus. Skulls. a, Type of Sitomys herronii Rhoads; 6, type of Sitomys herronii nigellus Rhoads... 436 103.—Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus. Crowns of molar teeth. Type of Sitomys herronii Rhoads. a, Lower series; 6, upper series.... 437 104.—Peromyscus eremicus anthonyi. Dorsal view of skull -..-...-.-.- 439 105.—Peromyscus merriami. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 0, ventral view; (Bs SENET LATE fa Sea ee Pt Sr coe Bi fe oe aS ae 443 106.—Peromyscus merriami. Crowns of molar teeth. «a, Lower series; Dea UbO DERIBCIIGS 2a eps sted wie Sree ae ee me er eee ters toate 444 107.—Peromyscus tiburonensis. Skull. a, Dorsal view: b, ventral view; Caml ave rele Vile Waser te oes tae eas ae eee ee ae ee eee 445 108.—Peromyscus tiburonensis. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; OSUPPER SERIES S= ee fae cies Seis nie eS s Ne Ho oee Sees oslo eee ee 445 109.—Sigmodon hispidus arizonz. a, Ear; b, forefoot; c, hindfoot; CC re Be ae aoe cess $2 Soin eye ke oo Rarer 446 110.—Sigmodon minimus. Skull. «a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; Gglatera lua Cyne ote ane et at ae: ek 1 OA ee 447 111.—Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri. Crown of molarteeth. «a, Upper RETICR MUseLOWIETASETICS eres ais pert cis ae ee ee eerie et 450 112.—Sigmodon hispidus arizone. Skull of type. «a, Dorsal view; Deavenirallavd wine placerailliva 6 Wer mao eta area ree ere sn are cle 451 113.—Sigmodon hispidus eremicus. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; preventraluviews G lateralevlew ase soc. Sos 22 oes neon ese aes 452 114.—Reithrodontomys megalotis. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 0b, ventral Wiempnes lateral: vicws: 2. tec iene rae ee de ees ae 46] 115.—Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti. a, Hindfoot; 6, forefoot, ec, tail; d, outer lateral view of lower molars; e, same of upper molars; f, crowns of upper molars; g, crowns of lower molars; asl OW etao CISOLS +s all PCL GISOnS ese nem eee lee ares 462 116.—Reithrodontomys longicauda. Skull. «a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral Vil CVn GomlAerallnm 6 wir tsevwe en preter) ers 7 pe Neneh nn 465 117.—Neotoma cumulator. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; }, ventral AGN SG, LER RELE NL VALENS es ean =e MR SE Rie ee Bt ee eee 474 118.—Neotoma cumulator. Crowns of molar teeth of type. a, Upper RELLES SAD il OWETs SCIICS 7 creer aes tw ore ad ee pare 474 119.—Neotoma intermedia. Crowns of molar teeth of a young individual. GaUipperseriess 6. lOWEMSClICS === sissies o e e oe eae oe te a 485 120.—Neotoma fuscipes macrotis. a, Ear; b, forefoot; c, hindfoot; d, tail. 488 121.—Neotoma pinetorum. Skull. a, Dorsal view; }, ventral view; c¢, ATER AEMIC Wiest sae ces oe See oe im seine soe a ee eee 490 122.—Neotoma pinetorum. Crowns of molar teeth. «a, Upper series; 6, lower series: <.)- 22.252 = pata a Ss ak Sis. et ee ae ce 490 123.—Feet of Fiber zibethicus. a, Forefoot; b, hindfoot.............--- 495 124.—Tail of Fiber zibethicus. a, Lateral view; b, dorsal view....-.----- 496 125.—Microtus ecalifornicus. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, Late ralleyiG Wie tees eae a es ene = et Se as Se re eee Ss Lt 499 126.—Microtus californicus. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Upper series; 5, HOW GE SEMICHS 22 Svae See elie San os sk Sts See reece eS ee 499 Fr MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY OF THE UNITED STATES. By Epcar ALEXANDER MEARNS, Major and Surgeon, U. S. Army. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ORGANIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION, Under the provisions of the convention of July 29, 1882, revised by that of February 18, 1889, between the United States and Mexico, providing for an International Boundary Survey to re-locate the exist- ing frontier line between the two countries west of the Rio Grande, the President of the United States directed the appointment of Lieut. Col. J. W. Barlow, Corps of Engineers; First Lieut. David D. Gail- lard, Corps of Engineers; and Mr. A. T. Mosman, assistant, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, members of a commission, who, with corresponding appointees of the Mexican Government, should form an International Boundary Commission to carry into effect the provisions of those conventions. Senor Don Jacobo Blanco, engineer in chief, and Senores Felipe Valle and José Tamborrel, associate engineers, were appointed on the part of Mexico, but they subse- quently withdrew from the Commission and their places were filled by the appointment of Senores Valentin Gama and Guillermo B. y Puga. The first meeting, all of the members being present, was held at the Mexican custom-house in Juarez on November 17, 1891, when the International Boundary Commission came into formal existence. Complete organization of the personnel, transportation, and camp equipage of the surveying parties was effected subsequently. The Mexican and American parties had separate organizations and worked independently in the field, though frequently passing one another or camping in juxtaposition. On taking the field at EK] Paso, Texas, in February, 1892, the United States party consisted of the three commissioners and about 60 civilian employees, with a trans- portation outfit of seven 4-mule baggage wagons, three 6-mule water- tank wagons, three 2-mule light spring wagons, one 2-mule buck- board, one 4-mule ambulance, 25 mules for packing, 83 mules in all, 30639—No. 56—07 m 1 1 2 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and 14 saddle ponies. Various changes in the personnel and trans- portation facilities occurred subsequently. In addition, the commis- sion was provided, by direction of the War Department, with a mil- itary escort to accompany the expedition as a protection against In- dians or other marauders. The military escort consisted of detach- ments of infantry for camp and guard duty, cavalry for patrol, courier and mail service, and a detachment of the Hospital Corps, accompanied by a Red Cross ambulance for the care and transporta- tion of the sick. The soldiers were provided with the usual army facilities for transportation, including water wagons. Beginning with 50 enlisted men, in January, 1892, the number of soldiers was increased to 88 in November, 1892, and afterwards gradually reduced to 13, in August, 1894. To carry out the work of the American commission conveniently, the whole force was subdivided as follows: (1) A main supply camp, with the commissioners and field office, hospital, draftsmen and field maps, photographer, and head mechanics, such as blacksmith, wheel- wright, masons, and carpenters, together with the greater part of the military escort; (2) an astronomical party, for determining latitude and azimuth; (3) a tangent party, for running the tangents; (4) a topographical party, and (5), lastly, a Monument-Building Party, which was not organized until August 6, 1892, but remained in the field until the last monument was set up on the edge of the Pacific Ocean, on October 3, 1894, several months after the remaining parties had completed their operations and disbanded. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BIOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE SURVEY. I was detailed by the War Department to act as medical officer of the Commission, and reported for duty as such at El Paso, Texas, on February 1, 1892. By previous correspondence with Lieut. Col. J. W. Barlow, senior commissioner, I had obtained authority to establish a biological section of the survey, provided this could be accomplished without additional cost to the appropriation allotted to the International Boundary Commission. This was effected through the cooperation of the United States National Museum, with the friendly assistance of the War and State Departments. No special appropriation was at any time made by the United States Government for the prosecution of biological research or the publi- cation of reports on the collections made by the International Boundary Commission. My services with the Commission extended from January, 1892, to September, 1894, excepting a few months, during which I was assigned to duty at Fort Clark, Texas. This interruption did not, however, prevent me from covering the entire Boundary Line, as I was able, by joining the monument party at a later period, to take up MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 3 biological work at the exact point where it had been left on my de- parture for Fort Clark. My investigations along the whole line were therefore continuous. The scientific work accomplished was of the nature of a biological survey of the Mexican Boundary region, and agrees essentially with the plan which I submitted to the Commission in January, 1892, be- fore entering the field. Plants, vertebrate animals, mollusks, crus- taceans, rocks, minerals, fossils, and a small amount of archeological and miscellaneous material were embraced in the collections, which were deposited in the United States National Museum. About 100 collecting stations were occupied during the course of the survey, which extended over a period of nearly three years and covered an extent of 700 miles of the Boundary. I had been sta- tioned at three military posts on the Rio Grande in Texas, and previously served for more than four years in the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico. At each of these posts, as well as at each of the collecting stations on the Boundary Line, an effort was made to procure and preserve specimens of each vertebrate animal and flowering plant that could be found, in order that the collections might furnish indisputable evidence of the longitudinal dispersal and variation of as many species as possible. It seemed important that the exceptional facilities afforded by this survey for studying the degree and manner in which plants and animals vary along a parallel, and if possible the laws which govern such variations, should be utilized as fully as possible. To this end much time was devoted to gathering abundant material to show the distribution and variation with locality, of the several species. The longitudinal ranges of the species and subspecies (geographic races) were carefully defined, and an approximately accurate knowledge of the character and extent of the faunal and floral tracts crossed by the Boundary Line was obtained. The collections were made by myself, with the occasional volun- tary assistance of other members of the party and of Mr. Frank X. Holzner, a collector employed at my request by the United States National Museum and the American Museum of Natural History in New York. About 30,000 specimens were forwarded to the National Museum and distributed to specialists in the several departments represented, for the purpose of detailed elaboration. A report upon the Mollusca, with illustrations, by Dr. W. H. Dall and Mr. Charles T. Simpson (genera Unio and Anodonta), has been pub- lished. Dr. Edwin C. E. Lord has published a Petrographic Report @ Report on the mollusks collected by the International Boundary Commission pp. 333-379, pls. XXXI-XXXIII. (See also Nautilus, VI, April, 1893, p. 184, and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1895, pp. 1-6.) 4 BULLETIN, 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. on Rocks from the United States-Mexico Boundary.* More or less progress has been made upon the other groups, and several pre- liminary papers containing descriptions of species new to science and based upon such material have been published. The Biological Section, because in charge of the medical officer, was usually attached to the main or headquarters-camp, though every possible latitude was allowed by the commissioners for the further- ance of field work in zoology and botany. The health of the party was excellent. With the exception of a soldier who died on duty, suffering from a chronic, though unsus- pected disease, no lives were lost. A plucky recruit of the Second Cavalry was shot while carrying the mail, by a desperate outlaw, but he recovered quickly. Others of the party received gunshot wounds resulting from the careless use of firearms, and others again, especially members of the topographical party, were injured by falls while climbing among the rocks and cliffs of an exceedingly rough and broken country. When camped beside streams, a few members of the party, including myself and Mr. Holzner, my assistant, contracted malarial fevers. While at San Bernardino Spring (Monument No. 77), on the headwaters of the Yaqui, I was prostrated by exstivo- autumnal malaria fever. Previous to this attack I had arranged for a trip down the San Bernardino and Yaqui rivers into the country of the Yaqui Indians of Sonora, but malarial sickness com- pelled me to move to a dry camp for the purpose of recuperation, after exhausting the natural products of this semiaquatic collecting ground, in which glimpses of the novelties in the plant and animal kingdoms to be expected in the lower portions of the Yaqui were obtained. To this day the northern part of the Yaqui Basin remains the principal terra incognita of Mexico, and is certain to yield many new species of plants and animals when its exploration becomes possible. The native Yaquis, some of whom were in the employ of the Mexican section of the survey, are a brave, semicivilized race. Within a short period Mexico had succeeded in making a treaty with them, but shortly after war again broke out, and it is to be expected that all attempts to explore the Yaqui territory in the near future will prove as futile and disastrous as in times past—certainly much more difficult than I would have found it with my friendly native guides. T therefore Jook back with much regret to the lost opportunity of which my own sickness and the necessity of caring for a severe injury to the kneejoint of one of my companions deprived me. It was fortunate that I had so little professional work on my hands, not one of the party having left the survey on account of wounds or sickness, for I was therefore left comparatively free to make observa- tions and to collect materials for the biological report during the first @Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1899, pp. 773-788, with map, pl. Lxxxv. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 5 two years of the survey, and during the last year was practically inde- pendent, serving with the Monument-Building Party, which, as before mentioned, was organized at the end of the first six months and con- tinued its work of erecting monuments on sites previously marked, for several months after the survey proper had been dissolved. During this last year, which was spent along the two western azimuth lines and the small Colorado River section of the Boundary Line which con- nects them, my little party of 10 men made independent camps, and, though obliged to keep in the general neighborhood of the monument- builders, selected quiet camps in the most desirable situations and was never hampered by the necessity of caring for the sick, as no serious cases of illness occurred during this period among the now hardy and veteran engineers and explorers. In addition to the work along the line, two important expeditions were made. The first of these was a reconnoissance of the lower portions of the Gila and Colo- rado rivers from Adonde Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, to the mouth of the Gila River at the town of Yuma, Arizona, and thence along the left (east) bank of the Colorado River to the Gulf of Cali- fornia. When the Pacific Ocean was reached, the little camp of the biological section was pitched at the mouth of the Tijuana River, near the last Monument (No. 258) ; but the habit of moving on to the westward had so grown upon its members during the three years of their wanderings that arrangements were soon made with the Treas- ury Department at Washington to carry them out to San Clemente Island, the most outlying of the Santa Barbara group, on the revenue eutter Wolcott, Capt. W. D. Roath commanding. These two expe- ditions were more fraught with adventures and thrilling episodes than any other part of the exploration, while they resulted in very considerable gains to science. Of the trip to San Clemente, on which Prof. T. S. Brandegee, an eminent botanist of California, and Mr. A. W. Anthony. a well-known ornithologist, accompanying my party, more will be said later. PERSONS WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE FIELD WORK OF THE BIOLOGICAL SECTION. The following-named persons were engaged, at different times, in making biological collections in connection with the operations of the International Boundary Commission: 1. Encar A. MEARNS, captain and assistant surgeon, U. S. Army. From Jaunary 30, 1892, to September 12, 1894. 2. FRANK NAVIER Houzner, assistant field naturalist, employed by the U. 8. National Museum from January 30 to December 10, 1892, and from June 1, 1893, to March 31, 1894. When, owing to lack of funds, the National Museum discharged Mr. Holzner at the Colorado River, March 31, 1894, an arrangement was made with the American Museum of Natural History, New York, through Dr. J. A. Allen, whereby Mr. Holzner was continued with the party to San Diego, California, where he is now located and whence, from time to time, specimens of mammals have been sent by him to form a part of the boundary collection, 6 BULLETIN ‘56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mr. Holzner was usually with me, but occupied independent stations, in 1892, on the Hachita Grande, San Luis (Turkey Canyon), and San José mountains; and he continued with the main party from the San Pedro River to Nogales (and collected 108 mammals and 117 birds during November and December, 1892), after I was removed by the War Depart- ment in November, 1892. He worked alone in the Santa Cruz Valley (and collected 13 mammals and 416 birds) and Huachuca Mountains from June 1 to October 9, 1893, and at Camp Lowell (near Tucson), Arizona, from November 6 to 16, 1893. 3. FRANK WAGNER, hospital steward, U. S. Army.* Collected plants along parallel 31° 47’ from El Paso, Texas, to the lower corner of New Mexico (Monuments Nos. 1 to 53), from August to November, 1892. 4, HarRvAn BE. McVay, first lieutenant and assistant surgeon, U. 8S. Army. Made a small collection of plants between the San Pedro River and Nogales in November, 1892. 5. TimoruHy BE. WiLcox, major and surgeon, U. S. Army. Forwarded plants for the boundary collection from Fort Huachuca, Arizona, during the summer and autumn of 1893. These were additional to the extensive collection sent by him personally. All were subsequently sent to Dr. N. L. Britton, in New York, and were made the basis of a special paper on the flora of the Huachuca Mountains. 6. ERNEST C. Merton, acting hospital steward, U. S. Army. Collected plants between the San. Pedro River and Dog Spring (Monuments Nos. 98 to 55) from August 1 to September 28, 1893. 7. Lupwic ScCHOENEFELDT, hospital steward, U. 8S. Army. Collected plants assiduously from Fort Yuma, California, to the Pacific Ocean and San Clemente Island from April 6 to September 9, 1894. 8. Daym Du B. GaILiaArp, first lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, commissioner. Frequently brought specimens of plants to the collectors in the field during the progress of the survey. 9. Louts pI ZeREGA MEARNS collected mammals, birds, mollusks, and plants at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, from November 15, 1897, to June 15, 1898. The soldiers who served with the biological section were: Frank Wagner, John York, Henry Kramer, Arthur M. Pino, Ernest C. Merton, Starks W. Johnson, John J. Simon, Jesse Redman (teamster), Charles Hackborth, Ludwig Schoenefeldt, James Teagle (teamster), and Privates Randolph, Edwards, and Ford, special escort from Gardners Laguna to San Diego. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. My grateful acknowledgments are due to each of the three commis- sioners, to the army officers, the assistant engineers in charge of the work, and, in fact, nothing short of an enumeration of the entire party would specify the individuals to whom I am indebted for favors and uniformly helpful and courteous treatment. Probably nowhere @An enumeration of the plants collected by Dr. Timothy E. Wilcox, U. S. A., and others in southeastern Arizona during the years 1892-1894, by N. L. Brit- ton and T. H. Kearney, jr., Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, pp. 21—44. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. (¢ has a party of similar size performed an equally large amount of work, in such a spirit of good fellowship. Our association with the Mexican Commision was one of unbroken friendship, cemented by continued companionship and hardships shared in common. MONUMENTS AND BOUNDARY SECTIONS. The Mexican Boundary Line consists of seven sections, two of which are formed by portions of two rivers—the Rio Grande and Colorado; two are straight oblique or azimuth lines; two are sections of parallels or lines following the earth’s curve; and one is a meri- dian or north and south ne. The longest section of the Boundary is that formed by the Rio Grande, which rises in Colorado and flows 1,700 miles to the Gulf of Mexico and forms 1,100 miles of the Boundary Line on its lower course. This Rio Grande section was surveyed by a separate Com- mission, consisting of Col. Anson Mills, U. S. Army, and another commissioner appointed by the Mexican Government. The boundary sections are shown in fig. 1. a a Sans eas Fic. 1.—DIAGRAM SHOWING SECTIONS OF MEXICAN BOUNDARY LINE (SECTION 1 IS OMITTED.) 1. The Rio Grande from its mouth to a point about 8 miles above El Paso, Texas. Extent, 1,770.34 kilometers or 1,100 miles. 2. Parallel 31° 47’ north latitude, from the middle of the Rio Grande, at the last point, west to meridian 108° 12’ 30’” west longi- tude (Monuments Nos. 1 to 40). Extent, 159.38 kilometers, or 99.08 miles. 3. Meridian 108° 12’ 30’ west longitude, from the last point, south to the parallel 31° 20’ (Monuments Nos. 40 to 53). Extent, 49.83 kilometers, or 30.96 miles. 4. Parallel 31° 20’, from the last point, to meridian 111° 4’ 34.37” (Monuments Nos. 53 to 127). Extent, 272.94 kilometers, or 169.59 miles. 5. Sonora azimuth line, from the last point to the Colorado River, latitude 32° 29’, longitude 114° 46’ 48’".7 (Monuments Nos. 127 to 205.) Extent, 377.13 kilometers, or 234.33 miles. a@The Boundary Commission with which I was connected as medical officer and naturalist had nothing to do with the survey of this first section, but con- ducted that of the six remaining sections from the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean. ; 8 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 6. Colorado River, from the last point north to Monument No. 206, 10 kilometers or 6 miles from the town of Yuma, Arizona, latitude 32° 44’. longitude 114° 37’ 238’7.4. (Monuments Nos. 205 to 206.) Extent, 40.41 kilometers, or 25.11 miles. 7. California azimuth line, from the middle of the Colorado River, at the last point southwest to the Pacific Ocean, latitude 32° 32’, longitude 117° 7’ 32’7.589. (Monuments Nos. 206 to 258.) Extent, 226.89 kilometers, or 140.98 miles. Of the boundary monuments erected by the engineers of the old Mexican Boundary Survey, 48 were identified and repaired or re- placed, and 215 new points were established and marked with iron inonuments by the Commission under which I served, which gives a total of 258 monuments now marking the line from the Rio Grande to the Pacific. These are consecutively numbered from east to west, No. 1 standing on the right (west) bank of the Rio Grande, and No. 258 on the shore of the Pacific Ocean. As the distance is about 1,127 kilometers, or 700 miles (including the short section formed by the Colorado River between Monuments Nos. 205 and 206), the average distance apart is 4,380 meters, or 2.72 miles, and in no case has the limit of 8,000 meters been exceeded. Each monument bears its num- ber and inscription. In order to facilitate comparison of the records of localities with reference to boundary monuments of the two surveys, the following concordance was prepared, at my request, by Lieut. David Du B. Gaillard, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army: Concordance of old and new numbers of monuments. New | Old New Old || New Ola || New old number. number. |number. number. number. number. number. number. | 1 1 67 15 1 129 | XVIII 191 IV 2 2 || 73 | 16 || 136 | XVII Sa Ill 3 Sid] =i i le- OT Wo SCIEN ea Sal rat 15 4 | ere is 4l) San KVe4| = 20a I 21 5 || 82 19 || 146 XCliViews| | eee 207 VI 26 6 || 98 | 20 150 ye ee 220 | Vv 33 7 ll = Oe | etaee SNe) reo Xi || 1 Iv 40 8 108 a2 || 161 X1 || 252 lI 46 93 |) eusin 23 || 162 X || 255 I 53 10 | 114 24. | 168 ae 258 | I BR Mo |) Pats Billa eee | ME | | 64 12'S | puree al 26 | S| eae 65 13h. Aer el leme nb v1 || 66 749)" 19g: eed 184 Vv ITINERARY. The following is a record of the writer’s location each day, from January 30, 1892, to September 12, 1894: January 30 to 31, 1892.—We crossed the line between Indian Ter- ritory and Texas on January 30, traveling thence to Fort Worth. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 9 Texas, where the greater part of the following day was spent by Mr. Holzner and myself in examining the country and collecting mollusks and birds on the South Fork of Trinity River. The forests of Indian Territory and the adjacent portion of Texas through which we passed in going to Fort Worth are largely of oak, with many elms along the streams; and, in fact, the arborescent vegetation is quite varied, though Juniperus virginiana was the only conifer noticed. Sycamores and cottonwoods were locally abundant; and the common mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens Nut- tall) was frequently noted, from the Red River crossing southward, especially upon the elm. The first prickly-pears (Opuntia) were seen at Fort Worth. As our train proceeded from Fort Worth toward El Paso, Texas, red junipers and other timber similar to that in Indian Territory and northern Texas, were seen for several hours; then a more desert-like region was reached near the Brazos River. Yuecas and arborescent opuntias, creosote bushes (Covillea), and other western desert plants appeared and increased in numbers. February 1 to March 14, 1892.—We arrived at El Paso, Texas, on ’ February 1, and there remained until March 14. During this time I was quartered in the city. Daily trips were made to the surrounding country, and mammal trapping and bird “collecting were systemat- ically carried on. Excursions were made to Juarez, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande, to the Franklin Mountains, and down to the cultivated lands about Ysleta on the Texas side of the river. After February 17, on which date Mr. Holzner moved to the first camp of the surveying party, on the east bank of the Rio Grande opposite to the initial monument of the survey, I made daily visits to that camp. March 14 to 15, 1892.—Broke camp on the east side of the Rio Grande and crossed on the bridge from El] Paso to Juarez, then pass- ing up the west shore of the Rio Grande and making camp opposite old Fort Bliss, Texas. March 15 to 20, 1892—On the way to Monument No. 15, across a plateau about 1,250 meters (4,101 feet) above sea level, and about 100 meters (328 feet) higher than the Rio Grande at the initial monument. This plateau is described as a desert; but, though dry, it is productive. The eastern half is covered with sandhills, built up by the low mesquite, sagebrush, and yucca. Near the middle of this tract, which measures about 80 kilometers, or 50 miles on the boundary, were seen two juniper trees (Juniperus monosperma) from which we took specimens. Parosela scoparia (Gray) Heller is a very characteristic shrub of this desert. The western half is covered with a black grama grass (Bouteloua eriopoda Torrey). Here and there large patches of the gregarious creosote bush (Covillea tridentata) were seen and smaller 10 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ones of Kaberlinia, Ephedra, and “ ocotillo;” and Perezia, with its papery spinulose-dentate leaves grew abundantly in the shelter of shrubs, associated with a curious gourd, bervillea lindheimeri (Cog- niaux) Greene. Cacti were not numerous, though several kinds were found sparsely, and prickly-pears were common in a few places. The gold fern was abundant on rocky buttes in the vicinity of Monument No. 15. About 47 kilometers (29 miles) west of the Rio Grande the first hill of considerable size was reached. Forty-eight kilometers (30 miles) from the initial monument is a depressed, oblongated basin, in which are several lava buttes, where we gathered specimens of vol- eanic scoria (basaltic lava) varying in color from red to black and gray. This spot was indescribably rough, dismal, and forbidding. Near Monument No. 11 we reached a number of volcanic buttes and low hills called Sierra Seca, the country being everywhere strewn with scoriaceous basalt and other effusive rock. We continued through a similar country to Monument No. 15, about 80 kilometers (50 miles) west of the Rio Grande, in the midst of the Seca and Aguila mountains. March 20 to April 7, 1892.—In camp near Monument No. 15, dis- tant 80 kilometers, or 49.6 miles, from the Rio Grande. April 7 to 15, 1892.—Moved to Monument No. 21, near Columbus, New Mexico, on April 7, remaining there until April 15. During this time daily visits were made, either by Mr. Holzner or myself, to Lake Palomas, in the Mimbres Valley, 5 miles southwest of our camp, in Chihuahua, Mexico. Our camp was a short distance south of the Boundary Line. : Between Monuments Nos. 15 and 24 there are no ledges of rock. The low hills and cliffs southwest of Monument No. 23 (about 9.7 kilo- meters or 6 miles west of Lake Palomas) are of dark-brown augite- andesite, a kind of effusive rock which was abundant as “ float ” in this neighborhood, but was not again found until we reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean and San Clemente Island. In the higher hills of this locality much of the rock is rhyolite. In the broad plain between Monuments Nos. 26 and 31 are outcroppings of rhyolite of a light-gray porphyritic variety. April 15 to 22, 1892.—On April 15 moved from near Monument No. 21 to near Carrizalillo Springs and Monument No. 33, camping on the New Mexican side of the Boundary until April 22. Collections were made principally in the Carrizalillo Mountains. At that time many of the earliest plants were beginning to flower. April 22 to May 15, 1892.—Moved April 22 from near Monument No. 38 to the “ Upper Corner ” or Monument No. 40, at the west end of the second section of the Boundary Line formed by the parallel 31° 47’ north latitude, and camped there until May 15, exploring MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. he carefully the hills and plains in the vicinity of the camp, but making no extended trips. May 15 to 18, 1892.—Moved to Mosquito Springs, Chihuahua, Mexico, near Monument No. 46, on May 15, remaining there until May 18. Collections were made principally on the Mexican side of the meridian ( 108°, 12’, 29’7.64, West) forming the third boundary section. May 18 to 19, 1892.—Accompanied by Lieut. Francis G. Irwin, jr., Second Cavalry, Mr. F. X. Holzner, and a section of the pack train, rode to Big Hatchet Mountains, in Grant County, New Mexico, camp- ing on a shoulder of the main Hachita Peak, in the pinon-pine zone, at the altitude of about 1,800 meters (5,905 feet), and proceeding thence on foot to the summit (altitude 2,545 meters or 8.350 feet). On May 19 I again climbed to the summit and examined traps set on the preceding day for mammals, after which we returned to Mosquito Springs. -_ ay ee a= f ‘ < ‘- Sey : | ) } oer ia y FO ek me a . . = ‘ees ie eo ah Se | . >A = 3 sa - + - a SS ame 78 —- — Eee an tt epniaaten sienna neat . NATIONAL MUSEUM i BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. i i} Au! ui i Buh i crn} Nit Wh it esky HIL(G \ WN SEE DIFFERENTIATION TRACTS \ oF THe MEXICAN BOUNDARY LINE, Pacific Const Tract Hs 2 alt ntealsit: ? IIMA ME oe AUB Ag Tamaullsan Subtropical Treot MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 23 ceeded to Pine Valley and camped until August 14 at a place having the altitude of 1,091 kilometers, or 4,200 feet (aneroid), in the pine zone of the Coast Range Mountains. On August 14 we retraced our steps to Alpine and returned to San Diego on August 15. August 15 to September 12, 1894.—While at San Diego, through the courtesy of the Secretary of the Treasury and of Capt. W. D. Roath, commanding the revenue cutter Wolcott, I was enabled to visit the island of San Clemente, about 97 kilometers (60 miles) off the coast of southern California. On this trip I had the company of Prof. T. S. Brandegee and Mr. A. W. Anthony. We left San Diego Bay early on the morning of August 22, and anchored off Smugglers Cove, San Clemente Island, on the evening of the same day, landing with our camp equipage during the forenoon of August 23. We were encamped at Smugglers Cove until August 29, when we returned on the Wolcott to San Diego, after exploring the south end of the island and the shore from China Point to its southeast corner. Havy- ing received orders to report for duty at Fort Myer, Virginia, I left California on September 9 for the East, passing out of the State of Texas, by the Southern Pacific Railroad, on the morning of Septem- ber 12, 1894. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE REGION EXPLORED. The General Description of the Country Adjacent to the Inter- national Boundary Line, from the pen of Lieut. David Du B. Gaillard, Corps of Engineers, comprising Chapter II of Part II of the Report of the Boundary Commission upon the Survey and Re-marking of the Boundary between the United States and Mexico west of the Rio Grande, 1891 to 1896,¢ published in 1898, must be @The Report of the International Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico comprises three bound volumes, as follows: (1) Report of the Boundary Commission upon the Survey and Re-marking of the Boundary between the United States and Mexico west of the Rio Grande. 1891 to 1896. Parts I and II. Part I, Report of the International Commission. Part II, Report of the United States Section. Washington: Government Print- ing Office, 1898, pages 1 to 240, 4to, with numerous full-page plates, text figures, and diagrams, none of them numbered. List of illustrations (i. e., full-page plates), Part I, p. 10; Part II, p. 6. Volume without index. (2) Report of the Boundary Commission upon the Survey and Re-marking of the Boundary between the United States and Mexico west of the Rio Grande. 1891-1896. Album [first title]. Views of Monuments and Characteristic Scenes along the Boundary between the United States and Mexico west of the Rio Grande. Reproduced from photographs taken under the direction of the International Boundary Commission. 1892-1895 [second title]. The regular edition contains 258 half-tone engravings, reproductions of photographs of Monuments Nos. 1 to 258, as they now stand, in sequence, with numbers of monuments and descriptive text in Spanish and Hnglish; plates not otherwise numbered; size, 11 by 14 inches. A very limited edition of this Album, 24 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. read in order to appreciate the physiographic features of the region. Chapter VII, pages 179 to 199 of the same report, containing Lieut. Col. J. W. Barlow’s account of the Construction and Erection of New Monuments, also gives much information of value to the biologist respecting the physical aspect and topographic features of the Bound- ary Line, which are further illustrated by the 300 full-page quarto half-tone engravings of photographs taken along the line.“ Lieutenant Gaillard observes: Any general description of the country adja- cent to the International Boundary Line between the Rio Grande and the Pacific must of necessity give an incomplete idea of its appearance to one unfamiliar with the arid regions and the peculiar character of its fauna and flora, for probably in no section of the United States of equal extent is the rainfall so small and the summer heat so intense. The average precipitation along the entire boundary is but about 8 inches, and on the Yuma and Colorado deserts but 2 or,3 inches, a deficiency which will be made more significant to the ordi- nary reader when it is stated that the Boundary Line, although having a total length of about 700 miles, crosses but five permanent running streams between the Rio Grande and the Pacific, and this, too, although crossing most valleys and mountain ranges nearly at right angles, the direction most favorable for encountering all existing streams. From the summer of 1890 to that of 1893 the entire country between the Rio Grande and the Colorado suffered from a drought of unprecedented duration printed on heavy paper, containing 300 plates (259 of new or recently repaired monuments and 41 views of scenery and old monuments as found by the present commission), and lacking the first title page, was issued in advance of the regular publication, the 42 additional plates of this edition being scat- tered through the text of the report in the final edition. (3) Folio atlas of maps and profiles, 214 by 28} inches. Title page: Bound- ary between the United States and Mexico, as surveyed and marked by the In- ternational Boundary Commission, under the convention of July 29, 1882. Re- vised February 18, 1889. List of maps and profiles: A and B, index map of the Boundary ; 1, 2, 3, and 4, California line; 5, Colorado River section of the Bound- ary (in colors); 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, Arizona-Sonora oblique line; 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, parallel 31° 20’ north latitude; 16 and 17, meridian section; 17, 18, and 19, parallel 31° 47’ north latitude ; 20, 21, 22, 28, and 24, profile of the Bound- ary. A and B show the prominent peaks, roads, and springs in the vicinity of the Boundary Line, whose positions and heights were determined by the United” States section of the Commission. The railroads, roads, and trails and the loca- tion of settlements, rivers, etc., at a distance from the Boundary were compiled from county maps, General Land Office maps, United States engineer maps, ete.; Pacific coast line and San Diego Bay, from U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts; coast of Lower California and Gulf of California, from U. 8. Hydrographic Office charts. aAlso see The Perils and Wonders of a True Desert, by Capt. D. D. Gaillard, U. S. Army. in The Cosmopolitan, October, 1896, pp. 592-605, with 18 illustra- tions in the text; Seriland, By W J McGee and Willard D. Johnson, in The National Geographic Magazine, VII, April, 1896, pp. 125-133, pls. XIV. Xv; The Old Yuma Trail, by W J McGee, in The National Geographic Magazine, XII, March, 1901, pp. 108-107; April, 1891, pp. 129-1438, with map and numerous text figures. ; MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 25 and severity, the effects of which were intensified by the overstocked condition of the ranges. This state of affairs added greatly to the difficulties and expense of the survey. Vegetation was parched, water holes dried up, and scarcely any grass was left by the famishing cattle. This long drought was broken by abundant rains in July and August, 1893, but not until the stock-raising inter- ests had suffered severely. The small rainfall of this region generally occurs at two periods of the year— midwinter and midsummer—the latter rainfall the greater and by far the most important; consequently this period is known as the ‘‘rainy season.” The summer rains generally commence about the 1st of July and cease sometimes between the 1st and 20th of September. It is soon after the first of these rains that vegetation in this region begins to assume a spring-like character. Leaves burst forth, the hills and valleys are covered with grass, and a bewildering pro- fusion of wild flowers covers the entire country. As if conscious of the short duration of the rainy season these grow with great rapidity, and their seeds mature ere the rains cease. In a month of so thereafter they have assumed the somber colors typical of fall and winter. Thus in the short space of three or four months vegetation here enjoys its spring, its summer, and its autumn. Before going more into details it may be well to note certain general charac- teristics of this region which at once strike the ordinary traveler. These are the bare, jagged mountains rising out of the plains like “ islands from the sea;” the abundance of the evidences of volcanic action in times geo- logically recent; the parallelism of the mountain ranges with one another and with the Pacific coast; the general absence of trees; the preponderance of ever- green vegetation, and its dull, leaden-green hue; the prevalence of thorns in nearly all vegetation; the general absence of fragrance in flowers; the resinous character of the odor of the most common trees and shrubs, and the abundance and large size of the cactus. The entire country along the boundary is thinly settled, the principal settle- ments within 20 miles of the boundary on either side being at Lake Palomas, Hachita, the Sulphur Spring Valley, La Morita, the San Pedro Valley, the Huachuca Mountains, the Santa Cruz Valley, Oro Blanco, Arivaca, the Baboqui- vari Valley, the Papago rancherias of Pozo Verde, Cobota, and Pozo de Luis, the Sonoyta Valley, the Colorado River Valley, and the country between the summit of the Coast Range and the Pacific. The only towns within the limits above mentioned are Bisbee, Santa Cruz, Nogales, Yuma, and San Diego. With the exception of these towns and settlements the rest of this zone of about 24,000 square miles contains less than 100 permanent inhabitants.¢ It is rather remarkable that an arbitrarily chosen line like the one under dis- cussion should, between the Rio Grande and Colorado River, follow almost exactly the summit of the divide which separates the waters flowing north into the United States from those flowing south into Mexico. Inhabitants—Many long stretches of the boundary region are almost without inhabitants other than Indians and a few Mexicans. Where there is grazing, the cowboys are found in bands looking after their cattle and herds of horses; but even in such places the stock ranches are scattered far apart. The fleeting “ vinaterias ” of Mexi- can “ mescal” makers are occasional in canyons of the mountains, and mines, or “ prospects,” were found in similar localities. 4 Although the soil in many places is very fertile, yet the great scarcity of water renders it impossible for the inhabitants to carry on agriculture except to a very limited extent. \ 26 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Between the San Bernardino and Santa Cruz rivers many Yaqui Indians were seen, mostly in the employ of Mexicans or Americans, about ranches, vinaterias, mines, stores, or on the railroad. They are faithful and reliable men—an improvement on the Americans and Mexicans who served in similar capacities. From the Santa Cruz to the Sonoyta River we were in the home of the Papago, who are devoted to agriculture and placer mining for gold. Their crops are uncertain owing to the scant and irregular rainfall; but when there are no rains they subsist by washing out gold dust in the mountains or selling horses and cattle along the Southern Pacific Railroad. The fruit of the giant cactus (“sahuara ”), the “ pitaya,” “ sinita,” “segura,” and other large cacti are preserved and stored for food on the roofs of their huts. In the Pozo Verde Mountains were seen clusters of tombs in which the Papago dead are deposited. These stone sepulchers are built with infinitely greater pains than the huts in which the occupants resided during their lives. On the Colorado River were found the Yuma, Cocopah, and Diegefio Indians. The Yuma Indians are a cheerful, smiling people, the men being remark- able for their tall stature and splendid proportions. They are great runners and possessed of wonderful endurance. Having always been foot Indians their pedal extremities are more developed than those of other Indian tribes, though relatively not larger than those of the whites. The Yuma were filled with undisguised admiration of the huge feet of some of the negro soldiers of the Twenty-fourth In- fantry belonging to the survey escort. The most striking charac- teristic of the Yuma is their sweetness of disposition; when not smiling they are almost sure to be laughing musically. The dis- parity in the height of the sexes is also remarkable, the women being short and of heavy build, while the men are tall and have superb figures. Their uniform custom of cremating their dead, and ihe immediate belongings of the deceased, is excellent from a sanitary point of view and worthy of our imitation. Across the Colorado Desert we again found Indians in the mountains of the Coast Range. Probably no human beings are so dependent on the kind offices of birds as are these Indians of the Coast Range of southern California, for when the mountains are deeply covered with snow in winter the Indians are obliged to subsist almost wholly upon the acorns which the more provident woodpeckers (J/elanerpes bairdi) have stored in the bark of the pine trees. from the Rio Grande to the Pajaritos mountains evidences of the former existence of the now extinct Cliff Dwellers are abundant. The whole region is strewn with fragments of broken pottery, with stone implements here and there. Their cave-like dwellings were found on the Rio Grande, and a few natural cavities in the cliffs of MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. we the Portrillo and Seca mountains had been occupied as residences. In the Dog Mountains are small cliff houses, decorated with chal- cedony and in an almost perfect state of preservation. On the banks of the San Bernardino River, in the southeast corner of Arizona, were discovered the large ruined buildings of pueblo pattern. A “oigantic earthwork,” in the shape of an ancient dam across the Animas Valley. in the vicinity of Monument No. 67, is fully described and illustrated by Lieutenant Gaillard in the American Anthropolo- gist for September, 1896. Watersheds.—After leaving the Rio Grande the first divide, which has gradually risen from sea level at the Gulf of Mexico to the alti- tude of 1.130 meters, or 3,707 feet, at El Paso, is a low one between the Rio Grande at El Paso and the Mimbres at Lake Palomas. the latter flowing south into old Mexico. The altitude of the Rio Grande at the initial point of the Survey is, as just mentioned, 1,130 meters, and that of the Mimbres at the point where the Boundary Line crosses it 1,210 meters, or 3,970 feet. The highest point on the line is the summit near the northern ex- tremity of the San Luis Mountains, having an altitude of 2,048 meters, or 6,719 feet. From the Animas Valley or plain west of these mountains the sudden break in the high plateau is decended through Guadalupe Canyon, and we find ourselves in the valley of the San Bernardino River. a northern tributary of the Yaqui, with an alti- tude at the Boundary crossing (Monument No. 77) of only 1,133 meters, or 3.717 feet. Passing through a gap at the southeastern extremity of the Mule Mountains, west of the San Bernardino River, at an elevation of 1,430 meters, or 4,692 feet, the Ime crosses into the basin-of the Gila River, which has an elevation of 1,298 meters, or 4.259 feet, at the crossing of the San Pedro River; 1,393 meters or 4,570 feet, at the first crossing of the Santa Cruz River (Monument No. 111); and 1,130 meters, or 3,707 feet, at the second crossing (Monument No. 118). West of the Santa Cruz and of the city of Nogales the Pajaritos Mountains are crossed. The initial Monument (No. 127) of the So- nora azimuth section of the Boundary Line has an elevation of 1,592 meters, or 5,223 feet. The drainage from these mountains is toward the Gila River on the north slope, and toward the Altar River on the south. Monuments Nos. 137 to 140, near La Osa, practically mark the dividing line between these basins. At this point the altitude is about 1,100 meters, or 3,609 feet, but rapidly diminishes to 300 meters, or 984 feet, on the Sonoyta River at Quitobaquita to the westward. From Quitobaquita to the Colorado River les a gradually sloping stretch of desert sand, crossed by several ridges and two rocky desert ranges of mountains that trend northwest and southeast. At the Colorado River the altitude is 26 meters, or 85 feet. 28 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Crossing the Colorado Desert, 161 kilometers, or 100 miles, in width, the mountains of the Coast Range are reached and miles of desert country lower than the ocean are crossed on the way between Monuments Nos. 220 and 224. Lieutenant Gaillard observes: Salton and New rivers (temporary channels of the Colorado Desert) present the anomalous condition of two streams parallel to one another and to the axis of lowest depression in their vicinity, the first being about 18 and the second about 8 miles east of this axis, as measured along the Boundary; the corre- sponding elevations of the surface at each point being +26,’ —7,’ and —16,’ respectively, referred to mean sea level, the last marking the lowest point along the entire boundary line. Salton and New rivers terminate in Salton Sea, which, according to Lieutenant Gaillard, “is about 250 or 275 feet below mean sea level.” After crossing the north spur of Signal Mountain, a promi- nent peak on the desert south of Laguna Station, “ for about 10 miles the line passes over a bare, rocky, water-washed mesa, about 300 feet above sea level, from which, by a succession of three or four terraces, indescribably bare, jagged, rough, and precipitous, the line in a distance of about 11 miles attains the summit of the Coast Range at an elevation of about 4,500 feet.” (Gaillard.) After this abrupt rise from a point below sea level to the crest of the Coast Range, the line slopes quite regularly to the ocean. The east slope of the Coast Range Mountains is abrupt or precipitous throughout Lower Cali- fornia. Waters.—The only rivers worthy of the name on the Mexican border of the United States are the Rio Grande and Colorado, both of which are variable and subject to great seasonal fluctuations in the volume of their waters. The Rio Grande usually becomes dry at El Paso after the high rise of May and June, and is frequently low during the winter. The Colorado is likewise subject to annual over- flows from April to June, sometimes breaking through its right (west) bank and spreading out over the Salton region of the Colo- rado Desert, where the only lakes of any magnitude occur. These lakes of course eventually dry up by evaporation; but, for a time, the region becomes green and vegetation luxuriates in the rich surface deposit from the water. Cattle have lately been driven in, and the owners endeavor to make a breach in the Colorado River bank at each annual overflow, and if they succeed the region again becomes flooded through the channels of New and Salton rivers, which causes a fresh crop of forage plants to spring into life. Of the lesser streams, always dignified by the title of rivers in the Southwest, the Mimbres crosses the line, flowing south into the Pa- lomas Lakes, toward Lake Guzman in Chihuahua, crossing the Bound- ary at Monument No. 19, about 113 kilometers or 70 miles west of El Paso. Lakes Guzman and Palomas are considerable sheets of MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 29 shallow, alkaline water. The sand wastes surrounding them are covered with a white deposit intolerable to the eye. Crossing the divide to the west of the great San Luis Range of mountains, Cajon Bonito Creek rises in the San Luis a short distance south of the Boundary. This stream, like the San Bernardino, of which it is-a tributary, flows to the Yaqui River. The San Bernar- dino River rises in southeastern Arizona and joins the Yaqui through the Bavispe River. - Farther west, the San Pedro and Santa Cruz are the only rivers worthy of mention, unless a small stream (Agua Prieta) in Sulphur Spring Valley be excepted. These two are tributary to the Gila, which flows into the Colorado at Yuma. In the Pajaritos Mountains west of Nogales there is a small stream ‘alled Bear Creek, which contains fish, and flows into the Altar River, in the State of Sonora, Mexico. The Sonoyta River, which runs an independent course (mostly dry) to the Gulf of California, also contains fish, and is the only stream of consequence between the Santa Cruz and Colorado rivers. The Salton and New rivers, previously mentioned, are merely temporary drains which occasionally conduct an overflow of water from the Colorado River to the ancient basin of Salton Sea, west of the Colorado. The mountains forming the Coast Range break off abruptly along the Colorado Desert and Gulf of California, and, consequently, their drainage is to the Pacific. The Tijuana and San Diego rivers are those which reach the ocean in the vicinity—just to the northward of the Boundary. Each of these has numerous tributaries. The absence of fish in them is remarkable. Lieutenant Gaillard has given a detailed account of all the springs and wells along the boundary strip, his account being summed up in the following paragraph: To persons unfamiliar with the deserts of the Southwest, it will doubtless appear that undue prominence has been given to the question of water in the preceding description of the country along the Boundary, and in refutation of this idea it is necessary to call attention to the fact that supplying the working parties with water on the deserts was the problem of the survey, in comparison with which all other obstacles sank into insignificance. To the traveler on the desert the all-important questions are: The distance to the next water, the nature of the supply, and the character of the intervening roads. For while he may be able to live without food for several days, he knows that, exposed to the scorching heat of summer, men drinking their fill at sunrise frequently become crazed and in some cases perish of thirst before sunset. Nor must it be forgotten that at such times so profuse is perspiration and so rapid its evaporation that the quantity of water consumed by men and animals is very large, averaging at one period of the Survey about 7 quarts a day for the men and 20 gallons for the animals, 30 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mountains—The general trend of the mountains is from north- west to southeast. Those forming continuous ranges have the char- acter of knife blades or hatchet shapes thrust up from the plains. Some have irregular or pyramidal forms, and such are usually of vol- canic origin. These mountains are seldom well forested, because of the steepness of their slopes, from which the soil is blown or washed almost as fast as it is deposited, leaving the bare rocks, with vegeta- tion only clinging to the crevices, benches, and hollows. At El Paso the Rio Grande winds between the Franklin Mountains of Texas and the Sierra de Muleros of Mexico. Then for 145 kilo- meters (80 miles) to the westward the Boundary Line crosses a desert plain, on which isolated desert ranges are visible in the distance the Floridas (altitude 2.224 meters or 7,295 feet [Wheeler]) and Tres Hermanas (altitude 1,742 meters or 5,715 feet), north of the line; in New Mexico, the Boca Grande, and other desert ranges to the south- ward, in Chihuahua, Mexico. Between the Mimbres Valley and the meridian section of the line are the Carrizalillo Hills (altitude 1,617 meters or 5,305 feet) and Boca Grande Mountains (altitude 2,295 meters or 7,530 feet), and in the “ Panhandle” of New Mexico, the Little and Big Hachitas, the Dog Mountains, the Animas, and the San Luis: (practically the Sierra Madre), of which the Hachita Grande rises to the elevation of 2,545 meters (8,350 feet), the Animas 2,677 meters (8,783 feet), and the San Luis to 2.480 meters (8,136 feet t). Crossing into Arizona, the Chiricahua Mountains (altitude about 2,750 meters or 9,000 feet) he wholly north of the Boundary Line, and the Pedrogosa (altitude 1,990 meters or 6,529 feet) and Mule Moun- tains (altitude 1,888 meters or 6,194 feet) west of the San Ber- nardino Valley, almost all north of the line. East of the San Pedro tiver are the San José Mountains (altitude 2,541 meters or 8,337 feet), in Sonora, Mexico, their summit 5 miles south of the inter- national line, and west of the San Perdo the Huachuca Mountains rise to 2,887 meters or 9,472 feet, and belong to the United States. In the loop formed by the first portion of the Santa Cruz River, between the San Rafael Valley and Nogales, are the Patagonia Mountains (altitude 2.217 meters or 7,274 feet), which cross from Arizona into Sonora; the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina mountains being a considerable distance to the northward, in Arizona. Between the Santa Cruz River and La Osa (Monuments Nos. 118 to 140), lie the beautiful Pajaritos Mountains, traversed by the Boundary Line and having an altitude of 1450 meters or 4,757 feet. Between these mountains and the Coast Range of California are several low desert ranges, of which the Tule (highest point on boundary, 618 meters or 2,028 feet) and Gila Mountains (highest point on boundary, 644 meters or 2,113 feet) are the highest. These mountains of the Tule, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. oul Yuma, and Colorado deserts are dry, rocky, and extremely barren. When the Coast Range is reached (highest monument 1,371 meters or 4,498 feet), the sterility lessens during the ascent, and the fer- tility of their west slopes appears in striking contrast, moist verdure everywhere meeting eyes long weary of the sight of glistening desert sands and mountains of bare rock. Deserts ——The Mexican Boundary Line bisects two great interior deserts, separated from each other by a more fertile elevated central tract, and from the coasts by tracts of forested or chaparral lands. The Eastern Desert Tract is high, averaging over 1,000 meters or 3,280 feet in altitude; the Western Desert Tract being low, that por- tion known as the Colorado Desert including an immense depression, below the level of the sea. The Eastern Desert Tract is formed by a series of ancient lake basins, many of which are connected by the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The Western Desert Tract is divided by the Great Colorado River. ; Geology.—The Rio Grande embayment corresponds to the Tamau- lipan Tropical Tract.*. Between this and the Quitman Mountains of western Texas is what geologists designate the Texan Region, in this work spoken of as the Middle Texan Tract. The Eastern Desert comprises a series of ancient lake basins, bounded on the east by the Quitman Mountains and on the west by the mountains of the Elevated Central Tract; and the Western Desert occupies the site of an ancient sea, situated between the Elevated Central Tract and the Coast Range of California. The Elevated Central Tract lies between the Eastern and Western Desert tracts, and corresponds to the irregular upfelding of the region between the high table-land of Mexico and the great Colorado Plateau, which latter includes the northeastern third of Arizona and the adjacent portion of New Mexico. The lowest tr ins- verse depression in the Elevated Central Tract is cross- i by the Southern Pacific Railroad. On the south the final break in the Colo- rado Plateau probably corresponds to the Guadalupe Mountains on the Mexican Boundary Line, where the head tributaries of the Rio Yaqui have cut to the lowest level on this portion of the boundary region. Across northeastern Arizona the Colorado Plateau breaks off sharply, often precipitously, affording a clear view of its geolog- ical structure, which is still better shown at the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River to the northward, where a vertical section of the earth’s crust a mile in thickness may be plainly viewed. In general, this whole region is of lmestone above and sandstone below, over- laid by voleanic rock. The desert ranges of mountains between the Colorado Plateau and the Coast Range of California are mainly of coarse granite and other mtrusive rock, more or less covered by and @For a description of the faunal “tracts” and life areas of the Mexican Boundary strip see page 70. 32 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mixed with effusive rhyolite and basalt. In the Coast Range the granite is of a finer quality and associated with gabbro-diorite and hornblende-mica-andesite, to which, on the Pacific coast and San Clemente Island, augite-andesite is added.¢ FLORA OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY REGION. The flora of the lower Rio Grande Valley is characterized by a distinct tropical element. The Tamaulipan fauna, which mixes with the Texan along the lower course of the Rio Grande, is associated closely with the range of the Texas palmetto (Jnodes texana Cook). This tree grows in the rich soil of the bottom lands from the neigh- borhood of Hidalgo nearly to the Gulf, and below the Rio Grande it ranges southward in the neighborhood of the coast to southern Mexico. The bald cypress (Zaxvodium distichum) is another tree of the humid region. Its range extends up the valley of the Nueces, and a few trees have been found between that and Devils River. Beyond the general range of the palmetto and bald cypress scarcely any of the tropical mammals and birds of the Tamaulipan fauna exist. In the flora of the narrow strip of country which hes between Fort Clark and Devils River many eastern species are represented. The region included between Devils and Pecos rivers marks the transi- tion from the Texan flora to that of the dry interior region, which extends from the Pecos River, in southwestern Texas, west to the Coast Range Mountains of the Californias. From the summit of the Coast Range to the Pacific Ocean the flora is almost pure Californian. The broad reach of country lying between the Pacific Coast and Middle Texas tracts, constituting the arid interior region, belongs principally to the Lower Sonoran or Austral Life Zone. In the moun- tainous portions of this dry interior region a flora analogous to that of the Rocky Mountains is introduced, which, however, is highly colored by forms extending northward from the highlands of Mexico. Considered as a whole the Mexican boundary strip is, compara- tively speaking, a treeless region. Forests are mainly confined to the mountain ranges and the vicinity of streams, which latter are few and of insignificant size. On some of the desert areas arbores- cent cacti and yuccas form open groves. The streams are regularly lined with trees, of which the Fremont cottonwood. black willow, boxelder, walnut, sycamore, oak, mulberry, ash, and wild china trees are usually the most abundant. Of these the cottonwood and willow are almost certain accompaniments of every permanent a4 See Petrographic Report on the Rocks from the United States-Mexico Bound- ary, by Edward C. BE. Lord, in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1899, pp. 773-782, pl. LXxxy. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 33 stream, and they are usually flanked by a broader zone of mesquite. The desert willow, hackberry, yewleaf willow, and indigo tree occupy arroyos in which there is a slight amount of moisture; and several green-barked species of Parkinsonia-and Cercidium, known collectively as the “ palo verde,” together with the Sonora 1ronwood or “ palo de hierro,” occupy the edges of arroyos and ravines in the foothills of the Western Desert Tract. The sandy deserts of the southwestern interior present a widely different appearance from the grassy prairies of the northern plains. In the former the grasses, although numerous in species, nowhere form a continuous turf over considerable areas, but are broken up into tufts and clumps, which often require the protection of the shrubs and other coarse plants which make up the bulk of the vege- tation. There are a few large alkali flats that are perfectly. bare of vegetation; and some of the most sandy spots in the deserts are without plants. But four species of plants, the creosote bush, a sage, an ephedra, and a grass, were seen on the interior of the wide Yuma Desert which stretches between the Gila Mountains and the Colorado River. Herbaceous plants are abundant in species, though few in individ- uals. Therefore the region, although seeming rich in plant-forms to the botanist, always strikes the-traveler as barren from paucity of vegetation. Thorny shrubs, ephedras, cacti, yuccas, agaves, dasylirions, and nolinas are the vegetable forms that most appeal to the eye, as well as to the sense of touch of the traveler, who also sees an abundance of bare unoccupied soil, in which nothing grows except after occasional rainy periods which may not recur for several years; for these plants form patches or plant colonies in which prickly mimosas, acacias, keeberlinias, and many other scrubby bushes join forces with the spmme-armed cacti and uninviting agaves and yuceas in repelling invasions and, incidentally, give shade, shelter, and stability to the more tender grasses and herbaceous plants. It is fortunate that these impenetrable mats of mixed plant growth are so disposed in tufts, surrounded by bare spaces, because travel would be greatly impeded if the chaparral were continuous. On the lowest plains and valleys, usually corresponding to the beds of ancient lakes or seas, the soil is apt to be sandy and vegetation scarce. On approaching the foothills, shrubs, herbs, and grasses in- crease In number and variety; but the broad slopes surrounding the higher mountains are sometimes covered with grasses, dasylirions, and nolinas, without much shrubbery, until the ravines near the tower timber line are reached. Rocky soil is much richer in plant life than sand or clay, because it retains moisture longer. 30639—No, 56—O7 M oy vo 34 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. With the exception of the palo verde and other green-barked trees and shrubs alluded to below, the desert vegetation appears dull and dusty, and the plants often bear pulpy leaves and exude gums and resins, apparently for the purpose of retarding evaporation and preventing the loss of sap when wounded. ‘The foliaceous leaves are usually of small size, and the leaves and joints of the agaves, cacti, and other fleshy plants are covered with waterproof dermal. struc- tures, which, if broken, cause the plants to wilt immediately. Other plants in which the leaves are very minute are covered with green bark, which doubtless exercises the physiological function of leaves. Among these bright green trees and shrubs are species of Ephedra, Holacantha, Canotia, Kaberlinia, Parosela, and JMJenodora. Aside from the trees, which are treated of in detail further on, yuceas, agaves, nolinas, and dasylirions are the most character- istic forms of coarse vegetation over large portions of the boundary area. Five arborescent species of the yucca and one Volina are con- sidered as trees. The others have no distinct caudex and cover the ground with bristling tufts of green, which are grateful to the eye and afford shelter to the birds, mammals, and lower forms of life, though the bayonet-pointed yuccas, the spine-armed agaves, and the serrate-leaved dasylirions are often a torment to man and beast in traveling over such a country. Of the acaulescent yuceas, the narrow- leaf yucca, or soapweed (Yucca glauca Nuttall), covers large por- tions of the eastern plains, and the plateau yucca, or Spanish dagger (Yucca baccata Torrey), occupies the broken country, its range extending from southwestern Texas and southern New Mexico across the Colorado Plateau, while on the Boundary the range of the splendid Whipple yucca is confined to the mountains of the Pacific Coast Range. All of these yuccas bear panicles of lily-hke whitish flowers. The nolinas, commonly called “ bear grass,” grow with the beau- tiful dasylirions, on the slopes leading up to the mountains. The range of the saw-tooth dasylirion (Dasylirion wheeleri Watson) does not extend westward beyond the Elevated Central Tract. The Texas nolina (Volina texana Watson), which ranges west to the San Luis Mountains, and the single-stem species (V. lindheimeri), which extends as far as the Western Desert, have a very short but thick caudex or trunk, which is concealed by the numerous narrowly linear, serrulate leaves. The former has numerous flower stems, which are shorter than the leaves, while the latter has a single stout stem from four to eight feet in height. Agaves or century plants do not grow on the desert plains, though one species (Agave palmeri Engelmann) appears as soon as the foothills are reached, while another (Agave applanta parryi) was found in the greatest abundance on the summit of Hachita MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 35 Grande peak; altitude, 2,545 meters, or 8,350 feet. Agave sonore (Torrey) Mearns“ covers the foothills of the Pajaritos and Guada- lupe mountains like a carpet, making travel difficult; and Agave deserti Engelmann is likewise troublesome on portions of the east slope of the Coast Range mountains of California. Several species of H’phedra, greenish, wide-spreading bushes re- lated to the conifers, occur in greater or less abundance throughout the boundary strip. Vines and climbing plants are not abundant. Grapes, however, are numerous in the Texan Tract, and also occur in moist canyons in the mountains of the Eelevated Central and Pacific Coast tracts. Forms of the Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and trumpet flower are found in similar places in Texas and the Elevated Cen- tral Tract. Several species of Convolvulus and Tpomaa, and legu- minous climbers occur in abundance in moist places. The Texas matrimony vine (Lycium torreyi Gray) grows luxuriantly along the Rio Grande, a pale species (Lycium pallidum Miers) occurs in the Elevated Central Tract, and still another species of Lycium was found in great abundance along the Sonoyta River, in Sonora. Climbing milkweeds of the genus PAdlibertella are of common occur- rence Acne the streams, often ascending to the tops of bushes and small trees. With them clematis or virgin’s bower is not infre- quently associated, and several species of gourds of the genera Cucurbita, Apodanthera, and [bervillea cover otherwise bare spaces of ground or entwine themselves in the edges of thickets. Canes and coarse rushes are mostly confined to the edges of the Rio Grande, Yaqui, and Colorado rivers, and other water-loving plants are likewise of rare occurrence. Anemopsis, or “ yerba mansa ” of the Mexicans, grows wherever there is permanent water with marshy banks, and is the commonest paludose plant of the inte- rior. On the coasts of the ocean and Gulf of California are numerous pulpy-leaved plants said to have been derived from the Asiatic side of the Pacific, among them a bush ranging from the Gulf of Califor- nia up the alluvial bottom lands of the Colorado and Gila rivers as far as Adonde. A very rank growth of wild hemp and amaranth also extends up the Colorado bottom nearly to the mouth of the Gila River. The cocklebur (Yanthiuvm) and Datura are also character- istic plants along streams. The greasewood (Atriplex), of which there are several species, is a very characteristic plant of the Lower Sonoran life zone, and so is the creosote bush (Covillea tridentata). The region is famed for its spiny shrubs. Of such, the leguminous genera Acacia, Prosopis, Robinia, Mimosa, and Parosela are usually aAgave geminiflora sonore qe Bot. Mex. Bound., 1859, p. 214. Agave ral schottii Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad., III, 1873, p. 305. 36 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. called cats claws, and claim a place second only to the cacti in popu- lar detestation. Scarcely less familiar and annoying are the mem- bers of the buckthorn family, among them the genera Condalia, Zizyphus, Ceanothus, Colubrina, and Rhamnus. There are also spiny shrubs of the families Oleacew, Saxifragacew, Rosacew, and many others. None are more undisguised and openly aggressive than Keberlinia, which is necessarily avoided and more easily forgiven than the “ ocotillo,” which tempts one to grasp a handful of cool leaves in riding past, only to find that every leaf conceals a dagger. Among the remarkable plants of the mountains of the Western Desert Tract are woody species of milkweed, of L'uphorbia, and of Terebinthus (Bursera). Several genera of the family Asteracew are coarse and woody. Aster spinosus grows in masses resembling asparagus in sandy soil beside streams; Baccharis of several species, Zymenoclea, and arrow- wood (Pluchea sericea) form close thickets beside streams or in moist valleys or canyons in the hills, and even the genera 7'rixvis and Senecio in some species develop into large bushes. Further details respecting the distribution of the coarser forms of vegetation along the Boundary will be given in the description of the principal collecting stations. A coliection of plants aggregating 4,085 numbers and about £0,000 specimens, from the Mexican Boun- dary Line, was made and turned over to Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist of the United States Department of Agriculture, for the pur- pose of being reported upon. As the report has not vet been prepared, a list of the trees is here given, together with such notes regarding their abundance and transverse and vertical distribution as have been retained, some knowledge of the forest trees being essential in order to enable the student to acquire an intelligent understanding of the habitat, distribution, and life history of the different animals. The following list of 119 species of forest trees found on the Mexican Boundary is not inclusive of those peculiar to the lower Rio Grande Valley: LIST OF TREES OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY LINE. PINUS STROBIFORMIS Engelmann. MEXICAN WHITE PINE. This tree was found at the summits of the main peaks of the San Luis Mountains, south of the Boundary Line (altitude 2,400 meters, or 7,874 feet). It was also found on the Animas Peaks (altitude 2,677 meters or 8,783 feet) in New Mexico. In the San José Moun- tains (altitude 2,541 meters or 8,337 feet), Sonora, a few trees were found close to the summit of the main peak. It is a common tree on the highest peaks of the Huachuca Mountains, where it occupies MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 37 considerable area, descending, in Millers Canyon, as low as 2,027 meters (6,650 feet). The Mexican white pine is a tree of the Cana- dian life zone, and does not descend as low as the Douglas spruce. In its range it is usually associated with the Douglas spruce, aspen, and Gambel oak. It is a tree from 10 to 30 meters (30 to 100 feet) in height, bearing long, resinous cones, whose seeds are attractive to squirrels. PINUS CEMBROIDES Zuccarini. MEXICAN PINON. This nut pine was first met with on the Big Hatchet Mountain (altitude 2,545 meters or 8,350 feet), about 110 miles west of the Rio Grande, in Grant County, New Mexico. It is the principal tree, and the only pine, of this mountain, covering most of the north and east slopes above 6,000 feet. There are a few isolated trees in the Dog Mountains. It also reaches to the summit of the San Luis Mountains (altitude 2400 meters or 7,874 feet), which it descends to the level of 1,826 meters (5,990 feet) ; but though not uncommon in mountains to the westward, it was nowhere the dominant tree except on Big Hatchet Mountain. Its range extends westward to the Pajaritos Mountains, and is the only pine found west of the Santa Cruz Valley, until the mountains of the Coast Range, in California, are reached. On the San José, Huachuca, and Patago- nia mountains its range extends from 1,829 meters (6,000 feet) up- ward. The Mexican pifion has, apparently, a higher altitudinal range than Pinus edulis, having been found by us at a little less than 2,740 meters (9,000 feet) above sea level on the Huachuca Mountains. PINUS EDULIS Engelmann. PINON. Specimens of this pine were brought to the author at Fort Clark, Texas, by hunting parties sent out to the mountains northwest of the post. The species was not met with elsewhere on the Boundary, though its range extends from western Texas across New Mexico into northeastern Arizona, in which region it, together with the red juniper, marks the limits of the Upper Sonoran Life Zone. ' PINUS MONOPHYLLA Torrey and Fremont. SINGLE LEAF PINON. Specimens of this pine were collected in the highest notches of the Coast Range Mountains of California, near the Boundary. It does not occur on the Mexican line east of the Colorado Desert; but in 1884 I saw an extensive forest of what I suppose to have been this species occupying a zone between the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad and the Colorado River east of Peach Springs, in Arizona. 38 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PINUS TORREYANA Parry. TORREY PINE. This pine is confined to certain of the Santa Barbara Islands, off the coast of southern California, and to a small area on the mainland a few miles north of San Diego Bay. PINUS ARIZONICA Engelmann. ARIZONA PINE. I found this tree on the north side of the San José Mountains, Sonora, between 2,130 and 2,440 meters (7,000 to 8,000 feet) altitude, occupying the lower portion of the Pinus ponderosa zone. It appears to have the same range on the east side of the Huachuca Mountains, where, in company with Maj. Timothy E. Wilcox, I collected speci- mens on the peak known as Nigger Head, at 2,160 meters (7,100 feet), in July, 1893. It also occurs in the same zone on the Chiricahua and Mogollon mountains of Arizona. The specimens from San José Mountains were identified by Prof. Charles S. Sargent. PINUS PONDEROSA Lawson. BULL PINE, In proceeding westward the bull pine was first seen on the summit of Animas Peak (altitude 2,677 meters, or 8,783 feet), in southwestern New Mexico. It was subsequently found in abundance on the San José Mountains, in Sonora, and in the Huachucas of Arizona, where it ranges from 2,130 meters (7,000 feet) upward. Specimens from each of the above localities were identified by Prof. Charles S. Sar- gent. This handsome pine (Plate III, fig. 1) is from 25 to 50 meters (80 to 165 feet) in height. It marks the extent of the so-called Transition Life Zone, which in the east is occupied by the Alleghanian fauna. On the Mexican line its ascertained vertical range is from 1,890 meters, or 6,200 feet (San José Mountains, Sonora), up to 2,590 meters, or 8.500 feet (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona). PINUS MAYRIANA Sudworth. MAYR PINE; ARIZONA BROAD LEAF PINE, This stately tree grows rather sparingly on both sides of the San Luis range of mountains, from the highest slopes down, in canyons only, to the base of the mountains. Specimens from these mountains were identified by Prof. Charles 8. Sargent. Maj. Timothy EK. Wil- cox collected specimens of the Mayr pine in the Huachuca Moun- tains, which were included in the list prepared by Messrs. Britton and Kearney. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. Ill MORN’ 66 Looz:ue $.£.° 1. PINUS PONDEROSA (SEE PAGE 38). 2. WeEsT Foot OF SAN LUIS MOUNTAINS (SEE PAGE 90). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 39 PINUS CHIHUAHUANA Engelmann. CHIHUAHUA PINE, This is a medium-sized pine, about the size of Pinus rigida of the eastern United States. Its range is lower than that of Pinus ponde- rosa, P. mayriana, or even P. arizonica, but slightly higher than the pinon. Specimens were collected on both sides of the San Luis Range, and on the Guadalupe, San José, and Huachuca mountains. On the east slope of the San Luis Mountains it was found from 1,850 to 2,070 meters (6,080 to 6,800 feet). On the west slope it was found as low as 1,815 meters (5,950 feet). At the point where the Boundary Line crosses the San Luis Mountains, this species ranges in altitude on the east side from 1,850 to 2,075 meters (6,075 to 6,800 feet). In Millers Canyon of the Huachuca Mountains the range of this species begins at 1,830 meters (6,000 feet), at which point Acer saccharum grandidentatum and Pseudotsuga mucronata also begin, in the creek bed. On the northeast side of the San Jos¢ Mountains, above Gallina Spring, the Chihuahua pine begins at 1,960 meters (6,425 feet) and extends up to 2,110 meters (6,925 feet). PINUS SABINIANA Douglas. SABINE PINE; GRAY PINE. This is the common pine of the Coast Range of California, where it replaces P. ponderosa of the interior; and, like that species, it is a tree of the Transition Zone. Pine Valley, a basin nestling among the foothills of the Laguna Mountains, east of San Diego, is wooded with the Sabine pine. The altitude of this valley is about 1,300 meters (4,300 feet). The seeds of the large cones are much sought by squirrels and birds. PINUS COULTERI Lambert. COULTER PINE; BIG CONE PINE. This remarkable pine, which bears cones of enormous size, was found only along the crest of the Laguna Mountains, a spur of the Coast Range, in California. Its range appeared to be restricted to a narrow belt close to the summit on the desert (east) side of the mountains, a few trees straggling into the highest notches. PSEUDOTSUGA MUCRONATA (Rafinesque) Sudworth. DOUGLAS SPRUGE; RED FIR. This was the most abundant tree of the Canadian or Lower Boreal Life Zone on the San Luis, Animas, and Huachuca mountains, on all of which it reaches the summits. In cold, wet ravines it sometimes 40° BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. extends down to 1,830 meters (6,000 feet) altitude. It was not found on any other mountains of the boundary strip. I looked for it in vain on the San José Mountains, where, in the upper zone, occupied by the Gambel oak, Mexican white pine, and aspen, it is replaced by the white fir. In ascending the San Luis Mountains by way of Turkey Canyon, the first Douglas spruce is reached at 1,860 meters (6,100 feet) ; the next at 1,890 meters (6,200 feet). In Millers Canyon of the Huachuca Mountains this spruce begins at 1,830 meters (6,000 feet), which is the lowest point at which it was noted. In both of these mountains the lowest Douglas spruces were found associated with Pinus chihuahuana and Acer saccharum grandidentatum. In 1887, I measured one of these trees in the camp at Little Springs, at the north base of San Francisco Mountains (altitude 2,500 meters, or 8,250 feet), and found it to be 3.3 meters (10.8 feet) in circumference and 33.5 meters (110 feet) in height. ABIES CONCOLOR (Gordon) Parry. WHITE FIR. This tree is very rare in the Huachuca Mountains. A few were also found in the San José Mountains. A specimen from the last place was identified by Prof. Charles. S. Sargent. It was not found elsewhere on the Mexican Boundary Line, but is common in several localities along the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, in northern Arizona. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (Linnzus) Richard. BALD CYPRESS, The range of the bald cypress includes the lower Rio Grande valley. In traveling east on the Southern Pacific Railroad it is first seen at Sabinal, Texas. It extends far up the valley of the Nueces, a few trees having been found between the Nueces and Devils rivers. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS Torrey. INCENSE CEDAR. We found a few of these trees on the Laguna Mountains of the Coast Range, near Campbell’s Ranch, at the altitude of about 1,525 meters (5,000 feet). Sargent states that this magnificent tree reaches 100 to 150 feet in height and 7 to 8 feet in diameter of trunk. CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA Gordon. GOWEN CYPRESS. This cypress was only found in the Jamul Valley, between El Nido and Dulzura, in San Diego County, California. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 4] CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA Greene. ARIZONA CYPRESS. This species of cypress is abundant on both sides of the San Luis Mountains and on the Animas Mountains north of them. It was not seen elsewhere on the Boundary, though careful search was made for it on the San José and Huachuca mountains. In Yavapai County, Arizona, it forms brakes which cover extensive areas on the hill slopes bordering the headwaters of the Verde River, notably on Pine and Oak creeks. In the San Francisco Canyon, on the east side of the San Luis Mountains, in Chihuahua, this tree was found as low as 1,720 meters (5,650 feet) altitude. In Turkey Canyon, on the west side of the San Luis Mountains, it was not seen lower than 1,780 meters (5,850 feet). It reaches the summit of these mountains. It is a handsome tree with reddish bark, 12 to 40 meters (40 to 125 feet) in height and .3 to 1 meter (1 to 3 feet) in diameter. JUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA (Engelmann) Sargent. ONE SEED JUNIPER, This juniper belongs to the upper Sonoran Life Zone. The ex- treme vertical range of this species, as determined by me on the Boundary, is from 1,260 to 1,868 meters (4,134 to 6,129 feet). The first juniper was met with on the rocky rim of a voleanic crater south of Monuments Nos. 8 and 9 of the Mexican Boundary Line. Only two trees were seen at this place, which has an altitude of 1,260 meters (4,134 feet). We did not meet with junipers again until the Carrizalillo Mountains were reached. These mountains rise from 1,270 to 2,295 meters (4,167 to 7,530 feet), and are sparsely wooded with this juniper, which is also common in the Apache Mountains around Monument No. 40 (altitude of monument, 1,494 meters, or 4,902 feet).. The “ cedar” was also common on the Big and Little Hatchet and Dog mountains in Grant County, New Mexico. On the Dog Mountains the one-seed juniper ranges from 1,500 to 1,868 meters (4,922 to 6,129 feet), its range being about coéxtensive with that of Quercus emory/, practically ending with that species at 1,752 meters (5,750 feet) altitude, though a few trees straggle to the summit. This tree was not seen on the east or west side of the San Luis Mountains, because the base-level is too high; but it was common on the southern and southwestern slopes of these mountains, in the Mexi- can notch between the Sierra Madré and San Luis ranges. In Guadalupe Canyon the highest tree was at the altitude of 1,676 meters (5,500 feet), the lowest in the neighboring San Bernardino Valley to the westward being at 1,280 meters (4,200 feet). 42 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The one-seed juniper is uncommon to the westward of the Perrilla Mountains. A few were seen on the east slope of the Mule Moun- tains at the western border of the Sulphur Spring Valley. We did not see this tree on the San José or Huachuca mountains, though a few are known to exist at the base of latter, the species being included in the list of plants collected in the Huachuca Mountains by Maj. Timothy E. Wilcox. This is usually a rather scragged tree, from 5 to 10 meters (16 to 35 feet) high; but in the damp canyons at the head of the Yaqui River it grows larger, and has slender branches and a drooping habit of growth. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA Carriére. CALIFORNIA JUNIPER. This is a rather scrubby tree, bearing remarkably large fruit. (See Plate IV, fig. 1.) It was only found on the Coast Range of California, where it descends to the level of Mountain Spring on the east slope (altitude 775 meters, or 2,543 feet). JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLQGA Torrey. ALLIGATOR JUNIPER. This is the common species of juniper of the mountains of the interior, along the Mexican Boundary Line. It was found on the Big Hatchet, Dog, San Luis, and Animas mountains, all in Grant County, New Mexico. It is also common on the opposite side of the Inter- national Line, in the San Luis and Guadalupe mountains of north- western Chihuahua and northeastern Sonora. Farther west it was likewise abundant in the Mule, San José, Huachuca, Patagonia, and Pajaritos mountains. The extreme vertical range of the alligator juniper, as determined on the Mexican border region, is from 1,355 to 2,545 meters (4,446 to 8,350 feet). It was found at the highest summits of the Big Hatchet, Dog, San Luis, Animas, and Patagonia mountains. On the Dog Mountains in New Mexico the regular juniper zone on the mountain slopes extends from 1,829 meters (6,000 feet) up to the summits; but in moist canyons it descends to the very base of these mountains. On the Boundary Line, south of the Dog Moun- tains, near Monument No. 55, are several fine alligator junipers at the altitude of 1,475 meters (4,839 feet). On the west side of the San Luis Mountains, in Turkey Canyon, the lowest tree of this species stands in a grove of Emery oaks, close to the lower limit of timber, at 1,684 meters (5,525 feet). No others were seen in this canyon until at 1,737 meters (5,700 feet), a well-marked juniper zone was reached. As stated, its range ex- tends to the summit (2,400 meters, or 7,874 feet). The largest tree U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. IV 1. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA (SEE PAGE 42). 2. SALIX TAXIFOLIA (SEE PAGE 46). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 43 seen by us in the San Luis Mountains, in the lower part of Turkey Canyon, measured 2.75 meters (9 feet) in circumference and 18 meters (60 feet) in height. There are some particularly fine examples of the alligator juniper in canyons on the north side of the San José Mountains in Sonora, south of Monument No. 93 of the Mexican Boundary Line. The largest of these, growing at 2,077 meters (6,815 feet) altitude, meas- ured 4.5 meters (15 feet) in circumference and about 18 meters (60 feet) in height. On the Patagonia Mountains the alhgator juniper ranges from the edge of the Santa Cruz River, at the Mexican town of Santa Cruz (altitude 1,355 meters, or 4,446 feet), up to the summit (2,217 meters, or 7,274 feet). Birds and squirrels, especially the chipmunk, are fond of the fruit of this tree. NEOWASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA (Wendland) Sudworth. FANLEAF PALM; DESERT PALM, This, the largest of the palms of the United States, forms isolated groves along the western border of the Colorado Desert, in southern and Lower California, extending well up into many of the moist canyons at the eastern base of the Coast Range Mountains. The “Palm Tract” marks the extension of the Lower Californian trop- ical flora into the United States. YUCCA TRECULEANA Carriére. TEXAS SPANISH BAYONET. This coarse, long-leaved yucca was only observed about Las Moras Mountain, and in other parts of Kinney County, Texas. YUCCA BREVIFOLIA Torrey. SCHOTT YUCCA, This species was found in canyons of the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and the northern part of Chihuahua and Sonora. It was found from the lower timber line to the summit of the San Luis Mountains, and in all the canyons at the head of the Yaqui River in the vicinity of the Boundary. Specimens were col- lected in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; and it also occurs in the San José Mountains, Sonora. The large fruit 1s edible. YUCCA RADIOSA Trelease. ( Yucca constricta Buckley.) DESERT YUCCA, This tall, branching yucca was the only tree of the deserts between the Rio Grande and the San Luis Mountains. In the 50-mile desert west of El Paso open forests of this species spread over large areas 44 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~ of country. The largest trees were 5 meters (16.4 feet) in height, and were often much branched. Its range on the Boundary, west of El Paso, is between Monuments Nos. 1 and 64, (See Plate V, fig. 1.) YUCCA MACROCARPA (Torrey) Coville. LARGEFRUIT YUCCA. This is the tree yucca of canyons in southwestern Texas. YUCCA MOHAVENSIS Sargent. MOHAVE YUCCA. This species was found in the coast region west of the Colorado Desert. NOLINA BIGELOVII Watson. BIGELOW NOLINA, This species was found in all of the narrow desert ranges from the Tule to the Gila Mountains, east of the Colorado River. The largest individual seen was near a spring or tank of water in a canyon of a hitherto nameless range of mountains between the Tule and Lechu- guilla ranges, but a little farther north, wholly in Arizona, which I have designated as the Granite Mountains. This example was about 2 meters in circumference of the naked caudex, and 8 meters in height. Other specimens seen in the Gila Mountains were nearly or quite as large, and not infrequently divided above into several branches. The size of this plant, as usually quoted from the label ° of Schott’s type specimen (“* Stem 6 feet high and 2 to 3 feet in diam- eter”), is quite misleading; and botanists are surprised to find it a larger, in fact, than any yucca of the tree of goodly dimensions boundary region. JUGLANS RUPESTRIS Engelmann. WESTERN WALNUT. Dog Mountains (Monument No. 55) to the Pajaritos Mountains, per- haps as far as Monument No. 138. Specimens were collected at Dog Spring and Cloverdale, New Mexico; on Cajon Bonito Creek, Chi- huahua; in the San José, Santa Cruz, and Pajaritos mountains, So- nora, and in the Mule, Huachuca, and Patagonia mountains, and on the San Pedro River, in Arizona. The species is also of common occurrence on the headwaters of the Verde River, in central Arizona. The town of Nogales received its name from the grove of walnuts which occupied the present site of the city at the time of the old sur- vey of the Mexican Boundary under Major Emory. There are still many fine walnuts in the vicinity of the town and along the neighbor- ng Santa Cruz River. One of these trees, of which Mr. D. R. Payne, The range of the walnut, on the Boundary Line, extends from the U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. V 1. YuccA RADIOSA (SEE PAGE 44). 2. QUERCUS GAMBELII (SEE PAGE 50). : MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 45 the photographer of the International Boundary Commission, ob- tained an excellent photograph, measured 2.34 meters in circumfer- ence, and was estimated to be from 12 to 15 meters in height. This tree was on the bank of the Santa Cruz River, a few miles above Monument No. 118, at an altitude of about 1,300 meters (4,300 feet). On the San José Mountains the largest walnut tree seen was about 1.5 meters in circumference and 12 meters in height. This tree grew beside a small spring at 2,210 meters (7,250 feet) altitude. At 2,240 meters (7,350 feet) there were several trees about a meter in circum- ference and 10 meters in height. The highest one, a small tree, grew at the altitude of 2.255 meters (7400 feet). The lowest walnut tree in Turkey Canyon, on the west side of the San Luis Mountains, is at 1,700 meters (5,575 feet). On the east side of the San Luis Mountains, in the foothills near White Water, a tree was found at 1,654 meters (5,425 feet). In the canyons of the Mule Mountains, in Arizona, walnuts are numerous, extending downward as far as Monument No. 90 (altitude 1,390 meters, or 4,561 feet). HICORIA PECAN (Marshall) Britton. PECAN. This, one of the largest, most beautiful, and most valuable trees in western Texas, 1s found east of Devils River, on which stream it also occurs. It is one of the most abundant trees along streams in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Texas. SALIX NIGRA Marshall. BLACK WILLOW. This is a common willow along streams everywhere in the South- west, though it is least abundant in the California section of the Boundary Line. I do not remember a stream of New Mexico or Ari- zona that lacks it. Its vertical range was not determined accurately, owing to the difficuity of following up the streams, to which its habitat is restricted. It was usually found as far up as there were any fish. On the Pacific slope of the Coast Range it was collected in the zone of Pinus sabiniana, at 4,300. feet (1,310 meters) altitude. Tt is usually a small or medium-sized tree, with rough gray bark. The largest ones seen were about .6 meter (2 feet) in diameter and 18 meters (60 feet) in height. SALIX OCCIDENTALIS LONGIPES (Andersson) Bebb. LONGSTALK WILLOW. This is a small tree, from 20 to 40 feet (6 to 12 meters) in height, found in wet soil in the mountains of the Elevated Central Tract. On the Boundary it was common in all suitable places from the Dog 46 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mountains of New Mexico west to the Pajaritos Mountains of Ari- zona and Sonora. It is a pretty tree, with brittle branches and thick leaves which are pale and glaucous on the under surface. In young trees the bark is smooth and greenish. The longstalk willow often grows with Salix nigra. On the streams of Chihuahua and Sonora the two were often seen side by side. SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Andersson. ALMONDLEAF WILLOW. This is the commonest willow of the Rio Grande from El Paso to Fort Hancock, Texas, where it forms thickets on the islands and low banks of the stream. SALIX LA-VIGATA Bebb. SMOOTHLEAF WILLOW, This is a large, handsome tree, with rough, blackish bark and glossy leaves. It is a common species on the banks of streams which flow into the Pacific Ocean. It was only found west of the Coast Range Mountains. SALIX FLUVIATILIS Nuttall. LONGLEAF WILLOW, The longleaf willow is a common tree along the Colorado River from the Gila to the Gulf of California, flowering in April. On the Salton and New rivers—branches of the Colorado—of the Western Desert, 1t was the most abundant tree. It was also found at Jacumba Hot Springs, on the Pacific slope of the Coast Range, opposite a deep notch in those mountains through which several desert plants and animals have reached the west side. This is usually a smaller tree than the black willow (Salix nigra). SALIX ARGOPHYLLA Nuttall. CANESCENT WILLOW, This silky-leaved willow appears to be very distinct from Salix fluviatilis. It was found on the east side of the Coast Range Moun- tains, in California and Lower California. SALIX TAXIFOLIA Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. YEWLEAF WILLOW. This is a beautiful little tree, usually not more than .15 to .3 meters in diameter and 5 to 6 meters (15 to 20 feet) in height. (See Plate LV, fig. 2. The bark is flaky, light gray, and rough. This species can exist in drier soil than any other willow of the region, and will grow wherever a mesquite could find sufficient moisture. We found it from MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 47 the head of Cajon Bonito Creek, in the San Luis Mountains, west to the Santa Cruz Valley. The lowest point was in Sonora, near the junction of Cajon Creek with the San Bernardino River (altitude 3,199 feet, or 975 meters) ; the highest, near the head of Babocomeri Creek, in Arizona (altitude 5,320 feet, or 1,621 meters). SALIX LASIOLEPIS Bentham. BIGELOW WILLOW. This willow is abundant on the Pacific slope of the Coast Range Mountains, in California and Lower California. To the eastward we obtained it only on the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. SALIX NUTTALLII Sargent. NUTTALL WILLOW. This is an alpine species, growing near the summits of the Mogollon and San Francisco mountains, in central Arizona, and on San José Mountain, in Sonora, Mexico.“ POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michaux. ASPEN; QUAKING ASP. Aspens were found only on the summits of the Animas, San José, and Huachuca mountains, where they belong to the highest or Boreal zone, and are associated with Quercus chrysolepis, Q. gambelii, Pinus strobiformis, and Pseudotsuga mucronata. Its vertical range, on the Mexican Line, is from 1,343 meters or 7,690 feet (San José Mountain Sonora, Mexico) to 2,887 meters or 9,472 feet (summit of Huachuca Mountains, Arizona). The largest aspens were those on the Hua- chuca peaks; but none of those seen on the Mexican Line were com- parable in size with the aspens of northeastern Arizona. At Little Spring, at the north base of San Francisco Mountain, Arizona (alti- tude 2,500 meters or 8,250 feet), I measured an aspen that was 1.72 ineters (5.64 feet) in circumference and 21.3 meters (70 feet) in height. POPULUS ANGUSTIFOLIA James. NARROWLEAF COTTONWOOD. This handsome cottonwood was collected at one or two places in Grant County, New Mexico, in the vicinity of springs, where it may have been artificially planted. It is a common tree in Tonto Basin, Arizona. I had previously collected it on Fossil, Corduroy, and Car- riza creeks, in central Arizona. aAnother willow, which I am unable to determine, is abundant in moist valleys near the sumiit of the Coast Range, in California. This is a scrubby tree from 2 to 6 meters (6 to 20 feet) in height. 48 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. POPULUS FREMONTII Watson.« FREMONT COTTONWOOD. No tree is more common, more beautiful, nor more valuable as a shade tree than the cottonwood. It grows naturally on almost every stream along the Boundary, and is planted around the houses and along the irrigation * acequias ” of nearly every ranch. In Cali- fornia it is less abundant than in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, but was found on the Salton River ? of the Colorado Desert, at Moun- tain Spring, on the east side of the Coast Range, and on Jamul Creek. near the Pacific Ocean. The habit of the cottonwood, of course, varies according to en- vironment. In deep, narrow canyons, where it reaches upward toward the light, its stem is very tall and slender, as is also the case where the tree growth is close and crowded along the streams; but, i open spaces, trees growing singly have full round tops with spreading or often drooping branches, affording grateful shade to man and beast and a home to many species of birds. Probably the largest cottonwoods grow on the upper course of the Yaqui River, in Mexico, but these I have not seen. Respecting a very large cotton- wood, seen in central Arizona by Dr. Paul Clendenin and myself, I find the following record in my note book of 1885: When we reached the Agua Fria we halted for a noon rest in a grove of remarkably large cottonwoods. We measured the largest tree with a tape-line, taking the measurement at a point 4+ feet above the ground. It was 34 feet in circumference and had no excrescences or morbid growths at that part, the trunk being symmetrical and rather tall, although the branches, which are very long and drooping, almost reach to the ground. The height of this tree—probably the largest I ever saw—was not indicated in the notes. From-memory I should judge it to be about 23 meters (75 feet), though it may have been more. A very hand- some cottonwood that was photographed at my request by the Com- mission’s photographer grew beside the Santa Cruz River, in Sonora, at 4,300 feet (1,311 meters) altitude. It measured 16 feet (5 meters) in circumference and 80 feet (24 meters) in height. (See Plate VI, fig. 1.) The cottonwood’s vertical range is from near sea level (Jamul Creek, California) to 6,100 feet (Huachuca Mountains, near Fort Huachuca). The leaves are shed in autumn or early winter, and are again assumed some time from February to April, the dates varying with the altitude. Traveling from Fort Verde, in central Arizona, to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1885, it was noted that but few cottonwoods in « Populus wislizeni (Watson) Sargent is the species of the upper Rio Grande, x 6 Dr. J. N. Rose considers the Salton River tree an undescribed species, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. VI 1. POPULUS FREMONTII (SEE PAGE 48). 2. ACROSS THE RIO GRANDE RIVER (SEE PAGE 80). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 49 the Verde Valley showed any foliage by March 25; but on descend- ing to Ash Creek, March 26, we found a beautiful grove of cotton- woods in full foliage; and March 27, on reaching New River, the foliage of the cottonwood here, and farther on along New River near its junction with the Agua Fria, had assumed the dark. rich tint of green, characteristic of the fully developed leaf. The trees were feathery with “ cotton,’ which hung in festoons from the drooping branches. I gathered a quantity of it at Huston’s Ranch for stuffing and packing specimens. ALNUS OREGONA Nuttall. RED ALDER. Small trees were found on the San Diego River in California. Alders were not seen elsewhere on the Mexican Boundary, but on the headwaters of the Verde River, in central Arizona, Alnus acuminata grows commonly along streams, and has the proportions of a medium- sized tree. QUERCUS GAMBELII Nuttall. GAMBEL OAK. This is a deciduous white oak, growing only at or near the sum- mits of the higher mountains. It occupies the Canadian or lowest division of the Boreal Zone, and is often associated with the Mexican white pine, Douglas spruce, and aspen. In good soil it reaches a height of 20 to 60 feet, with a trunk from 1 to 3 feet in diameter. Some trees seen on the Mogollon Mountains, Arizona, probably exceeded these dimensions. At the base of San Francisco Mountain, near Flagstaff, Arizona, in 1886 and 1887, I camped in a handsome grove of these trees, which had long ago excited the admiration of the members of Captain Sitgreaves’s party, but which was over- looked by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, who observed: ¢ There is something remarkable respecting the history of this tree in the San Francisco Mountain region. Sitgreaves and other early explorers speak of it as abundant about the mountain, while we did not find it at all in the very places where it was formerly common. Its absence explains the absence of several species of birds which might be expected at the mountain, but which are rarely found except in oak scrub. On the higher peaks of the Mexican Boundary region this oak usually becomes reduced to a scrubby bush from 2 to 4 feet in height; but on the Animas Mountains, close to the summit of next to the highest peak of the range, a tree was seen which was 2 feet in di- ameter and 30 feet in height, with rough, whitish bark, resembling that of the eastern white oak (Quercus alba). Large examples @North American Fauna, No. 3, p. 119, September 11, 1890. 30639—No. 56—0T M——4 50 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of this tree are scarce on the San Luis Mountains; and few were seen that reached 25 feet in height on the San José Mountains; but large trees were frequently seen in the Huachuca Mountains. (Plate V, fig. 2.) Its vertical range on the San Luis Mountains is from 2,204 meters (7,230 feet) to the summit, or 2,400 meters (7,874 feet) ; on the San José Mountains, from 2,085 meters (6,840 feet) to the summit (2,541 meters, or 8.337 feet); and on the Huachuca Mountains, from 2,133 meters (7,000 feet) to the summit (2,887 meters, or 9,472 feet). The two largest specimens seen on the San José Mountains measured, respectively, 24 feet in diameter and 30 feet in height (altitude 7,150 feet), and 2 by 60 feet (altitude 7,250 feet; beside a spring). QUERCUS BREVILOBA (Torrey) Sargent. DURAND OAK. This is a large evergreen oak, abundant along the streams of Texas as far west as Devils River. It usually leans toward the streams along which it grows, the branches frequently touching those of the opposite side. In Texas this species is the analogue of Quer- cus agrifolia in California. QUERCUS UNDULATA Torrey. ROCKY MOUNTAIN OAK. This is a scrub oak, ranging from western Texas to Arizona. It is” less abundant on the Mexican Boundary than farther north. QUERCUS ENGELMANNI Greene. ENGELMANN OAK; EVERGREEN WHITE OAK. This is a tree of the Upper Sonoran zone, west of the Coast Range, in California and Lower California. This zone was crossed between Campo and Tecate Mountain (Monuments Nos. 240 to 245), on the Mexican Line. Farther north, between San Diego and Cuyamaca Mountain, it forms a somewhat broader zone, below the range of Pinus sabiniana. It is a handsome evergreen oak of medium size. QUERCUS OBLONGIFOLIA Torrey. OBLONGLEAF OAK; BLUE OAK. This is the oak of the lower timber line on the mountains of the interior region, where the groves of this tree bear a general resem- blance to apple orchards in the East. The leaves are small, gliucous, and evergreen. We found it on the Dog Mountains, in Guadalupe Canyon, and on the Mule, San José, Huachuca, Patagonia, and Pajaritos mountains, always forming a narrow belt. at the lower general timber line. Its vertical range is from 1,266 meters, or 4,157 feet (Monument No. 73, in Guadalupe Canyon), to 1,874 meters, or MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. ig 6,150 feet (near Gallina Springs, San José Mountains). Its longi- tudinal range, on the Mexican Line, is from the Dog Mountains to the Pajaritos Mountains (Monuments Nos. 54 to about 138). The largest tree seen measured 2.63 meters in circumference and 20 meters in height (Cloverdale, Grant County, New Mexico). QUERCUS ARIZONICA Sargent. ARIZONA WHITE OAK. This oak, which in Arizona is commonly known as the white live oak, to distinguish it from Quercus emoryi, which is called the black live oak, is the commonest of the genus along the Mexican Border, perhaps excepting the Emory oak. It is a rather low, widely spreading tree, with the short trunk from 1 to 4 feet in diameter and 20 to 60 feet in height. As a rule this species begins just above the lower edge of timber, commencing a little higher than Quercus oblongifolia, with which it is associated in the lowest part of its range. Its extreme vertical range is from 1,267 meters, or 4,157 feet (Guadalupe Canyon), to 2,500 meters, or 8,200 feet (San José Mountain). Longitudinally its range coincides with that portion of the Mexican Boundary Line which is formed by the parallel of 31° 20’ (Monuments Nos. 53 to 127). We found it in the Dog, San Luis, Animas, Guadalupe, Cero Gallardo, Mule, San José, Huachuca, Santa Cruz, Patagonia, and Pajaritos mountains. It belongs to the Transi- tion Zone. QUERCUS RETICULATA Humboldt and Bonpland. NETLEAF OAK. This oak, which is remarkable for its long-stalked acorns, was only found on the San Luis, Animas, and Huachuca mountains. At the summits of these high ranges it is a shrub, but lower down it becomes a small tree with rough, whitish bark. On the west side of the San Luis Mountains, in Turkey Canyon, it descends to 1,893 meters (6,210 feet). The largest tree seen was perhaps 20 feet in height and 6 inches in diameter; but none were measured in the field. QUERCUS TOUMEYI Sargent. TOUMEY OAK. This oak is about 8 to 10 meters (25 to 30 feet) in height, with a short trunk 15 to 20 dm. (6 to 8 inches) in diameter, usually dividing near the ground into several stout wide- spre eading branches, which form a broad head. It occurs sparingly in He neighborhood of Monument No. 40, in Grant County, New Mexico, and abundantly in the Mule Mountains in Cochise County, in southern Arizona. It isa tree of the Upper Sonoran Zone. 52 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ; U QUERCUS DUMOSA Nuttall. CALIFORNIA SCRUB OAK, This scrubby oak was found on both sides of the Coast Range Mountains, in California, its range extending to the Pacific coast and neighboring islands of the Santa Barbara group. It belongs to the Upper Sonoran Life Zone, in some places reaching the Lower Sonoran. QUERCUS EMORYI Torrey. EMORY OAK. This evergreen black oak was first met with going westward im the Dog Mountains in Grant County, New Mexico, and was com- mon thence to La Osa (Monument No. 140), at the western extremity of the Pajaritos Mountains. With the exception of Quercus oblongi- folia, its distribution is lower than the rest of the oaks. On the west side of the San Luis Mountains the lowest tree in prolongation of Turkey Canyon is a cherry at 1,680 meters (5,510 feet) and the second an Emory oak at 1,683 meters (5,520 feet). From this point it is common up to 6,500. feet (1,981 meters) altitude. On the east side of the San Luis Mountains, near White Water, it was found at 1,654 meters (5,425 feet) altitude. On the Dog Mountains its range extends from the base up to the altitude of 1,753 meters (5,750 feet), where it ends with the one-seed red juniper. On the San Jose Mountains, near Gallina Spring, it was found as high as 1,963 meters (6,440 feet). The Emory oak is the most common and the most valuable tree of its genus in Arizona. Its acorns are sweet and toothsome, its foliage glossy and beautiful, and its trunk tall and straight. It occurs in the upper Sonoran Zone, but seldom penetrates the Transition Zone. The finest specimens grow in valleys, usually near streams. The largest ones seen along the Boundary were in the Pajaritos Mountains. Some of these were nearly 30 meters (100 feet) in height and about 1 meter (3 to 4 feet) in diameter. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS Liebmann. CANYON LIVE OAK. This is an evergreen shrub on the tops of the highest mountains of the Elevated Central Tract, becoming a small tree lower down on the slopes of these mountains. The leaves are small, coriaceous, and glossy; sometimes entire, but the young shoots usually bear spine-angled leaves which resemble those of the holly. On Nigger Head peak of the Huachuca Mountains its range extends from the altitude of 1,951 meters (6,400 feet) upward. Specimens were taken at 6,400 feet from a tree 2 feet in diameter and 25 feet in height. At U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. VII 1. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA (SEE PAGE 53). 2. QUERCUS HYPOLEUCA (SEE PAGE 53). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 53 2,133 meters (7,000 feet) this oak was reduced to a shrub, having spiny angled instead of mostly entire leaves. On the San Luis Mountains this tree was not met with on the main ridge north of Turkey Canyon below the altitude of 2,240 meters (7,340 feet), and only spiny-leaved shrubs were seen; but in Turkey Canyon trees were found as low as 2,133 meters (7,000 feet), having mostly entire leaves and ranging from 6 to 9 meters (20 to 30 feet) in height. The bark is usually rather smooth and blackish gray. The acorn cups are very characteristic. In the Canelo Hills, between the Huachuca Mountains and the Santa Cruz River, two handsome trees were seen. It was also found on the highest peaks of the Coast Range Mountains, in California. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA Nee. CALIFORNIA LIVE OAK, A tall, handsome tree, bearing boat-shaped evergreen leaves. It is the common oak tree of the low valleys of the Pacific Coast Tract. We did not observe it on the east slope of the Coast Range Moun- tains, though it appeared as soon as the divide was crossed, in the vicinity of Jacumba Hot Springs. It again disappeared in the low country bordering the Pacific Ocean, where it is replaced by the scrub oak (Quercus dumosa). In San Diego County, California, this tree sometimes reaches the height of 23 to 30 meters (75 to 100 feet), with the trunk 0.5 to 1.5 meters (2 to 5 feet) in diameter. {Plate VII, fig. 1.) QUERCUS HYPOLEUCA Engelmann. WHITELEAF OAK, A handsome evergreen oak, with medium-sized leathery leaves covered on the under surface with whitish tomentum. It is usually a small or medium-sized tree, but near the lower spring in Turkey Canyon of the San Luis Mountain are several trees that reach nearly 30 meters (100 feet) in height, with straight trunks 1 meter (about 3 feet) in diameter. At the highest spring on the north side of the San José Mountains at 2.297 meters (7,250 feet) altitude is a white- leaf oak measuring 23 meters (75 feet) in height by 0.67 meter (2 feet) in diameter. (Plate VII, fig. 2.) The extreme vertical range of this oak is from 1,775 meters or 5,825 feet (Turkey Canyon, San Luis Mountains, Chihuahua) to 2.877 meters or 9,440 feet (summit of Animas Peak, New Mexico). As in the case of other species of oak, it becomes a shrub on the mountain summits. On the east side of the San Luis Mountains the lowest were noted at 1,865 meters (6,120 feet) ; on the west side at 1,775 meters (5,825 feet). In Millers Canyon of the Huachuca 54 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mountains it begins, below, at 1,829 meters (6,000 feet) along with the maple (Acer saccharum grandidentatum). The whiteleaf oak was found only on the Animas, San Luis, Guadalupe, San José, and Huachuca mountains. QUERCUS WISLIZENI A. de Candolle. HIGHLAND LIVE OAK, A small tree, which we found only about the summits of the Laguna Mountains of the Coast Range in California. It is readily distinguished from Quercus chrysolepis by its very different fruit. QUERCUS TEXANA Buckley. TEXAS RED OAK, This is the red oak, or Spanish oak, of Texas: found sparingly at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, and abundantly on the hills to the northeast of that place. Specimens were identified by Mr. George B. Sudworth, dendrologist of the Forest Service. QUERCUS CALIFORNICA (Torrey) Cooper. CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK, A large, handsome oak, growing with the Sabine and Coulter pines, in the higher portions of the Laguna Mountains in the Coast Range of California. The acorns, which are large, are an important article of diet with the Indians of the region, in whose huts we saw large sacks of them. We were also informed that during hard times, when the ground was deeply covered with snow and the Indians threatened with famine, they were sometimes obliged to chop down the pines in order to obtain the acorns, which wood- peckers (J/elanerpes formicivorus bairdi) habitually store, in large quantities, in holes pecked in the pine bark. ULMUS CRASSIFOLIA Nuttall. CEDAR ELM, A tall tree, 15 to 30 meters (50 to 100 feet), along the streams of south central Texas. It was not seen west of Devils River. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS Linnzus. A HACKBERRY. The hackberry is a common tree in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. It was first met with, going west at Monu- ment No. 40, about 100 miles west of the Rio Grande, in the Apache Mountains. It was found in the canyons of the Dog Mountains, MAMMALS OF THE MEXIGAN BOUNDARY. 55 New Mexico, and on the plain near Alamo Hueco Spring, several remarkably large specimens were observed growing beside a dry arroyo. In descending through Guadalupe Canyon, from the high Animas Valley, the first hackberries were met with at the altitude of 1,481 meters (4,860 feet). A photograph of one was made at 1493 meters (4,800 feet). It is of frequent occurrence on the upper course of the San Bernardino River. On the western slope of the Sulphur Spring Valley, at the altitude of 1,402 meters (4,600 feet), a superb grove of hackberry trees occupies the bed of a dry water- course. It is common in ravines of the Mule, Huachuea, and Pata- gonia mountains, as well as throughout the upper Santa Cruz Valley. None of the largest specimens was measured; but I should roughly estimate their size at about 1 meter (3 feet) in diameter by 15 meters (50 feet) in height. The altitudinal range of this species is from 975 meters, or 3.200 feet (on the San Bernardino River near the mouth of Cajon Bonito Creek), to 1.700 *ieters, or 5,578 feet (Bisbee, Arizona). CELTIS RETICULATA Torrey. PALO BLANCO, This tree was collected at Monument No. 90, Mexican Boundary Line, south of Bisbee, Arizona. It has been recorded by Dr. N. L. Britton as among the collections sent in by Maj. Timothy E. Wilcox from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. As observed by us, it is a small tree in arroyos, below the general timber line. TI did not meet with it, to the eastward, beyond the headwaters of the Rio Yaqui. CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS Bosc. SUGARBERRY, A common tree at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas; also on the Devils River, Texas. MORUS RUBRA Linnezus. RED MULBERRY. Texas, east of the Devils River. Las Moras Creek, at Fort Clark, in Kinney County, received its name from the former abundance of this tree on its banks. At present it is scarce there, only a few small trees having been observed by us, but we were fortunate in obtaining a Specimen. MORUS CELTIDIFOLIA Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. MEXICAN MULBERRY, This mulberry was first seen in the Dog Mountains. There are ‘some fine ones at Dog Spring, which, we were informed, were the only trees around the spring when the ranch was first established. 56 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The species was subsequently found in Guadalupe Canyon; on Cajon Bonito Creek, one of the heads of the Yaqui River; at Niggerhead in the Perrilla Mountains; at the base of the San José Mountains, Sonora; on the San Pedro River and Babocomeri Creek (altitude 1,481 meters, or 4,860 feet), Arizona; on the upper Santa Cruz River; and it also occurs at Forts Whipple and Verde, in central Arizona. Its vertical range.is from 1,219 meters (4,000 feet or less) up to about 1,524 meters (5,000 feet). UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA (Hooker and Arnott) Nuttall. CALIFORNIA LAUREL. This small but handsome tree was found only at or near the sum- mits of the Coast Range Mountains, in the Transition zone. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS ASPLENIFOLIUS (Greene) Brandegee. SAN CLEMENTE IRONWOOD. A small tree on San Clemente Island, off the coast of southern California. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS Linnzus. SYCAMORE, A very large tree; common on the banks of streams east of the Pecos River, in Texas. PLATANUS RACEMOSA Nuttall. CALIFORNIA SYCAMORE, The range of this sycamore is from the west slope near the sum- mit of the Coast Range Mountains to the Pacific. In the neighbor- hood of the Boundary Line it is a smaller tree than the Arizona sycamore. PLATANUS WRIGHTII Watson. - ARIZONA SYCAMORE. A splendid tree, 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) in diameter and 15 to 30 meters (50 to 100 feet) in height, growing along streams of the Elevated Central Tract. I first met with it in the Dog Mountains, New Mexico. It was subsequently found along nearly every stream or watercourse to the western extremity of the Pajaritos Mountains of Sonora and Arizona. Its determined vertical range is from 975 meters or 3,200 feet (junction of Cajon Creek with the San Ber- nardino River, Sonora) to 2,042 meters or 6,700 feet (San José Mountains, Sonora). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 57 VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA (Torrey) Sargent. VAUQUELINIA, a A ‘handsome tree, about 3 to 5 meters (10 to 15 feet) in height, growing sparsely on the otherwise barren hills bordering the Guada- lupe Canyon, in the adjacent corners of Arizona, New Mexico, Chi- huahua, and Sonora. e > Grande of Texas and west to Tueson, Arizona. FREMONTODENDRON CALIFORNICUM (Torrey) Coville. FREMONT TREE; FREMONTIA. This tree was found in the Jamul Valley, between El Nido and Dulzura, California. RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA (Nuttall) Bentham and Hooker. WESTERN SUMACH. This, the only arborescent species of sumach seen by us on the Mexican Line, was found at Point Loma, San Diego County, Cali- fornia. ACER SACCHARUM GRANDIDENTATUM (Nuttall) Sudworth. LARGETOOTH MAPLE. This is the hard maple of the Mexican Border region. I also saw it in the Mogollon Mountains, of central Arizona, where the leaves turned red in October. Usually it is a small tree in ravines or canyons of the mountains; but in Turkey Canyon, in the San Luis Mountains, near Monument No. 66 of the Mexican Boundary Line, a tree was found which measured 2.25 meters (7.4 feet) in circumfer- ence | meter above the ground, the trunk continuing about the same size for 6 meters (20 feet), then dividing into three nearly equal branches. This tree was estimated to be about 18 meters (59 feet) in height. Several trees of this species in the neighborhood approach this one in height. It was common at about 1,970 meters (6,000 feet) altitude on the San Luis, San José, and Huachuca mountains. ACER NEGUNDO Linnezus. BOXELDER. The boxelder was found on the San José Mountains, State of Sonora, Mexico, and on the Huachuca Mountains and the Verde River, in Arizona, ranging in altitude from 1,006 meters or 3,300 feet (in the Verde Valley) to 2,085 meters or 6,840 feet (canyon on north side of the San José Mountains). UNGNADIA SPECIOSA Endlicher. TEXAS BUCKEYE; MEXICAN BUCKEYE, This is a very small tree, found in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. The seeds or “ beans” are similar to chest- nuts, but poisonous. aA photograph of this tree is reproduced and faces page 15 of the Report of the Boundary Commission, 1898. 64 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SAPINDUS MARGINATUS Willdenow. WILD CHINA TREE. The wild china tree was found along Las Moras Creek at Fort Clark and on the San Pedro River in Texas, and thence along the Border Line, in the Sonoran Life Zone, to south-central Arizona, rang- ing in altitude from 300 to 1,070 meters (about 1,000 to 3,500 feet). It was abundant, forming handsome shady groves in valleys on the headwaters of the Yaqui River and in the Verde Valley of central Arizona. RHAMNUS CROCEA Nuttall. EVERGREEN BUCKTHORN, This tree was found at Campbell’s Ranch at Laguna, in the Coast Range Mountains, 32.2 km. (20 miles) north of Campo, and on San Clemente Island. This last specimen but shghtly resembles Rhamnus insularis Greene. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA de Candolle. BEARBERRY; CASCARA BUCKTHORN, The bearberry was found in the San Luis, San José, and Huachuca mountains, and on the headwaters of the Cajon Bonito Creek near the boundary of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. ZIZYPHUS OBTUSIFOLIUS Gray. OBTUSELEAF ZIZYPHUS. In Arizona and Sonora this species sometimes becomes a small tree having a trunk 1 to 4 decimeters in diameter and a height of 3 to 6 meters. The branches are all armed with very long spines. It usually branches from the ground around main trunks, spreading so as to form an impenetrable growth. CEREUS GIGANTEUS Engelmann. GIANT CACTUS. This, our tallest cactus, bears an edible fruit and attains the height of 12 meters (40 feet). It is known in Arizona and Sonora as the “sahuara.” A good picture of it faces page 23 of the Report of the Boundary Commission, published in 1898. As we moved west on the Mexican Line this species first appeared in canyons of the Pajaritos Mountains, west of Nogales, near Monument No. 130. It extended westward to the west base of the Gila Mountains, east of the Colorado River. In the lower course of the Santa Cruz Valley, from Tumaca- cori northward in Arizona, its range extends farther eastward than on the Boundary Line. It reaches up the Agua Fria Valley of central ae fy 7 ray, : U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. VIII 1. CEREUS GIGANTEUS (SEE PAGE 65). 2. CEREUS THURBERI (SEE PAGE 66). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 65 Arizona to the head of Black Canyon (between Antelope and Bumble Bee), and up the Verde River to Bloody Basin, between old forts Verde and McDowell. It also occupies southern slopes of hills be- tween San Carlos and Globe City, Arizona. On Tonto Creek its range extends nearly to the Wild Rye. Large sahuaras (40 feet in height) were noted on Ash Creek, a tributary of the Gila, at the foot of Black Canyon, in Graham County, Arizona. The sahuara affords safe nesting places for many species of birds and a secure retreat to several small mammals. It seldom grows upon the desert plains, but appears as soon as the bordering foothills are approached, extending up the slopes and canyons to the upper limit of the Lower Sonoran zone. (Plate VIII, fig. 1.) On April 4, 1885, I passed, near Rillito Station in the Santa Cruz Valley, a ranch owned by an Englishman who had planted Cereus giganteus to form a fence, which would have been a great success had not he mistaken some E’chino- cactus wislizent for the sahuara, the latter having outgrown the bisnagas, leaving gaps in his fence. Respecting the season of flower- ing, etc., I find the following data in my journal: May 5, 1885, when marching from Mountain Spring to Fort Lowell, Arizona, I saw circles of opening buds on the summits of the sahuaras for the first time. Four days later, on Picacho Peak, Arizona, the sahuaras were crowned with wreaths of white flowers. At Casa Grande, May 10— all of the sahuaras are now in bloom. * * * After turning the point of a mountain between the Gila River and Phoenix, Arizona, we came to a forest of the giant sahuara, which I noted as being of somewhat larger size and more branched than those seen between here and Mountain Spring [near Tucson]. I think one that I saw would measure between 40 and 50 feet in height, but this inay be an overestimate. One of its arms or joints would exceed the average size of those growing about Bumble Bee or on New River—the northern and upper limit of its range. Lieutenant Gaillard writes: Probably nowhere along the boundary does the cactus growth attain such luxuriance as in the foothills of the Sonoyta Valley. The giant cactus here attains a height of 40 or 50 feet and forms perfect forests, if the word forest can properly be applied to a collection of these strange, ungainly, helpless- looking objects, which seem at times to stretch out clumsy arms appealingly to the traveler, and which one can not see on its native desert without uncon- sciously associating it with the uncouth forms of vegetation peculiar to the Carboniferous era. Maj. John G. Bourke gives the following: And the majestic “ pitahaya,” or candelabrum cactus, whose ruby fruit had Jong since been raided upon and carried off by flocks of bright-winged humming- birds, than which no fairer or more alert can be seen this side of Brazil. The “pitahaya’”’ attains a great height in the vicinity of Grant, Tucson, and Mac- Dowell [Arizona], and one which we measured by its shadow was not far from 55 to 60 feet above the ground.—On the Border, 2d ed., 1892, pp. 53-54, 30639—No, 56—07 M 5 66 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CEREUS THURBERI Engelmann. THURBER CACTUS; PITAHAYA; PITAHAYA DULCE. On the Boundary Line this huge plant ranges from the Sierra del Cobota west to the Quitobaquita Mountains (Monuments Nos. 150 te 176). Its range does not extend far into the United States, probably nowhere reaching the Southern Pacific Railroad. It bears an excel- lent fruit, two crops ripening each year, in July and October. The Papagos live on it exclusively. (Plate VIII, fig. 2.) D> CEREUS SCHOTTII Engelmann. SCHOTT CACTUS; SINITA. This superb cactus was found only between the Sierra de la Salada (Monument No. 175) and Monument No. 179. On most of this stretch of country it was very abundant. The range of another giant cactus (Cereus pringle’) extends north to within 40 miles of the United States border, south of the Sonoyta Valley. OPUNTIA FULGIDA Engelmann. CHOYA. This arborescent Cylindropuntia reaches the height of 3 meters, or 10 feet. It is abundant in southern Arizona. OPUNTIA VERSICOLOR Engelmann. TREE CACTUS. The tree cactus is a striking feature of the scenery of Arizona and Sonora, where it is locally abundant. OPUNTIA SPINOSIOR (Engelmann) Toumey SIGURA. Locally abundant on the Sonora-Arizona boundary. ARBUTUS ARIZONICA (Gray) Sargent. ARIZONA MADRONA. The madrofia is a spreading tree, with reddish-brown rough bark. It was found on the San Luis, Mule San Jose, and Huachuca moun- tains, occupying a zone extending from near the junction of the upper Sonoran and Transition nearly to the Canadian or lower Boreal. Its ascertained vertical range is from 1,770 meters, or 5,800 feet (Millers Canyon, Huachuca Mountains), to 2,320 meters, or 7,600 feet (San Jose Mountains, Sonora, Mexico). Some remark- ably fine examples of this tree were found near a spring in Turkey MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 67 Canyon, on the west side of the San Luis Mountains, at an altitude of about 1,970 meters (6,000 feet). The largest was photographed October 2, 1893; three trunks sprang from a common bole, perhaps measuring 9 meters (29 feet) in circumference. The individual trunks measured, respectively, 1 meter above the bole, 3.18 meters (10 feet), 2.51 meters (8.2 feet), and 1.07 meters (3.3 feet) in circum- ference, and the trees were about 20 meters (65 feet) in height. Near the Boundary Line, on the west side of the San Luis Moun- tains, at the altitude of 1,920 meters (6,300 feet), I saw a grove of madronas composed of unusually large trees. ,The largest was a double tree having a short trunk measuring 3.5 meters in circum- ference, the forks measuring, respectively, 2.2 and 1.69 meters in cir- cumference; height estimated at 10 to 12 meters (35 to 40 feet). ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. MANZANITA. The manzanita is a gnarled and twisted shrub or low tree, having smooth and shiny reddish-brown bark, and berries which in their sea- son are the favorite food of bears, squirrels, and pigeons. It was found in the Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones of all the high mountains of the Elevated Central Tract from the San Luis to the Pajaritos (Monuments Nos. 64 to 136). In the Canelo Hills, north- west of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, was seen an arborescent manzanita 4 meters (15 feet) in height and measuring almost a meter (3 feet) in girth of trunk. Other species of Arctostaphylos were abundant throughout the mountains of the Coast Range in California. BUMELIA RIGIDA (A. Gray) Small. SHITTIMWOOD. This is a spiny shrub or small tree of the Sonoran Life Zone, rang- ing from western Texas to Arizona. In appearance it is not unlike Zizyphus. ‘The largest one seen on the San Bernardino River at Monument No. 77 was about 8 meters (25 feet) in height. BRAYODENDRON TEXANUM (Scheele) Small. (Diospyros texana Scheele.) MEXICAN PERSIMMON. The Mexican persimmon was abundant in the region surrounding Fort Clark, in Kinney County, Texas. It flowers in April and May. FRAXINUS CUSPIDATA Torrey. FRINGE ASH. The fringe ash was only found by us on the main Hachita peak of the Big Hatchet Mountains, in Grant County, New Mexico. 68 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. FRAXINUS VELUTINA Torrey. LEATHERLEAF ASH. This is the common ash of the Mexican Boundary region. Going west we first saw it in damp canyons of the Dog Mountains, and at Alamo Hueco Spring, in Grant County, New Mexico. It was a com- mon tree, west to the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, occupying damp situations through the Elevated Central Tract, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones. In the Verde Valley of central Arizona it grows as low as 910 meters (3,000 feet), and on San José Mountain, State of Sonora, Mexico, it was found up to 2,290 meters (7,500 feet). Specimens from the Dog Mountains, New Mexico, have much broader leaves than those from more western localities. On the Mexican border this tree reaches the height of 25 meters (80 feet), with the trunk 0.64 meter (2 feet) in diameter. At the Upper Spring, in a canyon on the north side of the San José Mountains (altitude 2,210 meters or 7,250 feet) is a grove of ash trees, seven of which measure from 0.3 to 0.5 meter in diameter and from 15 to 20 meters (50 to 80 feet) in height. CHILOPSIS LINEARIS (Cavanilles) Sweet. DESERT WILLOW. A willow-like tree, about 6 meters (20 feet) in height, bearing terminal racemes of purplish flowers, and seed pods 25 cm. in length. (Plate IX, fig. 1.) It grows in sandy water courses in dry districts from Texas to California, and belongs to the Sonoran Life Zone. I obtained it at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. After leaving the Rio Grande it was not seen until reaching the Upper Corner Monument (No. 40), in Grant County, New Mexico. It was common thence in suitable localities west to Mountain Spring, halfway up the east slope of the Coast Range of California. It is also abundant in central Arizona. SAMBUCUS MEXICANA de Candolle. MEXICAN ELDER. On the east side of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, 2,290 meters (7,500 feet) altitude, an elder tree 4.5 meters (15 feet) high, with a trunk measuring nearly a meter (3 feet) in circumference, was found. This specimen (No. 1559, U. S. Nat. Mus.) is marked as having been determined by Dr. N. L. Britton; but I have since seen the ripe fruit, which is ved. It should be compared with the red- berry elder (Sambucus callicarpa Greene). No equally large indi- viduals were seen, but the species was found in several places in the Huachuca Mountains, extending its range up into the pine belt. On the San José Mountain, Sonora, Mexico, it was obtained from 2,200 to 2,225 meters (7,200 to 7,300 feet) altitude, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. IX 1. CHILOPSIS LINEARIS (SEE PAGE 68). 2. Rio GRANDE OPPOSITE THE FIRST MONUMENT (SEE PAGE 80). é MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 69 SAMBUCUS GLAUCA Nuttall. PALE ELDER; SANCO, On the east, the Mexican sanco was first met with on the Santa Cruz River of Sonora and Arizona, its range extending westward across the Coast Range of California. Specimens were collected in Arizona, California, Lower California, and Sonora, Mexico. Its habitat is along permanent streams and about springs in the Sonoran Life Zone. At Santo Domingo, on the Sonoyta River, Sonora, Mexico, Don Cypriano Ortejo, alcalde of the village, showed me a tree (specimen No. 2718) measuring 1.5 meters (5 feet) in circumfer- ence and 8 meters (26 feet) in height, which was known to be 34 years old in the year 1894. This was the largest one seen, although many in the Santa Cruz Valley were large. INTRODUCED SPECIES OF TREES, NOW GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION ON THE MEXICAN BORDER OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAMAECYPARIS sp. CEDAR. An ornamental shade tree which has sparingly escaped from cul- tivation at Brackettville, Kinney County, Texas. FICUS sp. FIG, Large trees were found growing without cultivation at Strickland Springs, Kinney County, Texas; in the Pozo Verde Mountains, Ari- zona; in the neighborhood of Sonoyta, Sonora; and at Rancho de San Isidro, Lower California. MELIA AZEDARACH Linnezus. CHINA TREE; PRIDE OF INDIA. A favorite shade tree, introduced from Persia, and now thoroughly naturalized in Texas. The umbrella china-tree (J/elia azedarch umbraculifera Sargent) grows luxuriantly at Fort Clark, Texas. SCHINUS MOLLE Linneus. PEPPER TREE. A favorite shade tree in southern California, often growing half wild about deserted ranches. EUCALYPTUS (several species). Shade trees at Tucson and La Osa, Arizona, and throughout the coast region of southern California. 70 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NICOTIANA GLAUCA Graham. CONETON; TRONADORA: TOBACCO. A South American tree, naturalized and frequently cultivated on the Mexican Border, from Texas to California. ‘“ Natives of Buenos Ayres; naturalized in Mexico; formerly cultivated; now wild” (Botany of California). Several introduced species of palm grow in semicultivation on the Mexican Border, about towns. LIFE AREAS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY REGION. The land areas of North America comprise three primary biologic regions: a Boreal Region, an Austral Region, and a Tropical Region, each forming a broad belt that extends transversely across the con- tinent. In general, the Boreal Region corresponds to British Amer- ica, also including Greenland and Alaska; the Austral Region to the United States; and the Tropical Region to Mexico, the West Indies, and Central America. Owing to the differences of temperature as a controlling factor, the boundaries of these primary regions are, how- ever, very irregular, conforming to certain isothermal lines, rather than to parallels of latitude. Thus, over limited and detached areas in which differences in altitude give similar temperatures, the Boreal belt is pushed south through the whole breadth of the Aus- tral, and extends into Mexico, or portions of the Austral belt are crowded across the Tropical, as in the high table-land of Mex- ico. It is not strange, therefore, that while the border region of Mexico and the United States lies in greater part within the low- est division of the Austral Region (Lower Austral Life Zone), a line drawn from either end of the Boundary Line to the summit of San Francisco Mountains, in central Arizona, crosses the same primary life areas that are bisected by a line drawn from the equator to the north pole through the continent of North America. The mountain ranges crossed by or in close proximity tothe Mexican Boundary Line are not nearly so high as San Francisco Mountains, which is the highest land in Arizona; but we have, nevertheless, portions of each of the three primary biologic regions in the boundary strip, begin- ning on the east with the Tamaulipan or highest division of the Tropical Region, rising through the three subdivisions of the Aus- tral Region, penetrating the lowest zone (Canadian) of the Boreal in the highest mountains of the interior, and again descending through the Austral to the Lower Californian division of the Tropical Region on the west. Although the Tropical and Boreal areas of the Mexican Boundary strip are so small as to be geographically insignificant, the fact that MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. a each possesses a wholly distinct flora and fauna gives them biological importance out of proportion to their extent. Before proceeding to a discussion of the composition of their faunal ard floral elements, it will be well to take up the subject of subdivisions of the primary regions, which may be classified as below: Primary regions. Secondary life zones. \ 1. Arctic or Arctic-Alpine Zone. UOC U ESO Mesos ete ee ae 2. Tludsonian Zone. | 3. Canadian Zone. 4. Transition Zone. PAIS tlle pEVC OL OMe sane et Se aie es De 5. Upper Austral Zone. 6. Lower Austral Zone. DELO MMG eee ClONL: Ss scien eRe Tropical Areas. The Boreal and Austral regions are each naturally divided into three subsidiary transcontinental zones, their boundaries being irregu- larly sinuous in conformity to the governing isotherms, just as in the case of the primary regions.“ «A knowledge of the life areas, and of the so-called faunas and floras is indispensable to the student of biology whose field has an uneven surface, or occupies a large extent of country. The time spent in mastering the life zones of his field will save the expenditure of a vast amount of speculative energy—in wondering, for instance, why it is that he finds as many forms of a certain group at a certain point on the Pacific slope of the Sierra Nevada of California as are found between those mountains and the Atlantic, the answer to which is that the same life areas fall within each field, one in a belt only 10 niles in width. the other more than 200 times as wide. The Historical Synopsis of Faunal and Floral Divisions Proposed for North America, by Dr. ©. Hart Merriam (Proce. Biol: Soe. Wash., VIII, pp. 6 to 20), gives the principal authorities on distribution and life areas in America; while, for work- ing purposes, ‘the following will suftice: By Dr. J. A. Allen: On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, with * * * a Sketch of the Bird-Faunze of Eastern North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, No. 3, April, 1871. The Geographical Distribution of North American Mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, Art. XIV, December 29, 1892, pp. 199 to 243, with 4 colored maps. sy Dr. C. Hart Merriam: Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain Region and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. North American Fauna. No. 5, September 11, 1890, pp. 136-+-vii, with numerous colored maps and charts. The Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, with Special Refer- ence to the Mammalia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, pp. 1 to 64, with colored map. Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants. The National Geographic Magazine, VI, December 29, 1894, pp. 229 to 238, with four colored maps. The Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants in North America. Yearbook of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1894, pp. 203 to 214, with map showing life zones of the United States. 72 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. For an early account of the life zones or belts of plant and animal life in the mountainous portion of Arizona between the Gila and Colorado rivers, including San Francisco Mountain, attention is called to the writer’s essay” on the ornithology of the alpine portions of the area under consideration, based on field work extending from 1884 to 1888, in which 100 species of birds, excluding intruders from the upper Austral Zone, are given as representing the avifauna of the Transition and Boreal zones. It will be observed, on perusal of the literature relating to life areas, cited above, that, accepting Dr. C. Hart Merriam’s latest conclu- sions, which practically differ from those of Allen and other natural- ists only in nomenclature, that we have returned to the teaching of our early physical geographies; that there are but three primary biologic and climatic regions the world around, Tropical, Arctic (or Antarctic), and Austral (or Temperate)—hot, cold, and interme- diate—and that these are based entirely on temperature. Doctor Merriam’s latest work, in extending the long-recognized eastern life zones across the continent to the Pacific, is theoretically logical for three reasons: (1) Because these six subdivisions of the Austral and Boreal regions are based on practical work in the East, where they were originally established by the older naturalists— Allen, Verrill, and many others—for convenience of classification of associated groups of animals and plants, and in the West they could be utilized as convenient, even if not natural, subdivisions of the primary regions; (2) because practical field work in the West, largely conducted under the guidance of Doctor Merriam himeelf, has proved that these zones are just as natural and just as conven- ient in the West as they are in the East; and (3) that the same zones exist on all sides of the earth and on both sides of the equator, and might as well have been continued at once around the Old World and the New, in which case appropriate names could have been ap- pled to each. While there is nothing new in the theory of “life areas” and “temperature control,” their general systematic appli- cation to the problems dealing with the natural distribution of planis and animals on the earth, and with their artificial introduction into’ new areas for the uses of man is a matter of importance. Doctor Merriam has defined with admirable clearness a sufficient number of sections of ‘circumpolar life zones, covering the North American continent, for present use; and it is desirable that his system of nomenclature be generally adopted in dealing with them, on account of its popularity and of the large amount of work already based upon it. The correlation of the life zones of the Old World to those of the New has already been taken up by field naturalists employed by the United States National Museum. @ Auk, VII, January to July, 1890, pp. 45-55 and 251-264. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 13 DIFFERENTIATION TRACTS.« When the collection of mammals from the Mexican Boundary was assembled, it became obvious immediately that all of the forms varied geographically and that certain regions stamped certain peculiari- ties upon all of the species inhabiting them. Pallid forms came always from the two deserts, and dark forms from the elevated tract which separates them and from the coastal regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Again, the pallid forms from the high Eastern Desert Tract differed from the pallid races of the same species in the low Western Desert Tract, and the darker forms from the Elevated Central Tract differed appreciably from those of the Middle Texan Tract and the Pacific Coast Tract. Besides these five principal tracts, which cover almost the whole extent of the Mexican Boundary, it was found that the elements of differentiation tracts penetrate the line from north or south at several points, and these have been styled Minor Differentiation Tracts, as they are not fairly bisected by the Mexican Boundary Line. The islands off either ex- tremity of the Boundary Line also furnish peculiar mammal forms, and have been called Insular Differentiation Tracts. As a whole, the mammals conform regularly to the characteristics impressed upon them by differences in these tracts. It is certain that no mammal is precisely the same in any two of the five principal tracts, although the degree of variation—which is by no means confined to differences in color, but extends to form, proportion, and size—varies in differ- ent groups and species. In many cases species pass through a regu- lar intergradation, on the borderland, in passing from one tract to the next. In this work I have characterized these intergrading forms as subspecies, distinguishing as full species overlapping and separated forms, when the latter are not known to intergrade in regions north or south of the line. In the order of occurrence, from east to west, the tracts are as given below: ” Padré Island Tract. Tamaulipan Subtropical Tract. Middle Texan Tract. Eastern Desert Tract. Elevated Central Tract. Yaqui Basin Subtropical Tract. Western Desert Tract. Californian Subtropical Tract. Pacific Coast Tract. Santa Barbara Island Tract. a See Plate II. bThe detailed description of collecting stations (pp. 74 to 142) gives a fair idea of the zoographic features of the several tracts. 74 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Padré Island Tract.—This comprises the low, sandy islands lying off the coasts of Texas and Tamaulipas, on which peculiar (usually pale colored) mammals exist. Tamaulipan Subtropical Tract—This corresponds to the Rio Grande embayment, a limited area about the mouth of the Rio Grande, in which there is an intrusion of Mexican forms. Middle Tevan Tract-—This includes the region crossed by the Rio Grande between the Rio Grande embayment and the Eastern Desert. Eastern Desert Tract.—This comprises a portion of the Rio Grande Valley and a group or chain of ancient lake basins and desert plains extending, as bisected by the Boundary Line, from the Quitman Mountains on the east to the meridian line of the Boundary 100 miles west of El Paso. Elevated Central Tract—This lies between the last point (Monu- ment No. 53) and the Sonoyta River Valley (Monument No. 163), west of the Cobota and Nariz mountains. This area is more complex than the other tracts, as it contains the high western rim of the con- tinental divide, with altitudinal zones ranging upward from the Lower Sonoran (in the Yaqui Basin) to the lower edge of the Boreal (on the highest mountains); but nearly all of it les within the Austral Zone. Yaqui Basin Subtropical Tract.—Increased intensity of coloration characterizes the mammals from the valleys containing the terminal streams of the great Yaqui River of Mexico, some of which rise on the United States side of the Boundary. Western Desert Tract—This begins at the Sonoyta Valley,.. at Monument No. 163, and ee to the east base of the Coast Range Mountains (Monument No. 227). It is divided by the great @alaearte River. Californian Subtropical Tract.—This is characterized by the intru- sion of a few peculiar forms from Mexico, in the Colorado Valley and along the east base of the Coast Range Mountains. Pacific Coast Tract——This occupies the strip of land between the Colorado Desert and the Pacific Ocean (Monunients Nos. 227 to 258) on the Boundary, but extending far to the north and south. Santa Barbara Island Tract.—-Characterized by very distinct mammal forms, which have a heavy coloration, the reverse of those found upon the islands of the Gulf of Mexico. DESCRIPTIONS OF PRINCIPAL COLLECTING STATIONS.«@ These descriptions are followed by a condensed tabular list of 102 principal collecting stations (p. 143), where the most essential data @ Yor location of the collecting stations see Plate I. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. "5 respecting them may be conveniently referred to. In my itinerary, beginning on page 8, will be found such facts regarding the inter- vening and surrounding country as seem to be important. Sration No. 1.—Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. Altitude, 193 meters (623 feet). Country rather flat; well wooded with decid- uous trees. Birds and shells were collected on the South Fork of Trinity River January 30 and 31, 1892, by Mearns and Holzner. Station No. 2.—Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas., Altitude, 308 meters (1,011 feet). The post is located at the head of Las Moras Creek, a wooded stream encircling it on three sides, and is surrounded by a low, nearly level, grassy, mesquite-wooded country, in which there are a few hills and ridges of limestone. The streams and arroyos are fringed with trees and vines, which not infrequently meet from opposite sides, their branches interlacing above the water. Evergreen oak, elm, and pecan are the principal trees along the streams, and patches of scrub oak, redbud, black persimmon, and other shrubbery cover much of the adjacent strip. Farther away from the streams the country is more open and grassy, often sparsely covered with mesquite, which here has a gracefully drooping habit of growth. The region is thickly settled, and in a few places the soil is cultivated. This station was occupied by me from November 5, 1892, to June 6, 1893, and from July 3 to July 14, 1898. Collections of mollusks, crus- taceans, vertebrates, plants, and rocks were made. In the autumn of 1897 I was again ordered to Fort Clark for sta- tion, and remained there from November 15, 1897, to June 15, 1898, when the occurrence of war with Spain gave me a change of location. During this period malarial sickness prevented field collecting to more than a very limited extent. Flora of Fort Clark.—In this vicinity, owing to the length of time that I was stationed here, extensive collections were made, as is shown by the following lists: The most abundant native trees are: Texas Spanish bayonet, Yucca treculeana Carriere. Pecan (hickory), Zicoria pecan (Marshall) Britton. Willow, Salix—several species. Durand oak, Quercus breviloba (Torrey) Sargent. Texas oak, Quercus texana Buckley. Cedar elm, Ulmus crassifolia Nuttall. Sugarberry, Celtis mississippiensis Bose. Red mulberry, J/orus rubra Linneus. Sveamore, Platanus occidentalis Linnzeus. Huisache, Acacia farnesiana (Linneeus) Willdenow. 76 BULLETIN: 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Prairie mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Texas redbud, Cercis reniformis Engelmann. Coral-bean. Frijolito. “ Laurel,” Sophora secundifora (Cava- nilles) de Candolle. Texas buckeye, Ungnadia speciosa Endlicher. Wild china, Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Mexican persimmon, Brayodendron texanum (Scheele) Small. The following half-wild species of trees, introduced from other localities, were common: Cedar, Chamecyparis. Fig, Ficus. Umbrella china tree, J/elia azedarach umbraculifera Sargent. Desert willow, Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Beautiful ceesalpinia, Poinciana pulcherrima Linneus. The plants which make up the bulk of the chaparral and the thickets along streams are the Texas barberry (Berberis trifoliata Moricand), the blackberry (Rubus sp.), the green-bark acacia (Cercid- ium teranum Gray), the true acacias (Acacia amentacea de Can- dolle, A. berlandieri Bentham, A. remeriana Schlechtendal), the Texas colubrina (Colubrina texensis Gray), several species of sumach (Rhus trilobata Nuttall, R. microphylla Englemann, ete.), and the button-bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis Linneeus), with which are often associated the Texas fog-fruit (Lippia ligustrina Britton), blazing star (Lacinaria), and horse nettle (Solanum carolinense Linneus). Vines of many kinds make canopies over the smaller streams, and in open spaces the “ calabazilla ” or wild pumpkin (Cu- eurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth) is abundant. Spanish bayonet, soapweed (Yucca glauca Nuttall), and spotted agave (Agave maculosa Hooker) cover much of the dry plains, in company with shrubs and members of the cactus family, which include, besides an abundance of prickly pears and Cylindropuntias, Cactus stellatus texanus (Engelmann), Cereus (E'chinocereus) ca@s- pitosus Engelmann and Gray, and other species of E’chinocereus and several species of the hedgehog-cactus (Hchinocactus horizontha- lonius, EF’. setispinus, and 2. hamatocanthus longihamatus). The fauna of this station is rich. Crustaceans, fishes, birds, and mammals are abundant. The reptilian fauna is more varied than at any other station occupied by us. Turtles are numerous in species. Alligator mississippiensis Daudin has once been taken about 82 km. (20 miles) south of Fort Clark, and the species is said to exist in lagoons of the Rio Grande a short distance to the eastward. Lizards are abundant. Among those collected are the horned toad (Phryn- osoma cornutum) and Liolepisma laterale (Say). The banks, pocls, and streams swarm with aquatic reptiles; on land the bead snake (ie MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. (laps fulvius) and rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus atrox%) are abundant; and numerous other species were collected. The following isa list of the land and fresh-water mollusks collected in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Texas: ? 1. Polygyra texasiana Moricand. 18. Planorbis tumidus Pfeiffer. 2. Limax campestris Binney. 19. Planorbis trivolvis Say. . Bulimulus dealbatus Say. 20. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. . Bulimulus dealbatus ragsdalei | 21. Valvata guatemalensis Morelet. Pilsbry. 22. Amnicola peracuta Walker. . Bulimulus alternatus marie Ni ee haere oer an a 1’ 97919: “96.00 |. 9927021. 205: 90. sees SRST ES DIT es Me re TD oe Sal Se a See ree I ee 83.:26)|/91.33) |. (86:'/62|)295. 10) WIC TO DET ase ee Ge haat, een, Be eal a a ee, eee ema 81.93 | 80.00] 83.22] 80.45 |_-...__. INONOMIDGI = See Se ot RES ie ene ee ee ee ee GSI ESN ato 2a 68: SBA See see Madani bore Fe Sey ae Ls ae nee anh ie 68.06 | 64.09 | 60.19 | 58.22 |.-_._--- AVeTaSO ees es Eo ea Bee SS CONTR BEANS. eS 81.17 | 82.50 | 79.85 | 81.21 79.28 i Minimum temperatures. ape Tey ee Pe 2 A Os Re ae rs ee eee ae ee 21.41 | 26.16) 14.61 19.35 16.35 Mob nUan ys 2: 55 - eeter int See ey en pe ae reeks 23.85 | 23.68 | 25.36 | 26.86 38.17 Mirch) --. seo. Sout. Seek eee ere le tae a ee ee eee 34.10 | 32.67 | 31.90 | 33.00 29.06 2/2 0 2 U9 en ie i he el SSS a le ag sae es 43.80 | 41.10 | 38.43] 35.38 35. 96 W171 7g Rel a eS ade Saas gerar SRe BacS Oe AY a Oe, ON See ere Sa 48.19 | 50.74] 49.68] 45.29 46.58 Pl 0h Vc eer ans NA ey Sie ed keg ae em pan OS mrt Pe PE Oa 56.80 | 59.43) 55.53 | 51.56 56. 56 Say p= Fs sot RASS Ss 2D a i a ee ee en ee 63.77 | 63.67 | 64.388 | 62.50 |___.___. BATU AUS bie Se Sere = eee ee en eae Mn Sete ee A ince -| 60.55 | 61.39} 59.33 56.80 |---_---- SOp tember sh se Oe aera yar eta AT 80"1.53).66, "572 065)/='46.03)| a2 seeee OCTO DOT = See Sc en eas ee ey ee eee 39548) S45605|4 B7..09) | SOR16s | sees November. ses 522 eo Mos ok Berl ee, ae ee ee 222 TON 285560920. 40) |) Geis 28h | ee ee December 220-20 2) Se ae en ee ee Pileooalh POAOSe || baa tO)| = 1652 epee PAN CTARO 262 its sut soGee eee aoe eee a ee ee 40.81 | 41.77 | 39.66} 38.45] . 37.13 ld MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 79 Record of temperature (Fahrenheit) and sunshine at Fort Hancock, Texras— : Continued. Mean temperatures. Month. | 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. Remaryemnes ees Pair se. vs soe De ON | 41.48 | 42.45| 35.47 | 39.78 | 39.28 Ripe iparay aay ane Os We RN ee acs ONES eT 7.87) 47.44 45.30) 47.77) 51.74 [EET GID se Rik As SR cea gee alee at he ES Nee | 52.26 | 55.18 | 50.01 | 53.06 | 50.62 Bae areas tt eg toed hs SEE Reet rms Mean f | 64.60] 63.30 59.88} 58.33 / 60.53 eS ent Cl rae ine arn ee Sea @ Keen op | 70.25} 73.09| 68.03 | 67.70 | 67.38 Jicrnay gee Ra, Sais Be tae ee eee eee aa ees 77.28 | 79.09| 76.341 76.79| 79.7 LOH Sie PS Rn aoe a aia EE lg Rie SAPS Me 82.62 | 82.3 SSe22 e281 aS0h Laue PATS EEUL SS text 5 oe eee ig es aN SE PM ea aoe SSSA He. WBEST eet. Oauleetosa0 sienionco | sae Sina] ee & So eee ee a eee es ae | 65.58 | 72.49) 71.91] 70.56 |... Rte coisas eres OR cae Pen hace ea sede et ee | 60.70 | 57.30! 60.64 | 50.80 |_-._._-- November ______- ES Afra ER Th patde (AT ee ee a ewes ai oat 43.03 | 49.06) 50.05 | 47.80 |__.____- IWSCOM PS tse ee tare eee eat FIOM aN aie Le Se AS Ole eA 83ulakatsGOnlaocacons ae LAE EE ok RE Gat ap eag te ESE eR Oey od AR ak SET 61.00 | 62.13 | 59.79 59.83| 58.19 | | Annual rainfall: 1889, 6.00 ; 1890, 4.36; 1891, 3.1L; 1892, 6.94 5 1893, 5.34. Average, 5.25; maximum, 6.94; minimum, 3.71. Station No. 4.—Belen station, Southern Pacific Railroad, El Paso County, Texas. Altitude, about 1,100 meters (3,610 feet). This region was visited by me in June, 1893. It is largely irrigated and under cultivation. Reptiles, birds, mammals, and plants were col- lected. Vegetation—The Rio Grande and the irrigation acequias are lined with the almondleaf willow, Fremont cottonwood, arrowwood, and Baccharis; the rich bottom land, where uncultivated, supports a luxuriant growth ef mesquite and tornillo, or screw bean; and green orchards, gardens, and fields of grain and alfalfa are situated between the river and the canal, beyond which les the desert, with its contrasting flora of scant cactus, A@wherlinia, and creosote bush. Sration No. 5.—El Paso, Texas. Altitude 1,135 meters (3,724 feet) ; latitude, 31° 45’; longitude, 106° 29’. The Franklin and Muleros mountains close in upon the Rio Grande several miles above El Paso, that town occupying the upper portion of a desert lake basin, which extends down the river to the Quitman Mountains, where it again enters a canyon. ‘This basin is sandy, arid, and sterile, except on the river flats, which are alluvial and very productive where irrigation has been effected. TI was quartered in El Paso while the surveying party was being organized and remained there from February 1 to March 14, 1892. Daily trips were made to the surrounding country, and mammal trapping and bird collecting were systematically carried on. Some- times these excursions were extended to Juarez, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande, or down to the cultivated lands about Isletta, on the Texas side of the river; and, after February 17, on which date 80 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mr. Holzner moved to the first camp of the surveying party, located on the left bank of the Rio Grande opposite to the initial monument of the survey. Daily visits were made to that camp. (Plate TX, fig. 2.) Also visited El] Paso in November, 1892, and in June, 1893. Flora of Hl Paso—Valuable collections of plant life were made here. As usual, the river is bordered by a line of cottonwoods and willows, with arrowwood, Baccharis, screw bean, and mesquite coy- ering the adjacent land. (Plate VI, fig. 2.) The higher sandy country supports the usual scant growth characteristic of Sonoran deserts, including the creosote bush, /phedra, Kaberlinia, and a long list of cacti. The Texas matrimony vine (Lycium torreyi Gray) is a pretty feature of the old, but now abandoned, army post of Fort Bliss. The neighboring Franklin Mountains (altitude 2,175 meters, or 7,136 feet), though rocky, bare, and uninviting, have a more varied flora, of which cacti, aloe, Dasylirion, yucca, and sumach are among the most conspicuous components. About the summits of the highest peaks, where there was enough soil, were found the serrate-leaved Dasylirion, a low. yucca, Rhus virens Lindheimer, an Ephedra, sev- eral species of cactus, four or five species of fern, and a liverwort. On the sides and around the base of the mountains, in addition to the above, we found the following: Selaginella rupestris (Linneus) | Hchinocactus horizonthalonius — Le- Spring. | maire. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | /. wislizeni Engelmann. son. Cereus fendleri Engelmann. Agave lechuguilla Torrey. | Opuntia (Platopuntia) lindheimeri Engelmann. ; O. macrocentra Engelmann. -O. pheacantha Engelmann. Quercus undulata Torrey. Fallugia paradoxa (G. Don) Endlicher. Acacia remeriana Schlechtendal. : ws = | O. tenuispina Engelmann. Fouquieria splendens Englemann. | a9. = aor ali Soa ae Fae O. filipendula Engelmann. 0 ‘linia sp -carini. f 5 ; al g SI ; i 1 | Opuntia (Cylindropuntia) arborescens : 2 a w72@ 4 re t € es micromeris (Engelmann ) | Engelmann. Kuntze. | O. grahami Engelmann. Y 2ftp > Ys a oy « | ~ 5 C. stellatus teranus (Engelmann) | Q, Jeptocaulis de Candolle. Coulter. Garrya wrightii Torrey. C. dasyacanthus (Hngelmann) | Lippia wrightii Gray. Kuntze. Ibervillea — lindheimeri- (Cogniaux ) C. tuberculosus (Engelmann) Kuntze. Greene. Animal life-—This station has a rather varied fauna, and its loca- tion in the midst of the Eastern Desert Tract gives it an importance which is increased by the fact that much biological material was gathered and sent to Washington by army officers stationed at old Fort Bliss in earler years, furnishing the types of many described species. I*resh-water mollusks are numerous in the Rio Grande, and land pulmonates occur in the mountains. Owing to the lowness of the water in this portion of the Rio Grande at certain seasons, the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 81 fish fauna is limited and variable; but we obtained several species. Birds and mammals are fairly well represented, but, as the species will be fully listed in the special reports on those classes, details are omitted here. _ A number of turtles were found in the Rio Grande at El Paso, and Prof. J. D. Bruner obtained the ornate box-turtle, Terrapene. ornata (Agassiz). Lizards and snakes were quiescent during the winter season of our stay; but the efforts of Mr. J. H. Clark, of the old Boundary Survey, and those of Col. J. D. Graham, Maj. W. H. Emory, Lieutenant Ives, Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, and S. W. Crawford, of the Army, have added the following species to the collections of the U. S. National Museum from this station: Lizards. [Anniella texana Boulenger. “A sin- gle specimen from El Paso, Tex.’’] Crotaphytus collaris (Say). Holbrookia terana (Troschel). Snakes. Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard. Sceloporus spinosus Wiegmann. Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus (Baird and Girard). Sceloporus thayerii Baird and Girard. Phrynosoma cornutum (Warlan}. Anota modesta (Girard). Cyclophis awstivus (Linneus). Coluber emoryi (Baird and Girard). Rhinochilus lecontei Baird and Girard. Hutenia sirtalis parietalis (Say). Batrachias. Cnemidophorus tessellatus (Say). Amblystoma tigrinum (Green). Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and | Amblystoma tigrinum californiense Girard. | Gray. Eumeces obsoletus (Baird and Gi- | Bufo compactilis Wiegmann. rard). Station No. 6.—Rio Grande, Chihuahua, Mexico, opposite old Fort Bliss, Texas. Altitude, 1,130 meters (3,708 feet). Birds and mammals collected by Mearns and Holzner, March 14 and 15, 1892. Station No. 7.—Monument No. 15, near B. F. Wragg’s ranch, 80 km. (49.6 miles) west of the initial Monument on the Rio Grande. Latitude, 31° 47’. Altitude, 1,280 meters (4,200 feet). This camp was occupied from March 20 to April 7, 1892. The lowest point in the neighborhood (distant 34 miles) is 80 meters lower than the camp. The Florida Mountains, 42 km. (26 miles) northwest of Monument No. 15, have an altitude of 2,249 meters (7,379 feet), and are said to be wooded with red juniper and pinion pine, and to con- tain good water. They were not visited by any of our party. The nearest water that is available to wild animals is that of the Palomas Lakes, in the Mimbres Valley, 14 miles to the westward. The country is mostly low, rolling, with sand hills and a few volcanic buttes (Aguila Mountains) and low ranges, known as the Seca and Potrillo mountains (altitude 1,280 to 1,800 meters), within a few miles of the camp; these support a growth of bushes and some grass. There are no trees; but yuccas of arborescent habit (Yucca constrict: 30639—No, 56—07 M 6 82 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Buckley) occupy areas in the direction of the Palomas Lakes. Ephedras are the most abundant shrubs. The Seca and Aguila mountains, though barren, are rich in color- ing and singular in form. Two elevations, about 3 kilometers (2 miles) southwest of Monument No. 15, were capped by nipple-like buttes of red hornblende-mica-andesite. Below the summits were narrow, horizontal, blackish strata of the same rock, the red variety again appearing below and forming the bulk of. the rocky peaks, which rest on a massive base of glassy rhyolite containing opal and an abundance of andesite. A lower ridge a little east of south from the monument and about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) distant from it is capped with a black, impure obsidian in large irregular masses. Un- derlying the obsidian is a liver-colored, fine-grained, homogeneous rhyolite in contact with a red, glassy form of the same in a broad stratum under it. Below these is a slate-colored rhyolite, in the form of plates, which ring like metal. Still farther north, nearly on the mesa level, is an extensive cropping of quite pure vitreous obsidian. Between the two localities above described is an enormous dike of hornblende-mica-andesite, varying in color from steel gray to reddish brown. Near and to the south of it is a peak formed by a most hetrogeneous mixture of volcanic rocks on an enormous scale and of extremely coarse structure. The cavities in the amygdaloid rock of this region discharge chalcedony, rock crystal, agate, ete., which lie thickly scattered on the slopes at the bases of some of the cliffs. Neighboring areas are covered with basaltic lava or fragments of black obsidian and blackish rhyolite. Geologic conditions were here found to have produced a distinct effect upon the local distribution and coloration of animals. The sandy soil varies in color from grayish white to yellow and red, and this variation is correlated with similar variations in the coloring of the reptiles and mammals of the region. The snakes, horned toads, and other lizards evinced a decided susceptibility to the influence of the color tints of their sur- roundings in the localities above described, and it was possible to dis- tinguish the rabbits living in beds of chalcedony mixed with whitish sand from those inhabiting the dark lava flows and beds of obsidian chips. Station No. 8.—Palomas Lakes, Mimbres Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico. One mile south of Monument No. 21. Altitude, 1,210 meters (3,970 feet). The Palomas Lakes occupy the lower portion of the Mimbres Valley, forming a chain that ends in Lake Guzman, the lowest part of the basin, in Chihuahua, Mexico. Lake Guzman is also fed by the Corralitos River, which enters it from the south, as well as by other smaller streams. Collections, especially of fishes, were made in Lake Guzman by the naturalists of the old survey; MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 83 but the locality was not visited by any of our party, though many of the species were collected by us in the Mimbres River (a mere creek), and in the upper Palomas Lakes. The upper lakes swarmed with water birds, of which many were collected from April 7 to 15, 1892. Mammals and reptiles were also abundant. We found but few plants that were fit for the press at so early and dry a season as that of our visit, but Hospital Steward Wagner, who accompanied the party that erected Monuments Nos. 1 to 40 on this section of the Boundary Line, was more successful, as the Monument-Building Party passed through the region after the rainy season. A few Fremont cottonwoods, black willows, koeberlinias, coarse epherdas, cacti, and desert yuccas were the plants most in evidence. Between Monu- ment No. 15 and Lake Palomas there is an extensive grove of desert yuecas (Yucca constricta Buckley). Sration No. 9.—Monument No. 23, near Columbus, New Mexico, and 106 kilometers (66 miles) west of the Rio Grande. Altitude, 1.211 meters (3,973 feet). The region is barren and strewn with scoria, with several small mountains around it, the highest being the Tres Hermanas (altitude, 1,742 meters), 10 miles to the northwest. This dry camp was located a short distance south of the Bound- ary, and occupied from April 7 to 15, 1892, during which time col- lections were made in the immediate vicinity, though daily visits were made by either Mr. Holzner or myself to the neighboring Palomas Lakes, where most of the collecting was done, and where Mr. Holzner camped for two days. Station No. 10.—Carrizalillo Springs, New Mexico. Altitude, 1,381 meters (4,531 feet). There are several large springs, in which there were a few wild fowl and around which aquatic plants and a few planted willows and cottonwoods grew. The nearest Monument (No. 33) is 137 kilometers (85 miles) west of the Rio Grande, on the parallel 31° 47’. The neighboring Carrizalillo Mountains rise to the height of 2,295 meters (7,530 feet), and their summits are sparsely covered with red juniper and smaller vegetation. At this camp the first important collection of plants was made, little having been found at the previous stations. A few land shells and many mammals and birds were collected from April 15 to 22, 1892. Later in the season Hospital Steward Frank Wagner, accompanying the Monument-Building party under Colonel Barlow, also collected plants at this place. The Carrizalillo Mountains are of recent vol- eanic formation. The highest peak is of bright red rhyolite. The base of this main peak is also of the holocrystalline variety of rhyo- lite, of a purplish or heliotrope color. Other high peaks of these mountains, on the Mexican side, are highly colored amygdaloidal types of rhyolite. Their ruggedness and beautiful coloring give them considerable beauty. 84 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following is a list of the arborescent flora : Juniperus Sargent. Yucea constricta Buckley. Salix nigra Marshall. Populus angustifolia James. monosperma (Engelmann) The mistletoe (Phoradendron dantly on the one-seed juniper. following: Ephedra trifurca Torrey. Phragmites phragmites Karsten. Yucea baccata Torrey. Yueca glauca Nuttall. Dasylirion sp. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Berberis trifoliolata Moricand. (Linnzeus ) Populus fremontii Watson. Quercus undulata Torrey. Keberlinia spinosa Zucearini. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. bolleanum Eichler) grows abun- Other conspicuous plants are the Parosela pogonathera (Gray) Vail. Fouquieria splendens Wngelmann. Thamnosma terana Torrey. Rhus microphylla Engelmann. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Cereus remeri Muhlenpfort. Cucurbita foetidissina Humboldt, Bon- pland, and Kunth. Astragalus nuttallianus Torrey and Gray. Parosela formosa (Torrey) Vail. trichocarpus | Senecio filifolius Nuttall. Perezia nana Gray. Sration No. 11.—Upper Corner Monument (No. 40) at the west end of the boundary parallel 31° 47’. At this point, 159 kilometers (99 miles) west of the Rio Grande, the Boundary Line bends at a right angle and extends south 49.83 kilometers (30.96 miles) on the meridian 108° 12’ 30’7.. Our camp was made beside Monument No. 40, in the midst of a tangle of hills known as the Apache Mountains, the highest of which has an altitude of 1,656 meters (5,433 feet). The only trees were a few red junipers. Vegetation was, however, more luxuriant than in the region to the eastward. The lowest valley, 4 miles (6 kilometers) west of Monument No. 40, has an altitude of 1,350 meters (4,430 feet); like others of the vicinity, it is covered with good grass. Our animals were kept at Mosquito Springs, our men being supphed with water in metal water wagons from wells at a distance. Collections in nearly all of the depart- ments usually covered were made at this place from April 22 to May 15, 1892. The rock formation in the neighborhood of Monument No. 40, in the Apache Mountains, is largely calcareous. Rising im- mediately north of the Corner Monument is a series of rounded hills of lime rock, in which the network of (mostly projecting) white veins of silicious materials are very characteristic. In places most of the rocks are covered with nodular projections, from differential weathering, which make walking over them very wearing on shoe leather. There has been an overflowing of lava, and fragments of vitreous obsidian are scattered freely about the region. Southwest from Monument No. 40 lie the Sierra Rica of Chihuahua, the base of MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 85 which is largely formed of gray and brown hornblende-mica-andesite, infiltrated with quartz and calcite. The flora is as follows: Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) | Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Sargent. Keberlinia spinosa Zucearini. Quercus towmeyi Sargent. | Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Quercus dumosa Nuttall. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Celtis occidentalis Linnzeus. Morus celtidifolia Wumboldt, Bon- pland, and Kunth. The most abundant shrubs and conspicuous plants are the follow- ing: g: Yueca baccata Torrey. Ptelea baldwinii Torrey and Gray. Yucca glauca Nuttall. Rhus microphylla Engelmann. Nolina texana Watson. Mortonia scabrella Gray. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | Cereus fendleri Engelmann. son. Opuntia lindheimeri Engelmann. Dasylirion teranum Scheele. Opuntia leptocaulis de Candolle. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Fallugia paradoxa (D.Don) Endlicher. | Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Bon- Krameria secundiflora de Candolle. pland, and Kunth. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Baccharis pteronoides de Candolle. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) | Perezia nana Gray. Vail. | Sration No. 12.—Big Hatchet Mountain, Grant County, New Mexico. The main peak lies 18.5 kilometers (11.5 miles) west of Monument No. 44, and has an altitude of 2,545 meters (8,350 feet). The lowest portion of the plain to the eastward, distant about 22 kilometers (13.5 miles, has an altitude of but 1,250 meters (4,101 feet). The zone of pifion pine occupies the upper half of these mountains. At the base are a few red junipers, and at the summit a goodly number of checkerbark junipers. Agave applanata parry? is found in abundance at the summit, and A. palmeri (“ mescal”) at the base. A small spring is said to exist in the Hachita Grande, but it was not discovered. In company with Lieut. Francis G. Irwin, Second Cavalry, I established a camp for Mr. Hozlner in the pinon zone, near the main summit of the Hachita Range, May 18 and 19, 1892, visiting the summit and collecting reptiles, birds, land shells, and plants. Mr. Holzner remained until May 25, and collected mammals and birds. The principal trees are: Pinus cembroides Zucearini. Celtis occidentalis Linnzus. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) | Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Sargent. Watson. Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Fraxinus cuspidata Torrey. Quercus undulata Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. 86 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Other plants collected are: Selaginella (Linnzeus) Spring. Usnea barbata (Linnzeus) Fries. Nolina texana Watson. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- son. Dasylirion sp. Hriogonum cespitosum Nuttall. rupestris | Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Petela baldwinii Torrey and Gray. Cactus dasyacanthus Engelmann. Cereus roemeri Muhlenpfort. Opuntia (Platopuntia and Cylindro- puntia, several species of each). Garrya wrightii Torrey. Anisacanthus thurberi Gray. Fendlera rupicola Engelmann and Gray. Sration No. 13.—Mosquito Springs, Chihuahua, Mexico. These large springs, called ‘“ Ojos de los Mosquitos ” by the Mexicans, and commonly known as “ Mesquite Springs” to the Americans, are situated 2 kilometers (1.25 miles) east of Monument No. 46, at an alti- tude of 1,270 meters (4,170 feet), in a broad valley between the Boca Grande and Hachita mountains. They mark the western border of the Eastern Desert Tract. The lowest part of the valley is a smooth alkali flat, but the edges are covered with grass, mesquite, and shrub- bery. As water is abundant, mammals and birds are plentiful in the neighborhood of the springs. Mr. Holzner occupied this station from May 10 to 18, 1892; the writer, May 15 to 18, and 19 to 21, 1892. The trees in the neighborhood are the desert yucca, devils claws, mesquite, Awberlinia, and desert willow. Cacti are abundant. Among those seen were arborescent opuntias, prickly pears (Opun- tia lindheimerit Engelmann, O. filipendula Engelmann, and others). At the spring grew the aquatic Anemopsis californica (Nuttall) Hooker and Arnott; the neighboring plains were covered, in places, with the tapioca (Jatropha macrorrhiza Bentham), and toward the foothills, in which the “ ocotillo,” mimosas, acacia, and low yuecas were abundant, were broad slopes occupied exclusively by the creo- sote bush (Covillea tridentata). Many flowerin~ plants gave at- tractiveness to the scenery. Station No. 14.—Lower Corner Monument (No. 53), at the east end of the boundary parallel 31° 20’, and the south end of meridian 108° 12’ 30’”. (See Map, frontispiece.) Altitude, 1,408 meters (4,620 feet). Distance from the Rio Grande, measured on the Boundary Line, 209 kilometers (130 miles). No camp was made here, but the locality was frequently visited from a neighboring camp at Dog Spring. The locality is of interest because of its proximity to Espia, on the Corralitos River, Chihuahua, where the naturalists of the old Mexican Boundary Survey, under Major Emory, made valuable col- lections in zoology and botany. The most abundant plants are the Dasylirion, Nolina, and cat’s claws (Mimosa biuncifera Bentham and MW. lindheimeri Gray). Here we first saw the rainbow cactus MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 87 (Cereus pectinatus rigidissimus Engelmann), the range of which extends west to the Pajaritos Mountains. Sration No. 15.—Dog Spring, Grant County, New Mexico. This splendid spring is about 2 kilometers (14 miles) north of Monument No. 55, and has an altitude of 1,475 meters (4,839 feet). It is near the south extremity of the Dog Mountains, a rugged range of which Emory Peak, having an altitude of 1,868 meters (6,129 feet), is the highest. The drainage is toward the Corralitos River, the lowest point surveyed, 6.4 kilometers (4 miles) southeast of Dog Spring, having an altitude of 1,350 meters (4,480 feet). The increase of arboreal vegetation became apparent as we approached this camp from the eastward. The oak, sycamore, walnut, and mulberry were here first met with. Checkerbark juniper crowned the summits of the Dog Mountains, and descended to the foot in a few of the narrow canyons. I camped at Dog Spring from May 21 to 30 and June 3 to 13, 1892, and from September 15 to 23, 1893; Mr. Holzner from May 25 to June 13, 1892. The arroyo extending from Dog Spring to the Corralitos River marks the western extension of several mammals of the Eastern Desert. Extensive collections were made at this camp and in the adjacent Dog Mountains. Leaving the bottom of the valley at our camp and proceeding toward Emory Peak, the ground was everywhere strewn with fragments of chalcedony, many of which had been pasted as ornaments in the cement walls of ancient cliff dwellings by the aboriginal builders. The mountains are largely of rhyolite and hornblende-mica-andesite, the rock being often strik- ingly colored. Flora of Dog Mountains..—Here large collections were made and the following lists show the principal varieties of plant life found: The trees are: Pinus cembroides Zucearini. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) Sargent. Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Yueca constricta Buckley. Salix nigra Marshall. Salix occidentalis longipes son) Bebb. Populus fremontii Watson. Populus angustifolia James. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Quercus emoryi Torrey. (Anders- Celtis occidentalis Linnzeus. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, land, and Kunth. Platanus wrightii Watson. Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Watson. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Keberlinia spinosa Zucearini. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sargent. Bumelia rigida (Gray) Small. Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Bonp- a These mountains are sparsely wooded and of the roughest description. On the east side they are furrowed by canyons with jagged, precipitous sides abounding in caves and erosions. nearly 1,829 meters (6,000 feet). The average height of the higher peaks is 88 BULLETIN: 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Other striking plants of the Dog Mountains are: Selaginella rupestris (Linneus) | Jatropha macrorhiza Bentham. Spring. Rhus irilobata Nuttall. Yucca baccata Torrey. : Rhus microphylla Engelmann. Dasylirion sp. Zizyphus sp. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Vitis arizonica Engelmann. Nolina lindheimertana (Scheele) | Cereus pectinatus rigidissimus Engel- Watson. mann. Anemopsis californica Hooker and Ar- | Opuntia lindheimeri Engelmann. nott. Opuntia filipendula Kngelmann. Argemone mexicana Linnzeus. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Fallugia paradoxra (D. Don) Endlicher. | Lycium pallidum Miers. . Mimosa biuncifera Bentham. | Anisacanthus thurberi Gray. Acacia filiculoides (Cavanilles) Tre- | Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, lease. Bonpland, and Knuth. Acacia constricta Bentham. Ibervillea lindheimeri (Cogniaux ) Cassia wislizeni Gray. Greene. Astragalus mollissimus Torrey. Baccharis pteronioides de Candolle. Astragalus nuttallianus de Candolle. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Krameria secundiflora de Candolle. Crassina grandiflora (Nuttall) Kuntze. Pouquieria splendens Engelmann. Perezia nana Gray. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) | Trizis angustifolia de Candolle. Vail. Station No. 16.—Whitewater, Chihuahua, Mexico. This camp was located on the south side of an arroyo, in which a shallow well supplied us with very bad water, about a mile south of Monument No. 61 and 246 kilometers (153 miles) from the Rio Grande, at an altitude of 1,528 meters (5,013 feet), in the midst of the Whitewater Hills, between the East and West Playas. In September, 1893, the Whitewater arroyo contained water. Animal and plant life were abundant, and large collections were made. I occupied this station May 380 and 31, June 2 and 3, June 13 to 22 and 27 to 29, 1892; Sep- tember 10 to 15 and 23, 1893. Mr. Holzner was there June 13 to 22 and 27 to 29, 1892. Vegetation.—There were no forests in the immediate vicinity of the station, the only trees being small mesquites and a few straggling oaks, hackberry, mulberry, and wild china trees, together with the desert yucca. On the neighboring East Playas and West Playas valleys were extensive tracts occupied by mimosa and creosote bushes, with the tapioca (Jatropha macrorhiza Bentham) and several kinds of gourd (Cucurbita fatidissima Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth; C. digitata Gray; Apodanthera undulata Gray, and a species of Ibervillea) in abundance. The plain and grassy hills surrounding White Water abound with aloe, Molina or bear-grass, Dasylirion, yueca, acacia, senna, sumach, Follugia, Trivis, and numerous species of cacti, among which are Opuntia macrocentra Engelmann, O. arbor- escens Engelmann, and the beautiful rainbow cactus (Cereus pecti- natus rigidissimus Engelmann. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 89 Srarion No, 17—Eastern base of the San Luis Mountains. Mon- ument No. 64 marks the lower timber line on the San Luis Mountains, which is the largest range crossed by the Mexican Boundary Line, and practically continuous with the Sierra Madre of Mexico. The monument is 255 kilometers (159 miles) from the Rio Grande, and has an elevation of 1,620 meters (5,315 feet), the highest neighboring peaks reaching 2,400 meters (7,874 feet), while Animas Peak, at the north extremity of the San Luis Range in New Mexico, is 2,677 meters (8,783 feet) in height. The forest trees at the lower timber line are mostly evergreen oak (Quercus emory), though there are cypress, walnut, cherry, sycamore, and gray oak (Quercus grisea) in the low canyons. The open country below the timber line is cov- ered with grass, with occasional areas of mesquite and chaparral. This station was visited by me on June 2, 17, and 29, 1892, and I also camped there September 23 to 24, 1893. ; Srarion No. 18.—San Francisco Canyon, east side of San Luis Mountains, Chihuahua, Mexico. The camp was about 8 kilometers (5 miles) southwest of Monument No. 63, in the West Playas Valley. Altitude of station, 1,800 meters (5,906 feet). It was in a wooded canyon, beside a stream (San Francisco Water) that arises amid the high peaks of the San Luis, and was surrounded by cypress and other trees. The station was occupied by me from June 18 to 19 and 22 to 27, 1892; September 11, 1893. Mr. Holzner was there from June 22 to 27, 1892. Valuable collections were made here, as many of the species obtained belong to the Mexican fauna and flora, only crossing the United States line at a few points. The neighboring summits of the San Luis Mountains were visited from this camp. Sration No. 19.—Summit of the San Luis Mountains. Monument No. 65 stands on the highest point crossed by the Boundary Line. It is 261 kilometers (162 miles) from the Rio Grande. The altitude at the monument is but 2,048 meters (6,719 feet) ; but neighboring peaks on the south are from 2,000 to 2,400 meters (6,562 to 7,874 feet), while the main Animas Peak, 29 kilometers (18 miles) to the north, reaches the height of 2,677 meters (8,783 feet). The naturalists of Major Emory’s survey of the Mexican Bound- ary Line usually referred to the San Luis and Animas peaks as the Sierra Madre, of which system they are in reality the most northern spur. They are to be regarded as the western border or rim of a canoe-shaped continental divide, the Quitman Range forming the eastern rim, and the Eastern Desert occupying the interior of the canoe, where it is cross sectioned by the Boundary Line. At the time that this survey was made a small band of Apaches, under a renegade Indian scout named Kid, frequented these mountains and terrorized the settlers of the surrounding country. Some of these Indians were twice seen in 1893 by members of our party, and their tracks were 90 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. seen in the mountains during the summers of 1892 and 1893. For this reason, as well as on account of the absence of water and the difficulty of transportation, I did not attempt to establish a perma- nent collecting station at the summit of the San Luis Mountains. Stations No. 17, at the lower timber line on the east side, and No. 20 (at Monument No. 66) (Plate III, fig. 2), just below timber line on the west side, were occupied ; and Station No. 18, in the cypress zone on the east, and a camp at the spring in Turkey Canyon, at a correspond- ing altitude on the west side, were centers of collecting activity for several weeks. During July, 1892, the writer, with the assistance of Lieut. Francis G. Irwin, explored the Animas and San Luis ridges from the San Luis Pass north to the second Animas Peak (altitude, 2,505 meters) and south to the heads of Cajon Bonito Creek, in Mex- ico. In addition to this, I made collections in the mountains on the following dates: May 31, 1892, crossed range at Cook Pass; June 2 and 29, 1892, crossed range at Irwin Pass, near the Boundary Line; June 1, 1892, explored Turkey Canyon to about 1 mile above the second spring; June 2,17, and 29, 1892, eastern base, near the Bound- ary; June 18 to 19 and 22 to 27, 1892, San Francisco Canyon and adjacent portions of east slope from base to summit; July 5 and 19, 1892, west slope from base to summit; several visits were made during July, 1892, to Mr. Holzner’s camp at the lower spring in Turkey Canyon; September 11, 1893, San Francisco Canyon, east side, from base to summit; September 24, 1893, Irwin Pass from Monument 64 to Monument 66; August 31 and September 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1893, west side from base to summit, in the vicinity of Turkey Canyon; September 25, 26, 29, 30, and October 1 and 2, 1893, west slope of San Luis Mountains, sometimes touching the summit. Mr. Holzner collected birds and mammals on the east side of the San Luis Mountains, in San Francisco Canyon and its vicinity, June 22 to 27, 1892. From July 11 to 23 he camped at the lower spring in Turkey Canyon, on the west side of the range. Flora of San Luis Mountains —Many important plants are found in the vicinity of this station, as will be seen from the lists below. These mountains are largely of calcareous rock, and are steep and much eroded. Where the rock is covered with soil they are wooded, from a well-marked lower timber line at about 1,600 meters, or 5,250 feet altitude, to the summit (altitude 2,400 meters, or 7,874 feet). A list of the trees is given below, their vertical range and relative abundance having been sufficiently commented on: Pinus strobiformis Engelmann. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Rafinesque) Pinus cembroides Zucearini. Sudworth. Pinus ponderosa Lawson. Cupressus arizonica Greene. Pinus mayriana Sudworth. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) Pinus chihuahuana Engelmann. Sargent. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 9] Juniperus pachyphloa Torrey. Morus celtidifolia Wumboldt, Bonp- Yucca brevifolia Torrey. land, and Kunth. Yucca constricta Buckley. Platanus wrightii Watson. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Salix nigra Marshall. Watson. Salix occidentalis longipes (Anders- | Prunus salicifolia Humboldt, Bonp- son) Bebb. | land, and Knuth. Populus fremontii Watson. Prosopis glandulosa Vorrey. Quercus gambelii Nuttall. Robinia neomexricana Gray. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. ~ Acer saccharum grandidentatum (Nut- Quercus arizonica Sargent. tall) Sargent. Quercus reticulata WUumboldt and |) Rhamnus purshiana de Candolle. Bonpland. | Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sargent. Quercus emoryi Torrey. Arctostaphylos pungens Wuamboldt, Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. Bonpland, and Wunth. Quercus hypoleuca Engelmann. Fraxvinus velutina Torrey. Celtis occidentalis Linnzeus. . jess prominent of the shrubs and large plants are the following: Yucca baccata Torrey. Rubus deliciosus neomericanus (Gray ) Yueca glauca Nuttall. Kearney. Nolina terana Watson. Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endlicher. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | JZimosa biuncifera Bentham. son. Mimosa grahani Gray. Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. Mimosa dysocarpa Bentham. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Acacia filiculoides (Cavanilles) Trel- Berberis wilcoxrti Kearney. ease. Holodiscus dumosus (Nuttall) Heller. | Hrythrina flabelliformis Wearney. Whipplea utahensis Watson. Ptelea baldwinii Torrey and Gray. Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Rhus toxicodendron Linnaeus. Ggarrya wrightii Gray. Rhus trilobata Nuttall. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. Rhamnus californica Eschscholtz. Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poiret. Vitis arizonica Engelmann. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Opuntia lindheimeri Engelmann. The Animas (meaning spirit) Range is a continuation of the San Luis Mountains, which, in turn, is connected with the Sierra Madre of Mexico. It lies wholly in New Mexico, the greater portion as well as all of the other higher peaks of the San Luis Mountains being in old Mexico. These two ranges are barely separated where the wagon road passes between them through San Luis Pass. The highest point of the pass is 122 meters (400 feet) higher than the Animas Valley at Monument No. 66 (aneroid readings two hours apart), giving it the altitude of 1,699 meters (5,574 feet)” The trees of the Animas Moun- tains are the same as those of the San Luis Range, with the addition of a zone of aspen (Populas tremuloides Michaux) at the top. The main Animas Peak is a more evenly rounded conical or mound-like eminence than any of the peaks of the San Luis Range, and as a result of this the forest zones are better defined. The northeast side has the 992 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. most timber, the west side being rocky and precipitous. At the sum- mit Populus tremuloides and Quercus gambelii form a distinct forest zone, below which Pseudotsuga mucronata and Pinus strobiformis grow luxuriantly, and are bounded below by a zone of Pinus ponde- rosa, the base being wooded as in the San Luis Range. The presence or absence of forests in this region depends upon the amount of moisture in the ground. This is illustrated by the accom- panying diagram (fig. 2), showing the distribution of trees on the west side of the Animas Mountains. Below the timber line is a barren slope, several miles in extent, at the foot of which is a chain of springs, below these is a belt of fine oak timber (Quercus emoryi and @. arizonica) which derives moisture from the springs just above them. The diagram also shows the downward prolongation of tim- ber in moist canyons. This is especially noticeable in passing across Animas Peak Bottom of Animas Valley Fic. 2.—DISTRIBUTION OF TREES ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE ANIMAS MOUNTAINS. San Luis Pass, which corresponds to the zone of Quercus emoryi and Quercus arizonica, to a broad valley east of the mountains, from which many lines of oak trees are seen extending down ravines from canyons in the San Luis Mountains; and in one instance a straggling line of oaks actually becomes continuous across the valley, joming one from a canyon in a mountain range to the eastward. Station No. 20.—San Luis Springs, Grant County, New Mexico. This is at present better known as Lang’s Ranch, a famous camping place for Government troops in pursuit of hostile Indians. The springs, which are unfailing, are close to the Boundary at Monument No. 66, just below timber line of the western foot of the San Luis Mountains, and on the eastern edge of the broad Animas Valley. (Plate X, fig. 1.) Altitude, 1,577 meters (5,174 feet) at Monu- ment No. 66. Game was abundant, and water and grazing good. On a preliminary reconnoissance in advance of the surveying parties, conducted by Lieut. D. D. Gaillard, commissioner, accompanied by the present writer and Lieut. Francis G. Irwin, camp was made at U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. X 1. EASTERN EDGE OF ANIMAS VALLEY (SEE PAGE 92). 2. SAN PEDRO VALLEY (SEE PAGE 101). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 93 San Luis Springs from May 31 to June 2, 1892. Though a purely business trip, occupying five days, made for the purpose of locating future camping grounds with the view to a supply of wood, water, and grass, game was so abundant that we killed seven antelope, two deer, two turkeys, two black timber wolves, and smaller game. This station was occupied by me from May 31 to June 2, June 29 to July 1; July 4 to 16 and 18 to 28, 1892; August 31 to September 10, September 24 to October 2, 1993. Mr. Holzner was there from June 29 to July 11 and July 23 to 28, 1892. Collections were made in other parts of the Animas Valley fe in the San Luis Mountains, as well as about the camp. Sration No. 21.—Head of Right Fork of Cajon Bonito Creek. This beautiful stream rises from springs at the side of a wooded canyon, at an altitude of about 1,375 meters (4,511 feet) 6 miles south of Monument No. 67. It constitutes one of the ultimate sources of the great Yaqui River of western Mexico. Collections of fishes, birds, mammals, plants, etc., were made by me from July 1 to 4, 21, and 23 to 24, 1892; September 8 and 27 to 28, 1893. The fauna and flora are largely Neca The fish are, of course, those of the Yaqui River. The Texas kingfisher, Mexican cliff swallow, and many other interesting species of the Mexican fauna were obtained. On the middle course of Cajon Bonito Creek, which is parallel to Guadalupe Canyon, in the vicinity of Monument No, 73, are numerous siliceous tree trunks, some of them delicately colored, but which crumble to pieces when struck by the hammer. Vegetation—In reaching the head of the Right Fork of Cajon Bonito Creek, the west foot of the San Luis Mountains is skirted from Lang’s ranch to the south edge of the Animas Valley, crossing several points of oak timber—prolongations down shallow washes or canyons from the general timber line of the mountains. Tall nolinas cover much of this part of the Animas Valley. Numerous ravines extending from it to the Cajon canyon are wooded near the tops with oaks and alligator juniper, mixed lower down with one- seed juniper, sycamore, hackberry, walnut, wild china, desert willow, ash, mulberry and acacia, with an undergrowth of shrubs, yuccas, prickly pears, choya cacti, mescal, and nolinas. At the head of the stream are springs of rather warm water, and there are hot springs lower down, on the main Cajon Bonito Creek. The banks are forested with cottonwood, sycamore, maple, willows (Salix nigra, S. occidenta- lis longipes, and S. taxifolia), ash, mulberry, desert willow, cherry, walnut, and wild china, with here and there an alligator Juniper, a one-seed juniper, or even a straggling Arizona cypress. The rocky acclivities support a growth of grapevines (Vitis arizonica Engel- mann) and poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron Linneus), intermixed with cacti, mescal, dasylirions, yuccas, nolinas, shrubby sumachs, 94 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. thorny mimosas (J/imosa biuncifera and M. lindheimeri), and bear- berries (Rhamnus purshiana), together with innumerable bushes and herbs. Station No. 22.—Animas Valley. This is a grassy, treeless plain, 272 kilometers (169 miles) from the Rio Grande. The astronomical ‘amp was located at Monument No. 67, altitude 1,573 meters (5,161° feet), near the middle of it. At this point an enormous artificial dam stretches across the Animas Valley.t. After heavy rains a large lake is formed, which is frequented by waterfowl and game of all kinds. I am indebted to the members of the astronomical party for numerous specimens, especially such as were drowned by a sud- den flooding of the valley after a heavy rain. I crossed the Animas Valley seven times—July 6, 14, 18, and 28, 1892; August 30 and 81, and October 2, 1893. Mr. Holzner crossed it July 28, 1892. ‘Sratron No. 23.—Cloverdale, Grant County, New Mexico. Springs of pure cold water are found in a little valley among the hills east of the Animas Valley, only a few miles from the Arizona-New Mex- ico Line and 6 miles north of Monument No. 69. In a canyon a few miles south of Cloverdale is a larger spring and stream, emptying into Guadalupe Canyon, and much frequented by bear, deer, and other large game. I was in that place from July 14 to 18, 1892, col- lecting plants and animals. Vegetation—The region is more or less forested, the principal trees being Mexican pinon, Chihuahua pine, longstalk willow, Fre- mont cottonwood, blue oak, Emory oak, whiteleaf oak, Mexican walnut, and leatherleaf ash. Grape, mimosa, and mescal are also abundant. Station No. 24.—Hall’s Ranch, Guadalupe Canyon, Sonora, Mex- ico, altitude, 1.267 meters (4,157 feet). Camp was made at Monument No. 73, in the canyon, 293 kilometers (182 miles) from the Rio Grande. Occupied by myself, July 6 to 8, 28 to 29, and August 11, 1892; August 24 to 30, and October 2, 4, 1893; by Mr. Holzner July 28 and 29, 1892. The canyon is sparsely wooded with sycamore, red juniper, oak, ash, mulberry, and grape. Much of the rock is rhyo- lite and brown or yellowish andesitic basalt. In the southeastern corner of Arizona, about 3 miles from Monu- ment No. 73, a large deposit of Tertiary fossils was shown us by Mr. Hall. A few of them were brought away, but a very large quan- tity of beautifully preserved specimens were left on the spot, which T was unable to find again, though several days were subsequently spent in attempting to do so, Mr. Hall having been killed in the mean- time. a@¥For a description, with illustrations, of this gigantic aboriginal earthwork, by Capt. D. D. Gaillard, Corps of Engineers, U. 8S. Army, see the American An- thropologist for September, 1896, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 95 Flora of Guadalupe Canyon.—Here the distribution of plant life is as follows: The trees are: Pinus cembroides Zucearini. Celtis occidentalis Linnzeus. Pinus chihuahuana Engelmann. Ceitis reticulata Torrey. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) | J/orus celtidifolia Wumboldt, Bon-- Sargent. pland, and Kunth. Juniperus pachyphlaa Torrey. ‘ Platanus wrightii Watson. Yueca brevifolia Torrey. Vauquelinia californica (Torrey) Sar- Juglans rupestris Engelmann. gent. Salix nigra Marshall. Acacia constricta Bentham. Salix occidentalis longipes (Anders- | Prosopis sp.4 son) Bebb. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Saliec tarifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, | Arctostaphylos pungens Humboldt, and Kunth. | SJonpland, and Kunth. Populus wishzeni (Watson) Sargent. | Bumelia rigida (Gray) Small. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Quercus emoryi Torrey. Other conspicuous plants: Selaginella rupestris (Linnzeus) | Rhus virens Lindheimer. Spring. | Rhus glabra Linnzeus. Yucca baccata Torrey. | Mortonia scabrella Gray. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | Vitis arizonica Engelmann. son. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (in- Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. neus) Planchon. Agave schottii Engelmann. Cactus (several species). Agave palmeri Engelmann. Echinocactus (several species). Mimosa grahami Gray. Opuntia (several species). Brythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Ibervillea lindheimeri (Cogniaux ) Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Greene. Rhus toxricodendron Linnzeus. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Station No. 25.—San Bernardino Ranch. Camp was made at Monument No. 77, in a mesquite flat between the San Bernardino Springs and the neighboring San Bernardino River, 310 kilometers (193 miles) from the Rio Grande, at an altitude of 1,183 meters (3,717 feet). The rock is rhyolite and basalt. The San Bernardino River (head of the’ Yaqui), rising in Arizona, is wooded with willow, cottonwood, boxelder, ash, and mesquite; a few red junipers grow on the adjacent hills; and the creosote bush, mesquite, acacia, and ocotillo occupy the stony mésas and arroyos which constitute the major portion of the region. The broad meadows below the San Ber- nardino Springs are now covered by grazing herds; but at the time of Emory’s Survey they were occupied by a dense growth of cane, a@The Yaqui Basin form of mesquite replaces Prosopis glandulosa Torrey west of the San Luis Mountains, entering Guadalupe Canyon from the Animas Valley. It was found as high as 1,623 meters (5,825 feet), extending through the canyon to the San Bernardino River, where fine mesquite trees were found in the river bottom at the altitude of 1,189 meters (3,900 feet), 96 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. which has since entirely disappeared. Waterfowl were abundant. along the San Bernardino River and on the marshy meadows and pools below the springs. Archeological objects and rocks, plants, mollusks, fishes, reptiles, batrachians, birds, and mammals were collected. The writer was present at this station July 6 and 7, July 29 to September 11, 1892; August 17 to 24 and October 4 to 7, 1893. Mr. Holzner, July 29 to September 11, 1892. Flora of San Bernardino River—The principal trees and plants found in this vicinity are given in the lists that follow. The trees are: Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) | Populus fremontii Watson. Sargent. Acacia constricta Bentham. Blas an Sw Sea ae yrreyv. : t ig AI es EL RII Eysenhardtia orthocarpa (Gray) Wat- Salix nigra Marshall. son. Salix occidentalis longipes (Andersson) | Prosopis sp. Bebb. | Holacantha emoryi Gray. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, | 4cer negundo Linnzeus. and Kunth. Platanus wrightii Watson. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Morus celtidifolia Wumboldt, Bon- pland, and Kunth. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Bumelia rigida (Gray) Small. Celtis reticulata Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Other conspicuous plants are: Hphedra sp. | Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Scirpus olneyi Gray. Vail. Scirpus californicus (Meyer) Britton. | Rhus toxicodendron Linnzus. Yucca baccata Torrey. Rhus trilobata Nuttall. Cereus greggi Engelmann. Opuntia (several species). Agave palmeri Engelmann. Atriplex sp. Argemone platyceras Link and Otto. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Ribes aurewn Pursh. Perezia nana Gray. Mimosa (several species). Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Cassia leptocarpa Bentham. Bonpland, and Kunth. Cassia wislizeni Gray. | Cucurbita digitata Gray. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Station No 26.—Near the mouth of Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, Mexico. Altitude, 975 meters (3,199 feet). Cajon Bonito Creek, a terminal twig of the Yaqui River, debouches into the San Bernardino River 10 miles south of Monument No. 77 of the Mexican Boundary. The writer, acompanied by Lieut. D. D. Gaillard, camped there from August 31 to September 1, 1892, when driven out by the sudden flood- ing of the valley, caused by a cloudburst at the head of the stream, in the San Luis Mountains. I had experienced a similar occurrence in a canyon at the head of the Cajon Bonito Creek, where Col. J. W. Bar- low and myself were encamped at the beginning of the storm season. Station No. 27.—Niggerhead, Cerro Gallardo. Monument No. 82. Altitude, 1,374 meters (4,508 feet). Distance from the Rio Grande, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 97 326 kilometers (202 miles). BUOZIY ‘[[OMOT OM PLO seisoe liar ols elo icicles oS RSes >> RTIOZE Vs stlOSo NT, “---BUOZIIY ‘UOSON JO NOs Sa[lUl 7% ‘IOATY ZIM BURBS sors" RUOZITW ‘IOATY ZNID BIUBS “UOISSTP, MOoBoOBTIN TL, S9[BSON JO JSAM SOTTUT g ‘,0Z ofg [AL[BABd ‘JUSTINUO YT aULOH pisisichetoici= = BOISE OD DERE BR ROR OSS OG UOT OSH pudOyA a ste) le LONE pieveim si \e\ai5 BIOUOY ‘IOATY ZNID BIURS BY} JO SUISSOIO-pBOY "RIOUOS ‘IOATY Zd() BLURBS OY} UO 9UTT AIBpUNOg 9] JO SuLssO1IN PUODGS ree lene BERS SII SSSI SISSIES OO ch (ohodossy VAGUE) (hoq{S) anos LUN} f, og sc ANS eet ie oe Soe. heehee aia ot “-* SUIBIJUNO YL BIULOSRIRI peters eeeersrs-9--BHOZITW ‘RMON VT 1B JOALY ZNID BURBS Ra alee “> RUOZITY ‘Ye0I9 WeuMooRqeg ‘qoury BsBuUslD Seas mien eae aaa Ey ri [SSS coo eo- =" =" >> SUPBUULLO BOLO RrE PS et ae ea kee FS ae eS Se anes ca in ge i AO OEY CL PLETE ORE fee pees SOSH SSSI OOOO OSS Co lluedqkal woaste ns, [spjocouispe de (OY p poh ee ciara haha ie aa Et **->*=-BI0T0S ‘UTB]UNOPW osor UBS 30689—No. 56—07 m——10 — BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ~- 146 “(9 ABW THN ‘sdvn YA ‘saTppos 9014] JO JUMTIORIAp B Io) FEST ‘LZ 01 9 ABI WOM] “Jpleyousoyos puev ‘iouzloH ‘sureoyy ‘PEST “GG AVN “JpTayeueoyoS “POST ‘9 01 § ABIX WOIy ‘JPTayouUDOTOS puB ‘IOUZ[OH ‘SUIBOTT POST (9 01 G ABT PUB ‘FEST ‘g ABI ‘AOUZ[OH ‘FEST ‘g AVIV ‘PloJauUcoyS puB sUuIBETT “PEST ‘¢ ABI 07 9Z Ad W WO] ‘YployoMOOYOS puR ‘IeUZLOH ‘SuLBOTL PEST ‘8% 01 LZ “ad y WO] ‘}playauIOOS pure ‘19UuZz]OH ‘SUIvITT “PEST ‘2% 01 ST “Ady WHOIy “YpleyousOYOS pur ‘iouz[OH ‘SuUIBATT ‘PEST ‘RT 01 8 “Ady WOIs ‘JployousOTOS puR ‘IIUZ[OH ‘SUIBOTL “POST ‘8 0} 4 ‘ad y UOJ ‘}pleyaueoYOS pur ‘1oUuzZ[OH ‘susvo]T “POST “9 01 T ad y wlory “ppTeyoauDOYS pure ‘1aUz[OH{ ‘SUIBATY POST (6G O1 FZ “AVI WlOdy “SUIBOTY ‘og pure 6Z “ABT ‘(dva} 0} ‘pens eps uvipuy ques) suIBOTY “POST “PG PUB Es i “POST “OS PUR 6z “FORL ‘TE 01 SL “ABIN WOIF SUIBATY 10]}D0q puR JoOUZ[OYY “Ay Aq paisa AQUonbay ‘POST ‘TS 0} OF PUB EZ O} ET “IBY ‘SUIBOT ‘FEST ‘TE O} ET “WRI “ToUZ[OH IB] ‘SUIBOTT “ART ‘SUIBOTT ae ‘FEST ‘TL ‘Id y 02 Tg PUB ST 07 ¢ “ABI ‘IOUZ[OF] pu SUIBATY ‘FEST ‘1G PUR OG “ABI ‘SuIBATY “PEST ‘¢ 01 T “ARIY ‘WoUZ[OFT pur suIRaT ‘POST ‘T “IRI 02 € ‘FORT ‘OL PUR CT “ARN PUB PT “Goy ‘surReTT "FOST ‘8% O1 PL “GoW ‘louz[oyy pue survoy "FASL (FL PUB ‘ST ‘ZL ‘OT “Qaq ‘SurBoTy “(aq ‘Louz[O}{ puw sulvo]y SUOTIIT[00 [BILFOLOLG 9} O} Sdoyor SIU) (‘oO M BSB ‘AIPBU OIOM SUOTIIT[OD ULOTM AG PUB UA AA CoE D SUEY ED (a -R1S SUT |-JO9T[OD JO | opuqntTy | | | oeattOrqan || GGG GGG 1Ga STG | 916 81a OIG 90% *(S91Ies Mou) qyuour -nuouL Arepunoqg ysorRou | 99 Jo IaquInN *BIUIOJ [BD ‘AJUNOD OSIIG URS ‘WosSad OPBIO[ON ‘T [PAA 9IOALOD, “""* BIUIOJITBD JAMOT ‘JAdsaq OpRIO[OH ‘uULeVUNO] [VUSIS “BIUIOJIL[RD ‘AJUNOD OSOI UBS ‘IDATY MON “UOT RIS BUNSBT Ailes ey gaa ag BIULOJI[BD ‘IOALY MON ‘ST[OAA UBIPUT “BIUIO}I[BO ‘AJUNOD OSoIql UBS ‘IOATY AMON ‘oxVT Lyonyug Sei as a ae “* BIUIOJT[VD JOMOT ‘IOATY UOJTVS JO BUNSVT “-7""=" BIULOTI[BD JOMO'T ‘IOATY UOIBS ‘VUNSVT sloupaey) "77" RBIMIOJT[VD JOMOT ‘IOATY UOIPRS ‘STTAA\ SOOO Seas BOGS SSO SSG SOO TS SSK TiUMCoNq {OY UIeengy, TUCOEL |0}KO) ‘IOATY Apsley JO YJnou ay} aqtsoddo ‘IaAY OpBIO[OH aq} Jo YuRq WoT Rate ao wor loseeeeceessssss=""""BIOUOG ‘IOATY OPBIO[OD ‘zBIq BIMOl[OD “ATBpunod 9} MOTIq SOTIUL OG ‘UI0ZIOG IBATY OPBIOTON 9Y] Ul BSI B IB T[TOM BIOUWOS ‘W010 IOATY OpPVIO[OD ‘sBdiBy svT SS era Sie “=="=""IOATY OpBIO[OD 9Y} JO YUR JOT -yaosaqi BUINA JO aSpo U191S9M 7B ‘TI0}}OG JOATY OpBRIO[OD Seta wimvelaleinile ew aje'sla/eia\s(a(a,'minlevetu PFE OES EOS IO Foor qonie meta ale -BUOZILY “YW YW OYLOR_ UOINOY ‘AAD BITD 7B IOATY VID “RUOZILV “VW ‘Ye OYLoBd Gayo ‘SUrpIS epUOpPY 4B J9ATY VLD jaasoq BUEN Ce ee aa wuoztiy ‘Ajuno0D vung ‘sei, Vy svleuly, ““SITOM OTL JO ISOM SUTRIUNOPW OLUBIY JO OSURI MOIIBEN ‘goRid Jo owBN "77777" "RIUIOJT[BD JOMOT ‘IOATY UOIPBS ‘STOMA WdAdg | ‘don -B]s JO JaqUINN | ‘ponuTuogj—paidnave auan lay) yoryn Uo sap ay) yp sayjabo) ‘suoynys Buryoajjoo fo hanuungy 147 THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. OF MAMMALS ‘[a10H, vousa1OL, A VV L “plolouy a PEST ‘60 01 22 BUY WO] ‘|ploeyousotyos pur ‘survoyy ‘oasopuvsg ‘AuoyUYy ‘POST ‘FL OLL “Sny UlO1y ‘1ploJoUdOTOS puB suIvIIY POST ‘CL OL PL pure LZ 0} e*SNY WOU] ‘}pTeJousoyOS puB suUIBITT ‘POST “ZL snY ‘SuIvaTY ‘POST ‘LL SUVW ‘VploJousOyoS ‘FEST ‘6L PUB LT SN y ‘survayy PERL ‘6 Ideas 0] 62 SuY pur ‘zz 0] GL sny ‘esny 01 0% AINE WOT JployausOyoS puv susve]y “(oz Aqor pesIBYsip SBA IOUZ[OH) FEST ‘0G 01 6 AlN WoIy ‘Ypfeyousoyos puv ‘iouz[oH ‘survey POST (6 01S ATL UOT] ‘JP[OJoOUBOYOS puB ‘1ouz[OH{ ‘SuIvI]L “POST ‘e Ane 01 LZ oUNL MOAT “YpTeyousOYOS puR suIRETY ‘FEST ‘S AINE 01 gz eUNL UOT ‘1OUZOH, *(ploreu®) 1907 OLS‘ UTRIUNOPW, O7RdaT, JO JUIN ‘FEST ‘LZ 0} GZ UNL ‘Yplejouooyos pur sural ‘PEST ‘Sz 01 SZ OUNL ‘IouZlOH POST ‘1G 0} 6 OUNL UOIT ‘YpPlaJouUDOYos Puy ‘AoUZLOH] ‘suaRayy + POST ‘Sz 0} 1% UNL TOIT “YpfayoUoOTpOg puB ‘toUuZ[OR ‘suavoayy *FOST ‘6 01 8 OUNL TOI] ‘Yp[eyoUdOTOS puRV ‘aUZ[O]] ‘suIvayT “POST ‘ES PUBS O1 J OUNL WOIy ‘YpfoJouDOYOS puLv ‘rsuz[OP ‘suavoyy “FORT ‘L OUNL 0} [Te ABW Wort ppeJouooyos pure ‘touzloH ‘sumo "PORT ‘TS 01 LE ABI UlOIT ‘YployousoyOY puB ‘1oUZ[OPT ‘surBo yy “POST ‘LT 01 OT AB UWOAT ‘IOUZTOHT puv survoyy 47 ABW [un Suds ureyunoyy 4B PoUTBUIAL IPeyoUsoyOS “FEST ‘GE 016 ABI WOIy ‘Ypleyousoyog pur ‘ionzpoH ‘sureayy “POSL (6 Ol L ABIN WOM] ‘YployeueOoTOS puB “LoUZ[OY ‘suIlBasy . “‘JUOTUNUOU VV p "q40} PLO By} IV o O8G ‘T 869 02 | 0% 09s GL9 ‘Ta | pose cro £ 098 6056 CLL 09g 8c j0F% L¥G SEG S86 18a | "s10]0UI ‘T98 ULRIUNOUI JO JIUTUINE q ‘ASR JV UTR v “===""-URIDO OYLOB ‘pUBIS] 9}UdTHOT,) URS Totter renee BTMIOFTBO ‘AQUNOD OSI URY ‘Ko [VA OUT Re aie “RIULOFI[BD ‘AJuNOD OSs1q ues ‘ould, y oor wa wee sens a= == BIULOTI[BD ‘AJUNOD OST URS ‘BIOL VT sores sss" RITIOUI[BO ‘OS0Id UBS IBAU ‘YORag URdI0O Vela. et Le betes eee OLOMOLT TG) ‘oso1d uBSs "9¢Z ‘ON JUAUINUOT Ivou ‘(yuRq JO) JOATY BuRN(LT, oy JO YNOU Vy} 7B ‘URIdDO OYTOBA *BIUIOTITVO ‘{WuNOD OSs01q URS ‘9e1] WyRd-ayRp P[O oy) 7B ‘yYoorIM [nuERe wor co esos scsenenss=*"-BITIOMU[BO IOMOT ‘YOUBY OIPIST UBS *BUUIOY -1[BO JOMO'T ‘ULBJUNOPW 97Bd9T, JO JSBOTINOS ‘IOATY 9] BOAT, I “RIULOFITRD ‘AVUNOD Oss URS ‘SULBJUNOW!W vunsey ye ‘youry s jjeqduep “RIMIOI][RO ‘AJUNOD OSI URS ‘YouRY S,UOTOULRD SRMOTLL, 7 BIUIOFI[RD ‘AJUNOY OSoId uRs ‘Youry s Avy “PW “¢ vesssossess "= 555-=-=BIUTLOM[BO AJUNOH OseIq wERS ‘odureg Torte eee ss BIT IOFI[ RO) IOMOT ‘AdT[RA OLANSOYORN “olO “" BIUIOTILRD ‘AWUNOD OSs, us ‘ssurac JOH vquinor ye “RIUALOTITRY ‘A]UNOD Osa UBS ‘AsuURY JSBOH JO JIUIUINS ABOU ‘APIS JsoA : “RIMIOFITBO ‘AJUNO,) Oso URS ‘SUIBIUNOW osuBYy YsvoH ‘sutidg uUlrRyUNOTT “sutidg UIRIUNOW Y20 ‘OSV UBS O} pBOI UOSRAL OYA UO TOTBAL JSIy OY} 7B SUTBIUNOW IFuKY 4SBOH oY} JO osRq UsLeIsBy c6 06 68 ih ay we es, | oy Bete tas 7 % ; Sele, ov ' vi ~ Rabe OT Pe Pe as te : . ae oat hy che ss a uae AP ot AD 1 ee y Jae a : ¥ LAP EAS Soh Se Ge ae he ora ¥ a We Uke rd ‘ ‘ ‘s , MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY REGION. Class MAMMALIA.‘ MAMMALS. Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that suckle their young. (They are usually covered with hair.) Subclass HUTHERIA. Young developed within the uterus from a minute egg which is destitute of food-yolk; milk glands with nipples. Superorder DIDELPHIA. Young born when of very small size and incomplete development, never connected to the mother by a placenta; brain small; its corpus callosum rudimentary. a@SUMMARY OF MAMMALS COLLECTED BY THE BIOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION, UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. The mammals collected by the writer, separately, and by himself and Holzner, jointly, are numbered consecutively from 1412 (Peromyscus, El Paso, Texas, February 3; 1892) to 3829 (Urocyon littoralis, San Clemente Island, California, August 28, 1894). At such times as Mr. Frank X. Holzner was separated from the writer he kept his own register, beginning with No. 759 (Peromycus, San Pedro River, Arizona, November 1, 1892), and ending with No. 1605 (Procyon, Pacific Ocean, at mouth of Tijuana River, California, July 16, 1894). Nearly all of the specimens were measured by Doctor Mearns, excepting Nos. 759 to 1119 of Mr. Holzner’s collection, which were measured by him. Mammals collected by Doctor Mearns and by Doctor Mearns and Mr. EO LUZim @ rage «oe ee ee ee eps ae Yad ie ete wy eg Pe hI es 2, 418 Mammals collectedubye Vir rane, HOWNeHA== = oe eee 847 otal = ==.= Sek eRe i SI See ee SE ee eee eae ee te ob eae ae eS 3, 265 Sent by Mr. Holzner to the American Museum of Natural History (about) — 233 otal sent to the U. S. National Museum by Mearns and Holzner___ 3, 082 Speciniens subsequently registered at the U. S. National Museum ___—~--~- 15 Doctor Mearns’s collection made at Fort Clark, Texas, in 1897—98___--—_ ila Louis Mearns’s collection made at Fort Clark, Texas, in 1897—-98____-__- 3 Specmens sent by A. W. Anthony from San Clemente Island___~~~--_-__ 45 Specimens sent by F. X. Holzner from San Diego, June 1, 1895___-_____ 6s Specimens sent by FE. X. Holzner from San Diego, October 1, 1895__-___~ 55 Specimens collected by Doctor Mearns in Arizona and New Mexico, USS 4a SS eames e eee) Pie Ein! os es a oe aE Ge tn Ok = AMT 652 Shrews (Notiosorex and Sorex) sent by F. X. Holzner_-—-__--~-_---___- ye 150 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Order MARSUPIALIA. MARSUPIALS. Young at birth are usually placed in an abdominal pouch formed by a fold of skin about the milk glands of the mother, where they remain for a considerable time. Reproductive organs of peculiar structure in both sexes, nearly all the parts being double in the female. Brain small, the corpus callosum rudimentary. Heart with two ven. Suborder POLYPROTODONTIA. Incisors numerous, small, subequal. Canines larger than the incis- ors. Molars with sharp cusps. (/lower and Lydekker.) Family DIDELPHIID. OPOSSUMS. Incisors ?. Hind feet with the four outer toes subequal, distinct, and a well-developed opposable hallux. Genus DIDELPHIS Linnzus (1758). Didelphis Linnu=us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 54. Type.—Didelphis marsupialis Linneus. Arboreal; feet not webbed. “ps an eae Ge fee ea eee ee DOGO ns eqs pices eee een ls gO KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIDELPHIS FOUND ON THE BOUNDARY LINE.4@ Tail black for basal third; generally four-fifths the length of head and body or more (tail ratio about 90-95) ______ Didelphis mesamericana terensis (p. 150). Tail black only at extreme base; generally less than two-thirds the length of head and body (tail ratio about 70)---___---__ Dideiphis virginiana (p. 153). DIDELPHIS MESAMERICANA TEXENSIS (J. A. Allen). TEXAS OPOSSUM. Didelphis mesamericana terensis J. A. ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, Art. XI, June 15, 1901, p: 172. Ty pe-locality Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 23433, U.S.N.M. Geographical distribution.—The coast region of Texas, from Nue- ces Bay southward, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley, as far up @See Preliminary Study of the North American Opossums of the Genus Didelphis, by Dr. J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, Art. XI, pp. 149— 188, June 15, 1901. —— MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 151 the valley, at least, as Del Rio, Val Verde County. Sporadically northward to San Antonio, at which point 2). m. fevensis occurs with PD. virginiana, the latter greatly predominating. It doubtless ranges somewhat to the southward of the Rio Grande, but there are no specimens available for examination from between Brownsville and Tampico. Dichromatic, the black phase, in the material examined, prevailing in the ratio of five to one of the grap phase, as shown by the follow- ing record of specimens examined : Texas: San Antonio, 2, black phase; Rockport, 83—2 in black phase, 1 in gray phase; Corpus Christi, 4 black phase; Nueces Bay, 2, black phase; Alice, 1, black phase; Sycamore Creek, 1, black phase; Del Rio, 2—1 in black phase, 1 in gray phase; Eagle Pass, 1, black phase; Fort Clark, Kinney County, 8—4 black and 4 eray; Brownsville, 6—3 in black phase and 3 in gray phase. Also udditional skulls. Mexico: Matamoros, 1. Total, 31, and 7 additional skulls. (J. A. Allen.) Description.—Pouch complete. Size large (see tabulated measure- ments, p. 152); tail long, scaly, prehensile, with basal half black. and apical portion flesh color; ears entirely black; coat consisting of crinkled, wooly underfur mingled with long bristle-like hairs; color dichromatic. Gray phase—An outer long coat of white bristly overhair, 60 to 80 mm. long over the middle of the back and on the rump; beneath this is a coat of soft long underfur, white for about two-thirds of its length, the apical portion black, the long white overhair and the black outer zone of the underfur giving a dark grizzled general effect. Cheeks pure white, with generally a whitish spot over each eye, and a whitish area surrounding the base of the ears; whole top of the head and nose dusky brown, varying in intensity in different indi- viduals, with a blackish stripe running from the ear through the eye to the nose. “Fore and hind limbs black, including the feet except the nails, which are yellowish white; upper part of the limbs more or less grizzled with long white overhair. Beneath, the pelage con- sists mainly of the soft underfur, which is much shorter and thinner than on the upper surface, with the tips of the fur more or less tinged with dusky and with a few long bristly overhairs. Black phase.—Long, bristly overhair black instead of white, be- neath which is the usual soft, long underfur, white for its basal two- thirds and tipped with black. In other respects as in the gray phase. During the breeding season the pouch of the female is lined with fine, crinkled, woolly hairs of a rusty chestnut-brown color. During the nonbreeding period the pouch hairs are often gray or even whitish. (J. A. Allen.) 152 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cranial and dental characters.—TYhe nasals, with individual ex- ceptions, terminate posteriorly in a pointed angle, the portion ante- rior to the point of greatest expansion being as long as or a little longer than the anterior half of the basal rhomboid. (See tabulated cranial measurements, p. 155.) Remarks.—Doctor Allen observes: Didelphis measmericana texen- sis differs markedly from P. virginiana in the color and markings of the head and in its much longer tail, but presents no notable cranial differences. It differs from )). marsupialis in the form of the nasals, in its somewhat longer tail, and in the great predominance of the black phase, the prevailing phase in 2). marsupialis being gray. Habits —This opossum was found only in the region about Fort Clark, Texas, where it was extremely abundant, the gray and black phases being about equally represented. They were especially numer- ous on Las Moras Creek, where much of my trapping was done, and where it proved an annoyance by invariably getting into traps set for ‘accoons, armadillos, and other more valuable species. A female taken April 12, 1898, contained young in its marsupium. The range of this species extends west to the Devils River, or, possibly, to the Pecos, beyond which no opossums were heard of. Its Texas range appears to be coincident to that of the Texas persimmon. When hunting at night along the streams of Texas we sometimes ‘ame upon an opossum clinging to the branch of a buttonbush near the water and added it to our night’s catch. Once we had a “ “possum dinner ” at the officers’ club at Fort Clark, and all were agreed that ‘possum well cooked tasted good to hungry men. Measurements of 9 specimens of Didelphis mesamericana terensis. Museum 5 8 z 3 number. | 2 | pant 3 iq 2 las | Locality Date. | Sex and & | = 66 2 SA oie s age. © lho ae g Skin.| Skull. | © | a | 3 FE E 8 | fala [a | | 1893. | | mm. | mm, | mm. | mm. 143138 | 143138 | 2242 | FortClark, Kinney County, Texas.| Jan. 18| Q im. | 730) 325 63) 49 63130 | 63130 | 2243 |..... (3 (gee aes nonce OS Sane =---d0)-=-| 9 ads "jc S00%}) 360 69 | 53 143185 | 143135 | 2244 |..... do 28k: Se ses hacer ee eae ...| Jan. 29] fim. | 710} 300] 63] 48 63131] 63131 | 224€ |..... GOs sees ater ee soe ae eee Jan. 30) Gad. | 883] 380| 76 | 53 143136 | 143186 | 2257 |....- GOnSe Me ee ice eee een ees Feb. 1 | gad. | 875} 400 | 77 | 51 63132} .63132 | 2258 |..-..- GO esas ot hacaree Bot ae eae ere Feb. 2 | o jur. 645 | 295 63 | 45 143139 | 143139 | 2259 |....- GOs Soest eae ga eee Pee Voyes|| SLabene e VEU) i) GEO) ae | 52 63133| 63133 | 2288 ese-% Ome ses eo wceaoonenetes ces Feb. 10 | #jur. 675 | 390| 57 | 44 eras 68134 | 2301 aoe GOR BOSS aac eee Feb. 25| oad. 800 | 3385] 63 50 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 153 DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA Kerr. VIRGINIA OPOSSUM. Ty pe-locality.— Virginia. Distribution.—Eastern United States, south to the coast region of Georgia and Gulf States. (7. A. Allen.) Texas: Vernon, 1 skull; Gainesville, 1 skull; Brazos, Palo Pinto County, 2; Kerrville, Kerr County, 1 skull; Mason, 4; San Antonio, 6: Washington County, 1; Matagorda, 1; Deming Station, Mata- gorda County, 3, and 1 skull; Virginia Point, Matagorda County, 2; Velasco, Brazoria County, 2. (J. A. Allen.) Description.—Size large; nails, tips of toes, and soles of feet flesh color; tail short, clothed for about 2 inches at base with long hair like that of the body, the naked portion brownish flesh color, except at the base, where it is blackish. Ears blacl:, broadly tipped with flesh color, or narrowly edged with this color. The pouch of the female is complete, and usually thickly coated with crinkled wooly hair, usually rufous brown. Pelage of two kinds of hair, an outer long coat of rather coarse white overhair, sufficiently abundant to give tone to the general coloration; beneath this a coat of long, thick, soft wooly underfur about 40 to 50 mm. long on the back, white (sometimes nearly pure snowy white in clean winter specimens, but usually with a slight yellowish cast) for four-fifths of its length, the apical fifth of the long fibers of the underfur being blackish. The long white overhair varies in abundance in different specimens and on different parts of the body, being nearly obsolete on the ven- tral surface, longer on the back than on the sides, and longest on the jower back and at the base of the tail, where it attains a length of 60 to 80 mm. General color above mixed black and white, the blackish tips of the underfur showing through the long overhair; the white basal portion of the underfur also shows through the blackish surface of the underfur; ventral surface white, with a sheht wash of dusky formed by the blackish tips of the hairs. There is generally a large pectoral area in adult males suffused with sulphur yellow, varying from a faint shade of this tint to quite strong greenish yellow, and varying also in respect to the size of the area. This pectoral spot is generally absent in young males, and apparently always absent in the females. The fur over this area is often satu- rated with an oily, highly odorous secretion from the underlying sebaceous glands, which are probably especially active during the breeding season. There is often a median ventral line of clear white in both males and females, extending from the breast posteriorly, varying in outline and extent in different specimens. Whole head, including the throat and sides of the neck, soiled white or yellowish white, excepting the chin, which is usually darker and like the rest 154 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the ventral surface. The sides of the neck are sometimes strongly tinged with buff. There is also a slight extension forward on the top of the head of the general dusky color of the dorsal surface, which usually forms a V-shaped area, extending to a point midway between the ears and eyes. It is indistinct in outline and varies greatly in intensity and extent in different individuals, being often absent, the head then being practically pure white. Eyes with a very narrow blackish eye ring, widening anteriorly into a small, usually indistinct, preocular spot, sometimes nearly as large as the eye, but often obso- lete. Fore and hind limbs black. (/. 4. Allen.) Cranial and dental characters.—Posterior border of nasals forming a V-shaped point. (See table of cranial measurements, p. 155.) Remarks.—We obtained no evidence of the presence of this north- ern species nearer the International Line than the region surround- ing San Antonio, Texas, where it is said to outnumber Pidelphis mesamericana texensis. BOUNDARY. OF THE MEXICAN MAMMALS “MOL JOO} IV -uqipurur jo q}su0'y | “T6T “d ‘TITAX “USP “909 "[OTEY “NOI ‘SBULOTL], 9aS S]USMMOINSRIUL YISUST [BIURID oY} JO ALN] R[OUSUMIOU oY] JO UONBRURIdxa UR IOW Dd | 08 | Q°IF | 0'GP | 0°92 | 0°92 | 0°02 | CLGUPIRPOMra ESS ® NINUG ie Rene nt ingame roa Tees waa SC ae a AIOY AIO, UBIPUT ‘GQOD WO Op a= |osne. mila ; | 06 OFF | 08S | 0°82 | 0°89 | 0'1@ | 0°6¢ | LOT | OOL | 80I Reccnee se S icoeaes Save ener rec oats Wea tr bas Coron oie STOUITIT MBSIBAA |" "" IINPB a[BUTEy | POLFE | --- | 96 0°9F | 0'e¢ | O'18 | 0'F9 | O's | O89 | FIT | COT | GTI I eaitalb ik WaEAR tights A tacnd Tabak oa "| LE2e 60L | 46h | G79 | O'LE | O'8L | 08 | 0°69 | TSE tea | asi. ees Ra eer ea eT hs sexay ‘AjUNOD AOUUTY “HIRO WOM |---| 1[NpB a[VyT | LSlE9 9FZG UU | UA | a | | | | | WU | UA | Ue ‘s7suaxay DUDoLaUDsoU s1yCjapry | ee) eee | Pe —— ; ————— | —— | 22 = | — ® lee Eailcoe 3 | Bar| | len | z =o Ss | 5 | & | 8a| elise) 2 | ge) S 28s) 2 | Fe e | 8 Somali am fare alee |iMeet el israe | resets Tt Ghee Bk ae Saloon e BOS We mim Pate reca emer OG) WA . ae as Sqeclee: 2g = = e Zs | B E gy Ee 3 9 AVI[ROO'T 958 PUR X99 = = 12S VFN Sa Ba etl og S| S| &| Be" | 3) & ee = Nae pa |e ee Pualamisiad | 'ae| “2 g Inet eed ten. "en han one Bel = | | “DUDA “CT Pun sisuaxay vuparsaurpsaus siydjapiy fo suauwoads ZT JO sjuauladnsDaut JOYUDL) 156 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Superorder MONODELPHIA. Young not born until of considerable size and nearly perfect de- velopment, deriving their nourishment before birth from the mother through the intervention of a placenta; a well-developed corpus callosum. (2.8. Jordan.) Order EDENTATA. The name assigned to this group by Cuvier is often objected to as inappropriate—for although some of the members are edentulous, others have very numerous teeth. If the teeth are not always absent, they invariably exhibit certain imperfections, which are indeed almost the only common characters binding together the various extinct and existing members of the order. These are that they are homodont and, with the remarkable exceptions of Zatusia and Oryc- teropus, monophyodont; they are never rooted, but have persistent pulps; except in some fossil forms, they are always deficient in the enamel. (lower and Lydekker, abridged.) Family DASYPODIDA. ARMADILLOS. The greater part of the skin strongly ossified. Teeth numerous, simple, of persistent growth, and usually monophyodont, but in one genus (7atusia|=Tatu|) a succession of teeth has been observed. Zyogmatic arch of skull complete. Fore feet with strongly devel- oped, curved claws, adapted for digging and scratching—three, four, or five in number. Hind feet plantigrade, with five toes, all pro- vided with nails. Subfamily TATUIN 24». This group contains but one genus (7’atuv). Teeth & or 4, very small, subeylindrical. The first and second subcompressed, the last considerably smaller than the others. With the exception of the last, all preceded by two-rooted milk teeth, which are not changed until the animal has nearly attained its full size. Body generally elongated and narrow. Head narrow, with a long, narrow, sub- cylindrical, obliquely truncated snout. Ears rather large, ovate, and erect, placed close together on the occiput. Carapace with seven to nine distinct movable bands. Tail moderate or long, gradually tapering; its dermal scutes forming very distinct rings for the vreater part of its length. Fore feet with four visible toes and a concealed clawless rudiment of the fifth. Claws all long, shghtly curved and very slender, the third and fourth subequal and alike, the first and fourth much shorter. Hind feet with five toes, all MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 157 armed with strong, slightly curved, conical, obtusely pointed nails. The third, longest, then the second and fourth; the first and fifth much shorter than the others. Genus TATU Blumenbaeh (1799). od Tatu BLUMENBACH, Handb. der Naturgesch., 1799, p. 73. Type.—Dasy pus novemcinctus Linneeus. Characters, those of the subfamily Tatuine given above. This genus differs from all the other armadillos in having a pair of inguinal mamme, in addition to the usual pectoral pair, and in producing a large number (4 to 10) of young at a birth, all the others having usually but one or two. (lower and Lydekker.) TATU NOVEMCINCTUM (Linnezus). TEXAS ARMADILLO. [Dasypus] novemcinctus LiINNasus, Syst. Nat.. 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 51. » [Tatu] novemcinctus, BLUMENBACH, Handb. der Naturgesch, 1799, p. 75. Tatusia novemcinctus, TRUE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII (1884), 1885, p. 588. Tatu novemcinctus, T. S. PALMER, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., XI, p. 174, June OSISOT: : Tatu novemcinctum, MILLER and REHN, Proce. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, Now ebDecs 21901 ps lil Cabassous novem-cinctus, ELuioT, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 4, pl. r (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Tatu novemcinctum, ELLiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 33, figs. 9, 13 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Ty pe-locality—Braail, South America. Distribution—Rio Grande of Texas, west to Devils River, south across Mexico. This species is found on the Mexican border in the Tamaulipan Tropical Tract. Description.—Dentition: M. =* or -’ = 32 or 28. Shield composed of eight movable scutes in the middle and nine on the sides. Tail as long as body without head; covered by twelve rings, and not enveloped ina cone. Length, 240 mm.; tail vertebra, 90; hind foot, 30; ear, 20; carapace, 320 by 400. Cephalic shield pale brown; sarapace black, with the scutes on the sides yellowish white; tail brownish black, with the anterior half of scutes yellowish white; ears brown; toes vellowish, claws white; skin of head flesh color with a few yellowish hairs. Tabitat and habits—Armadillos were quite common in the region about Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. They burrow in oak mats that grow ‘along water courses. The Seminoles, who esteem them highly as food, hunt them at night with dogs trained for the pur- pose. Many carapaces were seen nailed to huts of the Seminole Indians. 158 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Order UNGULATA. HOOFED ANIMALS. Teeth heterodont and diphyodont. Crowns of molars broad with tuberculated or ridged surfaces. No clavicles. Toes with blunt, broad nails, or in the majority of cases with hoofs, more or less in- closmg the ungual phalanges. The testes descend into a scrotum. There is never an os penis. The uterus is bicornuate. The mammee are usually few and inguinal, or may be numerous and abdominal (as in Suina), but are never solely pectoral. The cerebral hemispheres in existing ungulates are well convoluted. (Flower and Lydekker, abridged.*) Suborder ARTIODACTYLA. ARTIODACTYLES. Premolar and molar teeth usually not alike, the former being single and the latter two-lobed. Last lower molar of both first and second dentition almost invariably three-lobed; and the first -tooth of the upper cheek series always without a milk-predecessor. Nasal bones not expanded posteriorly. Dorsal and lumbar vertebre to- gether always nineteen, though the former may vary from twelve to fifteen. Third and fourth digits of both feet almost equally de- veloped. Stomach almost always more or less complex. Colon con- voluted. Caecum small. Mamme few and inguinal, or numerous and abdominal. (Flower and Lydekker, abridged.) Section SUINA. PIG-LIKE ARTIODACTYLES. The existing members of this group are characterized by their bun- odont molars and the absence of a complete fusion of the third and fourth metapodials to form a “common bone.” The full Eutherian dentition is very frequently present. The existing swine-hke animals may be divided naturally into three families: I. Hippopotamide; 1. Suide, or true pigs; III. Dicotylide, or pecearies. (Flower and Lydekker.) a'The skeleton of a fossil elephant existed in the Papago well, Pozo Verde, Sonora, Mexico. I obtained fragments of bone and one molar tooth. which were sent to the U. S. National Museum in 1893, and identified by J. M. Gidley as Hlephas colombi Falcon. —* MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 159 Family TAYASSUID.¢ PECCARIES. Snout as in Suide. Dentition: 73, ¢4, p 3,13; total 38. Inecisors rooted; upper canines directed downward, with sharp cutting hinder edges. Toes, four on the fore feet and three on the hind feet (the fifth wanting). Stomach complex. A cecum. Confined to the New World.” (Flower and Lydekhker.) Genus TAYASSU Fischer (1814).¢ Tayassu. FIscHreR, Zoognosia, III, 1814, p. 284. Type.—Tayassu pecari Fischer=NSus albirostris Wliger. Dicotyles G. Cuvier, Régne Animal, I, 1817, p. 237=Tayassu eae Notophorus G. FIscHer, Mém. Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou, V, , p. 418. Replacing Tayassu. The genus 7aydssu, containing the American pigs, differs from Sus and the other Old World genera in having but four upper incisors, and only three premolars on each side above and below, the dental formula being 2 =, «© =, pm =) m ==38 (fig. 5); their median metacarpal and Ete ones are ankylosed into cannon- a¥or a plea for the Pannen of ne names Bicoieies ane Diced see Gill, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, XV, p. 38, March 5, 1902; see also Thomas, idem, pp. 153, 197; also Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X VI, 1902, pp. 162, 167. bAIthough not indigenous to the region the family Suidee is represented by feral swine: SUS SCROFA DOMESTICUS. FERAL DOMESTIC HOG. Wild domestic pigs are numerous in many parts of Texas and Mexico, along the Rio Grande, and are particularly abundant and ferocious about the mouth of the Colorado River, in Sonora. If attacked they become dangerous foes. While camped opposite the mouth of Hardy River, at tide water close to the mouth of the Colorado, several large pigs were killed, and their excellent iesh added to our bill of fare. These pigs, descended from Berkshire stock, were black and of extraordinary size. The skull of an adult male, from near the mouth of the Colorado River (No. 60356 U.S.N.M.), measures: Greatest length, 335 mim.; basal length, 842; basilar length (to tip of premaxillary), 292; palatal length to tip of premaxillary, 214; width of palate at first premolar, 51; zygomatic breadth, 169; least interorbital breadth, 81; length of nasals, 168; greatest breadth of both nasals together, 35; occipital depth (to lower rim of foramen magnum), 124. e Blliot, in his and and Sea Mammals of Middle America and the West In- ~ dies (Field Columbian Museum, publication 95, zoological series, IV, Pt. I, 1904, pp. 61-68, fig. xx1r and plates xxv—xxviI1), uses the generic name Jagassu Frisch (Das Natur-Syst. vierfiiss. Thiere, in Tabellen, 3 Tab. Gen., 1775. Type, Sus tajacu Linneeus), and uses the family name Tagassuide. See, however, Thomas and Miller in Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XVI, pp. 461-464, October, 1905. 160 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bones; and an odorous gland occupies the top of the rump. Verte- bre: C7, D 14,115, S'4.C% Professor Cope“ refers the known species of 7ayassu “to three subdivisions, which may be at some future time regarded as genera.” He places the Brazihan Sus tajacu Linneus in Notophorus Gray, and the Texan Dicotyles angulatus Cope in Dicotyles Cuvier. On the following page he describes what he considers to be intermediate between Tayassu tajacu and 7. angulatum, from Costa Rica, and in conclusion observes: “It appears, then, that the latter [7ayassu angulatum| must be regarded as a subspecies [of 7ayassu tajacu| ‘ather than a species.” His subdivisions would, in such a case, have only the value of subspecies instead of genera. On page 134, in his amendment to the definitions he had previously given of the sub- family Dicotylinw, of the family Hippopotamide, and of the two included genera, Dicotyles and Platygonus, he says: “ That of the subfamily ‘ Digits three’ should be supplemented by the words ‘ on the antericr foot, and four on the posterior.’” Inadvertently the extra digit was placed on the wrong foot, the digital formula being 4-3 instead of 3-4. Subgenus TAYASSU Fischer (1814), Tayassu, MERRIAM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIV, p. 122, July 19, 1901. Re- stricted to the tajacu-angulatus group.” Notophorus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 48. Type and only species, Sus tajacu Linnzeus. Preoccupied by Notophorus Fischer, 1817=Tayassu Fischer, 1814. Tagassu, T. S. PALMER, North American Fauna, No. 23, 1904, p. 955. Characters —Smaller than Olidosus,” with the skull less massive. Sides of rostrum excavated over premolars, and divided into upper and lower parts by continuation of the zygomatic ridge (fig. 4a) ; palate narrowed between canines and molars, with a sharp ridge run- ning from first premolar to inner side of canine. Teeth smaller and relatively narrow anteriorly; second lower molar very much smaller, with anterior cusp high and slender, the postericr cusp nearly obso- lete. (Fig. 5a.) TAYASSU ANGULATUM (Cope). TEXAS PECCARY. Dicotyles angulatus Corr, American Naturalist, XXIII, No. 266, Feb- ruary, 1889, pp. 146, 147 (original description) ; March, 1889, pp. 134, 135. : Dicotyles tajacu, Eviiior, Field Col. Mus. Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 35, pl. XI (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). a American Naturalist, XXIII, 1889, p. 134. ®Subgenus Olidosus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., XIV, July 19, 1902. For “the albirostris group” (—Dicotyles Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 45. Type, D. labiatus Cuvier, Preoceupied by Dicotyles Cuvier, 1817=Tayassu Fischer, 1814). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 161 Tayassu angulatwm, MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 12 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Tagassu angulatum, WxLiior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 63, pIs. Xxv, xxvr (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-specimens.—One from the Guadalupe River, two from the Llano River, and two from a tributary of the Red River, Texas. Geographical range.—Tropical and Sonoran zones of the Texan and Tamaulipan regions. Description —Form, pig-like. Tail,abortive. Toes, 4-3. A large scent gland occupies the upper part of the rump. Color above black, mixed with soiled grayish white annulations to the bristles. An erectile mane of long black bristles extends from the occiput to the -cent gland on the rump; and an incomplete whitish * collar ” crosses the hind part of the neck, extending obliquely upward and backward from in front of the shoulder to the black mane on the back. The ears are blackish externally and grayish internally where the long hairs are arranged in five separate lines, which are narrow at base, broadening towards the tip, which they fail to reach. The muzzle, cheeks, and under side of head are lighter in color than the back, having a large admixture of brownish gray an- nuli to the bristles. The under surface is reddish : . : Fig. 3.—TAYASSU ANGU- black mesially, this color fading to brownish gray — yarem. a, RieHT FoRE- on the axille and hollows of thighs. The limbs 70? 2 RIGHT HIND- are blackish at the hoofs (fig. 3), becoming paler ae above as the light rings of the bristles increase in width. The young when newly born are plain yellowish gray on limbs and under parts; above, brownish yellow mixed with black, with a black vertebral stripe extending from the occiput to the gland on the rump; tip of ear dusky. Sometimes the shade of coloring is decidedly red- dish in young peccaries. In growing older the black vertebral stripe grows less conspicuous, as black gradually becomes the predominant color of the upper surface; but the collar and pale annuli do not lose their reddish shade until the animal has nearly grown to mature size. Cranial and dental characters —From Tayassu tajacu (inneeus) it differs in having the molar crests continued forward to base of canine alveolus instead of terminatng above the infraorbital foramen : nasal bones pinched or angulate on the middle line instead of rounded in cross section; first (fourth of the old works) superior premolar quadritubercular, with intermediate tubercles, and quadrate in out- line, molariform instead of tritubercular or rounded in outline, pre- molariform: molars wrinkled in angulatum, not so in tajacu, Z 30639—No, 56—O7T M 11 162 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Habits and habitat—Though greatly reduced in number, peccaries are still common in southwestern Texas. They prefer rocky walls of canyons and the vicinity of streams or hilltops where caverns and hollows afford protection, to which they retire during midday. On Las Moras Creek, in Kinney County, Texas, they often join herds of | domestic swine, feeding on roots, acorns, and pecan nuts in company with the half-wild pigs known as “ razor-backs.” TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORIENSE (Mearns). YAQUI PECCARY. Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis MEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX, Dee. 24, 1897, pp. 469, 470 (pp. 3, 4 of the advance sheet issued Feb. 11, 1897 ; original description ). Tayassu angulatum sonoriense, MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 12 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mammals to close of 1900). [Tagassu angulatum] sonoriense, ELuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 64 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality. San Bernardino River, Sonora, near Monument No. 77. (Type, skin and skull, No. 39837, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Inhabits the Yaqui River basin of north- western Mexico and adjacent interior region of the United States west of Texas, ranging from sea level on the Gulf of California to the boreal summits of the mountains. Description.—The type, an old male, has the coloration paler than that of the Texas peccary, Tayassu angulatum (Cope). Above there is a mane of long, black-tipped bristles, the longest measuring 135 mm. in length, extending from the crown to the naked gland on the rump, and producing by contrast a sharply black dorsal band. The rest of the upper surface is a pepper-and-salt mixture of com- mingled grayish white, yellowish white, and brownish black colors, the bristles being whitish, ringed and pointed with brownish black. On the flanks there is most whitish, while the shoulders are blackest where the so-called “ collar.” a narrow band of buffy white, extends across the side, behind the neck and in front of the shoulder, and is bordered by blackish on either side. The muzzle, cheeks, and space in front of the eye are brownish gray, annulated with darker. There is a brownish white orbital area, and a spot of brown (glandular) staining below the front of the eye. The under jaw is yellowish, with a triangular blackish patch near the end of the chin. Ears with outer (convex) surface and tip heavily coated with black bristles; concavity with five bands of long, buffy, white hairs. (Fig. 7.) Legs mixed brownish white and brownish black, becoming solid black about the hoofs, and with a light band encircling the foreleg above the accessory hoofs. Under surface of body with a blackish MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 16: median area, which fades to grayish on the axillary and inguinal regions. Snout livid plumbeous, sometimes flesh color around the nostrils. Hoofs plumbeous black. Another adult male (No. 20656, U.S.N.M., mounted), killed at the same time and place, is almost exactly hke the type in coloration. An old female (No. 22838, U.S.N.M.) which was shot by the writer at FIG. 4,—TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORIENSE. (Cat. No. 35815, U.S.N.M.) a, SKULL, LATERAL VIEW; b, DORSAL VIEW. Cajon Bonito Creek, Mexico, near the boundary between Chihuahua and Sonora, and about 6 miles south of the United States border, August 11, 1892, is a little paler and more reddish, as is also a skin obtained in Guadalupe Canyon, Arizona. At the Mexican town of Santa Cruz, on the river bearing the same name, a young female was purchased from a Mexican boy in October, 1893, and sent alive to the National Zoological Park in Washington City, where it died during the following winter and is now in the col- 164 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lection of the U. S. National Museum (No. 58986, skin and skull). This specimen resembles the palest form of the peccary, from the desert region bordering the Gulf of California, of which I have examined a skin obtained from the Seri Indians by Mr. William Din- widdie, of the Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. From him I learned that this species ranges to the Gulf of California, as I had been previously told by Don Cypriano Ortego, who resides Fic. 5.—TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORIENSE. (Cat. No. 35815, U.S.N.M.) a, SKULL, VENTRAL VIEW; b, LOWER JAW, SEEN FROM ABOVE. at Santo Domingo, Sonora, the most western point at which we found pecearies on the Mexican Boundary Line. The Santa Cruz specimen is gray, without red tints, nearly white below, and with the vertebral line less black than usual.” «Since the above was written a subspecies liwmeralis (properly lumerale) has been described by Doctor Merriam, as follows: TAYASSU ANGULATUS HUMERALIS Merriam. Type from Armeria, Colim. No. 45243, 2 ad., U. S. Natiecnal Museum, Bio- logical Survey Collection.: February 26, 1892. E. W. Nelson and BH. A. Goldman. Original No. 1945. Characters.—Similar to angulatus, but sides grayer; head yellower; dorsal black band more strongly marked, almost as sharply as in sonoriensis from Arizona, shoulder stripes yellowish ochraceous, broad and conspicuous, as MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 165 The peccary of the lower Rio Grande and of eastern Mexico is a smaller animal, having relatively small ears and feet (fig. 8) and a blacker coloration. » The coat is more dense and the bristles less coarse, rigid, and crinkled than in the form here described. The Texas peccary 1s blackish, whereas the peccary of Arizona and Sonora is grayish, with a black dorsal stripe. FIG. 6.—TAYASSU ANGU- Fic. 7.—TAYASSU ANCU- Fig. 8.—TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORIT- LATUM SONORIENSE. LATUM SONORIENSE. ENSE. (Cat. No. 20657, U.S.N.M.) SKULL, FRONT VIEW. INNER SURFACEOF EAR. a, RIGHT HINDFOOT; Lb, RIGHT FORE- CCla t= 2N'OL S08 1b: (Ca tae INioy ~ 2016516 root. U.S.N.M.) U.S.N.M.) A young specimen was seen alive, having been caught by a Mexican ranchman on Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, August 25, 1892, at which time it was about as large as the eastern cottontail. Color, above reddish brown, with a black vertebral area, beginning anteriorly as a black spot on the nape, extending thence in a line backward and again broadening on the lumbar region, where it bifurcates before terminating. Upper surface thickly sprinkled with black hairs ex- cept in the area oecipied by the * collar.” Under parts and limbs strongly marked as in yucatanensis, but yellowish fulvous instead of white. Skull of male similar to that of male angulatus; skull of female decidedly Inrger, with longer tooth row. In skulls young enough to show the sutures the nasazl bones are strongly conyex posteriorly, long and slender, and only slightly breader between maxille than between premaxillie (differing markedly from their condition in angulatus, in which they are very much broader between the maxille) ; and the ascending or nasal arm of premaxilla is decidedly longer than in angulatus. Remarks.—Compared with sonoriensis of Arizona, the sides are less gray, the dorsal band less sharply defined, the shoulder stripes yellower and much more strongly marked. The sexual disparity in size is greater than in sono- riensis, the female being considerably larger than the male. Measurements.—Type (9 ad.): Total length 960, tail 60, hind foot 215. Skull: Basal length 203, occipitonasal length 224, zygomatic breadth 108, great- est breadth across squamosals posteriorly 99, palatal Jength 151; length of upper molariform series 67. (C. Hart Merriam, Proce. Biol. Soe. Washington, DELV 5. 19015-p:. 22: 166 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. reddish or yellowish brown (prairie-dog color) without any inter- mingling of black, but becoming black in a small area next to the hoofs. ‘ Young about the same size were afterwards seen at Pozo de Luis, in northwestern Sonora, in January, 1893, which were of a pale buff or clay color, with a less distinct vertebral black stripe. Cranial and dental characters.—The lateral dentition seems to be simpler and lighter than in 7ayassu angulatum (typical). The pre- molars are usually quadritubercular with one of the inner tubercles often obsolete. The posterior molar is smaller and less roughened by needle-like subsidiary tubercles. The skull itself is slightly broader than that of 7. angulatum. (See figs. 4, 5, and 6.) Measurements of three specimens of Tayassu angulatum sonoriense. | eee al | 2 Museum | |< ie Je Slee male le > | a S| number. | opjo4-| | 15 lo lwoeoSie .| 2 ieee Sex | 6 |2 Sala Sia Ol8.c]q Slag nal | Localitv Date 1 O | S/PHIO SIV AES Seles socality. ate. anc = Salar tecslas num- : are = (SEIS S/ SF o/S oO) 5 | oT | oo Win |Sk ber NSS | gs (SO |S ae AB ela Sia Skin. Skull. : 5 2 (ss lee lenses s leas Ols ja |SSiadaia |VS)o BjO |e |Pelssig ja ja 1892. mn MN MM. MN MAL INN Nv NAN 20658, 35815, 2056) Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, | Aug. 11 | Q ad. | 954) 65) 90) 180) 100, 85) 210) 295: Mexico, near Mexiean | | boundary line. | a20657 35814, 2099 San Bernardino River, Son- | Sept. 8 | @ad. | 920) 65) 128) 115; 95) 88) 200) 300 ora, Mexico, near Monu- | ment No. 77, Mexican | } | boundary line. | | b20656)...-.- F100 Cas tO eee ee (¢) Q ad. | 940) 67) 116 102 91) 100} us 285 «Type. ® Mounted. «Sent alive to Washington. Life history.—sSkins of peccaries killed in the Apache Mountains near Monument No. 40, Mexican Boundary Line, were the first unmis- iakable evidence seen of the existence of these animals as we pro- ceeded westward from the Rio Grande. Specimens were subsequently taken in the San Luis, Guadalupe, and Santa Cruz mountains, and in the valley of the San Bernardino River. On the San ec Mountains they were found from the lower edge of timber up to the highest summits, as well as on those parts of the surrounding plains and playas where the nolinas, mesquites, and mimosas grew abun- dantly. We found evidences of the former presence of peccaries in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, where soldiers under the command of Capt. Louis A. Craig killed some of them a few years before. Speci- mens were seen in 1892 in the collection of Col. R. F. Hafford, at Tombstone, Arizona. Maj. E. K. Otey, of Prescott, Arizona, found peccaries in the Mule Mountains of southern Arizona; and General Crook found them in Tonto Basin, where the writer saw their tracks as far north as Pine MAMMALS OF THI) MEXICAN BOUNDARY. LG and Fossil creeks in Central Arizona. On the Mexican Boundary Line the species was found by us as far west as the Sonoyta Valley, near the Mexican town of Santo Domingo, between which point and the Pacific Ocean no trace of it was seen, although it reaches the Gulf of California farther south in the strip of country named Seriland by Dr. W J McGee. The late Maj. Charles E. Bendire shot peccaries during the period from 1857 to 1859 near the spot where Lieutenant Cushing, of the Third Cavalry, was killed by Indians in the Whetstone Mountains of Arizona, and also in the Chiricahua Mountains, and near the old mission of San Xavier, in the Santa Cruz Valley. At the latter place the major witnessed an amusing incident—the treeing of a negro servant by a band of infuriated peccaries. Although stories of simi- jar occurrences are commonly repeated by the white settlers of the Southwest, this is the only instance of an attack made on man by peccaries that has come to me on unimpeachable authority. I have met with bands of peccaries on a few occasions, when some of them were shot. They were always wild and shy, exerting themselves to the utmost to escape, and paying no attention to the unfortunate ones that were killed or wounded. In one instance, when hunting in the Cobota Mountains, Sonora, in company with Lieut. William H. Bean, of the Second Cavalry, I wounded a female peccary standing in the midst of a drove of them, with her young beside her. Although she squealed loudly, the remainder of the band rushed off and left her. A moment later we came upon her among the bushes and cacti, but she arose and escaped from us without attempting to defend her young, which were no larger than cotton-tail rabbits. Although signs of peccaries were abundant in an extensive area of oak scrub (Quercus emory?) around Monument No. 64, at timber line of the east base of the San Luis Mountains, the creatures were so clever at hiding that none could be seen, although we frequently came so near them that their peculiar odor was very evident. On Silver Creek, in southeastern Arizona, these animais are periodically abundant, and many have been killed by hunting parties from the old post (now abandoned) of Fort Bowie. I have known expert cowboys to ride them down, lasso and tie them, and so bring them alive to camp. It is only by accident that they are discovered in their retreats during the middle of the day; but at morning and evening herds of them may be seen feeding in the open. They are really pretty beasts, and make nice, gentle pets when taken young. They are swift runners, though easily overtaken by a horse. The sexes are practically of the same size, an adult male and female, taken from the same herd on the San Bernardino River, weighing, respectively, 46 and 44 pounds avoirdupois. 168 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pecearies abound in the Pajarito Mountains and at La Osa, Pima County, Arizona. At the La Osa ranch Mrs. W. 8S. Sturges had several as pets that had been presented when very young by Papago Indians whom she had befriended. They become gentle and affec- tionate, if not maltreated, but exceedingly vicious if teased and hurt. One that I bought from a Mexican lad was fondled and kissed by its owner, who parted from it with tears. It followed us about in the camps, where, from its habit of rubbing against one, it received sev- eral hard kicks from frightened teamsters at mght, which wrought such a change in its previously friendly disposition that no one could safely approach it, on which account I was obliged to send it to the National Zoological Park, where it became tractable. On the whole, peccaries were not abundant on the boundary strip. Whenever any were killed they were eaten as a novelty and usually considered good meat. They are cleanly animals, but, on account of their musk glands, require carefui dressing for the table. They were abundant at Pozo de Luis, Sonora, where they usually frequented rocky hills. Their tracks and wallows were seen every- where about the base of the mountains. When hunting with Lieut. William H. Bean in December, 1893, we surprised a small herd of pececaries that was wallowing among some prickly-pear cacti in a ravine at the foot of the Sierra del Cobota, Sonora. All but one ran rapidly over a ridge and disappeared; but that one stood still, behind a bush, and was shot. I then ran to the summit of the ridge in the expectation of obtaining a view of the retreating herd, and in doing so almost ran over the wounded peccary, which I saw had its foreleg shot through close to the body. With a grunt the wounded animal dashed down a hillside through cacti and shubbery so thick that I was unable to get another glimpse of it. Following up the herd, Lieu- tenant Bean and I obtained several more shots at the fleeing peccaries, all of which escaped by hiding in caves and among piles of rocks com- posing the talus at the base of a cliff. A little later I returned alone to the spot where the peccary had been wounded, and my attention was attracted to a erying suckling, which I at length descried among the jarge joints of a prickly pear, looking very much distressed over its sudden abandonment. It was a wee thing of a reddish color, quite different from its parents. Supposing I might be able to catch it alive, I stooped and made the attempt, whereupon the tiny pig squealed and vanished so swiftly that I could not attempt to shoot it. Later Lieutenant Bean joined in a search, and we were rewarded by finding the little beast, which was espied running along an open space on a neighboring ridge. Seeing where it tried to hide, I chased it up and fired at it several times with my rifle; but it darted so nimbly through the dense growth that it was unhurt, although it collided MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 169 with my comrade, who also vainly tried to either shoot or overtake it. I visited the spot the next day, but saw no peccaries. We next found abundant signs of them on the Nariz Mountains to the westward. When questioning Mexicans at Gila City, Arizona, as to whether there were peccaries in that vicinity, one of the men told me he had killed them on a hill near where the Boundary Line reaches the Colo- rado River; but we saw none on the Colorado or west of Santo Do- mingo, Sonora, where one had been seen in December, 1893. Senor Don Cypriano Ortego saw a peccary at one of his ranches, 3 miles south of Santo Domingo, about January 5, 1894. He informed me of their abundance in a high range northeast of Sonoyta. Maj. John G. Bourke’s instructive book, entitled On the Border with Crook, contains several allusions to the peccary as an inhabit- ant of Arizona and Soncra. General Crook found them in various parts of southern Arizona, as well as at the type locality in Sonora, for Bourke observes (p. 473 The next morning [January, 1886] we struck out southeast [from San Ber- nardino Springs, Monument No. 77] across a country full of little hills of drift and conglomerate, passing the canyons of the Guadalupe and the Bonito, the former dry, the latter flowing water. A drove of the wild hogs (pecearies or musk hogs, called “* jabali”” by the Mexicans) ran across the path; instantly the seouts took after them at a full run, “ Ka-e-ten-na’’ shooting one through the head while his horse was going at full speed, and the others securing four or five more; they were not eaten. Again Bourke writes (p. 137) : Our line of travel lay due east 110 miles*to old Fort Bowie, thence north through the mountains to Camp Apache, thence across an unmapped region over and at the base of the great Mogollon Range to Camp Verde and Prescott. on the west. In all, some 675 miles were traveled. Our commanding general [George Crook] showed himself to be a man who took the deepest interest in everything we had to tell, whether it was of peccaries chased off on one side of the road, ete. From General Crook I also ascertained that they were inhabitants of the whole San Pedro Valley, Arizona and Sonora. Family CERVIDZ.¢ DEER. Frontal appendages, when present, in the form of antlers. First molar, at least, in both jaws brachydont. Two orifices to the lach- rymal duct, situated on or inside the rim of the orbit. An antorbital a1n the year 1856 a drove of 75 Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) was procured from Smyrna by the United States Government and distributed over Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. During the civil war the whole of these animals fell into the hands of the Confederates, and were used for carrying the mails, some of them making journeys of upward of 120 miles in a day, At 170 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. or lachrymal vacuity of such dimensions as to exclude the lachrymal] bone from articulation with the nasal. Upper canines usually pres- ent in both sexes, and sometimes attaining a very great size in the male. Lateral digits of both fore and hind feet almost always present, and frequently the distal ends of the metapodials. Placenta with few cotyledons. Gall bladder absent (except in J/oschus). (Flower, Encye. Brit., Ninth ed., XV., p. 432.) Subfamily CHRVIN AE. Horns deciduous, solid, developed from the frontal bone, more or less branched, covered at first by a soft, hairy integument, known as “velvet; when the horns attain their full size, which they do in a very short time, there arises at the base of each a ring of tubercles, known as the “burr;” this compresses and finally obliterates the blood vessels supplying the velvet, which dries up and is stripped cff, leaving the bone hard and insensible; the horns or “ antlers ” are shed annually, the separation of the * beam ” from its “ pedicel ” tak- ing place just below the burr; antlers are [normally] wanting in the female (excepting in the reindeer), but they are present in the male of nearly all species. Stomach in four divisions, of the ordinary 0-0, 3—3 3-3? 3-35 ruminant pattern. Dental formula, 7. 3-3 Ne. a5. (J OFAAN) c. (usually) 3 pm. Genus ODOCOILEUS Rafinesque (1882). Odocoileus RAFINESQUE, Atlantic Journal, 1, p.109. Autumn of 1882. Type.—Odocoileus speleus RA¥INESQUE=Cervus dama americanus ERrxtrren, or a closely related subfossil form. For the use of this name in place of Cariacus (Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Réene Animal, 1842, p. 173) and Dorcelaphus (Guiocer, Hand.—u. Halfsb. der Naturgesch., 1841, pp. XX-XITT, 140), see Merrtam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIT, p. 99, April 30, 1898. Regarded by Lydekker (The Deer of All Lands, 1898, p. 248), as forming part of the genus J/azama. Characters—Horns small, curying forward, the first snag short, at some distance above the base, and lke the others curving upward; the conclusion of the war the remnant of these useful beasts once more came under the Government of the United States, and others were purchased in 1866. These were distributed through Arizona and Texas for breeding pur- poses; but many died, and the experiment proved unsatisfactory. Consequently those that survived were turned adrift to shift for themselves. During the period occupied by the Boundary Survey some camels were known to exist, most of them north of the Gila River, in southwest Arizona. We saw a skel- eton of one on the Tule Desert, but no living camel. [For an account of the introduction of camels and dromedaries into Texas, see Attwater, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 184.] MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 171 tail rather long; hoofs rather elongate. Skull with the vomer divid- ing the posterior nares into two distinct chambers. Lachrymal vacuity very large, and lachrymal fossa small. Auditory bulle slightly inflated. Dentition.—] 3-2; © 99; Pm 33; M33=32. Ver- tebraee: C 7, D 13, L6,S 4, Ca (about) 13. Tail long or short. Color uniform in adult. KEY TO THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY FORMS OF ODOCOILEUS. G@. Size large; lachrymal fossa deep, forming a pit; herns dichotomous; meta tarsal gland elongate; tail composed of about 9 short vertebrae, naked at base below. b. Tail short, compressed at base and expanded into a heavy terminal brush, naked below for more than half its length; metatarsal gland greatly elongated. c. Upper side of tail with a median black stripe; color dark and very red in SUIMMeETA eo ee SORE eS Odocoileus hemionus ealifornicus (p. 211). cee. Upper side of tail all white at middle; color pale and less red in summer. d. Size large; color pale; beam of horn long and stout, and horns very Giiveroemtmsrew= Seay we ear! Odocoileus hemionus eremicus (p. 208). dd. Smaller; color darker; horns less stout, more erect, and branched, and with a shorter beam______ Odocoileus hemionus canus (p. 191). bb. Tail longer, flattened and tapering throughout, black above, white below, naked only at extreme base; metatarsal gland much shorter. Odocoileus crooki. (p. 185). aa. Size smaller; lachrymal fossa shallow, not forming a pit; horns not dicho- tomous; metatarsal gland extremely short; tail of about 11 elongated yer- tebrie, hairy to base below. e. Larger, redult male measuring 1,585 mm. in total length; color mod: erately pale; ears shorter, measuring 160 mm. from crown, with black edges and tips; dentition heavy_Odocoileus teranus (p. 171). ee. Smaller; total length averaging 1,454 mm. in five adult males; color extremely pale; ears longer, averaging 192 mm. from crown, without black edges and tips; dentition weaker. Odocoileus couesi (p. 175). ODOCOILEUS TEXANUS (Mearns).¢ "TEXAS WHITE-TAILED DEER. Dorcelaphus teranus MEARNS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, 1898, p. 23, January 27, 1898 (original description). . Odocoileus teranus, THOMPSON, Forest and Stream, LI, 1898, p. 286, Octo- ber 8, 1898. Odocoileus terensis, MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, 1901, p. 17 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Odocoileus americanus] texensis, Eviuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., If, 1901, p. 40 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [Odocoileus americanus| terensis, ELiioT, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 1V, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 70, pls. xxxIx, xxx (Mam. Mid. Am.). aAn illustration (fig. 9), showing a skull and audital region of Odocoileus mnericanus, is introduced for purposes of comparison, 2 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. L'ype-locality—Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. (Type, skull and skin, No. 84794, U.S.N.M.) Geographical range—ITnhabits the Rio Grande region of Texas, extending south through Mexico as far as San Luis Potosi. General characters.—Size small; ears relatively small, with black on edges and tip; horns small and strongly incurved; limbs rela- tively short; molar and premolar teeth very large; general color pale; coat fine and long. Color.—In the type, which is in complete winter coat, the upper surface is superficially a pepper-and-salt mixture of black, yellowish white, and gray. A distinctly blackish area begins anteriorly on the crown, between the horns and ears, and extends posteriorly almost to the root of the tail. The color gradually pales to hght yellowish ash on the sides. All of the hairs of the upper surface are white at extreme base, plumbeous ash in the middle, black apically, and sub- terminally ringed with yellowish white, these whitish annuli increas- ing in width from the vertebral area downward. Under surface Fig. 9.—OpDOCOILEUS AMERICANUS. (CAT. No, 912, U.S.N.M., VIRGINIA.) .@, SKULL; b, AUDITAL REGION pure white on the axille, inner surface of thighs, and abdomen: fuliginous on the chest. Tail white below, black above, the black of the upper surface much obscured by broad yellowish brown subter- minal annuli to the hairs. Head, with naked nose-pad, and front of under lip, plumbeous black. Iris yellowish hazel. Upper jaw white anteriorly, next to the naked muffle, becoming light ash farther back, with an intervening area of black, which latter forms a triangular area, with its base applied to the posterior margin of the nostril and its apex crossing the middle of the upper lip and extending over the under jaw to form a small black spot behind the pure white chin. Throat white, mixed with ash where the basal coloring of the hair is exposed, between the white tips. Upper side of head black, much obscured on the forehead by dirty white and reddish subterminal annuli. Orbits and base of ear externally whitish. Concavity of var densely clothed with long white hair; convexity tipped and bordered by black, except at base anteriorly, the black inclosing an area of pepper-and-salt gray; base of ear posteriorly clear ash gray. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. di Ge) Sides of head ash gray, thickly annulated with whitish. Brows and bristles about eyes all black; those about muzzle black and .white. Limbs reddish fawn, more or less mixed with gray and black ante- riorly, whitish or pale fawn color posteriorly, and white around hoofs and between’ toes. Hoofs plumbeous, horn color where worn off at apex. The metatarsal gland, which measures 15 mm. in length, is surrounded by a tuft of reversed hair, which is white in the middle, bordered by dark brown. Pon young male, an old female, and a young female (Nos. 4289. 4290, and 4291, Mearns’s collection) killed with the type December 5, HOT and also in full winter pelage, agree essentially in coloration with the adult male described above, except that the ears and crown of head are blacker, and the light annulations on the upper side of the tail nearly or quite wanting, leaving that part clear black. The summer coat, as usual, is reddish. [Horns.—The horns of the type approach those of the Sonora deer, Odocoileus couesi (Coues and Yarrow), in size and form. There are two basal snags, one directed upward and backward (length 7 mm.) and one forward (length 37 mm.), with four additional points to each horn, making twelve points in all. The length of the beam, measured to end of anterior point, following the curves of the horn, is 440 mm. The horns are symmetrical, their longest points measuring 175 mm. in height. The beam is strongly curved upw: ard, forward, and inward, the tips of the anterior tines approach- ing within 70 mm. of each other. The total expanse of the horns is 330 mm.; the circumference of beam, at base, 80 mm. Measurements of type—Length, measured from end of muzzle to end of last caudal vertebra, 1.585 mm.; tail vertebrae, 265 (to end of hairs, 345); ear from crown, 160; ear from base of opening, 140; girth of chest, 800; from tip of nose to angle of mouth, 90: to eye, 152; to center of pupil, 170; to base of ear, 225; to base of horn, 220; to occiput, 280; diameter of eye, 26; fore limb, from coracoid process of Hs to end of hoof, 700; from olecranon, 575; ae of manus, 325; hind limb, from kneejoint to end of hoof, 625; length of pes, 130. height of animal at shoulder, 880; height at ae 900; from great trochanter to coracoid, 710. Cranial characters —The skull in O. teranus is narrow, with elon- gate nasals. That of the type, an old male in which the permanent premolars are considerably worn, presents the following measure- ments: Basilar length (basion to front of premaxillary), 244 mm.; zygomatic breadth (across middle of orbits), 114; occipito-nasal length. 208; least interorbital breadth; 71; greatest length of nasals, 81; greatest breadth of nasals, 31; least breadth of nasals, 18.5; greatest diameter of orbit, 38; length of upper lateral tooth-row, 24. 174 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The skull of an old female (No. 4290, Mearns’s collection) presents these dimensions: Basilar length, 241 mm.; zygomatic breadth, 96; greatest length of nasals, 81; greatest breadth of nasals, 26; greatest diameter of orbit, 35. In the type specimen the nasal and premax- illary bones are separated by a space of 10 mm., which is occupied by a forward arm of the maxillary. In a young male (No. 4289, author’s collection), having three points and a basal snag to each horn, the nasal and premaxillary bones barely meet. In an old female (No, 4290, Mearns’s collection) and a yearling female (No. 4291, Mearns’s collection) the premaxillaries articulate broadly with the nasals. Renarks.—Numerous skins of this deer from Texas, and Mexico south to San Luis Potosi, have been examined and found to agree in size and coloration with those above described. The horns vary within ordinary lmits; but those of the tvpe represent the usual size and form, except that there is more often but one basal snag. The bucks weigh in the neighborhood of 100 pounds and the does about 75 pounds. While the Texas deer differs sufficiently from the white-tailed deer of southern Mexico and Central America, as well as from the forms recognized in the United States, to warrant its separation, the avail- able material is insufficient to furnish a reliable indication as to its intergradation with them. ‘Therefore, for the present, it is proper to regard it as a species. Habitat and habits—This deer, which the Mexicans eall “ Cuervo ” (Cacalote), is abundant in the bottom lands and low mountain ranges of southern Texas. In the Santa Rosa range, west of Eagle Pass, it 1s especially abundant. The Seminoles kill great numbers of them annually, but still the species is found everywhere in abund- ance throughout its range. Hunters assert, however, that it has modified its habits during recent years. Instead of wandering freely about during the day it is said to hide in the most inaccessible places during the day and to feed during the morning and evening hours or at night. A large number were killed by hunting parties sent out from Fort Clark, Texas, but a notable decrease in abundance was noted. In the valley of Devils River it still bands together in great herds. I saw none of them west of Pecos River. I have made no critical comparisons of the deer of Indian Terri- tory, but find among my notes the following: Daylight found us halfway across Indian Territory. Judging from the ap- pearance of the railway platforms, cotton and deerskins must be the principal exports. * * * Seyeral bales of deerskins were examined and were found to closely resemble the deer of Virginia. ie a MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. Le ODOCOILEUS COUESI (Coues and Yarrow). SONORA WHITE-TAILED DEER. Cervus mexicanus, BatRD, Mam. N. Am., 1857, pp. 653-655, pl. xxty, fig. 2 (feet). (Excluding synonyms; not of GMELIN.) Cariacus virginianus var., CoUES and YArRow, Wheeler Sury., V. Zool., 1875, Daetes “Cariacus virginianus var. couesi, RorHrock MSS.” Cours and Yarrow, Wheeler Sury., V, Zool., 1875, p. 72, and, by implication in text, p. 75. Dorcelaphus cowesi, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.. VII, Art. VI, June 29, 1895, pp. 200, 201 (establishes the species and gives a diagnosis based on six specimens from the Santa Cruz Mountains, Sonora, Mexico, killed in February ). Odocoileus couesi, THOMPSON (i. e., SETON), Forest and Stream, LI, Oct. 8, 1898, p. 286.. MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost.-Soc. N. H., XXX, No- 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 15 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Odocoileus americanus] couesi, EvLiior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I1, 1901, p. 40 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [| Odontocalus| americanus couesi, ELLior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., LV, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 70, fig. xx11r (Mam Mid. Am.). Ly pe-locality.— Camp Crittenden, Pima County, Arizona. Geographical range.—Southwestern New Mexico, southern PD ~P +s + be £ ee ext = ie Siete dit oan S S Mm tS © | et Oo iA (= a | |=) =) 4 =e | es! | NL. | MLA, NN THA man MAL, TANT TL, THIN, 58928 58928 | 2475 |\Cajon Bonito Creek.... jad. | 248 115 | 87) 73] 71 | 155.) 711 45 | 216 80 35816 | 20682 | 2111 San Jose Mountain .... Z ad. | 240 | 110 | 80 | 58 | 75 |} 150 | 69 | 43'| 205 79 58862 | 58862 | 2662 Santa Catalina Moun- fad. | 255 | 107 | 78 | 71 | 78 | 154 | 66 | 45 | 214) 70 | tains, Arizona. recog | onreg | 19 : : F C 9 ~ | ey | x va! 99 = 35751 20574 | 1891 San Luis Mountains.... @ ad. | 221 97 | 67 |-...| 63°] 1407) 63 | 38 | 190 74 37085 |— 20850 | 1888 DOORS toe wae ceed 2 ad. | 240 OF Or ose ole res tle Go eos. eee: 73 36320. | 21395 | 2513 ID) ae tee pate eee ? ad. | 230 91 | 63 67 | 140 | 62 | 38 | 193 67 35748 =20576 «1986 Cloverdale, New Mex- © ad, | 241 | 103!) 72)... -} 68: 153 4.62" | 39 | 205 71 1co, 59229 | 59229 | 2755 |Pozo de Luis, Sonora .. Osa e242 bls 71 eos ple el bOn |S Gi | 38 | 205 71 a All are adults in which the permanent premolars are considerably worn. The renewal of the horns.—TVhe first young horns of a two-year-old buck (No. 29883, U.S.N.M., Cloverdale), killed July 15, were covered with fresh velvet, and measured 51 mm. in length. Another in the second year (No. 3278, U.S.N.M.) had hard, polished spike horns 95 mm. in length when killed, November 27. An adult male (No. 59928, U.S.N.M.), killed August 29, had vascular horns only 110 mm. high. An old male (No. 20686), taken September 5, 1892, had horns in mature velvet. Two adults, killed September S, 1893, had large horns in velvet just beginning to rub off. Another old male (No. g0683, U.S.N.M.), killed October 1, had fully grown horns, but still 180 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. covered with velvet. Still another adult male (No. 58862, U.S.N.M.), killed November 18, had perfect horns, from which the velvet had entirely disappeared. Dental characters.—The teeth of the incisor-canine series, like those of Odocoileus teranus and other white-tailed deer are small and narrow compared to those of the black-tailed and mule deer. (Fig. 15.) ; Replacement of the milk teeth—The mandibular incisors are the first to be replaced. The permanent canines and incisors—found only in the under jaw—are perfected by the time the last molar has risen to its place and before any milk molar has been shed. A male (No. 35750, U.S.N.M.), about a year old, killed July 15, with its F1G. 15.—ODOCOILEUS COUESI, TEETH OF ADULT FEMALES. 4, INCISOR-CANINE SERIES VIEWED FROM IN FRONT; b, CROWNS OF RIGHT UPPER MOLARS; ¢€, OUTER LATERAL VIEW OF RIGHT UPPER MOLARS, mother," had acquired the first (inner) permanent incisors, the sec- ond being plainly visible, carrying the corresponding milk tooth on its summit. Its growing horns, in velvet, were 51 mm. in length. The last lower molar is just rising above the alveolar socket, and the hindermost upper molar is just breaking through its bony capsule. “The mother (No. 22278, U.S.N.M) contained two fetuses, about to be born, one of which (No. 20558, U.S.N.M) was preserved. Si ae ee ee ee MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 181 An older male (No. 58929, U.S.N.M.), killed August 29, has the last molars slightly more advanced, and the second milk incisor has dis- appeared on the left side, the right resting on the apex of the second permanent incisor. Another male, perhaps sixteen months old (No. 39776 ULS.N.M.), had perfected spike horns measuring 95 mm. in length November 27, and had all of its permanent front teeth. Its last molars have not risen quite up to the level of the first and sec- ond molars. The first lower premolar is appearing beneath the posterior milk molar. It is clear, therefore, that the full comple- ment of 382 teeth is completed shortly after the hardening of its first horns, leaving the milk molars to be replaced by the permanent premolars in the period immediately following. The order of re- placement of the milk molars is from behind forward. The perma- nent dentition is probably acquired by the time the second horns have started, or when the animal is a little more than two years old. At any rate, a female killed with its mother (Nos. 32349 and 22289, U.S.N.M.) June 3, nearly as large as its mother and presumably almost two years old, had shed all but four (three upper and one lower) of its milk molars, so that 1t would have completed its den- tition about the time its mother’s next fawn should be born—about the end of July, as judged by the size of the fetuses. Habitat and habits.—This smail and exquisitely graceful deer occu- pies the southwest corner of New Mexico and southern Arizona, but does not range far to the northward. Three mounted specimens of this deer in the U. S. National Museum were taken by Mr. E. W. Nelson at Blue River, Graham County, Arizona, November 13 and 14, 1890. T never saw it in northern New Mexico or Arizona, and even in the higher portions of the Gila Basin it is rare or absent. During a residence of four years at Fort Verde, central Arizona, none were seen. On the night of October 6, 1884, General Crook’s party reached a fork of Canyon Creek, in Tonto Basin, Arizona. The Indians who met us there had killed several deer when guiding the Fort Apache pack train to this camp with a cargo of grain for the animals of the command. One of the skins was small and reddish instead of grayish, and from an Indian named Peaches I learned that it was this species and not the mule deer. On the 15th of the same month we saw them alive for the first time in the canyon between Black River and Ash Creek, near the road from Fort Apache to the Gila River. On the Gila the whites called them fan-tails or dwarf deer. Mexicans simply called them “ Cuervo” (Cacalote). Three were seen at Mr. Hutchinson’s horse camp on the rim of Bloody Basin, between forts Verde and McDowell, April 19, 1888. In the oak and juniper woods of that locality Mr. Hutchinson had killed sev- eral “ fan-tails” and many “ black-tails” or mule deer. This is the 182 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. most northern point at which T found Odocoileus couest. Its range is mainly south of the Gila, where it is still abundant though its numbers are decreasing. On the lower Gila it was said to abound in the mountains north of Gila City. We were also told that it occurs sparingly all the way to the mouth of the Colorado River, along which it is restricted to the wooded river bottom, but we did not meet with it there. No deer were killed by my party in crossing the Colorado Desert. -Tracks were numerous along the Salton and New rivers; some of those along the Salton, at least, may have been those of this species; but we obtained no proof of its existence beyond the Colorado River. A belief is prevalent among the settlers of Arizona that a “ dwarf deer,” much smaller than the Sonoran white-tail, inhabits southern Arizona and northern Sonora, in proof of which I have been shown small, scraggy horns at Satford, Tombstone, and Nogales which were said to be those of this “ dwarf deer” or (sometimes) “ fan-tail.” I also found similar shed horns, but saw no white-tailed deer that were different from the present species. A similar view is held respecting the female or young bighorn, which is locally called the “ ibex ” in central Arizona. On the Mexican Boundary we did not meet with this deer until in going west we had passed Monument No. 63. From the east base of the San Luis Mountains to the Santa Rosa range on Sonoyta River the species was found in all suitable localities. None were actually seen beyond the Santa Rosa range. I saw it on the Bavispe River, Sonora, and on the highest peaks of the San Luis, Guadalupe, Niggerhead, San Jose, Huachuca, Pajarito, Poso Verde, and Cobota mountains. Although it delights in the shaded thickets bordering streams at all levels, it seems, especially during the breeding season, to have a predilection for mountain summits. Mr. Hall, whom we found domiciled in a cabin in Guadalupe Canyon, in 1892, had spent several years in that wild region endeavoring to establish a cattle ranch; but Indians had killed his cattle and his vaqueros, and he himself was killed by Mexicans the following year. From this plucky settler I learned much that was of interest about the animals of the region. Mr. Hall said that the Sonoran deer sometimes con- gregate in herds during winter, when they descend from the moun- tains. He had seen hundreds of bucks assembled—a forest of horns. We saw no herds, but small groups were very numerous in some localities. In 1893, a hunting party from Fort Huachuca reported killing 36 deer on a trip of a few days to Cajon Bonito Creek. Sonora. We found this species abundant on. both sides of the San Luis Mountains, where many were killed to furnish food for our 14 EEE a — ee Lee ee ro MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 183 party. Next to the antelope it furnished us with the greatest amount of venison. It was last found in abundance in the region about Paso de Luis, Sonora, where several were killed by members of our party. At this place horns had been cast off in the greatest number. During the breeding season many of the does ascend the higher mountains in company with their progeny of the preceding year. The young, sometimes one, but usually two, are born during July. A female killed at Monument No. 65, on the San Luis Mountains, June 2, 1892, contained one fetus the size of a jackrabbit, and was accompanied by her two young of the last season, one of which also contained a fetus; one shot June 19 on the east side of the same range contained two fetuses; one taken at Cloverdale, New Mexico, July 15, 1892, contained two young (both male) ready for birth, and a fourth, shot beside Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, July 24, 1892, con- tained two fully grown spotted fawns. The Sonoran deer is the most beautiful species known to me. When surprised in thickets bordering the streams, it sometimes evinced more curiosity than fear. On September 11, 1893, I reached the summit of the highest peak of the San Luis range and was resting in a thicket close to the summit when a sound caused me to bring up my rifle ready for use. I half expected to see an Apache of the Kid’s band, but instead a beautiful doe appeared, followed by a couple of spotted fawns, that immediately began to nurse. I was unseen, and the wind carried my scent from them; but the mother tarried but a moment and then disappeared over the ridge, where I heard the pat- ting of her hoofs and the sound of sliding stones as she bounded away, closely followed by her nimble progeny. This deer usually goes to water about midday and often spends the hottest part of the day in the shade of willows and cottonwoods that fringe the streams. January 10, 1885, Mr. E. W. Nelson wrote me from Springerville, Arizona, as follows: When you get ready to prepare your notes on Arizona mammals, I will be able to furnish you some interesting facts concerning some of the larger species, especially the elk, mountain sheep, white-tailed deer, and other species. The mountain sheep is virtually extinct here now, and the elk will be in a year or two more. It would be interesting to know whether the “ white-tailed deer ” mentioned were Odocoileus couesi or O. crooki. Mr. EK. W. Nelson, as already mentioned. sent three specimens of Odocoileus couesi to the U. S. National Museum. He collected them at Blue River, Graham County, Arizona, November 13 and 14, 1890. 184 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 11 specimens of Odocoileus couesi. U.S. National ie Museum E number. ES 3 — = = | oH 5 | Orig- | Sexleean ae 5 | inal | Loeality. Date. and | » |~8|-5 num- -| age bp as = ; ber. ‘ hades 8 Skin.) Skull. | Mee Bess z | Bis a ° es 2 + | = | & B 4 mm. | mn. | mm. ' ! | 21424 | 36285 | 166 | Nogales, Sonora, Mexico....-.--.------ | Dee. 24,1892 'Qim. | 133) 206 197 20350 | 37085 | 1838 | Summit of San Luis Mountains, Monu- | June 38,1892 Q ad. | 1430 | 280] 175 ’ ment No. 65. | 1340 | 215 | 190 20349 | 37086 ; 1839 |....- GOzZ eects Lae tee eb oe: Senteee ooltess doweass-s Qim. | | 20576 35748 | 1986 | Cloverdale, GrantCounty, New Mexico. July 15,1892 Qad. 1410 | 215] 180 | 20569 | 35750 | 1988 |..... Asa: atone tan eke et Mt tee eral ee Owe Tie: 3 juv.| 1290 | 220) 178 3 20577 (2); 2020 | West slope of San Luis Mountains ..... July 21,1892 | fad. | 1510} 240) .190 . kate } he 9104 | San Bernardino Ranch .....-.-.------- Sept. 5,1892 gad. | 1530 | 270 | 203 7 | 20682 35816 | 2111 | San Jose Mountain, Sonora, Mexico... Oct. 1, 1892 ig ad. | 1410] 220 180 58928 | 58928 | 2475 | Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, Mexico... Aug. 29,1893 \s ad. | 1480} 260) 205 DTA Nt a RE ers 2514 | Cajon Creek, Chihuahua, Mexico... -- | Sept. 8,1893 |¢ad. | 1390 | 220] 180 59229 | 59229 | 2755 | Pozo de Luis, Sonora, (?) Mexico...... Jan. 2,1894 |Q ad. | 1450 | 260] 183 ned SMe ely SEO eee EO ee se = ———— - = === = = U.S. National Z et Hees 2 | = = Museum Pear aes Oe me ete Sel ey , number. 3 O| 8 2) Mic Ss |3 ee Se | | at | = gu i a. S| | Orig- ; | aS et Onl «ay oll Reaese iar inal : : 5S | Bo] S |as|ag Locality | a Sa 8 |ag} & = = num-| 3 Af a Ou 3 [oo] 4 we "4 nil ber. | te eutsb cas a8 | Se Keke a Skin. Skull. | eas BS /8o/ 4 |s"| 3 |ee s - | =» | o] = /oo}] © |S] o |e |" | oka et (3) cl iS] ie) ea ee oar | ies SNOW Occg) PO eo EO Ee o | |B) AR | Oo jee) A |e) 4a et | | mum. nine, Vint. | WN, | min. nm. mm.) mm. | mm } 21424 36285 | 166 | Nogales, Sonora, Mexico......-. | 137 | 237 | 251 | 480 | 275 | 612 | 380 | 683. | 746 2 20350 , 37085 1838 | Summit of San Luis Mountains, 143 | 285 260 | 505 | 280 | 565 | 380 | 800 | 825 ; Monument No. 65. | y DOSS 57080-1830" Pstdos set Shai re ee eee 138 | 235 | 245 | 490 | 280 | 620 | 370 | 730! 810 , 20576 | 35748 | 1986 Cloverdale, Grant County, New | 150 23) 270 505) 282.) 650 | 387 | $820 880 ; Mexico. | | | i FORGED o| BH 7H0 7 HORS ts 2 ocke cues raat eee | 135 | 204 | 245 510 285 | 580 | 380 | 740 | 825 : 20577 (2) | 2020 | West slope of San Luis Moun- | 150 230 | 290 550 295 | 630) 415 | 800 880 { tains. | 2068 \pscee 4 pete eee 2104 | San Bernardino Raneh ......... | 158 | 235 | 280 | 530 | 293 | 610 | 402 | 875 | 885 | | | | | / 20682 35816 | 2111 | San Jose Mountain, Sonora, | 150 | 230 | 285 | 520 | 290 | 600 | 395 | 860 | 870 ‘ Mexico. | | | | ‘ a : | | | fet 58928 | 58928 | 2475 | Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, | 150 | 240 | 280 | 537 | 295 | 650 | 400 | 810 | 840 a Mexico. | % DAU BIS km aeoene | 2514 | Cajon Creek, Chihauhua, Mex- | 145 | 220 270 | 540 | 280 | 620 | 410 | S80 | 890 , | | 1c0, | | | | 59229 | 59229 | 2755 | Pozo de Luis, Sonora, (2?) Mexico.| 151 | 233 | 260 | 527 | 280 | 625 | 390 | 790 | 870 s | | : MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 185 ODOCOILEUS CROOKI (Mearns). ~ CROOK BLACK-TAILED DEER. Dorcelaphus crooki Mrarns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX, p. 468, Dec. 24, 1897. (P. 2 of advance sheet issued Feb. 11, 1897; original description. ) Odocoileus crooki, MILLER and REN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 15 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam to close of 1900). Cuervo (Cacalote) of the Mexicans. Ahiwaka of the Haulapai Indians. Pe-ash -Book-tse-ga of the Hopi Indians. Ty pe-locality.— Summit of the Dog Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico. Altitude, 1868 meters (6,129 fet). (Type, No. $2543, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range-——Mountains of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona (Dog Mountains, New Mexico, to Bill Williams Mountain, Arizona). It belongs to the Transition Z zone of the Elevated Central Tract. (ee Description —Adult female (type, killed June 9) in summer pelage: Similar in form to the black- tailed deer of the Columbia River (Odocotleus co- lumbianus), but much paler and probably smaller, with larger ears. Color reddish fawn, darker i from black annulations on the back, hghtening to HN i grayish cinnamon on the sides, and grayish drab on \ A Ui the neck. The legs are cream-bufl, except where iA V new clay-colored hair is coming in on the anterior ty border, the limbs being almost the last part to re- 4,8 ceive the summer coating. The coloring of the 'Z head is very similar to that of the mule deer in f corresponding pelage. It has the horseshoe or | arrow-mark on the forehead, and other dark ey | markings of the head to correspond; and the ears Fic. 16.—Opocorieus are relatively almost or quite as large, and as scant- (ROOST METATA ily coated with hair. The bushy hair around the — (Cat. No. 20572, U.S. metatarsal gland (fig. 16), which agrees in size and = *™? location with that of Odocoileus columbianus (Richardson), 1s sooty at the base, and white apically. The tail (fig. 17) is colored much as in O. columbianus, but has a longer terminal switch; upper side and extremity of tail all black, lower side white mesially,and naked toward the base. The pelage of this deer is short and coarse in comparison with that of the white-tailed deer of Virginia or the black-tailed deer of the Columbia River region, and, as would naturally be expected, is not so red as that of the latter. The type contained a fetus the size of a cotton-tail rabbit. The dimensions of this individual, meas- 186 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ured by the author, from the fresh specimen, are as follows: Total length, measured in a straight line, 1,440 mm.; tail vertebrae, 195 (to end of hairs, 304) ; ear above crown, 220; ear above notch, 190; ear, width, following curve, 125; distance between eyes, 100; girth of chest, 790; distance from head of humerus to head of femur, 620; from tip of nose to eye, 155; to center of pupil, 175; to base of ear, 290; to tip of ear, 470; to occiput, 295; height of animal at shoul- der, 650; fore limb from coracoid to end of hoof, 630; from olecra- non, 540; length of manus, 300; hind limb from knee-joint, 620; length of pes, 400: Weight, eviscerated and dry, 72 pounds. A male of the second year, bearing horns with a single fork near the end (No. -24%2;, Am. Mus., Nat. Hist.; No. 159, Mearns’s collection), killed near the base of Bill Wilhams Mountain, Arizona, December 5, 1884, 1s in complete winter pelage. It is in the shaggy pelage of blush gray or pepper-and-salt, which hunt- ers call the “blue” coat, the color being quite similar to that of the mule deer at the same season. Upper parts ash plumbeous, grizzled with gray and black, with a very slight rusty tint posteriorly and along the sides. The individual hairs are very pale drab at base, shading to plumbeous, then annu- lated with grayish white and_ pointed with black. As in the mule deer, the color is darkest along the middle of the back, where the black points are widest, FIG. 17.—ODOCOILEUS CROOKI. TAIL : OF TYPE, (Cat,No,2057,US.N.M.) growing paler laterally as the black a, UPPER SURFACE; }, LOWBR SUR-~ noints are~ sradually reduced: 1m) waden gine and finally become obsolete. The pelage is much finer and more furry than that of the mule deer, and the griz- zling correspondingly finer. Upon the head the grayish-white annuli are sharper and broader than elsewhere, notwithstanding which the face has a blackish aspect, which is heightened by a black V-shaped mark between the eyes, formed by two stripes beginning, one on either side, about 13 mm. internal to the inner canthus of the eye, and converging forward to meet in the median line at the base of the nasal bones. The naked“ muffle is separated from three black triangular areas—one above and two lateral—by a narrow band of white which also encireles the nostrils. Upon the upper border of 4 Although usually described as naked, the muffles of the deer are studded with tufts of capillary hairs, with a long bristle emerging from the center of each of the tufts, which are rather symmetrically disposed in rows. land MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 187 the muflle this band assumes the eccentric form of a small round spot, sending off lateral prolongations to join the white circles around the nares. The bases of these black triangular spots correspond to the upper margin of the muffle above and to the outer border of the nostrils laterally, those at the sides blending apically with the whitish area behind them and becoming obliterated toward the angle of the mouth; below them are two white patches, also tri- angular, forming a border to the upper lip, their bases correspond- ing to that portion of the sides of the muffle which is below the nares. The chin, a broad stripe around the angle of the mouth, -and the muzzle behind the region just described, are white. A hight median area extends backward from the white muzzle, diverges so as to form an anterior border to the V-shaped space, becoming white and broadly encircling the orbits, thence passing indistinctly backward to the base of the ears behind, where there is a large patch of white. There is a smaller triangular white spot in front of the ear notch, and the concavity of the ear is clothed with long white hairs. Throat white, changing to ash plumbeous upon its sides by the abbreviation of the white tips which give the color to this region. Sides of neck ash plumbeous annulated with white. Convexity. of ears grayish, like the rest of the upper surface, the coat being dense and rather long; terminal portion edged with blackish. There is a light rusty tinge in front of the base of the horns. The edge of the eyelids, lashes, and brows are jet black. The long bristles around the muzzle correspond in color to that of the hair, those above being black and those below white. Behind the white chin is a_ black spot at either side of the jaw, barely cut off from the edge of the lip by a narrow white line, and obscurely connected by a dusky grayish band extending across the jaw. Below the throat the neck is ash plumbeous, like its sides. At the chest the color changes abruptly to plumbeous or fuliginous black, growing lighter posteriorly. Ex- cept upon the axille, there is no white in front of the inguinal region, whence the white extends laterally to the inside of the thighs and upward to the tail, covering its under surface and the buttocks on either side, forming as conspicuous a patch, when viewed from behind, as in the mule deer. There is no white upon the limbs below the axille and hollows of the thighs. The tufts of bushy hair surrounding the tarsal and metatarsal glands are paler than elsewhere, but not conspicuously so; naked portion of the metatarsal gland, which is hard to find among the bushy hair, measures 13 mm. in length. The limbs are rather uniform hght fulvous, to which a sandy hue is imparted by a slight admixture of rusty with the exposed plumbeous base of the hairs; their inner sides are somewhat paler and the anterior border rustier. A dusky spot is situated between the false and lower hoofs of the hind limbs. The dorsum 188 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the tail is broadly black at the end, grizzled with gray, and rusty toward the base. The ears are extremely large and thick, densely coated with hairs on both surfaces, those of the concavity being long and somewhat curly. In proportion to the size of the animal the ears are nearly or quite as large as those of the mule deer. The tail is short, full, and foxy, the white hairs not covering more than the lower half of its surface. The metatarsal glands are smaller than those of the mule deer, larger than in white-tailed deer. They are surrounded by a small tuft of whitish hairs which barely suffice to mark their location. There are no dusky hairs surrounding the light ones. The tarsal glands are also small, with inconspicuous tufts. There is nothing distinctive about the form or size of the hoofs or antlers; their measurements are given below. Measurements of the fresh specimen (skinned, but with head and limbs entire): From tip of nose toeye, 150 mm. ; to ear, 240; to tip of ear, 450; to base of horn, 225; to oceiput, 280. Ear; height above crown, 190; above notch, 145; width, 110. Distance between FIG. 18.—ODOCOTLEUS CROOKI. SKULL OF TYPE. (Cat. No. eyes, 100. Girth of head spec gesei thr 6 DATERAY VIER) 2): DORSAL VIEW: © hehined vanplenss ao then lam to end of vertebra, 210; to end of hairs, 275. Eye, from inner canthus to lachrymal opening, 33; length of lachrymal opening, 13. Front hoof, length of an- terior edge (chord), 40; superior edge, 36; inferior edge (i. e., greatest length of hoof measured below), 66; from tip of hoof to base of accessory hoof, 100; width of one great hoof, 21; width of both taken together, 41; length of false hoof, its external edge, 28.5; its width at base, 17. Hind hoof, length of anterior edge, 40; superior edge, 34; inferior edge, 63; from tip of hoof to base of lesser hoof, 109; width of each great hoof, 18; width of both taken together, 35; length of accessory hoof, its external edge, 23; its width at base, 20. Antler, distance from burr to tip in a straight line, 164; - MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 189 following the curve, 180; from the burr to the fork in a straight line, 124; longest tip, 52; shortest tip, 50; circumference of burr, 73; circumference midway between burr and tines, 49; circumference of tines, 25 and 35. Weight estimated at°70 pounds avoirdupois. Cranial characters.—The skull of O. crook (fig. 18) has very nearly the same conformation as that of Odocotleus columbianus, the lachry- a b Cc * Fig, 19.—DIAGRAM SHOWING POSITION OF VOMER WITH RELATION TO BASI-SPHENOID. «, ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS GANUS (Cat. No. 63144, U.S.N.M.); 6, ODOCOILEUS COUESI (Cat. No. 59229, U.S.N.M.); ¢, ODOCOILEUS CROOKI (Type, Cat. No. 35752, U.S.N.M.). mal fossa being deeper than in the Virginia deer, but shallower than in the mule deer. The same intermediate condition obtains with respect to the vomer (fig. 19¢), in the relationships of the nasal and premaxillary bones; and, in short, the whole animal appears to be a compromise between the characteristics of the white-tailed and mule deer groups. Tor the characters of the teeth see fig. 20. Cranial measurements of tivo specimens of Odocoileus crooks. Se No. 11144 wis) eae maleimma- [yen e ee UU AMET. Mus.female Mus. Nat. Measurement. | Fl | ad. (Orig. Wis 7 Vv | ISts jo Nieny« | ee | (Orig. No. < | 159.) Mo tilelene Pino Skulls Aes ee ee elt as ee awe et ee sae waa 255 260 ATOALCSMOTE RE tOeOMSK DI ete mere eee re re ure at Sa cree Wa Sn a ; 108 |~ 110 Distance between orbits, measured opposite center..............------------- 73 72 Distance between pedicels of horns ...._--.-.--.--.------- Paras ee we mists oeee teraN a sie Sees 52 Nasalabones vereatest:l emo thise ac an8 So2 o> saccae Lee eiseme tenia Boe Seats = eee 82 82 Nasalthones-sresatest breadth ot.painecs ise fe woo: eae esses ee meee eee 26 27 Nasalebones least breadth ot the pair so 25-0 smmce ae - onic oie se cls 18 13 From tip of nasal to tip of premaxillary bone -.........--.......-.- eae 53 BY Total length of premaxillary, measured in situ.......-....----.----.6-0------: 69 67 Premaxillary bones; from tront to premolars:.3..-2----=.s2---sseGenoe 4» 22526 80 82 Premaxillary bones, from front to hinder margin of palate..............----- TGSs| ieee. este cs bensthrol Upper TOOURTOWs ke~ as csc ee se eee ae = = aie Sete nts We ne eee isos aieei= we 77 73 Distance Detween ast upper premolatss--cc+- 22225-2422 semee ee cinerea see see 30, 34 Distance DELWweEenelasw Upper WOLALS 2. ewe rata ete eee ae ore eee ecto etoelere 40 45 Width of bony palate in front of teeth, at narrowest part ..................--- 16 19 From hinder margin of molars to tip of paroecipital process .............----- TTS | rere ate wiet.ctaietere From posterior molar to anterior margin at foramen Magnum................ -.---------- 4 87 Length of lower jaw, measured to end of coronoid process.......-.-..-------- 225 223 From cutting edge of inner incisor to first premolar tooth ............-------- 78 79 Lower jaw, from angle to end of coronoid process ...--.--------------+------- 102 100 Hen aphror Lower Avera’ TOOCULOW.-.<2.< ci 2 oc cco cloliewts Sac cee keene meee Jae teens 87 81 BAGhiry Rel OSSHEMen Mill stack tao 2 nk eras oOo eae see hoaueiar nee ees 33 30 190 . BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Remarks.—This deer was apparently first discovered by Gen. George Crook, although I have seen no published reference to it. On Decem- ber 5, 1884, Mr. Charles H. Allabach, a member of a hunting party conducted by General Crook, shot a 2-year-old buck—the one above described—near the base of Bill Williams Mountain, Arizona. The General, who was familiar with practically all of the species of deer of the United States and northern Mexico, at once noticed its dis- similarity from the mule deer, the whitetail, and the blacktail of Columbia River. He caused the head, legs, and skin of body to be collected and delivered to me at Fort Verde, Arizona, together with a message calling my attention to the large, clumsy ears, white buttocks, flattened tail, and other characters of the specimen. The following letters were subse- quently received: WHIPPLE BARRACKS, December 23, 1884. Doctor MEARNS: Dear Sir: This is the pelt of which General Crook telegraphed to you, but in a rather dilapidated condition. You will have to do some crazy-patch work if you desire to mount it. “he antler was broken off and lost by the packers, but was facsimile of the other. It was killed near the base of Bill Williams Mountain on the 5th of December, 1884. ; Yours, truly, CHas. H. ALLABACH. Fic. 20.—ODOCOILEUS CROOKI. TEETH OF TYPE Prescott, January 15, 1885. (Cat. No. 35752, U.S.N.M.) @, PROFILE OF RIGHT My DrarR Docror: The specimen UPPER MOLAR SERIES; b, CROWNS OF SAME: ¢, E es > Tae es +d “= & sent you by Allabach is different from PROFILE OF RIGHT LOWER MOLAR SERIES; d, : CROWNS OF SAME; @, INCISOR-CANINE sERrEs, “0Y I have seen in this country. FRONT VIEW. It is larger, the upper side of the tail is of a different color, and it is in- clined to be white on the buttocks around the tail. The black-tailed deer of California differs more widely from the mule deer than does the white-tailed deer. The only good description I have ever seen of it is in Judge Caton’s book. i would like a pair of the crossbills. Yours, sincerely, GEORGE CROOK. T immediately wrote a description of the new species, but the manu- seript was withheld. from publication awaiting a more satisfactory type-specimen, which was not obtained until June 9, 1892, when I had the satisfaction of seeing several of these deer alive and of killing the type on Emory Peak of the Dog Mountains, where I noted its MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 191 range as from 1,500 to 1,868 meters (4,921 to 6,129 feet) in the zone of alhgator juniper. The cattlemen to whom I showed the specimen assured me that the species was recognized by them as different from the whitetail or the mule deer. Jn 1889 Dr. D. G. Elliot saw more black-tailed deer in the Mogol- lon or San Francisco Mountains of western New Mexico, which from his description I supposed to be the Crook deer. The Hualapai Indians were evidently acquainted with this deer, although they have no special name for it. When shown a specimen and asked to name it, an Indian named Qua-su-la replied, “Akwa’ka. Mim sabe!” But the Hualapai call the mule deer “Akwa’ka.” When shown the skin of the first specimen of Crook’s deer, the Hopi said it was * Pe ash’ Book tse ga.” We saw none west of the San Luis range, and learned nothing of its habits beyond the fact that it is agile and shy. ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CANUS Merriam. MEXICAN MULE DEER. Odocoileus hemionus canus MeRRIAM, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, p. 560, Noy. 29, 1901 (original description ). Odocoileus hemionus canus, MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. XX XI, No. 3, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 68 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during 1901 and 1902). [Odontocalus hemionus| canus, ELiior, Field Col, Mus., Zool. Ser., TV, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 78 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Cuervo (Cacalote) of the Mexicans. Akwa'ka of the Hualapai Indians of northern Arizona. Sho-wen'-hua; Cho-we'-e boolk-tsi-gv ; Schu-we’-nig-wuh of the Hopi. Ty pe-locality Serra en Media, Chihuahua, Mexico (Type, No. 99361, U.S.N.M.). Georgraphical range.—Inhabits southwest Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, ranging from the Sonoran to the Boreal zone in altitude. On the Boundary it was found from the Sierra Blanca Mountains, Texas, to the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona. Description.—Smaller, paler, and graver than in typical Odocoileus hemionus from Dakota. It also differs considerably from the mule deer of northern Arizona, which I tentatively include with it, espe- cially in having a trace of a black line on the upper side of the tail, and in having smaller antlers and larger hoofs. An immature male (No. 30570 U.S.N.M.), killed at White Water, Chihuahua, Mexico, June 21, 1892, is first described because coming from near the type locality (Sierra en Media, in the State of Chihuahua). This individual, which was in faded winter coat, had horns—probably of the third year—in the velvet, 110 mm. in length, showing the basal snag. The animal was small, in rather poor flesh, and rather young but with mature 192 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dentition. Its weight, as killed, before evisceration, was 103 pounds (46.72 kilos.). SSSA SSE —— SS >= SSSSSs SSS Fic. 21.— ObDoOcOoILEUS HEMIONUS CANUS. METATARSAL GLAND. (Cat. No. 20570, U.S. N.M.) Head and neck yellowish drab-gray, with a horse- shoe mark of brownish black, grizzled posteriorly, occupying the crown; blackish along the anterior margin of the ear, around the eye, and on the end of the muzzle, laterally and superiorly, the latter connected with the horse-shoe mark of the crown by a faint, median, dusky line. Muzzle of a coarser pepper-and-salt mixture of grizzled drab. Region from base of ear to orbit dirty yellowish gray. Inner surface of ear very scantily coated with long, crinkled, grayish-white hairs. The legs are ochra- ceous buff externally, cream-buff internally, with the bushy hair surrounding the metatarsal gland (fig. 21) cream buff. The tail is long and slender, short-haired, bare underneath at base, white with a black terminal brush of bushy hair; there is a faint indication of a colored line along its upper surtace (fig, 29). An adult male in newly-acquired winter pelage (No. 4%, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.), killed at Fossil Creek, in central Arizona, November 27, 1885, weighed 128 pounds after being ‘eviscerated and hung up in camp for several days. Upper parts nearly uniform grizzled plumbeous-gray, the individual hairs being pale at base, then ash-gray, subterminally annulated with white, the pointed tips being black; underparts, from neck to hinder abdomen, fuliginous-black, darkest in the median line, this color extending well up on the flanks and gradually becoming grayish; throat whitish; inner side of limbs whit- ish, this gradually shading into the brown- ish-yellow color of the outside of the limbs; outer surface of the fore legs, down; to the ankle, and of the hind legs, down to the tibio-tarsal joint, colored like the back, but with a slight mixture of reddish or yellowish brown. A young buck (No. 285, Mearns’s collec- tion), killed at the same time and _ place, having singly-forked ' horns, is indistin- guishable in coloration from the adult . 22.—ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CA- a, UPPER SURFACE OF TAIL; b, LOWER SURFACE. above deseribed, save that the blackish area inclosed by the ears, eyes, and horns is less grizzled and mixed with grayish white. The white MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 1938 of the throat and inner aspect of limbs above is nearly pure and un- mixed. The head and neck lack the fullness of the old stag, being shaped like the does. Two old does (Nos. 283 and 284, Mearns collection), killed at the same time and place as the two males last described, differ in color in being much paler, with more yellowish suffusion throughout, espe- cially in the region of the axillee and upon the outer side of the hips. An adult male (No. 293, Mearns collection), killed between Clear and Sycamore creeks, tributaries of the Verde River in central Ari- zona, December 22, 1885, weighed about 175 pounds. This specimen had developed a coarse, almost shaggy coat, having completed the winter dress which hunters designate the “ blue” coat. The hairs of the upper parts are bluish gray, but black and white annuli and points give a general pepper-and-salt effect to the coloration. The individual hairs are very pale bluish gray at base, subterminally annulated with whitish, the rings succeeded by tapering black points. The color is darkest in the median line above, especially from between the horns to the interscapular region and on a tuft of long hair at the end of the rump, covering the base of the tail, in these places many of the hairs being black throughout or with a very broad point- ing of black and narrow annuli of whitish. Upon the sides and hips the annuli are broader and rusty tinted, giving a paler and slightly ferruginous cast to those parts. The hair surrounding the white buttocks is more decidedly rusty. The chest is sooty-plumbeous, darkest in front, fading to white on the inner surface of the thighs and hinder part of the abdomen, the white of the latter parts chang- ing to pale yellowish brown on the inner side of the limbs at the heel. The mixed gray, black, and white color of the dorsum extends down- ward upon the outer side of the hind limbs nearly to the heel, the ferruginous washing to the white annuli appearing more strongly below, though changing quite abruptly to rusty brown just above the heel joint. The axille are white, changing upon the lower part of the fore limbs to creamy white. The color of the outer side of the forearm, from the elbow to the wrist, gradually becomes rusty brown. Below the radio-carpal joint the fore limb is creamy white on the inner and posterior surfaces down to the upper digits. The interdigital region is densely coated with long hairs, which are darker than the surrounding hair, this perhaps being due to earth staining. The anterior and outer aspect down to the hoofs is distinctly rusty or cinnamon color, the hairs being sooty at base instead of unicolor throughout, as are the whitish hairs of the opposite surface. The hind limbs, from the tibio-tarsal joint to the hoofs, are rusty yellowish brown upon the outer surface,and much paler upon the inner aspect. 30639—No. 56—O7T M 13 194 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. There is a long tuft of dense hair of slightly darker color upon the inner side of the tarsus between the heel and upper articulating sur- face of the bone, and a similar growth upon the outer side in the region corresponding to the extent-of the tarsal gland, which begins ‘} mm. below the upper articulation, and measures 144 mm. in length, the surrounding hairs measuring 27 mm. in length. The head is grayish, with the usual black horseshoe mark, grizzled within, occu- pying the forehead, and blackish along the anterior margin of the ear, around the eye, and on the end of the muzzle. The tail is naked at base below, white all around on basal portion, with a heavily expanded black brush at the extremity; underside bare nearly to the black tip. The summer coat of this deer is short and scanty, and of a reddish- brown color. An adult female (No. 612, Mearns’s collection), killed at Bakers Butte, Mogollon Mountains, central Arizona, altitude 8,000 feet, July 26, 1887, weighed 105 pounds, after evisceration and removal of the feet. As killed, it probably weighed about 150 pounds. The upper parts are ash gray, densely overlaid by yellowish brown; chin, throat, and inner side of limbs white; chest without any of the sooty black color of the winter dress; eyelids black. An adult male, killed by Gen. George Crook at Mud Tanks, 20 miles east of Fort Verde, Arizona, October 2, 1884, had the horns hardened, but still entirely covered by “ velvet,’ and had acquired the bluish winter pelage. The young are usually born during the late spring and summer months, and at first have a spotted coat, in which I have seen them as late as the end of October, in the mountains of central Arizona. One of a pair of twin bucks, in spotted coat, taken in the Black Hills, near Jerome, Arizona, about October 1, 1887, is described in my notes of October 9 as follows: The eyes are large and exceedingly beautiful, the eyelids having long black lashes. The location of the- tarsal and metatarsal glands is marked by well-defined tufts of yel- lowish brown hair. The dorsum is yellowish brown, with chains of smali white spots. Pelage of upper parts ash gray, much mixed with yellow brown, the head, ears, shoulders, and flanks being the purest ash gray. The back is decidedly brown, darkest in the median line, in an area defined by longitudinal rows of white spots extend- ing from the occiput to the rump on either side of the spine. There are a few white spots lower down, upon the fore part of the shoul- ders, several irregular rows upon the sides, and others extending much lower upon the thighs. The outer side of the limbs is decidedly yel- lowish and the inner side soiled white. The base of the ears exter- nally, sides of head, lower jaw, and throat are ashy white. Nasal pad and hoofs glossy black. Edge of ear narrowly rimmed with MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 195 white. A large ovate spot, occupying nearly the whole forehead, is dusky from a liberal admixture of black hairs; along its outer border this spot becomes nearly black. There is a black area adjoining the nasal pad, which is pro- longed backward along the upper lip, becom- ing obsolete at the an- gle of the mouth and indistinct across the lower jaw. Tufts of yellowish brown hair F! mark the places where the horns are to appear. The outer surface of the ears is blackish along the border terminally; there is a dusky spot on lower border of inside of the ear and a blackish spot between the ears. The chest and breast are dark fuliginous. Abdomen, inguinal region, buttocks, and basal portion of tail pure white. The animal was molting and the white spots rapidly disap- pearing. Hunters informed me that the spotted coat in fawns of the mule deer lasts but a few weeks. Skull and teeth—Com- pared with the white-tailed deer of the QOdocoileus americanus group, which includes O. tevanus and O. couesi of the present work, skulls of the members of the mule-deer group have the brain-case low and __ flat- tened (fig. 23). The pos- Fig. 24.—TEETH OF ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CANUS. (Cat. terior facets of the occipital No. 63144, U.S.N.M.) @, PROFILE OF RIGHT UPPER MOLAR condyles are concave In- SERIES; D, CROWNS OF RIGHT UPPER MOLAR SERIES; ¢, . a ° PROFILE OF RIGHT LOWER MOLAR SERIES; d, CROWNS OF ternally mstead of straight RIGHT LOWER MOLAR SERIES; €, INCISOR-CANINE SERIES, oy @Onvex. ‘The lachrvmal FRONT VIEW. 3 23.—ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CANUS. EL Paso, TEXAS. (Cat. No. 638144, U.S.N.M.) fossa is large and very deep. The vomer is fused to the basisphenoid instead of hanging free (fig. 197). The premaxillary very rarely articulates with the nasal bone, being intercepted by a broad process of the maxilla. The mandibular ramus is more nearly vertical. The lateral teeth (fig. 196 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 24a-d) are very large, the premolars are relatively wider, and the second and third premolars more deeply grooved internally than in members of the americanus group; and the incisors, notably the sec- ond, are broader and the series more spreading (fig. 24e). The horns —The members of the mule deer group are distinguished by dichotomous horns. Variations in a selected series, from central Arizona are shown in the table of measurements on pages 204 and 205, to which the diagram below (fig. 25) relates. The subspecies canis differs from typical hemionus in having the antlers lighter and more slender; as in that form, the beam is short, and concave anteriorly In young bucks the horns begin during the first year as simple spikes, which, when shed, are replaced by singly forked ones, whose successors become more complex and compoundly dichotomous. The horns can be detected beneath the skin before the spotted coat of the male fawn has entirely disappeared. In central Arizona I saw a half-grown buek, still suckling, which had horns just starting through the skin, on December 29, 1885. In the high region of central Ari- zona the mule deer carry their horns throughout the month of Feb- ruary. On April 11, 1887, I killed an old buck that had recently shed its antlers, at Pecks Lake, Upper Fic. 25.—DIAGRAM OF ANTLERS OF ODOCOI- Verde Valley, central Arizona. LEUS HEMIONUS CANUS. (For use of letter Bucks killed in the Mogollon and ing see tables on pp. 206-7.) : = 2 ae San Francisco mountains, June 1 to 20, 1887, had grown horns varying in length in different individuals from 2 to about 10 inches. During August and September I saw small herds in the mountains of central Arizona, composed entirely of old bucks, carrying large heads of vascular antlers in full velvet. Two bueks, killed November 9, 1885, on Ash Creek, Yavapai County, Ari- zona, furnish my earliest record of horns entirely free from velvet. A fine old buck, shot by Gen. George Crook at Mud Tanks, central Ari- zona, October 2, 1884, had antlers which had become hardened and. nonvascular, but still retained their coating of velvet throughout. In November the velvet finally disappears from the horns, except in the abnormal males known to the frontiersmen as “ cactus bucks.” Among the abnormal horns of the mule deer I have seen the fol- lowing: On August 20, 1887, Mr. MacFarland* brought a female aMr. Andrew MacFarland, whose authority I shall frequently cite, guided the expedition commanded by Lieut. A. W. Whipple from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, by a route near the thirty-fifth parallel, when surveying a railroad route to the Pacific in 1858 and 1854, eo MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 197 mule deer having horns in the velvet to my camp at Bakers Butte, in the Mogollon Mountains. This head was sent to the American Museum of Natural History in New York. More common than horned females are the “ cactus bucks,” emas- culated males in which the horns, if shed, are not again renewed, or, if with horns, retain them permanently in the velvet with remark- able distortions. Of these I have examined five individuals in central Arizona and two in southwestern New Mexico. All were without testicles. In No. 165, Mearns’s collection, killed January 20, 1885, on Beaver Creek, Verde Valley, central Arizona, osseous ped- icles for the support af horns were developed but entirely overgrown by skin and short hair; and, as usual, the testicles were absent. The remaining six had snaggy, scragged horns, more or less coated with withered velvet. In shape the horns varied from an intricate mass of radiating prongs to single crooked spikes with a cluster of lesser ones at the base, no two being alike even on the same head. Specimen No. 612, skin and skull, Mearns’s collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, shot by me at Bakers Butte, central Arizona, August 3, 1887, is a good example of a “ cactus ” buck. It had four good sized teats and no testicles. Cactus bucks are usually fat and are considered superior to others, the meat being good at all seasons. Wetght.—The weight of old males of the Arizona mule deer was estimated at 175 to 220 pounds by Maj. Charles E. Bendire, who had much experience in the early seventies, when stationed in the field with troops at old Fort Lowell, near Tucson. The estimate is based on specimens actually weighed and agrees with the slender data that Tam able to present in the accompanying table (p. 208). The weight of an adult male (No. 612, Mearns’s collection), killed July 26, 1887, at Bakers Butte, Mogollon Mountains, central Arizona, was estimated at 150 pounds, -as it weighed 105 pounds after bleeding, evisceration, and removal of its four feet. Habits and local distribution—In central Arizona the mule deer ranges upward in summer to the highest boreal summits of the Ter- ritory and down-in winter to the lowest valleys, when the mountains ure frozen and covered with snow. The young are born on the sum- mer range in the mountains and on the higher mesas, but I am not able to determine the exact time of year, except that I saw a doe and fawn near Fort Verde in the middle of July, 1884. Of seven females brought in to our camp at Monument No. 15, about 50 miles west of the Rio Grande, March 20 to April 7, 1892, two were pregnant, containing a single fetus each. Mr. Charles Ryall brought twin fawns, in the spotted coat, to Fort Verde from the Black Hills, near Jerome, in Yavapai County, Arizona, October 1, 1887. I saw two oe 198 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. young fawns in a herd of ten mule deer November 25, 1884, on Ash Creek, central Arizona. A large fawn, whose horns were appearing through the skin, was killed December 29, 1885, at Fort Verde, Ari- zona. Its mother was also shot and her udder was filled with milk. On the Mexican Border I saw a herd of does and fawns of the season at Monument No. 64, at the lower timber line of San Luis Moun- tains, June 29, 1892. But, as mentioned, these data fail to fix exactly the period during which the young are usually born. Owing to the gentleness or stupidity of the mule deer and the open- ness of the country that it occupies, this fine deer is perhaps doomed to an early extinction, in view of which deplorable probability I will give its Arizona range, as known to me in the eighties, with more detail than would be otherwise required. Major Bendire’s command killed 196 deer, the majority of them O. coves7, on hunting trips from Camp Lowell, Arizona, in the autumn of 1872. When I reached Fort Verde in March, 1884, the white-tailed deer had entirely disappeared from that region, although a few remained in oak and juniper woods on the rim of Bloody Basin, between forts Verde and McDowell; but mule deer were numerous from 1884 to 1888 in the valleys and low mesas from November to April, and very abundant in the forested mountains during the remainder of the year. The range included the entire area drained by the Verde Valley; and I saw them on every important tributary as far south as Bloody Basin. Hunting parties of soldiers sent out from Fort Verde frequently returned with wagon or pack train loaded with mule deer, antelope, and turkeys; but a diminution in the amount of game was apparent before I left the Territory in 1888. North and west of the Verde Valley I find mention of this deer in my notes at the following-named points in Arizona: Hutchinson’s horse ranch, on the divide between the Verde and Agua Fria valleys; Ash Creek, Agua Fria Valley; Squaw Peak; Black Hills; near Prescott, on Lynch Creek, and at Point of Rocks, on Granite Creek; Hells Canyon; Ash Fork; Stones Lake, Black Tanks, Cataract Creek; Colorado Canyon, between Cataract Creek and Pine Springs; at Pine Springs; Colorado River at Vitz’s Cross- ing; through the San Francisco forest; at Flagstaff; and on San Francisco Mountain, where we found it ranging to the highest aspen timber in early June, 1887, and were informed that its range extends to the upper timber line, and that it sometimes crossed the highest notches of the mountain. It was still abundant around Flagstaff. East and south of the Verde it was noted as follows: On the Mogollon Mesa, at Rattlesnake Tanks; Stonemans Lake; Pine Springs; Wood’s Ranch; Quaking Asp Settlement; on the heads of Oak, Clear, Fossil, Sycamore, Pine, East Fork, and Turbine creeks; at MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 199 Saw Log; Mud Tanks; Bakers Butte; Fern Spring; Generals Springs; Lake Tanks; and Mormon Lake; in Tonto Basin, at Natural Bridge, Pine Creek; Strawberry Valley; Pine Creek Settlement : Payson ; Tonto Creek ; Canyon Creek ; Cibicu Creek ; Corduroy Creek ; Forestdale; Camp Apache; White and Black rivers; between San Carlos and Coyote Springs; Globe City; Wheatfield; Mazatzal Moun- tains, and Wild Rye. In 1885, when accompanying a cavalry com- mand from Fort Verde, Arizona, to Texas, mule deer were noted as follows: One was shot by a member of the Third Cavalry Band near Antelope Station, Yavapai County, Arizona, March 26, 1885; a large herd seen and one shot in the foothills near Hall’s ranch, on New River, March 28; several noted as seen between Mountain Spring and Tres Alamos, on San Pedro River, April 8; noted from Steins Pass to Lordsburg, New Mexico, April 15; between Lordsburg and Separ April 16; from Separ to Gage April 17; returning, a herd was seen in cedar-clad foothills near Dragoon Summit, Arizona, May 2; at Bumble Bee and Antelope stations May 18; and between Antelope «end Hances Cienega May 19, 1885. As soon as snow falls in the mountains, the deer begin a gradual descent to their winter ranges in the foothills and valleys. We saw them between San Carlos and Coyote Springs October 19, 1884; at the lower border of the pine zone October 2, 1884; and in the red Juniper zone by the end of October. Not all of the deer leave the Verde Valley (3,300 feet) in summer, for occasionally they were noted in my diary; one July 16, within a mile of fort; one female adult September 21. Maj. Thomas Elwood Rose saw three mule deer on Live Oak Creek, near the Pecos River, in Tom Green County, Texas, and killed two of them, in March, 1883. In 1893 a hunter named Patrick Keene told me that one winter some years previously a small herd of mule deer appeared near Brackettville, Kinney County, Texas, and that probably all were killed. No others had been seen in that region. In a letter from Dr. Paul Clendennin, dated Fort Davis, Texas, August 9, 1885, mule deer were spoken of as abounding in the moun- tains near Fort Davis, where he intended spending “ the first week or ten days of September ” of that year in hunting them. On the Mexican Line our first mule deer was killed at a horse ranch in the Sierra Blanca Mountains of southwestern Texas, and from that point to the San Luis Mountains (Monument No. 65) it was found near every station. Several large herds were found in the Potrillo, Camel, Seca, and Aguila mountains, March 19 to April 7, 1892. Some were killed in the mountains of New Mexico, near Mosquito Springs, in April and May, 1892. Others were shot at Dog Spring, New Mexico, at White Water, Chihuahua, and in the San Luis Mountains. West 200 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the San Luis divide it was found in the Guadalupe Canyon, and as low as 1,133 meters, or 3,717 feet, in the San Bernardino Valley. None were seen west of the Huachuca Mountains. The species oc- curs in the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina mountains to the north- ward, and also about Tombstone. The mule deer, in spite of its large ears and peculiar gait, is a splendid animal. In summer the does and their progeny of differ- ent ages form herds apart from the old males. At this season the horns of the bucks are soft, and a number may be seen associating amicably together, all in the reddish summer coat, and presenting a stirring spectacle as they go bounding through the open pine woods, clearing tree trunks and obstacles of any sort with prodigious bounds. In December the bucks fight fiercely with each other, their necks become greatly enlarged. and their flesh so strongly musky that it is scarcely fit for food. At all seasons, if wounded or at bay, the bucks will fight bravely with horns or feet. Grass is not the principal food of the mule deer in Arizona. Grass is eaten, sometimes in large amount; but shrubs, leaves, and many small plants are more often eaten. It is extravagantly fond of acorns, especially those of the evergreen oak (Quercus emory?). It usually feeds in the morning and evening, spending the hottest part of the day in the shade of a tree or rock. It is also apt to go to water in the evening or early morning, and, hunters say, on moon- hight nights. No wild animal of the region is so valuable to man as this deer, and especially to the Indian, whom it supplies with meat, clothing, shelter, and numerous utensils made from its skin, tendons, or skele- ton. Its charred bones and various tools fashioned from the bones and teeth were usually found in the deserted buildings and cave dwellings formerly occupied by the extinct people known as the Cliff Dwellers, in the Verde Valley. Moccasins made from the neck skin of the mule deer are almost as good as those made from moose skin. Young mule deer make delightful pets. In the autumn of 1887, twin male fawns were presented to Maj. E. K. Otey at Fort Verde, Arizona, and immediately gained the friendship of the entire garrison. They were still in the spotted coat, and were fond of cows’ milk, but ate a variety. of food. One was brought to a Jersey cow whose calf had been taken away. The cow licked it affectionately and permitted it to suckle, which it did with alacrity. These fawns soon ate potatoes, turnips, sweet potatoes, watermelons, apples, mesquite beans, and, in short, almost any vegetable food, to say noth- ing of shavings, sawdust, scraps of paper, rags, and other rubbish. They were gentle, fawning like dogs on those they knew, and climbed upon one, with fore legs bent, to be petted. Full of curiosity, on entering a house they inspected every article of furniture and peered io eae MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 201 into every nook and cranny of the rooms. On seeing a dog, they stopped short, standing like statues, eyeing it intently. Their gait was always extremely graceful, whether trotting or bounding along at a run. They hked to rub their heads against those whom they knew well, and to climb up upon them as a dog does when asking to be petted; but they would butt and kick vigorously if~ strangers tried to pick them up or to carry them. Their voice was singular. When deserted by their friends they bleated quite loudly and looked for them in all directions. At first they made a low sound, like the squeak of a rat, that gradually increased in volume until it could fairly be called a bleat. When sleeping in the pine forest near Flagstaff, Arizona, in 1886, my “campaign” hat was pushed from my face early one morning and I beheld a large buck standing beside me. It was a tame mule deer that ranged at will about the town of Flagstaff. In 1892, when the main supply camp of the International Bounda- dary Commission was located at White Water, Chihuahua, the water- ing place of a herd of mule deer, a buck came and drank its fill from the cook’s water barrel, under a tent fly, in the midst of the large ‘amp one morning at daybreak. The Mexican cougar or mountain lion (Felis oregonensis aztecus) destroys great numbers of deer, and it is not uncommon to find the remains of deer that have been recently slain by it and hidden in ‘aves or among shrubbery and rocks. In 1855, I found a large male mule deer that had been killed but a few hours before by a cougar. There were evidences of a severe struggle, which showed that the cougar—perhaps a small one—had encountered difficulties in the un- dertaking. On December 11, 1885, I found a deserted den of bears in a cave on Clear Creek. In it were many broken bones of deer and the fresh tracks of a cougar. In the autumn of 1885 Messrs. Edward and Frank Jordan found a fat doe that had been killed by a cougar and covered with brush near their mining claim on Squaw Peak, one of the Verde Mountains. Coyotes and other wolves follow the mule deer and drag down those that have been disabled by wounds or sickness; but they do much greater damage by destroying newly-born fawns that have been left hidden by their mothers. On several occasions I saw golden eagles, always in pairs, following herds of does and fawns; but I never saw them make an attack upon the deer, although I felt certain that they were following them with that object. I have known but one case of the death of a mule deer from acci- dent. On the wagon road from Fort Verde to Flagstaff, Arizona, on a high, juniper-clad mesa, I looked into a wonderful cave, in lime rock, beneath a layer of volcanic scoria, and could discern the horns 202 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. - and skeleton of a mule deer that had gotten into this pitfall, prob- ably when the entrance was blocked with drifted snow. When hunting a herd of frightened deer, near Fort Verde, the terrified creatures rushed over a vertical cliff, at the edge of a mesa, and disappeared. Looking over the edge, and expecting to see them all dead and mangled below, I was astonished to see the herd strung out along several narrow ledges, whence they all reached the bottom of the canyon in safety; and I am glad to say that not one of them fell to our guns. On another occasion, in the middle of July, 1884, when riding over a mesa only a mile or two east of Fort Verde, in the cen- tral part of Arizona, I came close upon a doe and little fawn that were lying in the shade of a red juniper tree. They sprang to their feet, looked at me an instant, and cantered to the edge of a deep canyon close by and disappeared. I rode instantly to the edge of the canyon, but the deer had already reached the bottom of it. It seemed incredible that they should have done so, as the canyon was deep, precipitous, and very rocky; and this fawn could not have been more than two months old. It was indeed a remarkable feat of agility. Having reached the bed of the canyon both stopped and gazed fixedly at me, then alternately trotted a little way and stopped to look. Riding along the bluff I startled them again and watched them gallop off a mile or more toward Beaver Creek. When frightened, deer pay no heed to the sharp-spined cactus; and all that I have skinned have had cactus spines embedded in the tissues next to the bones of the limbs. These must cause pain, as before becoming encysted much inflammation is set up. Parasites also cause them much annoyance, and endanger their lives by affect- ing their sense of hearing and of smell. Ticks infest their ears, penetrating to the drum, and sometimes blocking up the external auditory canal. In one instance a dozen ticks were removed from the ‘anal, where they had created an intense inflammation, the skin hav- ing peeled off entirely, leaving a red, inflamed surface. These ticks were preserved, and subsequently identified as the western cattle tick (Jwodes bovis) by Mr. William Beutenmiiller. A large, grub- like larva? measuring 25 by 10 mm. when not in motion, was found to be a very common parasite upon the nasal mucous membrane of this deer, in central Arizona. These parasites must be a source of almost intolerable suffering to the deer, beside rendering them an easy prey to their enemies. aThe larva infesting the nasal cavity of the mule deer is of the family (stride, possibly Cistrus ovis Linnzeus, a parasite of the mucous membrane of the sheep. Another species (Hypoderma tarandi) infests the reindeer in like manner. 203 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. “JOATOA UL SULOT PIIQ) ‘omniVU uoMI]Ueq “VyNpeR YsLsunod ‘ajo[du1o9 uo MUuaG “HIOM YON savpommeid 4[nNpeR ATM “‘JOATOA UL SULIOY pPUddESs “Y1OJ O[SUIS B UIIM Yong Sunod v “SyIBUIOY & 68 | FIT | 88 46 | TIL | 1% 26 | 90T owe 86 | TOL | 24 | } €8 | 60L | 6& | 18 | SIL | cea ak 86 | TEL | aro | leap #6 | SIL | FEZ 86. | eT | og | 16 | OIL | OF% “UU | UU Us |= bo cra jou g Shines &| 8| 3 — Lor Ba} =| ad Lad — 2} J | © 4 Sees &(ss\Ss5 PB \/og\coe 1/88) as a is) roa S g =a iS 5 SF | SE Ss ab oe eae o |25)7° n 2a pees z Oe 8 oo ° } fo) (2) FeAl es “YIOX MON ‘AIOISTH [BINIVN JO WNsnN UBILEUTY JO WOMdaT[ON v LF | 08 SF 68 OF G8 6F | 48 SF | 08 ZG | 88 GS 68 6P 48 PG | 88 Gg 6L ature O08 “ULUL | “ULUEL Soe bexsy ae | 12 t= 2 oR =] Be ° a> (a2) = o> | = olan 2 |e o |ex Deals eh | = | 8 & |ox Za ay S - xm ra Gis re ae z ‘4 z 2 B |e 2a SP & leq 2 | Fs | 16 &6 18 £8 98 86 | &8 “WU G9 “WUE f | “ULUL GGL FIL FIL COL OFL GEL SSI ‘oy eped JO ULSIRULJopUuLy souoq AIvI[IXvulelg 0} JuoIy WOTy savpoutoid 0} UOJ WOIT SoUOq AIVI[IXBUToIg | ‘YSugl JSo} BAIS ‘SOUOd [RSBNY ‘suioy JO S[aotped UsoMjoq dDURISI(T ‘Jo}ued oy1sod -doO UdZR) ‘S}IGIO UdAMIeq VOUBISI ‘UIPIA 480} BaI4) E86 £96 686 918 Z8G 10s 866 616 “WULUL 5 yIBue] [BIOL 18Z | G68T ‘IZ 1 bo Raa ine OOIXOW ‘JOBAA PUM | “UIT P ZEQTR ECA wa BIA eee sas cacamecae Tea Sr emt aime OPmeae: | "PB 4 GOST OG LUCIAN, |e, aetna eens CTON Juoumnuoy, | “pe é RSID elelsig Sissies ae ee SUTBIUNOT O[[I[BZWABO | “WHT P ima 4 1) Oh eel lamer reer, teres Ode as Sar AO) Os ‘ped Tepe g rg NON Es OR ee S820 RUOZILY ‘YooID [ISsoy | “ped “BUOZILW ‘SULTRY T88L ‘FL ‘ood | -unoy UWOT[OSO], ‘oung sisyeg “pep Pigniareas (0) OE cel ee eee er mat ARDS OO E(9) IAA a VO) GRO Tae Guaed Oe eann pena eee BUOZILY ‘Yoed) [Issoy | “pe P | SS RACaS Oprrrce|rscetcreet eet eeseeseees es ope] pep GROG McA ON | sume eee natn ota BUOZILY ‘Yoel ySy | ‘pRB ey ‘SNUDI SUOLWAY 8NI]L0I0PO | i. @ M = 5 ~ oe © “a1Bq “ALIPROOT “TOquUINU [BULSIIO 6FLEE PRISO at) TP8oE _ 9267 D69IG SLOT D 89IG v OLG6T _IS61 DECIS 6961 _ » LEIS 8961 DO9TS L961 rat “Ioquinu waMesn]y “snUD) snuoriuaYy Snapooop” fo Suaumoads TF Jo sjuatamnsnarU JUD.) ia ttle laa eas ee ee ee eee " s.s-looe lozp log [68 [68 GEE (OE foes ooh | --"jog yer jeg yr tn otro" ATT (06E 60% |@6T |poT [BOT Joes |-~"~ seals Die ene Re neers Shay Ay | " Usor [tor joot fout ogg jozm |----Js¢ fo--")-7" STL Jat |--"|-*""/9% j8@ BPE FOL 042 6ST OCT 6 j6cz --auaNI Sper ar soee}e---lepp loral Se (28 [86 [S80 l06h lee |< -for fof etme seieo=el 29" 908 jpor GE |TeE JOA |aer jets |*--° se fy ease Poprictt)srss oss = -9geT “2 yorR A loge lon lo8 88 98t |o6r arF 7 isr aa aoe es el nce ae "7" ZOE lst |88 66 GOT \6FE OZ |---3UsrA a woe SBS ae Sle eel iy ater waaay wele ey dt pe) (02am eed cap |e aa pgalreneg sme 7" PST. PPL OPL JOFE IG8T \0Gea| sta WaT |e dee eshna ll nee O8P \Sc9 | | | ‘ op 22222 -op- +++ lege = | | so j90r jor jet jor oop )-°- ep reali a Cag esi tool aes | Mites Bebe cath "28% 7OG jose ETT 09% 44g 3nq/ B ses-leee-legp long ll® [E @TE [OSE [08s Osh eT po poy peepee ser OFT (zen ype |OPE |cor jog Pre wor setae, ST re egee ar eas RR Ios OF | | | | | YS PSS zg ase \lc6 06 [OTT \eFI |Gr¢ ocr Trae aera ae Se ame oa “777281 990 l6St 'STE [oat lott jose |---303ra/, ES wwnsleeesloge longi” (6 [82 (FOE Jove 028 [fy Flag igeruihiee nou anal ace aly scala cine alles" DB OEM CT era ea Z deat Teo dam |e ene ee | | } | | | | aoue vIS sot AG , | | | lop ze R9 ‘TOL Goa 0&2 bis mie) |[s © etm Ste wiwie sete a) | areiatal) ofe/aia! |/a(a(e/a||\mpnye)al\m) = iaie|| w/e) ~\a)|\a'eimyeill= mie © Lie Shee SO Ilr OLT -4ysry) ¢ 4 | floor |92 joEE \gzt \ecq cop |----|8h fom aftttf sre Pa |-2"=|""" Gee 180. =a OEE Z0a. reels ae eon ORF. |" "-“|08F OLE Tee eee cx lie | Weal eee lecallea et] ace GE irae eae LE Biariest OD salt eaeeee PRSL ‘FL daquiese Z, | [oor ¢s ort 29r 06 o8F eee iSGiaiae ree iect=|:a°8 pone|Pnel-s==l-=-lorg log |7--*|""="|eer 1002 (sea |~- Fa sr es Sea on 2) ssacles--loge lorol|E2 (#08 [att oer orm |--~-j9e fe sel sscutgaae porrpeetesssiess2tretne-l-*2laeT enn loge {ATE 109% Cage Sie pga ce pene ee Retass|| z ; ‘OL |P8 08 loz joer OFF igo j29 [tint ioe Neel pol al pet ChE 92 |2e% |FOE loge \-- "IU Sra) oe a ae here eA erult2G 1064 OB WORE: OR GOP a sb tice ae Resin apes “[ooe"oooel-=-ITSE IBEE [08% [86 (86a |-""" HOT}. 2. ce he Serer ee cer 06F cena | | | | op GBT G6 LOQUIAAON |g1z ee | loz. [ee 96 [eet jgor igoe |----J98 fo-e*fot*)oo Sag \rrrss77l""*"lgp Ig [6 eOr [TAT |cOr jete |" -74Sra| aladdin ie loge] 29 (POE (60 jG jooa sap | m-lpz foo Si ssopalk: Pca masa Wena Reser bean ema (neh (Ueyca| bee callr CMa ere 4 ecto ClNWRe cove ce iyateee nit = We cee ener emal Ee = | SS LEGRIZORSONTORLAIOLG (OOP aIOP” ecstatic ecto ""*"126 |S8T |OFs |G0% |z9r [ser |ece |---243TA | Se eae a <--loon orp! 82 8 88 SUE |s9m sch |----lpq [-ree|-se astra SO es [orl pte “l9¢T |S9T |SFL \9FL lott \¢6 jgoz |---” ea meer ped | ee aeart EAMG OIG ee a "Vos los 06 ‘gat iger gee |---"\e9 foo fmnejronefeteteccefeney oo ipa [Oe JO9T |zor fhe 62 [ust |-- "348TH | Ry Se Seneeeee, bam | [06 98° OOT {eet (Org jore |[->-~|e@ [7747217 J-sr*la@ loz jco7}77>"[o9T leon |98 [g9r joer |tg eee |---" eat ore Me “777 opr lozo | ; an | | 1UpV DoE EA Teche ghialeye & SAGEM Ce MNCOR OL GOR ORE Io" Gu Alereei salle alte --=*- o0T lett (46 |86 |gst lor ger [08 joes |7° "UST ie | | | | | | | | 3 ULUL TUL | Ub ULUE | Lt CT WU ULL ULL | LULU WU WU WLU | UU UL ULE UL We UL UU VU | Uh | | UL | | | | | | | | | Es violel eaalelelealas sole] ml mlel els! sl ale] yp) s| al ol| w]e! >| 8 Beare since dal reser au Vy aN PS aes eR teehee Nl eas lbaas) elgg heey ce oe ey erie 5. Sy Curie ce nescloaelse yer Sieeiys rmech @ hei hum eR act eae oem eyl ee es % a Pe Be Sera Ie ane st | | es ert 2 = ef | 2|8| elesls4 | Fees bahar es SAEs Bral ie lee ea Nebien ead | | Appa E 4 B/S /e/9]| 9 |RoMmS | | |FaP sl eee] Ap] 20 "95¥ a[QBqold "978 B. De i aolts \oeaeillceres| SY = = 6) 2) PP) 2 |e eles | | | | & ° ice FS iaols SS ea alae Ej |e | eee | = 3 yi + | | | ) | = Ze] 3 | Veal | | | | | e . ‘ . . p'DUOZLIP [DAJUad WOLL SNUDI SNUOLMAY SnapLOIOPC) JO SuaULwads OG UL SULOY AY} JO ULLOL PUD AZS IY] UL SUWOLDLLDL PUD SUOISUAULYT 204 205 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 96T “d ‘cz “Sy 90s UONRULR[dxo9 IO v Ie | = | | bal : ca ZLGA passa SEAM | har Sl rossabe lasso |e Her tea a eee seeps Races tat dame onen|Coe O6T |OLT.\"-~~ 1901 Och (sss |"~ ; veces || een lle cease AIOE s GEL ical fae OEE OST SS~ (° ISI G9¢ |06F |" i i7"]7>""1008 |GT@ |88L eat logr gor jees (°° W8T c9G \G6P |” aol Coe line ch eral (tea lll ie ee “|"> >" S8T 00% |961 6CI \O9T |OLE Gee |-> 9USsrey C&S \C8P |-~ “"""!"""" 8G |G0G [SES |G0G |SPL IS6 |80G | ~~~ FFT ‘cpg O6F | ~ PEAY whl eae cae | orton Ook til ecees alnes-ame Sei eele GLI |1Z@ |FST \OGE OOL \0ze | -F4U SLT O8¢ (8F |” PT aE Eee OTE TOOE AONE COLON SNE WANE MOleke el “ee (tral Re COP |” SPP "7 GIG 0GP O8G “*"> O&G eee | | | COAT PPG? ST I = all ae “li caer lean aetna eee GS OC Me OL Oete OSL NGhieOPG: |e tUaLeT She RP ee aS eae | ee HSB SOT SEG ROE RES. |< aF0T OE OTP BBL EROS OS PS Salis oc alenay (geese tenor agers SPE Gue cue age” V4 STy 009 90F |""""J08 for *[e"r*]oene ieee} |e tel" aor OL IOFE - BRE Ont afteen 0 4197 OIG ASP |= 71Gh peeps neoefesesterectassicessl-=""'66 ILOT 00% |P6E [80% (90K [LIZ |*- -3USta SES O8 Fines GSiae ce tel neon falar ee eos ee OOS Sa OG) a 0P ma 80k [BET je90 |°"*> W9T (OR ESP Rei PS Soe) Pee Pe Se es yoy eels" FPL (OL [@PT |66 jO6E jOer \s9z |°- -aUsret 989 (GSP | se Ge. bens oo ok """ O9L |F9 OTS [SOG |8T OTL [08 | ~~” 4FeT loze jose |--*Jag. fo=--|-~ "6ST 9G [mfr "I" BAT ITS 80% |90% ZZT |9ZE joss |---3aStH za &2¢ Ae ie ey Oe aie a fee nee | gee 00S, OTe OUT 1086 ee al eam restgns srl caver setae OSs L Your \TTF (Oy) Hoag: Me Se alleys) te wi 18k 601 Inss-l----.gor Itpe ‘9h ‘ee que !-*- yr) ">" OFS CFP Rate oie JES (yop Sp cnc Satara - op 00¢ ,-” &LF Tears Saran 0 OSA SS) Slee Se eae QS8T UL punOoOY |p OFG |-~~" Geg “gc GoF | lea “= e19 020 eo Sel on N , nab code Sarat Ss 98ST 'Z ATUL |GUF MUSEUM. 6, UNITED. STATES NATIONAL , iad t BULLETIN 206 | ‘Sol, Pury auo puB d10F BUO *UTYS “[[NAS | O6F | GFS | OL6 | OLE | G99 | 09 | 096 | OGG | OSG | OFE | C9B | SST SOC as at Sem SS aoe Pee b cel tee (I) She Ie aoe | $06 | Gs | Gc | E46 | O6T SOCAN 22 Crm |S eA graeme es (GY lee | OLG | OFS | OTS | GLE | OXT ‘od Porsche | Re amen |S meal lake Me hee | S61 | SIG | OTS | 096 | SLT ‘od OGF | OTL | O88 | O28 | G6 |---*” | OTS O6T | 08% | 008 | 096 | ZT ‘od OSF | 0&2 | G6 | GFE | OF9 | G9 | 06 | 00a | 02 | OGE | G8B | SLT *padAroso1a I[Mys puv proy jo uryg |" RAs elie eee Gir lirtns | 006 | OFG | OGE | OGG | OLT *podArosaid ([[nys | DUG EHS) |SUAO UPON OBOE Elma lh yaaa | ipeamen |e cal Neale Se | 002 | 0zz | ETS | ece | COT *poAdosoid yOoy pury auo puB a10F 9UO SS ((TLCELSST ES enn CLES SOUL [SST S)) EDR CAEA Hee hers ire 9 | ue ci [tome ac at Hau ca Spa Git | Saban) O&Z | OZE | 09GB | SLT *poddosoid A[UO sjooy pus s8ar anoy ayy | fer Stoetare | aie, ove) arate terete nista/atel i aeetereicll stele *paarosoid A;uO | B1IQo}IOA [BpNBo pus [By |---| Hegel Fahl ie ral (ae ca Ba eA ail se Sd Sey el SS | eae epee 8 UU | ULU | UU | WU | WU | Ue | Ue | Ue UU | ULUM | UU UU | a Peal s te=iihs Meelis epi tei tere Teel dest erie Nel )) Ser Wi areal cel vanes nical bah lite. Fae There See NS ges hes (GENES VOR Pa yest eect rel UES toms ee, Wits | MRC ti cer vetval ves ais | ot ° ° Gy lites: =] a i= > = SSloB/S8igseiSo| &| = |e] 2] oO] 2l|ap|/ax| eo | ‘S Seal Par Be|F2lot/0o8/59| FF] es| 2] 8 Qs | S O.| ot] pw aa Slod ee o | 2 *‘SyIBUIOY ob/mal/esimg|S5/h S| ° miles pa| =/SS/S2|/3r5/%S Seas ob O | Fhe | has, |S 5 o [Sees e goes ERIS aes S | Lard gfe suis wl ean ae | | > p | —— “qual —0o} o8ou quilt pul a10f = | | jo dy wom | | | 0&% | O8L‘T | SLTa |" Op---*| Ze “00d sale clos ale/einieio)|eleieimicle [op = 6 ‘00d SoG Saeeeallbas wer |: ops*>- ss ope anand Rueseelsserms WODt a scope: GLI | 029‘T |7-7"7" 00) ST aa op"*" GLT | OGL ‘T | 8@EP | Op"*~*} 2% “AON | Be Mollereatrecloeacts -oprtt|s op: etal Gees Ala aciNe -op'':| @ “AON ah rat | Se et ono |opss] 9 “aeW siafueini se 799) OD" "lke, sur OGL steed | 90T@ |" Ysort | 9 “uBe wu | wu | “C881 Ss lee | & ) o. | Web =) 0g | — img il ge * Puleeaah ol tes 4 ct = Ste ere 5 | ‘uomr oe & |-dods Jo} “ayeq BS ’ |ommieN © é 3 fe) pep es = < ko] oO (s) ” a *BUOZITY [B1]U90 ‘AOT[BA = 9PAO A ‘yoorQ oaroureodg | ‘pe P| 262 “nuoziy ‘4} -uno0D TRdRABA ‘yo0r19 ArIeyO | pe P| gz wee e ee wwe eee Ops ‘ant£ CRz ceeeeeeeeese op-**""| ‘ped | $82 eee a et ODP arse “pe rs) | £87) ‘BUOZILY [R1} | -U900 ‘YOOID [Isso | ‘pV P| zgz! ee ee ee OD paaar ‘pep SLZ *BUOZITW [Bd1 -ued ‘{yun09 red -BABK ‘Y90ID YSV | ‘PBL |} LLz “BUOZ | “WV ‘apioA Wog | ‘ps dé | LOT! ee OpDsease “pe 6 Z9L. *BUOZIIY | jeyjueo = ‘suTRy | -unoy{ UOoTLOSo] | ‘pel | TOT ai eh a | i=] | fe etal eat ‘ose | 5 | *A]I[ BOOT pue | > x09 | A T9I@ 6916 81% 6916 891% LETS S9G6L | O9T% LOG6L | FSIZ Cla 891% p ‘sloqumnu wiMesn yy ‘DULY JDLjUao Wout snUDI snuortmay snapLodOpG Jo suaunoads g] JO syuamadnsHam PUD Povey 207 MEXICAN BOUNDARY. OF THE MAMMALS ‘s{ep pedaAas dn Sursuvy pus ‘WOT RIBOSTAD 191JB paySIoM £ ‘YO Nd 199T PUR PROY YIM ‘SULMULYS PUR SUTIBIIOSIAD 191JZB POS AA o ; pa} VUITISE 1U.SIO AA a ‘YO JNo Jo9y PUB PROY YIM ‘WONBIIOSTAD IO]TR poy SlaA q ‘OCT 1B payVUITso JYSTIOM OATT !YO INO Joa} AMOF YL ‘SULpso[q PUL UOTPBADOSTAS IO]JV TYSIO A p “SIOISTH [BINIBN JO UNAsSNL UBOTIOULY a Pal | Aer SCPE ee y | a itn ‘saponse} Ou puB | ‘s}B0} pozis-poos ano | *SUTJUNOU IOJ poArosord | | 5 | UOJOTIYS JO Javd puvB UTYS | OSF | GEL | G16 | OPE | SED | ~~" "| OG6 | SOG | S2G | OFE | O8Z | GST | Gee | PERCORI Coy OIC CI ey SCM ee nae Pen a OD seems ||) SOR vs OSs OR RUDE MOLMe | | | ; | “RUOZIAW | | | | | | | jequeo = ‘sure} | | -uno]w uojos | "poadasoid sBary [77° )7 fore |oeso|--e"1-" "1 QoS | 20% | LTB | Sze | 9% | OST | O9T | OL9‘T | GOT P|" Op*---| 92 Alu | -oW ‘o1}Ng SIOxBG | ‘pd | ZI9\"""-- pcan | | | “L881 | iol | | “RUOZILY [BI}UD | | ‘AOTTVA = APIO A “pBaY[ JO ULYS PUR TIMYS | OLF | OTL | C16 | GPS | OT9 |"""-"| 086 | 8ez | Ges | O88 | gaz | BLT | FST | O84'T | GFL Z|OP""""] GT “AON | 'HOOTO JOAWO | ‘pe P| TAR nn -o-* | Pepe | | | ‘98ST | | | | | | | “euoZzILy | | | | | | [eajueo §=«‘surRy | “MUL IOMOT | | | | -unoW uUoTjos | iyqCona iON Heo iCoyoy youre? Tanah (sp |e Been oss ele SOs Seas Gmc lor PS oes teer ns sees lane soles ISA ricesese sl PST MOD: a4 |, Pe Oo) ||-OWe One Stored | Deel Pie NOC) lee aan | ie | SPEST oll atone “TAs | | “Bu0zZ | Maa BIN os) OAT OS aKa S104 6; (SIE Pet et Pease a Da Io eae Sl Eee GET tl OSG) OGG | Shae! LOT | Soiree sem -s| Opel ez) soome! dy “epleN’ JatOhel PBIGMAZeGleone +s OGG 208 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 6 specimens of Odocoileus hemionus canus. U. S. National 8 Museum 2 number. : 2 HH mH ° 2 Rha ae =I Sex = 3g z = Locality. Date. and Ss ° HA | age. 20 ‘S e | gS] e/g : = & = 3 ey |. is) Ba ae ee mem |. ae |e | a | 1892. mm. | mm. | mm. 63144 | 1580 | Monument No. 15, 496 miles west of the | Mar. 23 | 9? ad.} 1535 | 205 | 240 Rio Grande at El Paso. | 63145 | 1581 }.--.- (Olea nets ae Seba ee eer See ee Mar. 26 |. 9 ad.| 1510 170 220 Saiceeres | WA92S 22 MO econ eee a onnlgueee ae Sroces see awe ece~ al), Melty 278) “Grade! 15709) ee 20snmeoee iene | 1605 | Monument No. 15, 49.6 miles west of the | Mar. 30} 9 ad.| 1510 | 190) 212 Rio Grande at El Paso. | wialsciee ae L606 | eos OS oe ce sees cee ae a sexes eee eeecees | Seas OOr ce Ova aS 70 228 220 20570 | 35749 | 1893 | Near Monument No. 61, White Water, | June 21 | # im.| 1630 | 225] 240 | : Chihuahua, Mexico. U.S. National) From tip of | 4.. be lees Museum nose to— BO 28 ey, =I, number. : OO ie eae 3 3 z Sn] 2 las BE = | Bei = (su] ¢ 88] 8. = Locality. oe &a| a |4+8) a ele Fe Sen loo Ua oSie-| teoosel ees ae \s | # /28| a /£3/ 4 |e4le “s a4 B mm | 3 So OF D> |:-am| o o 72) 77) ) | OO. i Hy |e Q |e q mm. mm.\|mm.)}mm.)mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm. 63144 | 1580 | Monument No. 15, 49.6 miles | 190 | 260 | 310 | 603 | 330 | 710 | 464 | 950 | 1050 west of the Rio Grande at El | Paso. | 63145 | 1581 |....- 0235 Sea ee eee 180 | 290 | 320 | 580 | 310 | 660 | 450 | 910 | 1010 Beaces ate 16925... -€O- -2 dena sanieneeeecies acc) 167/280 1300) 580) |-310al 7 450) 8900 set ODO saeeeee 1605 | Monument No. 15, 49.6 miles | 170 | 280 | 300 | 570 | 320 | 650 | 450 | 900 | 950 west of the Rio Grande at El | | Paso. | part ws | 1606 soe SO. sc ae Sgoe te sees fee =n) 1589) 2450127505509) 815106801430 RO1OM sor 0570 | 35749 1893 | Near Monument No 61, White | 178 | 255 | 320 | 582 | 325 | 730 | 480 | 920 | 1010 | Water, Chihuahua, Mexico. | | ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS EREMICUS (Mearns). BURRO OR DESERT MULE DEER. Dorcelaphus hemionus eremicus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX, p. 470, Dec. 24, 1897 (p. 4 of advance sheet issued Feb. 11, 1897; original description ). Odocoileus hemionus eremicus, THOMPSON, Forest and Stream, LI, Oct. 8, 1898, p. 286.—MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, 1901, p. 16 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Odontocelus hemionus| eremicus, ELiror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., LV, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 77 (Mam. Mid. Am.). % Bura, W J. McGer, The National Geographic Magazine, VII, Apr., 1896, p. 130.. The fauna of Seriland includes the bighorn and bura (a large sluggish deer), Cuervo of the Mexicans. ss i MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 209 Ty pe-locality—Sierra Seri, Sonora, Mexico, and region around the head of the Gulf of California. Geographical range.—Deserts and desert ranges of the Western Desert Tract; both sides of the Colorado River and around the head of the Gulf of California, occupying the Lower Sonoran Life Zone. It occurs on Tiburon Island. Description.—A large deer. Mr. H. von Bayer shot a buck, sup- posedly of this form, on Tiburon Island, in the Gulf of California, which weighed 120 pounds avoirdupois when dressed. A number of these deer were shot for food by members of the surveying parties; but, unfortunately, I was not present to measure and preserve them as specimens, though I sometimes saw some of the deer alive when hunting in the Nariz and Quitobaquita mountains. On this account the materials for description were fragmentary and unsatisfactory. I was indebted to Dr. W J McGee, then of the Bureau of Ethnol- ogy, for a single skin of this deer. This specimén (No. 63403, U.S.N.M.), an adult male in full winter pelage, was taken by Doctor McGee on an expedition to Seriland, in the Sierra Seri, near the Gulf of California, in December, 1895. The locality is in the most arid portion of Sonora, Mexico. Like all mammals of this Western Des- ert Tract it is remarkable for the extreme pallor of its coloration. The coat is short and glossy. Upper parts very pale drab gray, with a dark vertebral area, which begins as a narrow median stripe on the upper side of the neck, broadens and becomes fainter on the back, forms a blackish spot at the root of the tail, down which it descends for a short distance. The buttocks, inguinal and-abdominal regions, and the middle of the tail all round are white. The axille and hol- lows of the thighs are entirely naked. The edges of the buttocks, posterior surface of limbs, and the feet are washed with pale, muddy cinnamon. The chest is light sooty drab. Tail with a heavy brush or short switch of black hair at the tip, the middle portion being white all round, the dusky color extending a short distance down- ward, on the upper side, from the blackish spot at its base. While the general effect is to produce a pale drab-gray coloring of the upper surface, there is the usual pepper and salt commingling of colors, produced by light and dark annulation of the hairs, those of the vertebral area being pointed with brownish black. There is no complete skull for description. The horns are very characteristic. They are heavy and very divergent, being chiefly remarkable for the great length of the beam before forking. In a youngish specimen from the Cerro Salado in the Sonoyta Valley (No. 59910, U.S.N.M.), the distance from the burr to the first fork, following the curve of the beam, is 320 mm. The total expanse of this pair of horns is 620 mm. They are doubly dichotomous through- out, having four points, besides a basal snag on each horn. Referring 14 30639—No. 56—07 M 210 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to the diagram on page 196, detailed measurements are as follows: AB 290-mm., BC 180;-B D192) © ie (2; CO 54D. G A Deere Another pair (No. 60855, U.S.N.M.) belonged to a fully adult ani- mal, killed at Black Butte, on the Colorado Desert near the ‘ vol- ‘~anoes ” or mud geysers, Lower California (fig. 26). This was from ene of six deer that were killed by Mr. Samuel Cameron, one of our euldes, during the winter of 1893-94. The beam is unusually stout and has a length of 310 mm. before forking, and the horns have a total expanse of 775 mm. The horns, which are also doubly dicho- tomous, measure in detail: A B 320 mm., B C 130, B D 140, C E 175, CF 130,.D'G 163; Df daw. Habits and local distribution—The burro deer of the Western Des- ert Tract probably occurs in all suitable localities—where it can ob- tain food and drink. Indiansand Mexicans speak of it as the “* burro,” or simply “ cuervo.” When with the Monument Building Party, fol- Fig. 26.—ANTLERS OF ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS EREMICUS. (Cat. No. 60855, U.S.N.M.) lowing the main portion of the survey, I saw two on level land near the base of a mountain near Pozo de Luis, Sonora, Mexico. It was quite common in the mountains (Santa Rosa, Sierra de Sonoyta, Cerro Salado, and Sierra de Quitobaquita) near Sonoyta, Sonora, and many horns were exhibited on the huts of the Papagoes. Janu- ary 9, 1894, I shot at a fine buck on Nariz Mountain, where weathered horns were also seen. Bones and its peculiar horns were frequently seen on both sides of the International Boundary in the hills sur- rounding Quitobaquita, Pima County, Arizona. Tracks and re- mains were noted about Gardners Laguna and Indian Wells, on the Colorado Desert. Farther south, in Lower California, the species occurs in large herds, during the winter season, and is known by the inhabitants to be different from the “ black-tailed deer ” of the moun- tains of the coast. Specimens collected—Three sets of bones, besides the skin, were presented to the U. S. National Museum by Doctor McGee. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 211 ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CALIFORNICUS (Caton). CALIFORNIA MULE DEER. Cervus macrotis var. californicus Caton, Amer. Nat., X, Aug. 1876, p. 464. Odocoileus hemionus californicus, THOMPSON, Forest and Stream, LI, Oct. 8, 1898, p. 286.—MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, 1901, p. 16 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Odocoileus hemionus]| californicus, HLui0oT, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 48 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.:). [Odontocalus hemionus] californicus Euuror, Field Col. Mus.. Zool. Ser., LY, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 77 (Mam. Mid. Am.). T ype-locality.—Near Gaviota Pass, 40 miles from Santa Barbara, California. Geographical range.—Sonoran and Transition zones of the Pacific Coast Tract. California and Lower California. Description.— large deer, which, at first sight, appears to be very distinct from other members of the group; but specimens in the U. 8. Na- tional Museum show inter- mediate characters suggesting intergradation with the forms living to the eastward. A male (No. 60906, U.S.N.M.) killed May 28, 1894, near the summit of the Coast Range Mountains, at Monument 231, by Jeremiah E. Crabb, blacksmith, was in nearly complete summer pelage, only retaining the grayish winter hair on the hinder part of the rump, bordering on the white of the buttocks, and scat- tered tufts of hair on the neck, back, and sides. General color of upper parts Vinaceous cinnamon, becoming more yellowish on the limbs, and darker on the back from the presence of black tips to the hairs. The head is fawn color on sides, gray on base of ears and on muz- zle anterior to the eyes. The edges of the lips, end of chin, and middle of throat are white. The end of the muz- zle, around the naked muzzle and nos- trils, is black; and there are three black lic, 28.—ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CALI- spots Ol the underjaw, one On each eee), side sins tronty of the-angle. attne mouth, and one in the median line near the end of the chin. The ears are coated within with long, FIG. 27.—ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CALIFORNICUS. SKULL OF YOUNG MALE. (Cat. No. 60906, U.S.N.M.) 212 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. curled, whitish hairs, and are gray externally, with the anterior border and tip broadly black. Eyelids and crown of head, black. The chest is sooty, and the belly white. The tail (fig. 28) is naked on the inner surface for one-third its length; color white at base, with a black terminal brush, and but faint traces of the colored line on its upper side, hes, 125. SS Near the Pacific | coast, this deer has { smaller ears than Wig..' 28, = Opacommus > in —-thie.- Wtersor, HEMIONUS CALIFORNI- Cue. Murdaan- tear - tues desert, BAVGLAND. 3 (Cuno amd ine suimmliet us 60906, U.S.N.M.) : color is redder. A herd seen near the last Monument (No. 258) was almost as red as the ‘ange cattle feeding near them. The blackish areas found on _ the mule deer of the interior region of the continent are much more intense in the Pacific-coast form. The erown of the head, much of the ears, and a vertebral stripe are usu- ally very black. When the dark vertebral line is plainly marked, it is usually prolonged on the upper side of the tail (fig. 28), connecting with the black terminal brush. The tail is composed of nine short vertebrae, Odocoileus couesi having eleven much longer ones. Odo- coileus hemionus californicus has which is often plainly marked in this deer. In this individual there is no distinct vertebral stripe. The horns, which were just starting, meas- ure 30 mm. in length. Metatarsal gland (fig. 29) 7 mm. in length; the tuft of hair in which it Specimens examined later in the season were redder, with less sooty on the chest, the color deep- ening to cinnamon rufous on the back, becoming paler on the head, neck, and limbs. Both summer and winter skins had the dark vertebral line. Fic. 30.—ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CALIFORNI- cus. TEETH OF YOUNG MALE. (Cat. No. 60906, U.S.N.M.) a, PROFILE OF RIGHT UP- PER MOLAR SERIES; b, CROWNS OF RIGHT UPPER MOLAR SERIES; C, PROFILE OF RIGHT LOWER MOLAR SERIES; d, CROWNS OF RIGHT LOWER .MOLAR SERIES; €, INCISOR-CANINE SERIES, FRONT VIEW. ihe longest tail of any form of the group known from the Mexican Border. Those from the desert side of the Coast Range often lack the black line on the upper side of the tail, and their paler colora- MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 213 tion and much larger ears point to intergradation with Odocoileus hemionus eremicus. The characters of the skull are shown in fig. 27 and of the teeth in fig. 30. Measurements.—The only specimen measured fresh (No. 60906, U.S.N.M., described above), presented the following dimensions: Total length in a straight line, 1,325 mm.; tail vertebra, 200° tail to end of switch, 300; ear from crown, 223; ear from notch, 192; width of ear, 123; distance between eyes, 108; diameter of eve, 22; distance from tip of nose to angle of mouth, 78; nose to eye, 144; to center of pupil, 160; to base of ear, 233; to tip of ear, 465; distance from shoulder to hip along side, 630; height at shoulder, 630; height at hip, 965; fore limb from olecranon, 557; length of manus, 312; hind limb from knee joint, 665; length of pes, 435. Genus CERVUS Linnezeus (1758). Cervus LINN&US, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 66. Type.—Cervus elaphus Linneeus. Characters.—Size, large; skull as in the axine group; without ridges on frontals; supporting large antlers (only in the male) on osseous pedicels; antlers with the beam rounded, splitting up near the summit into a larger or smaller number of snags, often arranged in a cup-like manner, and with a brow tine always present. CERVUS MERRIAMI Nelson. MERRIAM ELK. Cervus merriami NELSON, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y. XVI, Jan., 1902, pp. 1 to 12, figs. 1 to 7 (original description ).—MILLER and REHN, Proce. 3OStee SOCGH Nails ENISte ae NONONGI INOS 3; AUSS 2 90S. pe O69 aOSySt- Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902). Type-locality Head of Black River, White Mountains, Apache County, Arizona. Altitude, about 9,000 feet. Geographical range-—Upper Transition and Boreal zones in sum- mer, descending to the Lower Transition and Upper Austral zones in winter, in the mountains of western New Mexico and eastern Ari- zona, probably crossing to the high mountains of northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Description—The following essential data are taken from Mr. Nelson’s original description, tabulated comparative measurements of the skull, teeth, and horns, as well as other portions of the deserip- tion and comparisons, being omitted : “Type, No. 111639, ad., U. S. National Museum, collected Au- gust, 1886, at head of Black River, White Mountains, Arizona, by KK. W. Nelson. TAA BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. “Distribution—Formerly all of the higher parts of the White Mountains of Arizona and the Mogollon Mountains of western New Mexico. Now nearly extinct and limited to a small area in the higher parts of the White Mountains (and possibly the Mogollons). “General characters ——Nose darker and head and legs more red- dish than Cervus canadensis from the northern Rocky Mountains, but paler than (. roosevelti Merriam, of the Northwest Coast Region. Skull more massive with nasals broader and much more flattened, and upper molar series heavier and more curved. Antlers most like those of C. canadensis, but with tip straighter, thus giving much fonger chord from base to tip. “Summer pelage (type specimen).—Top of nose rich reddish chest- nut brown becoming much paler and more yellowish along edges of upper lips; and paler, more reddish fulvous 6n cheeks, forehead, and crown; pale areas around eyes dull dark buffy; chin dingy buffy with large blackish brown spot on each side; front of ears pale buffy yellow; back of ears reddish brown; top of neck, entire back and sides of body faded grizzled yellowish brown, darkest along mid- dle of back and shading into pale dingy yellowish on flanks; rump patch dingy yellowish white (not strongly contrasting with rest of back) bordered along lower edge by narrow band of seal brown; underside of neck and body dark brown, darkest on neck and more reddish on belly; front of forelegs dark reddish brown becoming paler (nearly vandyke brown) on sides and with median line behind and around borders of hoofs reddish fulvous; hind legs similarly colored but paler along front. “Winter pelage.— Body, above and on sides, pale yellowish brown, this color extending over entire outer surfaces of shoulders and hips and over all of buttocks and tail. Head and neck seal brown with pale areas around commissure and eyes; ears whitish at base and liver brown on posterior surfaces. Sides of neck paler than underside of head and neck, the hairs being dark brown at base with broad fulvous tips and brown annulations. Under surface of body, with inner and posterior surfaces of legs, dark seal brown, a band of the same color extending upward and outward from inside of thighs toward hip joint. Front and outside of legs cinnamon-rufous, vary- ing to fulvous. Hoofs black with fringe of buff-colored hairs at ‘base.’ a‘** Dr. BH. A. Mearns, U. S. A., has kindly given me the accompanying descrip- tion of the winter pelage of Cervus merriami, taken from the skin of No. 16211, American Museum of Natural History. This specimen was secured by me in the White Mountains in the fall of 1887, and passed into the hands of Dr. Mearns, who afterwards presented it to the American Museum of Natural His- tory. Fortunately, Dr. Mearns entered a brief description of the pelage in his note book at the time, as the skin has since been accidentally destroyed.” [Footnote by Nelson.] MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 215 “Shull—Cervus merriami has strongly marked skull characters. it differs strikingly from both Cervus canadensis, of the northern Rocky Mountains, and from Cervus roosevelti, of the Northwest Coast. in having the nasals remarkably broad and flattened; the palate nar- row between the posterior molars and in the great zygomatic breadth and massive molars.” Measurements.—Cranial measurements of adult male (No. 16211, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) topotype, from the White Mountains, near Springerville, Arizona: Occiput to front of premaxille, 498 mm.; palatal length, 288; length of nasals, 183; greatest breadth of nasals, $3; greatest orbital breadth, 194; greatest breadth across premaxille, 99; breadth across parietals, 168; zygomatic breadth, 203; breadth below lachrymal fosse, 157. (From Nelson.) Measurements of upper molar series (No. 16211, Am. Mus. Nat. Mist.).—Total length of row, 137 mm.; distance between alveoli: 1st Fete 59s. 2d PM. 633d Pe Me ids ist ML Wi 2d0 Mi, (65. 3d 5Mc; 69; breadth of 2d M. at base, 31. (From Nelson.) Measurements of antlers (No. 16211, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—Chord from bur to tip, 1,067 mm.; distance along outside of curve, 1,240; circumference above bur, 237. (From Nelson.) “The Arizona Elk, the last of the large game mammals of America to become known to science, 1s already on the verge of extinction. So far as I have been able to learn, its range has been long isolated and in an area where the idea of game protection is very recent, and where even now the protection afforded by the game laws (owing to the remote situation) 1s more nominal than real. The present game law of Arizona prohibits the shooting of elk at all seasons, and ‘it is to be hoped that an effort may be made to render this protection effectual. “ The only specimens of this species now known are the two obtained by myself near the head of the Black River in the White Moun- tains of Arizona. The type is in the National Museum, and the other specimen, represented by the skull and antlers of an old male, is in the American Museum of Natural History. The skull of the American Museum specimen is described and figured in this paper, owing to the temporary mislaying of the skull of the type [which is now in its place in the U. S. National Museum collection]. _ “JT have found no published record of this species among earlier authors, and the actual extent of its former range will be difficult to determine. My first knowledge of its existence was obtained in the fall of 1882, when some prospectors at Chloride, New Mexico, told me that elk inhabited the Mogollon Mountains near the extreme head- waters of Gila River. Nothing further was heard of it until the early months of 1884, when I spent some time in exploring the Indian ruins about the village now called Frisco, on the headwaters of the 21-6 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. San Francisco River in western Socorro County, New Mexico. Dur- ing January I made a horseback trip about 10 miles to the eastward into the border of the Mogollon Mountains and saw a doe elk and two young bucks hanging by a hunter’s cabin. At this time elk were reported to be not uncommon on the higher parts of the range, but the total number, from all accounts, must have been very small com- pared with those then found in Colorado and farther north. * From 1885 to 1887, while living on my ranch at the eastern base of the White Mountains, near Springerville, Arizona, I heard fre- quently of elk living in the higher and more remote parts of these mountains, mainly along the border of the White Mountain Indian Reservation, near the head of Black River (a tributary of the Gila). The local hunters reported them as not uncommon in this area where, during brief hunting trips between 1885 and 1888, I saw signs of their presence in various places. Their main range covered an area about 30 by 50 miles in extent, at an elevation from 8,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level. This country forms the divide between the head- waters of the Little Colorado River and Black River and the high Prieto Plateau between the upper Black River and Blue River. At the time of which I write elk were far from numerous, but I never visited their territory without seeing signs, usually more or less recent tracks, and in fall the broken branches and barkless trunks of saplings, where the bulls had been rubbing their horns. The most abundant signs were found about some beautiful damp meadows in the midst of the dense fir forest on the rolling summit of the Prieto Plateau, between the Blue and the Black rivers. Owing to the pres- ence of hostile Apaches at that time, it was dangerous to linger in the country where we saw most of the elk signs, so we always pressed on to a safer district before doing much hunting. Outside the Indian country they were not common enough for one to hunt them with any degree of certainty. From 1884 to 1889 the white hunters did not kill a dozen elk in all this district. “Mr. W. W. Price, who made a collecting trip for mammals through the White Mountains during July and August, 1894, states: ‘So far as we could learn this animal is now confined to a small area in the higher White Mountains. Several were seen and a fine male was shot at about 9,000 feet elevation on August 10. They feed in the dense fir woods and glades which clothe the upper slopes of the mountains.’ (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, 1895, pp. 257, 258.) A recent letter from my brother, Mr. F. W. Nelson, informs me that a local hunter found the trail of a bull elk near the head of Black River the present autumn (1901), and followed it for two days without obtaining a shot at the animal. This shows that the Arizona elk still survives, and that it is pursued by local hunters regardless of the legal prohibition.” (2. W. Nelson.) MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. van ar Habits and local distribution Among my notes referring to this species I find a copy of a letter dated Fort Verde, Arizona, March 29, 1888, addressed to Dr. J. A. Allen, containing the following: Box No. 10 should be unpacked, and the skulls in it put away without unwrap- ping. In it is the skin of a fine adult male elk, taken by E. W. Nelson, in the White Mountains, Arizona. Mr. Nelson generously placed the specimen at my disposal for just what it cost him to transport it out of the woods ($25). It cost me six dollars ($6) to get it from his place to Fort Verde, making a total cost of $31. The horns are different in shape from any others I have seen. The head is in another box (No. 11), to be sent with the next lot. I think it will make a nice specimen for mounting; and I will present it to the Museum for that purpose. If it can be mounted soon I will be able to describe it better when I reach New York. The elk has become so scarce in Arizona that I think it doubtful whether other specimens will be preserved from this Territory. | July 19] 508} 240] 77| 23 58896 | 58896 | 2423 ade GO Saas arse tee eo oee ee pee Ose | 6405 25b 72 23 21415 | 36979 | 2424| Gad. |...-. Os ee ec oe ee eter dois aieeecas | eee 75 25 58895 | 58895 | 2488} 9 ad. |...-- GON a2. Sh pees soccer cee: July 31) 515 | 255 71 21 58847 | 58847 | 2582 op aN |e oene GOR n Si Sena Pee ee ee ee Oct. 16s acsse;| seeeec| saes-e |aeee ae 58861 | 58861 | 2663 —ad. | East side of Santa Catalina Moun- | Winter. |......|...---|-.--.-|...... tains, Arizona. 58957 | 58957 | 881 | Y ad. | Huachuca Mountains, Arizona....) July 25 | 525} 262 75 26 58966 | 58966 |! 887 eh EXO Nees Oc 2h oats cect nce ae eee | Vly 29) Seer [neta nepomsean|=see 58958 | 58958 | 906 Grads |\Seoc- GO so Jai ost sat eee eee | Aug. 3] 520] 266 75 23 58964 | 58964 | 917 | OBnd ss |5-=2- GOW is aa eee eee ee ee | Aug. 8| 551 | 274 75 24 58961 | 58961 | 918| 9 ad. |..... Oe snasinen te eek | Agee Dal oe EeiOE OGee Raa 23 BBG65 | 89Gb! || ~919.N CO jratles ado see eee ot eee an eee BOs Ey Mare i rl Leh es 58962 | 58962 | 937 Gad! |Paaee GO Socks USA See eee Aug. 14] 506 | 254 763 22 58963 | 58963 | 938 | dim. |...-. ORS a ee eee Ree GO) ses 14961 |) <2; 70 20 58959 | 58959 | 988 ead. S228 (6 oe ea oe eh ee ed Se he | Aug. 29] 612] 250 72 22 58960 | 58960 | 1067 Gado Saeer do nt ee Oct. 4] 466] 202 76 24 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 281 Subgenus PARASCIURUS Trouessart (1880). FOX SQUIRRELS. Parasciurus TROUESSART, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 87, October, 1880, p. 292; Cat. Mam., Rodentia, p. 77, 1880 (in part).—MeErrIAM, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, VII, 1892, p. 27.—NELSON, Proce. Washington Acad. Sci., I, p. 30, April 14, 1899. (Revision of the Squirrels of Mexico and Central America ).—MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, December 27, 1901, p. 386 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900.)—Etutor, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 51 (Synop. Mam. N. Am..) ; IV, 1904, p. 110 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Dentition.—l. =e ee = M. 590. Characters.—Size large; without ear-tufts; skull elongate, with a long, broad rostrum, and broad nasals; brain case long, narrow, not inflated over parietals and narrowed at occiput; interpterygoid fossa long. SCIURUS RUFIVENTER TEXIANUS (Bachman). TEXAS FOX SQUIRREL. Sciurus terianus BACHMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1838, p. 86 (or deser.). Sciurus limitis Bartrp, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., VII, April, 1855, p. 331 (original description) ; Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 256, pls. Lxiv (animal) and ExXxxt (skull); Rep. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., II, Pt. 2, Mam., 1859, p. 34, pls. Iv (animal) and xx1r (skull, 5 figures). Sciurus niger var. ludovicianus, ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, pp. 724-731 (southwest Texas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico). Sciurus niger limitis, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 183; VIII, 1896, p. 67. Sciurus ludovicianus limitis, NELSON, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., I, p. 97, pl. 1, fig. 1, May 9, 1899 (Revision of the Squirrels of Mexico and Central America) ; MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX. No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 86 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Sciurus ludovicianus] limitis E.uiiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I1, 1901, p. 53 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Sciurus rufiventer texrianus, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 167, July 1,1902; Mirier and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX XI, No. 3, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 73 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902). [Sciurus] rufiventer texensis, Hutior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 110 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Ty pe-locality.—Texas. Geographical range-—Wooded areas—mostly river bottoms—of Southwestern Texas, east of the desert. Description—Similar to typical Scturus rufiventer (fig. 46), but smaller and paler. * Above yellowish gray, darkened by a very even mixture of black bands and black tips to the hairs. Sides of head, 282 BULLETIN: 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ears, feet, inner surface of limbs, and all of under surface of body orange-buff. Tail grizzled above, in the median area, with broad, lateral, subterminal bands of black and broad yellowish white tips to the hairs; under side of tail tricolored, orange-buff mesially, this bor- dered successively by black and yellowish white. The naked under surfaces of the feet are pur- plish black. Length, 475 mm.; tail to end of vertebrae, 225; tail to end of hairs, 300; ear from crown, 18; ear from notch, 30; head, 67; hind foot, 66. Cranial characters.—This species has but one premolar on each side, above. Skull in ¢exianus (fig. 45) low, with a weak rostrum; superior profile flattened in the frontal region, sharply Fic. 45.—Scrurus rurrven- (declining posteriorly; postorbital processes. of TER TEXTANUS. Dorsal yyedium length and sharply deflected; audital VIEW OF SKULL. FORT eee CLarx, Texas. (Cat.No. bulla, small; incisive foramen, long and nar- sae Amer. Mus. Nat. row; interpterygoid fossa, long, nearly equal- ing the length of the upper lateral tooth-row. Greatest length of skull, 61 mm.; greatest breadth, 35. Remarks.—The color of the under surface fades with wear and exposure until it becomes nearly white, and its intensity is also subject to some individ- ual variation. On the whole, the form is re- markably uniform. No black individuals were seen or heard of, though the fox squir- rel of northeastern Texas is frequently mel- anistic. Dr. J. A. Allen® mentions a speci- men from Rockport, Aransas County, Texas, “not appreciably different from — speci- mens from the type locality (San Pedro or Devils River) of Baird’s Seciurus limitis (=texianus), recently received from Dr. E. A. Mearns.” An adult female (Cat. No. 63048, U.S.N.M.) from Kickapoo Springs, Mason County, Texas, has five pairs of mamme. Pid aie Sane at Habits and local distribution On January Dorsat view oF sxkuut. 31, 1892, I noted a fine fox squirrel, seen in a ee Saran bit of woods along the railroad between the southern border of Indian Territory and Fort Worth, Texas. I afterwards found it abundant in pecan woods along most of the @ Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 183. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 283 streams in the region around Fork Clark, Kinney County, ‘Texas. Pecan nuts and acorns were its principal food. Record and measurements of 21 specimens of Sciurus rufiventer texrianus. Museum | g | | x a F numbers. | 5 | Werte =| z a | eee eas ley eens Locality. Date. | . | 3/33 | g Skin. Skull.) § | bo ies | Se 5 oye al o | 3a ® es cea Satelite cs | | 1892 mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 12704 | 10997 | 2171 | 7 im. | Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas-| Dec. 23 | 490 | 245 | 68 21 | | 1893. | 63046 | 63046 | 2230; g |....- GAL Meee ae eR ere yes Jan. 17| 445] 210] 68 20 a12710 |.....-. | 9945) — ad. |... ae eR abaed ol be emote Terms 20) |eecd | oars (Pk aspire (TRO a ee es PBI | ad lesa Oe eee Se eee ee Ee esl ER) oye Uh Il Fe a ee eo «12707 | 11000 | 2294 # ad. | Kickapoo Springs, Mason County, | Feb. 15| 495 | 240) 65 18 Texas. 63048 | 63048 | 2295 | 9 ad. |...-- AO Sa eee neon ae! |_...do 475 | 215| 64 17 63049 | 638049 | 2996 | ¢ ad. |....- Clot ee rt ad PD Poe Ae etl ....do-..| 490] 235] 65 18 QZ 70S Nea ae | 2308 | fg ad. | Fort Clark, Kinney County,Texas.| Mar. 10 | 475 | 228 65 19 a12708 |.-..... 23 0 | doe gat tu ots | eabae k” Se 6 Appr Ba Shee ash ace eae nee ead 63050 | 63050 | 2319| @ (|....- Swe A pe net” Peet Uae DT AGS Rese. [eee sel ese see a12710 |2 222 12320; 9 ad. |....- EA RE are SN hi eR ame | Apr. 14} 503] 250| 67] 20 63051 | 63051 | 2327| 9 ad. |..... ORS Soot ima rae A Apr. 24| 490] 237] 65| 19 63052 | 63052 | 2328 | @juv. |..... (sts Re ee cee le eT OME Gloyeae (b CaI0) eae eens [zane a5646 | 4637 | 2330 | 9 ad. |..... LOPE Sates eee eee Apr. 26| 470| 220] 68] 21 a12703 | 10996 | 2333} @ ad. |..... LO ee ee a ee ee NT cay | 4858 23a (ets 20 63054 | 63054 | 2334 | b¢ ad. |..... GE oS, Meee dat ves mae EEN FU eee retake ee 64| 18 12706 | 10999 | 2335 | ¢ ad. |..... SUMS Slee Tes oy et ne ay do...| 485| 230} 67] 22 63053 | 63058 | 2386 | ¢juv. |..--- SOAR Aner een eR ee eee domes 430M. O25: |eaaee [Saree 212705 | 10998 | 2337 BEAN oo) ea AG seek see oiatien mia see ceeeitere eee ayes GOra22 | 400 |e L90h Saar ee lessee 1897 84629 | 84629 | 4971 | 9 juv. |...-- COC eA at) Fee ee ote | Deere 4'|\ 487, |- 240)" 68 |e--28. 1898. | | 84630 | 84630 | 42) ¢ ad. |....- LO es hat ae Rae» SelB May 14] 475| 295] 61] 19 | aAmerican Museum of Natural History. » Head and body, 275. ¢ Collection of Louis di Z. Mearns. Genus EUTAMIAS Trouessart (1880). Butamias Trovuressart, Catalogue des Mammiferes, Vivants et Fossiles, Rongeurs, 86, 1880 (new subgenus).—MERRIAM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X1, July 1, 1897, p. 189 (adopted as a full genus). Dentition.—I. ee P “a. M. = =e Type.—Sciurus striatus asiaticus Gmelin. T have followed Doctor Merriam? in according generic value to the subgenus Hutamias of Tamias, to which Trouessart assigned the character “premol. 2/1.” The type of Hutamias (fixed by Dr. J. A. Allen”) is Tamias asiaticus (Gmelin). As stated by Doctor @Proc. Biol. Soc.. Wash., XI, p. 189. b Proc. Linnzean Soe. New York, July, 1894, p. 26. 284 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Merriam, the western 4-striped chipmunks of the genus Hutamias appear to be an offshoot from the subgenus Ammospermophilus of the genus Citellus,; while the restricted 7amias appears to have been derived from Jctidomys. KEY TO THREE SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUTAMIAS. a. With five well-defined black dorsal stripes, separating four light ones. Hutamias cinereicollis (p. 284). aa. Dorsal stripes obsolete or obscure. b. Black restricted to the middle dorsal stripe. Jutamias dorsalis (p. 288). bb. Black not restricted to the middle dorsal stripe. Eutamias merriami (p. 295): EUTAMIAS CINEREICOLLIS (Allen). @ ARIZONA CHIPMUNK. Tamias cinereicollis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, p. 94, June, 1890 (original description) ; VII, 1895, p. 243. Hutamias cinereicollis, MILLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 40 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to-close of 1900). [Tamias] cinereicollis, Evitor, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 75 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Ying-yi-uih of the Hopi Indians of northeastern Arizona. Type-locality—sSan Francisco Mountain, Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, No. $4534, U..S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.) Geographical range.—Boreal zone of mountains of the Colorado Plateau, in northeastern Arizona. Description—Size medium; pelage full and soft; ears medium size; dorsal surface with five plainly defined dark stripes and four hght ones of about equal breadth. The original description, by Dr. J. A. Allen, based in part on our collection, reads as follows: Autumnal pelage (August and September ).—General color above gray; sides between shoulders and hips yellowish brown; below grayish white; nape, sides a@Mr. Vernon Bailey has described the following subspecies : Eutamias cinereicollis canipes Battery, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 117, June 2; 1902. Type-locality.— Gaudalupe Mountains, El Paso County, Texas. Altitude 7,000 feet. Type, Cat. No. 109229, U.S.N.M. General characters.—Similar to cinereicollis in fresh postbreeding pelage, but rrayer throughout, with paler «nd duller ochraceous on sides; tips of the long hairs on rump and upper surface of tail white instead of yellowish; feet clear gray without, a tinge of yellowish; black dorsal stripe reaching forward to between ears. Measurements.—Type: Total length 230 mm.; tail vertebree 104; hind foot 35. Skull of type: Basal length 30; nasals 11; zygomatic breadth 19.3; mastoid breadth 15.8; alveolar length of upper molar series 5.8. (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., SAV en salle) MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 285 of neck, and cheeks (below malar stripe) gray, this color extending back to pos- terior border of scapular region, but there more blackish, and sometimes with a faint tinge of brownish suffusion. Thighs and buttocks very faintly tinged with pale yellowish brown. Dark dorsal stripes broad, deep black, edged with deep chestnut brown, the outer one on each side narrower, shorter, and less black, but sharply defined and strongly marked. Inner pair of light dorsal stripes clear whitish gray; outer pair broader and clear white. Light facial stripes rather clear white; the dark ones very broad, dull rusty brown, the ocular stripe alone much mixed with black, generally distinctly black immediately befere and behind the eye. Ears externally with the central area blackish, the anterior border rusty, and the posterior broadly edged with grayish white; inner surface pale rusty. Light patch behind the ear light gray, scarcely lighter than the surrounding pelage, and hence not conspicuous. Tail above blackish, the Hairs ochraceous at base and tipped broadly with buff; below broad central area orange rufous, bounded by a very narrow line of black, fringed with buff. Breeding pelage (May—July ).—Pelage softer and fuller (comparing especially May and August specimens); colors all dull and bleached, the tints of gray, black, and white, all less pure and clear, 4nd the sides only faintly washed with pale yellowish brown, varying in different specimens to pale buff, sometimes not appreciably different from the pale dull yellowish gray of the general color of the dorsal surface. Young.—Half-grown young are similar in color to adults in August and Sep- tember, but the pelage is thinner and more silky, with the unmistakable look of juvenility. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, p. 94.) Measurements—Average of three adult males: Length, 223 mm.; tail to end of vertebrae, 95; tail to end of hairs, 118; hind foot, 34.3; ear from crown, 15.1; ear from notch, 20.3; head, 38.3; from tip of nose to eye, 16.3; nose to ear, 30. Average of ten adult females: Length, 225 mm.; tail to end of vertebra, 99; tail to end of hairs, 125; hind foot, 34.1; ear above crown, 16; ear above notch, 20.1; head, 39.5; nose to eye, 15.8; nose to ear, 30.6. Skull, 37.3 by 20.7. Mamme, four pairs. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull closely resembles that of Eutamias dorsalis, but is shorter, the brain case being shorter and relatively broader, with rostrum slightly shorter and more depressed. The nasals are broad like those of dorsalis; incisors narrower. Life history—The Arizona chipmunk is of strictly alpine distri- bution. Its habitat is restricted to the evergreen forests, from an alti- tude of about 6,500 feet nearly up to timber line (11.468 feet). Its lowest range barely touches the upper limit of that of the Gila chip- munk (Hutamias dorsalis). It does not descend to the lower limit of the pine belt, and is most abundant in the fir and spruce forests, at an elevation of from 7,000 to 11,000 feet. The Gila chipmunk, on the ether hand, finds its upper limit in the pine belt, which it penetrates to the altitude of 6,500 feet. As might be predicted, the Arizona chipmunk descends to the lowest level along the borders of the largest areas of its habitat, as in the San Francisco Forest and Mogollon Mountains. There are many smaller areas which, from their altitude and vegetation, would afford 286 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. it a congenial home, but which are surrounded by barren, inhospitable plains, that seem never to have been crossed by it. Other animals are restricted by the same causes. The forested area lying south of the Great Colorado River, in the vicinity of Pine Spring, having an alti- tude of 6,580 feet, affords a striking example of this sort. The vast gorge of the Colorado arches around this tract on the north, and deep canyons and broad desert plains shut it off from other forested regions on all other sides. Therefore this region, although offering every attraction in the matters of food, shelter, and climate for the alpine mammals, is actually inhabited by none of them, except the Holzner cottontail (Lepus floridanus holzneri). No such barriers obstruct the passage of birds; and we find the usual alpine species in this region, not excepting the Mexican turkey, whose limited powers of flight might be expected to exclude it. In October, 1884, I found this chipmunk abundant along the crest of the Mogollon Mountains, from Bakers Butte, 35 miles east of Fort Verde, nearly to Fort Apache. At that season they were actively engaged in harvesting their winter supplies, in which employment they ascended the tallest trees. At the lower altitudes they were gathering acorns and storing them in large quantities in the ground or in hollow logs. The evergreens of higher altitudes also supplied them with food. Throughout this region it is quite common for them to emerge from beneath the deep snow in winter, and run about during the warm part of the day, but during stormy or severely cold periods they do not venture forth. In May and June, 1887, I found it at the Star Route wagon pass, on the summit of the Mogollon Mountains, near Stonemans Lake, and thence, at the highest points, to the San Francisco Mountain. On Humphreys Peak it was found above 11,000 feet, inhabiting a dense growth of conifers. It was abundant in the San Francisco Forest, south of Flagstaff, where it probably reaches its lowest point of residence, by following the continuity of the pine forest down a gradual descent. Its evident fondness for acorns attracts it to the oak groves, which are common along the lower, rocky ridges of this elevated region. In July and August, 1887, I was encamped with a cavalry command at Fern Spring, near Bakers Butte, in the Mogollon Mountains, about 40 miles east of Fort Verde. The locality was swampy ground having somewhat rocky sides. Here squirrels were abundant on our arrival, but by the time we had been in camp a fortnight there was an influx of the smaller species from all the surrounding country, attracted by the refuse from the horses’ forage and the soldiers’ rations, The Say MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 287 ground squirrel (Callospermophilus lateralis) was the most abundant, but there was quite an army of Arizona chipmunks. They pillaged our tents and mess outfit, and even climbed into the nose bags for the horses’ grain, frightening some of the animals into breaking their halters. Their homes are made in burrows in old logs and in the ground be- neath stones, logs, and roots of trees. The young, three to five in number, are brought forth in nests of dry grass and similar material, placed at the end of their burrows. The period of bearing varies somewhat according to altitude, but is well covered by the months of June and July. In the early part of June they were observed carry- ing immense loads of dry grass into their burrows, in the San Fran- cisco Forest; and very young ones were running about in great num- bers in the vicinity of Bakers Butte by the middle of July. During the summer the Arizona chipmunk feeds quite extensively upon green herbage and the seeds of small plants, chiefly legumes; but, like most squirrels, it 1s fond of an occasional change from vegetable to animal diet. At Fern Spring they entered our kitchen tent and devoured our bacon; and I soon discovered in fat salt pork a bait so tempting that it never failed to allure them into a trap. So little attention is at present paid to agriculture in the region occupied by this squirrel that its interests have not thus far been materially affected; and it is such a clever, pleasant little mammal that its petty pilferings about the cabins and the damage to cereal and other products, which may be expected from it in the future, ought to be forgiven. The voice of this chipmunk resembles somewhat that of the com- mon eastern chipmunk (Zamias striatus). It chippers in the same excited way when startled, and chirrups and clucks as it watches you from the top of its favorite log. Mr. Edward D. Tuttle, clerk of Graham County, writing from Solomonville, Arizona, March 21, 1889, speaks of the abundance of chipmunks in the mountains of the Graham Range, which may have been the present species, as /’. dorsalis would scarcely be found there. 288 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. - Measurements of 13 specimens of Hutamias cinereicollis. Museumnum- | ,; mT 43 bers.a@ v 2 = eee aol 4 | : . 3 |e] E | ra wae o Rast 2° fa Locality. Dapewelie sco ee Bela] 6 Se ee a — s . a ead Skin.| Skull. 3 us) Sie 4 S — pe a0 op = = Se |e omens eS < H |e || 2 1884 mm.\mm.|\nm.) mm. 12208 | Inskin. | 134 Bakers Butte, Arizona...... Oct, 4 dad. 7,600 | 236} °6| 34] 14 | 1887. | 2216 1393 | 545 | Summit of wagon pass, Mo- | May 25 9 ad. 8,000 | 225 94) 34] 15.5 - gollon Mountains, Ari- , zona (on the old “Star route’’). ; 2217 | 1304s be O Seep cd Oue se eee a. see a May 26 9 ad. 8,000) ISeeealeeeea 34 | 16 22180) Eoskin: |p Dai |e. ce. GO ago te aoe eee ieee Heer 5L0) armel aebesKo le 8,000 | 224 | 97] 34] 15 2219 | In skin. | 548 |..... CG KS Re eat ee ies AS Tap raat ePedoOmes| und: 8,000 | 230 | 100 | 35 | 15 2220 1395 | 550°]. -.2. GO oe tire ante oe Sees May 27 7d ad. 8,000 | 210] 94) 35) 15.3 2220) Tn skins 4) + 652| 2.500 OOS et Sos ose ase ee eee aces do...| Q ad. 8,000 | 226 | 97 | 35 | 16 2299 1396 | 553 |..-.- ifs alee ee gene or he treme eee, Gores | it adiea | a GrDOD ceca etna | 34] 16 i ewces 1397 | 574 | Near Flagstaff, Arizona.....| June 2| Qad. 7,000 | 229 100 | 35) 15.5 2223 In skin. 580| San Francisco Mountain, | June 6 9 ad. 9,750 | 226 | 104 | 34} 14 Arizona. | roa 2224 398 | 586 |..-.. Cones oA a Ree ee June 11| Qad. | 10,250 | 232 | i Re eee sas 1399)1" (G87 oes adOs ead Stoo ase es Soease fesse Or sels rads a] SLO; 250M cP rel al Olen Aes mete 2225 | In skin. 595 | Near San Francisco Moun- | June 17 ? ad. 7,200 | 216 | 96 | 33 15 tain, Arizona. | | Weal a American Museum of Natural History. EUTAMIAS DORSALIS (Baird). GILA CHIPMUNK. Tamias dorsalis Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1855, p. 3382 (original description); Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 3800, pl. xivr1; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.; II, Pt. 2, Mam., 1859, p. 37—Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, 1867, p. 486.—CourEs, Amer. Nat., I; 1867, p. 358; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 134.—ALLEN, 3ull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., ITI, 1890, p. 68; VII, 1895, p. 241. Tamias quadrivittatus var. dorsalis, ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1874, p. 290. Tamias quadrivittatus dorsalis, Cours and Yarrow, Wheeler Surv., V, Zool., 1876; p. 119: Tamias asiaticus var. dorsalis, ALLEN, Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, p. T94. Tamias quadrivittatus pallidus Cours and Yarrow, Wheeler Sury., V, Zool., 1876, p: 118. Tamias asiaticus dorsalis, TRuE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 593. E{utamias|) dorsalis, Merrtam, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, XI, p. 210, July 1, 1897. Eutamias dorsalis, MrLLER and REHN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 41 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Tamias] dorsalis, Evxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 1, 1901, p. GS, fig. 16 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.) ; TV, 1904, p. 184 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Yiing-yi-tih of the Hopi Indians of northwestern Arizona, MAMMALS OF THi MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 289 Type-locality—F ort Webster, Copper Mines of the Mimbres, Grant County, New Mexico, lat. 32° 47’, long. 108° 4’. (Type, skin with fragment of skull, No. 3151, U. S. National Museum.) Geographical range Upper Sonoran to lower edge of Transition Zone of the Elevated Tract. Description.—Size medium; ears high and pointed; tail long, and ‘ather bushy; pelage short, but silky and dense. Coloration pallid, all but the median dorsal stripe being obsolete. In post-breeding pelage the color above is whitish gray, finely mixed with blackish and vinaceous; dorsal stripes faintly outlined; sides, and anterior portion of limbs, yellowish brown; ventral surface soiled white, the fur plumbeous at base. Side of head, with three dark and two white longitudinal stripes, the middle dark one involving the eye. Post-auricular patch large and white. Ear whitish, with anterior border rusty brownish, this pattern being reversed on its inner sur- face. Tail broad and bushy, iron-gray above, and longitudinally striped below, where the central area is orange-rufous, bordered on each side, successively, with buff, black, and gray, giving a 7-striped pattern. Hands soiled white; feet buff. Mamma, 4 pairs. The winter pelage is, of course, grayer, the upper surface lacking the vinaceous tint, the subterminal zone of the underfur being nar- rower, paler, and more yellowish. Measurements.—Average of ten adult males: Length, 231 mm.; tail to end of vertebrae, 103; tail to end of hairs, 131; hind foot, 34.8; ear from crown, 15.9; ear from notch, 21.6; head, 40.3; distance from nose to eye, 16; nose to ear, 32. Average of fifteen adult females: Length, 288 mm.; tail to end of vertebra, 104; tail to end of hairs, 134; hind foot, 34.6; ear from crown, 16.2; ear from notch, 21.2; head, 40.6; distance from nose to eye, 16.2; .nose to ear, 32.3. Skull, 39 by 21. Shull and teeth—Skull (fig. 47) similar to that of Hutamias cin- ereicollis, but with braincase longer and lower, and the skull narrower anteriorly ; incisors broader. Life history—The Gila chipmunk, as its name implies, is an in- habitant of the Gila Basin; but its range is not restricted thereto, and may also be found to cover a considerable portion of the Colorado and Yaqui River basins. Its preference seems to be for broken, rocky country, where there is timber; yet it inhabits long reaches of barren canyons, entirely destitute of trees. It must, necessarily, be uble to subsist on a great variety of food, else it could not exist under such diverse conditions. Although quite abundant, in suitable locali- ties, in the pine zone, it is more characteristic of the jagged canyons, rocky basins, and precipitous slopes bordering the mesas, which con- stitute such marked topographical features of this region, and which 30639—No. 56—07 m——19 290 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. afford it a wider field for the development and exhibition of its scansorial powers. I found it along the line of the Colorado from Peach Springs and Diamond Creek to near the mouth of Cataract Creek. It was abundant in the deep canyon of the latter stream, where I obtained specimens at the Havasupai Indian settlement, at the altitude of 3.090 feet, and found it thence for a distance of 30 miles up the canyon. In the pine region around Whipple Barracks it is exceedingly abundant. I found it at the highest points in that neighborhood, where the Arizona mountain chipmunk (Hutamias cinereicollis) does not occur. Thence it follows the course of the streams and canyons, always avoiding the smooth country, into the Agua Fria Valley on one side and the Verde on the other. I traced it down Hh “al i Fig. 47.—EUTAMIAS DORSALIS. (Cat. No. 37038, U.S. N.M.) a, DoRSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; ¢, LATERAL VIEW. the Agua Fria and its branches to a point below New River and down the Verde River nearly to Salt River and the Gila. It range; along the tributaries of the Verde River well up into the foothills and along the high mesas of the Mogollon Mountains, reaching the altitude of 6,500 feet; and to the southward it ranges to the pine- clad summits of the Mazatzal Mountains. I also found it in the valleys of Salt River and the Gila, and among the rocky foot- nills bordering the Santa Cruz and Rio San Pedro, in southern Arizona. During a brief visit I failed to find it in the foothills of the Chiricahua Mountains, but it probably ranges through those mountains as it enters the Mexican State of Sonora. We were unable to find it in the San Jose or Huachuca Mountains or in the ranges to the westward. The Gila chipmunk was originally described by Spencer F. Baird from specimens procured by J. H. Clark in the canyons of the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 291 copper mines of the Mimbres, near Fort Webster, New Mexico. Mr. H. W. Henshaw has taken it at El Moro and Dr. J. R. McKee at Fort Defiance in this Territory. To the north. of the Colorado River, Dr. C. Hart Merriam obtained it at Ogden, Utah, in 1872, thus greatly extending its known range; and its future occurrence in the area lying between that point and the Arizona border may be safely predicted. This preeminently saxicolous mammal is common in the limestone bluffs and canyons bordering the Verde River in the vicinity of the military post of Fort Verde; but I never detected it, during a resi- dence of more than four years, in the broad river bottom. In fact, it avoids level ground, always seeking cliffs and the rockiest places. It infests the bluff banks and side canyons of Beaver Creek, which springs from numerous sources in the Mogollon Mountains of central Arizona and empties into the Rio Verde at Fort Verde. This was the most convenient place in which to study the habits of this nimble climber, whose fleetness and boldness, displayed in scaling the per- pendicular cliffs (the crevices and holes of which afford it sufficient shelter), never ceased to excite my admiration and astonishment; but its excessive shyness precluded a close acquaintance. It was next to impossible to kill one; and the few specimens taken were the result of snap shots, usually from the saddle, when both the squirrel and myself were in motion, or of tedious lying-in-wait. It runs with extraordinary swiftness, quickly placing a wall of rock between itself and an enemy, or disappearing into a crevice. It lacks the curiosity of the eastern chipmunk, and seldom ventures to exhibit itself after being frightened to cover. Tt delights in the picturesque caves and ruined buildings of the cliff dwellers, in which these canyons abound. From the shelter and concealment of these ancient habitations I have been able to watch the actions of this chipmunk, whose timidity contrasts strikingly with the confiding familiarity of the Arizona chipmunk. When all is quiet and it fancies itself unobserved, one emerges from a_hori- zontal fissure in the wall of soft limestone and utters a resounding note, followed by a chirrup and rattle, as another little fellow comes out close behind it. Then they make a rush along some previously- invisible ledge and disappear in a vertical seam, before unnoticed, as if by magic. Thence issue excited chipperings, followed by the scratching of claws upon the rock face overhead, and they are gone. Another family presently appears in another quarter, where they frolic noisily and nervously brandish the long, bushy tail, which is the crowning glory of this pretty species, figuratively speaking, for they drag and whirl it after them as they scuttle like lizards over the cliff. Again the pattering of paws and dropping of loose seales of limestone from above announce the return of the first pair. They 292 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. appear with pouches distended with cedar berries gathered from one of the dwarfed trees at the summit of the chff. If a pinon pine has chanced to obtain a foothold on a ledge, not one of its tooth- some nuts will they permit to fall uneaten; but, as already remarked, its range of food is quite extensive, and few of nature’s bounties ere left untasted. Of its domestic affairs I was able to learn little, be- yond the fact that it utilizes soft materials of whatever kinds are at hand in making its hearthstone warm and comfortable; but its pre- ‘autions against the intrusion of unwelcome visitors were such that TI never was able to effect an entrance to its inner sanctuaries and obtain a glimpse of the home and family, much as my curiosity was piqued. Seen upon the dazzling walls of limestone inclosing the canyons of this region, this chipmunk often appears much smaller than it really is, perhaps because its distance is usually underestimated, on account of the distinctness with which objects are visible against the white rock. When attempting to procure specimens, I have occasion- ally ridden into a narrow canyon, and, leaving my horse, suddenly turned a corner and surprised the chipmunks, who, taken unawares, would attempt, in the excitement of the moment, to climb a surface that was not simply perpendicular, but actually overhanging the ‘anyon. I fired an unsuccessful shot at one of these unfortunates, just in time to drive it to desperation. It made a frantic attempt to seale such a place, and only failed upon reaching an alcove having a strongly arched roof, in which it could no longer obtain a footing. It fell to the ground, a distance of about 40 feet, but escaped, apparently unhurt, into a rift in the base of the canyon. Hackberries, of which this chipmunk is fond, grow in these canyons. ft is active throughout the winter at this altitude, as it doubtless is at the higher levels. When the country becomes more closely settled, we may expect some modification of its shy habits and some destructiveness to crops. In the vicinity of Whipple Barracks are immense piles of coarse granite rock surrounded by openings in which are groves of forest trees. In these rock piles the Gila chipmunk finds an entirely con- genial retreat, and is very abundant, although quite as shy as else- where. Its food consists largely of the acorns of the evergreen oak tree (Quercus emory’). Tonto basin presents somewhat similer topographical features and similar vegetation. In it I found this chipmunk along Pine, Canyon, Cibicu, Carrizi, Corduroy, and Cedar creeks, feeding here also on the acorns of the evergreen oak tree’, which it climbed with ease. In the foothills it frequents the smaller ‘anyons and arroyos, bordered with evergreen scrub oaks, which supply it with food to its liking and shelter it from its enemies. Tt is probable that the habitat of this species nowhere actually overlaps that of the Arizona chipmunk, although the two occa- MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 293 sionally touch each other or are separated by an interval a few miles broad or a few hundred feet in altitude. The narrow intermediate zone 1s occasionally oceupied by the Say chipmunk (Ca/llospermo- philus lateralis), which species, however, has almost the same area of distribution as the Arizona chipmunk. At Stonemans Lake, on the northwestern slope of the Mogollon range, having an altitude of 6,215 feet, this species is very numerous, finding in the rocky walls of the lake basin a satisfactory abode; but between that point and the summit of the mountain is a pine forest free from rocks quite unsuited to the present species. In traversing this forest, which rises gradually to near the summit of the range, Say’s was the only chip- munk found until a certain altitude (about 6,600 feet) was reached, when the first Arizona chipmunks appeared, whereupon both species (Callospermophilus lateralis and EHutamias cinereicollis) became gradually more abundant until the top was reached. The large area of Tonto Basin is bounded on the north by a nearly vertical precipice, or “ rim-rock,” hundreds of feet high, whose summit marks the back- bone of the Mogollon Mountains. This is the typical home of /uta- mias cinereicollis, while the basin itself is an equally populous strong- hold of the Gila chipmunk. Nowhere have I seen so palpable a line of division between two contiguous species, and I imagine that few naturalists, seated on this fence, would hesitate about the separation of these two distinct mammals, whose habitats touch each other, while each retains all of its distinctive characters. West of the Verde Valley, a few Gila chipmunks were noted March 26, 1885, in rocky places between Antelope and Bumble Bee post- offices, in Yavapai County, Arizona; and some were seen farther south, in Black Canyon, the next day. I saw some of them near Mountain Spring, east of Tucson, Arizona, April 8, 1885. The banks of Ash Creek, Agua Fria Valley, which were wooded with scrub oak and lined by rocky bluffs, were inhabited by numbers of these chip- munks May 19, 1885. The Gila chipmunk crosses the Mexican Boundary Line in a narrow belt, including the San Luis and Guadalupe mountains (Monuments Nos. 64 to 75). None were found east or west of this area. The ab- sence of any species of chipmunk from the Huachuca Mountains is remarkable. In the San Luis Mountains the young are apparently born during July. Adults caught June 24, 26, and July 20, contained, respec- tively, 3, 2, 8, and 7 fetuses. On the Mexican Border the vertical range of the Gila chipmunk was noted as from 1,200 meters (in Guadalupe Canyon) to 2,498 meters (summit of San Luis Mountains, where it was fairly common). In Cajon Bonito Canyon it is abundant; some had descended as low as 1,200 meters, and were active late in September, 1893. 294 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 26 specimens ef Hutamias dorsalis. Museum num- | “ 3 @ g piers S S Pil tees Sie ar “5 ae Locality. Date. oe Fe 32 ae 4 Skin. | Skull. 3 = | a 3 2 oa es =) iS) a bea i a i) | 1884. |mm|} mm) mm |) mm a2227 | In skin .| 95 | Whipple Barracks, Arizona-..---- Apr. 21 ? ad. 240%) OSbe ole O0 ome a2248 | In skin .| 146 | Cataract Creek, Arizona..---.----- Nov. 11 ie) | 219} 95 | 30:5] 16.5 1885, | a2z15 1390 197i) Port Verde Arizouw, —-..- 222 0-=- June 4 9 ad. 226 | 102 | 34.0 | 17.0 61348 OTA) 240 Sere GOR taet Farner ene ee eee Sept. 17 fad. 222 | 100 | 33.0 | 17.0 Calbia iol esa Aas | 280 | Cherry Creek, Yavapai County, | Nov. 19 ? ad. 2 104 | 34.0] 17.0 Arizona. | 1887. | ; a22°6 | Inskin.} 536 | Stonemans Lake, Arizona......-- May 22 Dad. (5224) LOL 173120) |S 1620 2229 1391 | 628 | Mormon settlement, Pine Creek, | Aug. 11 | 9 ad. | 235 | 100 | 34.5 | 17.0 Arizona. | ay 2157 1401 | 633 | Fort Verde, Arizona..../.......-. Aug. 30| gad. | 229 | 107 | 33.0| 16.5 2230 1392] 641 | Prescott, Arizona..........---.... Nov. 12 9 ad. | 237 | 105 | 35.0 | 17.0 a2231 | T402" | 642, ees. GOS S25 25s Ee Ree 52 GOR se) ends e234 98 | 34.0 17.0 a2232 | Inskin -| 643 |..... OU eases haere eae .---do...| fad. | 238 | 106 | 34.0.) 16.5 | | 1892. | 20503 39708 | 1907 | East side of San Luis Mountains, | June 23 Y ad 246 | 106 | 36.0 | 17.0 | near Monument No. 63. 20506 | 35737 | 1909 | nee GO eee he ae aes ip -2| gcse s|oase Napewtes . 36.0 | 17.0 20500 | 35742 | 1910 |..... rs npeiiie etapa Sa She Pls ALFe ....do...| gad. | 240 | 117 | 34.5 | 16.5 20508 35738 | 1912 |..... (5 yp ade Se RED fehl teri n Se June 24| Sad. | 227] 104] 35.0] 14.0 20505 | 357386 | 1913 |....- GO.52 5 ee Eee -22-G02.:| Qrad. |°233 | 104) 3625 | > 17750 20504 | 35744 | 1914 |....- OO fer Sain eee ee Peace eee in dO 2 22\0 Quer S20 ee 35.5 | 15.0 20507 | 35718 | 1915 oo £6 V0 ae ae ee ors a ey June 25 dad. 232) | 1027) 36,0") t1930 20496 35734 | 1917 |..... OSes EA Se ere ea aa June 26; oad. 230 | 100 | 34.0 | 14.0 BPA) Bai 4) 1815) | - age. = oe woe 5 Skin. | Skull.| 8 stag [ta Noal ses en 2) 4 a 4 a 1894. | mm. | mm. | mm. mm. 61182 | 61132 | 1975 Mountain Spring, east slope of | May 15 | GG P ENGIN |Rosaeo)anecrc | 34 14 Coast Range, California. | | | 6U841 | 60841 | 1380 Jacumba, San Diego County, Cal- | May 30| Gad. | 238] 112) 35 10 ifornia. | | 61134 | 61134 | 3632. Laguna, Coast Range, San Diego | June 9 | 69 ad. | 244 | 109 | 36 17 County, California. : : 61135 | 61135 | 3633 |..... Tato ee Ne |....do...| 6Q ad. | 260| 124] 37 | 15.5 61126 | 61136 | 3634 |..... US Fo RS ae oe Se OS sae doe. ? ad. 254 126 | 38 15 G1137 | 61187 | 3635. |... 2. GO: tara as See ec on toed BRE Se O ate J ad. 250 120 | 36.5 15.5 ClT39>} GLIS9 12864722. (Ga eae ek Bie AE Ne FE Sd Re eee June 12] 69 ad. 257 125 | 37 13 61140 | 61140 | 8652 |..... COR ee ee MEE le, Nene eee June 13 © ad. 251 121 | 37 | 13 G1111 | 61141 | 3653 |..... (al ayy See eae erent oles fae kent? Si domee eS vaden ye 250k e122 | 36 16 61142 ) 61142 | 3654 |..... QO eee ee eS oe Ee aces Fae do...| 0 9 ad. | 260 | 123 | 38 | 16.5 61143 | 61143 | 3655 |..... Gass ace ae hao eee Bava do...| 09 ad. | 257] 126 | 37.5 | 15 61144 | 61144 | 3656 |..... GO a sae Soe ee he oat ee lone do =-=|20 Ol ade |= 207 TPAC tia als) 61146 | 61146 | 3658 |... Ae eA Spal te a ar eed | Inox do...| @juv. | 251 | 120] 37 | 13 ¢8261 | 63084 | £660 |..... GONE arte ere nee ee ee tote June 14} 09 ad. 250 115 | 37 15 c§250 | 6593 | 1403 |..... CLO 82 ait one he Re ae er June 4] 09 ad. 2395/7 lis) |Our |e loses 60843 | 60843 1469 |..... OEE tee ee ee eee eee June 18 J ad. 252 111 | 38 16 ©8252 | 6595 | 1470 |..... BOE rae we eee ents) Ws aly aee do...| Qad. | 258] 121 | 37.5] 17 €B259) |. 222s [estas | tae: CLOW ee ees Seca n eonN e do...| Qad. | 262] 124 | 40 15.5 ©8255 | 6597 | 1485 |....- Opt Ss se ee os eee eee EES June 20 ‘Oo ad. | 247 118 | 36 | 13 61152 | 61152 | 1486 |....- (Sta Meui sateen eet ple eee do...| 9 juyv. | oA eel bere 2 eae ee Beare e8255 6598 | 1488 }..... 0 (0 Se ase eee te ee Seasons June 21 2 ad. | 247 120 | BX, als ©8257 |....--. | 1489 |....- Goi care eee es ee |----do...] Qad. | 260| 124 | 36.5 | 17 a Head and body, 130 mm. b Mamme, 4 pairs. ec American Museum of Natural History. Genus AMMOSPERMOPHILUS Merriam (1893).¢ Ammospermophilus MerrrtamM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 27, April 13, 1893. Type.—Tamias leucurus Merriam. Characters—Dorsum with one longitudinal stripe on each side; external ears considerably more developed than in Citellus citellus (Linneus), but less so than in Callospermophilus; mamme, 5 pairs; tail, cylindrical at base, flattened and bushy on terminal two-thirds; skull similar to that of Hutamias, but higher and more flattened posteriorly, with relatively shorter and thicker rostrum, narrower palate, heavier dentition, and larger audital bulle. The skull dif- fers even more from C7tellus in being relatively narrower, flattened above and elevated posteriorly, with audital bullae high and com- pressed laterally, and in having the first premolar a much smaller, simple, peg-like tooth. «The generic name Spermophilus, so long in general use for the ground-squir- rels or Spermophiles, has given place to the older name Citellus, and three of its subgenera have been raised to the rank of genera. 298 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The ground squirrels of the United States and Mexican Boundary region may be determined by means of the following: KEY TO GROUND-SQUIRRELS FOUND ON THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY LINE, BASED ON EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. a. Above longitudinally striped, or spotted in longitudinal series, forming inter- rupted stripes. b. Stripes continuous. ec. With one white stripe on each side. d. Tail white below. e. Caudal hairs with one free black band. Ammospermophilus leucurus (p. 299) ee. Caudal hairs with two free black bands. Ammospermophilus leucurus interpres (p. 3801) dd. Tail iron gray below. f. Coloration dark ; length of caudal vertebrze, 80 mm. Ammospermophilus harrisii (p. 803) ff. Coloration pallid; length of caudal vertebrae, 95 mim. Ammospermophilus harrisii saxicola (p. 806) ce. With three stripes on each side, one white and two black. g. Tail all grayish or vinaceous above. Callospermophilus lateralis (p. 309) gg. Tail with terminal half black above. Callospermophilus bernardinus (p. 3138) bb. Stripes interrupted, composed of lines of spots or of stripes containing rows of spots. h. Larger: Jength more than 280 mm. i. Color olivaceous gray; tail flattened, long, and bushy. Citellus (Ietodomoides) mericanus parvidens (p. 328) ii. Color soiled yellowish; tail subeylindrical, with rather short hairs. Citellus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus texrensis (p. 827) th. Smaller; length less than 280 mm. j. Upper surface pale grayish brown. Citellus (Xerospermophilus) spilosoma annectens (p. 332) jj. Upper surface russet or vinaceous cinnamon. k. Color pallid; spots small. Citellus (Xerospermophilus) spilosoma arens (p. 331) kk. Color dark; spots large. Citellus (Xerospermophilus) spilosoma macrospilotus (p. 83838) aa. Above not distinctly striped cr spotted in longitudinal] series. 1. Form squirrel-like ; ears high; tail flattened and bushy. m. Smaller: length, 410 mm.; tail, 170; hind foot, 55. A triangular patch of silver gray above shoulder ; six pairs of mammary teats. Otospermophilus beecheyi (p. 324) mm. Larger; length, 490 mm. ; tail, 220; hind foot, 62. No triangular patch above shoulder; five pairs of mammary teats. n. Color of mantle grayish. Otospermophilus grammurus (p. 815) nn. Color of mantle black. Otospermophilus grammurus buckleyi (p. 323) il. Form weasel-like ; ear-conch minute; tail terete. Citellus (Xerospermophilus) tereticaudus (p 3386) —— MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 299 AMMOSPERMOPHILUS LEUCURUS (Merriam).’ ANTELOPE GROUND-SQUIRREL, Tamias leucurus Merrtam, North American Fauna, No. 2, October 30, 1889, pp. 19-21 (original description ). Spermophilus leucurus, MErRIAM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 27, April 13, 1892.—Euuiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, March, 1901, p. 86. (“Spermophilus (Ammospermophilus) leucurus,”’ fig. 18, p. 85.)—MuILuer and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, December 27, 1901 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [ Citellus (Ammospermophilus) | leucurus, TRouEssarT, Cat. Mam. tam viv. quam fossilium, Supl. Fase. I, Rodentia, 1904, p. 335.—E.uior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, p. 142 (Mam. Mid. Am). Type-locality.—San Gorgonio Pass, southern California. (Type, skin and skull, No. 4428, collection of Dr. C. Hart Merriam.) Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone, on the east side of the Coast Range Mountains, on the Mexican Line, and thence northeast along the Colorado River, passing into the subspecies c7nnamomeus in the Painted Desert of northeastern Arizona, and ¢nterpres in New Mexico and Texas. Not found on the Mexican Border between the Rio Grande of Texas and the Coast Range Mountains of California, its range lying to the northward. Description.— Aout the size of the eastern chipmunk (7amas stri- atus). Tail short and distichous. Leneth, 225 mm.; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 39; head, 45; skull, 40 by 29.5. Mamme, 5 pairs. Color above finely mixed yellowish, vinaceous, and dark brown, much erizzled, grayest on the anterior half of the body, and most vinaceous on the posterior half and on the outer surface of the limbs. There is a broad, white, longitudinal stripe on each side extending from the shoulder to the rump. Orbital ring and under surfaces white. Feet yellowish white. Tail grizzled, vinaceous, and black above, white below, the lateral hairs once broadly ringed with black. Skull with the audital bulle very large and prominent, the basi-occipital being correspondingly reduced in breadth. It is very similar to «The following subspecies occur near our limits: AMMOSPERMOPHILUS LEUCURUS CINNAMOMEUS (Merriam). Tamias leucurus cinnamomeus Merrram, North American Fauna, No. 3, Septem- ber 11, 1890, p. 52. (Type-locality, Echo Cliffs, Painted Desert, Coconino County, Arizona. ) Spermophilus leucurus cinnamomeus, Bryan, Zoe, Lil, October, 1892, p. 208. AMMOSPERMOPHILUS LEUCURUS PENINSUL& (Allen). \ Tamias leucurus peninsule ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, p. 197, Aug. 18, 1893, (Type-locality, San Telmo, Lower California, Mexico). [Spermophilus] leucurus peninsulx, Trourssarr, Cat. Mam., Pt. 2, 1897, p. 434. [ Citellus leucurus] peninsule, Ev.ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 1V, 1904, p. 143. (Mam. Mid. Am.). 8300 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ammospermophilus harristé (p. 303), but with the nasal bones narrower posteriorly. Remarks.—April and May specimens, in the Coast Range Moun- tains, California, were mostly in winter pelage, but molting more or less into the summer pelage. The large series of young specimens, of various ages, collected at this time is instructive as showing the changes and their sequence before the adult pelage is acquired. Ten very young specimens (size of Blarina brevicauda), from one burrow, are rather thinly clad in a dress that resembles their parents’, though with the markings intensified. The crown, rump, and outer surface of limbs are vinaceous cinnamon; upper surface of tail black with white-tipped hairs along sides and at extremity; back gray anteriorly, dusky, grizzled, vinaceous posteriorly; side stripes pure white; feet rusty white; under surfaces yellowish white, except the tail, which is pure white. Before the animal is half grown this coat fades and acquires a dull olivaceous tinge. Molting begins when the animal is half grown, commencing posteriorly and proceeding much as in the autumnal molt of adults. Specimens from the eastern base of the Coast Range Mountains are paler than those from the notches at or across the summit of the divide. This beautiful species had long been in collections, but overlooked and confounded with Ammospermophilus harrisic until described, in 1889, by Doctor Merriam, who subsequently“ made it the type of his subgenus Ammospermophilus, which has since been recognized as a genus. Habits and local distribution.—Gen. George Crook called my atten- tion to the difference between this species and Ammospermophilus har- risii November 10, 1884, when we rode through 27 miles of the lower portion of Cataract Creek, in northern Arizona. We found it to be numerous in the Cataract Creek Canyon, about the Havasupai Indian village, and on November 13, 1884, saw many of them in the side canyon through which the Hualapai Indian trail led to the westward. They scurried from bush to bush, with tail erected at right angles with the body, thus showing the white pattern. My first specimen was shot on the trail leading to Vitz’s crossing on the Colorado, November 16. Three antelope ground-squirrels had one burrow at the side of a small canyon and another at the top of the canyon, under a large stone, beneath which I found a large heap of yucca fruits and cones of pifon pine. On the Mexican Boundary this species was not met with until the east base of the Coast Range Mountains was reached, when it appeared on entering the wagon pass through these mountains at the lowest water. At Mountain and Jacumba springs it was very abundant. It @Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, p. 27, April 13, 1892. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 301 was last seen about 10 miles west of Jacumba Hot Springs, in rocky hills bordering a canyon near the Hayden ranch. On the plain called Jacumba Flats the antelope ground-squirrel was very numerous, living on level ground, digging its burrows under sagebrush, much as C/fe//us tereticaudus does; but in the canyon at the head of Jacumba Creek it lived in the most rugged mountain sides. When running, its tail is always carried vertically; and it continually utters a trilling call that sounded on the ear from various distances all through the days spent incampat Mountain Spring. The large cheek-pouches of those killed were always found to contain seeds or green vegetation. Sometimes it is very shy and seidom seen, while at other times it appears in abundance and is very tame. Mr. Holzner made the following note: At Mountain Spring, California, in May, 1894, 10 small young individuals of uni- form size were caught from one hole. The mother was never seen; and, as the place was very near the rovk house (occupied by soldiers) and my tent, she could not have passed in and out unnoticed. Did she have sufficient food in her nest, or did she forage at night? AMMOSPERMOPHILUS LEUCURUS INTERPRES (Merriam). EL PASO GROUND-SQUIRREL. Tamias interpres Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 4, Oct. 8, 1890, p. 21 (original description ). Spermophilus interpres, Bryant, Zoe, I1I, Oct., 1892, p. 208.—Mitier and Rean, Proce. Bost. Soe. Nat. iist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 51 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Spermophilus] interpres, Exruiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, Mar., 1901, p. 86 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [ Citellus] interpres, Euxiiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 143. 9 © Type-locality.— El] Paso, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, No. $8482, U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.) Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone, in the Eastern Desert Tract of New Mexico and Texas. Description.—Similar to typical Ammospermophilus leucurus, but darker and more strongly colored, with the head grayer. The pelage is much finer and longer. Tail bushy, the lateral hairs with two free black bands. The general size and length of tail are almost exactly the same as in typical A. dewcurus. Specimens from New Mexico, east of the Painted Desert (the habitat of Ammospermophilus leucurus cin- namomeus), in the collection of the American Museum of Natural His- tory, New York, are intermediate between typical Jencurus and /nterpres. Remarks.— All of our specimens were adults, taken during February and March, when they were in complete winter pelage. As our survey proceeded westward from the initial monument near Kl] Paso, Texas, no representative of the Amimospermophilus leucurus group was found until we had crossed all of the New Mexico section, and a considerable part of the Arizona section of the Boundary, when ALmmospermophilus harrisic appeared on the western border of the Elevated Central Tract. Ammospermophilus leucurus was not encoun- B02 BULLETIN, 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tered until we had crossed the Western Desert and reached the rocky base of the Coast Range Mountains in California. Habits.—In the vicinity of El Paso these ground-squirrels were abundant, living among rocks and cliffs on both sides of the Rio Grande, in Texas and Chihuahua. They were readily taken in traps baited with cheese. Measurements of 83 specimens of the Ammospermophilus leucurus group. Museum num- | 4 | | oS K vs | 2 | | | J al ae aa es Rr ah | | SR |. | eo | Be | Locality. Date. Beene, Z | 38 | 33 aS Abeer s | | @ |28\— | Se el eral SoS eee | Ammospermophilus leucurus. | 1884. mm. mm. | mm.) mm. a2233 | Inskin. |) 153 | Grand Canyon of the Colorado, | Noy. 16 Fad. 5231 51 | 36 4.5 | | near Pine Springs, Arizona, 1894. 60828 60828 | 1955 | First water, at east base of | May 7 ° ad. 213 | 65 | 37 4.5 | Coast Range Mountains, near | | | Mexican Boundary Line. | 61153 61153 | 1956 leh (00 Fe SRS ee see Son eem Sos | May 8] @ im. 191 58 | 37 6 60829 | 60829 | 1960 |..... GOS he Soe tes eee May 9 oad. 219 70 | 38.5 7 60832 60832 | 1965 | Mountain Spring, San Diego May 12 ? ad. 216 7) | 40 6 | County, California. GAIAT’ lk SGiaTel 196R"| tee dessa Sale oases May 13] Qad. | 213| 70/| 39 6.2 61162 | 61162 | 1973.|..... dara cian cchact A eS) Maye Thilo ee 61163 | 61163 | 1974 |..... QO teen te eng eee fe Sex Oi- el Pe Glad sila 2225 feet mes 6.5 61164 | 61164 | 1976 |....- RU (Oe So eee Sea Ie: tral tar |May 15! gad. 225 74 | 40.5 6 61165 | 61165 | We idl ee AG iss ccc eects See cere ee | May 16 dad. 195 | CHO) Roan.) tbe ee 61166 | 61166 3564 | Jacumba, San Diego County, | May 22 g ad. 230 |} 73 | 39 6.4 } California. | 61167 | 61167 | 3580 |..... dors ee Soe ee ee ee May 24] 9 ad. 217} 73 | 39 6.2 Sages | 68080. S865 |... do eke St RAS Sen ae Ahad oeonel a eravBs 6.5 60830 | 60830 | 1207 | First water, at east base of | May 8]| ¢ im. 199 61 | 38 0.9 Coast Range Mountains, near Mexican Boundary Line. «$8273 6612 | 1214 | Mountain Spring, San Diego May 9 9 ad. 221 67 | 40 6.5 | | County, California. a 8274 | 663° |, A288 02 55.2 WO Bis -SeF teste sah acer aees May 13! @ad. 206 59 | 36 6.5 60834 «GOSS 1234 | Mic ee eens do....|¢@Gad. | 206, 64 | 38 6.5 8275 | 66144) 12360) ee: = GON Se ea ses eee tel Ohara emt ag. 213 70 | 38.5 8 8279 | 6618 | 1288 Jacumba, San Diego County, | May 19} 9? ad. 227 80 | 36 vi | California. | 60839 60839 | 1297 |....- GOs ase Seen e. seb eee eae May 20 | @9 ad. 205 69 | 38 6.7 GOR40" |» GOGO: | 1804 sk Oe. rec elds Sah eee May 23| gad. | 228| 69] 37 6.5 eps lp eee Fe Wie Boise RY eee ee aE eens Soe May 24| Gad. | 220; 75 | 39 6.5 ENG) | AG sh eloodel neces Leet Aetn, WOR Se Se eyes apt ten £20 2 22a| vo ades 292] SkzSs|R8o 6.5 | Ammospermophilus leucurus in- | | terpres. 1892. | 20069 | 37036 | 1425 | El Paso, Texas........-.-------: Feb. 8] dad. PP BINNEY Se \eeaccic 20078 | 37037 | 1431 |.--.-- GOW esr Soe ae aiene eeee Feb. 11 J ad. 227 | 2 \#BBLe. \oae ae 20070 | — 35444 | 1473 |..... [LoVe aes 2s SOR ae Se ce TY | Feb. 19 | gad. 296 | 73 | 38 6 20067 | 30442 | HEA = ee (6 (0m eae Pes ee a So ae ae | Feb. 20) Qad. 200 | 74 | 35 5.5 20068 | 35443 | 1487 |....- Agen ees eee ae Feb. 21} gad. 220} 70 | 40 5s 20071 | 35445 | 1488 |...-- Oe? Stat See ee ----do...) fad. | 213 | 60 | 37 5.5 20072 | 35446 | 1501 |...-- GO eis ne aa Se pa IRE Feb. 23 2 ad. 217 | 76 | 36 6 20075 | 35478 | 1524 |..... doe ees Soe ee eee Feb. 27] gad. | 227| 73/38 | 65.6 20077 | 354197) Spl eae. £0 0 yi is ea ain a a Mar. -2.| giad: 226 | 68 | 37 6.7 20076 | 35482 | 1532 |..... Grass eee eerie ere eee | Mar. 3] oad. (e) | eee 37 6.3 « American Museum of Natural History. » End of tail gone. e Tail abnormal. e Head and body, 153 mm, d Mamme five pairs, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 808 AMMOSPERMOPHILUS HARRISII (Audubon and Bachman). HARRIS GROUND-SQUIRREL. Spermophilus harristi AuDUBON and BacuMman, Quad. N. Am., III, 1857, p. 267, pl. cxtiy, fig. 1 (original description and figure).—-Bairp, Mam. N. Am., 1857, pl. xivin, fig. 3 (skull).—-Cours, Amer. Nat., 1, 1867, p. 359 (Western Arizona).—MI.ier and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 51 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Tamias harrisi, ALLEN, Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, p. 810.—Trur, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 594. [Spermophilus] harrisiti, E.uior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 11, 1901, p. 85 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [ Citelius (Ammospermophilus) | harrisi, Evuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., LV, 1904, p. 141 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Yiing-yi’-tih of the Hopi Indians of northeastern Arizona. Him-me’-dé of the Hualapai Indians of northern Arizona. Type-locality.—United States; exact locality unknown.@ Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone of the central region. On the Mexican Border, the typical form occurs only in the central portion of the Arizona section of the Boundary Line, whence its range extends northward beyond the Colorado River. In the desert ranges border- ing the lower Colorado River it is represented by the subspecies saxicola. Description.—Similar in size and color pattern to Ammospermo- Philus leucurus, but with a stronger coloration and a longer tail, which is not white below. Length, 230 mm.; tail vertebree, 80; hind foot, 40; head, 45. Skull, 40 by 23. Mamme, 5 pairs. Color above, a much-grizzled mixture of black and vinaceous-cinnamon. Outer surface of limbs, vinaceous-cinnamon, minutely grizzled. Under sur- face and orbital circle, white. A white stripe on each side extends from above the shoulder to the rump. Feet pale rusty. Tail rather bushy, iron gray above and below. Habits and local distribution.—The Harris ground-squirrel 1s an abundant inhabitant of the open plains and desert regions of Arizona, and also invades the valleys, canyons, and river bottoms. It 1s the characteristic ground squirrel of Arizona, which territory is its cen- ter of abundance. Its range extends to al! the surrounding country, the outline of its habitat lying within the boundaries of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and Mexico. In Arizona, it is restricted to the warm country under 5,200 feet in altitude, its vertical range corresponding, above, to the belt of cedar forests, although in certain instances it possibly extends through the cedars into the zone of rough-barked junipers which precedes the pine; but I have never met with it so high up. With the above definition of its range, it is unnecessary to enumerate the localities in which it has been found. “See Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 2, Oct. 30, 1889, pp. 19, 20. 304 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In general terms, it may be said that it inhabits the whole Territory, except such limited areas as are too high and cold, and the southeast corner of Arizona. I have personally observed it throughout the length and breadth of Arizona. Some localities are interesting, however, as showing its proclivity for following up the canyons and water courses as far as possible, into regions elsewhere uninhabitable. Thus it was found in abundance in the deep canyon of the Colorado, although unable to withstand the rigors of the climate on the summit of the high bluffs bordering that stream; thence 1t penetrates the side canyons as far as possible, and was observed in the tributary canyon of Cataract Creek. It naturally reaches the highest elevation where there is a continuous slope from the low country with a very gradual alteration of the conditions. We found it in the cedar woods about Peach Springs, and along the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad as far as Aubrey Station (altitude 5,151 feet), living in large colonies in piles of loose rocks from railway cuttings. They were running actively about, notwithstanding the preceding night had been intensely cold, ice having frozen to the depth of 23 inches in our camp kettle. The coats of several specimens from there were much denser and softer than any from the Verde Valley, taken at the same season. In the valley of the Agua Fria, a tributary of the Gila, this species was found at the stage stations of Bumble Bee and Antelope, at a con- siderable altitude. This ground-squirrel is abundant in the Verde Valley, where it derives its subsistence mainly from the dwarf form of mesquite grow- ing there, beneath which wind the intricacies of its complicated bur- rows. It shares the terrestrial habits of the Say ground-squirrel; but there are few of the Sczwridx that can not climb when tempting food is seen dangling overhead, and the golden bunches of ripe mesquite beans are sufficiently tempting to stimulate the present species to arboreal enterprise; and it may be seen awkwardly hugging the spiny branches or sunning itself on the limbs, with tail dropped, frequently uttering its hollow call-note. It lays up ample stores of mesquite seeds in its burrow, which doubtless accounts for its somewhat rare appearance above ground during the coldest weather. It has sufficient intelligence to husk the seeds from their long pods before carrying them under ground. The capacity of its cheek-pouches is considera- ble. Those of one that I shot contained 44 mesquite beans, in bulk just a thimbleful. Its mercurial temperament savors of the spiciness of its food. It is much heavier and stouter than the Gila or Rocky Mountain chipmunks, and is brimful of playfulness and noisy activity, delighting in the fierce power of the summer sun. As one rides over the mesquite flats, it scurries from underfoot, carrying its tail straight up in the air, uttering explosive chipperings as it hurries to the near- est mesquite bush, under whose shade it is quite certain of finding MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 805 numerous holes by which to make its escape; but it oftener stops and chirrups saucily, stamping with its fore paws. Its curiosity is so great that a few sharp chirrups with one’s lips will often bring it to the entrance of its burrow, or it may run directly up to within a few feet of one. Then it stops, stamps, and jerks its tail, presently beating an equally precipitate retreat and diving into its burrow with a loud note of alarm. Its call-note is a quick, hollow whistle;.and it also utters metallic chirrups and chipperings suggestive of its impulsive nature. It very commonly sits up perfectly erect upon its hind feet, like the prairie-dog. The perpendicular carriage of its tail, when running, is characteristic. In the vicinity of Fort Verde the rutting season is from the middle of January to the middle of March, during which time the genitals of the male are enormously enlarged and the animal very active. A female killed on March 20 contained six fetuses of about the size and shape of small grapes. By the mid- dle of July the young are half grown. It inhabits the low banks and arroyos along the Verde River. The entrances of its burrows are numerous in these clay surfaces, and here the ground-squirrels frequently sit sunning themselves in cold weather. It is also found in the rocky slopes bordering the valley, but not so plentifully as in the rich river-bottom where its food is more abun- dant; but it even ascends farther, across the lower mesas to the cedar forests, where its range is abruptly limited by a high cliff orvim rock, bordering an elevated plateau. At the higher levels it feeds upon the fruitage and seeds of the Spanish bayonet, which I have found in large heaps under the stones, where it makes its home. There is snow occa- sionally at this altitude, but these ground-squirrels were seen running about more freely than those in the warm valley below. One year, when the crop of mesquite mast failed, the Harris ground- squirrel migrated from the Verde Valley in large numbers, so that the species was comparatively rare for a whole year. This ground-squirrel is to some extent carnivorous, as is well known to be the case with the prairie-dog and the large ground-squirrel ( O¢o- spermophilus grammurus) of this region. I have poisoned it upon the carcass of a cougar, whose flesh was poisoned with strychnine. On the Mexican Boundary the Harris ground-squirrel was not observed east of the Pajaritos Mountains, but was plentiful in rocky country, thence west to the Colorado River, grading into the sub- species saxicolus west of Quitobaquita. In 1884 it was noted about the San Carlos Agency. In 1885 I traced it from Fort Verde through the Agua Fria Valley, the Black Canyon, Desert Well, Phoenix, Casa Grande, Sweet Water, and the Santa Cruz Valley. In 1893 and 1894 the range of the typical form was traced through the Santa Cruz Val- ley into Sonora, Mexico. In December, 1893, it was abundant in a pass of the Pozo Verde Mountains, Sonora, near Monument No. 141; 30639— No. 56—O07 M 20 306 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. also observed at Laboree’s ranch and the Tucson Mountains, on the road to Tucson, Arizona. In December, 1893, and January following, while camped at Pozo de Luis, Sonora, it appeared to be uncommon. It was said to abound at Sonoyta, Sonora,sbut not many were seen owing to the cold weather. One was noted at Santo Domingo, on the Sonoyta, and some species of ground-squirrel was said to occur numer- ously on Nariz Mountain. At Quitobaquita, Pima County, Arizona, we found it common from January 25 to February 8, 1894. Some were seen on rough granite hills, others on the flat river bottom over- grown with the creosote bush, sagebrush, and greasewood. Those taken in traps had mesquite beans in their cheek-pouches. AMMOSPERMOPHILUS HARRISII SAXICOLA (Mearns). ROCK-SQUIRREL, Spermophilus harrisii saxicolus MEarns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VIII, No. 1075, May 23, 1896, p. 444 (advance sheet published Mar. 25, 1896). [Spermophilus harrisii] saxicolus, Ex.tior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 86 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Spermophilus harrisii saxicola, MILLER and Rean, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 1, XXX, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 51 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Citellus harrisi] saxicola, Euuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 1V, 1904, p. 142 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Citelluse ( Ammospermophilus) harrisi saxicolus, TRouEssarT, Catal. Mam., Suppl., 1904, p. 335. Type-locality.—Tinajas Altas, Gila Mountains, Yuma County, Ari- zona. (Type, skin and skull, No. 59869, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Mountain ranges of the Western Desert, in the Lower Sonoran Zone of Arizona and Sonora. Description.—Similar to Ammospermophilus harrisii, bat much paler, with the light markings everywhere increased in extent and with a much longer tail. Length, 245 mm.; tail vertebrae, 95; ear from crown, 5; hind foot, 40. Skull (fig. 48), 40 by 23. Mamme, 5 pairs. Remarks.—This is a long-tailed, pallid, desert race, inhabiting bare granite ranges of mountains, extending in a southeasterly direction from the Gila River, in southwestern Arizona (Yuma County), into western Sonora. Ammospermophilus harrisii was described by Audubon and Bach- man froma specimen from an unknown locality. In naming the present subspecies it became expedient to restrict the name /arrisiz to the darker form, which was found in the Elevated Central Tract, along the Mexican Boundary Line, from the Santa Cruz Valley westward as far as the Sonoyta, where intergrades were taken at Quitobaquita. Habits and local distribution.—\ heard the twitter of one of these rock-squirrels in the mountains five miles east of Tule Wells, February MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 307 9, 1894. They were subsequently taken in the Tule, Granite, and Gila mountains. As we traveled north from Tinajas Altas, east of the Gila Mountains, it was last noted on the plain midway between Tinajas Altas and Adonde, on the Gila River, and was not again seen until we reached Gila City on the Gila River at the northern extremity of the Gila Mountains. None were observed on the lower course of the Colorado River. During February, 1894, the rock-squirrel was found in abund- ance in the vicinity of Tinajas Altas, numbers having been attracted to the locality from the surrounding country by the grain spilled by the draft animals of the Survey. A single trap, conspicuously placed on a rock near my tent, kept me fully occupied with skinning Fig. 48.—AMMOSPERMOPHILUS HARRISII SAXICOLA. (TYPE, CAT. NO. 59869, U.S.N.M.) a, DoRSAL VIEW; 6, VENTRAL VIEW; Cc, LATERAL VIEW. specimens of it which were caught. In the Granite Mountains its capacious cheek-pouches were usually distended with mesquite seeds. Three females, taken February 16 to 19, 1894, each contained 6 large fetuses, showing that the young are born with some uniformity late in February, as no young were seen up to that season. Measurements of 53 specimens of the Ammospermophilus harristi group. Museumnum-| 4 | | | | i= | acy | Le ber. 5 | i os vee eee AN He eh 9 WL Pe | Z 25 Cay | 5) a Gt aS | S S ees) Locality. | Date. |Sex and) 4 | S66 |~s =a age. Ss S = ae 2 o Ne) = gee | bm |_| | ms a aS 6 ja |8 |e TH mM OU ae | joa) | e. *, ; . yy ony Ammospermophilus harrisii. 1884. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm a12155 |Inskin.., 93 | Fort Verde, Arizona ........... Apr. 8] gad. | 251] 86 | BG sdu | anes a2234 | Inskin..) 94 |..--. (0a ee ite eae Apr. 15| dad. | 285 80 | 35 ieee a9935 |Inskin..| 107 |..--- Glovers gs er ee ealir Men Ik erie | June 26) @juv. | 190 | 67 \eace. | eeeee 22236) | askin-2|) 125 +|5.--.- GO seed inne eee eae sles Sept. 10 dad. 243 80 | 36 9 a2237 | Inskin..| 129 |....-. OK) G ce cedosaoeeuee sear ~esheor | Sept. 19 gad. | 2171) 70) 35 | 10 a2238 | Inskin..| 130 |-.-.-- GO yoeee nes ace eat Sess Aoeets (ose doree| osu: | CYS) 1 eaan store 150 | 12 miles east of Peach Springs, | Noy. 20| 9 ad. ate PON erate aes | Mohave County, Arizona. 217 53 | 38 g DI) VRE ee a baal asl G10) a aee erat 2 ASAE sepa eee ee do...| Qad. 221 | 66 | 38 8 oy Ino eetedigce Mee Naren wee a Khe do...! Qad. | 232! 75! 38 308 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 53 specimens of the Ammospermophilus harristi group—Continued. Museum num- | ¢ ‘S GS By ber. 5 S oR : Bele le8 | cs a Locality. Date. Sex and é aca} zo) S 45) ue ealiee we | 2 | 25 | a | ge ep ee ee iG isle tesa Sey eee Sas ome ote ooo te Ammospermophilus harristi— Continued. 1885. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. a12153 | Inskin..| 166 | Fort Verde, Arizona.....----.--. | Jan, 24 3 ad. 225 72 | 40 10 a2242 1379 | 173 | 20 miles north of Phoenix, Ari- | Mar. 28 ? ad. 227 80 | 38 By) zona. | a 2244 1380 | 229 | Fort Verde, Arizona........-.-- | Aug.17| 229 | 82) 41 8 a2245 TSS1 |) 20a CO eee a Se eee ess iseeedOvsoe dé. 215 7a | 42 8 a 2246 13825 2315 beers GOV pecs ec mere senate Sone oeA2dOveee a. 233 89 | 41 8 a 2247 1383 | 234 |.-...- GOs eae Caen toe aettetats Aug. 28 2 ad. 229 80 | 39 6 Base Saanasaae Boole GO Set ome eeres-eisstere S52 s0lges I) iio: 220 76 | 38 6.6 a 2248 TSSEG E287 |e sees (CURR EEE Sone ce emesacneco. Dee. 8 g ad. 236 73 | 39 8 1886. a2249 1879 | 308 |..-... GOs cre.5- ee sso eae seep seee Jan. 30 3 ad. 232 80 | 40 7 a 2250 138591) 837) sean GON ese se Stee tae eee cee Mar. 19 dad. 235 80 | 41 7 (1973)5) ey eee es A 3894s sett GO He eee ee Soe ee eae Mar. 20 Jf ad. 228 79 | 40 6.5 COV IN oe ee SAO NEaeee WGjast omens oe nee eee eee ee OGsa.| 6 Sad: 232 75 | 37.5 6 a12156 A386!) 42h e2e-2 GOP caacice ce eeese eee eee 334.0052 -)) (O'ad-. 234 86 | 40 5.5 a12154 1387 +). 343) |-2=2 < (olomasiseacecas senaenaoce crocs peed Oey a) ade 237 86 | 41 6 a 2253 1388 | 344 )--..- Gi tae teens Paes e seeps eee oko) s oad. 227 88 | 41 6.5 G2054 1 en careeee ges: On eee GO! lncetapaec ceed oee eee tee Mar. 22 ? ad. 237 80 | 40 6 Qe VBS BiPF Sos Oe sree pa eee eee Apr. 8 gad. 238 86 | 39 6 QPZ250 ills rapes = O8Silmeece GO.25. 22 228k sibee ae e esses Apres, dad. 238 83 | 40 5.5 1887. Bee Raael eaaeeace AIG. |\.2.2 S0OQes 2s acseccecseeeaeces eres] JOD. 18 dad. 247 86 | 40 4) 1888. Sere (ne coe oes Gb8)| si Sos OSs =o eee eee ee erin ae | ADL oo amen eal 245 80 | 40 7 | 1893. 59231 59231 | 2746 | La Osa, Pima County, Arizona..| Dec. 28 dad. 223 85 | 39 5 59232 59232 | 2747 | Pozo Verde, Pima County, Ari- ..do ° ad. 232 90 | 39 6 zona. een 59282 59282 | 2767 | Pozo de Luis, Sonora, Mexico..| Jan. 5 oad. 239 90 | 40 6 59882 59882 | 2837 Suiloheduite, Monument No. ! Jan. 26 g ad. 239 94 39 6 | 72, 59865 59865 | 2875 |...-- GO: 42 2e es eee eee Jan. 31 Pe peEhOl ee Matec serene 39 6 59861 59861 | 2876 |...-- GOS eee aoe een eee eed’ 9 ad. 230 86 | 40 6 59863 59863 | 2935 |..-.- GOES oP ass Sesion eee ee Feb. 6 gad. 246 92 | 42 5 59862 59862 | 2936 |....- GO’ secon ssees eee ears GAO KSe 9 ad. 225 83 | 41 4.5 | Ammospermophilus harrisii saxi- | cola, | Ede 63143 | 2949 | Tule Wells, near Monument | Feb. 11] 9. | 220) 85 | 87.5 |...... | No. 186. 59875 | 59875 | 2961 | Tule Mountains, Mexican | Feb. 13 gad. 238 91 | 40 5 Boundary Line. ; 59883 59883 | 2962 |..-.. AO) ssctedeeccceuclesc cose sce te een cokn) 9 ad. 236 85 | 39 5 59867 59867 | 2968 | Tinajas Altas, Yuma County, | Feb. 15 dad. 245 92 | 40 5 Arizona. 59870 59870" 22960!) |e = kos Sake cee ey eee eee sO eal | etude 222 85 | 38.5 4.5 59868 59868 | 2970 |....-. GOS sete ee es end OL ea |ae ade 230 82 | 40.5 4.5 59871 59871 | 2976 |..... GO ceases shese see ee eee Feb. 16 Giad.. 1e23850!) 80739 5 a American Museum of Natural History. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 309 Measurements of 53 specimens of the Ammospermophilus harrisii group—Continued. Museum num- | ¢ iS Zt Ue ber. 5 ASE a sere = Bf /2..| 33 | |} m u . = Ba . Sex and SSS eae mts 83 Locality. Date. age. = Sees ae eS | = PH oe | . } o = oO — adr = = o oo Sass oo tp © = had ea ead re pear al aa ieee I 7) er ||| = = 4 q | - : = ces | Ammospermophilus harristi sax- | | | icola—Continued. 1894. | mm. | mm. | mim. | mm. 59878 59878 | 2977. Tinajas Altas, Yuma County, | Feb. 16 gad. | 233 8 |39 | 4.7 Arizona. y | | 59866 59866 | 2978 ..... Ome tei ern } 4 < | = 2 ae gq Ss = | S D B | OK _s : D Sl |has) Sy )k= 1B. 13 8 oe Bia igs SHS AEBS o | = a an Q|s On On $2 6 Dem a ~ | a, = oD oO = es leak lames ape | oa | 5 =; et AG 2 | |) 2! = > = erelm,, | 5Bto |S o100 BS a = v =-5/|4q | . a | 5 = ft om | Benita “+ Ds Ss ~ en |) Beles |) | 3 o | 5 L 5091909 |S 7 Io hole So|/OR|wae ls AaQ \! 5 r=) Pa w vo 5) Rey | ne | g A eo s| Qe mo po =| | | = 5p - fo) OO |-— } ee Ser | oe 2 & Lom Cos! \ xe! | = MH = S| a2 loS Sx Salnaez ee Nae oa | EEL gx = Ir =o =I ~~ fo) o OME tos ais al Os Selo es) Ft a5 2 ate) z D> : * | Sno ulon os ete lice q 4g 3 wh S) 2 Sc. \Fon| ot |28a5/aoa a a5 lg “4 = a o = | Qs Se a ors oa CoO ]o Ss | a4 rs} | fel = is] = = jaa l|#aAas| 2 SB, Olan OO & = Sn + q is AM te a op oS a Eh | ee etn wl =P AR Srey ad el) boa | OO tI ged epi tees De ean) te mia |SORlg lo SBlicag) es |o AoA = | 3} 5 ° & o = < < Re BY oD Pat RAED a = oe a . ab rn iS 5 5 <4 SO tap al O ao) (=) A ZG ~ = Oo & | Shs eee cee. tae Oo ee tg he) | ees le eel te ee ae aloes 2 |) Z2ieie/e/8|e)a|2 18 lesag (faslesae= |S | os is 21 NS NI rere ie S) x A|A |4 a |S & 4 16 |AA i 2 | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm, mim.) mm, | mm | mm. mm mit. | mm, mim. | mm, 1698 | 221 | # | 60.5) 39 | 25.6) 16.5 | 21.8 10 | 34.512 | 17.2. 50 8:2 d.19 40 1S 1641 }.366.| 9 | 58. [36.2 [245/15 |-21 S} 855 | 34 9) 12 96.7) abe 12S ek ss tie | 1645 | 367/ 9 | 59 | 35.5] 23 [15 | 21.3] 8.5 | 31.5 | 12.2) 16 | 48.5. [12.4 | 899 | 37, | oes 1643 | 370 | S | 57.8 | 36 | 25.5 | 15.5) 21.8] 8.4) 32.5) 121/16 -| 47 1) 13 | 3.8 38.3 | 12 | 1640 | 871] # | 61 | 39 | 24.7/15.8| 28 |9 -|34.5]13 | 16.4] 49 en Me Seed fe (rea bt | 1647 | 389! 9 | 58.2] 34 | 23.2 | 13.5 | 20.6 go |i2.4/15.3| 465/122/3 |36 | 113 1646 | 390 | # | 59.3 | 36.5 | 24.5 | 14.6 | 21.8] 9.4] 34.5/12 | 16 | 49 |12.6/4 | 38.7} 11.9 | | | | 1650 | 397 | o | 62 ls7 242/16 | 22/10 | 34 | 13 | 17 ~| 50.53) 18.8 }5. 1 41 oh eeoag 1651 | 398) 9 | 60 | 35.4 | 24 | 14.5 | 21.5] 8.8 | 33.5 / 12.4) 166] 49 |132|)4 | 40 | 12.4 1649 | 399| 9 | 59.51/37 | 24.3] 14.7] 20.8/8.4] 38 |12 | 16.1] 49 |128]4.1]40 | 12 | | | | 1639 | 400 | 9 | 60.8] 38 |.25 | 15.2) 22 | 9,834 | 13 1165/50 | 14 | 4.9) 385] 11.5 | 1644 }409| 9 |59 |37 [ae |as Jor Jo [as j12 j16 |4a5la3 |4 |a9 |a2d } | | | 1658 2 | 58.7 | 35.5) 28 1148/20 |9 | 33 | 12.4 | 16.2 | 47.5|18 | 3.1] 37.8 | 12.3 | 1642 [a 450) JQ |:0BI jl eene= | 23.5]18 |20.2/9 | 33 | 128 | 16.1) 48 [982° | BISAS es 12.2 a American Museum of Natural History. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 317 The form of the Eastern Desert Tract is extremely pale and doubt- less separable as a geographic race, but we got no specimens repre- senting the extreme of this phase. During February and March none appeared at El Paso, Texas. The first one was seen in the Carri- zalillo Mountains, Chihuabua. It was wounded, but escaped among the rocks in which ‘it lived, and no specimen was obtained until we reached the edge of the Elevated Central Tract, where the form begins to lose its extreme pallor. Habits and local distribution.—This large ground-squirrel of the southern Rocky Mountain region is the only one of the Sc/uwridx whose distribution is general throughout the territory of Arizona. It is alike at home in the low, desert regions and in the highest mountains. I found it at the summit of the San Francisco Mountains, the highest land in the territory, in June, 1887. It appeared to be the only species of the family living above timber-line in those mountains, the bighorn, or mountain sheep, being the only other mammal known habitually to frequent the summit. This species, in Arizona designated as the ‘‘rock-squirrel” or ‘*‘canyon-squirrel,” is both widely known and held in general disfavor, from its abundance and its destructiveness to crops. In appetite it is as omnivorous as the bear, feasting alike upon flesh, carrion, grain, or almost any sort of fruit or green vegetation that chances to be in season. Its flesh, though reputed to be very good, is seldom eaten, save by Indians. Many persons referred to it with abhorrence, recalling the current tales of its supposed interference with the graves of miners buried in the mountains, which tales, doubtless, are not wholly without foundation. At high altitudes, this rock-squirrel hibernates in winter. At Whip- ple Barracks (altitude 5,318 feet), General Crook had dormant speci- mens brought to him in winter by Hualapai Indians. In the Verde Valley (altitude 8,160 feet) it 1s much less active during winter, but was seen at all seasons, coming out oftenest when the s:a was shining, and during the warmest part of the day in winter. Although manifesting a decided preference for rocky places, as cliffs, canyons, and huge piles of rocks, which abound in many parts of the Territory, this ground-squirrel is quite ubiquitous. In river bottoms, and on the open plains, it excavates a burrow beneath a stone or bush—preferably a mesquite—and readily adapts its habits to its environment. Its appetite, hkewise, seems to be governed by con- venience rather than by any very decided preferences. In the vicinity of cultivated lands maize, barley, and wheat are staple articles of its diet, while in river flats the mesquite and screw bean constitute the largest elements of its food. The stomachs and cheek-pouches of the specimens shot in the neighborhood of Fort Verde, in central Ari- zona, contained a large variety of substances, varying according to 318 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. season and surroundings. Among them were berries of the cedar, sumac and hackberry, grapes, walnuts, acorns, grass seeds, corn, bar- ley, and, in spring and summer, numerous kinds of green herbs, and browsing. In the Mogollon Mountains [ found its capacious cheek- pouches filled with bulbs of a liliaceous plant, which the Mexicans called by a name signifying artichoke. In spring it feeds largely on the fruitage of the willow, and may then be seen perched in willow trees, frequently in the very top, where it prefers to remain quiet when approached, as it is too clumsy at climbing to attempt to beat a hasty retreat from its arboreal position.- The mesquite bean is eaten with avidity. In September its pouches were filled with the unripe fruit, in the pod; at other seasons only the seeds are eaten. A small, prostrate herb, known as ‘‘ filere grass,” or ‘‘alfilerea,” said to have been recently introduced from California by shepherds, now natural- ized and diffused, furnishes it with very satisfactory grazing in early spring. Specimens shot at Fort Verde in April had their stomachs distended with the good-sized ovaries of some plant, containing a quantity of green seeds. This ground-squirrel is a source of much inconvenience to such of the Indians as are engaged in agriculture. It betakes itself to their fields as soon as the cereals and Indian corn are planted, digging up the seeds and nibbling off the tender blades. When the harvest ripens, they carry enormous quantities of the ripe grain into their burrows and rocky fastnesses for future use. In the settlement of the Hava- supai Indians, in the deep canyon of Cataract Creek, a tributary of the Great Colorado, I saw in November numerous large caches of maize stored in excavations in the limestone cliffs, which were walled in front and carefully plastered. This, the Indians said, was a necessary pre- caution against the ravages of this squirrel and the wood rat (/Veo- toma), both of which rodents were very abundant in the canyon. These storehouses were opened one at a time, as required for use by the Indians during the winter. The ranchmen on Beaver Creek, near Fort Verde, complained that it was very destructive in their corn and grain fields. They destroyed hundreds of thenr by poisoning, until the air became foul from the stench arising from their decaying bodies. A number of these troublesome animals took up their residence beneath the post hospital at Fort Verde, whence they made systematic raids on the adjacent quartermaster’s storehouse, carrying off barley and corn, to the bewilderment and consternation of the persons who were responsible for the safe-keeping of the forage. My patriotism and public spiritedness never led me to the length of persecuting these mammals for obtaining a share of this provision, a forbearance for which they showed some appreciation by their indifference to my presence, whereas the approach of others was the signal for their MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 319 instant disappearance under the buildings. A large pile of shingles, left over from reroofing the hospital, and long a bone of contention in the garrison, was neatly piled up in a corner of the hospital yard. This was the favorite rostrum of the ground-squirrels, who sat up erect, with their forepaws hanging down, and chirped a welcome to me as I passed into the hospital at the sounding of surgeon’s call in the morn- ing. Their ordinary note is a loud, hollow whistle, which reminds one of the call of the black-headed grosbeak (//abia melanocephala), though louder and more penetrating in character; following it, when one is close by, a chipmunk-like chippering is heard, so low as to be inau- dible at a short distance. As one rides among the rocky foothills, this squirrel is frequently seen curled up in the top of a scrub-oak bush, eating acorns or sun- ning itself and uttering its characteristic note. It loves the sunshine and delights to absorb the warmth and enjoy the scenery from the highest point of some rock pinnacle. The ancient cliff dwellings and ledges in the rocky canyons are its favorite abode. Many of its bones were exhumed from the buildings of the cliff dwellers in the vicinity of Fort Verde. The ** Point of Rocks,” near Whipple Barracks, Arizona, is a huge pile of granite rock, of very coarse structure, several miles in extent. It is divided by the canyon of Granite Creek, and furrowed by numer- ous side canyons and crevices. It contains a number of basins and deep indentures, with many towering points often capped by enor- mous rounded bowlders, balanced as if in imminent danger of falling. There are a few pines and pifions, some scrub and tall evergreen oaks, together with hackberries and cedars in the ravines, and willows along the stream. These large ground-squirrels were very numerous upon the piles of rounded granite rocks. Those shot there in November were coated with fat, as is the rule at this season. They were swift and graceful climbers, though by no means comparing in this respect with the still more abundant Gila chipmunk (/utamdas dorsalis), whose agility and celerity of movement, displayed in running over the rug- ged rocks, were positively amazing. Though swift and sure-footed in rocky places, this species immedi- ately loses confidence and seems to become paralyzed by fear when surprised in trees, which, however, it climbs regularly to obtain food. The season of reproduction, as might be surmised, from the varying conditions of altitude, climate, etc., to which the species is subjected, varies greatly with locality. In the low regions it probably rears more than one litter of young annually. On June 20, 1886, I shot a female at Flagstaff, Arizona (altitude 6,886 feet) that was suckling young. At Fort Verde on March 30, 1887, a rutting male was shot, sporting with a female. On May 6, following, young more than half grown were shot on the summit of Squaw Peak, the highest point 320 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. : near Foit Verde (altitude about 5,500 feet); while young no larger than the eastern red squirrel were taken in the Verde River bottom, 2,000 feet lower, two months later; and a female, shot near Fort Verde on June 14, contained five small fetuses. The normal individual variation in color is considerable in this spe- cies. This variation consists in the relative preponderance of shades of gray, brown and fulvous above, and in the color of the under sur- face, which varies from soiled white to brown. Examples from the Verde Valley, taken early in June, had shed their coats on the front half of the body, the after parts remaining long haired and of a dif- ferent color from the front half. Their tails were very scantily haired at that season. Slightly melanistic examples were occasionally seen; and a perfect albino, having colorless claws and pink eyes, was taken alive at Whipple Barracks, Arizona, on September 20, 1887. The latter was a young of the year and died soon after its capture. Males were sometimes taken, though rarely, in which the testicles were abdominal; and, in one specimen, they were wholly absent. On the United States and Mexican Boundary line this rock-squirrel is found in rocky places in the Eastern Desert Tract. Some were seen at El Paso early in November, 1892. Several were seen at the Upper Corner (Monument No. 40), April and May, 1892. One was shot on the actual summit of Hachita Grande, altitude 2,545 meters or 8,350 feet. Thence westward it was seen in abundance, except in cold weather, to La Osa (Monument No. 140). It was especially abundant in the oak forests of the San Luis and Patagonia mountains, and was sometimes utilized as food by members of the Survey. We saw none while camped at Pozo de Luis, Sonora, from December 29, 1893, to January 8, 1894, but ‘‘squirrels” were seen farther west, at Nariz Mountain, by several members of the party, which may have been this species or Ammospermophilus harrisit. In the Dog Mountains one was shot on Emory Peak, and the skin was made into a purse by ‘** Bob,” an Apache Indian trailer. Although this species was abundant, no form of Hutamias or Ammospermophilus was found to inhabit the Dog Mountains. It was common from the lower timber line to the summit (2,498 meters or 8,196 feet) of the San Luis Range, where it often climbed the tallest oaks for acorns, upon which it loves to feed. A female con- tained 7 small fetuses, June 23, 1892, and young, from half to two- thirds grown, were taken at the end of September; quite young ones, July 18. I found it exceedingly numerous on the upper forks of Cajon Bonito Creek in September, 1893. It uttered a startling succession of loudly whistled notes in descending scale and single loud whistles. It was unusually active after rain. It was feeding on mallow, walnut, and oak mast. It often burrowed into the enormous piles of driftage MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 321 stranded in Cajon Canyon, brought down by the high waters attending cloud-bursts. On San Jose Mountain, Sonora, where it is abundant, I trapped a specimen August 7, 1893, at the altitude of 2,194 meters or 7,200 feet, and it doubtless reaches the summit. It was numerous in summer throughout the Huachuca Mountains, where I shot them as late in the year as October 26. Mr. Holzner noted the following: ‘* No. 897 had 4 pairs of mamme.” Of another specimen: ‘‘It has a scent opening which it uses like Spdlogale.” Again: ‘* Used its scent bag like Spe/ogale when killed in trap.” In the Patagonia Mountains Mr. Holzner noted its presence in numbers as late as November 14, 1892. On October 28, 1893, a great many rock-squirrels were seen between Nogales and Tubac. They were feeding upon mesquite beans. The mesquites along this part of the Santa Cruz River were large trees, and I shot two rock-squirrels on the mesquite tops from my horse. Another was seen to enter a burrow at the base of a mesquite tree, from which it had thrown out enough earth to fill a flour barrel. It is abundant throughout the Pajaritos Mountains; but at La Osa, December 8 to 28, 1893, we seldom saw them, owing to the coldness of the season. Those obtained as specimens were taken in rocky places near oak trees; their cheek-pouches contained seeds of various weeds and mesquite beans. At Warsaw, in the Pajaritos, we found the rock-squirrels still active in November, but during the first week of December they began to disappear. On «a warm day I heard a drum-like sound issuing from the desiccated remains of a cow, and on kicking the dry skin a rock-squirrel ran out. Record and ineasurements of 6O specimens of Otospermophilus grammurus. Museum num- if Cab (ets | ee S| | 2 > a. ber. Ss Balas CE — | & | | Seis Nes Z n . mm he i — a : Sex ¢ ® H145 | OF i) Locality, Date. oS nd ; om Re) o =- E | age. q Ore ecteoy eae : pa L oS -o}] ae a = is bo | 4 | mS g Eos 8 |/3 |8 |S w a (SS = ef |S ie) = e ae =| 1884. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 42257 Inskin. 98 | Near Whipple Barracks, Arizona., May 9) ad. 520 | 220 5d | 22 «2260 Inskin. 119} Fort Verde, Arizona..-.--....... Aug. 16 | bad. 465 | 205 61} 20 1885 | 42261 1618) |e 221s |e GOP e Me ene See ae eee July 7 vad. 515 | 238] 60] 19 | | 1886. | | | DAs eae ea $30! |-2-5- Go ee esate ast ree sete ee | Feb. 18 fad. 448 | 195 | 62] 18 2262 | 1643 | 370 | Montezuma Well, BeaverCreek, | Apr. 3 | fad. SY Yi eae YE | 61 20 | Arizona. | 2263 1640 3 ira) (cee Opiate a ees ae nas .-do 335) vad. 447 1S2e | baal WS 12151 1647 389 | Fort Verde, Arizona. °.2-2.... 222 | Apr. 17] Qad. 433 193 | 56 17 i eae 1646 | 390 {..... DOE. eae ee ee ate Apr. 18| gad. 415-|- 165°) 55} 18 a American Museum of Natural History. bMammee five pairs. 30639—No. 56—07 21 322 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record and measurements of GO specimens of spermophilus grammurus—Continued. R 1 and ts of GO ens of Otospe hilus grammurus—( Museum num- | ; jj | | ete 8 ek = 4 | | ° Lo] 4 ber. pee | | | i S| 3 rs] | z | oe | 3 z rie Re ieee wae ef |e. [38 HS | Locality. Dates ers ue A @ | @e o ere age. a | eF] oS |/4o 4 o | ~ | “= a ~ aes < = | 2 | | od > op ne) = s =| | gE eee | 5 se i i S iw h Oe mn a 'S) | }; a} JA |B 1886. | mm. mm.| mm. | mm. | | | | | a2264 | 1664 | 402 | Fort Verde, Arizona.......-----. Apr. 27 | ead | ArT 210 | Gls 17, wa SSe 1644 | 409 Oak Creek, 35 miles north of | June 14 | 09 ad. 470) 210) |e SOM pees | Fort Verde, Arizona. | 2509 1653 | 423 | Flagstaff, Arizona ...........-..- June 20} Qad. 460 | 180 |-2s- 18 2265 1652 | Fortaverde. Arizonad-c- 0.550 -6 Aug. 25] dad. 458 223.) 583 21 a2266 1656.| 457 |....- COPS ree ys ee a et ee Sept. 14) #ad. 450 205| 62! 19 Q2967 | \Pack eee eal BS) ghee MO Sere See Nee Sept. 20] gad. | 459| 208] 59) 21 02268 1658 | 465 |..... dO De eee ee Sept. 24] Qad. | 438] 187} 67] 2 1887. 2269 | DSS Qae ee GO Ase oS ee ae eee Mar. 8| Qad. 481 | 206) 60} 19 LNT NE es el B06 |. 2.5 2dO! z. oo o.c8 sees. does Jenn eee Mar, 80>] glad - 75480 bets Rae SS ene 27 | 3320 AO) 52h cewek. dees sete cme seal eA is, 22 dad. 470 | 193 | 61.19 a7, EAI eB ee RW nee AO Saas sete ee eee May 7| @Qad. | 465] 200| 57| 19 a2270 1663 | 531 Rattlesnake Tanks, Flagstaff | May 21 vad. 465 | 190 62>) 20 Road, Arizona. | | a2271 1662 | 578 | San Francisco Mountain, Ari- | June 3 gad. | 452 185 | 60 18 zona. (pee 1654 | 622 | Natural Bridge, Pine Creek, | Aug. 8 J ad. 526 | Pith = GOR 9 Arizona. Ce eee 1659: 685: | Fort Verde, Arizonas=.-- -2-.--- Oct. 13 G9 ad. 460 | 200 eerste 220) 1888. Sand Seeee armen oY ano dS WereS coca oESaneec cnc ekoee)) Jor, Lh Jad. 450 | 195 60 17 Sn | tear ee 688) | 2 o5-0O.. 68 ae cea cecnee remem | PL gad. | 470} 210; 57 20 1892. | 20542 35701 | 1908 | Eastside of San Luis Mountains, | June 23 epad. 492 | 207 | 60 20 on Mexican Boundary Line. 20568 35730 | 1916 |....- VOlec4 tert aeer ase nen aceon aes June 25 Qad. | 443 185 | 59 20 BOnGyalie Sc set | 2004 |... oh? se EO eee na e194|- gadedene flees Nets cd 20546 39691 | 2014 West sideofSan Luis Mountains, July 19 gad. | 460°}. 207} 63) 21 near Mexican Boundary Line. 20543 BDtLO"}), ZOIDS = 5. = CO ass SAE ec ee eee, do O ad 450 | 198 61 19.5 20547 35696 | 2016 |....- COS fee ee Sass Re eee Julye2OWaadhes|pansee ee ee 59 20 20678 35813 | 2028 | Guadalupe Canyon, Mexican July 28 jad. 520} 225 | 63 | 19 Boundary Line. 20666 | 35808 | 2086 | San Bernardino Ranch,at Mon- | Sept. 3 GQ ad. 475 | 207 | 56] 18 ument No. 77. | 20738 35838. | 2107 || Bisbee, Arizonac-.2.<.--=----2-- 58908 Missing. 2439 exaae 36357 |» 2471 58911 58911 | 2474 58909 58909 | 2502 | 58865 58866 2620 58857 58857 | 2629 | 58856 D8856 | 26380 San Jose Mountain, Sonora, Mexico. Guadalupe Canyon, Mexican Boundary Line. Turkey Canyon, San Luis Moun- tains, near Mexican Boundary Line. Town of Santa Cruz, Sonora, Mexico. Nogales, Monument No. 122... ' Tumaecacori Mission, near Tu- bac, Arizona. a American Museum of Natural History. > Contained five fetuses. ¢ Contained seven small fetuses. | | Sept. 16 9 ad. 485 | ae 63 | 17 | | | 1893. Aug. 6 | ¢Qad. 485 207 Wie GOs ap | Aug. 28 | e9 ad. 500 | 225 600) a9 Aug. 29) eQad. 495 | 220; 60; 18 Sept. 5 Q juy. 365: | OuIiSt seca a= n cee Oct. 23 GQ ad. 500 230 | 61), 14 Oct. 28| gad. | 500 | 2| 19 See a(n eee fad. 496 DIST = 640 ans to So a a ¢ Head and body, 280 mim. e Mamme five pairs. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 323 Record and measurements of GO specimens of Otospermophilus grammurus—Continued, Museum num- ber. soles a.) ad M | mM ASO oes 58975 | 58975 59221 | 959221 59222 | 59209 20762 | 35916 20765 | 35919 20764 | 35918 20766 35920 20763 | 35917 21425 36286 | 21426 36287 58952 58952 58945 | 58945 58942 58942 58051 58951 58947 58947 58950 58950 60036 | Alcoholic 58953 | | Colleetor’s num- | ber. 2664 2667 2720 2745 | 803 804 | 821 825 834 58953 | 10389 Locality. Date. | Been = 1893. Warsaw Mills, Arizona .........- Nov. 29 | Clea (6 8.0) ed pe te SRS eee a a Noy. 30 | La Osa, Pima County, Arizona-.| Dee. 21 Backs (3.0) ee eer ies Se er eee eee ne al DY Zen ata / 1892. Patagonia Mountains, Mexican | Noy. 14 Boundary Line. Sana Oa ee oer ee ee SA Olas mses GO) see see ne ee ee NOVE ELS BARE GOR sens sense asa ete eNO lO) See OOias Fan Fare ton hee Se eee IE NOVa 1893 Santa Cruz River,at Monument | May 29 No. 118. erehers GO Reet nee See Sees See Maye 30) | Huachuca Mountains, Arizona... July 25 | sais ClOs Saeeeer ne tose te eae peer mtu real | eee GO siasiae = Sees neces aes Aug. 3 bene GOs Ne er Benches sive ce se lees Oley soe 0 (OR Me eee nee aS en Rey Web fea ate’ Peers GO sey eared Pinan eters, ae AN OSG Shctd's GO Ree ae See | ANI 7, Baeae GO cpienas oF He oa sees Jace wea ept.,,.20 Sex and age. Se atematee ee lF 18 SR Ceska a (2s Ss ee Speed t= ely arsed fre mm. mim. mm. | mm, 463 | 220 64 19 478 | 235 62 | 18.5 474 199 62 21 593) 218 62 17 460 216 60 7 DOU MeO lessee serail elect 440 200 62 | 20.5 455 216 63 19 412 |} 183 58 17 dll 236 63 | 17 482 | 228 64 20 443 206 60 21 436 196 59 | 16.5 ZS) A Dk as U7 478 | 205 62 | 20 488 | 205 59 | 19 494 | 216 63 | 18 485 225 61 16.5 480 | 215 60 17 aMamme four pairs. OTOSPERMOPHILUS GRAMMURUS BUCKLEYI (Slack). TEXAS ROCK-SQUIRREL. Spermophilus buckleyi Suack, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1861, p. 314 (original description ). Spermophilus grammurus var. grammurus, ALLEN, Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, p. 827 (part). Spermophilus grammurus buckleyi, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 67 (Turtle Creek, Kerr County, Texas).—MILver and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, no. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 50. Spermophilus ( Otospermophilus) grammurus buckleyi, Euuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 89 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.—Pecos River, Texas. Geographical range. Sonoran Life Zone of the Middle Texas Tract, its range extending west to the head of the Nueces River, in western Texas. Description.—Similar in size and form to Spermophilus grammurus, but with the anterior half of the dorsal surface black, and the hairs Specimens from Kerr County and San Antonio, Texas, lent me from the American Museum elsewhere with much more black at the tips. 324 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. collection by Dr. J. A. Allen, have the pelage longer throughout, while the tail, especially, is much more bushy. Remarks. —To the southward, beyond the Rio Grande, this animal apparently intergrades with Ofospermophilus grammurus couchii, a wholly black form described by Professor Baird in 1855, from speci- mens collected by Lieut. D. N. Couch in the Mexican States of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, near the United States and Mexican boundary line. OTOSPERMOPHILUS BEECHEYI (Richardson). CALIFORNIA GROUND-SQUIRREL, Arctomys (Spermophilus) beecheyi RicHarpson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 1829, p- 170, pl. x1 B (original description and figure); Zoology of Beechey’» Voyage, Mam., 1839, p. 8. Arctomys beecheyi, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreber’s Siiugeth., pl. ¢cxe. Spermophilus beecheyi, ‘‘F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, Mam., I, 1831, p. 331.7’— Branpt, Bull. Classe Physico-math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., II, 1844, p. 380.—Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 334; Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 307, pl. 11, fig. 2 (animal); pl. xxv, fig. 3 (skull). Sciurus (Macrovus) californicus Lesson, Descr. de Mam. et d’Ois. Nouv., 1847, p. 148. Spermophilus grammurus var. beecheyi, ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1874, p. 293; Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, p. 827. [Spermophilus grammurus] beecheyi, Evuror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 88 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Spermophilus grammurus beecheyi, MILLER and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc! Nat. Hist., XXX, Dec., 1901, p. 50 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Type-locality.—The neighborhood of San Francisco and Monterey, in California. Description.—Size smaller than Otospermophilus grammurus (nearly as large as the eastern gray squirrel), with a more slender body and shorter tail. Ears high and pointed. Mamme, six pairs (P. 3, A. 3, I. 3=12). Color above brown, grizzled and annulated with black in a vermicular pattern; darkest anteriorly, and most grizzled and ver- miculated posteriorly. Nape and sides of neck silver gray, this color prolonged backward above the shoulder in the form of stripes which are sometimes faintly traceable to the root of the tail, though usually ending about the middle of the body. Ears black outside, grayish or faintly rusty inside, and along posterior border. Top of head bister, slightly dusky above orbits, which are encircled by white. Sides of aOTOSPERMOPHILUS GRAMMURUS COUCHII (Baird). NEUVO LEON ROCK-SQUIRREL. Spermophilus couchii Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 332. S[permophilus] grammurus couchii, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 68, April 22, 1896. Spermophilus grammurus couchii, M1LLER and Rewn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, Dec., 1901, p. 50 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 325 head bushy and shorter than in QO. grammaurus, is yellowish gray, the lateral hairs thrice annulated with black. Feet yellowish gray. Under sur- face of body grayish white. The interscapular region is often blackish, more or less vermiculated with pale annuli. Length, 410 mm.; tail vertebrae, 170; hind foot, 55; ear above crown, 21; ear above notch, 27; length of head, 62. Skull, 57 by 34 mm. | Remarks.—Seventy-one specimens were collected from May 10 to July 13,1894. The greater portion of these had acquired the summer pelage at the time of capture, though many had not finished the molt. It was observed that those living on the high mountains were latest in molting. Young were being born during the whole of this period. In coloration they closely resemble their parents at the same season. The stripe on the shoulders of this species is an interesting indication of its relationship to the striped ground-squirrels. Some of the speci- mens, taken near the last monument, had a strong odor resembling vanilla, from digesting vegetable food. grayish, mixed with yellowish brown. ‘The tail which is less Record and measurements of 31 specimens of Otospermophilus beecheyt. Museum num- 1 od ' be fe ie) Ko) : ber. 2 rele Woen ere === 5 | | | g ® ie| a | eine : | | Sex and }°S5 /es | oe | RO Locality. | Date. | : Hon hCOn sao 4 ai ABE: g | Sh | se |e | = 2 ; |e |b | mS = =) = | = I | og eee tote eet eal, eal ee | 1894. mm. | mm.| mm.| mm. 60897 60897 1964 Mountain Spring, San Diego | May 10 49 ad. 397 | 157) 55} 19 County, California. | 60943 60943 | 1969 |..... CO Bars See aon 2 ee eena eis May 13 | a9 ad. 430 | 167] 54] 20 60873 60873 | 1216 |..... (6 0) Ses eee Ra Fane As cre May 10 g ad. 402 173 | 53 19 8284b | 6620 | 1220 |..... (Vor eee eee anee cae Be aeaae May 12 Oa ood 168 64 | 20 60896 | 60896 | 1239 Bee CORR sree ee eae = Satan eee May 14 ? ad. “09 174 52 19 82850 | GOLle | 12407 aaa ew atc knee ee Stee -..do...| Qad. | 397] 159] 45] 19.5 | | (044 60944 35388 | Jacumba Springs, near Monu- | May 18 g ad. 409 | 156 Hoaoan | ealG ment No. 233. | | | | Sasose| 63007 NeSpGnal Eon 0 tema = Sates Sere aoa a8 MBE OO). eA aN leenraees sae [eee eo ea sere S058 \SHR4 | 2S. MAO Sense eet nee oe veces. | May 24 la Oldee| ABN 66. | Bb: on 60899 | 60899 | BOSOM Eas (0 (0 ae eens ieee eee May 25) Qad. |} 420) 177 55} 21 61318 61318 | 3615 | Nachoguero Valley, near Mon- | June 1 9 ad. 385 | 158 54 | 20 | ument No. 2. : | 61640 | Aleoholic| 3619 |..... COtRe ets Gate er UN se June 2| Gad. | 415| 167] 55| 18 ) | aan GSO6O E8620) | Pees Oar ena ee nonin = cen n [ens Oana agua. 425 | 180 51] 19 | | | 61641 61641 | 3621 | Stee (lon ob ao - ee cee eee See June 4} gad. | 483] 178 55 | 19 BE ae GROGINES G28 lbaeee Omens: fe ee on eee el SUMO @ ad. 320)|| 157 Hine 18 82866 6622 sia 39In eae Okie tee bea eee oa eee June 2 9 ad. 400, 170 53 | 20 6898 60898 | 1396 |....- (6 (0), ES a a i a See Oe Se June 3 9 ad. 390-163 52] 18 60941 60941, 1440 | Laguna, San Diego County, | Junel12| Qad. 405 1¢0 53 | 20 | | California. | | 8289b 6625 | 1449 |..... (O10 aS Oe OR CAT Ce Decne ericK June 14 9 ad. 425 \ 75s) Ody) e217 i | | | 60874 60874 | 1450 | a eitele OO ps sateceacige cee seseiciese se June 15 Qad. | 412 | 156 | 54 { 20 8290b 6626 | 1451 |..... Ge ae eae eee le, do...| Qad. | 420] 172]. 53] 19 82910 6627 | 1458 |-..~. COPS ASIN si ie hes Retire ne [Sees doee|seOladt \2 eet eaeee | 56] 19 60942 60942 | 1454 |..... GO etl ect cess ee eeenees asec Olen .| 2 ad. 423 177 56 21.5 $2926 6628 | 1468 |... :- COR sae coe ree ee ee Junel7;, @Qad. 415°), 1805). 465.) 19 a4 Mamme 6 pairs. bAmerican Museum of Natural History. ¢Head and body, 255 mm. oped 6 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record and measurements of 31 specimens of Otospermophilus beecheyi—Continued. Museum num-| 2 "oe Ces rs ber. 5 er & os ne | | /Ee/2 | ae A: y= | cB) ) S45 Oo HS Locality. Date, | Sexand| — So Wuee) ae Pure) age. Ss Or || aS a aro : Y 53) SO See lel = = o ap Sod ste whe: too 5 ein y= Spe ae ls ientics = Zz L ts) | a eben aes | SS a — = =- —— ————— — | — — Vea —= —— | | 1894. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm 61179 61179 3702.) San Isidro Ranch, Lower Cali- | June 28 | 9 ad 400 | 167) 54) 19 fornia. } | | | 61182 61182 | 3719 |..... (3 Kayes SA Sy eens Ee ta a tel ee June 29| dad. | 440) 179 56 | 22 61183 61183 | 3720 |..... GO! S8hs we Sets i 3 aS ee Eos OEE, Uo ae | 403] 163] 55] 21 61184 61184 | 3721 |....- CO ade 2 eee ees Seok se CMENGL 396 | 150 | 53 | 20 61185 61185 | 3723 poses GO 2 a cekiose sce a Ooe bare oe: June 30| gad. 418 | 168 56 | 21 60847 60847 | 3755 |..... COE eta ece pits ee is July 2/| Sad. 403) lions: 20 60848 | 60848 3789 Edgeof Pacific.Ocean, at Mon- | July 13 J ad. 420 | 182 56 | 21 | ument No. 258. Genus, Clb Li S7@Okene (Srey, Citellus OKeEN, Lehrbuch der zoologie, II, 1816, p. 842.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 375, Oct. 11; 1902. Type.— Mus citellus Linneus. Size medium or small. Form varying from stout or squirrel-like to slender and weasel-like. Tail variable. Cheek-pouches always present, and large. Manus with four well-developed toes and a rudi- mentary thumb, of which the claw may be either present or absent. Skull lighter than in Cynomys, but more strongly built than in Sccurus or Lutamias, and with the post-orbital processes slender and directed backward and downward; plane of the molar turned outward; zygo- matic arches spreading. Upper premolars two, but the first premolar simply rounded and single rooted, never more than about one-third of the size of the second. Character of the pelage and pattern of colora- tion variable. Subgenus ICTIDOMYS Allen. Ears generally small, sometimes rudimentary; tail long, cylindrical, or narrow and flattened, or quite broad, with the hairs one-half to three-fourths the length of the body; skull very long and narrow; first upper premolar usually rather small, and the dentition not heavy. Species, S. tereticaudus, S. mexricanus, S. tridecem lineatus, S. franklini. (J. A. Allen.@) 4 Monographs of North American Rodentia, 1877, p. 821. (See Merriam, Science, n. s., II, p. 418, September 27, 1885. ) co bo ~I MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. CITELLUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS TEXENSIS Merriam. TEXAS THIRTEEN-LINED GROUND-SQUIRREL. Spermophilus tridecemlineatus texensis MERRIAM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, p. 71, Mar. 24, 1898 (original description ).—Mr.uer and Renan, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 56 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Spermophilus tridecemlineatus] texensis, Eiuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 101. (Synop. Mam. N. Am.) Type-locality. Gainesville, Cooke County, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, No. 3414, collection of Dr. C. Hart Merriam.) Geographical range.—Lower Austral zone in southern Texas. The original description of Citellus tridecemlineatus texensis reads as follows: Characters.—Similar to S. tereticaudus, but smaller; ground color of upper parts, including base of tail, redder; middle stripe of underside of tail uniform deep reddish, not grizzled with black; no yellowish-olive tinge in any pelage and less seasonal difference in color than in any of the other forms. Color.— Winter pelage: Ground color of upper parts, ineluding base of tail, rich deep ferruginous or rusty, slightly grizzled with black hairs; nose grayish, slightly griz- zled with rusty; sides of neck, feet, and underparts buffy; head marblings, dorsal stripes and spots, chin and lips buffy-white; rusty underside of tail sometimes partly hidden by buffy tips. Summer pelage: Similar to winter pelage, but ground color duller and light stripes and spots more buffy. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, Toenieley) Remarks.—Dr. J. A. Allen,” referring to specimens collected in Bee County, Texas, by Mr. J. M. Priour, observes: *‘In coloration they are not distinguishable from Minnesota examples.” Fic. 50.—CITELLUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS. FORT SNELLING, MINNESOTA. (CAT. No. 37212, U.S.N.M.) a, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW. The following description of S. tridecemlineatus is based on specimens collected by the writer at Fort Snelling, Minnesota: Size rather large. «Bull. Am.:Mus. Nat. Hist., III, No. 2, April 29, 1891, p. 223. ~ 328 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Length, 290 mm.; tail, 103; hind foot, 40. The ground color of the upper surface is clove brown, fading with wear to prouts brown; on this there are about eight continuous lines of brownish white, alter- nating with about seven rows of light spots. Under surfaces, including feet and inner aspect of limbs, clay color. Tail slen- der, subterete, with the hairs brown at base, banded with black, and tipped with yellow- ish. Cranial and dental charac- ters. —The skull bears a greater Fig. 51.—C1TELLUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS. FORT SNELL- resemblance to that of Lamas ING, MINNESOTA. (Cat. No. 37212, U.S.N.M.) striatus than do those of the other species of the genus, notwithstanding the~presence of two upper premolar teeth, the first of which is functionally developed and rather large. Skull elongated, tapering anteriorly, with small audital bulle, and a long, narrow interpterygoid space. The lateral teeth are not set so obliquely as in Citellus tereticaudus. Figs. 50 and 51 show the skull of typical C7tellus tridecemlineatus. ICTIDOMOIDES, new subgenus. Type.—[Sciurus] mexicanus ERXxXLEBEN, Syst. Regni Anim., I, 1777, p. 428 (=Citellus mexicanus ). Characters.—Intermediate between /et/domys and Xerospermophilus, with tail resembling Otospermophilus. Braincase broader than in Ictidomys, its breadth, measured at roots of zygomata below, greater than the distance from posterior border of occipital condyle to molar teeth; skull higher in frontal region, with rostrum more depressed, and nasals relatively longer, the internasal suture measuring consider- ably more than the distance from front premaxilla to anterior pre- molar; audital bulle larger. Compared with Xerospermophilus these differences are exactly reversed. Color pattern likewise intermediate. Tail three-fourths the length pf head and body, somewhat flattened, and bushy. : CITELLUS MEXICANUS PARVIDENS (Mearns). RIO GRANDE GROUND-SQUIRREL; SMALL-TOOTHED GROUND-SQUIRREL. Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens Mearns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VIII, p. 443, May 23, 1896 (advance sheet published March 25, 1896; original descrip- tion ).—Muxier and Renn, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No.1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 52 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Spermophilus mexicanus, Barrp, Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 319; U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., IJ, Pt. 2, Mam., 1859, p. 39.—Atuen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X VI, 1874, p. 291 (in part); Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, p. 868 (in-part); Bull. Am. N. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, No. 2, 1891, p. 223 (Texas and Tamaulipas); VI, 1894, p. 182 (Texas). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 329 [Spermophilus mexicanus| parvidens, Kunior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IT, 1901, p. 99 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [Citellus mexicanus] parvidens, Exvuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 1V, 1904, p. 146 (Mam. of Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. (Type, skin and skull (fig. 52), No. 638073, U.S.N.M.) Geographical vange.—Tamaulipan Fauna of Texas and Mexico. Found on the Rio Grande from the mouth of the Devils River to Brownsville and north along the Gulf coast to Corpus Christi. Description.—Size larger than a Xerospermophilus, but smaller than Citellus mexicanus Erxleben; pattern similar; colors paler, with under surfaces white, not washed with yellowish brown; tail bushier, c Fig. 52.—CITELLUS MEXICANUS PARVIDENS. (TYPE, CAT. No. 63073, U.S.N.M.) a, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; ¢, LATERAL VIEW. its hairs with two instead of three black annuli, and grayish instead of yellowish tips. Above, with about nine obscure and interrupted white stripes on an olivaceous-gray ground. Tail flattened and bushy, except at the base, which is cylindrical; color grayish white, mixed with black, the lateral hairs twice banded with black, the outer band twice as wide as the inner. Ear-conch short. Head hoary grayish, with end of nose yellowish and orbital ring white. Under surfaces white. Iris hazel. Specimens from the Gulf coast are yellower and more heavily col- ored than those from Kinney County, Texas. 330 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record and measurements of 18 specimens of Citellus mexicanus parvidens. } Museum num- | 4 | lew e ber. | 5 | PE beste lies She ae | Sioa esa es SD | Locality. Date. | Sex and ; we 0%) cies |e | ee |g | 28 (a8 | ee = e = Nie ae I eet r= =r amas 8 Sole eee | 63073 63073 | 2312 Fort Clark, Kinney County, | 1894. Le mn. CUE LLL TexXaSe. denice cass ssa oe | Mar. 21 | «fad. 325 130 44 3.5 63074 63074 | 2313 |....- vi Loved sere coea ime: ene Bye opee| ie Clade eaeee eee | 42) 8.5 114651 114651 | 2315 |..... QOe ore eee Mar. 27| gad. | 303) 125| 39] 4 63075 63075 | 2321 |..... Ose es sae ee: ee Apr. 16] gad. | 310) 118 4] 46 63076 63076 | 2329 |..... dort ee te eet oe Apr. 24| Qad. | 303| 124 | 40 | 3.8 63077 G20 77s OAS0 a mao ees Bee oes eee eee May? lice) aden alas as ames eae AL 1898. / $4603 84603 | 4308 |...-- GOs aerhs ees eee Mar. 19} Qad. 258 | 107 Baie 84830 Alcoholic) 4364 |..... GOL seen Fe eee ee eee Apr il Sade e |eyncaleeeee Je seemal ort 84625 B4GO8 || ASB or las eee, ele tae hee Mr, 25] Sg ad.) 2-2. So eee 84626 84626 | 4368 |..... GO sath = eae soe eee Eee ee dor s2|" Gyady, Wisse. joc es eee eee 84527 ASDF ARES; Ss cdnes A) ae ie ae i coms do. 21. (Qsad. lies leo eS ieee eine 84831 | Alcoholic) 4370 |... ihe ro) ah we Berean Apr: 18.40 adler eee 111628 111628 | @44|..... ORG 3. Mazccan csr ase June 3| gad. | 302) 123] 40| 4 111629 | ° 111629) @45 |..... GD! Se See acs eee eee do...| Qad. | 290] 124] 39] 4, 111630 ULUGSOR MAAC YR et Otstes- ce eee meek See |June 4] Qim. | 280| 105| 38| 4 111631 LIMGSI) "a47 | oe Fs [ope teat eae ese ed ae A Fd do...| gad. | 300} 95| 42] 4 111632 111632 | @48 |..... GOs Sie sewcn noes Reta | June 6 Pim. | 272] 106 | 36 4 111633 | 111633 | a4 |..... ioe iereles. ck a eee do, -2\ radials eee (meas | a1} 4 atris hazel. Type. e¢ Head and body, 143mm. b Head and body, 180 mm. adCollected by Louis di Zerega Mearns. Subgenus XEROSPERMOPHILUS Merriam. Nerospermophilus MprriaM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 27, Apr. 13, 1893 (original description).—E.uior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 95 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 148, fig. 25 (Mam. Mid. Am.).—MiILuLer and Rean, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X XX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901 p. 46, footnote (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). - Characters. —Small-sized, slender ground-squirrels, usually having the tail less than half the length of the head and body. Skull short, broad, and highly arched; broad interorbitally; rostrum short; nasals broad; audital bulle very large; and postpalatal notch long and narrow. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. oo CITELLUS SPILOSOMA ARENS (Bailey) .“ EL PASO SPOTTED GROUND-SQUIRREL, Spermophilus spilosoma arens BaiLey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 118, June 2, 1902 (original description ). Citellus spilosoma arens MituerR and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX XI, No. 3, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 75 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902). Tuza (gopher) or Uron (officer) of the Mexicans. Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone, in southwestern Texas and the adjacent parts of Mexico—the Eastern Desert Tract. Description.—Size small; form slender. Tail terete at base, some- what flattened and bushy at extremity. Feet (fig. 53) small. Ears reduced to short rims. Length, 240 mm.; tail vertebrae, 80 (to end of hairs, 100); hind foot, 35; head, 43. Skull, 39 by 23.5. Mamme, 5 pairs. Tris hazel. Dichromatic, with reddish and grayish color-phases. Pattern spotted above, with ill-defined white spots arranged in longitudinal series. Ground color nearly uniform vina- ceous-cinnamon, or rusty brownish gray, according to the phase of color- ation. Under surface and sides of head, except a longitudinal infra- orbital stripe, white. Tail vinaceous- cinnamon above, except at the tip, where the hairs are broadly banded with black and tipped with yellow; under surface of tail yellow. FIG. 53.—CITELLUS SPILOSOMA ARENS. FORT Cranial and dental characters.— Hancock, Texas. (Car No. 63385, U.S. hase: sof the subgenus Xarosper- 9°) PPE ON & SNcmOe mophilus, constituted by Doctor Merriam for the reception of the spilosoma group, of which Cvtellus mohavensis (Merriam) is the type. Skull with shortened rostrum, broad nasals, narrow interpterygoid space, sharply elevated supraorbital rim, and heavy, obliquely-set teeth. The first upper premolar is much larger than in Ammo- spermophilus, and about as in Citel/us tereticaudus. Remarks.—Yhe hair is short and coarse at all seasons. In winter there is some under fur, and the under surfaces are well covered; but “The subspecific name spilosoma was restricted by Merriam (N. Am. Fauna, No. 4, p. 37, Oct. 8, 1890) to the animal occurring in northern Mexico and extreme western Texas. In describing ‘‘ Spermophilus spilosoma marginatus,’’? a new subspecies, from Alpine, Texas, Mr. Bailey says that it is ‘‘Similar to the dark, typical form of spilo- soma from northeastern Mexico, but smaller and brighter colored,’’ the inference being that he has refixed the type-locality of Citellus spilosoma spilosoma to ‘‘north- eastern Mexico,”’ 332 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. in summer the hair is remarkably short and coarse, scarcely covering the skin of the ventral surface. In afew specimens, taken at this sea- son, the white spots are wanting, the upper surface being vinaceous- cinnamon, with a few black hairs, and a finer sprinkling of white, from hoary tips or annuli to the hairs. Habits and local distribution.—At Fort Hancock, on the Rio Grande, in the Eastern Desert Tract, this ground-squirrel was extremely Aine ant. Many of those trapped in June, 1893, were found completely cooked by solar heat—to such an extent that they fell from the trap in pieces when lifted from the hot sand, where they had been exposed to the sun’s heat buta few hours. In February and March, 1892, we found it abundant at. El Paso and at old Fort Bliss, Texas. It was found at every camp east of the San Luis Mountains, excepting Big Hatchet Mountain. It was common at the altitude of 1,600 meters, below tim- ber line, on the east side of the San Luis Mountains. CITELLUS SPILOSOMA ANNECTENS (Merriam). PADRE ISLAND GROUND-SQUIRREL. Spermophilus spilosoma annectens Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VIII, pp. 132, 138, Dec. 28, 1893 (original description).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, Art. VI, May 31, 1894, pp. 182, 183 (Mustang Island, Texas).— Minuer and Rean, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 54 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Spermophilus spilosoma] annectans, Evuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 97 (Synop. Mam. N. Am. ). Type-locality.— Padre Island, Cameron County, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, No. 3$448, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. é Geographical range.—Southern coast region of Texas (Padre Island, Mustang Island, and adjacent mainland). The original description is as follows: General characters.—S. annectens is about the size of S. spilosoma major, which it resembles in coloration and markings, though the pelage has a grayish cast, suggest- ing S. obsoletus. Ear a mere rim, about 3 mm. high at highest point. Color.—Upper parts dull grayish brown; back beset with ill-defined buffy spots, margined posteriorly with dusky in unworn pelage; underparts soiled white. Eye- lids white. Tail concolor with back or a little more fulyous, its distal half or two- thirds bordered with a subapical black band, beyond which the tips of the hairs are buffy ochraceous. Immature specimens and young of the year are more brownish than the adults and show the spots much more distinctly, as usual in the spilosoma group. Cranial and dental characters.—Compared with S. spilosoma major, the skull of S. annectens is longer, but is actually as well as relatively narrower across the zygomatic arches, particularly anteriorly, where the anterior roots are pinched in as in Ictido- mys; frontals broader interorbitally; fronto-nasal region more convex; supraorbital foramina usually completely inclosed; postorbital processes more strongly decuryed; audital bulle smaller; postzygomatic notch almost obsolete; rostrum broader across MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 333 the base, with the lateral angle less marked. Under jaw larger and heavier, with posterior edge of inflected angular process broader, shorter, and less transverse. The cranium as a whole is narrower and higher than in any known member of the sub- genus Yerospermophilus. The dentition is unusually heavy for the subgenus, and the crown of the last upper molar is about as long antero-posteriorly as transversely. The first upper premolar is about one-third the size of the second. In all of these respects, except the char- acter of the angular process of the mandible, the cranial peculiarities of S. annectens depart from the S. spilosoma type and resemble the S. mexicana type. General remarks.—Fourteen specimens of this animal are in the [U. S.] Depart- ment [of Agriculture] collection, thirteen from Padre Island, Texas, and one from the mainland at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Padre Island is a long spit of sand in the Gulf of Mexico, just north of the mouth of the Rio Grande. (Prog, Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, pp. 132, 133.) CITELLUS SPILOSOMA MACROSPILOTUS (Merriam). APACHE GROUND-SQUIRREL, Spermophilus spilosoma macrospilotus Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 4, Oct. 8, 1890, p. 38 (original description; normal or reddish phase, from Oracle, Pinal County, Arizona).—MiILter and Rean, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 55 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Spermophilus canescens Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 4, Oct. 8, 1890, p. 38 (grayish phase, from Willcox, Cochise County, Arizona). Spermophilus ( Nerospermophilus) microspilotus, Euuiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, fig. 21 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [Spermophilus spilosoma] microspilotus, Euuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I, 1901, p. 96 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Citellus (NXerospermophilus) s. microspilotus, Evuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, pp. 144, 145, fig. 25 (Mam. Mid. Am. ). Type-locality.—Oracle, Pinal County, Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, No. $§732 in the U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection). Geographical range. Sonoran Zone, in the Elevated Central Tract. Description.—Much darker and more strongly colored than the typical form of the Eastern Desert Tract. Length, 220 mm.; tail ver- tebree, 75 (to end of hairs, 95); hind foot, 30. Skull, 35 by 22. Mammae, five pairs. Ground color russet-brown, mixed with a few light-tipped hairs. Spots large, roundish, and far apart. Tail concolor with the body on its proximal half; yellow, ringed with black, on terminal half; and yellow beneath. Feet and under surfaces white. Skull (fig. 54) apparently smaller and relatively broader than in the typical form. The gray phase, ** Spermophilus canescens,” is described by Doctor Merriam as follows: Color.—Upper parts drab-gray, much obscured by hoary; head and face hoary; back everywhere covered with transversely elongated whitish markings, which are much crowded and tend to run together laterally, forming transverse wavy bars, separated by narrower dark wavy lines, consisting of the dark tips of the hairs. Eyelids and 334 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. underparts white. Tail above, grizzled grayish drab, mixed with blackish on the terminal third and bordered with buffy; tail below, buffy with a submarginal black- ish band. (North American Fauna, No. 4, p. 38.) Habits and local distribution.— first saw the Apache ground-squirrel between Mountain Spring and the San Pedro River at Tres Alamos, April 8, 1885. A week later I met with it between Lordsburg, New Mexico, and Alkali Flat to the westward, when crossing a series of ridges covered rather scantily with the creosote bush ( Cowdllea triden- tata), where the burrows of this species were abundant, and the ani- mals themselves often seen and heard. It was abundant April 18 to 24, 1885, -at Deming, New Mexico, living under mesquites. While marching from Lordsburg to Steins Pass, April 27, 1885, we found this Fig, 54.—CITELLUS SPILOSOMA MACROSPILOTUS. LA NORIA, SONORA, NEAR MONUMENT NO. 112. (CArt. No. 35870, U.S.N.M.) a, DORSAL VIEW; ), VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. eround-squirrel abundant, and its lisping whistle was continually heard us we passed by. The young were often seen during our march from Steins Pass, New Mexico, to San Simon, Arizona, April 28, 1885; and the animal was also observed on the plain east of Dragoon Summit, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, Arizona. In following the Mexican Boundary Line we never found this ground- squirrel abundant except on the days when we crossed the San Simon Valley. There it was continually seen running from one creosote bush to another. Measurements of MAMMALS OF THE e) | Museum 2 | number. mn. | Bo Locality. aad Skin, Skull. | 3 | Nee cal | | | | | | Citellus spilosoma arens. 21041 | 36083 | 2339 | Fort Hancock, El Paso County, | Texas. 21049 | 36082 | 2357 |....- Opeeee See ee kh eee ee BIGaSe| & S6O7R F03G41|)-SOdoe sae eee ae SIRSE |S: SEOIR' SOBER Itoi ae eek er es ak oe Dita =| SB6N76 112870 |) Coes aaa Nek seas 5 tae eee 21088 | 36080 | 2374 |..... OSM eens CEN cash eds 21039 | 36081 | 2400 |....- AO rc et se ees Die 21082 | 86074 | 2403 |..... Pela ete me: ea are 4 ae 21035 | 36077 | 2407 |....- COs en mere ee eee en 21037 | 36079 | 2408 |....- AO Se nt ea ae ee | 20090 | 37043 | 1428 | El Paso, Texas ..............2..... 20089 | 35457 | 1477 |.-... OMe iu eit ee 20091 35458 | 1489 |..... dope es: See aces tom 20308 | 35544 | 1560 | Monument No. 15.... ............ SOAs IS5SG0) le1GOIe 4s: endo aes ee ey hoe modo nese 21316 | 37044 | 1616 |....- Ore hase ae pee I scree 20307 | 35584 | 1643 |....- DOMES iy Css ee er ers ee 20306 35613 | 1656 | Palomas Lakes, Chihuahua, Mex 1c0, 20305 35608 | 1686, | Monument No: 40. 22.2.2. 22./...2- 20303) | “35997, | 1687. |. -.-- Oia. er ee Seo ee ee Dae raTOL lal707 |fccecd ols 204.) ces eee ee 20510 35913 | 1774 | Dog Spring. Grant County, New Mexico. 21317 | 37046 | 1792 |..... OA aS ae ee Bee Scag eee 20511 | 35914 | 1827 |..... GO msg ee ed ee oe 20740 | 37047 | 1842 |..... GO yes ee sees oat ee ye Peay Sidley 1B6Ls|2 29: Ores. nah Mee se SoS eel ae 20512 | 35738 ed a dota ar eae ee } D147 | 36804 | 2542 |... .do.............-...212222- 1-2 20677 37048 1877. White Water Chihuahua Mexico. | | Citellus spilosoma annectens SIMO) |, cBRB TA GH Ee Soa anne eae dactapeaceesy Jaane | Citellus spuosoma macrospilotus. 20725 | 35870, 838 | La Noria, Santa Cruz River, near «Contained 7small fetuses; mamme,5 pairs, iris, hazel. Monument No, 112. MEXICAN BOUNDARY. ESE a8) 4 Date. | 5&* and ‘ a iS 3 CESS aI Set io ier I) eins | eee | = | | 1893. 4 mm. mm. | mm. | June 15 | 49 ad. 240 | 80 | 36.5 ae | F | June 23 | 09 ad. 230 74 | 37 | June 24| gad. | 225| 75! 37.5 |..--do0 ce? ad. 247 87 | 35 | June 25 | 49 ad. 237 80 | 37 | June 26} Qad. | 250| 95 /| 37.5 ec idones| oe Siadae e988) 7ai 1° 36 June 28] eQad. | 254 | 88 | 35 | June 29) gad. | 240 | py) Bs) |....do dad. | 221] 64/ 36.5 | 1892. | Feb. 9 fad. | 232] 82) 36 Feb. 20 gad. 226 Te} 37 Feb. 21| gad. | 225) 74 | 34 | Mar. 21} gad. | 935| 85 | 35 | Mar. 29 dad | 203 6a | 32 | Apr. 1 Pad. | 213 66 34 Apr. 6 Grad aa|e 2108 e 700-36 | Apr. 12| gad. | 235] 81 | 36 Apr. 24| Gad. | 207) 72 | 33 pwd --| 250 ad. |) 2981)" 72.1185 SACs eam Zia oe TeuCleee || eee |e tee oe 34 |May 23| ¢ad. | 219| 67} 34 | May 28 ¢ ad. 229 78 | 35 | June 2 US Bes X0 | Ma (cx sedl EXP 2 AJ BERS: GE Rep EMO ll es eaal oe aa | 35 June 9 gad 227 69 | 35 | JimMe LON le adie esses |e 2B ee | 36 1893. | Sept. 19] 9 juv. 203s penis seems soa, | | June 16 Gadee|| 25 75 | 32 1891 | | Aug: 24) gad. | 230) 60 | 38 1892. | Nov. 25} 9 juv. 202 | 70 | 28 ear | J Had suckled young. 6’ Contained 6 very small fetuses. ¢Mamme, 5 pairs. Iris, hazel. dMamme., 5 pairs; contained milk. ; eMamme 5 pairs; not pregnant, very fat. g Head and body, 163 mm. hTail deformed. +Rutting. Head and body, 165 mm. k Head and body, 165 mm. 335 31 specimens of Citellus spilosoma arens, annectens, and macrospilotus. of rim, Height mm. 4 www www woe or te 336 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CITELLUS TERETICAUDUS (Baird). YUMA GROUND-SQUIRREL, Spermoplhilus tereticaudus Barrp, Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 315 (original deserip- tion); Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., II, Pt. 2, Mam., 1859, p. 38, -pl. vu, tig. 2 (head and feet); pl. xxu, fig. 4 (skull).—ALuen, Proce. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1874, p. 291.—Trus, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 594.—Mruter and Renan, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tereticaudus, Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., I, No. 7, July, 1886, pp. 197-207 (Arizona). [Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus)] tereticaudus, Extiior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IJ, 1901, p. 98 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [ Citellus ( Xerospermophilus) | tereticaudus, Evuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 1V, 1904, p. 144 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California (on the right bank of the Colorado River, opposite the mouth of the Gila River and the present town of Yuma, Arizona). (Type, skin and skull, No. $384, U. S. National Museum). Geographical range.—Lower Sonoran Zone of the Western Desert Tract; from Fort Lowell and La Osa on the east to the Coast Range Mountains on the west. Description. —Size small. Length, 25( mm.; tail vertebra, 97; hind foot, 36; ear rim, 3; head, 42. Skull 38 by 24. Form slender; head short; ear reduced to a mere rim; tail cylindrical, with hairs appressed. There are 5 pairs of mammary teats (in one case, six pairs). Iris dark brown. Claws purplish black, tipped with horn color. Color in win- ter pinkish buff above, with some hoariness, white below; tail concolor with the body above, yellower below, and obscurely annulated; feet white; pelage fine, with copious under fur which is plumbeous at base and white at tip. In summer vinaceous-buff above, mixed with a few black and a few white pointed hairs; pelage short and coarse, without under fur, and not concealing the skin below. In coloration, the young closely resemble their parents. Cranial and dental characters.—Skull (fig. 55) short, broad, broadly arched interorbitally ; rostrum abbreviated; audital bulle large, deep, and very evidently lobed by deep vascular channels; interpterygoid fossa narrow; malar arches very strong and much everted. Dentition strong; lateral rows of teeth approximated posteriorly, with the molars set very obliquely. Remarks.—Molting begins in March. Nursing females taken on the Colorado Desert during the last week of April and first week in May were all in summer pelage—except the tail, the last part to change. Specimens from the Tule and Yuma deserts, to the eastward of the Colorado River, are more reddish than those taken at the same MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 330 season on the western part of the Colorado Desert. The same is true of the other mammals living in those regions. Habits und local distribution. —In 1885, when marching with the Third Cavalry toward Texas from Fort Verde, Arizona, I first met with the Yuma ground-squirrel—then only known from the specimens collected by Maj. (afterwards Maj. Gen.) George H. Thomas, near Halls Station on New River, just within the northern limit of Mari- copa County, Arizona. I saw them every day of our march until we arrived at Mountam Springs, a day’s march east of Tucson. From this point eastward to Deming, New Mexico, I mistook C7tellus spilo- soma macrospilotus for this species, and embrace this occasion to rectify my previous erroneous record of the existence of the Yuma ground-squirrel in southeastern Arizona and at Deming, New Mexico. On October 17, 1884, 1 saw some Yuma ground- squirrels among the mesquites on the San Carlos flats at the Indian Agency on the Gila River. Near the Mexican Boundary this species is abundant from the Santa Cruz Valley, Arizona, to the Coast Range Mountains of California. From January 25 to February 8, 1894, it only appeared on the warmest days in places on both sides of the Boundary where it is common. Our first specimens were caught at Quitoba- quita; they were not out of their burrows in the region to the eastward, during the cold season FIG. 55.—CITELLUS TERETI- of our visit. It appeared to be scarce in Feb- — cavpvus. — Qurrosaqurra, ARIZONA. (CAT. NO. 59888, U.S.N.M.) ruary on the plains immediately surrounding the Gila Mountains, but was common at Adonde Siding on the Gila River, and less so at Gila city, on the Gila, 15 miles above Yuma, Arizona. It was abundant along the Gila from Gila city to Yuma, and down the Colorado River to the Gulf of Cali- fornia. It was common, though generally not abundant, along the Salton and New rivers to the Boundary Line and thence west as far as Coyote Wells. It was most abundant at Indian Wells on the New River. No other ground-squirrel was found on the open desert; but Ammospermophilus leucurus (Merriam) appeared as soon as the Coast Range was reached. Dr. W J McGee has written that ground- squirrels are ‘*common” in Seriland, western Sonora, Mexico, a remark that may apply to this species.“ « Spermophilus sonoriensis Ward, described (Am. Nat., X XV, Feb. 1891, p. 158) from Hermosillo, State of Sonora, Mexico, is regarded by Merriam and Elliot as a race of Citellus tereticaudus. 306539—No. 56—07 m 22 3BS BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSBUM. Measurements of 28 specimens of Citellus tereticaudus. Museum num- | 4 | | | = Eigey ? ber. Boel | fal cee ESCs Tene | oo eae Seats Bars q | Sex z 2 we 1 Og aS Locality. | Date. See nd | : ay oe 5 eo | ase. fet ali ea meena maa Ee Vesta = Sains shay es ra rs = | elie Seiad oe: BP fon} o | 3 Q 2 & we o | = es =| se) | . 1885. | mm. mm. mm, nm. | | } 29790 1845 | 168 | Near Hall’s ranch, New River, | Mar. 28 O ad. 247 74 30 4 Arizona. 121604 1851 169 | Between New River and Phoe- ....do...| #ad. 250 | 85 36 | 3 nix, Arizona. | 12159a 1846 | 170 |..... Dene sew Pea eer do-..|- Qad. | 232] 72/ 33) 4 22734 1848 | 171 | Between New Riverand Desert |....do...)| fad. | PB) ie 7B} 34 | 3 Station, Arizona. } ; 2974a%\" Tnyskine yo 1720s. GOs Jee see her ma KO asi i weeks; | 240} 85} 35 4 22750 1850 | 174 | Near Maricopa, Arizona...-...- | Mar. 30 | Plades {| $237 | 77 34 3 22760 1847 | 195 Desert Station, Arizona........- | May 25 | Bef Ade so oe eae 37 3 1894. | 61526 Alcoholic. 2828 | Quitobaquita, Monument No. | Jan. 25) #ad. | 253 100 36 3 | 172. 59888 Sg B29 RR eR Ee aes (Oe do...| fad. | 229) =80 | "931 3 59890 | 59890 | 2888 |....- (a Ko ye yes Sere pao 2 heb. aes ee a | Jan. 26 | dad. 248 | 86 37 3 59891 59891 | 2850 |..... GO: - tase cote ae eens Jan. 29) (i 249=)) MOF 37 3 59889 59889 | 2874 |.-... GlO} Seiwa osc seebsecr sea acons | Jan. 31} Sad. | 260; 99 38 3 59892 Missing. | 3033 | Tinajas Altas, Yuma County, | Feb. 23 COA eens ey SD eee Arizona. H 59885 Missing. 3041 Adonde, YumaCounty, Arizona, Feb. 25 |) “ad. 235 88 | . 38 3 59884 | Missing. | 3054 |..... RL Oe: of See hes <7. ee Ae Feb. 26} Sad. | 238 82 35 3 59886 | Missing. | 3055 |..... OO\S i cmocts ae eS ddse nee seniaeee COU sees liars oa h 6 be ai al onc”) 0) 84) 37 3 60336 | 60386 | 3106 | Yuma, Arizona.........-..----- Mare SOM Onade sole. Ie esG Sat ea oos totes 60333 60338 | 3107 }..... ore: soa Be ened [Saxedonea|? ;Gyatdey=|'<239)l| ch00) ats 7aree eee 60332 60332 3162 Yuma Desert, Monument No. | Mar. 16 oad. 238 92 37 3 200. 60329 | 60329 3196 | Colorado River, at Monument Mar. 17 Jd ad. 255 97 | 187 3 No. 204, 60337 60387 | 3197 |22.: ri Lope Pease Soo we aah rae ey Gal Ee doe Weg ad: 233 85 | 936 3 60327 60327 | 3198 |... . GOSS eee teen fe nists oenine Vo Oe)! Beene e239 S0i S308! 3 60326 60326 | 3199 ..... Ot Sa) ae eee RACs (OETA PR OT yc Umer mene Weare (eae ce mess 60323 603238-/:3200) }- Soo. COs ae x ee Saal aae an See le Seeel 55" Qad. | 238 95 36 | 3 60325 60325 | 3223 |...-- Co i Rese nee 5 5 ers aeae| MAL Sapp ap ad: 250) 101 36 3 60335 60335 3361 | Cienega Well, 30 miles south of | Mar. 23 9 ad. 220 O25 a B7el 3 Monument No. 204. be 61168 61168 3497 Gardners Laguna, Lower Cali- | Apr. 26 d9 ad. 262 99 36 | 3 fornia. 61169 61169 3504 | Indian Well, New River, San) May 3, 9 ad. 249 96 37 3 Diego County, California. 82934 6629 1126 Seven Wells, Lower California.) Apr. 10 e¢@ ad. 269 |) 106 36 3 a American Museum of Natural History. d Mammie, 5 pairs. : 6 Tail defective. ¢Mammie, 6 pairs; contained tive fetuses. ¢ Head and body, 151 mm. Subtmnily MARMO'TIN A. MARMOTS. Incisors not compressed; typically, the form stout and the tail com- paratively short. This subfamily comprises burrowing forms which may be collectively known as ‘*marmots;” as already mentioned, they MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 339 are so intimately connected with the preceding subfamily (Sc/urine) that the division into two groups is purely a matter of convenience. They are confined to the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. (/*lower and Ly lekker. ) Genus CYNOMYS Rafinesque (1817). Five distinct claws to each foot, that on the thumb as large as that on the fifth toe. Cheek-pouches shallow. Ear-conchs small. Tail short. Skull stout, with postorbital process strongly developed and directed outward. Dentition as shown in fig. 56. First premolar nearly as large as the second. Lateral rows of teeth strongly con- vergent posteriorly and twisted on their axis. Incisor teeth white or but slightly colored. Mamme, four or five pairs. Form stout and muscular. Two species of this genus inhabit the region of the Mexican Border. Their ranges are complementary, Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis being an inhabitant of the Sonoran Life Zone, on both sides of the International Line, while C. gunndson7 is restricted to the Transition Zone, its range to the southward falling short of the Mexican Boundary. CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS ARIZONENSIS (Mearns). ARIZONA PRAIRIE-DOG. Cynomys arizonensis MEARNS, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat Hist., I], No. 4, Feb. 21, 1890, p. 305 (original description ).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 237.—MILvuerR and Rean, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 57 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [ Cynomys] arizonensis, E.iiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 11, 1901 (Syvnop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 154 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis, MERRIAM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, p. 158, July 27, 1892: Type-locality.—Point of Mountain, near Willcox, Cochise County, Arizona. (Type, No. 174°’, American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Geographical range.—Grassy plains of the Sonoran Zone, from the Pecos River, Texas, west to the valley of the San Pedro River, Arizona. Description.—Largest of the prairie-dogs found in the United States.” Length, 400 mm.; tail vertebra, 90; hind foot, 64; head, 73. Skull, 66 by 45; incisors white or slightly colored. Mamme 4 pairs (A 4, P.{, A. }, 1.4). In winter the pelage of the upper surface is pale sandy buff, with a few all-black and many gray-tipped hairs; under surface white or pale yellowish; sides vellow; tail with a narrow, subterminal bar of black; under side of tail and inguinal region tawny ochraceous; underfur copious. In summer the underfur is wanting; color vinace- ous cinnamon above, with but few black hairs and grizzling obsolete; below whitish; sides yellowish. Iris hazel. “The Cynomys mexicanus of Merriam, from La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico, is about the same size, but has a much longer tail. 340 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Seasonal changes._-There are two seasonal pelages, winter and summer, the latter worn only for a few weeks. The winter overhair falls out at the beginning of hot weather, leaving the animal clad in its winter underfur, which soon becomes brittle and worn, exposing the dark color at base, when the animal looks ragged and patchy, often appearing to be blackish when seen at a distance. The summer Fig. 56.—CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS ARIZONENSIS. (CAT. No. 36362, U.S.N.M.) a, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; ¢, LATERAL VIEW. pelage is first acquired on the forefeet and head, extends slowly back- ward over the shoulders, but rapidly over the ventral surface and inner sides of the hind limbs, then to their outer surface, and lastly to the rump and tail. The underfur disappears at the advent of the coarse summer coat, in which it is wanting. The change from winter to summer dress is a slow one, that from summer to winter much MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 841 more rapid. As pointed out by Dr. J. A. Allen,“in the case of the red squirrel (Sevurus hudsonicus) and chipmunks (genus Eutamias), the sequence of the autumnal change of pelage is just the reverse of what occurs during the vernal molt, the tail being the first part to receive the winter coating and the head and feet the last. Lactation appears to exert some influence in retarding the molt, but this is less marked in the South than the North, where parturition bears a more definite relation to season and temperature. Specimens taken at El Paso, Texas, February 7, were in complete winter pelage. The species was next met with at Dog Spring, Grant County, New Mexico, where nine specimens, taken during the last week of May, were in mixed winter and summer pelage. The males and virgin females had, with one exception, received the summer pelage except on the tail. Nursing females were in summer pelage anteriorly, and posteriorly the overhair had fallen out, leaving the underfur exposed. Six specimens, from the Animas Valley, which has a considerably higher altitude than Dog Springs, taken June 29, are no further advanced than the Dog Springs series, killed a month earlier, none of the males having completed the summer molt. Not one of eleyen specimens taken during the last week of July, on the San Pedro River at Monument No. 98, had received the whole summer coat, although several were almost in summer pelage. Of four females, taken June 19, at Belen, Texas, the lowest point at which the species was collected, three are entirely in summer pelage and the fourth nearly so. A female, taken July 5 in the Animas Valley near Monument No. 66, had not quite completed the summer pelage; but two males, from Cloverdale, on the opposite side of the same valley, taken July 15, were in perfect summer dress. Eight specimens from the Animas Valley, taken by the writer, August 31 to October 2, 1893, show the whole progress of the autumnal molt very satisfactorily. Specimen No. 58915, U.S.N.M., has molted the summer hair on the tail, which is coated with winter hair. The body still retains the summer hair, but on parting this short, scant coat, the new winter hair, copiously mixed with underfur, may be seen sprouting. The other two specimens of the same date are somewhat further advanced. In four September specimens, the winter coat has extended forward as far as the head above, and is appearing on the under surface of the body. Specimen No. 58921, U.S.N.M., taken October 2, is in perfect winter coat, and the black bar on the tail—the first part to acquire the winter coat—is already fading to brownish. Eleven specimens from the San Pedro Valley, taken Octo- ber 14 and 21, are all in winter pelage, except a small area on the front of the head in several specimens. —————— = «Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, 1890, pp. 41-116. 342 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A half-grown male (No. 20,536, U.S.N.M.), taken at Monument No. 66 (Lang’s Ranch), in the Animas Valley, had acquired the winter coat- ing to the posterior half of the body as early as July 5. This illus- trates the importance of excluding young individuals when studying seasonal changes of pelage in mammals of warm countries. Remarks.—Four specimens from Belen, on the Rio Grande, in Texas, have remarkably long tails, with considerable terminal black on them. They are a good step from typical C. /udovicianus toward CL mexicanus. Tlabits and local distribution.—Capt. John G. Bourke, U.S. A., in an account of the Arizona Flora and Fauna,” writing of the region about Old Camp Grant, on the San Pedro River, Arizona, says: And so with the animal life; the deer, of the strange variety called ‘‘ the mule;”’ the coyotes, badgers, polecats, rabbits, gophers, but not the prairiedog, which, for some reason never understood by me, does not cross into Arizona, or, to be more accurate, does just cross over the New Mexican boundary at Fort Bowie, in the southeast [ Cynomus ludovicianus arizonensis], and at Tom Keam’s ranch, in the Moqui country, in the extreme northeast [Cynomys gunnison’]. In the year 1885 I observed immense colonies of Arizona prairie- dogs in the region contiguous to the Southern Pacific Railroad in southeastern Arizona, extending as far west as the town of Benson, on the San Pedro River. Other colonies were located in the region about the junction of the Gila and Salt rivers, also in the Sulphur Spring Valley. For miles the burrows of these animals are thickly scattered over the plains south of the Pinaleno Range or Sierra Bonito, where the soil is clayey and better suited to the habits of this animal than the loose sand of most of Arizona. Here the ‘‘dogs” fairly rev- eled and overran the country. As we rode amongst them their sharp barking was incessant and their tameness surprising. We had no difficulty in obtaining as many specimens as we desired, as they were easily killed with shotguns, although, from the form of their burrows, many rolled out of reach before we could secure them. The burrows descend at first obliquely for two or three feet, then make a sudden bend in the opposite direction, so that, even when shot dead, their rotund bodies will double up and roll down the incline past the angle out of reach simply by force of gravity. We found that a shot deliy- ered from exactly in front of the animal as it sat at the top of its mound with head and shoulders above the rim of earth that formed a breastwork around it, would almost always kill it instantly. A good many occupied-burrows had no mounds whatever around them. I saw three adults enter a single burrow, and Dr. Paul Clendennin, U.S. A., who accompanied me, killed two at once that were barking together in the same hole. White-necked ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus) «On the Border with Crook, 2d ed., 1892, p. 9. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 343 were numerous about these extensive ‘‘dog towns,” and are said to destroy many of the young prairie-dogs. In wild regions the ‘* prairie-dog,” as this squirrel is universally called, is devoid of shyness in the presence of man. As one rides up to one of their so-called ‘* villages ” he is greeted on all sides by the sharp ‘* bark” of the ‘‘dogs,” scores of whom may be seen seated erect on the large mounds which they have thrown up around the entrances to their burrows. I have seen two troops of cavalry dis- mount and open fire on them for several minutes without frightening them into their burrows. The energy of their barking and accom- panying bobbing motion of their bodies are amusing; but, to the weary traveler in the arid wastes usually occupied by these barking squirrels, their incessant cries soon become wearisome, if not posi- tively annoying, from the fancied challenge conveyed by their harsh tones and insolent bearing. They sit straight up on their hinder extremities and bark as loud as they possibly can until one rides toward them, when they drop down within the basin or depression at the opening of their burrows, showing only their head and shoulders. There are often several burrows in each mound, and it is a common sight to see the **dogs” leap from one side of the mound to an entrance on the opposite side, in which they disappear. They frequently keep on barking as one approaches, but gradually recede within their bur- rows until only the top of their flat heads, or the end of their noses, is left exposed to view, finally disappearing entirely. When fright- ened into their holes, some time usually elapses ere they regain sufli- cient confidence to reappear; then a nose is cautiously raised to view, its owner attunes its voice to the familiar strain, and is speedily joined by the whole community. They are not disturbed by the building of a railroad across their domains; on the contrary, the passing trains enliven their desert home and beguile their leisure hours. Some sit up and watch the locomo- tive thundering by without becoming in the slightest degree discon- certed thereby, evidently regarding it as a creation for their especial entertainment; others, to whom the noise and smoke are as ‘‘an oft- told tale,” are sprawling flat across the summit of their mounds, phleg- matically enjoying the accustomed sun-bath, while some jump play- fully up into the air as the train rushes past them. The source whence the prairie-dog derives the water necessary for its subsistence is a fruitful topic of discussion among frontiers- men. Some assert that it requires no water for drinking; others maintaining that it digs deep wells, some of which are recognizable by the unusually large mounds about their entrances and the wet tracks of the animals returned from drinking. Mr. Stewart Daniels opines that prairie-dogs live only where there is good water, in sup- 344 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. port of which assertion he has kindly placed me in possession of the following facts: The Jornada del Muerto is a plain 100 miles in length, beginning near Fort Craig, New Mexico, in the north, ending near Rincon, New Mexico, in the south. This jornada lies between the Sierra Cabello and the San Andres Mountains, having an average breadth of about 25 miles.. This waterless tract was formerly traversed at considerable risk, being a short route cutting off a great bend of the Rio Grande. Major Jack Martin, of the California Volunteers, in response to an offer of a sum of money by the United States Government to any person who would find water on this desert, resolved to try and selected the only prairie-dog ‘‘town’’ on the route for the scene of his operations. After sinking tothe depth of about 90, feet an abun- dance of excellent water was obtained. Martin’s well has since received the name of Aleman, and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad has taken the place of the old trail. Several wells have been dug along it, and at various points on the jornada, but no sweet water has been discovered, although salt water was occasionally found. It is probable that, like sheep, these mammals can exist for a con- siderable period without water, although they drink with avidity when in captivity. On the Boundary Survey, when traveling by rail between Fort Worth and El Paso, Texas, February 1, 1892, an area inhabited by a large colony of prairie-dogs was crossed near Baird. In February, 1892, I visited a colony on the mesa seven miles northeast of El Paso, Texas, near the present site of Fort Bliss, Texas, and other small colonies were observed farther down the Rio Grande. From a letter addressed to me by Dr. Paul Clendennin, dated ‘* Fort Davis, Texas, May 27, 1885,” I extract the following: There are lots of prairie-dogs all around the fort. They are very tame indeed, and it is very amusing to watch them. The name ** Dog Spring,” Grant County, New Mexico, came origi- nally from the colonies of prairie-dogs in the neighborhood. From three miles west of the Dog Mountains, colonies of prairie-dogs extend all the way to the San Luis Mountains, not quite reaching the lower tim- ber line. The species is abundant on both sides of the Animas Valley, west of the San Luis Mountains, reaching the timber line on both sides. I rode through a colony between Gage and Separ, New Mexico, April 25,1885. The ‘‘dogs” were still ** barking,” although the entire column—a full regiment of cavalry—had just passed through on the same trail. While camped at Lang’s ranch (Monument No. 66) I experimented in trapping prairie-dogs, and found them about the most difficult rodents to take with steel traps, but there was not the slightest diffi- culty in capturing them by means of snares placed around the openings of their burrows. Many badgers were feeding upon the prairie-dogs of the Animas Valley, and hundreds of skulls of the ‘*dogs” were scattered about the mounds. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 345 Cranial measurements of four adults of Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis from southern Arizona. | | | | | 7 = : = fee e les l@ ja foe [e [és |gal¢ i o |9 3 =) ne g:.-/8 jes! s ares ear =a = |. a g 32 il oS DO . pan iS} m I3'683 Seis loa] oS = 4 2s | & = = om) CSS walla (=i lar, S | | S ra) ea) Wepsle lati 2 ere lineal foeey a hears ao| A. 5 18 A) 2 |-8 1? (SS ke fee See Pie Se lke) ss = ral = = o a) Be nl (ae Sez hal est |S O's loa oe ares le les : zc = os SS Se a Sia: Vie LOOM Ness) Wicaiel ay ee q | 8 a Gh |idbadis elmer ee |e tis dtd Oona vet ae [resi pee re well Deeg in|. Ie Ih fee 2 a | a os beer So) ogo le S120 i8 a] es [a] S| 2a S S 20 2 | Lay =| aot 1o 2 Se POR tan a] Og | sro ee ligeaes = | = = S) cD) i) oF |ld@al PTO |%VAIOHRS] & 2 eet eS) en a | 5) Z : S 2 BBO as | OMS Ge! me |e ion sax r= Fi ess @ = a ee sae el a Ye ate OVO @. fans) | ASEH oS Spat | taal | Se tote arta een Sule Mires cal eae RS al a = LS ries | ee itallete lias es te ee K a} D = = D mA Boss re tamed etilly eticeuthtg) |S g =| epee teen bats =) = ov Bee a eS |Are A! o 2B penta Ts |? & D | She rca |e tees ety SE bs eth hag ae He oH |A is 4 |S AR} A at ———— = |= Be eS SS 2. | | | | | | | | | mm, ane) mm. | mm. mm. mm. mm, | mn, mm.) mm. mm, mm, mm,), mn, = re 3 yy | | oF | seed Sa Oe POlOn seen a12202 On! LAUee ODE hs lee OAs Shr on etiaOnleae9 ON elon Ol mares 42 | 15.0 | x | | : ~ ~ | ‘ > | eae r | 1775 | 190 | f | 65.8 | 44.3 | 28.0 | 14.6 | 25.0 | 10.2 | 36.0 | 16.0 | 4.9 | 538.5 | 14.8 | 4.8 | 43 | 15.4 | are | aval = ‘ | Qc 5 ‘ Qn a4 D | ¢ a 1776 | 359 | S | 66.0 | 45.5 | 28.6 | 13.2 | 24.7 | 10.2 | 37.0 | 16.5 | 4.8 | 54.8 | 138.6 | 5.0 | 44 | 15.2 | | | | 1777 | 360 | Q | 63.0 | 45.5 | 27.7 | 14.0 | 24.0 | 10.0 | 3025))) 16.5 )452" |) 5220) 135.7 15;0° 43) |) 165.0 | | i] { a American Museum of Natural History. CYNOMYS GUNNISONI Baird. SHORT-TAILED PRAIRIE-DOG. Cynomys gunnisont Barro, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., VII, Apr., 1855, p. 334 (original description); Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 335.—Merriam, North Ameri- can Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 58, pl. 1x, figs. 5, 6, 7 (skull); No. 5, July 30, 1891, p. 40.—Pricr, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 237, note. [Cynmomys| gunnisoni, Ex.iot, Field Col. Mus., Zool., Ser. II, 1901 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 156 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Ttick-se’ of the Hualapi Indians. Till’kéha of the Hopi Indians. Type-locality.—Cooachetope (Cochetopa Pass), Rocky Mountains, Saguache County, Colorado. (Type, skull, Cat. No. 501 (skin lost), U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Transition zone of the Colorado Plateau and mountains of northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico, and thence northward. Description.—Size small. Length, 350 mm.; tail vertebra, .70; hind foot, 60; head 67. Skull, 60 by 48. Mamme, 5 pairs. In sum- mer, tawny fulvous above, grizzled and much mixed with black hairs; forehead blackish, especially above the eyes; tail without terminal black, but often with many blackish hairs above and a narrow sub- terminal bar, resulting from broad black annulation of the hairs, the dark rings increasing in extent from the base of the tail to its extremity. In winter, pale buff above, mixed with black hairs, which aggregate to form blackish patches over the eyes; color below varying from pale yellow to fulvous. It appears less grizzled than Cynomys ludovicianus, because it lacks the strong vinaceous tint. The short-tailed prairie-dog is abundant on the mesas and open parks of Arizona, often living in pine forests, and sometimes in cliffs, where it climbs over the rocks like the large ground-squirrel ( Otosper- 346 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. moph lus JPAMINUPUS ). Those from the Agua Fria Valley differ some- what in appearance from the form occupying the Colorado Plateau, and may merit separation as a race. As all but one of my specimens from the Agua Fria Valley were preserved in a solution that discolors the pelage, the materials requisite for a satisfactory comparison are lacking. [Habits and local distribution.—The alpine barking-squirrel or short- tailed prairie-dog is locally abundant over the northeast third of Arizona. I did not meet with it in the western portion of the Terri- tory. Although it prefers the highest plains, it is by no means unknown to the mountains of Arizona, where I have seen colonies living in the pine forests, and have found it as high as 8,000 feet above sea level. Along the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad numerous colonies were noted as far west as Bill Williams Mountain. To the north of his railroad a large area between the Colorado River and Cataract Creek is occupied by it. Late in May, 1887, I found large colonies residing in the large basin known as the Mormon Lake, in the Mogollon Mountains. They encroached upon the bogey soil adjacent to the lake, where they were so close to the water level that they had constructed enormous mounds, often 20 feet in diameter and of considerable height, apparently to insure dryness of their habitations. Be this as it may, those living in the neighboring rocky mesa had formed scarcely any mounds. Colo- nies were noted at frequent intervals between the Mormon Lake and Flagstaff, Arizona, especially on the open plain known as Clarkes Val- ley, through which a railroad was then being built. A few young ones were already abroad and sat up erect and acted like adults, although not as large as the eastern red squirrel or chickeree. The first young one was seen at Mormon Lake on May 31. This was in the pine belt. The young are brought forth a month earlier in the low, hot plains, and hundreds of little ones no longer than Say’s chip- munk were seen near Flagstaff on the 27th of June of the same year. Several ‘‘dog towns” were seen in the pine forest, where the animals were easily shot from the concealment afforded by the tree trunks. The soldiers of my party shot and ate a number of them, and pro- nounced their flesh excellent, but to my taste they had an earthy flavor that was decidedly unsavory, although they were fat and their flesh tender and juicy. Some were living in cliffy hillsides, burrow- ing under rocks, over which they climbed with easy confidence, often choosing the top of some large one for a rostrum from which to salute one’s approach with their noisy ‘‘ barking.” Near Flagstaff a colony occupied a hillside adjoining a wheat field, which latter they totally destroyed, notwithstanding the efforts of the owner to save his crop. Experience had taught the adults shyness; but, on returning to the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY: B47 place late in June, the young were frolicking abroad in numerous families in utter disregard of our presence. Near Chavez Pass enor- mous areas were covered by their colonies. In Aravaipa Canyon, in southern Arizona, the Arizona prairie-dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis) were active during the coldest weather; but the short-tailed prairie-dogs living in the Agua Fria Val- ley between Forts Verde and Whipple do not appear during the cold- est periods, but venture forth as soon as the weather moderates. Probably those residing on the Sen Francisco Mountains, where the winter is long and cold and the ground deeply covered with snow, regularly hibernate, as the large ground-squirrel ( Ofospermophilus grammurus) is known to do; but early in April, 1886, we found them out of their burrows, close to the snow which still covered the divide of the Mogollon Mountains. This barking-squirrel is graminivorous, devouring nearly every green thing within its settlements, which in consequence become barren and forbidding in appearance. Lack of food or sudden inunda- tions are the ordinary causes leading to a change of location, which is usually accomplished by a gradual invasion of contiguous territory. An interesting chapter might be written under the caption of ‘* The prairie-dog as a pet,” to which every army youngster could contribute something of interest from personal experience. In captivity it is playful, and makes an extraordinarily bright and agreeable pet. It is fond of raw meat, and drinks water freely. Its propensity for undermining the walls of the buildings and digging up the yards is regarded as reprehensible by some; but, to juvenile minds, such trifling peccadillos are more than compensated for by its clever tricks and its attachment for its master, at whose clothing it will tug when ready for a frolic or desirous of being fed. at Measurements of 77 specimens of the genus Cynomys. Museum number. ear | = oo e 2 mn a ki tO . Sex; o5 oS Ones ws Loeality. | Date. Sex and $ D O° Ss £2 ; age. ia Sra get a cute, 3 = z mw | 5 |b | "ne AP, 2 i) o 13 ® OZ 77) 78) © 4 Cae EN bg Mais gl Le eee to eRe eee Se ree ed led 2g Oiads M2571 ss80l|» w Ola meGe0 AE SC ee \ SAGE ns pelo ee sucac ed (cess on cee eee ee Seen 364 Cee oR a12161 1774 | dks timerece QO sees ee ee waco er eee do: 22)" Quad: 365 | 82 58 5.0 42185 1775, 190 Dragoon Summit, Arizona 535) May 3 d ad. 364 84 62 6.0 20112 35467 | 1422 Fort Bliss, near El Paso,Texas.| Feb. 7) dad. 386 | 89 65 6.0 20113 35468 | 1422 |..... OG Se eee ete es ee SE | do...) ¢9 ad. 318 80 59 5.0 | 1893. 21059 36101 | 2346, Belen, El Paso County. Texas. June 19 le g ad. 400 | 103 67 6.0 21061 36103 | 2347 |..... GG 8k Rep ete ieee do...;¢Qad. | 402} 104) 63] 6.0 21060 36102 | 2346 |...-.- OO ctl eee ee eae do - 9 ad. 383 103 66 6.0 2161 36104 | 2349 |...-.- WO x23 foe eae otek oe ee Se doses | ?im 320 83 eS aee ee: 1892. 20377 39907 | 1783 | Dog Spring, Grant County May 25 © ad. 347 76| 9357 5.0 New Mexico. 20372 35902 | 1784 | MOO os ae cae onsunne se cnt eine =200 ae J ad. 358 83 62 5.0 20374 35904 | 1785 |....- (6 oe eee oe Choe ae | May 27| Gad. 382 | 86} 63] 6.0 20378 35908 | 1786 |..... Gove ee ete ee Paes ete ss 360| 74| 60] 5.5 20376 30906 | 1787 |.---- GG; Ws. Stee Se Sees AEE LO Ree | mete 6 Sot RC tir) 83 58 5.0 20379 35909 | 1788 |....- Oy pone aie oe ee ene (bSdossaenGiad: ele 873) |merSSal ely ame oaD 20380 35910 | 1789 Br pee ng RS Me ane SF 40s.) gad. |} 42)... 4) 6s eerae 20375 35905 | 1790 |.-.-..- GOy Ses 3 Lt ees ee PL = foo oeite mose halk 379 |. 87 61 5.0 20538 | 35724 | 1923 Lang 2h Ranch, -Monument | June 29 dad 350 |, 84 63 4.3 } | NO. 6 | 20541) 35710 | 1924 |..... dg PR it Bee aa eee do gad. | 465] 9] 65] 5.5 20540 | 35694 | 192h |..... OG isa. 2s oa eee a eee do aad. 390 84 61 6.0 20533 | 37028 | 1926 |..... GOiled Ae Ase. eA ee eee eel see do vim 357 93 O35 te—ee 20537 DOTS2 Wet O27T |= 228 2 GOse 2a Se ae Soe aes do 9 ad. 360 84) 61 4.3- » 20534 39703 | 1929 |....- GOSS. a et ee ec es do dim 330 fhe eget Oa | Ses 20539 35728 | 19380 |...-- GO tae aes ocean eo eeael ses GOs. =4).. Via. 4) S376 2 60 6.0 20536 35712 | 1989 |....- dO. Goode eee ee IPoiallys gb alchel ive eee |e eee pamene oe 20535 35707 | 1940 |..... OQ, Sos eee eee do 9 ad. 350 80 60 4.0 a American Museum of Natural History. bType ¢ Had suckled young. 390 355 380 358 367 349 360 373 365 387 382 392 392 360 | Tail of to end vertebre. Length of hind- | mm. | 80 90 | MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. | Measurements of 77 specimens of the genus Cynomys—Continued, Museum number. =| | lie a | | Denes she ; ; Sex and | $2 | Locality. Date. age. E a S| ~~ ie — i= A NEG | Cynomys ludovicianus arizo- ~“\ | nensis—Continued. 1893. ® ~ 58918 | 58918 | 2480 Lang’s Ranch, Monument | Aug, 31 | 4? ad, > | No. 66. SY 8915 58915 | 2481... IGS ee: he ele (---do eee had a BSoTorlt eer ESGl Gr a4Goq| ee edo 2a: ve arse noe geese ..do gad. s Bpen2 a SBOP | DAGE| 2 Geen, Poy a cen Sept. 3) gad. z S803 | 5892B 2495 eee Cy cee aa erates Vek ..do....) a¢ad | 58019 | 36368 2503 |... dO... eee Sept. 5) fad, - 58920 — 58920 2564 AnimasValley,GrantCounty’| Oct. 2) fad. A) | New Mexico. | | \) \ “8927 58921 | 2565 |: ...- GO eas Si eee sce dost. sgvade \c-eeee eee 37035 | 2566 |..... GOL: Sass Ba eee Soe SoA do 9 ad. ~~. 1892. C a ce 35717 | 1992 Geyer County, | July 18) fad. 20733 35876 2119 San Pedro River, at Monu- | Oct. 14/| 9 ad. | | ment No. 9. 20727 | 35871 | 2120 |..... COech fee tee ea Aa sae selaleenel| COEKE DV 7sniee Soe TD) olan eee Or IE Se Pe Ss sidoeeeelh iarads 20734 | 35877 | 2192 |.....d0.... ..222eectesee eevee ..do gad, Cigar a Mee SNO TOM 193k dO ec 2. eee ae ..do gad. ee 0729. S873 |.2194-\%. -- dos. 9-2-2 22. 2- ou 0 or oo wo noowon ow oo aMamme, 4 pairs. 6 Tail abnormal. Family CASTORID. BEAVERS, Skull massive, without postorbital processes, the angle of the man- dible rounded, and the cheek-teeth rootless, with re-entering enamel- (Flower and Lydekker.) folds. Premolars }. Habits natatorial. 300 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus CASTOR Linnezeus (1766). Castor LINNaxus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1766, I, p. 78. The upper molar teeth are subequal, each with one internal and two external enamel-folds; the stomach has a large glandular mass situated to the right of the cesophageal orifice; the anal and urethro- genital orifices open within a common cloaca; the tail is broad, hori- zontally flattened, and naked; and the hind feet are webbed. (/’lower and Lydekker.) CASTOR CANADENSIS FRONDATOR Mearns. BROAD-TAILED BEAVER; SONORAN BEAVER. Castor canadensis frondator MEARNs, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XX, p. 508, Jan. 19, 1898, (advance sheet issued Mar. 5, 1897; original description. —MILLER and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 63 (Syst. , Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [ Castor canadensis] frondator, Euuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 116 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Castor cLanadensis| frondator, Ex.ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, pp. 159 to 161, fig. 30 (skull of type); fig. 34 (animal). (Mam. Mid. Am.). Pih-honé-Gh of the Hopi Indians. Ap-e/-nd of the Hualapai Indians. Type-locality.._San Pedro River, Sonora, Mexico, near Monument No. 98.—(Type, skin and skull, No. 32332, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—This form occupies the southern interior area of North America, ranging north from Mexico to Wyoming and Mon- tana, its habitat being, of course, restricted to the vicinity of wooded z streams, which it follows through the Austral and Transition zones. Description.—Larger than the beaver of Canada, paler and different in coloration, with a much broader tail. Above russet, changing to chocolate on the caudal peduncle above, and to burnt sienna on the feet; toes reddish chocolate. Below grayish cinnamon, brightening to ferruginous on the under side of the caudal peduncle. Sides wood- brown, enlivened by the tawny olive color of the overhair. Length, 1,070 mm.; length of tail, measured from anus, 360; length of bare portion of tail, 125; height of ear from crown, 31; height of ear from anterior base, 35; distance from tip of nose to eye, 68; from tip of nose to ear, 125; nose to occiput, 165; length of manus, with claw, 82; length of pes, with claw, 185. Skull, 133 mm. by 99. Weight, 62 pounds avoirdupois. Cranial characters.—The skull of the European beaver ( Castor fiber), which is readily distinguishable from that of the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis) by its slender build, lengthened nasal bones, and elongated rostral portion, presents still greater differences MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 3 when compared with the beaver of Arizona and Sonora. There being at present no forest connection between the habitats of Castor fiber and ©. canadensis in their respective geographic ranges, and conse- quently no continuity of habitat, there can be no question as to their specific distinctness. The skull of @ canadensis frondator (fig. 57) differs from that of typical C. canadensis in being much larger, with more spreading zygomata. Fig. 57.—CASTOR CANADENSIS FRONDATOR. (TYPE, CAT. No. 30883, U.S.N.M.) a, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. Variations.—In the year 1885 I purchased from a professional t rap- per 17 beaver skins, taken on the Verde River during the winter of 1884-85. Theso skins wero dried in oval shapes on looped sticks in 352 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the usual way and weighed 29 pounds avoidupois, costing $1 a pound. The fur was quite heavy, and was made into capes, muffs, and a coat, which are still serviceable. The adult skins measured as follows: 1,090 by 700 mm., 1,060 by 720, 1,010 by 840, 970 by 780, 950 by 650, 940 by 770,’930 by 800, 930 by 700, 920 by 750, 900 by 770. Four young of the year measured 760 by 600, 710 by 600, 670 by 580, 695 by 620. One in the second year measured 720 by 610. Two in the third year measured 820 by 680, 810 by 720. As in all Arizona beavers, the hides are thick and indurated, ‘especially those of old males that have many scars from fighting; and the coat is poorer in quality and less dense than in northern skins. The fur, however, is quite full and handsome. Ten of these skins are of adults, taken be- tween December and March, and stretched to a nearly perfect ellipse. Of these, No. 168 (original number) is the largest, darkest, and hand- somest, being in perfect winter pelage. The skin measures 930 by 800 mm., and weighs 24 pounds. There is an area of dark, reddish brown extending from the forehead to the root of the tail, where the color changes to a darker hue of shining vinaceous-chestnut, a lighter shade of which extends to the under surface of the caudal peduncle and inner surface of the thighs. The sides are rather uniform (slightly reddish) fulvous. The underfur is of about the same color terminally but grayish at the base of the hairs; that upon the dorsum is rich brown. There is no ventral chestnut stripe in this specimen. The remaining nine adult winter specimens exhibit certain color differences amounting to a considerable variation. No. 169 has the dorsum paler and less reddish; the sides and belly are uniformly brownish gray, with no tinge of red or fulvous, while the rump is paler than the back, and more yellowish than in the above specimen, this shading into dark vinaceous posteriorly and beneath.- The skin measures 1,090 by 700 mm. Between the extremes above described are various gradations in color. In some skins there is a distinctly darker ventral stripe, and occasionally the sides are of a brighter yellowish fulvous. In some the top of the head is darker, in others lighter, than the rest of the dorsum; but in all the muzzle, sides, and under surface of the head and neck are pale, so that the skin exhibits a triangular dark patch above, corresponding to the crown of the head. Young of the year (from four skins taken in midwinter).—These are strikingly paler than adults at the same season. They present a cen- tral area of reddish brown and two broad, lateral bands of nearly uniform brownish gray, faintly washed with fulvous. The ventral surface is appreciably darkest in the median line. The sides of the head are washed with fulvous. The rump and base of tail are pale chestnut-fulvous, with less of the vinaceous tint than in adults. Three immature skins, presumably in their second and third years, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 353 respectively, present color characters intermediate between those of the young of the year and the adult. Summer pelage of adult (adult male No. #33%, coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, taken at Fort Verde, Arizona, August 16, 1884).— Upper parts pale reddish fulvous, much paler and more uniform than in any winter specimen. | 5 aoa 2 ss o Te “Y}994 [B19}B] OF SOLIBI[IXBULLOJUT JO JUOLS WOIT | OvLS | 48 GG &6 | OF | GOL OWT yes ees PE eS ae anc Aropi1094 Avg SUOSPN]{ ‘AIATY WOSTON | O8ZE | 18 Cw «G | oF | zor (| ort [cer rep ae Rent hei Lay 2k A ee ee ae OUees P6cP | z | #8 ta ete | TF | 901 OG ME 1 BRE aa NEGRO Bae se eects age mo eee ee a ire ieee as ODeaess 26GP | 98 & a6 | cr | SOL | OZI ie earine ss Kee Uae Cae oie A NE Aroqtisi8y Avg suospnyy ‘uosdurts JO | LSP 6 re eC GF Tie R Gen Sg" oo REtG) se ake Salam @ enn (Ct Ameer ODIXAW “BLOUOY “IOATY Oped UBS | 9FEGE 96 | ¥ ¥G OF OI GEE wy! espe Geeties oe rr aoe ee meg oer ao ee OD sane DZE0S mo)! | Fz cS og (GE OBOE al SiDEer ws enes ctann age Pr saat ee ranean, Bik aha’ aie ce ODesaaa DEFOG O0T ree t | (GF SEI LET DB Sire (eos r eae see see eo eae arene 7 a ta ayayroos DIE0S o6 | & #2 «| «SF aa | SGI icon Rue ats Laem Uae Nar ie CD age aor cae rae = Cea DOLOS £6 | G& GG | 8h «| SIT | Tél oO ito eal einen cons ales aia asia St ade ae cig ae CS SS ODieaes D9F0G 6 | a6 & | FF | TIT | L2r |e SIDR S Chie coll pha SS Lane nOs Samia pe 25 Panag ek ween eae aa ee ODeeene DEES 6 | G& GG | Ley GUE CET mai! eee Rc fee || cages eager oon pe eee ange at eb ae ae BUOZILY “IOALY plod | vEEos 16 & CG | SF 611 Ae ele; sO? ce sea ee een ee eee Bee 7S sem are BUOZILY “TOATY OPBLO[OD | FEE09 66 8% GZ LF LTT eel DRY jar SOE See tare ae Sars ae QOoIxXoW “BIOUOY “IOATY OLpad UBE | Egsce 16 G 1G og | Zeal Sel DIG OP eS oe Se Sige es or rg er > gas aie” Ra ODigaaas vZG0G | 16 & £6 oF | GIT cel Daas 0 BARE SS Se See Sais Sen So? Sect ass cereal Vea “meen na ren ODaeaas D8ZOG | 16 &% G 0g | Zar | 6&1 DIG ISS 1" Sana aa ne Bae, ane ths aes Re ain fae oe ODaaaas DLEOG | TOL #6 1 e¢ at = (hal Pei Bike| Pece ses RSs Sg oo ee emer eae nag ican Silas anak ODaeaas DIES OT 9% 9% SF ZI OFT DERE gaidass V2 ee oa eke BEE EL ep ae Ge ne a Opaaes D6G0G | GOT &% 8 LF rea Sal Dig a ee |g Tosa See eee ae Sees Tae Cee aaa. Ch BUOZILY ‘“IOATY Ops9A | veFOZ | Wu ULUL | ULUL WU | UU UU | | | | D bo ie ico] S) Salita re ae he al ee B Betamali vee NCE tama) See Sl aera g Be 6 = ct = tq S % By ery || 2 aa | B B z. B 2 o | 5 = oS =. i=) ~ Se a = a = na % | 5 = g. = & ie | 938 ne is ° £ 2 a 2 | pur xag HAINES ye = : z = cay Z z eI E | ‘suaapaq fo swrunoods 17 fo sjuaumainspau poLUdID aaryouodUoy) 361 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. “LojppuoLf{*) “Q JO edAT, q *AIOISTYT [BINIVN JO UnesnP UBOLIVUTY = i | | aaa Baas STL | L6r | 88 & | & S01 COT Pecan sewer at eee = ~ $07 B1g po}U UI9}S¥ve oY} PUB BpBUB) WO] S}[NpPe OT JO osvIOAY 6°28 0°s¢ 86 | +2 GO| SF 611 fel | ~"*- BLOUOY PUB BUOZILY WOT OT JO WSRIOAB [BIO], 0°08 LS | 96 | 8S VG LY OIL (ASN Palle tata oe ecb eek eae roe Le ae a BIOUOS PUB BUOZIIY UWO1T So[BUley § JO OSvIDAV L°S8 9c «| 66 | ¥G | 9% OF I@I LET BLOUOS PUB BUOZIIY UWLOd] SoTBUL g JO adBIOAY 0°0L 00S =| €8 loz. | sa | Ts COL ra eel eee Kes 0 SAPRR ie aeeeaT S Copy an Sige Cp eaeek AUBULIA!) “OTA IOANT | $999 ORV 2 me WirameN came Acie Isa FEI tddysstsstw ‘AUNOD UTPTUBIT | BLLE O82 | O7°SS | #6 | 9 | & | LF LIT foi ctl are ee a cian ral ipa mma anE eign ma”: OR osc: BIULSITA “OFLUAL) | FE80Z (OYE ORS ahs | $2 | Te! | FF ima 921 68EL ONT ROROS ae SS |7o |0o |e | ZOD 221 a6EL OTL org Gs Wan lite SF SOT ea COIL 0°89 O°LF G8 (alee Seely 90T OZT FOIL 362 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 13 specimens of Castor canadensis frondator.@ Museum num- | ir es ber. | \ © re a | ES clive a ieee ls tee les | ate S | 2 | 3 = H (23 oo ate aie ia Sex and Hee Pi) 2/215 S ali sex a | es) ae S = is n | § Locality. Date. age. 3 s| S18 = e z ered 3S eae s = Bol Seiad 2 ys af So] cs [eo | ey ok cS) ® ae ih Gee > r=) = | pgp ue Nr ete 3) o> = o aa ee ~ Pp | a ~~} ye | GS a = —) | 3 tel 0) Ce ee co] o& OG a 5 = | +2 = CD? vi | eEs al Pete weet mees eg iv) S Poe: eo A} oi] Oto [5S nN nm iS) BH | o a | Pes i == | | | | 1884. | mm mm\)mm mmmm) mm) mm 3336 1854 120 Verde River, at Fort | Aug. 16} ad. | 1,120 | 360 | 125 | 40 | 73 | 143 | 61 | Verde, Arizona. | 20552| 122 |....- GOs eee | Aug. 19] 9 juv. 630'| 224] 63] 30] 52] 99 |...- 3337 20547) 123.|...:. Cpa hy Mts es | Sept. 10 | @ juv. 750 | 253\ 77 | 32| 57| 99 | | | | | 1885. [ese ei BE UT Rees eee | 198-4 S23 7 (a ea re ee oe | June 13| 9 juv. 387) | 122,) 23607) ie ese eee (?) 2038 | 199 |... dos. re) i) re) | > Color, brown. @ Color, plumbeous-black. MUS RATTUS Linneus. BLACK RAT. [Mus] rattus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 61 (original description).— Exuior, Field Col. Mus., II, 1901, p. 117, fig. 28 (skull). (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 163, fig. 31 (skull), fig. 25 (animal) (Mam. Mid. Am.). Mus rattus, Mitter and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 56 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Type-locality.—Sweden. Geographical range.—Cosmopolitan, but does not thrive where Mus norvegicus is abundant, usually disappearing before it, 366 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Description.—Upper parts plumbeous-black; under parts slate color. Total length, 400 mm; tail vertebra, 215; hind foot, 37. Habits and local distribution.—We did not meet with the black rat on the Mexican border; but Mr. Herbert Brown, writing from Yuma, Arizona, November 18, 1900, says: I find the black rat here. Some time ago I offered to send some live ones to Mr. Horna- day, Central Park, New York, but he did not care for them. They were the first I ever saw in the Territory. In a litter of 4 young ones, 3 were jet black and 1 brown. The brown rat appears to be the more common of the two. MUS ALEXANDRINUS Geoffroy Saint Hilaire . ROOF RAT; WHITE-BELLIED RAT, Mus alerandrinus GEorrroy Saint Hivaire, Descr. de |’Egypte, Mamm., 1818, p. 733, _plL. v, fig. 1 (original deseription).—MrLuer and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 65 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Mus] alerandrinus, Eviior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p.118 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 164 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality. Alexandria, Egypt. Geographical range.—Cities and houses in Tropical and Austral zones. Description.—Smaller than Mus norvegicus, with relatively longer tail and larger ears. Color, reddish brown above, white below. Tail unicolored and considerably longer than head and body. Remarks.—The roof rat at times appears in abundance in the settle- ments along the Rio Grande, disappearing again later. We saw them only at El Paso, Nogales, and Tucson, where they were common enough to be troublesome. It is said to be abundant in the towns of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz valleys. It does not extend its range as high as the Transition Zone. Measurements of a specimen of Mus alerandrinus. | . Museum num-| ¢ | oS a =| ber. = se Sa es | Ee =] | | a & | 5 aye , cand | 5 | o# | a Locality. |. Date. | Sexand; . | 2 o| g 2 age) || R=) Oo) | 46 a | = rH ae ate 1S) | S| o < | ae Ss = | & a [ae ~ i=l i Ps |S o | 3 oO | & DN mM e) 4 -ceseeeemee. July,1893 J ad. 390 | 200 35 | 15 | 5 ’ | MUS MUSCULUS Linnezus. HOUSE MOUSE, [Mus] musculus Linnxus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 62 (original description).— Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zocl. Ser., II, 1901, p. 118 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV 1904, p. 162 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Mus musculus, MrLLER and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dene 27; 1901, p. 65 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900), Oo-wa’-g of the Hualapai Indians. Put’-cha or Ho-micht’se of the Hopi Indians, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 367 Ty pe-locality.— Sweden. Description.—Size small. Length, 180 mm.; tail vertebra, 85;- hind foot, 19; ear from notch, 15. Color, brownish gray above, paler (sometimes pinkish) below. Mamme, 4 (often 5) pairs. Iris dark brownish gray. Remarks.—Found in greater or less abundance in all of the settle- ments of the Southwest. In addition to the localities from which specimens are listed, I have seen the house mouse in Prescott, Arizona, in 1884, at Phoenix in 1885, and at Flagstaff, Arizona, on June 20, 1886. None were seen or heard of in the Mexican towns on the Sonoyta River, in the State of Sonora, Mexico. Record and measurements of 19 specimens of Mus musculus. | | | | - | Museum num- | u onl Lael . | 2 o = q ber. 3 , 2 IS we ena RS g Ko} oa ° | Hots ae |. 5 | He Locality Date. SESE | a eh ea g =~ F BEC well Oso ES + 13) i Iles ~~ al a = & to | 2 | bw a aS; & o o | a E a n iva) 'S a a — 3 | 1893. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 21186 37179 | 2268 | Fort Clark, Kinney County, | Feb. 5] @ im. 159 80 | 19.0] 10.0 | Texas. | 21055 36097 | 2340 | Fort Hancock, El Paso County, | June 15) @Qad. | 185 91) 2920) 1255 | | Texas. 21054 36096 | 2341 |__._. GOS FR aoe Ons eee eee June 16 | ©9 ad. 184 90 | 20.0 12.5 21056 | ° 36098 | 2342 |___.. Os oe ee \Peee Comer | ac@ adeal al S45 586i f20K0)|| alas | | 1892. . 20087 | 37225 | 1444 | Kl Paso, Texas...-...---.....-.. Feb. 16] of im. 161 79 | 19.0 | 10.0 20085 | 35454 | 1504 |-....do...-- ioe Seehren es Sees Feb. 24 ¢ ad. 176 89 | 18.0 12.0 20084 35453 | 1505 | Be os Ome Eee eee Seen ete HOG! tes baal 168 83 |} 19.0 10.5 20086 | 35455 | 1506 |_.__. OG Fae test poser eee eee Gk) Saal) womelole | 182| 87] 18.5) 12.0 3393 | | 58835 58835 | 2584 | Town of Santa Cruz, Sonora....- ‘Oct. 22) 0: Gad: 180 85 | 18.5 | 12.0 58836 58836 | 2614 |_.._- GORA Aa Ae es See eee eee Oct=523.)) eguim: 155 74| 18.0) 10.3 58837 DSSate | pZolor ee ce COE ee Eye ae ace eesti Sea dove. 2¢-ad: 170 80 | 18.5 11.5 58834 | HRs 4ale2b520| | PucsonwATizonalse season sonia ae Nov. 1 6% ad. 180 86) 18:5) | ue | 1884. 2385¢ In skin | 109 Fort Verde, Arizona -.......-.-- July 13 .' oad. 175, 90) 18.0} 14.0 2386 Inskin. 132s GODS tae aes eee oe eee | MOe Pla 216) Cau: 172 92) Reel Seees 1885. See ad 1818 2p at Om ae aa Rene eer ee eae OCiwe 22 ¢ ad. 180 | 96 | 20.5 11.0 | | 1894. | | 60175 | 60175 | 3104 | Yuma, Arizona...............-.. | Mar. 8| Gad. | 158) 78|19.0) 10.7 61002 | 61002 | 3592 | Jacumba, San Diego County, | Mia 28 Uhr SN] UL Vis ot ers etre ies aierc ea | Spee | cena ote California. 1895 | | Ovo. | oe ea Se! 1717 | RoseCanyon, San Diego County, | Aug. 15 | of juyv. 150 | ky | es ees ee oe California. | 2 ee ees ee A6GGte= sed Os Nee atiae we meee aeecse | ATI LO ? ad. L908) 1000 [Roas- Nee } | aMamme, 4 pairs. cMamme, 5 pairs. Iris dark, brownish gray. e American Museum of bMamme, 5 pairs. dStrongly yellowish. Mamm-2, 5 pairs. Natural History. Subfamily. €CRIG Hh WiN--Ae. Grinding teeth rooted and either flattened (in the genera Sigmodon, Nectomys, etc.) or tuberculated (Onychomys, Baiomys, Peromyscus, Oryzomys, Reithrodontomys, etc.). When tuberculate, the tubercles are arranged in two longitudinal rows, 368 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus ONYCHOMYS Baird (1857).4@ Onychomys Barrp, Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 457 (subgenus).—Merriam, North Ameri- can Fauna, No. 2, 1889, p. 3, text figs. 1 and 2 (raised to generic rank). Dentition —1.5; M.5= 16. Type—Hypudzus leucogaster Max. zu Wied.” Similar to Peromyscus, except as follows: Body stout; pelage dense; tail short, thick, and usually all white at the end; ears small and hairy; fore feet large; hind feet with only four tubercles, all phalan- geal; nasal bones wedge-shaped, ending, posteriorly, well behind the nasal processes of the premaxillaries; coronoid process of mandible developed as a long hook; dentition heavy, but with last upper molar disproportionately small; dental tubercles high; most closely allied to the subgenus Trinodontomys of Peromyscus. The seven forms of the genus Onychomys known to inhabit the Mexican Border may be considered as forming two groups, one con- taining three large forms, which resemble O. lewcogaster, the other four small forms resembling O. torridus. Hence they may be conven- iently designated, respectively, the lewcogaster group, and the torridus group. The four components of the latter are distributed continu- ously from near the Pecos River, Texas, to the Pacific Ocean, the former having an interrupted distribution between the Gulf of Mexico and the Santa Cruz Valley, of Arizona and Sonora. The four-mem- bers of the torridus group are known to be intergrading geographical races of a common species, but the relationship of the three mem- bers of the leucogaster group to each other and to O. leucogaster are not plain, because the three are separated by considerable areas in which no specimens have been taken, and no specimens exhibiting intermediate characters have yet been recorded. It seems to be desirable, therefore, at present to consider the three larger ‘forms as species. The four small forms are evidently subspecies of Ony- chomys torridus Coues. a Of all our murine genera, Onychomys is preeminently carnivorous and largely insectiv- orous; hence the appropriateness of the names grasshopper mice and scorpion mice, which have obtained a foothold in vernacular nomenclature of late. The name grasshopper mice, by usage, and because of its general applicability, is to be preferred. Dr. Elliott Coues, in the monographs of Rodentia, has styled the members of this genus mole-mice, a not inap- propriate name, which the dense pelage, short, thick tail, and strongly developed feet of these animals may have suggested; but the name mole-rat, having long been in use for cer- tain Old World rodents, naming our Onychomys mole-mice might lead to confusion. b Reise das innere Nord Amerika, II, 1841, pp. 99-101 (from Fort Clark, Dakota). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 369 KEY TO EIGHT SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ONYCHOMYS. a. Size large. Length, more than 150 mm; total length of skuli, about 30 mm. b. Size largest. Length, about 170 mm; tail vertebra, 57; hind foot, 24. Color above, MMOUSG- PTA se ere tac se eee ook as bavoctastes epee Onychomys longipes (p. 369.) bb. Size smaller. Length, about 160 mm; tail vertebra, 50; hind foot, 22. _ c. Coloration very pale. Color above, pale tawny-cinnamon. Onychomys pallescens (p. 371). cc. Coloration dark. d. Color above, blackish slate (extralimital)....-.....--.-- Onychomys fuliginosus. dd. Color above, tawny-cinnamon. --..--.----.-Onychomys melanophrys (p. 372). aa. Size small. Length, less than 150 mm; total length of skull, about 25.5 mm. e. Coloration dark. f. Color above, tawny-cinnamon.........----- Onychomys torridus (p. 374). ff. Color above, dark-grayish drab or mouse-gray. Onychomys torridus ramona (p. 379). ee. Coloration very pale. g. Size smallest. Length, about 137 mm; tail vertebre, 53; ear from crown, 14; hind foot, 21. Skull, 25.5 by 13.5 mm. Color above, pale erayishidralb ny \e Sales on ees qd | a] 3 | S|) See “4 p-| iS | ° a Spe a nm | wn oO a | A] HA 2 | ae eee ¥ mn -|—| sel | 1893. | mm. \mm\ mm. \ mm. | 21183 | 37006 | 2183 | Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas... Jan. 1] Gad- | 173} 57 | 23.3) 14.0 | | | DISD. | e300 Cs peeee [pon sO soe ce ee oe oe ee ee eee | te Jan. 17| Sad. 168 | 58 | 24.0 15.0 | | | | | Vie a SOZWM 1 21180 87003 | 2173 | ae dO os. s 3 gan 2 SE suecbedLeotene| Dees 29 | ciad. 21 1671p | aan aaa 21185 | 37004 | 2177 eae (6 Xo eas re aS ee ler ee ee ae Sars | Dee. 31 ® ad. 163 | 53 | 23.0. 16.6 21179 | 37005 | 2176 |..... EE eae aoe tnt, Bed Se | Dec. 30| JF juv. | 156} 54 | 20.5 | 12.0 2194 |e | 2275 (ears dpe Dey eerie teen ta hee Meee | Feb. 6| Sim. | 161 | 55 | 22.7] 15.0 DISH | pemeeee zt eee doz Ss sein tebe hee eee tee ere | Dec. 31 | @ juv. 141 | 50 | 22.5 | 13.3 DTS ae | 2178 | Soe donb cea 08 payee eee ee }---40-- _| Qjuv. | 141 | 50| 22.0] 14.5 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 3 as = ONYCHOMYS PALLESCENS (Merriam).— LA EASTERN DESERT GRASSHOPPER MOUSE, Onychomys melanophrys pallescens Merriam, North America Fauna, No. 3, Sept. 11, 1890, pp. 61, 62 (original description).—MILter and Ren, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 67 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Onychomys leucogaster] pallescens Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 121 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). O|nychomys] m{elanophrys] pallescens, Evtior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., TV, 1904, pp. 165 and 166 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Raton of the Mexicans. Type-locality—Hopi pueblos, Apache County, Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, No. 4383, collection of Dr. C. Hart Merriam.) Geographical range.—Sonoran zone of the desert basins of the upper Rio Grande and Little Colorado rivers— the Eastern Desert Tract. Description.—Smaller than O. long- ipes or O. melanophrys. Average measurements of six adults: Length, 159 mm.; tail vertebra, 51 (to end of pencil, 54); ear above crown, 15; ear above notch, 18.5; length of hind foot, 23. Skull (fig. 61a), 30 by 16. Coloration, very pale; above, pale annulated hairs, becoming paler and orayvish on the head and brighter F1G.G1.—ONYCHOMYS PALLESCENS. @, SKULL; ae 3 ; oe 6, LOWER MOLARS, c, UPPER MOLARS. tawny cinnamon, but slightly mixed with black-tipped and black cinnamon on the flanks and rump; palest specimens, light fawn color or écru drab above; under surface, feet, and end of tail white; ears buffy white, with a large seal-brown spot on anterior border of convex surface and conspicuous lanuginous tufts at anterior base; dusky stripe on upper side of tail, obsolete. Mamme: P}, A. 3%, I. 3=38 pairs. This desert mouse was found by us only from El Paso, Texas, to the Mimbres Valley, near Monument No. 15 of the boundary. From that point westward to the San Bernardino Valley, at Monument No. 77, we found no large species of Onychomys. The San Bernardino form, which we refer to O. melanophrys, is the darkest of the group, excepting Onychomys fuliginosus Merriam, from the pifion and cedar belt and the black lava beds between San Francisco Mountain and the desert of the Little Colorado, which has a dark, almost blackish, coloration, unique in the genus. — Se ale BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Remarks.—Compared with the type of pallescens, our specimens from the Rio Grande Valley, at El Paso, are paler—almost écru drab. A specimen of this species (No. 2%;°°, U.S.N.M.) was collected many years ago at El Paso, Texas, and ‘forwarded by Col. J. D. Graham to Professor Baird, who included it in his “list of specimens”’ of “« Hesperomys sonoriensis Le Conte.”’ Seven were trapped in the vicinity of Monuments 1 and 15. No others were seen. One taken at Monu- ment No. 15 had its stomach packed full of scorpions. Record and measurements of 7 specimens of Onychomys pallescens. | Museum | 5 2. number. 2 lpetes ; a Lonel q ies halbae oh atl Bese |e | A laa 3 eg eels eae | | @ Locality. Date. es be 3 =F | 3 Pes & e | eoahas eal eae ae = > bee q SI oan be S eal aaa a. | Oe | | o | a | alia 73 7) or! | & , Upper adults. The changes of color dependent upon the mae ae several stages of age and molt may be graded as follows: (1) Gray, fading later to smoke gray; (2) drab gray, (3) broccoli brown, (4) dull tawny cinnamon. Remarks.—As usual, the form of this species from the San Bernar- dino Valley (Monument No. 77) is much darker than elsewhere on the Mexican line, and may represent a distinct geographical race in the Yaqui Valley. Habits —Like the other species of Onychomys, the black-eyed grasshopper mouse likes open country, where it digs its burrows straight down into the level ground, or, more often, selects a little bank, such as the side of a ditch or arroyo, and digs a slanting burrow. At Fort Verde the gardeners sometimes opened their nests when plowing; and on one such occasion a mother ran out with four small young attached to her teats. Aside from similar accidents, I have never seen one out of its burrow during the daytime, and suppose this mouse to be strictly nocturnal. 374 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 23 specimens of Onychomys melanophrys. Museum fs number. 2 3 5 z Locality. Date. 2S lived 52 a Bed Bee 1884. Ss eee | 154 | Fort Verde, Central Arizona........-| Dec. 7 1886. Lem al ale Sa oY fi ee peel © (oN A ea SA at ey ee bat oF age 5) 1892. 21218 | 36154 | 2148 oa Pedro River, Mexican Boundary | Oct. 22 ine. 21227 | 37140 | 2144 |....- GO eRe a eA a tat eee oa dor 21220 | 36156 | 2153 |..... Eee aN ana Dn Behe | Oct. 24 21217 | 36153 | 2158 |....- OOS ae ee Se cee ee eee Oct. 26 21210 | 36147 | 2136 |...-.. (0 (0 RD MP LE hie tS Ry Sot 2 Oct. 17 21216 | 36152 PDF heen GO 2224-5 eb teste peek ele Oct. 15 21221 | 36157 | 2156 |.---- GOs. 30 bs ee Pie eee Oct: 525 21215 | 36151 | 2155 |... Gow thes oye Sa re or te a do 21191 | 36140 | 2149 |... Ao cies ens od dS Diyos tacoma at) Bae | Oct. 23 21193 | 36142 | 2137 |..-..-. 1 ee en ee a eee ee eee | Oct. 17 21192 | 36141 | 2159 |..... Co Ue Yee Mae ee SO AR py Sek cer Say | Oct. 26 21249 | 36159 | 2145 |..... (i ae age Sai ae CGI nn | Oct. 22 21209 | 37020 | 2078 ye Bernardino Valley at Monument Aug. 29 0. Ct. 21207 | 36145 | 2132 Si Pedro River, Mexican Boundary | Oct. 16 sine. 21211 | 36148 | 2157 |.- 2: OG joer oS oe COO eee ee Oct. 25 20611 | 35771 BOL G4. see GO fre eee es ee oe eee Beets a) 20642 | 35939 | 782 La Noria, Santa Cruz River, Monu- | Nov. 10 ment No. 111. 20719 | 35866 | 837 |..... On eo 3h she eee eee ee Nov. 25 20718 | 35865 | 846 |..... Gs pikes ao Rhys Lee eee Nov. 27 BOUIN SGNBT 5 BIS Nod Gee. Ae sory sak Pm Nov. 28 20788 | 35889 | 865 | Lochiel P. O., Pima County, Arizona.) Dec. 5 | 1 | ~~ eee : g Es = ig irae all eas) ‘Sex and = eae wo | & age. a 2 | icF= 5 x o | as ° = > =r os 3 pe) he 54 =) a | SKIS! = ° Ss | oo s —] a KB Be | mm.|mm.| mm. | mm dad 176 51 | 22.0 16.0 ° ad. 163 52 |°22.0 ] 15.5 gad.| 174 57 | 23.5 | * 15.0 o ad. 170 54 | 23.0 15.0 fad 161 48 | 22.0 14.0 gad. | 159 54 1.22.5 | 16.5 gad. | 163 | 52x822.0 | “14.5 fe) ad. 153 45 |. 22.0 | 13.3 gim.| 145 | 50} 20.5) 15.0 gim.| 151 | 57 | 21.0] 13.5 gim.| 150| 48 | 22.0] 14.0 gim.| 145 46 | 22.0] 13.0 gjuv.| 145 51} 22.0) 15.0 Qjuv.| 132 40) P20. 0M rae fg juv.| 149 54 | 22.5 | 15.0 ° im. 136 45 | 21.0 15.0 9 juv.| 137] 44] 21.0] 13.0 ? im. 146 50 | 22.0 15.0 9 im 142 45 | 20.0 | 15.0 Qad. | 141 45 | 21.0] 16.0 Q ad. | 143 48 | 20.0| 14.5 Jo ad. 140 45 | 20.5 13.5 @ ad. 157 48 | 20.0 14.09 ONYCHOMYS TORRIDUS (Coues). ARIZONA GRASSHOPPER MOUSE, Hesperomys (Onychomys) torridus Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 183 (original description); Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, pp. 109-111. [Onychomys] torridus, Etitior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 11, 1901, p. 122 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Onychomys torridus, Mitter and Reuan, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 67 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900).— Exuiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, pp. 165-167, fig. 32 (skull) fig. XXXVI (animal) (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.— Old Camp Grant, Graham County, Arizona. skin, Cat. No. 9886, U. S. National Museum.) (Type, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 875 Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone of the Elevated Central Tract. Description.—Size and proportions intermediate between those of Onychomys torridus arenicola and O. t. perpallidus. Pelage dense and beautifully soft and lustrous. Color above cinnamon, slightly grayish, considerably darkened above by black annuli and iipe to the hairs, and inclining to ochraceous on the sides. Ears wb lanuginous white tufts at their anterior base; well clothed with whitish hair with a black spot on the anterior half of their con- vex surfaces. Feet (fig. 63a and 6), under parts, and end of tail white. Tail (fig. 63c) densely hairy, with a dark line of drab, mixed with hoary tips to the hairs, on upper side of basal two-thirds. Whiskers long, reaching past the shoulder; their color, mixed black and white. The measurements are shown in the accompanying table. There--are*-but=threevandivaduals an, £12763 5 ONZcuomys TORRID us 2a, WORE. i a FOOT; 6, HINDFOOT; c, TAIL (NAT. SIZE). the series of twenty-two specimens before me which are in the gray pelage of the young. Two of these, about two-thirds grown, taken May 29 and September 18, are gray above and white below, with the usual black spot on the ante- rior band of the ear. Both are in summer pelage, with the gray underfur showing between the hairs of the sparse coating of the under surface. The third specimen, taken November 23, is in winter pelage and somewhat older, with the sides tinted with drab. The pelage is white below and very dense. The shade of gray is darker in young specimens of the subspecies torridus than in arenicola or perpallidus, but considerably paler than in the sub- species ramona, from the Pacific coast. Seasonal variation of adults.—There is very little Fic. 64—Onycuo- seasonal difference in coloring. Specimens taken in i, Lows uo, April, May, and June are colored almost exactly like ars; b, Urrer those captured during November and December. Saeiety Perhaps the latter are a trifle more grayish or silvery, with the fur more dense and glossy. Cranial and dental characters —The skull, except for its smaller size, closely resembles that of Onychomys melanophrys. It measures 25.7 by 13.6 mm. (For teeth see fig. 64.) Remarks.—In coloration the subspecies torridus agrees very closely with O. melanophrys, which has a similar geographical distribution. Similarly, O. torridus arenicola is the analogue of O. pallescens. We 376 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. obtained specimens of this subspecies from the Carrizalillo Mountains west to La Osa (Monuments 32 to 140 of the Mexican Boundary Line.) This species, including its several geographic forms, ranges along the Mexican line from the Pacific Ocean to the Rio Grande, at El] Paso, Texas, and perhaps as far eastward in Texas as the Pecos River. In the north its range extends at least to St. George, Utah, from which locality Doctor Merriam has described a subspecies longicaudus. On the boundary strip its environmental conditions have caused it to assume four well-marked geographical phases, each occupying a defi- nite and considerable area. The type locality of typical Onychomys torridus is old Camp Grant, Arizona. This locality is characterized by the darker forms of the high interior region. To the eastward, in the desert basins of the upper Rio Grande, a small, short-eared, pale subspecies arenicola is found. To the westward, another desert phase (subspecies perpallidus), of larger size, with a larger ta‘l, larger ears, and still paler coloration, occupies the Colorado and Yuma deserts of the lower Colorado Valley. The Pacific coast strip is the home of the dark subspecies ramona. Measurements of 18 specimens of Onychomys torridus. | | Museum | kK ae oD = number. 2 oe ; iA TA RE ia. -- : -/2el & fo) | Es jie ra =, 2 : ea} : 7) Locality. Date. | Sexand | alec Seste hae S| ; calm Fast fem He ye) a cl PS -=S Al = o|/dad5}] © (5) = > $e tal S| =| 2 3S Eat ROO | ene 2 fie ed o |a|es| & eI | n na Ss) a Bees ey — - — =. a | SS me Se 1892 mm.\mm) mm. | mm 21204 | 37012 1685 | Monument No. 40, upper corner, 100 | Apr. 24 o ad. 143 | 53 | 22.0) 13.5 miles west of the Rio Grande. 21202 | 37016 | 1722 |....- 0: Stetnee tee pte et EE et May 1 g ad 139 | 49 | 21.0] 12.5 ZUG, «| ee aon PH (| eet Ose jcc Babee Joon to ee tee May 2]/ dad 139 | 50 | 21.0 | 12.0 21280 | 37017 | 1743 |_.... G0ccs ee sii sicisians See ee te pee See May 7 7 ad 134 | 47 | 20.0 | 14.0 21195 | 37018 | 1747 |..... DOP aerss tees eats eae eee May 8 Z ad 139 | 47 | 21.0 | 13.0 3 So or 21201 | 37019 | Mosquito Springs, Monument lo. +0... May 21214 | 37011 | 1669 | Carrizalillo Springs, near Monument | Apr. | No. 32. 21200 | 37013 | 1699 | Monument No. 40, upper corner, 100 | Apr. 26 ? ad. 139) 508 ZT One asso miles west of the Rio Grande. | aa “1 to ay i) Qa a is oo o to S o i ~ i—) | | | | 21198 | 37014 | 1718 |--.-- CO S528 5doe eee eas ee Apr. 30 9 ad. 137 | 47 | 22.0] 13.0 21199 | 37015 | 1721 |----- dO 252 ee eee ee ee | May 1 ° ad. 152 | 53 | 20.5 13.5 Se |. 8 flee pape dg! Seen Td ee es May 2| @Qad. | 138|56|22.0| 14.0 91305 Ieee | 1759 |... Ss Beater Oe pee sen ea ees ye | May 11| Qad. | 143] 51| 21.5] 13.0 | | | 1893. 21428 | 36289 | 876 |----- Op signee ee Oe ee ee ee eee June 5 Zo ad. 140/052 7|/ 2050" eee ce _.....| 36381 | 877) La Osa, Pima County, Arizona...... Lesage aQad. | 146| 54/| 20.5| 16.5 21429 | 36290 | 878 | Santa Cruz River at Monument No. do a9 ad 146 | 55 | 21.0] 17.0 | 118. | | 59210 | 59210 | 2675 | La Osa, Pima County, Arizona....... | Dec. 13 ¢ ad. 139 | 56 | 21.0} 13.0 59208 | 59208 | 2683 |..--- CO. od 8 in ee ee | Dee. 14 Zo ad. 136 | 52 24.0) 15.0 59209 | 59209 | 2729 |...-- COs fixe cee: Se ee eee Dec. 24 ? ad 150 | 54 | 22.0; 13.0 aMamme, 4 pairs (Holzner). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 31% ONYCHOMYS TORRIDUS ARENICOLA Mearns. EL PASO GRASSHOPPER MOUSE. Onychomys torridus arenicola Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896, p. 139 (p. 3 of advance sheet issued May 25, 1896; original description).—MiLier and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, Dec. 27,1901, p. 67 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Onychomys torridus] arenicola, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IH, 1901, p. 122 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). O[nychomys] tlorridus] arenicola, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, pp. 165, 168 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality._Bank of the Rio Grande, about 6 miles above the town of E] Paso, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 39234, U.5. National Museum.) Geographical range.Sonoran Zone of the Eastern Desert Tract. Description.__Slightly smaller than typical Onychomys torridus, with relatively smaller ears and a much paler coloration. Above pale gray- Fic. 65.—ONYCHOMYS TORRIDUS ARENICOLA. SKULL OF TYPE. @, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. ish drab, with little mixture of black-tipped hairs; inclining to fawn color on sides with a conspicuous tuft of white at anterior base of ear; dark spot on anterior band of ear, dark drab instead of black; whiskers more white than black. Under parts, feet, and end of tail white; basal two-thirds of upper side of tail drab, some of the hairs with hoary tips. Length, 137 mm.; tail vertebre, 53 (to end of pencil, 57); ear from crown, 14; earfrom notch, 17; length of hind foot, 21. Skull (fig. 65), 25.5 by 13.5. Remarks.—This is the counterpart of O. pallescens, of which it is a miniature. The two are almost indistinguishable in color, and their ranges are probably coincident. The specimens of this species taken west of the Rio Grande, for the first hundred miles, are small eared, but otherwise closely resemble typical torridus, to which they are unhesitatingly referred. Specimen No. '87, U.S. National Museum, an example of this form, was included by Professor Baird in his “‘list of specimens of Hesperomys texanus.” This specimen was collected by Doctor Kennerly between the Pecos River and the Rio Grande. 378 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of type of Onychomys torridus arenicola. Museum number. x oe : 2 & £ =| F oS S = : & ‘= S A . a a wo a wu Locality Date. |Sexand) o |es 2 u Ls age. q a) ong - ° ® tl acs Ss = ee Gai = . = ; a oo cal 4 3 = - eet Es) 4 ° z <7 wa a 'S) = ie |S ica) 1892. mm.| mm.) mm.\| mm. 20081: "| 35483: | 1528 | Near i Paso, /Pexas-::_- 9s.-.22.2 2a. Feb. 29] @ ad. 137 Hou 2100) er 1400 ONYCHOMYS TORRIDUS PERPALLIDUS Mearns. YUMA GRASSHOPPER MOUSE. Onychomys torridus perpallidus Mrarns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XTX, 1896, p. 140 (p. 4 of advance sheet issued May 25, 1896; original description).—MiLver and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 67 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mammals to close of 1900). [Onychomys torridus] perpallidus, Exxror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IT, 1901, p. 122 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). O[nychomys] tlorridus] perpallidus, Exzior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, pp. 165, 168 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Left (east) bank of the Colorado River, at Monu- ment No. 204. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 60174, U. S. National Museum.) Geographical range. Tract. Lower Sonoran Zone of the Western Desert Fic. 66.—ONYCHOMYS TORRIDUS PERPALLIDUS. SKULL OF TYPE. ad, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. Description.—Slightly larger than typical Onychomys torridus, with relatively larger ears and longer tail, and a much paler coloration. Color above drab-gray, becoming more cinereous anteriorly; sides and rump barely tinged with fawn color; dusky line on basal three- fourths of upper side of tail much obscured by whitish hairs; ears less densely clothed than in the other subspecies of O. torridus, and with- out a well-defined dusky spot; whiskers mostly white or colorless; MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 379 under surface, feet, and end of tail, white. Average measurements of two adult females: Length, 154 mm.; tail vertebree, 56.5; ear from crown, 15; length of hind foot, 21.3. Skull (fig. 66), 26.3 by 13.5. A young male (No. 60815, U.S.N.M.), about two-thirds grown, taken at Seven Wells, on the Colorado Desert, in Lower California, measured 128 mm. in length, with the tail vertebrae 50, ear from crown 14, and hind foot 21. Above, it is smoke gray. The ear shows a distinct dusky spot of mouse gray, and the terminal third of the tail is all white. Measurements of 5 specimens Onychomys torridus per pallidus. _ Museum : iP Riese number. g : remot: eee AEs | | a cas a= 5 | Le pecalle yA \ceren es 22.) Sex rately Sate = 5 ial Loeality. | Date. Sex and mM | wo cel 2 [22 | ace a S | age. =] + a3 =] | © | i) = eS 5 5 = S| = Serie se = a eb tas & a jaan fe) iS ‘a |oo| o n 7 (2) | | 3 oH = ® | a les aie | Ss |3\|-= | & a Ss) | a jel es 1892. mm. \mm.) mm. | mm. 35931 | 789 | La Noria, near Monument No. | Nov. 11| ¢ad. 159) 570") 20500 e525 111, on Santa Cruz River (camp just south of Mexico line). 37078 | 790 |..... LOS eh. wesc ss peeaaet eee Eee dOpechen sim: 135.4|)(59)) a5snaleeeeee SYGUEEN | The baa (cf ie ea es eres ho tee SS | Nov. 12| Gad. 156 | 70 | 20.0 | 15.0 35930 | 795 |. ...: One es ee eet Spa saoley. o ad. 152 | 65 | 20.0 | 14.5 35929 | 796 |..... doulas Jaa ante .-.do...| Sad. | 168 | 71 | 20.5 | 14.0 $5033 | 790") 23 de 2 vs et ee Sore eeee ths Nov. 13} Yim. | 150 | 64 | 21.0] 14.0 35779 | 823 | Patagonia Mountains, Sonora, | Nov.18| Yad. | 155 | 69 | 21.0] 15.0 | Mexico, near Monument No. 114. | 35863 839 | La Noria, near Monument No. | Nov. 26 o im 142 | 62 | 20.0] 15.5 111, on Santa Cruz River. | | 37178 $40) |e as Of tee sae eee eee ce .-do. d im. 136 | 58 | 20.0 14.0 35860 Sal cee OOnw st Shes eee Pe 5.00: o ad. 164 | 73 | 22.0 1bso) 35861 BAD iCN. 22 GO See See eee eee =.d 0. JS im 140 (52.5 20.0 15.0 " 35859 | 843. ]..... Cs CoE Seana e isn ane eM saclay | 3. 146 | 63 | 21.0 | -17.0 35862'| 844 |_.... (ope etec Mamet ee ch mes ok dor fe 165 73 |) 20-5) 1530) 35857 850 00s 2 Ee eee ce eee Nov. 28| ad. 139 | 61 | 20.0 16.0 35855 | 851 FOOSE ches AG oa erent Sa oe eats lope gee ers b 142 | 60 | 19.0) 14.0 BhShd | Soet ces (CV 0 Rese i IO ee Soe Seer al fey ta do J im 145 | 64) 19.5} 13.5 B580b eSDone eee dO Ae. ee aan ee eee vidoe -| 9 juv 133") 55" | 20P5ile 40 35858 854 {10 Cte ere ee ees SEO eee eal 133 | 55 | 19.0 | 13.0 35864 | -856 |..._. Oars pace! (cee Eee ae Nov. 29| oad. 162 | 22) 2120) | 150 SETS Meets ka) Pode s Vo ye pt ade Ee ni I tC Dec. 5| Yad. 157 | 67 | 20.0 | 15.0 35887 SO2 ace OO ss ep As Sa es eee May 30| ad. 171 | 75 | 20.0 | 14.0 60779 | 60779 | 1379 |..... iLO: Renae oe Meer tele am ae Sad OWeE|| pore 162 | 75 | 20.0] 15.5 61036 61036 | 3535 |..... CR RES Oe dy oe SR aT May 18| dad. | 163 | 74 | 21.0] 14.0 61040 | GLOZO ie S552) et One ets nee ee eer at May 21 9 ad. 173 | 78 | 21.0) 15.0 61659 | Alcoholic.) 3596 |....- (0 FOS eee es See re a ones Cat Ie May 29 ? ad. 169 | 77 | 21.0} 15.0 61059 61059 | 3623 | Nachoguero Valley, Lower Cali- | June 4 o ad. 160 | 70 | 21.0 7.0 fornia, near Monument No. 238. GOZS8tel sc caeeccos= AO [leone Oe Ar SARE RED Oreos: eeetdOee elt ade 164 | 77 | 20.5 | 14.0 60789 60789 | 1415 |..._- ORES Shoes ae June 6| gad. | 183] 83] 21.5] 17.5 GORO5s| fees eee 1444 | Campbell’s Ranch, at Laguna, | June 14 Jd ad. 154 | 66 | 20.0 | 13.0 San Diego County, California. 60796 60796 | 1463 |...-- dost: See eee aoe Ser Ceres June 16] 9 juv. |.--.-. Boca eacees| oaoae 60797 60797 | 1476 |..... GOL Sen eee RL Noor! June 18| gad. | 165 | 70| 21.0] 13.0 61321 61321 | 3650 |----- GOS ra Be oe eee June 12| dad. 155 | 68 | 21.0 15.0 60804 60804 | 1523 | San Isidro Ranch, Lower Califor- | June 29 @ad. | 170) 77 | 20:0 13.5 nia, near Monument No. 250. } 61076 61076 | 1538 |. =. -2 GOS. ibs eee ease joe a Sates June 30 o juv. 160 | 71 | 20.0 | 13.3 61077 GLO isl spiel Pees GO Me FE Scene em ee een oe July 2 Jd ad. 160 | 77 | 21.5 16.0 61078 61078 | 1562 |... -- (0 KO ee Ge ee ea aR oe July 3 2 ad. 163 | 75 | 21.0 | 14.5 61080 61080 | 3704 |... GO2E Ase eee a ee ewes June 29 3 ad. 182 | 87 | 21.7 14.0 61081 61081 | 3705 |.---- UO Seeise possosSo snes seecneeeiod Sa dO res) lad: 169 | 77 | 21.0 13.0 61082 |. 61082 | 3706 |----- (0 (0 eae er ee eae Cero aaes BoaeGln eal (level 165 | 76 | 20.0 14.0 Beare GLO84 137242 | Oona seeeiee ne eee eee sume RSD ° ad. 160 | 73 | 20.0 14.0 61085 61085. | 3737 |.--.- (Gloves Aer roee Beh osoupetcaDobeus July 1 J ad. 154 | 69 | 21.0 15.0 61086 61086 | 3738 |.---- Cle Je topeicune ae pojntiss saan naee See edORed|> echads 157 | 72 | 20.0 15.0 61088 61088 | 3749 |..--- GOS eo Sere sdodesesdesesio ase July 2] Qad. 183 | 83 | 21.3] 14.0 61089 61089 | 3750 |....- FRC TAR PER APS thas Re OES Saar tge foe 153 | 71 | 19.0| 13.2 GOOS Ses a 2 3767 | Jamul Creek, near El Nido P_O., | July 6 Q ad. 176 | 82 | 20.0] 14.0 San Diego County, California. 60805 60805 | 1569 |.-..- (Oneeet Ss eGR ses Sate Bae aa ease do.. Jd ad 169 | 77 | 21.0 13.0 61097 61097 | 3775 |.-... (Shove SS Oo eee Peete cenen ok July 8 | 3 ad 176 | 79 | 21.3 13.0 60807 60807 | 1592 |..-.. CEES BAC Sea aca ase are Jilyi, ls Sh 163 | 75 | 20.5 13.0 60808 60808 | 1594 |..... GO eee eae eae does 152 | 76 | 20.5] 12.2 61100 61100 | 3784 | Pacific Ocean at the last monu- | July 11 d ad. 169 | 78 | 21.0 15.0 ment (No. 258). | 400 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PEROMYSCUS SONORIENSIS CLEMENTIS (Mearns). SAN CLEMENTE MOUSE. Peromyscus texanus clementis MEarns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1896, pp. 446, 447 (p. 4 of advance sheet issued March 25, 1896; original description) —MILLER and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 84 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus texensis] clementis, Exx1tor, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 130 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 187 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—San Clemente Island, off southern California. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 61117, U. S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Islands of the Santa Barbara group, southern California, and the Coronados Islands, off Lower California. This insular mouse was described as a subspecies of the mainland form for the reason that examples from the nearer islands seemed to be somewhat intermediate in character between the typical form on San Clemente Island and that of the coast. The species occurs on each of the Coronados Islands and on several islands of the Santa Barbara group. Description.—This mouse is considerably larger and much blacker than P. s. medius of the neighboring mainland, and has a more pronounced reddish tinge. The upper surface is drab anteriorly, strongly tinged with burnt umber posteriorly; top of head drab-gray; ears black, with faint hoary edging; feet and under surface white; tail sharply bicolored, blackish above. The above description is based on a series of specimens he. 78 Penove... baken” by the author-in Aveust; 1394-2 Mires scus sonoriex- Anthony, the well-known naturalist of San Diego, col- Seu. lected a series at the same time, which he kindly placed at my disposal. The skull (fig. 78) of this island race, while almost as large as that of P. s. deserticola from the lower Colorado River, is more slender and fragile. Iris dark hazel. Habits and local distribution.—This appears to be the only mouse on San Clemente Island, where it is exceedingly abundant, living on sandy shores amongst the cactus and in ravines under such shrubs as the Christmas berry, cherry, and sumach. It feeds on the ripe fruit of the prickly pear, Opuntia (Platopuntia) lindheimers littoralis, which stains its pelage. About 40 specimens were taken by Mr. A. W. Anthony and myself. Similar mice were said to abound on the Coronados Islands, south of the International Boundary. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. Measurements of 24 specimens of Peromyscus sonoriensis clementis. 401 Museum num- a l= ls iS ber. Sl | &| 8 2 a =| nfs} a je | 5 Ps Loe : Bay) | esl tes OI ahs H® Locality. Date. Sex. BI o| 2a E . Sa) cn ail es 3° 2 A a S| elele | a | | 1894. mm |mm.| mm. | mm 61106 61106 | 3806 | San Clement Island, California ...| Aug. 24 3 ad. 164 | 74 | 20.8 | 14.5 61107 GIO. BOM |e do oe rere oes ee ‘Lado: 2) ead |) 161. | 78.) 2t-0))" 16.0 61108 61108 | 3808 |..... Oe ae, eee TINTS Fido! S| sGiade| 634) 720) Son toao 61109 61109 | 3809 |..... (lirenete ss Reet “oe Ae cy ake ....do...| Qad. | 165] 75] 20.5 | 15.0 61112 61112 | 3814 |... .. Gone Sesh) Fc Moeac RR Base Aug. 26| Gad. | 167! 77] 20.2] 16.5 61113 61113] 3815-152... fio kee tse ee ee _...do...| Qad. | 160 | 68| 20.0| 15.0 61117 61117 | 3819 |....- (os aa Mees grees SR ae aL Aug. 27| gad. | 177 | 77|21.0| 17.0 61118 61118 | 3820 |..... dO Sone! Peek Pe ek Rae -.do...| Qad. | 168 | 75 | 20.5) 16.0 61119 61119 | 3821 |..... COR RAS: Sars es eae ta | ..do. Qad. | 166/75] 20.5] 15.0 61120 61120 | 3822 |..... ole aie a mee RR es don Qim. | 156 | 71 | 20.1 | 14.5 61123 (HUES) | BiP Ua eee CO peony e Aug. 28| Qad. | 172 | 78] 21.5 | 15.0 136200 11969 | 97 |..... LO tes see er arene eer ame ANTES OS al Onsen lem GON e721 eee eee eee 136214 1TOTONP MORNE =e Oa nee eee et nee Nido: hade ns |pelaSuls4e eeeeee see 13622 1G 7) |e GON eee (Yo R ects SAF Rtas, EA Tone SE ee Apel erg ec ene 571/24 eee |e 136230 OFDM el OOM Eres os eae eet Soe geen, el FROME cnad sel gel 6S ale S 7h ee eee | Renee 136244 1973) |e LOL Meee Ose ees 8 ee St ey seer Bedor Grads se G5nl :S5i|Ss see eee 136274 11976 | 104) |-__2- Oo Fa OY 5 4 Sec ee Aug. 26| gad. | 165 | 78|_...-.|....-. 13628a W977 e105 |ee eee G0 SE ee ot ee eee Eadoe Org lees peet 628 || S0)a eae | aes 136290 11978 | 106 |..... DOS Ae ee ee 8 ..do. Sy ENGL I) TON YBY Wee clea a 136300 19979 | 107 |..... Omen tte ees emer: noecdo Orie | TET Wescen|lsoacee 13631¢ NGO) | IS | = Oe ee ene hd yee ety |Seeoye Sy obit = Ve PSO Oey) ce 136320 HUGE) Mss Oe ee eee ee PE PADS Oy) elitins |) TB) |) 72 eos 2e eee 136334 AGS Rear | Seeee Creek | ei nares Baeitenece om | SEnenea e Olade, ||| 16 hSOneee ae ene 156340 rin@ieS? || TBS | ee Oe eR TBE ne Neem inl = Sn Grades. |) e179) | 79ul eee oe aIn American Museum of Natural History, New York. PEROMYSCUS MICHIGANENSIS PALLESCENS (Allen). PALLID MOUSE. Peromyscus texanus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 64 (not of Waterhouse). Peromyscus michiganensis pallescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, Art. XIV, Nov. 21, 1896, pp. 238, 239 (original description)—MILLer and Reasn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 80 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus michiganensis] pallescens, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p- 140 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.—San Antonio, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, No. 13, American Museum of Natural History.) Geographical range.—The subspecies in its typical form is known only from the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas. Kansas spec’mens are intermediate between the subspecies michiganensis and pallescens. 30639—No. 56—07 m——26 122 105 402 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following is Doctor Allen’s description of this subspecies, which is known only from the type series: Adult.—Above grayish brown, with a slight yellowish wash, mostly confined to the sides, strongly varied with dull blackish brown, especially along the median line, often forming a distinct broad blackish dorsal band; below clear gravish white, the tips of the hairs being white and the basal portion plumbeous; ears blackish brown, narrowly edged with white; tail sharply bicolor, upper third of its circumference blackish brown, rest white; feet white, with a faint buffy tinge. ; Young.—Dull gray brown (dark ‘‘mouse-gray’’) above, with a darker (blackish) median band; otherwise like the adult. Measurements.—Male (type): Total length, 127; tail vertebra, 52; hind foot, 16; ear (from dry skin), 11. Nine adult males measure as follows: Total length, 126 (121-130); tail vertebrie, 51 (50-52); hind foot, 16 (15-17). A single adult female is larger than the largest male of the series. Type, No. +2218, male adult, San Antonio, Texas, February 7, 1896; H. P. Attwater. This subspecies is based on a series of 10 adults and 7 two-thirds grown young, all winter specimens (December 14—March 19), taken mostly in January and February. They are so different in color and size from a large series of Peromyscus michiganensis from Fort Snelling, Minnesota, collected by Doctor Mearns, that they would seem to be specifi- cally distinct, were it not that a large series of winter specimens from Lawrence, Kansas, col- lected by Prof. L. L. Dyche, are so nearly intermediate in both size and coloration as to render it probable that P. m. pallescens is merely a pale, depauperate form of P. michi- ganensis. The measurements of a series of adults from each locality compare as follows: : = | F Fi Locality. Sex. | Total length. Rail sett Hindfoot. — a : v | mm. | mm. mm. Vater (ora Oe pel ea et ert A, Ue dlp (3 males...) 143 (144-146) | 56 (55-59) | 17.3 (17-18) \\5 females .| 149 (144-153) | 57 (54-63) | 18.1 (18-18.5) i SAE ee ee ee ee fio males..| 137 (130-149) | 51 (43-58) | 17.9 (16-19) |5 females. 146 (137-153) | 57 (55-63) | 18.0 (16-19) Sain At tonib oss st toe ae ee ae ae 9 males...| 126 (121-135) | 51 (50-52) | 16.0 (14-17) | The Kansas specimens are thus good intergrades, and are almost distinct enough to merit recognition in nomenclature. They are rather nearer the Fort Snelling series than the San Antonio series. In coloration P. m. pallescens bears a close general resemblance to Peromyscus canus Mearns from the same locality, but can be readily distinguished by its relatively shorter tail and hind foot and much smaller size. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 238.) Subgenus PEROMYSCUS. WOOD MICE. Onychomys and Baiomys, formerly subgenera of the old genus Peromyscus, are regarded here as distinct genera. Merriam erected the subgenus Megadontomys in 1898, and Osgood the subgenus Haplomylomys in 1904, leaving a complex assemblage of forms to represent the subgenus Peromyscus, which is susceptible of further subdivision. Associated with typical leucopus are a number of forms, including mearnsu, texanus, tornillo, and amzone on the Mexican MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 403 Border, which constitute a very homogeneous group. At present I am including truei, boylii, and even stephensi (which is near eremicus) in the subgenus Peromyscus. The characters of the feet and tail in this subgenus are indicated in fig. 79. AN 7 } \ i) a Fic. 79.— PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS. @, FOREFOOT; b, HINDFOOT; C, TAIL. PEROMYSCUS MEARNSII (Allen). MEARNS MOUSE. Vesperimus mearnsii ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, No. 2, Art. XX, June 30, 1891, p. 299 (original description). Sitomys mearnsii, Bryant, Zoe, III, Oct., 1892, p. 214.—AL.LEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, May, 1894, pp. 179-181. Pleromyscus] mearnsii, ATTWATER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, Nov. 8, 1895, p. 331. Peromyscus mearnsi, Evxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 182 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Peromyscus mearnsvi, Miter and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. ist, XEXEXe Nios 1) Dec. 27, 1901, p. 78 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Type-locality— Brownsville, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History.) Geographical range.—This species inhabits the Tamaulipan Trop- ical Tract, in southern Texas, where it has been found, along the Gulf of Mexico, in the strip of country extending from Rockport to Brownsville. . Description (based on seven topotypes)—Upper surface dusky grayish-brown, suffused with fawn color, which is strongest on the sides; under parts pure white in winter, grayish white in summer; 404 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM tail long, nearly naked in summer, not distinctly bicolor; ears iarge and nearly naked; feet whitish, with soles hairy to the tubercles. Length 190 mm.; tail vertebra, 95; ear from crown, 14; length of hind foot, 21. Skull, 26 by 13.7. ¥ Fic. 80.—_PEROMYSCUS MEARNSII. SKULL. d@, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; C, LATERAL VIEW. The young, when quite small, are slate-gray above, and grayish white below, with a black patch occupying the anterior third of the convex surface of the ear. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull and teeth of Peromyscus mearnsii (figs. 80 and 81) indicate a species allied to, but probably specifically distinct from, P. leucopus. The skullis smaller than that of P. teranus, from which it also differs in shape. Remarks.—This mouse differs from P. texanus, its next neighbor on the west, in being more scantily coated throughout, especially as to its tail, which is a b much longer than that of P. teranus, and differs Fic. 81.—Prromyscvs further in not being sharply bicolor. In full winter Sean cma \. pelage it is not so strikingly different, but the fur LOWER SERIES; b,uP- jis Shorter at all seasons. PER SERIES. PEROMYSCUS TEXANUS (Woodhouse). TEXAS GRAY WOOD MOUSE. Hesperomys tecana Woopuouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., VI, No. VI, Feb., 1853, p. 242 (original description); Report of an Expedition down the Zui and Colorado Rivers, by Capt. L. Sitgreaves, 1853, pp. 48, 49, pl. 11. Arvicola (Hesperomys) tecana, AUDUBON and BacuMAN, Quad.N. Am., III, 1854, p. 319. Hesperomys teranus, Barro, Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 464 (in part). Peromyscus canus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1896, p. 445 (p.3 of advance sheet issued March 25, 1896).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, Art. V, April 22, 1896, pp. 64, 65.—MrLter and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 71 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus] canus, Evxrot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 132 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 405 Type-locality.—Texas, near the Rio Grande. ‘I procured this lit- tle animal on the Rio Grande near El Paso.” (S. W. Woodhouse.) (Type, skin in alcohol and fragments of skull, Cat. No. 253%,, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Inhabits the Sonoran Zone of the Middle Texas Tract. It has been found at San Antonio (Attwater), and from Bee County to Kinney County, along the Rio Grande. = 4 ay il f i 1 aye : i ‘ y) } Yi \ \\ FiG. 82.—PEROMYSCUS TEXANUS. SKULL. @,DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; ¢, LATERAL VIEW. Description.—Similar in proportions to Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque). Color above drab-gray, with a dark vertebral area, where the pelage is thickly lined with black. Feet and under parts pure white; tail bicolored, blackish above, white below; ears and tail well coated with hair; soles of feet densely pilose posteriorly. Mamme, three pairs. The young, which are born at all seasons of the year, are slate- gray, with whitish under parts, bicolored tails, and the usual black spot on the ear. The young acquire the adult pelage in precisely the same manner that Peromys- cus eremicus does (see p. 433), 1t beginning on he under surface, extending to the flanks, and thence across the middle of the back, leaving the rump and nape to be covered last. Length, 175 mm.; tail vertebre, 75; ear from crown, 12; hind foot, 21. Skull, 26.5 by 13.5. Teats, &. Fig. 83.—PEROMYSCUS TEXANUS. CROWNS OF Cranial and dental characters.—The skull (fig. 82) MOLAR TEETH. a,LOW- 4g narrow, slender, and rectangular, with the brain- ER SERIES, b, UPPER : c SERIES. case low and elongated, and the rostral portion long. The teeth (fig. 83) are much smaller than those of P. tornillo, with which it intergrades on the west. _ Remarks.—This mouse, though similar in appearance to Peromys- cus mearnsii (Allen), may be readily distinguished from that species by its smaller, more hairy ears and its much shorter, more hairy, 406 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and sharply bicolored tail, as well as by its longer fur at all seasons. The skull of P. mearnsii is smaller, and has a more swollen brain- case, shorter and more depressed rostrum, and shorter pterygoid fossa and interpterygoid notch. The dentition also is perhaps a little heavier. Compared with P. lewcopus, the skull is lower and more slender, with a corresponding shortening of the brain-case, pterygoid fossa, and rostrum. In the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas, Peromyscus texanus and P. michiganensis pallescens occur together. Doctor Woodhouse states, in both his preliminary and final descrip- tions of this mouse, that his type came from western Texas, on the Rio Grande, near El Paso. I have examined the alcoholic type (No. 225% U.S.N.M.) and another specimen (No. 4748 U.S.N.M.), labeled in Professor Baird’s handwriting ‘ Hesperomys texcana. W. Texas. Dr. Woodhouse.” These two specimens belong to one spe- cies, the same described above. Both contained skulls, which were removed for examination, and are now preserved separately. When describing Peromyscus tornillo, | compared it with the types of Hesperomys tecana Woodhouse, but the skulls were comminuted and the skins practically undeterminable from long immersion in spirits. Finding them to be different from tornflo, and_ being misled by the small size of the teeth and imperfectly cleaned rostrum of the type of teranus, I mistook the latter for the mouse which Mr. Wilfred H. Osgood has named Peromyscus sonoriensis blandus. Mr. Osgood has since carefully cleaned the rostral frag- ments of the type skull of texanus, and discovered that it is a mem- ber of the leucopus group, but very different from tornillo, the only member of that group known from the region near El Paso. As the teeth, mandible, and rostrum are exactly like those of the form which I had named canus, from Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, it is quite certain that the type of tevanus was obtained in the Middle Texan Tract, which was crossed by Doctor Woodhouse, and that it is identical with canus. Habits and local distribution.—The Texas gray mouse is an inhab- itant of woodland near streams, and is abundant in such places throughout the Middle Texas Tract. The number of young, deter- mined by dissection, in one specimen (January 12), was five. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. Record and measurements of 49 specimens Peromyscus texanus. 407 Seeing a ae : | ; z : ae 5 Ae lbel as | 8 ’ es sy tts | S = 3) 53 Locality. Date. Sex. 8g e a 5 . = ° = > uo] ‘al z= Ss ls UAV fs bal feat oe) fief Pe lgls |2 1892. mm. mm. mm. |}mm. 21134 37097 | 2174 Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas ..| Dec. 29 gad. 168 | 71 | 21.0 | 14.0 a12640 10942 | 2175 |_...- GLO ee ete ee prea Tintin en Bmee lbeeedou- |: 2 jt 163 | 70 | 20.5 | 13.5 21142} 37098 | 2180')_.:__- Ores eel ede See ees | Dec. 31| Sad. 195 | 85 | 22.0 | 12.5 | 1893. | 212664 10965 | 2185 |..... GON poe eee ee ee ae Jan. 3} @juv.| 158 | 69} 21.8) 11.7 21148 37099 | 2186 |....- COREA Oe eae Dene eee ae |Jan. 6| gad. 189 | 91 | 22.8 | 13.5 a12657 | 10958 | 2187 |._..- Se eee en ake) YL ee |....do...| Qad. | 180 | 82 | 20.5] 12.0 21106 | 37100 | 2194 |... oe Ne noe te ete eRe nate Daas | Jan. 12| 9Q ad. 178 | 78 | 21.5 | 12.5 212663 | 10964 | 2195-|..... OM en i en I Ce an Teeny do. Q ad. 169 | 71 | 20.0 | 13.5 21099 | 37101 | 2196 |_...- COE ate eee ee eeedo= g ad. 146 | 62 | 20.2) 13.5 012672 | 10973 | 2197 |..... do Oe eR Oe et ee |....do...|. gad. | 167] 70| 20.0 | 12.5 21103 | 37104 | 2206 |..... OTe eee EN NS | Jan. 13| gad. | 160] 68 | 21.0} 12.0 a12658 | 10959 |. 2207 |... rile Wate ae es eae ay a |....do...|° @ad. | 173 | 79 | 22.0 | 13.0 21109 37096 | 2208 |..... dOsca ee stele aoe RG elas by edo: gad. | 175 | 75 | 21.0) 11.5 a12656 | 10957 | 2209 |..... Goce as. sh oriees heme ectdoue:|. oad. melas hia |e 2tR0) haaeo 21145 | 37246 | 2213 |... TOS wba MeN uh ome A tae SV | Jan. 14| Qad. | 176 | 81] 22.0] 13.5 212647 | 10948 | 2214 |___.. dose ee EA aoe en ee! \s22.d0 Q ad. 181 | 77 | 20.6 | 12.8 21136 | 37105 | 2217 |._... lo Pre A ee ey An | Jan. 15| gad. | 174| 75 | 20.5} 12.5 a12643 | 10944 | 2218 |..... CSR Rati Gk Rk 9a ae do. gad. |.178| 78 | 22.5] 13.2 21144 | _ 37107 | 2221 |..... Oe eee ie we do. 7 155 | 65 | 21.0 | 12.0 a12649 | 10950 | 2233 |..... Cie ee eI Ea ae Jan. 17| Qad. | 175| 78 | 20.0 | 12.0 21137 | 37108 | 2234 |_.... GO Ee cookers Sr lcn! 2 | oe do. Gad, leel7Suera POIs 1pe7 212645 | 10946 | 2235 |__... Ope ee Relic bn ee es | Jan. 18] gad. 150 | 62 | 20.0 | 12.0 DN SSi eee 272500 22361 | sees GON en Ley (aedoe gad. | 162] 69 | 21.0] 11.0 iT By Nee eee DIA eee GOS ae ER eae iain bee Jan. 30| gad. 178 | 79 | 21.5 | 13.0 37188 | 2249 |___.. (Konic w meen mene Se eee AS (Ea dor aden |eckise Aes eeweictellSern Se GIST NG. = hs os. 2250) |eeee dose Saas ss Bate ee een ak | Jan. 31} 9 im. 158 | 68 | 20.5 | 12.7 Fo ae |e O53 keer lorena er eaar coe a tote eme:2 eileen 164 | 70 | 23.0 | 14.0 a12669 | 10970 | 2254 |__... fie ent eh Blige Sr Strat |...-do...| Q ad. | 162 | 69 | 21.2] 14.0 Et Sm ae 5 aes DOB ial dO 5 eee ee ea, eee eee: SCM 154 | 68 | 21.5 | 13.5 a12650 | 10951 | 2263 |_.... DOs vee a sae ee are Rebs e3:\0 7 O-qriw. | eeuee [aceae | eect ee 83293 | 83293 | 2964 |.___. Gopehas set Sena ae Poe tacelny ee | Feb. 4| @Qad. | 180 | 80| 22.0] 14.5 212651 | 10952 | 2265 |..... dos Sit Rs ee eee ee do...| gad. | 158| 69 | 21.0] 12.0 Bette | ec s DGGE ane {OL eee eee eS een Ce O™ gad. | 156 | 65 | 21.0 } 13.0 a12653 | 10954 | 2270 |_.... DO EE eee Feb. 5| gad. | 177 | 78| 21.7| 13.5 212670 | 10971 | 2271 |....- ie sree eee ata ets eee Mae 2 do...| gad. | 168] 73 | 21.3] 13.1 12654 | 10955 | 2272 |.._.. GINS eae Se ee err atiae bell tee do. Qad. | 175 | 78| 21.0 | 13.6 83294 | 83204 | 2276 |..... Ome eee eee en eee ae Feb. 7| jad. | 166/| 68 | 21.0] 14.0 a12655 | 10956 | 2277 |....- Oe Aa Deas Fam, Mh He ere do. gad. | 161 | 68} 21.0] 14.0 ESD || RSppA || BRP O Le GL edna eee OTN IN dgiered, ee lees do. gad. | 156 | 68 | 20.3} 13.7 12644 | 10945.| 2279 |..... ol eeain se ao he eee ee ee do. gad. | 169 | 75 | 22.0 | 13.0 83295 | 83295 | 2281 |... Giese Seta aeneee su guna Nee edor gad. ! 175 | 75 | 21.0! 15.0 212661 | 10962 | 2282 |..... eS Vea APs Ran eas anion he Feb. 9| gad. | 159 | 66 | 21.0 | 14.0 ee esis 55,5 DORR [bP dou onan piety 5 vg URC Ree Cera lta dig men enrey aay is VIGO sNO Dsl hale TNE 212668 10969-2284 |... Loess ee Ep ete een ae _.do...| gad. | 106 | 73 | 21.7'| 13.0 83296 | &3296 | 2285 |..... CO=N Se we ter Cen =dow gad. | 163 | 68] 21.5 | 13.5 212648 | 10949 | 9286 |..... r Relea nets oa tine bana ae Peedor gad. | 160 | 70| 22.0] 12.0 §3297 | 83297 | 2287 |_...- On eco ee PER ORE Hae Feb. 10| Jim. | 154 | 65 | 22.0] 14.0 12671 |° 10972 | 2289 |..... QO areas ere a ee eres Feb. 11| @Qad. | 182] 79 | 20.5 | 13.0 Both to MaKe Os, DOGOY [ieee Olek pean wale es Ee capt Nw oles OE 9 im 153 | 66 | 21.0 | 13.0 ain American Museum of Natural History, New York. 408 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PEROMYSCUS TORNILLO Mearns. TORNILLO MOUSE. Peromyscus tornillo Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1896, pp. 445, 446 (p. 3 of advance sheets issued Mar. 25, 1896; original description).—MILLer and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 87 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus] tornillo, Eviror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IT, 1901, p. 126 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 188 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Rio Grande bottom lands, 6 miles above El Paso, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. $2935, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—An inhabitant of the Eastern Desert Tract. Known only from the bottom lands of the upper Rio Grande, living in forests of “ tornillo’’ or screw bean (Prosopis odorata). There are specimens in our collection from Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. Fia. 84.—PEROMYSCUS TORNILLO. SKULL. @. DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; C, LATERAL VIEW. Description.—A large, stout species; ears and tail well haired, the latter sharply bicolored; soles densely pilose posteriorly. Upper sur- face light broccoli brown; ears and upper side of tail hair brown; feet and under parts pure white. Length, 190 mm.; tail vertebra, 90; ear above crown, 12; hind foot, 23. Skull, 29 by 14.5. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull of this mouse (fig, 84) is at once distinguished from all other Texas mice of this genus by its larger size. The animal bears a superficial resemblance to the P. arizone, described by Dr. J. A. Allen, from Fairbank on the San Pedro River, in Arizona. Externally it is distinguished from that species by its paler coloration, slightly smaller ears, and stouter body. The largest skulls of P. arizone equal the average size of P. tornillo, but the teeth are smaller. The shape, however, is different. In both of these species the rostral portion is long and high, this character suf- ficing to distinguish them from any of the forms of P. sonoriensis. The skull of P. tornillo is low and squarish, with the superior profile but slightly arched, and its zygomatic arches standing strongly out in front, as sharp elbows at right angles to the cranial axis. The upper MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 409 molar teeth of P. tornillo have the subsidiary cusps, especially those of the anterior upper molar more or less obsolete (fig. 85), whereas they are distinct in P. arizone. The above description is based on fifteen adults taken near El Paso, Texas, in February and March. An immature female (No. 342938, U.S. N. M.) taken by the writer at Fort Hancock, Texas, June 16, 1893, is mouse gray where the juvenile coat is retained, the sides and forehead being smoke gray. Two specimens from the Upper Corner Monument (No. 40) are essentially like those from the vicinity of E] Paso. Habits and local distribution.—The Tornillo mouse is*very abundant under groves of the ,., 95.peromyscus TOR- screw bean in the Rio Grande River bottom. NILLO. CROWNS OF MOLAR TEETH. a, LOWER SERIES; It was taken on both sides of the river, in Chi- huahua and Texas. To the westward it was only found at Doyles Well (Monument No. 40), where two were taken. At Fort Hancock, Texas, a female contained four young on June 16, 1893. b, UPPER SERIES. Measurements of 18 specimens of Peromyscus tornillo. | | n. | | Museum eI | eRe! 5 number. 3 | Il att g | 3 Zz = —| 8 ie [SS AHVEe Ne esemly os a Locality. Date. ee | 8 = | 83 F a | ¢ |& Ree aeee | 1892. mm. mm. min mm 20019 | 35414 | 1457 | El Paso, Texas..............-.-.---- Feb. 18| 9 ad. 193 | 88 | 23.0} 14.5 20025 | 35420 | 1458 |..--- iS Seth heh CARD te to eeedae-ellecvad: i92 | 90 | 23.0} 12.0 20020 | 35415 | 1459 |...-. Ge eae eu ee Die tener Re Se te do...| Fad. 180 | 79 | 23.5 | 15.0 20023 | 35418 | 1460 |...-- Cae ose Pereae ome sat Geto Pe doeee|eead 195 | 91 | 23.0) 14.5 20024 |’ 35419 | 1479 |_._.. GO ee ie ene aaa teee Feb. 21| ¢ ad. 164 al 22.0} 11.0 20028 | 35423 | 1485 |._.-- GOR Rae ORS ae eae a Feb. 22 | 9 ad. 186 | 83 | 22.5 | 17.0 20026 | 35421 | 1486 |._..- O82 as Sees ee leoeedon eel onad: 177 | 81 | 22.0 11.0 20021 | 35416 | 1500 |..-.- GOs eee enter mepap neSe Be | Feb. 24| ¢ ad. 181 | 81 | 24.0] 15.0 20027 | 35422 | 1507 |.---- Cot Uae rag eka Oh aiee eas | Feb. 25| cad. 182 | 85 | 22.5 | 14.0 20032 | 35425 | 1515 |...-- Asoka ae Gee cere ee dOnse| Cade. a7) yor) 2340) 135 90029 |... -..-- 1516 |..... Oe ES a re AE ie eter ece | Feb. 26) Sad. | 175] 76 | 21.0) 12.0 20030 | 35424 | 1517 |.-..- Ga She ee ee ae Ped oOMee ea: 182 | 82 | 23.5] 14.0 20022 | 35417 | 1518 |..... doe ead sae Ree tea tee Ee gores| Cade (> 19691 \90u 1 2350! sea: DOS lalate 15030 eee CO een ae eee ee ee | Feb. 27| Gad. 170 | 75 | 23.0| 13.5 21167 | 37207 | 1544 | Chihuahua, Mexico, near Monument | Mar. 15 @ ad. 202 | 97 | 23.5 13.0 No. 1, on the Rio Grande. 21165 37242 | 1758 | 100 miles west of the Rio Grande, | May 11 J ad. 175 | 78 | 22.0 13.0 upper corner Monument No. 40. SP |e P St Plr(Ble ee: ils ae aa Nae Se Naa SOR No ee |May 13] 9 ad. 177 | 82 | 22.0} 13.0 | | 1893. 21058 361C0 | 2344 | Fort Hancock, EI Paso County, | June 16 ? im. 180 | 80 } 23.0 14.0 | Texas. | 410 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PEROMYSCUS ARIZONZ (Allen). APACHE WOOD MOUSE. Sitomys americanus arizone ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, Art. XIII, Nov. 7, 1894, pp. 321, 322 (original description); VII, p. 229, June 29, 1895. [Peromyscus americanus} arizone, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 125 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Peromyscus teranus arizon®, MILLER and REeuN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 84 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). {Peromyscus terensis] arizone, Ex.ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 186 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.— Fairbank, about 20 miles north of the Mexican Border, on the San Pedro River, in Cochise County, Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History.) Geographical range.—The habitat of Peromyscus arizone is the wooded banks of streams of the Elevated Central Tract. Specimens were taken on the San Bernardino, San Pedro, and Santa Cruz rivers, along the Boundary Line; and on the Verde River, in central Arizona. a b c Fic. 86.—PEROMYSCUS ARIZONE. SKULL. a, DORSAL VIEW; 0, VENTRAL VIEW; Cc, LATERAL VIEW: At present it is known only from the wooded streams of Sonora and Arizona, never having been taken in open or rocky country, away from water. : Description.—A large, rather stout mouse. In winter the upper surface is tawny wood brown, mixed with gray and black; middle, area above considerably darker than the sides; feet and under parts pure white; under pelage slate-gray; tail sharply bicolor, clove brown above, white below; ears scantily clothed, drab, without distinct hoary edging. In summer the coat is drab, lacking the tawny shade of winter; and the under surface shows much of the gray basal por- tion of the hair between the narrow points. The young are mouse gray, and may be born at any season of the year, those of winter hav- ing longer pelage than in summer. The mamme are i. Length, 185 mm.; tail vertebrae, 85; hind foot, 23. Skull (fig. 86), 28 by 14.5. Remarks.—The nearest relative of this species is the Peromyscus tornillo, from which it is separated, on the Boundary Line, by the San MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 411 Luis Mountains and scorched plains—impassable barriers to it. This mouse is probably of Mexican origin, and, south of the United States border, these two species (P. tornillo and P. arizone) may come to- gether and intergrade, in which case P. tornillo would become a sub- species of P. arizone. The size of the two species is about the same, though P. tornillo appears to be the stoutest, and has a smaller ear, more massive skull, and larger teeth (see figs. 85 and 87), with a pecu- liarity of the anterior upper molar, in which the marginal intermediate subsidiary cusp is obsolete; and the coloration is much paler. ‘T have compared the specimens of this species in our collection with the type of Sitomys americanus arizone of Allen, and find that they are unquestionably the same. Habits and local distribution.—In 1885 Doctor Merriam sent me a “delusion” mouse trap, which I set under some driftage beside the Verde River, Arizona, on September 23. The morning after it was missing, a curious raccoon having carried it off; but I followed the tracks of the raccoon and luckily recovered the trap, in which I caught two Arizona wood mice the next day. This was the beginning of my systematic mammal trapping and of my ac- quaintance with the present species, which I sub- sequently caught quite often in the cottonwood and willow groves bordering the Verde River. Some were also caught in the post hospital at 4.4 97 -prromyscus aR Fort Verde. Two species of wild mice infested — zon». Crownsor mortar the hospital—the present speciesand Peromyscus yy owen Nee ee eremicus anthony. Both were taken at the same time, in this same trap, set in a closet, in the hospital. On October 10, 1885, I found a nest of Peromyscus arizone in the hospital dis- pensary, in a drawer that was opened many times each day. The nest was composed of a small quantity of cotton and shreds torn from muslin bandages. It was soft, nicely felted, and altogether a snug little dwelling, in which I found a single mouse, just born, of bright pink color, and destitute of hair. This is the common mouse of the Verde Valley, ranging between 3,000 and 4,000 feet above sea level, in which range it associates with Peromyscus eremicus anthonyi. The higher mountains of this region are the habitat of Peromyscus sonoriensis rufinus. I did not find any form of the Peromyscus boylia group north of the Gila River, in Arizona. At the Morris ranch, on Clear Creek, near Fort Verde, on February 3, 1887, I discovered a nest of this mouse under a big stone in an alfalfa field. I put them in a box, together with some pocket-gophers (Thomomys). The gophers ate them all up, beginning at their tails. On May 14, 1887, I saw a mouse running about under the cotton- 412 woods and grasped it in my hand. BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Its bite was quite severe. In its mouth were leguminous seeds smaller than those of the mesquite. Three females, taken at the Mexican town of Santa Cruz, Sonora, October 21 to 23, 1893, contained 4, 5, and 7 young, respectively. Measurements of 50 specimens of Peromyscus arizone. iS Museum number. a1969 a1346 | a1971 a1970 62366 62367 62368 02369 | 21168 21170 21164 21307 21174 21166 20609 20607 20601 20627 58794 58764 58773 58779 58751 58753 58765 1815 36135 36137 36133 36163 36134 35769 35767 35761 35940 58794 58769 58760 58775 58797 58771 | 58778 | ; a Collection of Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Collector’s num- ber. 2129 2146 2147 2148 | 2154 2166 759 764 768 779 Locality. Date. 1885. Port Verde; Arizona as. 2-232 5-2s.-=5 Sept. 23 ae GOs. 220 Sah ces Ses Seer eee do oe dOnt ek eee eae Sees eee PSEDENAO ae ee OS Sr Sera ee ee eee Oe eee COE Are ea eae oe ees OCT AMES ae oe GOs... 42 Baoan See aaa Seer Cee OO aoe oe 2.5 Fe Ae ee ae ae Oct. 12) aa oe HOS 5 eee eee Oct. 15 | | 1887. Jaea GO\ <2 Emits Sateen ae Seat Cee PN ayer | 1892. San Pedro River, Monument No. 98 ...| Oct. 15 oe rt a ee Me his. Safe SE eae Oke eee Sea A Sener etme moe) 2 60K) 64.4) bike deiiots av Sane 208 7 ee ites beavis GO25 pe cute aed so 2 | ROU ns aaa Bee dds he ee ne eos nee ORE St ae Faget ven seam oe eee eres Nov. 1 ee GOs is2d see ae en ee oe NOR La Noria. near Monument No. 111 on Nov. 8 Santa Cruz River, camp just south | of Mexican line. eek GO ete at te ey Se ee NOVO | 1893. East bank of Santa Cruz River, ata | Oct. 20 | marshy spring, near Monument No. | 111. Town of Santa Cruz, Sonora, near | Oct. 21 | Monument No. 110. ae Bake Se See ace saree eee ee ReeaO tee GOe

4 ‘a =| = od 3 aa 2] HH i lees; ol er heh c=: e 1893. | | mm. |mm.| mm.) mm. 58776 | 58776 | 2616 | Crossing of the Santa Cruz Rivernear | Oct. 24 Q juv. 144 | 63 | 21-5) | 1350 | Monument No. 118 | | 58777 | 58777 | 2617 |..-.- MO eaoac se eo at Be ee eee ee £5E 00) gall) Sh Tot 164 | 74] 22.5 | 14.0 58768 | 58768 | 2618 |.__.. AG tee the tar yee eae Pe ete re Pe dose} Quine | 1660| 178) ee. On 4a 58787 | 58787 | 2619 |_._.- 7s aes Da ery CaP cr enue a MES edo seal 7 im: 157 | 67°] 22.0] 11.5 OSUS2: (Saran au 2634 | Ruined mission of Tumacacori, near | Oct. 29 9 juv. 172) |) 78: |) 21.5) | 1250 | Tubac, on the Santa Cruz River, | | Arizona, near Monument No. 127. | _ ESTO Seeso6s DOSom eee GOO BS hoc et Senet e e oae ees See OO es |) acid llive 162 | 72 | 22.3] 13.0 58809 | 58809 | 2637 |... .-. GOR Ete a ae Soe a ee Dae See eee dois |stOrad: 200 } 93 | 22.0} 13.0 58805 | 58805 | 2639 Bake GORA ecien seahis, see Rees norton See eee Oi as|eaguads 190 | 85 | 22.0] 15.0 58761 58761 | 2646 | 20 miles south of Tucson on the Santa | Oct. 30) 9 ad. 200 | 93 | 22.0] 14.0 Cruz River, Arizona. | 58786 | 58786 | 2647 |...-. GOs Saeed Boas sets Soe See AC eal) Sahai 50638 eee eee 58755 | 58755 | 2648 Tueson, Santa Cruz River, Arizona...| Nov. 1 Zo ad. 177 | 80 | 22.5 Sia Th 58784 | 58784 | 2649 lesece GOs <8 rea Aya cee ee bes eae SLO ea \ ead: 160 | 71 | 21.8 12.1 58754 Ree 2650 |..2.. STOP ee Rik el ARH a Gres -doea|. Gh im: |) 16%) 75) met- 5) 1240 | | . 58783 |...---- 2601 See GON ee eet s ce Soe a eee eee Ee eOOb == |e Gg ve 116) 850) eae eeceee PEROMYSCUS BOYLII (Baird). CALIFORNIA BRUSH MOUSE. Hesperomys boylii Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vil, p. 335, Apr., 1855 (original description); Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 471, pls. vin, fig. 3; pl. Lu, fig. 3 (description and figures). Peromyscus major Ruoaps, American Naturalist, X XIX, pp. 831, 832, Sept. 1, 1893 (Squirrel Inn, San Bernardino County, California). Peromyscus boylii, MEARNS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, p. 139, Dec. 21, 1896.— Mitter and Resn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No.1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 69 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus' boylii, Evxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IT, 1901, p. 132 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 195 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality—Middle Fork of the American River, [ldorado County, California. (Type, skin—formerly mounted—and skull, Cat. No. ;°%,, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of the interior of California, reaching the coast in southern and Lower California. Description.—Upper surface broccoli brown, tinged with cinnamon along cheeks, sides, and rump, and darkened on the back by black- tipped hairs; under surface and feet pure white; orbital area dusky; ears coated with short down of the same color as the surrounding parts; tail bicolor, clove brown above, white below. In winter speci- 414 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mens, the vertebral area is decidedly blackish, in which respect the typical forms differ from P. boylit pinalis, in which that part is paler and browner, and P. boyli penicillatus, in which the dark vertebral area has practically disappeared, the whole upper surface being pale grayish drab. The cinnamon-colored area of the sides is more restricted than in prnalis and the coloration in general darker, while P. b. penicillatus and P. b. attwateri are still paler forms. Mamme, 3. pairs. The young, which on the higher portions of the Coast Range are born in May, are one-half to three-fourths grown by the middle of June. They are at first mouse-gray above, darker about the orbit, and white below, where the gray basal portion of the coat can be dis- cerned through the narrowly white-tipped hair. As they grow older they acquire a paler, more drab coloration. The adult coat is assumed in the usual way, the nape being the last place to receive the long coat, which, as usual, is darker and grayer at first, lacking the warm cinnamon color along the ‘water line.’’ The young, like adults, can be identified by the penciled termination of the tail. The pelage of this form is dense and silky, like that of the members of the P. sonoriensis group. A fine adult male from the eastern base of the Coast Range Moun- tains is paler and has much more of the cinnamon color than those from the summit and western slopes of these mountains. Jn this respect it agrees more closely than the rest of our series with the type of Baird’s boylii and topotypes of Rhoads’s major, these representing the form of the interior region of California, which is not so dark as that of the coast, in middle and northern California, which latter may be recognized as Peromyscus boylii robustus (Allen) %. Our speci- mens from west of the Coast Range are somewhat intermediate between true boylii and robustus, but they seem to me to be nearest to the former. Measurements.— Average of eight adult males: Length, 201 mm.; tail vertebra, 104; ear from crown, 14.9; length of hind foot, 22.1. Average of seven adult females: Length, 205 mm.; tail vertebra, 110; ear from crown, 15.4; length of hind foot, 22.6. As usual, the females are a trifle larger than the males. Cranial and dental characters ——The skull of the type (No. 1;%,° U.S.N.M., skull and caudal vertebree in fair condition) of Hesperomys boylii Baird measures 27.5 by 13.7 mm. It is indistinguishable from a series of skulls of this species from the coast region of southern Cali- fornia, when individuals of corresponding age (i. e., youngish adults) a Sitomys robustus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, Art. XIX, Dec. 16, 1893, pp. 335, 336. (Originai description; type, skin and skull, from Lakeport, Lake County, California, in the American Museum cf Natural History, New York.) MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 415 are compared. The characters of the skull and teeth are shown in the accompanying figure (fig. 88) of the type-specimen. Local distribution.—The California brush mouse is an abundant inhabitant of brushy localities of the Pacific Coast Tract. It is com- monlyfound in the chemizo thickets. Specimens taken at Nachoguero Valley, Lower California, and on the Laguna Mountains, California, June 8 and 15, 1894, contained 2 and 3 fetuses, respectively. This elegant species, long since accurately described by Professor Baird, is typical of the group of brush mice, which are somewhat inter- mediate between the wood mice and desert mice. This group inhabits the Sonoran—usually only the Upper Sonoran—and Transition zones along the Mexican Boundary Line, from Texas to the Pacific; some- times it penetrates the Lower Sonoran, or even crosses the Transition Zone, reaching the lower edge of the Boreal. A straggler was taken at the eastern base of the Coast Range Mountains, in California; one was taken at Mosquito Springs, Chihuahua (Monument No. 46); one was found quite low on the Franklin Range, in western Texas; and three were obtained at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. These all came from the Lower Sonoran Zone, where, however, they are mere stragglers from the higher zones, the brush mice being inhabitants of brushy or forested mountains mM the altitudinal ZONE pg. 88. PEROMYSCUS BOYLII. SKULL AND TEETH between the habitats of the desert OF TYPE. ad, SKULL, DORSAL VIEW; b, CROWNS c : : OF LOWER MOLARS; C, CROWN OF UPPER MOLARS. and plains mice and the habitat of the Arizona wood mouse (Peromyscus sonoriensis rufinus). On the Hachita, San Luis, San Jose, and Huachuca mountains the subspecies pinalis ranged from base to summit, and P. sonoriensis rufinus was not found; but in the Chiricahua, Mogollon, White, Graham, San Francisco, and other high ranges of mountains in Arizona and New Mexico P. s. rufinus occupies the Douglas spruce and aspen zone about the sum- mits; and P. boylii pinalis is only found lower down, in the forest belts of pine, pifon, alligator juniper, cedar, and brushwood. As a rule, at least in the interior tract, the forms of P. boylii do not descend to the lowest valleys, even when these are wooded; and on the open country—the habitat of the desert mice (Peromyscus eremicus group) and plains mice (Peromyscus sonoriensis group)—it occurs only as an accidental straggler. Professor Baird’s type of Peromyscus boylii was obtained on the Middle Fork of the American River, in Eldorado County, California, 416 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. east of the San Joaquin Valley. It therefore represents a pale in- terior form of the species. Doctor Allen’s Peromyscus robustus came from the mountainous region near the coast, and represents a somewhat darker form of Peromyscus boylii1, which it may prove desirable to recognize, subspecifically, as a northern coast form. Mr. Rhoads’s Peromyscus major, from San Bernardino, California, is not recognizably distinct from P. boylii. The specimens of this species, collected by us on the east slope of the Coast Range, next to the Colorado Desert, agree with Baird’s type of P. boylii and also with specimens from San Bernardino, California, the type locality of Rhoads’s P. major. But from the west slope of the Coast Range we obtained a series of specimens that are somewhat darker in color, but not sufficiently different from typical boylic to merit separation as a race, being, in fact, much paler than Doctor Allen’s type of P. robustus, which I have compared. Measurements of 15 specimens of Peromyscus boylii. Museum PS ue} | $ a : q fs number. 5 9 ca 3 =| Ke! uw | ° ~ Q = a Bare : oo o Oo pas) |} ko Locality. Date. Sex. eI + eel 4s| pe = o bats iS) . — S | r - ue) ue id AY S | a m mM Ss | | i= 3? Bo = g a | 4 HH fe ° ye || Ge es 'S) a eH if ica) g = | Faas mm. | 12M. | mm. mm. 2443 | Summit of San Jose Mountains, 7 Z ad. 190 94 | 23.0 16.0 Sonora, Mexico. | | 2444 | _.. "soars ear me Maple Btn i Utasa\aid il ae |e | 23.0] 17.0 2449 | ewe? dO eee Veeree ee Aug. 9| Gad. 198 | 102 | 22.0] 17.0 2450 | ae QO 2 eee eee E ov ad. 198 | 102} 22.0} 16.0 2454 ees GO se aie eee ewes ee Aug. 10| 9 ad. 199 | 102 | 22.0; 15.0 2622 | Canyonof Pajaritos Mountains, 26 o ad. 205) LOC 21 0 aGo about a mile west of Nogales, near Monument No, 223. PASAT eee GOs een ee eee ee J im. 175 88 ; 20.0 | 15.0 GIA | aoe (0 Leen AN are eee aes do g im. 180 88 | 21.0] 15.0 2B | Is As AG ns BR ES Tas oe Se ere 2 im. 193 O72 152 loo 2668 | Warsaw Mills, Pima County, 1 ° ad. 201 102 | 20.5 14.0 Arizona, near Monument No. 32. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). a Head and body, 105. PEROMYSCUS BOYLII PENICILLATUS Mearns. BAREFOOTED BRUSH MOUSE. Peromyscus boylii penicillatus Mrarns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896, p. 139 (pp. 2,3 of advance sheet issued May 25, 1896; original description).—MILLER and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 70 (Syst. [Peromyscus boylii] penicillatus, Error, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 133 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 196 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Fig. 91—PEROMYSCUS BOYLII PENICILLATUS. SKULL OF TYPE. c, LATERAL VIEW. a, DORSAL VIEW; 0, VENTRAL VIEW Type-locality.— Foothills of the Franklin Mountains, near [1 Paso, El Paso County, Texas. National Museum.) Geographical range.—This subspecies is an inhabitant of the Eastern Desert Tract, its habitat being, doubtless, mainly in brushy or tim- (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 334 34 US. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 493 bered hills, rising above the general level of the desert basins which make up this tract. Description.—This is the palest subspecies of Peromyscus boylit, and differs from the more western forms in having the soles of the hind feet naked to the heel. The upper surface is drab-gray, tinged on sides and rump with ochraceous buff. Ears nearly naked, with a scant hoary pubescence. ail dusky drab above, pure white below, penicillate, and rather hairy throughout. Feet and under parts pure white. The coloration is almost identical with that of Peromyscus eremicus arenarius. Length, 202 mm.; tail vertebra, 115; ear from crown, 14; ear from notch, 18; length of head (nose to occiput), 31; length of hind foot and claw, 22. Skull, 28 by 14. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull (fig. 91) is elongated, with the lengthened and depressed rostrum of typical P. boyli and P. boylia pinalis, but differs from them in having the nasal bones truncate poste- riorly and ending considerably in front of the posterior extremities of the nasal branches of the premaxillaries instead of terminating in a point well behind them. The dentition (fig. 92) is very different from that of the P. eremicus group, and agrees with the members of the P. lewcopus group in having a subsidiary loop or fold of enamel eee rel eye between the two principal loops at the outerside — Crowns or Morar rEprH OF TYPE. @, LOWER SERIES; of the first and second upper molars. ie aera Remarks.—The type was taken in a thicket at the base of a cliff beside the Rio Grande. I saw a similar.mouse in Cataract Creek Canyon, Arizona. PEROMYSCUS BOYLII ATTWATERI (Allen). ATTWATER BRUSH MOUSE. Peromyscus attwateri ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, Art. X, Nov. 8, 1895, pp. 330, 331 (original description); VIII, Art. V, Apr. 22, 1896, p. 65 (Lacey’s Ranch, Kerr County, Texas).—Mriter and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 68 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900).— Exuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., Il, 1901, p. 135 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p, 192 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Turtle Creek, Kerr County, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, n the American Museum of Natural History.) Geographical range.—Elevated portions of Middle Texas, in the So- noran zone. Hills of Kerr and Kinney counties. This dark-colored form of Peromyscus boylit was described by Dr. J.A. Allen from a series of specimens from round about San Antonio, 424 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Texas, collected by the indefatigable Attwater. In describing it, I can not do better than transcribe Doctor Allen’s original description: Above tawny brown, darker and much mixed with blackish along the median dorsal area, more golden on the sides, the lower edge of the dorsal area forming a strongly-defined golden lateral line. Below pure white, the base of the fur plumbeous. Fore feet white to slightly above the wrists; hind feet white nearly to the tarsal joint, soles naked nearly to the heels. Ears very large, nearly naked, dusky, faintly edged with whitish. Tail sharply bicolor, dusky above, grayish below, moderately well haired (the annulations showing through more or less toward the base), and generally well tufted at the end. Measurements.—Average of 10 adult specimens, measured in flesh: Total length, 196 (187— 216) mm.; tail vertebree, 100 (96-110): hind foot, 21 (20-23); ear from notch (measured from the skins), 16 (15-17). The type, a breeding female, is rather above the average of the series, measuring as follows: Total length, 216; tail vertebre, 110; hind foot, 28; ear, 17. Skull (of type), total length, 28; basilar length, 26; greatest cranial breadth, 14; least interorbital breadth, 5; length of nasals, 9.5. This species is based on a series of 14 specimens collected on Turtle Creek, Kerr County, Texas, May 24, 1894, and March 9-13, 1895, and on 3 from San Geronimo Creek, Medina, County, Texas, April 23, 1895. Several are in the nearly uniform dark-gray pelage of the young, others are more advanced, but still immature, while about one-half are “young” adults, only a few being “old” adults. One only (the type) has a very small spot of bright fulvous on the breast. Peromyscus attwateri finds its nearest affines in Peromyscus rowleyi and P. eremicus, but seems to be clearly different from either. _This species is named for the collector, Mr. H. P. Attwater. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. His. VII, p. 330.) Description of young—A young specimen in gray pelage, taken December 31, 1892, at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, by the author, and identified as this mouse by Doctor Allen, is mouse-gray above, and white below, It is beginning to receive the longer coat, appearing first on the chest. An older specimen, taken at the same place, January 12, 1893, is more advanced, having the adult coating on the ventral surface and a colored line on the side. One taken two days earlier has the colored coat throughout, but is duller than adults, the upper surface being hair-brown. The feet of the three Fort Clark specimens are as naked below as those of Peromyscus boylia penicilla- tus; and, like that subspecies, and also P. eremicus, the nasals are truncate, ending in front of the premaxillaries. Tlabits and local distribution.—The Attwater brush mouse finds its home in high ground, in brushwood, where there are crevices in the rocks. It is seldom found in woods near the streams. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 425 Measurements of 3 specimens of Peromyscus boylii attwateri. Museum | a y, ‘ ag Le = . L=| ig number. 2 Ke g es} | 5 ae re] 5 eye eS) ie hee Sexand | % 2 oF] | ee Locality. Date. age. & Ele 3/6 . | — 2 = 5 os & Sati seer Si ole ae 4 ees | eek iS os om i) Za mn \ Oo] eae | a |e 3 | | eS ee | 1892. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm 21147 37150 | 2181 | Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.) Dec. 31 © juv. 167 83 | 22.0] 16.0 1893. 21150) | 37151" | 2089 je-- GOR 2 Soe: seaeicease sates | Jan. 10 dim. 170 86 | 22.0 14.5 21151 |} 37152 | 2193 }..... GC Rae oes eae Bee ease ese ee= | Jan. 12 @ juv. 168 85 | 22.0 14.5 ) | } | ) PEROMYSCUS MARTIRENSIS (Allen). SAN PEDRO MARTIR BIG-EARED MOUSE. Sitomys martirensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, Art. XII, Aug. 18, 1893, p. 187 (original desecription).—MILLER and Rean, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Deec., 27, 1901, p. 78 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus] martirensis, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 189 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, alti- tude 7,000 feet. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History.) Geographical range.—Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of the mountains of southern and Lower Cal.fornia. Description.—The following is taken from Dr, J. A. Allen’s original descr:ption of this species: Similar in coloration and in the size and character of the ears to S. truei, but with longer tail and less heavily clothed soles. Above grayish fulvous or pale yellowish brown, finely varied with blackish; sides washed with bright tawny, forming a broad lateral line. Below pure white, the basal portion of the fur blackish plumbeous, with sometimes a wash of tawny on the middle of the breast. A narrow blackish eye ring; feet white to above the carpal and tarsal joints; ears dusky,nearly naked; tail sharply bicolor, above blackish (in one specimen intense black), grayish white below, well haired and terminating in a heavy pencil, the ver- tebrve alone rather longer than head and body. Measurements.—Total length, 195 mm.; tail to end of vertebre, 102 (average of 4 speci- mens measured by the collector before skinning); terminal pencil, 5; ear from crown, 16; ear from notch, 20; hind foot, 22 (last 4 measurements from the skins). Skull, total length, 28 mm.; basilar length, 23.4; greatest zygomatic breadth, 12.7. This species is based on 4 specimens, 2 males and 2 females, all fully adult, collected in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, May 6, 1893, by Mr. A. W. Anthony They are very uniform in size and coloration. Sitomys martirensis apparently finds its nearest relative in Sitomus megalotis (Merriam) which it cosely resembles in size and coloration, but has smaller ears. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, p. 187.) Two specimens of Peromyscus martirensis in the Mexican Boundary collection (No. 61033, U.S.N.M.and No. §¢84, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) were taken May 17, 1894, in San Diego County, California, close to the 426 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mexican Border. No. 61033 (figs. 93 and 94), an adult female, furnished the following measurements, taken from the fresh specimen by the author: Lengthof head and body, 93 mm.; ear from crown, 19.2; length of hind foot, 23; longest whisker, 50. Skull, 29 by 14. No. $281, an adult male, measured: length, 203 mm.; tail vertebra, 115; ear from Fig. 93.—PEROMYSCUS MARTIRENSIS. SKULL. @, DORSAL VIEW; 6, VENTRAL VIEW; Cc, LATERAL VIEW. crown, 19; length of hind foot, 23. The ears are of enormous size and nearly naked. Tail well haired and sharply bicolor. Soles of feet hairy at the heel. Whiskers very long, extending back of the shoulders. Pelage long, dense, and silky. Feet and under parts pure white, with a trace of an ochraceous pectoral patch, as in the type of P. truei. Vent rusty. Ears dark purplish brown, coated only with sparse, downy hairs. Above yellowish drab, grayer on the muzzle and nape, thicky lined with dusky annuli and tips to the hairs, and bordered by a | ne of ochraceous buff extending along the sides from the cheeks to the rump. Remarks.—This huge-eared mouse, though closely related to Peromyscus truer (Shufeldt) is apparently distinct. It is about the same size. The type of P. truei, a very old male specimen, is distorted, having the skin bunched up in such a Fic. 94—PrRomyscus manner that it is impossible to obtain by meas- — SA*tIrEN®is: vows urement an approximation to its original size. It Lower series; b, urrER presents the following dimensions: Tail, 76 mm, 9 (to end of pencil, 86); ear from notch (about), 21; hind foot, 21; longest whisker, 48. It is of much the same color as typical Peromys- cus eremicus. The pelage is very long, dense, and silky, the fur meas- uring 16 mm. in length on the back. The ears are flesh-colored and sparsely coated with short grayish down. The dorsum is a mixture of drab and ochraceous buff finely mixed with black. The color is given by the tips of the hairs, between which the slate-colored: basal Psi MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 497 portion of the hair appears to some extent. The sides are ochraceous buff. Feet and under parts, white. The densely haired tail is sharply bicolored; clove brown above, white on sides and below. Whiskers mostly colorless, but mixed with black. Soles of feet very hairy. The skull measures 29 mm. in total length; basilar length (Hensel), 22.3; zygomatic breadth 15.2. It belonged toa very aged individual, and is a little longer and relatively much broader than two skulls of Peromyscus martirensis that we collected on the Boundary Line in a pass at the summit of the Coast Range Mountains, which, though fully adult, are not so mature as that of the type of P. truei. The skull of P. martirensis measures: Total length (occipito-nasal), 28.2 mm.; zygomatic breadth, 13.8; basilar length (Hensel), 21.2. Comparing these specimens with the type of P. truei, the ears appear to be about the same size. The colors of P. martirensis are very much darker, owing to the blackish annulation of the drab fur of the upper surface. Only a narrow line between the grayish drab upper parts and the white under parts is ochraceous buff. There is a faint trace of ochraceous on the breast of P. trwei, and also on these specimens of P. martirensis. The ears are more darkly colored, but as scantily clothed as those of P. truet. The fur, though fine and soft, is coarser than that of P. truei and considerably shorter, with the tail less hairy. The difference in coloration between P. truei and P. martirensis is closely paralleled by typical P. eremicus and P. eremicus fraterculus of corresponding regions. As would be supposed, the specimens from the Mexican Border, sev- eral hundred miles north of the type-locality of Peromyscus martiren- sis, depart somewhat from the typical form and approach the form to the northward which Doctor Allen” has named Peromyscus gilberti. It is not, however, exactly intermediate, but in coloration is paler than either P. martirensis or P. gilberti, and so correspond with the sub- species medius of P. sonoriensis. PEROMYSCUS STEPHENSI Mearns. PALM DESERT MOUSE. Peromyscus stephensi MparNs, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 721 (original deseription).—Mriuer and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 83 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus| stephensi, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., Il, 1901, p. 136 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 190 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.— Lowest water, on the wagon road, in a canyon, at the eastern base of the Coast Range Mountains, San Diego County, California, near the Mexican Boundary Line. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 61026, U.S. National Museum.) \ @ Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, Art. XIJ, Aug. 18, 1893, pp. 188-190 428 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Geographical range.—Lower California ‘Tropical or Palm Tract, along the east base of the Coast Range Mountains. Description.—Similar externally to Peromyscus eremicus (Baird), but smaller, with a longer tail and much paler coloration. Upper surface grayish cream buff, deepening to pale ochraceous buff on sides and rump; tail slightly dusky above, white below, hairy at end; feet and under surfaces white; whiskers mostly colorless; ears and soles naked, the former slightly pubescent. Length, 193 mm.; tail Fic. 95.—PEROMYSCUS STEPHENSI. SKULL. @, DORSAL VIEW; 6, VENTRAL VIEW; C, LATERAL VIEW. vertebra, 108 (to end of pencil, 114); ear from crown, 16; ear from notch, 18.5; length of head, 26.5; length of hind foot, 19. Skull, 23 by 11.5. . Cranial and dental characters.—The skull (fig. 95) is strongly depressed anteriorly, with the rostrum produced and the nasals pro- iecting. The zygomatic arches are incurved and convergent anteri- orly to meet the sloping zygomatic processes, this feature recalling the configuration of young skulls of the other species of Peromyscus, in which the brain case has outgrown the face, though in. this case we have the opposite condition, the facial portion being unusually elongated. In P. stephensi the profile of the skull is nearly straight above, declining to the front. Theskull is remarkably ,,@ = : z Fig. 96.—PEROMYSCUS STE- narrow interorbitally. The teeth are shown in puenst. Crowns oF fi 96 MOLARTEETH. d@, LOWER 1m. JO. ‘ SERIES; b, UPPER SERIES. Remarks.—A specimen of this species in the American Museum collection ($388 male adult, old) agrees in all respects with the type, and was collected at Palm Springs, San Diego County, California (Colorado Desert), February 19, 1893, by Mr. F. Stephens, for whom the species is named. ‘Total length, 181; tail vertebrae 110; hind foot, 19.’ Peromyscus eremicus occurs with the present species at Palm Springs. Local distribution.—-The type was caught May 8, 1894, among granite bowlders at the first water in the canyon through which the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 499 wagon road crosses the Coast Range Mountains by way of Moun- tain Spring, in San Diego County, California, at the east base of the mountains. Others were taken, farther north, by Mr. Frank Ste- phens. This species was not met with later, although we trapped assiduously at Mountain Spring and to the westward. Subgenus HAPLOMYLOMYS Osgood. Haplomylomys Oscoov, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVII, pp. 53, 54, fig. 1, March 21, 1904. Type.—Peromyscus eremicus (Baird), from Fort Yuma, California. Characters.—Size medium or small; pelage usually very soft and silky; tail longer than head and body, subterete, rather thinly haired; soles of hind feet naked (at least in median line) to caleaneum, 6-tuberculate and paved with minute imbricate scales; skull with cra- nium rather large and rostral region relatively weak; first and second upper molars with three salient and two reéntrant outer angles at all stages of wear; small secondary tubercles never present between outer primary tubercles; lower molars correspondingly simple. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVII, p. 53.) PEROMYSCUS CALIFORNICUS INSIGNIS (Rhoads). SOUTHERN PARASITIC DESERT MOUSE. Peromyscus insignis Ruoaps, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, pp. 33, 34 (original description).—MILLER and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 76 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus] insignis, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I, 1901, p. 138 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 203 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality—Dulzura, San Diego County, California. (Type in the collection of S. N. Rhoads.) Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone of the Pacific Coast Tract of southern and Lower California. _ Description.—Peromyscus californicus belongs strictly to the group of Desert Mice, typified by Peromyscus eremicus (Baird), which are characterized by bare soles, long, tapering, scant-haired tails, large membranous ears, flattened skulls, with shortened rostrum and pos- teriorly truncate, advanced nasal bones, and teeth (fig. 98, p. 430) having the subsidiary marginal cusps reduced to the merest trace only a step removed from the Onychomys form, in which the notches are smooth, without a trace of these minor cusps. The southern sub- species (insignis) differs from the typical form (¢éalifornicus) in being larger, paler, and grayer, without the brown vent and fulvous suffusion of throat and breast characteristic of northern specimens. This is the largest species of Peromyscus found in the United States (for measurements, see page 431). Its appearance suggests a small Neotoma, which resemblance is strengthened by its large, nearly naked, highly sensitive membranous ears, which in life are in as con- stant motion as its nose. Its proportions are similar to those of the other members of the desert mice group. The tail is more hairy than 430 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. usual, the hairs increasing in length from base to tip, those of its under surface being much shorter than above; its color clove-brown above, sometimes white and sometimes dusky below, usually without a line of demarkation between. Body above, brownish gray, ¢oarsely mixed with black, grayish on the head, gradually changing to tawny cinnamon on sides, rump, and outer surface of limbs. As in Peromys- cus merriami, the dark coloring of the outer surface of fore limbs F1G.,.97.—PEROMYSCUS CALIFORNICUS INSIGNIS. SKULL. ad, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. extends down to the wrist. The feet are white, except that the dark coloring often extends down on the basal third of the dorsum of pes, as in Neotoma micropus. The under surface is sometimes wholly white, but more often with a pectoral spot of cinnamon or fawn-color on the chest, this, when present, varying from a trace to a large patch. Sometimes there is a colored patch on the throat. The orbital region is dusky. Topo- types (from Dulzura, California) are darker, more mixed with black above in winter than in summer. A young specimen, taken at La Jolla, on the edge of the Pacific, February 10, 1892, by Mr. F. Stephens, was one-third grown at the date of capture. This, the youngest specimen in | "yor : - Fic. 98.—PEROMYSCUS CALI- the series of 40 before me, is smoke-gray above, — rornicus stents. Crown and has a faint drab staming on the:sides, and .. ©F MOb® TEETE-.@,nOwue the barest indication of the pectoral patch; ~ ieee: below white, exhibiting much of the gray basal portion of the hair between the narrowly white tips. Cranial characters.—-There are but two skulls of northern P. cali- formcus in the U. S. National Museum. One of these (No. #239 is labeled ‘ Santa Clara,’ in Professor Baird’s handwriting; and the . other (No. 22287) was collected at Baird, in northern California, by Mr. C. H. Townsend. These are rather young, and slightly smaller than specimens of P. c. insignis of the same age. The nasals are a MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 431 little shorter in the northern specimens; but I can discern no other difference of importance. The alleged difference in the form of the frontal bones referred to by Mr. Rhoads is due to difference of age in the specimens examined. The skull and teeth of P. c. insignis are shown in figs. 97 and 98. Habits and local distribution.—This large mouse is an inhabitant of rocky places where bushes and oak trees grow. Young in the gray coat were obtained at Tecate, in Lower California, June 28, 1894; and a female, containing two large young, was taken the same day. Measurements of 14 specimens of Peromyscus californicus insignis. Museum 1 lo = number. = reales E cea Bole he alee wae : | Sex and | %p aralorse ites eS 3 Locality. Date. age. a = | O8 S| =e | = Die acetic) 2 pr 5) | = an |g) c= £/ #2 |e Spe eee ie wa a | a a | ea 2a = = —— —_—— =|" — SS SS SS | 1894. mm.) mm.| mm.| mm 60780 | 60780 | 1382 | Jacumba, San Diego County, Cali- | June 1 9 ad. 2351 | ai2eoe | eee 2 fornia, near Monument No. 233. 61048 | 61048 | 3579 |..... don akenteie nite 2G eat aaa | May 24! (tad. 226 | 125 | 25 21 61049 | 61049 | 3594 |..... GOY a5 Si esas aaa ae eee May 28|] dad. 241 | 131 | 26 21 61058 | 61058 3613 | Nachoguero Valley, Lower Califor- June 1 | Pad. | 223) 120 | 23.5 | 20 nia. 60783 | 60783 | 1388 |....- GO Sat os toss ee a eee June 2| gad. | 226] 124 | 24 17 60784 | 60784 | 1392 |...-- CLO See Se EEEL meer ee June 3] Gad. | 231 | 125 | 26 20.7 60785 | 60785 | 1394 |...-- GOs Sr Aes en eee ear ealeeee Gos eles: 217 115 |-24 20 60786 | 60786 1398 ...-- GOR er ese au ee ee eee June 4 Q. 212) 114 | 23.5 | 20:5 60792 | 60792 | 1416 |..--- GOs ae eS Eek Sk ee eas ee June 5/ o. 217 | 120 | 25 20 G1O69)|5. = =: * 3695 Tecate River, southeast of Tecate | June 26 J ad. PALO |) Talstay |) Pay Gyall © G2ik Mountain, Lower California, near | | Monument No. 246. GOSOSHNGOSOSi| fel FOL! eee One epaeiteteys ote sere erer ete June 25} gad. 228 | 125120) 20 GOSO2N GOSORM EIS I2a|i=u ed omy as oe aense cee eh eee June 26) 3. HO THe ee Ba GORA eee 3748 | San Isidro ranch, Lower Califor- | July 2 | 4 im. 209) |) 111) 25.5 || 18 nia, near Monument No. 250. | | | 61098 | 61098 | 3776 | Jamul Creek near El Nido P. O., Hciibbly Rei KeMibanle Ee | 120 | 25 19 | | San Diego County, California. | | | PEROMYSCUS EREMICUS (Baird). WESTERN DESERT MOUSE, Hesperomys eremicus Barrp, Mam. N. Am., 1857, pp. 479, 480 (original description) ; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., II, Pt. 2, Mam., 1859, p. 44. Peromyscus eremicus, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 226, June 29, 1895.— MILLER and Renn, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, p.72 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus] eremicus, Eiior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I, 1901, p. 136 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 191 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality—Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California. (Co-types in the U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Tropical and lower Sonoran zones of the Western Desert Tract. a Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 34, 432 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. This species, including its several subspecies, was found by us on the Boundary Line from the Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas, to the edge of the Pacific Ocean, and a related insular form was collectd on Tiburon Island, in the Gulf of California, by Mr. J. W. Mitchell. The species was originally described by Professor Baird from specimens collected by Maj. G. H. Thomas and Mr. Arthur Schott, a naturalist of the earlier Mexican Boundary Survey, in the vicinity of Fort Yuma, on the California side of the Colorado River. During the recent survey of the Mexican Line we obtained a good series of topotypes of Peromyscus eremicus from Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California, from Yuma, Arizona, and from the Colorado River bottom be- low the mouth of the Gila River, on both sides of the Colorado River. These were compared with Professor Baird’s types of eremicus (especially No. “1334. Colorado Bottom, Cal. A. Schott’’), and found to be the same. Having definitely de- termined the form of this species, which Baird described as Hesperomys eremicus, it has been pos- sible to describe other species and subspecies of the desert-mice group, and to assign geographic ranges to the subspecies of P. eremicus inhabiting the Boundary Line strip. It would be difficult to frame a better descrip- tion of the external characters of this beautiful species than Baird gave in his original account of it, but he neglected to say anything respecting its skull and teeth, though the cranial and dental characters of the group of desert mice typified by Peroymscus eremicus are very characteristic. Mr. Gerrit 5. Miller, jr.,in his description of the sub- species fraterculus%, directed attention to the pecu- liar form of the nasals and their relations to the a , premaxillary and frontal bones, together with the Fic. 99.-Prromyscus peculiar shape of the brain case. Still later the Rae yee writer described? characteristic differences in the tuberculation and in the enamel pattern of the grinding surface of the middle and anterior molar teeth. Description.—In the typical form (subspecies eremicus) the soles of the hind feet (fig. 99a) are naked to the heel; tail (fig. 995) longer than head and body, not distinctly bicolor, slender, scantily haired, and tapering to a fine point; ears large, nearly naked, thin, mem- branous, and exceedingly sensitive. Color above grayish drab, tinged with ochraceous, and not much darkened by black-tipped hairs; sides, a American Naturalist, XXVI, p. 261. b Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896, p. 138 (p. 2 of advance sheet issued May 25, 1896). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 433 cheeks, and rump ochraceous buff; top of head paler and grayer than the back, which has no dark vertebral area; feet and under parts pure white. In winter the coloring is darker than in summer. The young retain the gray coloring with which they are born until they are two-thirds grown, when a coating of ochraceous and drab, duller than that of adults, but otherwise much the same, is gradually Fig. 100.—PEROMYSCUS EREMICUS. SKULL. d, DORSAL VIEW; 6b, VENTRAL VIEW; Cc, LATERAL VIEW. acquired, appearing at first as a dull ochraceous band along the sides, extending over the back at a later period. Five of these young desert mice, in the mixed pelage of the young and adult, were described by Doctor Merriam® as a distinct species—‘‘[/esperomys (Vesperimus) anthonyv’’—with the statement that three of them were adults, and that “in coloration, proportions, and cranial characters this mouse differs so radically from all previously known species that comparison with others is unnecessary.”’ Fortunately, the name anthonyi can stand for the larger and darker subspecies of Peromyscus eremicus inhabiting the Elevated Central Tract between the eastern and western deserts. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull (fig. 100) is low and flat, with a short rostrum and truncate nasals ending posteriorly considerably eae en eu eve ee. ont» or the hinder ~extremities', of. -the rREMIcUS. Crowns or premaXillaries. The brain case, though short senins: b.urrer series, 2nd flattened, is not so to the exaggerated degree of P. auripectis. in which it is almost disk shaped. The outer borders of the first and second upper molars have but three salient and two reentrant loops or enamel folds (fig. 101). Habits and local distribution.—We found this handsome desert mouse abundant from the Sonoyta River Valley to the western edge of the Colorado desert, where, at the eastern slopes of the Coast Range Mountains, it blends into the subspecies fraterculus. Those speci- aProc. Biol. Soc. Wash., IV, Apr. 15, 1887, pp. 1-3. 30639—No. 56—07 m——28 434 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mens of this species from east of Sonoyta are referred to the subspecies anthonyi. It prefers rocky places and requires less moisture than the members of the plains-mice group. At Sonoyta and Quitobaquita it abounded in the huts and brush fences of the Papago and Mexi- cans. Some nests of grass, feathers, and stems and leaves of plants were found in the fences. A nest containing four young was placed ina box. The mother followed and entered the box. In my tent she was again liberated, but returned to her progeny in the box. This mouse appeared very slender and light when compared in the flesh, with Peromyscus merriami and the latter was always found in fields and never in houses. The western desert mouse was quite common on the lower Gila and Colorado rivers, though much less numerous than the plains mouse. Its range did not extend to the low savannas about the mouth of the Colorado River, where Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola is most abundant. Seven pregnant females were examined January 9 to April 15, the young numbering 4, 4, 3, 1, 4, 2, and 3. Record and measurements of 62 specimens of typical Peromyscus eremicus. Museum oi | . lees number. Sal § 93 3 zZ —* = "Qad: 196 | 106 | 19.7 | 16.5 59245 | 59245 | 2825 |...-- GO te se EE ES ee eee oe | Jan. 23 SURG heel ese hap 2150) a | | | 141851 | 37170 | 2848 | Quitobaquita, Pima County, Ari- | Jan. 28 7 ad. 191 103 | 20.0 | 16.5 zona, near Monument No. 172. 59776 | 59776 | 2857 |----- GO. =e dee ee ge eee ee Jan. 30 | 4 ad. 183 97 19.5 | 16.0 | | } | 59770 | 59770 | 2858 |.-...- O52, 3 Be ae ee ede ee ee do...) gad: | 189 107 |'21.5.) 172.0. 59777 -| 59777 | 2859 |. -..- 0 Co eee rated eae ers Wee As et eer doce) oad: | 190 | - 96 /221.0 | 14.0 59778 | 59778 | 2860 |....- GO’: Sere eee sre eRe eae dose a) Goad o2288 123 20.0 14.0 59769 | 59769. | 2861 |----- GOe e248 e ee. Se ek eee Sal cee (oko ypre a We COR Ko iyem Pal tt) ) 105 | 20.8 | 15.0 O9772 | 59772 | 2862 |}. -=-- C6 10 aa uate oar a ele AGO Rio. 2 Bet 8 Pe doe) gad. 183 103 | 21.0 } 16.5 59782 | 59782 | 2863. |..--- Gor e233 1% Bare Soe ced. Spa egec E eS do ? ad 199 | 110 | 20.0 | 15.0 59784 | 59784 | 2864 |...-- GOehx eae ae ee Re ee ee dos ae ad! 199 | 108 | 21.5 | 13.0 59780 | 59780 | 2865 |..-.. “SLOSS NOE Nee ScRIEN ME raced Meek do... dad. | 192 | 108 21.0 16.0 141853 | 37171 | 2866 |_...2 BG ot oe ree ee She mer ae eae ee 9] Eis doses achive | seaeee ease Me Peers SOTO] DOT (Oa) 2E09. Ne = AOD Sore oe es Seen ie eee hee Per Jan. 31 @ im. 188 | 104 | 20.0 | 15.5 61528 | (>) 2880 esse 2 QOS as Ses erat See ee any Feb. 11] 9Q ad. 195 | 108 | 20.0 | 17.0 141854 {| 37172 | 2891 }..--- OOo Bee he oes ae ES te Ree | Feb. 2) G@juv. 191 | 103 | 20.0! 16.5 a Four young of No. 2779. 6 Alcoholic. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 435 Record and measurements of 62 specimens of typical Peromyscus eremicus—Continued. | | | | a Muszum | = IPxct eels S number. | 3 one eles ee ahomes eer | | u | | a s a | had egseesl| Cae | 5 1 ey fa . (3d. | © is] | | 56 Locality. Date. pear ee lees 6 aot kt | | ~,2 age. = | oO a3 | io) Poe cies camel ae | ra alee ONS eel are) Boe |e | sable mule e: a ee ° S S| | a Ce ore | | eS} ae |e | = | | 1894. | mm. mm.| mm. mm. 59783 | 59783 | 2892 Quitobaquita, Pima County ue) Bass ° = CF) ed a q Er Nene ehh es Kote (Pa ie be 3 ra ONS a | ca) 1894 mm. mm _mm. | mm. 60745 | 60754 | 1227 | Mountain Spring, San Diego Coun- May 213") aOvjtive. poeta aoe Veer eee | ty, California, Monument No. 230., | 60756 | 60756 | 123) |... .. AOS ae Oe STU ee Al eee do...| Qad. | 190| 114] 20.0] 18.0 60757 | 60757 | 1725 fal ace Gea ase eee I ee nel RR | May 14] Qjuv. | 167| 804-0-.2|2...: 60758 | 60758 | 1249 |_._.. (shee emotes ye Mek ae yy oR aD 9 A May 15) gad. | 193 | 110 | 21.0] 17.0 61027 | 61027 | 1962... Dine Pd a Oa ee eee May 10] dad. | 193] 104| 20.5 |...... 61028 | 61028 | 1963 |__.-. COniok cot cha eee eat ee meal Ase doz 2) jury | 168 | 89 | 20.0) 13.3 61029 | 61029 | 3515 ..-.- iste arte eT ee bee ae Se | May 1 | gad. | 197] 116| 20.5| 15.2 G1OSTa GlOST a Sa2 tel. aa OOS SS ee ee ee eee May 16 ? ad | 193 107 | 21.0 L540) 61032 | 61032 | 3522) Summit of Coast Range Mountains. | May 17 fad | 180 | 97. | 20.3 | 14.5 | | 61034 | 61034 | 3533 Jaecumba, San Diego County, Cali- | May 18 fad. | 200} 108) 20:07) 14.3 | | fornia, near Monument No. 233. | | | Wht ss a | 60765 | 60765 | 1294 ....- GOSsst eee sae waoee be eee aes | May 20] gad 188 100 | 21.0 | 14.0 60775 | 60775 | 1350 |..--- UGS eae ees ee May 27| gad 192) 102} 21.0.) 16:5 61038 | 61038 | 3542 |... GO tere eee as eee a eee May 19) ad. 195 | 102 | 21.0 | 16.5 61043 | 61043 | 3567 |. ..-- dOs2c: ee Beast tein Se aoe pee | May 23) gad. 182} 94) 20.2} 15.0 60791 | 60791 | 1421 Nachoguero Valley, Lower Califor- | June 8 9 ad. 192] 104] 20.5] 14.3 nia | 60800 | 60800 | 1499 Tecate River, southeast of Tecate | June 25 tad. | 191 | 112 | 19.5 16.5 | } . - . Mountain, Lower California, near | | Monument No. 246. . | 61092 | 61092 3761 | Jamul Creek, near El] Nido post- | July 4] dad. 190} 103 | 21.0] 15.0 5 : office, San Diego County, Cali- | fornia. 61093 | 61093 | 3762 |..... dO So. Jeo ee Aeon ae eet ae op Ons al ej ULims, 31 eae Lie there eee aes 61094 | 61094 | 3763 |..... (operates he ae ae ae hs oan SOY Fe |e aft | Sete ee aes eee 61323 61323 | 3769 | San Isidro ranch, Lower Califor- | July 3 | fo juv. Ne Meals Sse lle ae De eae nia, near Monument No. 250. | | | | 60806 | 60806 | 1580 | Jamul Creek, near El Nido post- }....--...-|...-.-...- 201 | 109 | 20,0 | 16.0 | | office, San Diego County, Cali- | fornia. | PEROMYSCUS EREMICUS ANTHONYI (Merriam). APACHE DESERT MOUSE, Hesperomys (Vesperimus) anthonyi Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., IV, pp. 1, 3, Apr. 15, 1887 (original description, based on a young individual with long ochra- ceous hair on the sides). [Peromyscus] anthonyi, TRouESSART, Catal. Mam., Pt. 3, 1897, p. 517.—Et.ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 141 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 185 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Peromyscus anthonyi Mutter and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1., Dec., 27, 1901, p. 68 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Away Mal'-é of the Hualapai Indians. Pow-wip-scha of the Hopi Indians. Type-locality—Camp Apache, Grant County, New Mexico, near Monument No. 40. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 3333, U. S. National Museum. Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone of the Elevated Central or Apache Tract, between the Eastern and Western deserts. (ape MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUN®ARY. 439 Description.—-This slight geographical race of Peromyscus eremicus differs from the typical form in being larger, darker with brighter ochraceous coloration, and smaller ears. From the varied character of its habitat this subspecies is less uniform in size, coloration, and proportions than the other forms of eremicus. In specimens from the strip of country between the Mimbres Valley and the San Luis Moun- tains the ear is decidedly smaller than that of typical eremicus. West of the San Luis Mountains the ear increases in size and the coloration, as a rule, is darker. In the canyons at the head of the Yaqui River 4 small, dark-colored phase was found which may prove to be worthy of separation as a subspecies if further differentiated in the lower Yaqui River tract. In this connection I have examined two specimens from Oposura, Sonora (Nos. 8816 and 8817, collec- tion of the American Museum of Natural History, New York), forwarded to me by Dr. J. A. Allen. These are the darkest ones seen, and somewhat larger than two from Guadalupe Canyon (Nos. 58878 and 58879, U.S.N.M.) on the International Line at the head of the Yaqui. These four are much like P. tibwronensis, a species inhabiting Tiburon Island, inthe Gulf of California, near the mouth of the Yaqui River. The skull is shown in fig. 104. Fie. 104.—PrROMyYscus Habits and local distribution When camped — erremicus antnony. near Wheatfield, Arizona, October 21, 1884, I set 20"S*™ YrPw or out incompany with Gen. George Crook in search of Whitney owls ( Micropallas whitneyr). Several giant cacti were chopped down, and in a hole in one of them we found a soft nest containing two of these mice, one of which, an old female, was caught. On the following day we found more of them under old logs of cottonwood in a camp on Tonto Creek. It lived and built nests in closets and drawers of my quarters at Fort Verde, in Cen- tral Arizona. On the Mexican Boundary Line it was first taken at Monument No. 15, where it was restricted to bushy places and rocky buttes, none having been takem on the level sandy ground where most of our trapping was done. This form of the desert mouse con- tinued westward in abundance in similar situations to the Sonoyta Valley of Sonora. It was sometimes found with Peromyscus boylii pinalis. 440 BULLETIN,.56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 58 specimens of Peromyscus eremicus anthonyi. Museum num- | 4 Shire =| ber. 3 eh eae 5 e ees ee ET et. Me oleae es Gq eae Sexand| # | 8 |8e| g BS Locality. Date, <| Pee eee 8 als Eh oe | as rae ne | Pelee S| = = £ =| aI K Tar a fe) © Sa er oS Cg Bec Oo a He | ica) | <> = en = | oe | 1892. mm.) mm. |; mm. | mm. 20253 | 35620 | 1561 | Monument No. 15, south of | Mar. 22} 9 ad. 190 | 102 | 22.0} 15.0 | Wragg’s ranch. 21120 | 37238 | 1569 |..--. GO! sate he eee eae Mar. 23 Zo ad. 193 103 | 20.5 16.0 20252 | 35593 | 1570 |acmice CG: eel ees Fe Re eee Dee ed fd ad. 203 | 110 | 20.5 15.0 20245 35565 1585 codes GO: Seat n ere Mar 26} cad. 189 95 | 21.0 15.0 20246 35615 1586 | <222 GOs at Pek Se tee rae see ee eee do fo ad. 182 92 | 20.5 15.5 20243 | 35611 1619 [SAA or hited Seo rer cay Seer Apr. 2] 9ad. | 184] 95]| 20.0] 14.0 20242 ee S56 isi mel G20s|- eons oxtsak tas ee ee ee ee do....| dad. 175 | 89 | 20.5 | 15.0 20254 35555 16345)-5-- GO: 33 ee eee Apr. 4 | Dads *|ise-%2 105 | 21.0 14.5 20251 | 35601 | 1647 |..... DOs oe See dese} Apr. 9 6). Orads 188 | 100 | 22.0} 13.0 20255 | 35550 1648 |--->- GO Ee ic Sates een eo ei | eae OTe le re CRG | 187 97 | 21.0 14.0 20249 | 35558 1670 | Near Carrizalillo Springs, New | Apr. 17| @ ad. 179 95 | 21.0} 18.0 | | Mexico, Upper Corner Monu- | ment No. 40. | 20241 | 35623 1692 | 100 miles west of the Rio Grande.| Apr. 25 d@ ad. 186 | 102 | 22.0} 15.0 20250 35626 1693) | eae GON Pree eee eee eee ee eee Foy © ad. 184 97 | 21.5 15.5 20248 | 35574 | 1700 |.---- doe (es aes a Be | Apr 26| 9 ad. 193 | 100) 20.0} 15.0 20244 | 35610 | 1705 |-..-- (SR eePe aitie mY CO TE 9 a | Apr. 27| dad. 177 | 94 | 20.0] 14.0 21128 SyPSD iN meal Bee C6 Co eae yA I thay er Ss = Apr. 30| 9 ad. 181 90 | 20.0 | 15.0 21119 (PAT erly an eee OSs os Sere ae eee do od ad. 1815| S08 S21 Zall sehoap, DILA> | ees 720641720" |o one 02 a OF ES May 1| @Qad. 182 | 92] 20.2] 14.0 21126 37227 | 1733 ae QO. Wares ere oe tyas geen May 4 ? ad. 188 96 | 21.5 16.0 QUIGs\e = O7edia 1742) |---e rio) eee eee: Cees BE May 7| 9 ad. T7Ou ee 980 Oe Samoa DUR he > e048 ts 1748.| to. Shas ee ee eg tee |May 8| gad. | 185| 93|21.0| 14.0 21121 | 37229 | 1751 |----- GON sae ee ted ea eee |May 9] dad. 192 | 100 | 21.0} 15.0 21132 | 37148 1824 | Dog Spring, GrantCounty,New | June 1 ¢ ad. 191 | 104/ 20.0] 18.5 ~ Mexico, near Monument No. | 21173 | 36139 | 2160 | San Jose Mountain, Sonora, | Oct. 26 9 im 155 84 | 20.0} 14.0 Monument No. 98, on the San Pedro River. | | | 1893. 58879 | 58879 2466 | Hall’s Ranch, Guadalupe Can- | Aug. 26| # ad. 175 91 | 20.0 | 16.0 yon. BSS7S8i]| 2) e58878i |) ao467 9s, doses ee eee vee cher. Sa \paeedoz_ ales Qum: 175 |, 27945|20)0) seater 58885 | 58885 | 2545 Dog Spring Grant County, | Sept. 21 9 ad. 184 89 | 21.0} 14.0 | ew Mexico, Monument No. | 55 58804 | 58804 2636 | Ruined Mission of Tumacacori, | Oct. 29| @ juv. | 175 90 | 20.0; 19.0 near Tubac, on the SantaCruz | River, Arizona. 58790 58790 | 2638 |.-.-. ony Sie. Que Gia we do ¢ ad. 192 97 | 21.0 | 15.0 58802 | 58802 | 2640 |..... GOB acer eae eee eter ene a0. | OAs 206 106 | 22.3 15.5 58807 58807 | 2641 |..... Gls eases eee ee oe ze GO: a! iG ad. 214 | 114 | 21.7] 18.0 1884. 23604 1816 142 | Tonto Creek, Arizona..........- Oct. 22 ° ad. 205 | 100 | 20.0/ 16.0 2565¢| “Tn @kitic || 444: |sc doa ee ee eee 1 2idonc3| FO Hi, oH 4 Ue eee 1885. 23642, Missing. 269 | Fort Verde, Arizona ..........-. Oct. 20} cad. 180 92 | 20.0 | 16.0 @epla}:. 2 s-5.5- ao Al ee Ol Pepsne cote cad eee ee Oct. 24] Gad. 185 | 95 | 21.0| 17.0 | te ee DID c BEd O2. a eee ea oe oe te | eee Deere ame Ore 175 95 | 20.0} 17.0 Tais4a) BESS ee 244 tee AG: <2 Pek he Oe. Oct. 28| dad. 165u\esqece 20.0 | 16.0 23s eee OFA Yaar Osc ths eee Dec. 28| ¢@ad. 195 | 105 | 20.0} 17.0 12185a} In skin. | 305 |..-.. GOS :2 st nee eee Dec. 31| @ ad. 183) © =92 |: 200813510 a American Museum of Natural Histor, y. ot MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. Measurements of 58 specimens of Peromyscus eremicus anthonyi—Continued. 441 Museum num- | | ' ber. 5 — : | | 58 Locality. Date. | pete & 5 = a) ao )8 | 1887. 23694 1815 528 |Fort Verde, Arizona ...........- | May 14| 9 ad. ERP Lees 529 bee ae ieee a ane Pred oc ledtanie 27 | gf juv. 1888. | Q3G30| eer = ante G54 a re ree ee ei scmiemeieeee ee eee Apr. 23 | 9 ad. | 1893. 58803 58803 | 2658 | Fort Lowell, Pima County, Ril- | Nov. 20) fad. | lito Creek, Arizona. DS1O2h anne neces TIO VEE owe Fa basen eee ee eee Nov. 13 g ad. 59163 59163 | 2705 | La Osa, Pima County, Arizona, | Dec. 19} 9 im. | Monument No. 140. 59169 59169 | 2706 |..... C0 Ko eae: me en eres ne ime | Dec. 20 | @ ad. 59161 | 59161 | 2707 | es Ong Ae eae tote eee lose do....| gad. 59167 | 59167 | 2714-)2.-_. C0 Uc ope eee ee ete eons Oe Dec. 21 9 ad. 59219 | 59219 | 2715 |..... GG RRR e 5 ye ea eh ne do gad. 59164 SOIGEA 2G |e GOx be ot eee een Cee ases do 4 ad. 59218 | 59218 | TAO Me GOSSy Sener ee ee aie eae do Zo ad. SOU TOY | na SOU Poe T2! |2 8a, dOL etn on ee Rees eee | Dec. 22] Q ad. .| 59165 | Noskull.| 2723 |..... (6 (Oe ee chet se ee se paeaeiey Pec do...-| 9 juv. bit! Vi W(t eee ee | 2751 | Pozo de Luis, Sonora, Mexico. | Dee. 30 ov im. | | 1894. 59248 59248 | 2752 |..-... COvet tees cee een eee | Jan. 1 9 ad. 59243 59243 | 2753 |..-.-. Gon ne ses sas Shee oe see ee oe do....| Sjuv. 59250 59250 | 2756 |.---. (0 (eae tn Sane sacar Jan. 3 ° ad. 59256 59256 MGle ease GOS eee eee eee Jan 4 Zo ad. Total length. | Tail vertebre. 103 110 Hindfoot and claw bo bo eh > a) bo bw te - OF wow wh bw bw be Sess a American Museum of Natural History. PEROMYSCUS EREMICUS ARENARIUS Mearns. EASTERN DESERT MOUSE, eat SOO) OF OO ot or iO) | Ear from crown. | Peromyscus eremicus arenarius Mrarns, Proc. U S. Nat. Mus., XTX, 1896, p. 138 (p. 2 of advance sheet issued May 25, 1896; original description).—MiLter and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 73 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus eremicus] arenarius, Eviiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I[, 1901, p. 136 (Synop Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 191 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Raton of the Mexicans. Type-locality.— Bank of the Rio Grande, about 6 miles above El Paso, El Paso County, Texas. U. S. National Museum.) . Description.—Similar to typical Peromyscus eremicus, but paler, with the pelage grayer and more silky, and the ears smaller. upper surface is pale ochraceous drab finely mixed with black, with- out a darker median area; ears almost naked, but with a slight pubes- cence on the convex surface; tail dusky drab mixed with hoary above, (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 32 0 128i 413) The 449 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. pure white below; under parts and feet pure white. The head is some- what grayer, and there is a dusky orbital ring. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull is longer and narrower in front than in the more western forms of P. eremicus, with the rostrum somewhat longer. The outer border of the anterior and middle upper molars have but three salient and two reentrant loops or enamel folds, as is usual in the group of desert mice. The sub- sidiary (often paired) marginal cusps, usually present in Peromyscus, are obsolete in the eremicus group; and they are wholly wanting in the genus Onychomys. Peromyscus eremicus affords another striking illustration of the difference in the mammal forms of the Eastern and Western Desert tracts. Habits and local distribution.—The eastern desert mouse was found in abundance about I] Paso, where it lived among rocks, cacti, and agaves, on both sides of the Rio Grande, specimens having been taken from Texas and Chihuahua. Salt pork and oatmeal were attractive bait. Measurements of 21 specimens of Peromyscus eremicus arenarius. Museum £ re] number. Ss Fe i z —s 3 we) ita) = % 8 Locality. Date. Be ee 2 = $ g Pe eel el et lars a | 8 | 5 Ss |e, es |} 8 mn 7) 'S) a a] ae) ic | 1892. mm.| mm. mm. | mm. 20036 | 35427] 1412 | Hl Paso, Texas......_-....---.---- Feb. 3] oad. 182 | 98 | 21.0] 16.0 20035 | 35471 1415 |..... 7 SPREE ae ta Net PON Re Mace Se Feb. 5| Gad. | 169| 87 | 21.0 14.0 - 20037 | 35472 | 1424 |...-. 1 (eh a CS SS Feb. 8| Cad. | 197| 105 | 21.0] 14.0 20013 | 35409 | 1456 |..... fs eae Bere ae ne mec Rres Sas Feb. 18] Yad. | 187] 95 | 21.0] 16.5 20012 | 35408 | 1464 |..... GO 72s Se ee aes do...| Sad. | 187| 103 21.0} 15.0 20011 | 35407 | 1469 |..... CUO YIS a aan eo es NEE one 1d0 5.2] 0-9 Gd.) 182) * GRACE Oeeioes 20016 | 35412 | 1470 |..... Gan se re ee Ore aes ....do...| @ad. | 183] 96] 20.0] 15.0 20038 | 35428 | 1471 |..... does Bove aer fi meet ....do...| Gad. | 191} 100 | 21.0] 14.0 ppOLe | S5adOc| T1478) [9592 OS 2 SO OR ee Feb. 21} Gad. | 181| 92] 20.5] 14.0 20008 | \354053 |" AASB 2 dole. ty eicecn se pactraase-mee | Feb. 22) Cad. | 1941. 112) 20.5) 15.5 20015 | 35411 | 1484 |....- Hone ca as be eee |....do...| Sad: | 191 | 101] 21.5] 14.0 20007 | 35404 1492 |... fh REE ee PLS SOR Ge Feb. 23| Pad. | 184] 105] 19.5| 13.0 20004 | 35401 | 1493 |...-. i hetes eeee R a aie Wier |....do...|- 2 ad. | 184 100 | 22.0) 15.0 20005 | 35402 1497 |...-- ree ERE EME Oe Ser ate coats: Dae Feb. 24/ Sad. | 186| 941 20.0| 15.0 20009 ....--- | 1498 |..... OSA cn ee ee Cae |.---do -..| Sad. | 189] 96| 21-0] 14.0 20010 35406} 1499 |..... 6 fe Fee Ae ey |_...do...| @ad. | 200} 107} 21.0] 14.0 20017 | 37109 | 1512 |...-. GO 2 aoe te VERE, Contained two large fetuses. PEROMYSCUS TIBURONENSIS Mearns. TIBURON ISLAND DESERT MOUSE. Peromyscus tiburonensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, pp. 720, 721 (original description).—MrILier and Rrun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., No.1, XXX, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 87 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Peromyscus] tiburonensis, E.iior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 175 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality—Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. (Type, skin and skull, No. 63186, U. S. National Museum.) (reographical range.—-An insular form, known only from the type locality (Tiburon Island). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 445 Description.—-Smallest of the desert mice. Length of hind foot, 19 mm.; ear from notch, 16. Skull, 24 by 12. Color above, drab gray, thickly mixed with black; sides ochraceous cinnamon; under surfaces and feet white; ears purplish black, almost naked; tail quite densely coated with blackish hairs. Cramial and dental characters —Compared with Peromyscus eremi- cus (Baird), its skull (fig. 107) is smaller, broad interorbitally, higher posteriorly, narrower and more depressed anteriorly. The audital Fic. 107.—PEROMYSCUS TIBURONENSIS. SKULL. @, DORSAL VIEW; 0, VENTRAL VIEW; C, LATERAL VIEW. bulls are much less developed, and the incisive foramina and inter- pterygoid fossa wider. The teeth (fig. 108) are considerably smaller. Remarks.—This species was taken on Tiburon Island by Mr. J. W. Mitchell, who accompanied Doctor McGee, of the Bureau of Ethnology, on his exploration in the region inhabited by the Seri Indians during the season of 1895-96. Though occurring beyond the scope embraced by the present report, the species is here introduced for the purpose of completing the history of the desert mice that are closely related to Peromyscus eremicus. This insular form was evidently de- Fig. 108—Prromyscus m. Zivedfrom P. eremrcus of the adjacent mainland, BuRONENSIS. Crowns or from which it differs in being smaller, with a sumes:b. urrer sexes, © G2rKer coloration, more hairy tail, and in having certain cranial peculiarities, described above. Genus SIGMODON Say and Ord (1825). Sigmodon Say and Orp, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [V, Pt. 2, 1825, p. 352. ay Denitition.—\. 7; M. = = sib. Type.—Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord. Characters.— Form ratlike, with prominent ears and a somewhat hairy tail (fig. 109). Grinding teeth, with crowns flattened and divided into S-shaped loops formed by plates of hard enamel inclos- ing asofter-substance (dentine); skull with a prominent supraorbital fronto-parietal ridge. 446 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Remarks.—Two species occur on the Mexican .Border: One (Sig- modon hispidus) ranges west from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to the western waters of the Colorado Basin, but does not reach the Pacific Coast Tract, though its range crosses four differentiation tracts, and it has become differentiated into a corresponding number of excellent subspecies. The other species (S. mininvus) is restricted to the Elevated Central Tract, which separates the two desert tracts and is known only from the boundary strip. SIGMODON MINIMUS Mearns. MEARNS COTTON-RAT. Sigmodon minimus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, pp. 129, 130, July 19, 1894 (original de- scription).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, pp. 220, 221—Mitter and Resn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 91 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900); XXXT, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 81 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902).—Battey, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XV, p. 114, June 2, 1902 (Synopsis of the North American species of Sigmodon). [Sigmodon] minimus, Ex.ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IT, 1901, p. 146 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 230 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality— Grassy hollows and_ flats between the most southern spurs of the Apache Mountains, near Monument No. 40, at an altitude of 1,500 meters. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 34483, U. S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Elevated Central Tract, along the Mexican Boundary, from Monument No. 40 west to Monument No. 111 in the Upper Sonoran Life Zone. Description.— Size, small; length, 240 mm. ; tail, 100; ear, 14; hind foot, 28; coat, bushy and hispid; under fur, dark plumbeous; Fig. 109.—S1@Mopon uisPipus ari- COarse Outer coat quite bristly, especially on cca ans aie Rowero&™ the sides of the head and neck; ears, feet, and tail densely hairy, the latter not distinctly bi- color; color of upper surface, grayish, the individual hairs being ringed with gray and brown, the brown annuli being blackish in their middle portion, fading to light-yellowish brown on their edges; under surface of body clayey buff; feet yellowish gray; ears densely clothed with MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 447 erayish hairs on inner surface, with their convex surface black ante- riorly and buff posteriorly; tail brownish black, somewhat lighter below, the hairs almost concealing the annul. Cranial characters —The skull (fig. 110), compared with skulls of Sigmodon hispidus and its races, is suort and high, with the restral portion shortened and the nasals more contracted apically. Corre- lated with the greater height of the brain case is the much deeper temporal fossa, which is divided by an approximately median lon- eitudinal osseous ridge into two nearly equal areas, the lower giving rise to that portion of the temporalis muscle which is inserted into the outer surface and posterior margin of the coronoid process of the mandible, the upper to that which is inserted in the anterior border and inner surface of the coronoid. In Sigmodon minimus these two parts of the temporalis muscle are of approximately equal size, while in S. hispidus the two are very unequal, the lower being much smaller than the upper. Fig. 110.—SIGMODON MINIMUS. SKULL. @, DORSAL VIEW; 6, VENTRAL VIEW; C, LATERAL VIEW. General remarks.—The original description of this species, written in the field, was based on two skins and three skulls, together with several fragments, all from the type-locality. At a present time thirteen additional skins from localities farther west, beyond the San Luis Mountains, are before me. These, allowing for season, are darker in color and somewhat larger. Dr. J. A. Allen has given the measurements of two adult males, taken at San Bernardino Ranch (Monument No. 77), by Mr. B. C. Condit, and these agree very closely with the dimensions of our specimens from the Santa Cruz Valley, near Monument No. 111. As the type of Sigmodon minimus was obtained at the western ‘edge of the Eastern Desert, it is possible, should its range be found to encod into the center of that tract, that the larger and darker central form may require separation as a geo- graphical race, with the Elevated Central Tract for its habitat. The typical form in that case would be restricted to the Eastern Desert Tract. For comparison with the type and topotypes of Sigmodon minimus, two adults, male and female, taken at Igo’s Ranch, at the 448 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. northern base of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, @ are selected, for the reason that they were taken at nearly the same season of the year, the type having been taken in April and these specimens in March, both being in faded winter pelage. The coloration of the Arizona specimens is much darker. The upper surface is composed of a mix- ture of plumbeous, black, gray, and ferruginous colors, the underfur being plumbeous black and the overhair black, banded with brown and rusty white, giving a coarsely grizzled aspect. Under surface tawny ochraceous buff. Feet rusty grayish white. Ears black on the anterior portion of the convex surface; residue of ear with the hairs tipped with rusty white. Tail brownish black, darkest above. Nine_ specimens from the Santa Cruz Valley, taken during November, are in fresh pelage and darker, with less rusty than those taken in early spring. For measurements see p. 452 Habits and local distribution.—This hairy-tailed cotton-rat lives in open, grassy country and is both nocturnal and diurnal. During excessively dry seasons many of them perish. SIGMODON HISPIDUS TEXIANUS (Audubon and Bachman). TEXAS COTTON-RAT, Arvicola teriana AupUBON and BacuMan, Quad. N. Am., IT, 1853, p. 229, pl. cxivi, fig. 2 (original figure and description). : Sigmodon hispidus texianus, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 175.— Bartey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 105, June 2, 1902 (part).—MILLER and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 91 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900); XXXI, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 80 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902). Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1889, p. 180 (in text); III, 1890, p. 186 (in part); p. 224 (in part; as to Texas specimens). [Sigmodon hispidus] terensis Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 144 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri, BaiLey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 106 June 2, 1902 (in part; as to specimens from Fort Clark and other portions of the Middle Texan Tract). — Type-locality—‘‘ This was first discovered on the river Brazos and afterwards seen in the country along the Nueces and Rio Grande, where chapparal thickets afford it shelter.” Geogra PN Fe range.—Southern Texas, east = the desert. aThese specimens are referred to by Mr. W. W. pean e in the Bulletin af ae American Museum of Natural History, New York (VII, 1895, p. 221), as follows: “A cotton-rat, prob- ably of this species [i. e., Sigmodon hispidus arizonx Mearns], is found at Igo’s ranch, at the north end of the Huachuca Mountains. It was said to be common in a moist garden plot. However, I had no opportunity of visiting the place.’’ Mr. Price collected a small series of S. hispidus arizonx at Fairbank, on the San Pedro River, only afew miles from Igo’s ranch, and naturally supposed the cotton-rats of the two places to be of the same species. It is interesting to find these two species living practically together here and also in the Yaqui River valley. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 449 Description.—Externally this species may be readily distinguished from the preceding (Sigmodon minimus) by its grayish-white under- surface, the finer grizzle of its upper surface, its less blackish tail, and considerably larger size. The skull of minimus may be immediately recognized by the characters pointed out above. Specimens of Sig- modon hispidus texianus, taken at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, near the upper Nueces River, may be regarded as typical of this form. They are a little paler than those from Brownsville, near the mouth of the Rio Grande. The upper surface is yellowish brown, finely mixed with black and dull grayish. The coloration is quite uniform, though there is less black on the sides than above. Under- surface grayish. white, the long white overhair permitting the gray underfur to show between them. | The underfur is plumbeous above, much paler than in S. minimus. Tail brownish black on upper lon- gitudinal third, dirty grayish elsewhere, duller above as the coat fades. The feet are grayish white.. Length, 250 mm.; tail, 100; ear from crown, 12.5; hind foot, 32. Skull, 32 by 19 mm. Remarks.—Dr. J. A. Allen® has clearly shown the validity of the subspecific characters of the Texas cotton-rat, and has also shown that it is the animal described as .{rvicola teriana by Audubon and Bachman. SIGMODON HISPIDUS BERLANDIERI (Baird). EASTERN DESERT COTTON-RAT, Sigmodon berlandieri Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 1855, p. 333; Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 504 (part); Rep. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., II, Pt. 2, Mam., p. 46 (oa) igmodon hispidus pallidus Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX, 1898, p. 405 (advance sheet issued Mar. 5, 1897)—Mituter and Reamn, Proc: Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 90 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri, Battey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 106, June 2, 1902 (in part) (Synopsis of the North American Species of Sigmodon).—MILLER and Run, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX XI, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 80 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902). [Sigmodon hispidus] pallidus, Exuror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I, 1901, p. 145 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [Sigmodon] hispidus berlandieri, Extror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, ee 227 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality— Left bank of the Rio Grande, opposite the initial “~~ Monument (No 1), and about six miles above El Paso, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. =358, U.S. National Museum.) ~ Geographical range.—Inhabits the edge of streams flowing through the ancient lake basins of the upper Rio Grande, in the Eastern Desert Tract. @See also p. 452. b Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., II, 1889, p. 175. 30639—No. 56—07 m——29 450 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Description.—This race is much smaller, paler, and grayer than Sigmodon hispidus texvanus or S. h. arizone, and lacks their brown color, which is replaced by gray. Above soiled grayish, finely mixed with black. Below pure white. Tail quite hairy, with the median upper surface dusky. Ear much larger, actually as well as relatively, than that of S. h. terianus. Length, 242 mm.; tail vertebre, 103; ear from crown, 14; hind foot, 30. Skull (about) 30 by 18 mm. (See also p. 453). The teeth are shown in fig. 111. Comparisons.—This, the smallest of the four geographical races of Sigmodon hispidus found on the Mexican line, differs from the almost equally pallid form of the Western Desert (Sigmodon hispi- ee pee Paina” 9 dus eremicus) in being of a grayish instead of a pious BERLANpiER:. Yellowish color, and in lacking the terminal nig aes arenas expansion of the nasals. The cotton-rat of the Lower serrzs, Mlevated Central Tract (S. h. arizone) is so much larger and darker than either of the desert forms (berlandiert and eremicus) that further comparison is unnecessary. SIGMODON HISPIDUS ARIZONZ Mearns. ARIZONA COTTON-RAT, Sigmodon hispidus arizone Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., I, p. 287, Feb. 21, 1890 (original description)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, 1891, p. 208 (in text); V, 1893, p. 28 (‘‘ One specimen from Granados [on the Yaqui River], Nov. 16”’); VII, 1895, p. 220 (critical remarks on a dozen specimens taken at Fairbank, on the San Pedro River, Arizona).—M1L_er and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 90 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900); XX XI, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 80 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902).—Batxey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 108, June 2, 1902 (Synopsis of the North American Species of Sigmodon). [Sigmodon hispidus] arizone, Evxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., Il, 1901, p. 144 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). ‘ [Sagmodon] hispidus arizone, Exxror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 228 (Mam. Mid. Am.). KGhl’-lé of the Hopi Indians. Tu’-sa or Ah-mé-lé of the Hualapai Indians. Type-locality.— Alfalfa fields on the Verde River at Fort Ver Yavapai County, Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. $3 American Museum of Natural History.) Geographical range.—Inhabits the Elevated Central Tract from Fort Verde, Arizona, to Granados, in Sonora, Mexico. Description.—Size large. Coloration darker than that of the desert forms (pallidus and eremicus) on either side of its range, but paler than in the coast forms (hispidus, littoralis, texianus, etc.). Above light yellowish brown, mixed with ashy, lined rather sparingly with black; below white; pelage everywhere plumbeous at base; tail dusky above, whitish below. Ears large, orbicular, clothed with de, 4 tr ad 09 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 451 bushy, yellowish brown hairs on both surfaces, more sparingly out- side. Pelage coarser and more hispid than that of any other form of this species on the Mexican Line. Length, 320 mm.; tail vertebra, 120; ear from crown, 18; hind foot, 36. Skull, 46 by 22 mm. in greatest dimensions. (See also p. 453.) The skull is high at the interorbital region, sloping down in either direction; nasal bones compressed apically. The dentition is very heavy. (Fig. 112.) Fig. 112.—SIGMODON HISPIDUS ARIZONA. SKULL OF TYPE. d@. DORSAL VIEW; 60, VENTRAL VIEW; rs C LATERAL VIEW. Remarks.—This is much the largest representative of the genus Sigmodon found within the United States. It is known only from the Verde River, in central Arizona; from the San Pedro River, at Fair- bank, in southern Arizona; and from Granados, on the Yaqui River, in Sonora, Mexico. SIGMODON HISPIDUS EREMICUS Mearns. WESTERN DESERT COTTON-RAT. Sigmodon hispidus eremicus Mmarns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX, 1898, p. 504 (advance sheet issued Mar. 5, 1897; original description ).—MILter and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 90 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Ma. to close of 1900); XXXI, Aug. 27, 1903 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902).—Bariry, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 107, June 2, 1902 (Synopsis of the North American Species of Sigmodon). [Sigmodon hispidus] eremicus, Exuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 145 (Synop. Mam. N. Am). [Sigmodon|] hispidus eremicus, Evxror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., [V, 1904, p. 227 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Ty pe-locality.— Colorado River bottom, 30 miles below Monument No. 204, in Sonora, Mexico. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 60319, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Inhabits marshes, alfalfa fields, and brushy ground in the vicinity of streams in the Western Desert Tract. Description.—Size medium. Coloration pallid and yellowish. Up- per surface yellow-brown mixed with gray and darker brown; sides and rump tinged with ochraceous. Under surface white, the gray undercoat appearing between the hairs. Feet grayish white. Tail 452 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. scantily haired, not distinctly dusky above. Iris hazel. Length, 27 mm.; tail vertebre, 130; ear from crown, 15; hind foot, 33. Skull, 20 by 35 mm. in greatest dimensions.* Nasal bones slightly expanded apically so as to produce a somewhat spatulate extremity. (Mig. 113.) Fig. 113.—SIGMODON HISPIDUS EREMICUS. SKULL OF TYPE. @, DORSAL VIEW; 6b, VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. Habits and local distribution —The Western Desert cotton-rat was found in abundance on both sides of the Colorado River from Yuma to the Gulf of California. It was most numerous about beds of wild ~-hemp which grow luxuriantly upon the broad savannas bordering the Colorado about the mouth of the tributary called the Hardy River or Hardys Colorado. On the Colorado Desert, where it lives in dense growths of arrowwood, this species extends along the Salton River as far as Seven Wells, in Lower California, becoming gradually scarce as the stream recedes from the Colorado River. Four females, taken March 24 and 25, 1894, would have given birth to four young each. Measurements of 48 specimens of the genus Sigmodon. Museum | | Rai acn ts number. | 5 Bl eel A ey SP | mM. 1 c oH | i) GS = $ . Sex and a ~ | | kk Locality. Date. : os |i Ala me) | [BE , ve. | a feel & fas . = (3) b oe 3) A =| ~ SEA erase ite ep reel ae oo ay || Ae cS) o | a a 3) De ne ao Sais elles | 5 z . . a | Sigmodon minimus. 1892. mm. mm. mm. | mm. | . . | ON187 | o2oe, | 1704" || Monument NosA0ns esses. eetemcc = Apr. 26 | bf ad. 203 94 | 14.0} 28.0 OS er | 21190 | 37290 | 1760 |..... GOs Se Se ee ete ee May 13| gad. | 223| 91) 12.0] 27.0 20612 | 35772 | 765 | La Noria, Santa Cruz River, near | Nov. 8| 9@ ad. 233 72 | 15.5] 31.5 Monument No. 111. 20613 | 35773 | 766 |...-- 0 shat ON eae |....do...| fim. | 212] 96) 13.0] 27.5 20648 | 35927 | 787 |....- Get 2 eee OA ee ae donc.) 4 9 SC Ists se BaD 20644 |....-<. 798 |....- ONAL careers Reet se Nov. 12| g. [see ia 110) | ee 29.5 20647 | 35788 | 802 |....- Goel Ae eS ON aoe med Nov. 13} ad. | 244| 100] 15.0] 28.5 20724 | 35869 849 |..... ip is seh eae eh a ent ote | Nov.28| gad. | 240] 98/140] 28.0 B07935|' S580") «SEG, -o. ep Sec Le ek eae tee eee le do...| gim. | 195] 88| 13.0] 26.0 | Sigmodon hispidus texianus. | igmo ispidus texianus se 21188 | 37293 | 2192 | Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.| Jan. 12 © ad. 248 | 1038) 14.¢C} 31.5 12701¢) 10995 | 2231 |....- One Sa. 2 a ee eae Jan. 17 | 9/ad: 254 | 102 | 13.0] 32.0 83305 | 83305 | 2269 |..... 6 Ko eee eee BDL Re i Ee tek Feb. 5| dad. 246 95 | 12.5 | 31.5 a See also p. 453: b-Type. ce American Museum of Natural History. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. Measurements of 48 specimens of the genus Sigmodon—Continued. Museum number. a4 i a mn 20103 35464 23700 1841 3710 (a) 23720 1848 23730 1842 60293 60293 60294 60294 60290 60290 60303 60303 60291 60291 60300 60300 60295 60295 60292 60292 60297 | 60297 60298 60298 | 60296 60296 60299 60299 60305 60305 60304 60304 60301 60301 60318 60318 60317 60317 60319 60319 60310 60310 60312 60312 60313 60313 | 60306 60306 60315 60315 60307 | 60307 60309 60309 60308 60308 60314 | 60314 60316 | 60316 60311 | 60311 60320 | 60320 | §249b | 6592 | 453 a Type of pallidus. b American Museum of Natural History. c Type. d In skin. e Head and body 130 mm. J Head and body 150 mm. g Head and body 163 mm. 4 + : 1 : Se | tke 2 a ; Sex and SE : | Be $3 Locality. Date. age. 3 3 5 | a3 = Sry leaps ame oe S Beehes enw te Y E. - = ai | Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri. 1892. mm.|mm.| mm.| mm. 1461 | Initial Monument No.1, onthe Rio | Feb. 19 | a¢ ad. 242 | 103 | 14.0; 30.0 Grande, near El Paso. Sigmodon hispidus arizonez. 1885. | | 242 | Bort Verde, Yavapai County, Ari- | Sept. 18 | ef ad. 320 | 116 | 18.0 36.0 Dao lh bee doy eet cae eed cr hese eee Mae doe cleats 308 | 129 15.0| 35.0 2008 |e cre GOs oss ee aac eee aye Se Oats 2 Zo juv. 270) 236 17.0 | 36.0 | 1886. | ASG Nine: Ons Pea ate eee eee teeter Sept. 3| ¢ ad. 313 | 145 | 19.0 | 37.0 Sigmodon hispidus eremicus. 1894. | | 3135 | Colarade River at Monument No. | Mar. 15| @ad. 287 | 134) 15.0] 33.0 S136 sana CG et ae ce eee eee ees as|) Cen 9) eee 111 | 14.0 | 32.0 SEY Eee am Olea SORES ee Da ee ee ade mer Be Ol-e |) catia |) 216 98 | 14.5 | 28.0 SSe bons LE an oe Nene Seen tee Mar. 17| Zim. | 236| 108 | 16.0| 32.0 BoM eeceeiol = Seok Mice 2 eee Wee meee Mar. 19| @juv. | 215 | 100/ 13.5 | 30.0 3240 |___.. arse ea he nan Se Ok enn Mar. 20| sjuv. | 194] 77) 13.3] 29.0 3269 |... GOe Be 42-2 eee cee Mar. 22 9 ad. 274 121 | 14.0] 33.5 Spey, |e ho RRO aN Scene Eo 3 Mar. 26| Qim. | 223| 106 | 15.0] 31.0 3333 | Colotade River at Monument No. | Mar. 28| ¢im 224| 107 | 15.0] 30.0 eee 205: SBBLE ll ye oe GO 8 ee ae a ee eee med! |b ads 245 | 114 16.0 | 33.0 Reo} ieee dos. eR ee os See Bed Oees | aor ad: 248 | 115] 16.5] 32.0 B35) Mesee GOR a SS ee ee eae dO s|> Orad’ 247 | 114 | 15.0) 33.0 3346 |....- doze aa loins Reh dene ease ee ee = Mar. 30} 9 juv. | 210 96 | 16.0] 30.0 SBE Sea dO Aes Saris ee eee eee sesh ece|| Ook, 233 | 111 | 16.0} 31.0 3518) lee Gee Se eee See ee edomes |e aac: 229 | 108 | 16.5 | 32.0 3365 | Well at Cienega, 30 miles south of | Mar. 24] 9 ad. 271 | 121) 15.0} 32.0 Monument No. 204. 330645 22=2 COR en sce et neem ert £92-00m2a)) Gv ad- 263 112 15.0 | 33.0 S3b7 ean Kniss ona tee Mea ....do...] eg ad. | 280] 128 | 15.0] 34.0 3389 | Colorado River, Sonora, opposite | Mar. 25 9 ad. 252 | 109] 15.0} 31.0 mouth of Hardy River. | 3390) |2 a2. = GOe St io Meet ae wie as endnote eee Sees Kolin well St Eye k 268 | 115 15.0) 33.0 Sah Ly Be aa (5 (0) Aeneas Pe Roe o> oat a ae Pee COs eae sedi 2058) LOOM) SHON iase0 AN cedat eee sis ty ee ee baer gAMe eihed=, MiecP tele Ram | 15.5 | 32.0 3410 |....- log 1, eGo aie ease kes Mar. 26] Gad. | 240 106 | 14.0 | 31.0 Oa Geass (0 (oye eee ee pes TAOS SORA RE eS | Mar. 27 Qad. | 244 108 | 14.8 | 32.0 Saye sees (LOSE ae ee eee nee nae a ee bee sdOnese en jer WUT te TOR a 2 eee SATS fleece: Gouna NR ee 2 [Sehdo-.2|” Qrads 552381!) 908 | 14°81 3150 3431 |... 2 RAR Sn Aen le GR TE eR pe Mar .28| Gad. | 276 130/ 15.0) 32.0 agp) eae Plone en keenest es ace ele lhe do Sad. | 254°) 126 | 15.0 | 32.0 | 3433 |....- DO Se 2 aoe seen ance ae be se do ...| f/f ad | Lice | ere | 15.5 | 31.0 3482 | Fort Yuma, San Diego County, Apr. 3|g¢ad. |......|....-. 114.5 | 32.0 California. | 1157 | Seven Wells, Salton River, Sonora... Apr 17 ° ad. | 252 | 120 | 15.0} 33.0 | 454 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genwvis ORWVZOMGS Baird sass). Oryzomys Barrp, Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 458. Dentition.—l. ; M. 2=2=16. Ty pe.— Mus es tobe. Characters.— Body slender; tail long, scaly, and somewhat hairy; fore foot with two large oval pelt and three small rounded digital tubercles; hind foot with four large rounded digital tubercles and two plantar tubercles, a small rounded one near the outer side and a large elongate one near the inner margin posteriorly; belly not white; incisors without grooves; molars with tubercles arranged in two longi- tudinal rows; skull strongly ridged above the orbits. Remarks.—Two species of Oryzomys, O. palustris texensis Allen and O. aquaticus Allen, have been described from Texas. We did not meet with them. ORYZOMYS PALUSTRIS TEXENSIS Allen.« TEXAS RICEFIELD MOUSE. Oryzomys palustris terensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 177, May 31, 1894 (original description).—MerriaM, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., I11, p. 276, July 26, 1901 (synonymy and footnote).—MiLLEer and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 94 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900); XXXI, p. 84. [Oryzomys palustris] terensis, Ex.aor, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 147 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Ty pe-locality— Rockport, Aransas County, Texas. Geographical range.—Southeastern Texas, in the lower Austral Zone. Description.—VThe original description reads as follows Above very pale yellowish gray-brown, varied with blackish over the middle of the dorsal region, forming an indistinct blackish dorsal band; sides yellowish gray, very slightly varied with blackish tipped hairs. Below clear grayish white, the fur plumbeous at base. Total length (of type, No. 2488, $ ad., Rockport, Texas, Nov. 15, 1893, H. P. Attwater), 277 mm.; head and body, 137; tail vertebra, 140; hind foot, 30.5. Seven adult males give the following, based on collector’s measurements taken from fresh specimens: Total length, 249 to 280, averaging 264; head and body, 122 to 146, aver- aging 131; tail vertebra, 122 to 140, averaging 132; hind foot, 28.5 to 30.5, averaging 30. This is simply a large pallid form of the O. palustris group. The Rockport series, when compared with Louisiana and Florida specimens of 0. palustris natator Chapm.,) is strik- ingly different in coloration, about as different, and differing much in the same way, as the Brown Rat (Mus decumanus) and the muskrat. The color differences are much less when the Rockport series is compared with North Carolina specimens (true O. palustris), but are still very appreciable, while the size is much larger. a Doctor Merriam observes (aoe Washington een of Sciences, mI, p. 276, jute 26, 1901): “‘I am unable to distinguish Allen’s subspecies texensis, either externally or by the skulls, from O. palustris from Raleigh, North Carolina, and Dismal Swamp, Virginia. The brain case may average a trifle narrower, but the difference is very slight.’’ Doctor Allen still regards the form as a recognizable subspecies. bSee Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, p. 44, Mar. 17, 1893. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 455 The following comparative measurements indicate the average size of the three forms (measurements in millimeters): Number of STEN Total Noi Hind- Fae: specimens. oGaHiby.. length.| Til | foot. | he | OS DAUUSIRSI Ce ee Gish Ss te sees ee | Raleigh, North Carolina....-.......- 237 | 120 | 30 OR DS NOLALOTAC, ae | isto (va ae fase, a oe GF aiMeSville LOL Aen eee eee ee 286 136 33 Oxpstenensis=s= ..-=- TRO ea eae? Rockport Dexa ssnses see ee eee 264 132 | 30 | | a Cf. Chapman, idem., p. 44. This is doubtless the large pale form mentioned by Doctor Coues (Mon. N. Am. Roden. 1877, p. 116) as occurring at Neosho Falls, Kansas. All of the Oryzomys thus far examined from Brownsville, Texas, haye proved to be O. aquaticus—a very different species from any form of the O. palustris group. On the other hand, Corpus Christi Chapman, |. c., p. 45) and Rockport specimens have all proved referable to what is here termed O. p. texensis. The Rockport series numbers 29 specimens, and includes young of various ages, middle- aged specimens, and eight or ten that are fully adult. Two were taken in March, one in January, and the rest between October 4 and December 5. One (No. 65, Coll. H. P. Att- water) is exceptionally rufescent. This is the single example mentioned by Mr. Chapman (I. c., p. 45) as apparently referable to his O. p. natator. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 276.) The Texas form is probably subspecifically distinct from Oryzomys palustris. I have recently compared a series of topotypes of palustris from New Jersey with series from Virginia and South Carolina, the latter practically topotypes of Arvicola oryzivora Bachman (=Ory- zomys palustris oryzivorus, Rhoads)%, and find the northern form to be distinguishable from the others by its smaller ears (almost as small as those of natator from Florida), more grizzled pelage above and below, slightly shorter tail, and more robust skull. If not the subspecies fea- ensis, the Ricefield mouse of Texas must be called Oryzomys palustris oryzworus (Bachman). ORYZOMYS AQUATICUS Allen. ALLEN RICEFIELD MOUSE, Oryzomys aquaticus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, p. 289, June 30, 1891 _ (original description).—MerriaMm, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., III, p. 277, July 26, 1901 (Synopsis of the Rice Rats [genus Oryzomys] of the United States and Mexico).—MiLter and Resn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 92 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900).—Exttior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 146, fig. 32 (skull and teeth). Type-locality.— Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Geographical range. ee anion zone, in the Tamaulipan Tract, southeastern Texas. Description.—Size large; tail long; upper parts yellowish brown; under parts buff; tail brown above, yellowish below. Total length, 290 min.; tail vertebrae, 150; hind foot, 33. Skull massive, high inter- a American Naturalist, XXXVI, No. 428, August, 1902, p. 662. 456 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. orbitally, with a heavy supraorbital ridge extending to the occiput ; occipito-nasal length, 36 mm.; zygomatic breadth, 20; tooth-row, 5. This species may be Sent distinguished pean ae by its yellowish instead of grayish belly, and its generally yellower colora- tion and larger size. Genus REITHRODONTOMYS Giglioli (18783): Mus, Aupuson and Bacuman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., VIII, 1842, p. 307. Hesperomys, WAGNER, Wiegm. Arch., 1848 (2), p. 51. Reithrodon, Lr Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, pp. 410, 413. N. Am., 1857, p. 447 (not of Waterhouse). Reithrodontomys G1evrout, Ricer. intorn. alla distrib. geog. gener., 1873, p. 60. Ochetodon Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 184. Description.—Externally similar to Peromyscus. Size small. Tail usually long and scantily coated with hair (fig. 115c). Feet as shown in fig. 115a,6. The molar teeth (fig. 115 d to g) resemble those of Peromyscus, but the upper incisors differ in being strongly grooved (fig. 115h, 7). Seven forms of this genus inhabit the region contiguous to the Mexican Boundary Line. Five of these occur commonly on the line; one in Sonora, 150 miles south of the line, and one in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, about 25 miles north of it. These forms may be considered as belonging to two groups, one of which contains three long-tailed, reddish forms of the so-called mexicanus group (Reithro- dontomys mexicanus, R. laceyr, and R. fulvescens), the other four more- grayish, short-tailed forms of the megalotis group (R. megalotis, R. megalotis deserti, R. arizonensis, and R. longicauda). Dr. J. A. Allen, in a recent paperon the genus Reithrodontomys,® considered the four forms of the megalotis group as constituting three species (R. mega- lotis, R. arizonensis, and R. longicauda), and one subspecies (2. mega- lotis deserti). I have followed him in this for the reasons that I have seen no specimens of 2. arizonensis,? or of intergrades between PR. megalotis deserti and R. longicauda, though I strongly suspect that the form from southern California, recognized by Doctor Allen under the name of [?eithrodontomys longicauda pallidus (Rhoads), actually repre- sents, in part, intergrades between F. longicauda and R. m. deserti, the remaining specimens tabulated being true R. longicauda (espe- cially those from the Cofst Range Mountains, Jacumba, Nachoguero Valley, Cameron’s Ranch, San Isidro, Jamul Creek, Dulzura, and Santa Isabel) and R. m. deserti (as those collected by Mr. Holzner, at Seven Wells and Gardner’s Laguna certainly are). In fact, while it is certain that Mr. Rhoads described as Reithrodontomys pallidus a specimen from Santa Isabel, California, which is indistinguishable , Mam. a Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 107-143, May 21, 1895. b It is possible that this reoeanuia a connecting form becareen the mexicanus and mega- lotis groups. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. | SADT from topotypes of Baird’s Reithrodontomys longicauda, his R. pallidus thus becoming a complete synonym of 2. longicauda, it is equally plain that Allen’s pallidus is thoroughly composite, his table of 157 speci- mens embracing series of true longicauda and typical deserti, which I myself examined and measured in the field, from several localities on the Colorado Desert and the Pacific slope, west of the Coast Range, as well as specimens from the San Bernardino Valley and other locali- ties, which perhaps represented intergrades between the form of the interior desert region (2. m. deserti) and that of the Pacific Coast strip (PR. longicauda). I regard it as probable that the four forms of the R. megalotis group, named above, will eventually be proved to be conspecific, in which case the latter three (arizonensis, deserti, and longicauda) will have to stand as subspecies of Reithrodontomys mega- lotis (Baird), which was the first one named. The several forms of this genus known from the region of the Bound- ary may, perhaps, be identified by reference to the following KEY TO REITHRODONTOMYS FOUND ON THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. a. Total length more than 150 mm. b. Total length less than 170 mm. Above yellowish brown mixed with black, but with- out a darker vertebral area; sides faintly fulvous. -Reithrodontomys laceyi (p. 458). bb. Total length more than 170 mm. ce. Length, 178 mm.; tail vertebree, 99; ear, 12. Above grayish brown with a yellow- ish wash; sides strong yellowish fulvous; below dull whitish. Reithrodontomys mexicanus intermedius (p. 457). ec. Length, 172 mm; tail vertebrae, 99; ear, 14. Above pale yellowish brown, lined with black, with a blackish median area; sides light yellowish; below white. Reithrodontomys fulvescens (p. 459). aa. Total length less than 150 mm. d. Coloration pale, above yellowish gray, lined with darker, and more fulvous on sides. e. Tail one-half the total length; color above yellowish gray, considerably mixed with blackish; pelage full and soft. ---- Reithrodontomys megalotis (p. 460). ee. Tail more than half the total length; color above yellowish, but little mixed with darker; pelage short and somewhat harsh. Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti (p. 462). dd. Coloration dark; above yellowish brown, lined with blackish, with a darker median dorsal area. jf. Length, 148 mm.; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, 17. Top of head grayish Drowns a een mar pias aS ar ee Reithrodontomys longicauda (p. 464). Sf. Length, 149; tail vertebra, 78; hind foot, 17. Top of head reddish brown. Reithrodontomys arizonensis (p. 459). REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS INTERMEDIUS Allen. TAMAULIPAS HARVEST-MOUSE, - Reithrodontomys mexicanus intermedius ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 136, May 21, 1895 (original description); VIII, 1896, p. 236 (in text)—MiILLEer and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 99 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). 458 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ochetodon mexicanus, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, p. 223, Apr. 29, 1891, (Bee County, Texas; Santa Teresa, Tamaulipas).—THomas, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1888, p. 447 (Duval County, Texas). [Reithrodontomys] (mexicanus) intermedius, Euro, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 153 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Rieithrodontomys| mlexicanus] intermedius, Ex.ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, pp. 257 and 264 (Mam. Mid. Am.). ‘Type-locality.— Brownsville, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Geographical distribution.—Tropical zone of northeastern Mexico and adjacent part of Texas, extending up the Gulf coast as far as Corpus Christi. In the interior of Texas, represented by Reithro- dontomys laceyi Allen. The following is the original description: Description.—Similar in size and proportions to R. mexicanus, but very much paler. Adult.—Above grayish brown, washed with pale yellowish, varied slightly with darker hairs over the median area of the back, lighter on the sides, and becoming more yellow along the lateral line. Below white, the hairs plumbeous at base and broadly tipped with white. Ears brown, darker toward the margin on the outer surface, thinly haired, the very short hairs on the apical third of the inner surface rufous. Feet soiled white. Tail dusky, nearly unicolor (the lower surface a little lighter than the upper), nearly naked, the annuli nearly always conspicuously visible. Young.—Paler and more nearly uniform above, with less of the pale fulvous wash; beneath with less white to the tips of the hairs; the dusky earmark more conspicuous. Measurements.—Type, 2 ad.: Length, 194; tail vertebrae, 108; hind foot, 21; ear (from skin), 13; ratio of tail vertebrae to total length, 54.6 ’ Fifteen specimens from Brownsville, Texas, measure: Length, 178 (160-198); tail ver- tebre, 98.7 (90-110); hind foot, 20 (19-21); ear (from skin), 12 (11-13); ratio of tail ver- tebre to total length, 55.5 (53-58.5). (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 136.) REITHRODONTOMYS LACEYI Allen. LACEY HARVEST-MOUSE. Reithrodontomys laceyi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 235, Nov. 21, 1896 (original description).—Mri~ter and Ren, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec., 27, 1901, p. 97 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to the close of 1900). Reithrodontomys mexicanus intermedius ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 136, May 21, 1895, (in part); 1896, p. 66 (neighborhood of San Antonio, Texas). [Reithrodontomys] laceyi, E.1or, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I[, 1901, p. 153 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality—Watson’s Ranch, 15 miles south of San Antonio, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Geographical range-—Lower Sonoran Zone of the Middle Texas Tract. The following is the original description: Description.—Above yellowish brown, strongly mixed with blackish, the black-tipped hairs increasing in abundance toward the median line without, however, forming a distinct dorsal area generally an indistinct fulvous lateral line, varying in distinctness according to the season. Below grayish white, the fur plumbeous at base and tipped broadly with MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY 459 whitish. Feet dull soiled white; ears large, thinly haired, brown externally, yellowish brown internally. Tail long, distinctly bicolor, the upper third dull brown, the rest soiled grayish white, covered with fine short hairs, which form a slight pencil at tip. The young are darker with less fulvous. In the new full coat the fulvous tint is stronger, the lateral line broader and brighter, and the lower surface whiter. In worn breeding pelage the tints are all paler. Measurements.—Type specimen, $ ad.: total length, 156; tail vertebrae, 89; hind foot, 19; ear (from skin), 12. Sian Nl Length. | Tail vertebre.| Hindfoot. | ot 2 | His BESe Fee | (a) 1002 Vays Rese eS ee WORE Pay So oe ey Miele Pe Ee Yee Se 158 (142-165) 90 (84-100) 19 (18-19.5) SMeMmalesic ae 2-9 eit oe BEI Se Sn Be ea SL Sei ey ary 152 (140-156) 85(79-89) 18.5 (162-19) (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIIT, 1896, p. 235.) REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS Allen. SONORAN HARVEST-MOUSE. Reithrodontomys mexicanus fulvescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 319, Noy. 7, 1894 (original description). Reithrodontomys fulvescens, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 188, May 21, 1895, (10 miles south of Oposura, Sonora, Mexico); VII, Art. VI, June 29, 1895, p. 235.—MILLErR and Resn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 96 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Rleithrodontomys] m[exicanus] fulvescens, Etizor, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, pp. 257 and 264 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Ty pe-locality.—Ten miles south of Oposura, Sonora, Mexico, in the valley of the Yaqui River. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Geographical range.—Basin of the Yaqui River, Sonora, Mexico. Lower Sonoran (and Tropical?) Zone. The following is the original description: Description.—Above yellowish brown, more or less heavily lined with black; a bright, strongly marked fulvous lateral line; below whitish, the basal two-thirds of the pelage plumbeous; ears dusky externally, rusty within, well clothed with fine short hairs; tail indistinctly bicolor, pale brown above, lighter below, sparsely haired, but the hairs pretty thoroughly concealing the annulations; feet soiled white, heels sparsely covered as far as the first tubercle with fine short hairs. Measurements.—Total length (type), 1838 mm.; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot, 19; ear, 14. Average of three adults (2 males, 1 female): Total length, 172; tail vertebrae, 99; hind foot, 19.3; ear, 14.7. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 319.) This [species] is represented by three adult specimens taken by Mr. B. C. Condit at Oposura, Sonora, May 31 and June 1, 1894. REITHRODONTOMYS ARIZONENSIS Allen. CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAIN HARVEST-MOUSE. Reithrodontomys arizonensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 1384, May 21, 1895 (original description); VII, p. 235, June 29, 1895 (Rock Creek, Chiricahua Mountains, altitude about 8,000 feet).—MiLLer, and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 460 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 96 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Reithrodontomys longicauda, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 320 (in text). [Reithrodontomys] arizonensis, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 153 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Ty pe-locality.—Rock Creek in the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona (altitude, 8,000 feet). (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Geographical range.—Known only from the type-locality. The foilowing is the original description: Description.—Adult.—Above brown, lined with black, and washed with reddish fulvous, including the whole top of the head; middle‘of back slightly darker than rest of the dorsal surface; fulvous of sides strongly golden, forming a prominent broad lateral line, extend- . ing from the cheeks to the tail. Below grayish white, the fur plumbeous at base, with a rust-colored patch on the breast. Ears blackish, particularly along the outer border above; feet soiled white; tail nearly naked, indistinctly bicolor, dusky on the dorsal surface, gray below. Young.—Grayish brown above, ashy plumbeous below. Tail sparsely haired, the hairs only partly concealing the annulations. Measurements.—Type: Length, 152; tail vertebre, 78; hind foot, 18; ear, 13; ratio of tail vertebre to total length, 51.3. Four adults measure: Length, 149 (145-152); tail vertebre, 78 (74-80); hind foot 17 (16-18); ear, 13 (12.5-14). g This species finds its nearest relative in R. longicauda of California, from which it differs n more reddish coloration, particularly on the head. In size it is also considerably above the average of R. longicauda. Geographically the two forms are widely separated, so far as known R. longicauda not being found east of the San Jacinto Mountains in southern Cali- fornia. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIT, 1895, p. 134). REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS (Baird). BIG-EARED HARVEST-MOUSE. Reithrodon megalotis Barrp, Rep. Pacific Railroad Surv., VIII, 1857, p. 451, pl. Lxxxrv, fig. 4 (skull); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., II, Pt. 2, Mam., 1859, p. 43, pl. XLvul, fig. 4 (structural details) ; pl. Lxx, fig. 6 (structural details). Between Janos, Chihuahua and San Luis Springs (= Lang’s Ranch), Grant County, New Mexico. Reithrodontomys megalotis, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p. 320 (Fairbank, Arizona); VII, p. 234, June 29, 1895 (Fairbank and San Bernardino Ranch, Ari- zona); VII, p. 125, May 21, 1895 (monograph of Reithrodontomys).—MILLeR and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 98 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Reithrodontomys] megalotis, ELiior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I, 1901, p. 151 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 259, fig. “43” (skull), fig. “xir’’ (animal). (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.— Janos Plain, on wagon road between Janos, Chi- huahua, and San Luis Springs (Monument No. 66), Grant County, New Mexico. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. $332, U.S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone of the Elevated Central Tract. Dr. J. A. Allen has recorded the capture of this harvest mouse at Silver City, New Mexico; at Fairbank, Fort Huachuca, and St. Thomas, Arizona, and at other places not far from the Mexican Line. Found it as far east as Monument No. 15. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 461 Description.—Form stout. Average measurements of four adults (3 males and 1 female): Length, 141 mm.; tail vertebrae, 70.3; ear from crown, 11.7; length of hind foot, 17.2; skull (fig. 114), 21 bi: Taleo: Pelage long and soft; tail and ears rather hairy. Above yellowish gray, with the hairs ringed with darker, and broadly pointed with blackish in the median dorsal area; sides more fulvous; chest some- times with a small rust-colored spot; feet, and under surface, white, the hairs gray at base; tail bicolored, drab above and white below; ears externally drab, mixed with a few reddish and hoary hairs, inter- nally scantily coated with reddish hairs, which form a tuft at ante- rior base of ear; whiskers colorless, reaching to shoulders. Fig. 114—REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS. SKULL. d@, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. Remarks.—The above description of this small mouse is based on four adults, taken near the type-locality, April 7 to 29, 1892. Typical megalotis was found by us at only two points: A single specimen was taken east of the Mimbres Valley, in New Mexico, near Monument No. 15, about 50 miles west of the initial Monument; and three were afterwards taken at the Upper Corner Monument, about 100 miles west of the Rio Grande, and almost due north of Janos—the place where the species was first discovered by Dr. C. B. Kennerly, of the old Mexican Survey, under Major Emory. We did not succeed in getting any more specimens of the genus Reithrodontomys until the survey party reached the Colorado River, whence it was abundant to the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Measurement of 3 specimens of Reithrodontomys megalotis. Museum num- | ¢ | 3 : bers. = | ior & = iS) —_ A g d | iz =I » s B a, mae | 2 a Locality. Deter |e 2 ot oscil o,2 | age. — D Cis) io) 2 = Se | [ast ee et = E 5 2 |} 8 |/8/8 = iy iv S | Ne tS) 3 =A 3 a a oem leet mal) exe 1 a | 1892. mm. mm.| mm.) mm. 21365 37080 | 1650 | Monument No. 15, about 50 | Apr. 7 7 ad. | 137 72\el7 0.) SS miles west of E] Paso. | | 21162 37081 | 1701 | Monument No. 40, about 100 | Apr. 26 gad. | 140 66 | 17.0] 12.0 miles west of El Paso. 21163 SLOS2 Wel VO2 lorem GO ene toes ot aoe nice ee a ee OSE me Oy Ads 145 73 | 18.5 11.5 | 462 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS DESERTI Allen. DESERT HARVEST-MOUSE. Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 127, May 21, 1895 (original description) —MiLiter and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 98 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Reithrodontomys megalotis| pallidus, Ex.ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 152 (part) (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [Reithrodontomys longicaudus| pallidus, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 622 (part) (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.— Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada. Geographical range.—From southern Nevada and Inyo County, Cali- fornia, south to the mouth of the Colorado River, Sonora, and Lower California. Description.—Slightly smaller than R. megalotis, with a longer tail; color paler; pelage, shorter and harsher. (Fig. 115.) M casurements.—Average of 10 adult males: Total length, 140 mm.; tail vertebre, 75; hind foot, 18; ear from crown, 11.35. Average of 10 adult females: Total length, 144 mm.; tail ver- tebre, 75; hind foot, 17.7; ear from crown, 11.7. Remarks. — Forty specimens taken along the Colorado River during March, 1894, exhibit but slight individual and age varia- tions. Adults are all pure white below, excepting afew that have Fig. 115.—REITHRODONTOMYS M.DESERTI. @, HIND- clay-colored pectoral patches. FOOT; b, FOREFOOT; ¢c, TAIL; d, ouTER LATERAL They vary some in the intensity wa on ME wan sua OF SHEE of the yellowish color of the up- OF LOWER MOLARS; h, LOWER INCISORS; 7, UPPER per surface. Those that are ae are immature are less yellowish than adults, and half-grown young are drab-gray above, grayish white below. A smaller series from Salton and New rivers, on the Colorado Desert, taken during April, closely resemble those from the Colorado, but are a shade paler and more grayish. I am indebted to Dr. C. Hart Merriam for the opportunity of exam- ining a large series of topotypes and the type of this subspecies from Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada. These differ from those taken by ourselves along the Colorado River, from Yuma to the Gulf of Cali- fornia, and thence westward across the Colorado Desert, in being of a MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 463 paler, dusty, grayish color and in having more hairy tails, the hairs concealing the caudal annuli. Those from the Colorado River are almost as pale, but have a more yellowish coloring. An extreme specimen (Cat. No. 60157, U.S.N.M.), from the Colorado at Monu- ment No. 204, is of a yellowish rust-color, almost exactly intermediate in coloration between the type of R. megalotis deserti and a specimen of the R. mexicanus group from Mazatlan, Mexico, and suggests an affinity between the R. mexicanus and R. megalotis groups. Habits and local distribution —In March, 1894, we found the desert harvest-mouse abundant along the Colorado River from Yuma to the Gulf of California. Its favorite home was amongst the dense growth of arrowwood that covers so large an extent of the Colorado bottom lands. On the Colorado Desert a few were taken at Seven Wells and Gardners Laguna, on the Salton River, in Lower California, in April, 1894. Females taken April 15 and 20, 1894, would have given birth to 4 young each. Record and measurements of 39 specimens of Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti. Museum num- | = | panay tS S ber. 3 Z 2 3 = er | RSs | a ui | Sex and = 5 5 = 5 : 3) = > Ke) a 5 = x Bebe Eile om ia. | Sa oe . 1894 mm.| mm. mm.) mm 60155 60155 | 3116 Monument No. 204, on bank of | Mar. 15 | Q ad. 121} 65] 17.0] 10.5 | Colorado River. | 60154 | 60154 | 3145 |.._.. Onc cae eae geen ee | Mar. 16) fad. 139 | 76 | 18.0] 11.0 60145 | 60145 | 3187 |_.... GOs cee Ne REE RE ae se | Mar. 17| @Qim. 132) |) 368i) 7.0) |s ette 0 60156 GOL56212o2760| eed OMe einen ees See eae | Mar. 25| gad. i31| 71/ 17.0] 11.0 60157 60157 | 3277 |..__. EGO See pad SS Fa do...) 2 Gade 3/051 | 578) 7.0. tis 0 60148 60148 | 3295 Monument No. 205, on bank of | Mar. 26 f ad. 140 | 71 18.0) 12.0 | Colorado River. 60149 60149 | 3296 |..... LO See Bre ee Po i A do...| Q@juv. | 116] 60|160} 11.0 60151 | 60151 | 3298 |..... Pte er Le ne Oe ee doza 2 117 | 59 | 16.0) 11.0 60150 | 60150 | 3299 |..... Telit Sh ae Stree Pe Ph eee dope ie Obj uve imal 27a em OGn lal ONO 60147 | “ 60147 | 3300 |..... RO ake he pai thee Dien el eras do...| @ F Ta0" [cenit i770) pectiise 60132 | 60132 | 3315 |_...- Ojaee es SAY Bedee were got | Mar. 27| 9Q ad. 128 | 68| 17.0) 11.5 60087 | 60087 | 3316 |..... Goes Ee ae ae fa doe wes 118| 61/| 16.5] 11.0 60088 60088 | 3317 |_...- LOY ee Pia on cee Es |... .do 4 ad. 146 | 80] 19.0} 12.0 60089 Banco Rainn |e Vagn ee nia heel ete! [odes eel Mag 138 | 79 | 18.5 | 11.0 60131 60131 | 3319 |....- OMe eee AL ne eee oe (esc :dOSe| 131 Su le lira Og mediteO 60083 60083 | 3328 |... GSE Suen arte ee Set Slee | Mar. 28| gad. 142} 75 | 18.0) 11.0 60085 60085 | 3329 |..... ORE REE eee eee eee (eee dons ax 136| 74| 180] 10.5 60084 | 60084 | 3330 |..... GR Sede Sept Pa ae eee (anordom es anc | 13) 735) 170} 0 60086 60086 | 3331 |....- Yi Sone seth cas 98 Io dosselnact | 128) | 65. | 1720 |? 15 61620 |Alcoholic. 3850 |___.- GOES ete Cokes Mitr 20a cotta ee ele a | eee eee 60140 60140 | 3351 |...-- COM ae ee. cee ne Mar. 30| Had 144] 74|180] 12.0 60138 60138 | 3852 |_.... LO ere ee a ae ant ty SU et do...| Qad. | 135] 70/17.5|] 12.0 60137 | 60137 | 3353 |...-- Gham teat ee S See NG eet ea el eee doseeieac 124} 65 | 17.0] 10.5 60134 GOI34 | 3354 | __. WO i eas be ee doz} Gcadis [12k sre ee © Ike ce 60139 60139 | 3355 |....- Oi ates terter Reger te eee [endows 2 Osim 143} 74] 18.0] 12.0 60141 | 60141 | 3356 |....- donee eens tee Ae Beene Ls Bier ose mecyeade ae |e Loan) mGon mlGrog eas 60135 “60135 | 3357 |....- GLUE RE Seared be eee ae taal aes dou.) =¢ | 137 73 | 18.0 | 11.0 60133 | COE ee GT went ayes ep sec Cee gear eeredovey ¢ | 119| 61]|17.0| 11.0 464 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record and measurement of 39 specimens of Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti—Continued. Museum num-| £ | ; | 13 g 3 : |xcetaeant ber. rs | | | 4 | 8 | ae lape a 20 oy | o0 2 aes) ae o BE Locality. | Date. are and ele | = S Ee = = oe Se ao S = | 9 Cra ead ce uc) a | tetas apes raion Mies : = | | = Zh Zi 6 | Bs \/e |i | Aw | ; |= ae | | | ‘ | 1894. /mm. mm. | mm. | mm 60162 60162 | 3373 | Well at Cienega, 30 miles south | Mar. 24 Ora’ =| 1475 | e745) al roel ertzn Ol | of Monument No. 204, Sonora, Mexico. | 60160 | 60160 | 3374 |....- CO Raa e sh abe eM iok te ao te ae-edo Jad. | 145 76 | 17.5 12.0 60122 60122 | 3375 |..... 1) See ek ae 3 aie eel Se ec ateleea|) ce hired 136) |x) £640) ce eee 60161 60161 | £Neg fe ata ete MOS Reena eed al ee do...| Gad. | 152| 80/186) 11.0 60171 60171 | 3477 | Fort Yuma, San Diego County, | Apr. 2 + | 137 700) 18207)" ate | California. | | 60825 60825 | 1136 | Seven Wells, Lower California... Apr. 15 | Qad 144 79 | 18.0 | 13.0 ago70 6427 | 1149 }...-- CG oR eRe ae ree ee ies soe Apr. 16| Gad. | 160 83 | 19.0 11.0 60826 60826 | 1150 |..... dnb ees ase ee ees KoritT |g 135 | 72 | 18.5 | 11.5 a8073 6430 | 1158 | Gardners Laguna, Colorado | Apr. 19 OVAL | se LOD let ee ee Desert, Lower California. | | 60827 C0827 Had62" 52 £00 3225 eee 1.5.) Apr. 20) .Qade/2) 446)| 79° Pee) 1925 ag067 6424 | ileal ee GOR as pat aoa oe eee Sea | Apr. 26] Qim. 108} 58] 15.5 | 10.0 | | | aIn collection of American Museum of Natural History, New York. REITHRODONTOMYS LONGICAUDA (Baird). ~ SONOMA HARVEST-MOUSE, Reithrodon longicauda Batrp, Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 451 (original description). Ochetodon longicauda, Trux, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1885, p. 598. Reithrodontomys longicauda, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 129, May 21, 1895.—MiILLER and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Reithrodontomys] longicaudus, Exxiior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 151 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 261 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Ty pe-locality.—Petaluma, Sonoma County, California. Geographical range.—Coast region of southern and Lower California, in the Austral and Transition zones. Description.—Slightly smaller than R. megalotis, with relatively smaller ears and a longer tail. Mamme, 3 pairs. Upper parts yel- lowish brown mixed with gray and with blackish rings and tips to the hairs, giving a dark color to the middle dorsal area; sides and rump more fulyous; under parts grayish white, some times washed with clay color and usually with a small fulvous area on the chest; tail rather scantily coated, dusky drab above, whitish below; ears exter- nally hair-brown with a few reddish and grayish hairs intermixed, their concave surface scantily clothed with reddish hair. Quite young individuals are hair-brown above, grayish white below. The skull is shown in fig. 116. Measurements.—Average of 20 adult males: Total length, 146 mm. ; tail vertebre, 77; hind foot, 17; ear from crown, 10.82. Average of 15 adult females: Total length, 148.5 mm.; tail vertebre, 77.33; hind foot, 17; ear from crown, 10.9. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 465 Remarks.—In the series of about 70 specimens,before me from the Pacific section of the boundary strip (Mountain Spring to San Diego), but little variation in color is observed, though some are in late winter dress and others in summer pelage. In the latter the coat is shorter and a shade darker. They are quite uniform, however, and agree essentially with fresh topotypes of Baird’s PR. longicauda and Rhoads’s Fig. 116.—REITHRODONTOMYS LONGICAUDA. SKULL. @, DORSAL VIEW; 6, VENTRAL VIEW; Cc, LATERAL VIEW. R. pallidus. I have compared them with the type of R. pallidus, which is an immature example of R. longicauda Baird, and a little darker than any other specimen from California that I have seen. The Sonoma harvest-mouse is abundant in damp localities of the Pacific Coast Tract. The young, numbering from 3 to 5 in a litter, are born during May and June. Record and measurements of 60 specimens of Reithrodontomys longicauda. | | i} =? In | Museum num- | ¢ Resear ber. 3 ie g@ | a | & A | re Sees ie os - | Sexand || - | ‘o | Sry 2 83 Locality. Date. | age. & | + | Sa | 8 o = 3 3 Prats 4 Eig aet cola ic 3/2 |= | 8 a a Oo Be) er es} | | 1894 mm.| mm. mm.) mm 3289 DEST eae Santa Isabel. California........|.....-.-.- b° ad. 137 TSAO) Nee 61030 61030 | 3517 | Mountain Spring, San Diego | May 14 | ¢9 ad. 149) 78 | 16.0) 10:5 County, California. ag079 G436 | 1236, | idod .n 2Faaeee espe seas cee SdOr =z | Grad. |) 150r|* 80") 16.7.) 10.0 60816 60816 | 1248 |..... GOS Fone ess = eaecres wee ine May 15 eft ee eeocse)| badass bagecellose se 61035 61035 3534 | Jacumba, San Diego County, May 18 Qad. | 155 84 | 17.0 10.0 California, near Monument | No. 233. | 61039 61039 | 3543 }....- GOP ee occa eens oases May 19 4 ad. 148 CN a ie eye|| ea 0) 61041 61041 | 3553 |... -- GOR. sess eee ecnseseiceee see May 21! gad. 145 76 | 17.0 9.7 61042 61042 | 3554 |..... 5 ere fA aan ener a ...-do...|dQad. | 142] 73| 17.0]. 10.5 61046 61046 | 3574 |..... dO Seashore eee se aceene May 24| gad. | 142 73 | 17.0} 10.0 ag0g9 6445 j 1286 |....-. GOs eo aaa oe aed ode | May 19 | Qad. LAT) 75 pelqaOr 1220) 60817 GOST 13a sees GOR ass lecisaaone ce cecee wees} May 22] ¢ad. 149 TO AON LON 48103 (Es PLSD Ts ase GOV Steere comet oe ne oa May 24 | eQ ad 133 64 | 16.0 9.5 60818 60818 | 1422 | Nachoguero Valley, Lower Cali- | June 8} Gad. | 154 them AAI Ne iCOHCG) | fornia. 60819 60819 | TA24: |e GO ns ata ean ce ere eee al June 9 | f9 ad. 147 fo NbeeOn | Oss 61060 61060 3631 | Campo, San Diego County, Cali- | June 8 f ad. 146 re 7 08\> SLO fornia, near Monument No. 240. a In collection of American Museum of Natural dMamme P. }, A. 3, I. 3=38 pairs. History, New York. e Contained 4 fetuses. 6 Type of pallidus Rhoads. f Contained 5 fetuses. ¢ Contained 3 fetuses. 30639—No. 56—07 m——30 466 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record and measurements of 60 specimens of Reithrodontomys longicauda—Continued. Museum num- | ber. | 4 oe cS d =| ae 2 Ss = salle coed tS a8131 6482 | 1496 60820 60820 | 1497 a8137 6487 | 1520 61075 61075 | 1530 agi41 6491 | 1531 agi45 6494 1560 61079 61079 | 3703 61665 Alcoholic. | 3725 61676 Alcoholic. 3753 Gidet |e see. 3760 61096 61096 3768 61099 61099 3777 60821 60821 1564 ag147 6496 1565 60822 60822 1566 ag148 6497 | 1567 60823 | 60823 1584 agidl 6500 | 1585 60824 G0S24_1586 a8155 6503 1600 61104 61104 1601 a8156 6504 1602 61105 61105 1603 agis7 | 6505 | 1604 61103 61103 3790 61677 Alcoholic. 3796 | | Hig terll NG gy toee ae 1663 Pees Papert a 1686 Bee EEN Ras te 1689 ee ek es ae 1690 Tee loee ae Fee | 1687 deste (PS Bk an. Sagoo | 1703 OPA ALE oe pe | 1688 HED ee eS 1691 Bi dea Peer Shee 1677 IN| Recent By 1676 Ces ere Be ot ORE hee Sas es Sea 1678 Bo oa eee a. | | 1661 Die 3 eet sea es 1681 Ste eee ee 281 1662 eS [eee hres BR eaten 1679 ae: P eccee ce |P Pea0. ee esate els Baas g Locality. Date. arr e 2 e 5 E a Sau hela Mee! 5 \-3 |2 18 = & | i 1894. mm.| mm.| mm. | mm. Cameron’s Ranch, San Diego | June 22 ° ad. 144 72 | 16.0 | 10.0 County, California. oe EE Coe ee See ee eee ee Osa |t wots ULV. 125 63 | 16.0 | 10.0 San Isidro Ranch, Lower Cali- | June 29 ¢ ad. 145 76 | 17.0 10.5 fornia,near Monument No. 250. ; ae ee GOs tees se ct oe ce ene eee MUEDO EA od ad. 144 To We Gs||) LOe0 oe oe GOs Beech occ cece oe peee dee GOree grad. 140 74 | 16.5 10.0 Syas GOS ecteces ester cine cee Coby gees sen ch ads 135 70 | 17.0] 10.0 passe GONE ee eee ane Seca ae eee a ROUINO 29) MOO sade 150 50 | 7.09)" 250) secs GO ees ote eect cee sen CN UNC SO © ad. 160 86 118.0] 12.0 es (6 oy Pee Ane ease eel) ving = 7 Ojuve (|RSS 25\se sso. |e eee El Nido, Jamul Creek, San | July dad. | 141 T32|)-27.5. | 1050 Diego County, California. ee O(a ee ee See ee eee oth eM Gy IY cro Mieyel 147 U7 | 16son|22t055 eae does te oe eee 8 aa JS ad. 144 741 16.5} 11.8 cane (i C0 nes Re OR ay oe eee eee ay th (i) J ad. 139 74 | 16.5 10.5 eee Oz 5 force wae cee ee te een Pee Ose aN aera 141 73 A70 9.5 Bae GO! 5-25 ck ais socewketo- tee lane -aOe J im. 131 68 | 16.8 9.7 Pes (One See eee See ack ease Sas edO see |n ec, Im: 127 67 | 16.0 | 10.0 Poose GO! sSyerak igen Contained 4 fetuses. c Has nursed young. 4d Head and body, 68 mm, =~] MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 46 Subfamily NHEOTCOMIN £44. WOOD-RATS, Cranium not abruptly constricted in front.of brain case, which is oval, gradually narrowing into orbit; orbital and temporal fossz indis- tinguishable, without trace of separation; jugal- wholly posterior, forming insignificant part of zygoma and never reaching forward half- way from squamosal root to maxillary plate; sagittal area elongated, at least twice as long as broad; angular process of mandible broadly expanded vertically, inflected, not hamular, and never thickened at end; infra-condylar notch high and shallow. * * * Molars prismatic, rooted or semirooted; the crowns flat, their sides continuously invested with enamel which is folded on itself in such manner as to present on each side of the tooth a series of salient loops, alternating with reentrant angles orinterspaces. ( Merrivam.) Genus NEOTOMA Say and Ord (1825). Neotoma Say and Orp, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, Pt. 2, 1825, pp. 345, 346, pls. XX1I and XXII. Type.— Mus floridana Ord, from eastern Florida. Generic characters. *—Crown of m, composed of two transverse loops. (with the addition, in rare cases, of a narrow antero-external loop), never S-shaped; m, and , with middle loop undivided (reaching completely across tooth); molar series relatively short; condylar ramus low and directed obliquely backward; coronoid notch horizontal or nearly so[nearly vertical in Yenomys and Hodomys]; angle of mandi- ble only moderately inflected; symphysis relatively short and sloping strongly forward: (Merriam.) Subgenus NEOTOMA Say and Ord (1825). Neotoma Say and Orb, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., IV, Pt. 2, 1825, pp. 345, 346, pls. cod, 2.O-G0r Dentition.—1. 3 M. a= 16. Type.— Mus floridana Ord, from eastern Florida. Tail commonly round, scant-haired, and tapering, but in one species moderately bushy; hind feet small or moderate. Rostrum of moderate length, not more than one-third the length of cranium; sagittal area usually rounded, the broadest part always considerably anterior to plane of interparietal, whence the sides curve gradually backward to interparietal shield; spheno-palatine vacui- ties always open. ( Merriam.) None of the thirteen species and subspecies of Neotoma inhabiting aThe characters here given are selected with reference to antithesis with Ptyssophorus, Hodomys, and Xenomys. 468 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the vicinity of the Mexican Line belong to the subgenus Teonoma,? proposed, in 1843, by J. E. Gray for the group of bushy-tailed wood rats. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF NEOTOMA FOUND ON THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. a. Pelage of adult, gray. b. Color slatish gray, dark. Length, 390 mm.; tail vertebra, 180; hind foot, 40; ear, 25; Slew AS Nowe aS sete ec ete oe vine Ie eee Soe Neotoma micropus (p. 470). bb. Color smoke gray, pallid. Length, 310 mm.; tail vertebre, 125; hind foot, 36; ear, 22 Ask Ulla spy 2A ee 2 ese eee oe en ioe Neotoma micropus canescens (p. 471). aa. Adult pelage fulvous or ochraceous, not gray. c. Anterior loop of first upper molar completely divided by a deep sulcus; nasal and premaxillary bones ending evenly behind. d. Size large. Length, 360 mm.; tail vertebre, 160; hind foot, 37; ear, 25; skull, 47 by 24. Color dark fulvous .......--- Neotoma pinctorum (p. 490). dd. Size small. Length, 350 mm.; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot, 35; ear, 20; skull, 44 by 21. Color paler and ochraceous. . e. Color pale, ochraceous, slightly darkened by black-tipped hairs; audital bullssemormallt; Sse ge ae eee ere Neotoma mexicana (p. 491). ee. Color darker, clay-color, much darkened by black-tipped hairs; audital bullssspeculitars: Ss 7 eee ee Neotoma mexicana bullata (p. 491). ce. Anterior loop of first upper molar without, or incompletely, divided by, a sulcus; nasal bones ending in advance of the premaxillaries posteriorly. f. Tail not bicolor; hind feet dusky- -. .- - - 1 Neotoma fuscipes macrotis (p. 488). ff. Tail bicolor; hind feet all white (except the heel in NV. attwateri). g. Skull of adult more than 45 mm. in length; upper molar series very much broader anteriorly than posteriorly; frontals abruptly expanded behind the interorbital constriction. h. Nasal bones enlarged and spatulate anteriorly; hind foot all white Neotoma cumulator (p. 472). hh. Nasal bones without an anterior spatulate enlargement; hind foot with the heel plumbeous. - - - - Neotoma floridana attwateri (p. 469). gg. Skull of adult 45 mm. or less in length; upper molar series of more nearly equal breadth throughout; frontals never abruptly expanded behind the interorbital construction, but gradually increasing in width from before backward. i. Audital bulle enormously inflated; pelage silky; length, 300; tail vertebrae, 125; hind foot, 30; ear, 27. Neotoma desertorum (p. 487). ii. Audital bulla moderately inflated; pelage coarser; size larger, but ears smaller. j. Coloration dark; skull broad. k. Color above, dark olivaceous-gray, lined with blackish Neotoma intermedia (p. 484). kk. Color above, dark ochraceous-gray - Neotoma albigula (p. 476). jj. Coloration pallid; skull narrow. a The subgenus T'’eonoma was revived by Merriam in 1894 and characterized as follows: Tail very large, bushy, and somewhat distichous, like a squirrel’s; hind feet very large. Rostrum much elongated, measuring more than one-third the total length of cranium; posterior roots of zygomata widely spreading; sagittal area long, narrow, and sharply angu- lar, its broadest part far back, on or nearly on plane of anterior border of interparietal, whence the sides bend abruptly back to interparietal shields; phenopalatine vacuities closed or open. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 469 1. Color pale grayish buff... .Neotoma intermedia gilva (p. 486). Il. Color pale cinereous gray Neotoma albigula angusticeps (p. 482). 7). Coloration pallid; skull broad. _._ ~~. Neotoma venusta (p. 475). NEOTOMA FLORIDANA ATTWATERI (Mearns). ATTWATER WOOD-RAT, Neotoma attwateri Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, pp. 721, July 30, 1897 (original description).—MILLErR and Ren, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 101 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Neotoma mexicana, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 60, Apr. 22, 1896. [Neotoma floridana] attwateri, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p 157 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.—Lacey’*s Ranch, on Turtle Creek, Kerr County, Texas. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural Histery, New York.) Geographical range.—Known only from the Sonoran Zone of middle Texas. Description.—Size, large. Length, 387 mm.; tail vertebrae, 178; hind foot, 39.4. Skull, 52 by 27. The ears are small, like those of Neotoma floridana. Tail well covered with hair. Pelage, in winter, long, dense, and soft. Upper surface of body ochraceous buff, mixed with grayish above and strongly lined with biack; sides clearer ochra- ceous buff. Outer surface of limbs light gray. Under surfaces creamy white. Feet all white but the heel, which is light plumbeous. Whiskers black or colorless, and very long (SO mm.). Upper side of head smoke gray. The under pelage is dark plumbeous on the upper and white on the lower side of the body. The tail, which is sharply bicolored, is mouse gray above and white below. Half-grown young are smoke gray above, drab gray on the sides and white below; upper side of tail, mouse gray. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull is similar in shape, and in its dental characters, to that of Neotoma floridana, from which it differs only in being rather high in the frontal region, with the zygo- matic arches more prominent posteriorly. The five skulls examined have a prominent crest on the basioccipital bone, which is absent in N. floridana. The rostral portion of the skull is as long as that of N. floridana, the nasal bones measuring 20 mm. in length. The teeth agree closely with those of N. floridana. Remarks.—This species, which is named in honor of Mr. H. P. Att- water, the well-known field naturalist of San Antonio, Texas, was found by him associated with the Texas wood-rat (Veotoma micropus Baird), from which it differs so materially as to require no comparison. In coloration it resembles NV. leweodon of Merriam, from farther south, in San Luis Potosi, Mexico; but is less reddish, and has smaller ears than that species. Compared with N. leucodon, its skull exhibits 470 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. important differences in the size and shape of the post-palatal notch, in the teeth, and in the much greater length of the nasal bones and rostrum. Comparison with the members of the Neotoma jfloridana group from the neighboring States—Louisiana, Mississippi, Indian Territory, and Kansas—shows it to be a closely related form. The skull, including the teeth, agrees almost exactly with N. floridana. Externally it differs only in having a softer and finer coat, a much more hairy tail, and a paler and grayer coloration. Members of the floridana group have been described from Nebraska and Kansas, under the names Neotoma baileyi Merriam? and N. campestris Allen. b From these, .V. attwateri differs in several minor cranial characters, as wellas in the color and texture of the furry coat. It is not improba- ble, however, that all of these forms may prove to be but geographic races of NV. floridana. NEOTOMA MICROPUS Baird. TEXAS WOOD RAT; SMALL-FOOTED WOOD-RAT, Neotoma micropus Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1855, p. 333 (original de- scription; from Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas, Mexico).—AL.en, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, 1891, pp. 224, 282 (San Fernando de Presas, Tamaulipas); III, June 30, 1891, p. 282 (species reinstated); VI, May 31, 1894, p. 175 (Aransas County, Texas);.VI, Aug. 3, 1894, p. 233, pl. Iv (an important paper on “cranial variation in Neotoma micropus due to growth and individual differenti- ation’’); VIII, Apr. 22, 1896, p. 60 (Bexar County, Texas).—Merrriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 244 (in part ; unites the subspecies canescens with the typical form).—Mrtter and Rean, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 107 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma] micropus, Exxror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 155 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 281, fig. ‘xxi’? (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 62 miles west of Matamoras and 27 miles south of Reynosa. (Type, skull, Cat. No. 1676—skin missing—, U. S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Inhabits the Texan and Tamaulipan tracts of Mexico and the United States, ranging up the Rio Grande to the mouth of the Devils River. It occupies the lower Sonoran Zone. Description.—Size, large; length, 390 mm.; tail vertebre, 180; hind foot, 40; ear from crown, 25 (measurements of an adult male from Brownsville, Texas); skull, 48 by 25; color, ‘“‘slatish gray’’ above; feet and under surface of head, body, and tail, white; tail, blackish above; ears, rather small and scantily clothed with a grayish pubes- cence, except on the anterior border of the convex surface, where the hair is longer and blackish. Cranial characters.—The skull of this species of Neotoma resembles those of Neotoma leucodon and N. cumulator. The orbital margin is a Proce. Biol. Soc. W: Ane Ix, p. 123, July 2, 1894. b Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. EGSt VI, p. 322, Nov. 7, 1894. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. Atal prominent, almost forming a bead, as in Sigmodon. The frontal bone is expanded and depressed postorbitally. The nasals end in advance of the intermaxillaries, and the upper molar series narrows rapidly from before backward and has the anterior loop of the first molar un- divided by a sulcus, much as in N. intermedia. The cranial variations in this species, due to growth and individual differentiation, have been treated of in a special paper® by Dr. J. A. Allen, who had at his com- mand a splendid amount of material for the purpose and has furnished mammalogists with very important data to aid them in making their comparisons of other species of this and other genera. Remarks.—Specimens of this species from Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, are rather paler in color and not quite so large as those from Brownsville, Texas, though they are distinctly referable to the typical form, which is replaced in the Eastern Desert Tract by the sub- species canescens. Habits and local distribution.—The home of the Texas wood-rat is in the woods of Texas, usually near water. A female taken at Fort Clark, Texas, January 13, 1893, would have produced three young. Nests of this rat are commonly built about the roots of decayed trees that are surrounded by thickets. Measurements of 6 specimens of Neotoma micropus. Museum | 4 | ~ |@ number. S| 33 E £ ————d =i wu aT Sex and S we | 5 E 5s Locality. Date. 5 d oP eS) Gale | o& age. Ss 5 aa | on = 3 ea > Bee lies 9 A | 2 |2 a |aia i ig oO | a a |S SS oseetinse ube 1892. | mm.| mm. | mm ‘| mm. 63085 | 68085 | 2182 | Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.) Dec. 31 Jd ad. 375 160 | 40.0 | 22.0 1893 a12697 | 10991 | 2190 |..-.. CLO ea ee a a Jan. 10 | Q ad. 370 162 | 37.0 | 26.0 63086 | 63086 | 2210 ana GOSS eee eee eee cere } Jan. 13 | ° ad. 337 140 | 40.0 22.0 a12698 | 10992 | 2256 ;..... COSC See see eae eee ie ae | Feb. 1] @Q ad. 383 163 | 40.0 23.0 63087 | 63087 | 2297 |..... doe ee ee ee 2 | Feb. 20) Gad. | 365| 163 | 39.0] 22.0 a12699 | 10993 | 2300 |..... (6 Ro eae ee ee = ees See el OS ee | Feb. 25 Qad. | 350 150 | 38.0 22.0 | a American Museum of Natural History. NEOTOMA MICROPUS CANESCENS Allen. PALLID WOOD-RAT. Neotoma micropus canescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, No. 2, June 30, 1891, p. 285 (original description).—MiLier and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No.1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 107 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to the close of 1900). Neotoma micropus, Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 244 (in part). [Neotoma] micropus, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 155 (in part); IV, 1904, p. 281 (part). a Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, pp. 233-246, pl. rv. A472 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Type-locality.—North Beaver River, Pan Handle of Oklahoma, near the New Mexico line. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Geographical range.—Eastern Desert Tract. Taken on the Mexican Boundary, from Fort Hancock, Texas (on the Rio Grande), west to Monument No. 15, fifty miles west of the Rio Grande. Description.—Smaller; length, 310 mm.; tail vertebrae, 125; hind foot, 36; ear from crown, 22; skull, 43 by 24; color, smoke gray, much paler than that of the typical micropus, which is “‘slatish gray,” as described by Baird. Remarks.—I am indebted to Dr. J. A. Allen for the opportunity of examining his types of this race. The characters which he ascribes to it—small size and pallid coloration—are borne out by his series and strongly emphasized by the series from southwestern Texas and north- western Chihuahua, collected by the International Boundary Commis- sion. I consider it therefore to be an excellent subspecies well entitled to recognition. Habits and local distribution.—The pallid wood-rat is usually found about streams and springs, often in the fringe of cottonwood and wil- low growth along rivers. A female taken at Fort Hancock on the Rio Grande contained three large young on June 24. Measurements of 3 specimens of Neotoma micropus canescens. Museum | g ah number. | 5 g 1 ee qa | ry | Cat Eee Sex and o |ae | Se a Locality. Dates pee see ele schon igen os . age. a B Je On| ae) ~~ SS . we | ak A 5) = - = Rois) fen al. eye itese a = Pa Le isp MIs xe) a e | o 8 a NS a de eel: Se | as =22 : Se = 1892. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 20276 | 35551 | 1646 | Monument No. 15, 50 miles west of | Apr. 6 | 9 im. 275) || 107 ("345081926 | the Rio Grande. 1903. | 21072 | 36110 | 2360 | Fort Hancock, El Paso County, | June 24 | Gad. | 308 122 | 36.0 |} 22.0 Texas. | FIO7Z3 |) SOLIT 236P HES ze 2 GO Saco ee eee eed ore | @ ad. | 307 127 | 36.0 19. 0 NEOTOMA CUMULATOR Mearns. COLORADO RIVER WOOD-RAT. Neotoma cumulator Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX, 1897, p. 503 (advance sheet issued Mar. 5, 1897; original description).—MiLLer and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soe Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 103 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma] cumulator, E107, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 154 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 280 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 60348, U.S. National Museum.) MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 473 Geographical range.—Inhabits the lower Sonoran Zone of the mes- quite-wooded river bottoms from the lower Gila River to the mouth of the Colorado River. General characters.—One of the largest of the round-tailed species (subgenus Neotoma), distinguished by its massive skull and teeth and peculiar cranial characters from all of the species of the surrounding region. The coloring is similar to that of Neotoma intermedia, being paler than the typical form and darker than the desert phase of that species (Neotoma intermedia gilva). The tail is more distinctly bicolored, nearly black above, and quite copiously coated with rather long hairs. It requires no close comparison with any of the neighbor- ing forms, but is closely related to N. leucodon, described by Dr. C. H. Merriam, from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Mamme, 2 pairs. Color——Upper parts grayish fulvous, thickly mixed with black- tipped hairs, this color changing to gray on the legs and ochraceous buff on the sides. Tail rather long-haired, almost black above, and white below. Feet, a small patch at base of ear, and whole under surface of body, white. Ears scantily clothed with gray and black, downy hairs on concave surface, and on posterier two-thirds of convex surface; anterior third of convex surface covered with longer black hairs. Whiskers reaching to the shoulders; their color, mixed black and white. Usually with a dusky orbital area. A young specimen (No. 60678, U.S.N.M.), no larger than Onuchomys torridus, has a very silky coat, and is paler and more grayish than adults. The middle of the back is smoke-gray, the sides drab-gray, and the under parts white. The upper side of the tail is mouse-gray instead of black. The convex surfaces of the ears are black; but there is no dusky orbital area. This animal was found attached to the teat of its mother (No. 60677, U.S.N.M.), the latter dead in a trap. Measurements.—Length, 400 mm.; tail vertebrae, 180; hind foot, 37; head, 55; ear, from crown, 28. Skull, 47.5 by 23. Cranial characters —The general shape of the skull in this species (fig. 117) is suggestive of that of Neotoma leucodon Merriam. It has the same prominent premaxillaries, ending posteriorly well behind the nasals. The skull, asa whole, is considerably lower and more convex antero-posteriorly than that of NV. lewcodon; and the brain-case is much more flat. The skull is more angular throughout, with the zygomatic arches standing out more squarely anteriorly. The inter- parietal bone has a less quadrate shape, being broader laterally, and more pointed posteriorly. The frontal is broader interorbitally, and lacks the prominent, almost beaded orbital rim. The nasals differ markedly in shape from those of WN. lewcodon, in having a prominent swelling of their anterior extremities, which gives them a distinctly -spatulate form,in this respect agreeing with Sigmodon hispidus eremi- cus, inhabiting the same region. The rostral portion of the skull is 474. BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. thicker. The mandible is not so stout as it isin N. leucodon, and has a less pronounced angular process; but the most characteristic differ- ence in the mandibles of the two species consists in the longer and more highly arched coronoid process of N. leucodon, the two species being comparable, in this regard, im extreme cases to the genera ~ Onychomys and Peromyscus. The teeth are shown in fig. 118. Fic. 117.—NEOTOMA CUMULATOR. SKULL OF TYPE. d, DORSAL VIEW; 6, VENTRAL VIEW; c, LATERAL VIEW. Habits and local distribution.—This large wood-rat is found in abun- dance on both shores of the Colorado River from the Gila to the Gulf of California, and extends its range westward down the Salton and New rivers to points north of the Boundary Line in California. Its houses are usually built under the drooping branches of the large mesquites of this region, which commonly trail upon the ground, the lowest branches often being incor- porated with the nest materials and affording convenient and well-worn avenues to the tree- tops. Most of these large, straggling trees show where wood-rats have gnawed away large sec- tions of bark from the branches, leaving the white underlying wood exposed. The tallest branches are reached and. denuded, producing . : Fic. 118.—NEOTOMA CUMU- an effect that can be seen froma great distance, — ror. Crowns or MOLAR as bands of white along the treetops. This rat TZ®™ OF TPE. 4, LOWER also feeds upon the seeds of a gourd known by peuneesciie es © the name of ‘‘Coyote melon.” The large round fruit of this gourd was usually seen among the heterogeneous materials piled up to form its enormous nests. More than fifty coyote melons were counted in one such heap, together with enough other materials to have filled a large wagon bed. From Yuma to Cooks Wells these dwellings were con- spicuous under nearly every mesquite tree. We drove several rats out by setting fire to their mounds of débris. It is in this way that the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 475 Indians usually capture this rat for food. About the shores of the Gulf of California I found wood-rats as far out upon the level savannas of that region as there were any mesquites. We obtained specimens as far west as Gardners Laguna, on the Salton River, Lower California. Mesquites were found ‘all along Salton and New rivers, and west of them, at Indian Wells, and in canyons of the Coast Range; but the peculiar type of large spreading mesquite trees of the alluvial soil of the Colorado and Salton rivers does not extend much farther west than Cooks Wells, on the Salton River, and the specimens collected at Gard- ners Laguna perhaps mark the western limit of this species. Young were found at Seven Wells April 15, and a female taken at Gardners Laguna April 20 contained two small fetuses. = : ; . Measurements of 12 specimens of Neotoma cumulator. oe 6/2 [8 .e ahs = a ee ne Locality | Date. | Sex and 2 Ss | SE Baler ee | Pi Ne leet be SI ais | eae i ee alice Sule Laeehe = = — — — — | ————— _ | ; 1894. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 60344 | 60344 | 3113 Colorado River at Monument No. | Mar. 15 |] @9 ad. |-.---- Ease ee | 2OnOhle 2920 204. | 60347 | 60347 | 3114 |.._.- (6 (0 eRe eee Ome na pace coer dor-cl) ad: 361 182 | 35.0 | 27.0 60342 | 60342 | 3115 |....- GOe Sass. sae e eee ee Ses rereailteisine do...| gad. 336 154 | 37.0 | 26. 0 60343 | 60343 | 3185 |_.... (0 Ko ee ei a ae ee eke Mar. 17 ° ad. 362 175 | 37.0 22.0 60346 | 60346 | 3239 |....-. GOs ste cinta ee seta ee ee eee Mar. 20} Gad. 375 173 | 36.0 | 25.0 60345 | 60345 | 3286 |..... data ee ROR eEEA iene Mar. 26| gad. | 376| 178 | 35.0] 25.0 60348 | 60348 | 3473 | Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County,| Apr. 2 | &@ad. 403 | 188 | 37.0 | 25.0 California. | | 60677 | 60677 | 1137 | Seven Wells, Lower California, | Apr. 15| 9 ad. S521 17 eabtOneeeeee near Monument No. 213. | PPE GUY INL Ol Reece bare Shel etiain,neye Oe | Apr. 16| 9 ad. 3m | 189 | 35.0] 24.0 60679 | 60679 | 1163 | Gardners Laguna, Lower Cali- | Apr. 20] @ ad. 360 | 178 | 35.0 | 25.0 fornia, near Monument No. 216. | | 60680 | 60680 | 1175 |...-- GO seats estate Bese aaiseee seis Apr. 25 oad. 385 | 191 | 38.0 27.0 ©3225 | 6569 | 1176 |..... SK See cath Se Sa ane ee | Apr. 26) ad. 387 | 189 | 37.0 | 25.0 a Head and body, 185mm. 6 Type. ; e American Museum of Natural History. NEOTOMA VENUSTA True. WESTERN DESERT WOOD-RAT. Neotoma venusta Truk, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVIt, p. 354; (advance sheet issued June 27, 1894; original description) —Mritier and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 109 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). Neotoma intermedia, Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 247 (in part). [Neotoma intermedia] gilva, Exxror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IT, 1901, p. 162 (in part) (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). [Neotoma] intermedia, Extror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., [V, 1904, p. 284 (in part). 476 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ty pe-locality.—Carrizo Creek, Colorado Desert, San Diego County, California. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 3/436, U. S. National Museum.) Geographical range.—Lower Sonoran Zone of the Colorado Desert. Description.— Size moderate. Ears large and thin. Tail as long as the head and body. Upper surfaces mingled buff and pale gray. Sides clearer buff, sharply marked off from the color of the under sur- faces, which, together with the feet, are pure white. Hairs white to the base on the throat, sides of cheeks, breast, inside of fore legs, ingui- nal region, and feet. A tuft of pure white hairs at the base of the outer margin of the ears. Ears thinly clothed with long, whitish hairs. Tail gray above, pure white below. Skull thick and massive. Nasals shorter than the intermaxille and much contracted posteriorly. Inter- parietal large, with a convex posterior margin. Incisive foramina short and broad, reaching posteriorly about to the line of the molars. Tympanic bulle large. Foramen magnum low and wide. Posterior termination of palate concave. Incisors very broad and convex. Molars long and broad.” (T’rue.) Remarks.—This species is most closely related to Neotoma cumula- tor, from which it differs in having a softer and denser pelage and paler and more ashen color. The size is smaller. The type (No. 31886, U.S.N.M.) measured in the flesh by Mr. Frank Stephens, presented the following dimensions: Total length, 364 mm.; tail vertebra, 173; hind foot, 35. The skull measured 44 by 24 mm. in its greatest diameters. Another specimen (No. 3$§84, U.S.N.M., from Buregas Spring, Col- orado Desert, California), also collected by Mr. Stephens, measured: Total length, 366mm.; tail vertebrae, 174; hind foot, 35. Skull 44.5 by 23.5. The skull differs from those of NV. cumulator in the following particulars: The brain-case is broader and higher, which causes the supraorbital rims to diverge more rapidly; the premaxillaries are shorter, not extending far behind the nasal bones, which latter are less expanded apically; the palatal slits are shorter; the anteorbital foramen is wider; the audital bulle are larger; and the teeth are smaller. Neotoma venusta is entirely distinct from Neotoma inter- media gilva inhabiting the same region. NEOTOMA ALBIGULA Hartley. WHITE-THROATED WOOD-RAT. Neotoma albigula Hartiey, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., III, pp. 157-159, pl. xn, May 9, 1894 (original description). Neotoma intermedia albigula, Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Sept. 24, 1894, p. 248.—MiLuer and Ren, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 105 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma intermedia] albigula, Extror, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 162 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); 1V, 1904, p. 285 (Mam. Mid. Am.). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. AT7 Type-locality.— Vicinity of Fort Lowell, Arizona. (Type in the col- lection of the California Academy of Sciences.) Geographical range.—Elevated Central Tract (Dog Spring to So- noyta, Monuments Nos. 55 to 167,0n the Mexican Boundary), north to the Colorado Plateau, south into Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. Description.—A large, dark form separating the smaller pallid forms of the eastern and western deserts. Length, 330 mm.; tail vertebra, 155; hind foot, 34; ear from crown, 25. Skull, 45 by 23. Above grayish yellow-brown, thickly lined with black; sides yellowish clay- color; head grayish, washed with ochraceous on cheeks; feet and under surfaces white; ears scantily coated with drab-colored hairs; tail grayish black above, white below; orbital region dusky grayish; whiskers long, black or colorless. Cranial characters.—Skull relatively broader than in Neotoma inter- media and N. i. gilva. The wings of the sphenoid are further back than in the true intermedia. Remarks.—This race is distinguished from the desert form angus- ticeps on the east by the absence of pallor; from the dark Pacific coast species intermedia it differs in being more yellowish brown, lacking the olivaceous-gray tone of the latter. Habits and local distribution.—Neotoma albigula is the common wood-rat of the Austral and lower Transition zones, from the Colo- rado River to western Texas. East of the San Luis and Animas mountains it grades into the form of the Eastern Desert Tract which Dr. C. H. Merriam has distinguished as the subspecies angusticeps. The typical form lives in various situations, but is usually found in houses or mounds of rubbish that it heaps up by gathering together sticks, stones, cow-dung, bones, bits of glass, plants, seed-pods, and similar materials. The habit of accumulating is characteristic. In George Hance’s cabin, Bloody Basin, Arizona, where I spent the night of April 19-20, 1888, these ‘“‘trading” rats “‘ packed” off some boxes of pills in the night; but Mr. Hance awoke me and I recovered my medicines after a chase. The rats were very bold in their forays notwithstanding the presence of a house-cat. I trapped two white- throated wood-rats in a closet of the quarters in which I lived, at Fort Verde, Arizona, and had the satisfaction of recovering from their nest a number of articles of household use that had been missed by us from time to time, the loss of which had occasioned us some inconvenience. Not until the young were half-grown was the nest discovered. On another occasion a wood-rat gnawed a hole in a pan- nier and destroyed a number of bird-skins. Hen’s eggs were packed off to the rats’ nests; and pill and powder boxes were frequently abstracted from the houses of my patients by this meddlesome and pilfering rat. Large quantities—the whole annual supply—of candles and soap (in cakes) were carried upstairs from the storeroom to 478 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the farthest corner of the garret of the post hospital at Fort Verde. At John Morris’s ranch, on Clear Creek, near Fort Verde, in February, 1887, a pile of rubbish was burned on a large heap of rocks and stones gathered from a garden and potato field. The fire created an intense heat which destroyed most of the wood-rats that had selected this collection of rubbish for their home. Rats had been so numerous that six had been caught and killed in turning over this same heap of stones a few days earlier. Three days after the fire we again moved the stones and caught a rat that had its whiskers all singed off on one side. We also found a surprisingly large quantity of potatoes and Indian corn stored away between the stones; also several warm nests, which the fire had not reached, about the size of a peck meas- ure, of soft plant fibers; but there were no holes or burrows in the ground under the stones. Specimens were sometimes obtained by setting fire to the nests and shooting the rats as they ran out, but they were usually very reluctant to leave their habitations, and many were severely singed before they would forsake their domiciles. One wood-rat of Fort Verde had the habit of carrying its food to the stump of a willow, 6 feet above its brush pile, when feeding at early morn and was not disturbed by my passing by, though I often stopped to watch it. The rat mounds along the Verde River were sometimes composed entirely of cow “chips,” in quantity sufficient to have filled a cart. In a nest of the white-throated wood-rat taken 7 miles south of Bisbee, Arizona, September 17, 1892, were found the follow- ing-named substances: Seeds of amaranth (Amarantus reflexus), flowers and fruit of gourd (Cucurbita digitata), pieces of agave caudex in considerable amount, pieces of bark (Fouquiera and Juniperus), pieces of stem of a spiny and gummy shrub, and smail round stones. Outwardly this nest was composed of coarse sticks and cow-dung. In the forest zone of red juniper, some species of wood-rats heap quantities of sticks and cow-dung around the tree trunks and even carry them into the lowest forks of the largest branches, where their nests were quite frequently seen, especially on the road from Prescott to Ash Fork, Arizona. As no specimens were obtained from this region, the identity of the rat that builds these large and conspicuous nests remains uncertain. I sometimes saw the nests among cacti as well as around the trunks of the juniper trees, and a few rat houses were placed in open spaces among scoriaceous rocks. I frequently saw the rats gathering the fruit of the juniper from the trees; and . their houses were seen throughout the juniper zone on the high bluffs bordering the south side of the Colorado River from Cataract Creek to Diamond Creek Canyon. Wood-rats were noted as “very com- mon,’ November 10, 1884, through 27 miles of Cataract Canyon, and at the Havasupai Indian village. The Havasupai occupy the lowest portion of Cataract Creek Canyon, where they cultivate the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 479 land, and store their dried pumpkins, peaches, Indian corn, and other produce in caches in the walls of the canyon, and seal them up tight with a kind of mud cement and stone walls to protect them from wood-rats and spermophiles. The wood-rat has many enemies. Indians kill and eat them. The Hopi call this species Aee-hua’ Cahl’-G, and pronounce its flesh a deli- cacy. Captain Martinez, of the army engineer corps of Mexico, informed me that physicians of northern Mexico commonly order broth made from the wood-rat for the Indians and peasants whom they are called upon to treat—just as our physicians prescribe chicken broth and beef tea. Bones of Neotoma albigula were numerous in the cave-like human habitations so abundant in the Verde Valley. The bones were often found in a charred condition, showing that the rat was probably used as food by this ancient people. On August 15, 1886, at Fort Verde, the first sergeant of Company Kk, Ninth Infan- try, brought me a diamond rattlesnake, weighing 4,°; pounds, which contained a wood-rat. Hawks and owls also devour this rat. A western red-tailed hawk, taken January 16, 1887, at Fort Verde, had eaten one, swallowing it bones, hair, and all. Barn owl pellets from a nest in the bluff clay bank of the Verde River, on July 30, 1885; contained bones of this wood-rat, and of smaller mammals, together with a quantity of hair and remains of small birds. White-throated wood-rats are born at all seasons of the year, but perhaps not in winter in the higher portions of its habitat. Two females would have given birth to three young each and four to two each. In Arizona the distribution of the white-throated wood-rat is quite general except in the highest portions. It was abundant in the Verde Valley. In January, 1885, its cow-dung houses were seen under bushes and cacti all along the route from Fort Verde to Indian Gar- den, on Oak Creek. One wood-rat was seen on a nest built in the center of a bunch of cacti growing in a scrub-oak bush. On the mesa east of Fort Verde the nests were usually composed of sticks and dry cow manure in varying proportions. Between Fort Verde and Fossil Creek large piles of sticks and cow-dung heaps were built up around the trunks of juniper trees by the wood-rat. I found it in the Agua Fria Valley, at Hance’s cienega, on Ash Creek, at Antelope and Bum- ble Bee, and in the Black Canyon between Phoenix and Prescott. It was common at Tucson, Camp Lowell, Mountain Spring, and on the San Pedro River at Tres Alamos. Along the Mexican Line this species was first met with in the Dog Mountains of New Mexico, where, as usual, it was abundant, as it also was at the east base of the San Luis Mountains, in the vicinity of Monument No. 64; but it was not found on these mountains above 2,100 meters altitude, beyond which it was replaced by Neotoma 480 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mexicana bullata. It was numerous on the upper course of the canyon of Cajon Bonito Creek, near the boundaries of the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Sonora, and was also abundant in the San Bernardino Valley, Sonora. At Niggerhead Mountain, south of Monument No. 82, its nests were particularly numerous. In the Mule Mountains, Arizona, it was likewise abundant. On August 6, 1893, I took a specimen at the altitude of 6,650 feet on San Jose Mountain, Sonora, and subsequently one was entrapped among the stones composing the monument at the summit.” It was abundant in the Huachuca Moun- tains, except near the summit, where it was replaced by Neotoma mexicana bullata. It occurs throughout the San Pedro and Santa Cruz valleys. When collecting in the Patagonia Mountains, Sonora, Mr. Holzner noted that ‘‘ this wood-rat lives in rocks; builds no house;” also that the specimens collected there by him had the iris very dark brown and had two pairs of mamme (inguinal). We took several specimens in traps set in crevices of rocks at the sides of a sandy arroyo on the Sonora side of the International Boundary near La Osa, Arizona, December 8 to 28, 1893; but the species was uncommon there. It was more abundant at Warsaw, Pima County, Arizona, in November and December, 1893. It was common at Pozo de Luis, Sonora, in December, 1893, and January following. Its houses were often made of joints of cactus; and rat houses were seen in the highest places, oftenest in the center of a large patch of prickly-pear cactus. Some were taken in traps with much difficulty, for they were very shy. The species was not abundant in the Nariz Mountains; but in the Sonoyta Valley, at Sonoyta, Santo Domingo, and Quitobaquita it was not uncommon, nesting about cacti and in brush fences. On February 9, 1894, when I rode from Monument No. 179 west 30 miles to Tule Wells, I saw piles of cactus joints accumulated by wood-rats at a few places, but all were old and uninhabited. A few were found at Tule Wells and at Tinajas Altas, n Arizona. In the Gila River bot- tom, in the vicinity of Adonde Siding, Arizona, we found it common, especially under the low, spreading mesquites and in piles of driftage beside the Gila River. The examples entrapped were darker than those taken at Tule Wells and Tinajas Altas, away from shade and water. It was not noted west of Gla City. aNeotoma mexicana bullata Merriam was not found on San Jose Mountain. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. Record and measurements of 58 specimens of Neotoma albigula. 481 a American Museum of Natural History. 30639—No. 56—07 m——31 Museum | numoer. § 5 | a: Sex and 3 = | ga Locality. Date. age. c —I | 9 a pea a DS) | | 1885. a2374 | 1883 | 254]! Near Fort Verde, Arizona-......--- Oct nase aad: 02376 | 1829 | 279 |.-..- leds eae teas oO) Batis Bh oe Nov. 13| 9 ad. 1886. Wave Ty slin| » 80Gcl-28--do cso. oie sevice es ee Jan. 7| Qad. | 1887. OB UNE (cs (ae I eas ie teagan ea Feb. 3| 9 ad. tesa 1888. CO a ee 660 Coe COS ae eee ee ae eee May 1]. 9 ad. | 1892. | 21314 | 37057 | 1772 | Dog Spring, Grant County, New | May 22) @juv. Mexico. 20745 | 37059 | 2085 | San Bernardino Ranch, Monu- | Sept. 3 dad. | ment No. 77. Pay WIS) ear ee 2102 |-..-- 8 Oi ere see Sw uAC A Sept. 9| gad. 20679) 4.2 --- = 2108 Monument No. 90, near Bisbee, | Sept.17| ¢ad. | Arizona. 20721 35832 | 827 Patagonia Mountains, near Monu- | Nov. 21 df ad. ' ment No. 114. 20722 | 35868 | 835 |....- Co Loy) eae ett ae eg ek eo Nov. 22 9 ad. 1893. | 58890 | 58890 | 2440 San Jose Mountain, Sonora......-.- Aug. 7 | gim. 5888) | 58889 | 2441 _.... RN eae GUIPTC AE De CFS ates _.do....|6 Qad. Sey a GEOG) |i 2442n | Se OMe nets pe Be ee ee eee eos GOR wey |r Oem 5 58887 | 58887 , 4246 |.---- COS Ae ee ae eer hee Aug. 8]| Qad. BRanem WapResy douse. “doles a -atats Set meh ae Aug. 9| ad. 58841 58841 2580 | Huachuca Mountains, Arizona...-- Oct. 17) gf im. 58838 | 58838 | 2581 |....- Oty aa EO ae ere She ae (ek dorssne so. ier 21438 | 36667 | 898 |.---. Om riers ere ee Aug. 3] 9. Sidae | RGhES el a O02 le eNO ae eee ee Aug. ll! 9 ad. 21440 | 36669 | 928 |....- (CV Ofer cas St a EE ey lee ne tape Aug. 12 @ ad. 21441 | 36670 | 933 |..... Cine eet eo Ee AY Sites Soke Aug. 13| ad. 21442 | 36671 | 934 |..... WO, peere ate tee Pes eB: Sdoe she gad: 21443 | 36672 944 |..... Ob. eee A ee ee Aug. 16 © ad. 21444 | 36673 | 945 |...-- Os aoe eee Se ee ee doz ¢ juv. 21446 | 36674 | 954 |....- LOS ae Se eee oe ete we hr = doses ="¢) ad. BEQATA BGG TDN OFS. |g 2 cee 1S Ne Aug. 24| 9 ad. 21448 | 36676 | OT 4a eee (0 (os Rents Sane Sas se Een ao teaee br Pacloiceaa) Sno THEO |e Ceanae | CGY lsecaae (0 (Ore ee ote ee See Aug. 25! ff juv. 21450 | 36677 | 985 |..... os 2 eee 2 te 1 aa et en eh Aug. 28| ¢. 21451 | 36678 | 994 |..... do eee Sy Ae ye Aug. 30) gad. 21455 | 36681 | 1024 |_...- Co Lal eas Oe kee ea ly ae Sept. @ | 9 ad. 58892 | 58892 | 2522 | Dog Spring, Grant County, New | Sept. 17 ? ad. | Mexico. | 58801 | 58891 | 2541 |..... Lange I Sle heeded Ne haa? Sept. 19! 9 ad. } 360 333 370 | w Gr w 336 Tail vertebra. 169 162 147 | Length of hind- foot. to SS ao wo Seno Onoueonors © b Head and Body 185 mm. Ear, height from crown. 3S 3 iw) AN nm whe pp ie) oonoocqodqc & 482 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record and measurements of 58 specimens of Neotoma albigula—Continued. Museum number. q = S| 3 uP & NM Colleector’s num- | ber. 21463 36688 1066 © 58839 | 58839 2583 58840 | 59214 | 59215 | 59215 59213 | 59213 ¢ 2 59216 59216 | 2 2 2 5 58842 | 58842 | 2627 5 59277 59277 2754 59275 | 59275 59279 | 59279 2 2 59280 | 59280 | 2 2 59278 59274 SIost a7 sl 63) oo..ot 59274 | 2800 59276 | 59276 | 2801 63107 59281 | 59281 | 2814 63107 | 2948 | 63108 | 63108 | 2959 63109 | 63109 2960 141833 |141833 | 2995 141834 | 141834 | 3046 141835 [141835 | 3057 141836 |141836 3058 141837 141837 3064 | | | : Locality. Date. errr 4 | = | 2 Qin - fh 8 ee ee es 1893. | mm. mm Huachuca Mountains, Arizona ....| Oct. 3 ? im. | 307, 142 Town of Santa Cruz, Sonora..----- Oct. 22 © ad. | 330 155 ease (CoRR hee Sek er an a wee do_- 3 ad. 350-161 Nogales, Monument No. 122..-....- OCH L272 a) Ora den |= seat: ae La Osa, near Monument No. 40...-) Dec. 18 gad. | 320 144 yey: dO tia at ee OA aad Oa) erodes Utee scones be ar GOES. 62 Aa eRe: Rae ae Peo Ohad: | 328.) =152)4 ig dona eta eS eet sanel Seiane © | Pagani | 1894. Poe de Luis, near Monument No. | Jan. 1 @ ad. 318 150 2. | saat dot. oe oe oe eee aa esto ade 348.157 malt GOR, fern: Ss Beas een en PRI eee le leg we oe, | eee ee ae OE ea ae eee oe ee eee O) ¢ ad. 321 153 Sonoyta, Sonora, near Monument | Jan. 17 ° ad. 312 153 No. 167. a2e te Mosse se 3542 ee. oo. ie 2 Uae Qad. |} 303 140 Bh Come 2s=e fers tes. oh te eee oso Jo ad. | 321 149 ny dos seh ee. tbs s eke meal amen 2k iced eta ae Tule Wells, near Monument Mo. 186) Feb. 11 9 ad. | 320 | 155 nate: do eos sete og of. Mi Seo igs RRA IRA snl a aS ee Near Monument No. 187....-...-.-. eaerlone: Sad. | 337 | 162 Tinajas Altas, Arizona, near Monu- | Feb. 19 c@ ad. [Soca Fe ier ment No. 191. Adonde, Gila River, Arizona......- | Beb. 265 @ Os) wiles eter Adonde station, S. Pa. R. R., Gila | Feb. River, Arizona. ESS GOR Se Pe ee ae oe Boe ee Oe ass 9 ad. 340 158 97! Qad. | 342) 170 Qad. | 343. 165 | Length of hind- foot. mm. ee) Hey BS RS alae Seovorcnecn o iS Far, height from | crown. | 3 3 ao * b wo www w Ww s x NN s a SONS On conc Dd ee mw = a Head and body 179 mm. b Head and body 176 mm. ce Head and body 170 mm. d Head and body 153 mm. NEOTOMA ALBIGULA ANGUSTICEPS (Merriam). EASTERN DESERT WOOD-RAT. Neotoma intermedia angusticeps Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., LX, p. 127, July 2, 1894, (original description).—Mitier and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 105 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma intermedia] angusticeps, Etior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., I, 1901, p. 162 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 285 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality.—Apacne Mountains, New Mexico, near Monument No. 40. (Type, skin and skull, in the collection of Dr. C. Hart Merriam.) Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone of the Eastern Desert Tract. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 483 Description.—Size small; coloration pale and cinereous; ear small; mamme, 2 pairs (in one individual, 3 pairs); skull long and narrow. Length, 320 mm; tail vertebre, 150; hind foot, 34; ear, 22. Skull, 46 mm by 23.5. The upper coloring is a mixture of ochraceous and cinereous. Below, as usual in desert forms, the white tips to the hairs are much broader than in others. Remarks.—The type of this form did not come from the extreme “‘S. W.corner of Grant Co., New Mexico,” a locality that Mr. Anthony, the collector, never visited, but from a point in the Apache Moun- tains, well to the eastward of the high San Luis range of mountains, and not far from Monument No. 40, of the Mexican Line. The south- west corner of Grant County is well within the range of true albigula, with the broad Animas plain, and the San Luis, Dog, and Hachita ranges of mountains between it and the type-locality of this animal, which came from the western edge of the Eastern Desert—a very dif- ferent faunal area. A large series of topotypes of Neotoma intermedia angusticeps, from the vicinity of Monument No. 40, Doyle’s Well, and Hachita Grande Mountain, furnish several examples that agree closely with the Eastern Desert form, while others of the series are indistin- guishable by cranial or external characters from typical N. albigula from Tucson and Fort Lowell. In other words, the locality is the inter- grading ground of the two forms, and according to usage, it falls to the lot of the first reviewer to decide whether the form angusticeps shall be kept separate from true Neotoma albigula, or be allowed to stand for the desert form to the eastward. I have decided upon the latter course, though there are specimens in our collection taken 50 miles farther east that are practically indistinguishable from true albi- gula. In the region around El Paso, Texas, this desert race finds its extreme expression in a small, pale, ash-colored or buffy animal. At a camp 50 miles west of the Rio Grande (Monument No. 15), where black obsidian rocks and areas of pale reddish sand were in close prox- imity, dark and pale forms were collected practically together. One of the darkest had the under surface strongly washed with salmon color, in this respect, being unique in our large series of specimens of the Neotoma albigula group. Habits and local distribution.—This wood-rat often builds its nest among the joints of large prickly-pear cacti, but it also lives among rocks, and one was trapped in a cavernous hollow under a cliff. At El] Paso, it was rather common in rocky situations, and ascended to the summit of the neighboring Franklin Mountains. It was found at every camp thence westward to the Hachita Mountains. I found it at Steins Pass, Lordsburg, and Separ, New Mexico, in April, 1885. Three females taken at Monument No. 15, March 31 and April 3, 1892, contained 2, 1, and 3 fetuses, respectively. 484 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record and measurements of 32 specimens of Neotoma albigula angusticeps. Museum number. es Lh a 20098 | 35461 20099 | 35462 20278 | 35592 20263 | 35621 20266 | 35617 20261 | 35571 20277 | 35580 20269 | 35616 20260 | 35579 20262 | 35532 20267 | 35534 20264 | 35586 20259 | 35596 20268 | 37051 20275 | 35570 20272 | 35553 20273 | 35591 20274 | 35573 20271 | 35625 20270 | 35628 20265 | 35575 20257 | 35531 21308 | 37049 21309 | 37052 20256 | 35634 21312 | 37053 20258 | 35533 21313 | 37054 21310 | 37055 20680 | 37056 20746 | 37058 20744 | 35915 I ea erie BS Locality. Date. See and : = SS me oe caer Maden cae eh cee ® on eh on ~ S Bris SHIN wees 6) a |e ja Ve 1892. mm mm.) mm mm 1583) || Pago. Verass tea. .0 Sean |Mar. 4| Qad. | 274| 127 | 29.0! 23.0 1584 | LOM Hee Bcc Bees a eae |Mar. 5| gad. | 300] 132] 34.0] 22.5 1568 | Monument No. 15, 50 miles west of | Mar. 23 o ad. 364 163 | 34.0 | 20.0 | El Paso, Texas. [5880 eee Gace a Soe ght en TAREE abe A ee Mar. 26| 9 ad. 314} 181} 33.0} 23.0 100s Es acedigh bar oeeea nea te ae Seen Mar. 29| gad. | 337] 146 | 33.0] 23.0 1600 |..... CL Ok SERRE Ce ane tO mene Be-doe elma: 337 | 153 | 35.0 | 24.0 10 Sheep, eR Oe LEN MRR Oe Mar. 30| Gad. | 265}| 119| 31.0| 21.0 INGtt ds MR: Ceca ete bo Nae RE a Mar. 31| ad. | 328| 140] 32.0) 21.0 ye Data aera ait i Sole eee Apr. 3] gad. | 330] 147/340] 22.0 iy pa eee dor st Rats ETS Ass _.do 9 ad. 312 | 134 | 34.0] 23.0 1628 |... Gisee g Se oe tee ee eee ...do..-| Qad. | 333] 145 | 35.0 | 2200 THO We sete Re etal oe, Be Me a Apr. 4| Qad. | 322] 144| 32.0} 22.0 ppc a ac Ai Vas em ahd deep awe a te Nees | Apr. 6]| gad. 333 | 136 | 34.0] 22.5 1668 | Carrizalillo Mountain, near Monu- | Apr. 18 | afad. |......|...... | 32.0 |” 24.0 ment No. 32. | | late7i-| oe: dose es ee ee (2 2@o.-2) @juve-{.293)|, 994 SIs aan | 1683 Upper Corner, Monument No. 40...| Apr. 23 © ad. | 335 | 152 | 35.0 | 25.0 1684 |... lt ho ee tee Sie eet |....do...| @ad. | 315] 140] 37.0] 23.5 GSO" eg oe Oe Soles een te ee Apr. 25| Qad. | 320] 144] 33.0] 24.0 M690 N eee ee GO Fc ee Pana e ae eee ee ..do o ad. 320 |, 127°) 33.0 | 3. 0 GO eee On LAA eee ee ek mn ed tb ao = See |e oto le@ |e : < So ® oS o os} Z n |o Shick he ae 1894. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 60982 60982 3507 | East base of Coast Range Moun- May 8 $ a. 348 | 174 | 34.0 | 27.0 tains, near Monument No. 230. ‘ | | . 60983 60983 3513 | Mountain Spring, east slope of May 10 Qad. | 330 | 165 | 34.0 | 28.0 | Coast Range Mountains, Cali- fornia. 60681 . 60681 1217 |....- Goes wien ABE Bos Boe 2 ea May 11 ° ad. 314 144 | 32.0 25. 0 98228 6572 1275 Jacumba Springs, near Monument May 18 fad. 310 148 | 35.0} 23:0 he Noe. 233; GROOM G53 telolo: faa (Oks Seema Starr a ee See Fe May 22 g ad. 305 | 142 | 34.0) 23.0 AS250 elie ==. IBS Ss" Were es (6 (0 ee ne SSB a OE ies May 24 9 ad. 294 135 | 31.0 26. 0 a8231 6574 | 1336 |.-.-- GO toys ae ea tas See Fae om May 25 7 im. 284 | 1389 | 32.0 | 26.0 60987 | 60987 3546 |_..-- GOs AR a a oe mer ae ne ne May 20 7 juv. 288 138) |po250) 2320 60988 | 60988 3557 ..-.- (0 Koi oe rere gt peat aE pea ee Ok May 21 4 juv. 225)" 100%) Soee es ee 60991 | 60991 3622 | Nachoguero Valley...........----- June 4} Qad. | 304| 140/ 34.0! 26.0 | | | a American Museum of Natural History. NEOTOMA DESERTORUM Merriam. HERMIT WOOD-RAT. Neotoma desertorum Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., IX, p. 125, July 2, 1894 (original description).—MILLer and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No.1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 103 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). %Neotoma lepida Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., XII, Sept., 1893, p. 106. (From Williams Spring, about lat. 40°, long. 113°, just south of Champlin Moun- tains, Juab County, Utah. Altitude, 4,558 feet) —MiLLer and Rerun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 106. [Neotoma] desertorum, Evitior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 161 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). ? Neotoma cinerea lepida, Eviior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 429 (appendix to Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality—Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 33738, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey collection.) Geographical range.—Upper and Lower Sonoran zones of the West- ern Desert Tract. 5 3 wire 488 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Description.—Size, small. Length,.300 mm.; tail vertebra, 125; hind foot, 30; ear from crown, 27. Ears, large. Pelage remarkably long, soft, and silky. Color above ochraceous buff; head smoke gray; under parts, white, sometimes faintly washed with pinkish buff; tail, bicolor, dusky above, white below. Cramial and dental characters —Skull light, with remarkably large tympanic bulle. Remarks.—On the Mexican Line this beautiful species has been found only at Yuma, on the Colorado River. NEOTOMA FUSCIPES MA- CROTIS (Thomas), SAN DIEGO WOOD-RAT, Neotoma macrotis Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,6th Ser., XII, Sept., 1893, pp. 234, 235 (from San Diego, Cali- fornia; original description). Neotoma macrotis simplex Trur, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 354 (advance sheet issued June 27, 1894). (A pale interior form). Neotoma fuscipes macrotis, MER- RIAM, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 242.—Mr- LER and Reusn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 104 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma fuscipes] macrotis, Exxuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 159 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locahty.—San d Diego, California. (Type, Fic. 120.—NEOTOMA FUSCIPES MACROTIS. a, EAR; b, FORE- skin and skull in the FOOT; Cc, HINDFOOT; d, TAIL. i : British Museum.) Geographical range.—Pacific Coast Tract of southern and Lower California; inhabits the Sonoran Zone. ; Description.—Size, rather large. Length, 370 mm.; tail verte- bre, 170; hind foot, 35; ear from crown, 25; Skull, 47 by 25. Above russet-drab, mixed with blackish; head and limbs mouse-gray; feet (fig. 120) and c) with the usual white color more or less replaced by dusky or blackish down to the toes; under surface, white (except the tail), more or less washed with ochraceous buff across the abdomen; tail (fig. 120d) not distinctly bicolor, but black, slightly mixed with gray above and sooty grayish below; ears (fig. 120a) large, scantily haired, faintly edged with grayish white, and blackish on anterior third MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 489 of convex surface. Young, mouse-gray above, white below, with feet and tail dusky. Cranial and dental characters.—The skull of this species is readily distinguishable from that of Neotoma intermedia of the same region by its larger size, peculiar shape, and much wider interpterygoid fossa. The anterior loop of the first upper molar is not divided by a sulcus as it is in N. mexicana. Remarks.—I have examined specimens that were intermediate in characters, both external and cranial, between Neotoma fuscipes macrotis and N. intermedia. They were found in leaf-nests in oak trees, and I am disposed to consider them as hybrids between the two species. Neotoma fuscipes macrotis is an arboreal species, building its nests in hollow trees or among their branches, while N. intermedia resides in the open country, usually making its home among the cactuses. Habits and local distribution.—The San Diego wood-rat builds its nest in tall evergreen oaks. The nest, which is composed largely of twigs and leaves of the oak, resembles that of the eastern gray squirrel. I once set fire to a nest and saw, besides the wood rats, two large tree lizards (Sceloporus) come out of it. This species does not always remain near trees. On July 3, 1894, | saw one ina clump of cactuses on Cottonwood Creek, Lower California, and shot it from my horse. The spot was a dry, open waste, perhaps 5,000 yards from the stream. Several of our specimens were obtained by shooting into nests. Measurements of 12 specimens collected of the genus Neotoma fuscipes macrotis. Museum Habel ins | number. = | g Boe Bice Sex and | E ae | 38 | aS Locality. Date. age. is e a8 | BS eee Ce [i> beoalge Nba se res g@ |-a |3s ese ere Las CE CS | a 4 We | x | | |—— | | 1894, | mm. | mim. | mm. | mm 60985 | 6085 | 3532 | Tacumba Springs, near Monument | May 18}; ad. 430 | 166 | 35.0 | 23.0 No. 233. | | 60684 | 60684 | 3616 | Nachoguero Valley, Lower Cali- | June 2] @ad. 377 | 180 | 37.0] 25.5 | fornia. | | } ! | 60682 | 60682 | 1335 | Jacumba Springs, San Diego | May 25| gad. |.....- leet fe | 36.0] 28.0 County; California. | i | 60685 | 60685 | 1409 Nachoguero Valley, Lower Cali- | Jume 5; ad. 366 | 167 | 35.0 | 25.0 fornia. | a §233 6576 | 1414 j---.- CO ane ee eee ieee sere June 6 9 ad. 365 189 | 37.0 29. 0 60686 | 60686 | 1514 | Tecate Valley, Lower California...} June 27 oad. 340 179 | 37.0 | 30.0 28235 | 6578 | 1532 | San Isidro ranch, near Monument | June 30 ° ad. 360 | 170 | 36.0 | 25.0 | No. 250 | 60696 | 69696 | 1572 | Jamul Creek, near El Nido, San | July 6 ¢ im. 330 | 157 | 36.0 | 24.0 Diego County, California. | 60698 | 60698 | 1579 ..-.-- (6 Ko eerste Se See Eran carne ee July 7 © ad. 362 161 | 37.0 28. 0 60905 60905 | 1596 ....- Cho Seneca sane see scancnnec oe July 8 Bab tt biel eke SSE ea ts oe 5 fel satscters GIGI4SI SND) aor = ae COE cee Seana ee seme | July 4/| oad. 350 | 166 | 34.0} 25.0 61645 | (6) | 3758 |..... gusta ere ee es Maree do...| Gad. | 354| 181 | 37.0 | 27.0 | a American Museum of Natural History. b Alcoholic. 490 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NEOTOMA PINETORUM Merriam. PINE WOOD-RAT. Neotoma pinetorum Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VIII, p. 111, July 31, 1893 (original description).—Mitter and Renn, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 108 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma] pinetorum, Exxtot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 158 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Fig. 121—NEOTOMA PINETORUM. SKULL. d, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; C, LATERAL VIEW. Type-locality.—San Francisco Mourtain, Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. 32732, U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey col- lection.) Geographical range.—Forested areas of the Colorado Plateau in northeastern Arizona. Transition and Lower Boreal zones. Description.—Similar to Neotoma mexicana, but much larger, and of a darker, more ful- yous color on the upper surface. Length, 360 mm.; tail vertebre, 160; hind foot, 37; ear from crown, 25. Skull, 47 by 24 (adult male from-Baker’s Butte, Yavapai County, Arizona). Above fulvous, thickly lined with black-tipped hairs; under surface and _ feet, white; tail black above, white below; sides of face, grayish. F1G. 122.—NEOTOMA PINE- Cranial and dental characters.—The skull and © yorum. Crowns or mo- teeth (figs..121-and 122); though much hesvier 2.2)" ose : : RIES; 5, UPPER SERIES. than in Neotoma mexicana, have much _ the same character. The interpterygoid space is remarkably long and narrow. Remarks.—This species does not reach the Mexican Line, but was included in my earlier collections, made in Arizona from 1884 to 1888. Habits and local distribution.—This rat builds large nests in thickets and stumps of trees. It enters houses freely. At Bakers Butte (altitude, 8,000 feet) I trapped a specimen in a cabin; and the species MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 491 was abundant at Flagstaff and San Francisco Mountain in 1886 and 1887, when it was also found at Quaking Asp Settlement on the Mogollon Mesa. I never obtained any of the rats from the large nests so abundant in the red juniper trees of northern Arizona, and do not know whether they were made by this or some other species of wood rat. Doctor Bishop collected the pine wood-rat at Bill Williams Mountain, Arizona, in 1883. NEOTOMA MEXICANA Baird, CHIHUAHUA WOOD-RAT. Neotoma mexicana Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., VIT, 1855, p. 833 (near Chihua- hua, Mexico; original description).—MeErr1AM, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 245.—MILLER and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 106 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma] mexicana, Extiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 158 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.); IV, 1904, p. 282 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Ty pe-locality.—Mountains near Chihuahua, Mexico. Geographical range.—Tops of the desert ranges of the Chihuahuan region, extending into the United States in southwestern Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Deseription.—Size, small. Length, 335 mm.; tail vertebra, 150; hind foot, 35; ear from crown, 22; skuil, 42 by 20.5. Color of upper side of body pale ochraceous buff mixed with gray and black; head and legs, grayish; underfur plumbeous; under surface of head and body, feet, and under side of tail white. Cranial and dental characters.—Skull with front loop of first upper molar completely divided by a deep sulcus formed by the infolding of the enamel, exactly as in Neotoma pinetorum. Nasal-bones broad, often truncate posteriorly, ending evenly with the premaxillaries behind. Orbital margin upturned and forming a distinct crest. NEOTOMA MEXICANA BULLATA Merriam. APACHE WOOD-RAT, ‘ Neotoma, mexicana bullata Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., LX, p. 120, July 2, 1894 (Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona; original description); Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 245.—MiILuer and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 107 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Neotoma mexicana] bullata, Exutior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 158 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.— Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, Cat. No. $§$§7, U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey collection.) Geographical range.—Transition Zone, on mountains of the Elevated Central Tract, in places touching the lower edge of the Boreal Zone. Description.—Similar to typical Neotoma mexicana, but darker, with peculiar audital bullae. Above clay color, grayish on head and limbs, thickly lined with black-tipped hairs; sides buffy; underfur a 492 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. plumbeous; feet and under suface white. Mamme, 2 pairs. Length, 350 mm.; tail vertebre, 175; hind foot, 35; ear from crown, 20; skull, 44 by 21. Cranial and dental characters.—The anterior loop of the first upper molar is completely divided by an infolding of the enamel. The nasals are truncate posteriorly and end flush with the premaxillaries behind. The orbital rim is elevated and sharp, making the interorbital portion of the frontal bone strongly concave longitudinally, and the interptery- goid space is narrow. As noted by Merriam, the audital bullae, which are rather small, are sometimes ‘‘ curved toward median line anteriorly in a manner not observed elsewhere in the genus;’’ but this pecul- iarity is by no means constant. Remarks.—This slightly marked race occupies the spruce and pine zones on the mountains southwest of the Colorado Plateau, in the latter region being replaced by a larger but closely allied species, Neotoma pinetorum. On the Mexican Line we found it only on the highest por- tions of the San Luis and Huachuca mountains. Externally it is very similar to Neotoma intermedia albigula of the same region, but may be distinguished by its smaller size and more grayish head.@ Record and measurements of 8 specimens of Neotoma mexicana bullata. Museum 4 | ce) | number. 2 | @ | 4 5 ——e qd | 5 | | g [=| nan. | 5) slo ES Locality. Date, | Sexand| — £ (CS | me Fe ’ age. & S |< |e a |% | tele Semele spe ARES hc meas eel ane Tee \ \ ro) () | a | o |S a |e }a/ea | 1892. |mm.|mm.\ mm. | mm 20516 | 35743 | 2012 | San Luis Mountains............... July 18 Qiad. ~| 325 | - 160) |\'36:0))—2270 | 1893. | ieee | 21452 | 36679 1001 | Huachuca Mountains, Arizona....| Sept. 1 | gad. | 343 162 | 34.0] 20.0 21456 | 36682 | 1033 |..... GOs Ses = oe ee see ae aR cee Sept. 14 Oa ees 169 | 32. 0 20. 5 21457 | 36683 | 1034) ae. GOES 7 5 eee ee eee see Sept. 15 | Gad. | 322] 164 | 32.0} 20.0 21458 | 36684 | 1036 |..... GOA eee Feo oe eee oe ee Sept. 18 o ad. 351 176 | 33.0} 20.0 21459 | 36685 | 1037 |..... COs tice on eee ee mare: Sept. 19 | im. | pes RS CMe 8 |eeseee 2 | Saeee | | | | 21460 36686 | 1042 |..... GOL b= Hts So setoe en eaten ess Sept. 20} fad. | 317 155 | 32. 0 18.0 21461 | 37050 | 1043 |... SLSR et are ig sana ae Sept.21| @ad. | 334] 169 | 33.0} 20.0 | | | | | a The following two species have been described frora localities not far from the Mexican Boundary: NEOTOMA BELLA Bangs. PRETTY WOOD-RAT, Neotoma bella Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, July 31, 1899, p. 66 (original description).—MiILLer and Reuan, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 101 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900).— Exuior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 429 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). The original description of this rat by Mr. Bangs is as follows: Type-locality.—Palm Springs, Riverside County, California. General characters.—Belonging to the intermedia-lepida group. Size larger than N. lepida MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 493 Subfamily MICROTIN 4+. LEMMINGS and VOLES. Cranium abruptly and strongly constricted immediately in front of the brain case, which is quadrangular, projecting squarely into the orbit; orbital and temporal fossz well differentiated; jugal forming half, or more than half, of outer side of zygoma and always reaching forward more than halfway from squamosal root to maxillary plate; sagittal area subquadrate, usually broader than long; angular process of mandible narrow, everted, hamular, and thickened at end; infra- condylar notch low and deep. ( Merriam.) and smaller than N. intermedia gilva. Color very much paler than in either; tail well haired, very light in color and scarcely darker above than below. Skull differing from that of V. intermedia gilva in being smaller with shorter, heavier rostrum and wider nasals; audital bulle larger, interparietal narrower. From J. lepida it differs in having rather narrower brain case, heavier rostrum, shorter nasals, with maxillary arms extending farther back- ward behind them; audital bull larger. Color.—Upper parts pale buff yellow, somewhat lined along back with brownish, black- tipped hairs; a white patch at base of ear; cheeks, sides, and upper surfaces of legs and arms pale orange buff; head pale grayish buff yellow; whiskers mixed black and white; under parts pure white—no pectoral collar—the hairs white to the base, except along lower sides and on under surface of legs where they are pale gray at base; white of under parts extend- ing very high up on sides; tail well haired, white below, yellowish white above, slightly darker, more grayish toward tip above; feet and hands white; ears large, nearly naked, pale grayish (probably nearly flesh color in life). Measurements.—Type, male, old adult; total length, 317; tail vertebrae, 155; kind foot (from dried skin), 31.5 mm. Skull, type: Basal length, 37.2; occipitonasal length, 41.4; zygomatic width, 22.2; mastoid width; 16.6; interorbital width, 6; length of nasals, 16.2; length of upper tooth row, alveoli, 8; length of single half of mandible, 26 mm. Remarks.—Neotoma bella probably occurs with NV. intermedia gilva. Mr. Thurber took the latter at Whitewater, only a few miles from Palm Springs and in the same desert country. Mr. G.S. Miller, jr., has most kindly compared my type with the type of V. venusta True, and writes me that it is not that animal, which is close to if not identical with NV. intermedia gilva. WN. bella can be told at once from NV. intermedia gilva by its smaller size and paler and quite different coloration. Its relationship to V. lepida is closer, but it is very different in color—imuch paler and less heavily marked above with dusky tipped hairs; the head in par- ticular is much lighter and the color of the under parts is different. The tail of NV. bella is peculiar in being pale yellowish white above, not dusky as in WN. lepida. (Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, p. 66): NEOTOMA STEPHENSI Goldman. STEPHENS WOOD-RAT, Neotoma stephensi GOLDMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVIII, p. 32, Feb. 2, 1905 (original description). The following is Mr. Goldman’s description: Type from Hualpai Mountains, Arizona (altitude, 6,300 feet). Adult female, No. 117466, U. S. National Museum Biological Survey Collection. July 1, 1902. F. Stephens. Original number 4192. General characters.—Size small; fur long, soft, and silky; tail slightly bushy, nearly con- 494 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Incisors broad, molars rootless or rooted, with flat crowns and re-entrant angles. The subfamily Microtine, which has been thoroughly revised by Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr.,4 is represented on the Mexican Line by only two genera, /iber and Microtus. The former is confined to the neighborhood of streams, and the latter principally to the Transition and Boreal zones of the mountains, although one species inhabits the Sonoran Zone in the coast belt of southern and Lower California. Genus FIBER Cuvier (1798). Fiber Cuvier, Tabl. Elém. de l’Hist. Nat. des Anim., p. 141, 1798; Lecons d’Anat. Comp., I, Tab. I, 1800. Dentition.—I. 44; M. }=3=16. Type.— Castor Ber cus Tanaeea: Upper incisors with anterior faces smooth. Lower incisors with roots on outer side of molars. Molars rooted. Enamel pattern char- acterized by approximate equality of re-entrant angles on outer and inner sides of moiars. Feet modified for swimming. Tail flattened laterally. (G.S. Miller, jr.) (See figs. 123 and 124.) FIBER ZIBETHICUS PALLIDUS Mearns. PALE MUSKRAT, Fiber zibethicus pallidus Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IT, No. 4, Feb. 21, 1890, pp. 280-283 (original description).~-MrLLer and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 131 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900).—Extior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 307, fig. 55 (Mam. Mid. Am.). [Fiber zibethicus]| pallidus, Ex..ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 213 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.—Old Fort Verde (now Camp Verde), Yavapai County, color; belly pinkish buff. Similar in general to V. lepida, but hind foot larger, differing also in color and cranial characters. Color.—Type: Upper parts grayish buff, palest on head, becoming pinkish buff along cheeks and sides, well mixed on dorsal region with brownish hairs; underparts strongly washed with pinkish buff, this color spreading over entire belly and more or less irregularly invading other parts; small areas on pectoral and inguinal regions, sometimes including throat, pure white; ears thinly covered with grayish brown hairs; ankles dusky; feet white; tail grayish brown, slightly paler below. Cranial characters.—Skull small, short, and relatively broad; brain case large and smoothly rounded; frontal region broad and flat; bulle large; first upper molar with antero-internal sulcus obsolete. Compared with JV. lepida the skull averages larger, with decidedly longer toothrow, larger interparietal, and smaller bull. ‘ Measurements.—Type: Total length, 310; tail vertebre, 139; hind foot, 31. (Proc. Biol. Sor. Washington, XVIII, 1905, p. 32.) When living at Fort Verde, eee I heard from miners of the existence of a small, somewhat bushy-tailed wood rat on Squaw Peak and others of the Verde Mountains, and now suppose it to have been Neotoma stephensi. a North American Fauna, No. 12, July 23, 1896, pp. 1-84, pls. I-11, text figures 1-40. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 495 central Arizona. (Type, skin and skull, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Geographical range.—Sonoran Zone of the arid interior region of the United States. Its aquatic habits necessarily restrict it to the vicinity of streams. On the Mexican Border we saw it only on the San Pedro River, though it is said to occur on the lower Colorado River, where, however, it was not detected by us, unless some tracks, seen imper- fectly at the foot of a clay bluff near Hanlons, were made by a musk- rat. Description.—Similar to Fiber zibethicus (Linneus), but smaller and much paler in color. Size, two-thirds that of the eastern musk- rat. General color, rusty brown, paler and grayish beneath; under fur gray, tipped with rusty or yel- . lowish brown; coarse outer hair scanty, glossy brown, reddish in places; whiskers and_ scattered hairs of tail, rich liver brown. Measurements —A verage of nine adults (8 males and 1 fe- male) from Fort Verde, Arizona: length, 482 mm. (475-500); tail vertebra, 204 (171-220); greatest depth of tail, 14 (12-16); distance between eyes, 26 (23-28); earfrom crown, 17.3; ear from notch, 19.7; length of head, 69.5 (67-71); length of manus, 31 (28-32); length of pes, 67 (62-70). Skull, 58.8 by 36.3. Cranial characters.—The skull shows no constant differences from that of the typical form zibethicus, except that itis much smaller (58.8 mm. against 65 in total length). A detailed comparison, with ratios of the several measure- ments to the basilar length, will be found in the original description. ¢ Habits and local distribution.—Muskrats abound in the waters of the Colorado Basin, and are especially numerous on the Gila and its higher tributaries, but less so near the mouths of the Gila and Colorado: rivers. I saw many on the Verde River, where they inhabit burrows along the banks of the stream. At Picks Lake, where muskrats have every advantage for building houses, they never do so, and probably none are built in Arizona, as the weather is not cold enough to make it necessary. I sometimes shot them in the smaller streams, irrigation ditches, and sluices, as well as in the Verde-River. On July 8, 1884, Fig. 123.—FEET OF FIBER ZIBETHICUS. @, FORE- FOOT; b, HINDFOOT. a Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IT, 1890, p. 281. 496 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. while sitting quietly fishing on the river bank, a couple of muskrats were seen swimming toward me. [remained quiet, and one of them swam up to within a few feet of me, and, after diving several times, secured the root it wanted and then climbed out upon the bank within 5 or 6 yards of me and proceeded to devour it quite at leisure, although it cast an occasional furtive glance in my direction. On August 31, 1884, a muskrat also made bold to share our piscatorial sport and swam quietly about the stream, occasionally com- ing out upon a log to eat the fish it caught. On June 15, 1885, one was seen eating grass in shallow water. When shot, its mouth and stomach contained grass. In the clear water of Beaver Creek I sometimes saw them plunge into the water and watch me from beneath the surface. When walking down this stream in the twilight, September 17, 1885, I shot a muskrat swimming toward me. The muskrat is eaten by the Hualpai indians, who call it khu-to, and by the Hopi, who know it by the name of pom’-we. Its bones were plentiful in the ruined buildings and caves of the extinct cliff dwellers. We obtained no specimens along the Mexi- can Boundary, but I saw two muskrats in the collection of Col. R. F. Hafford in 1892 which were taken in the San Pedro River, Cochise County, Arizona. We saw no signs of muskrats on the Gila River at Adonde when camped there in February, 1894. Two trappers whom I met at Yuma, Arizona, in March, 1894, had just finished trapping the Arizona portion of the Gila River without meeting with either muskrat or otter, and we i had seen no sign of either in our then recent a b exploration of the lowest part of the Gila. Fig. 124.—TML of FIBER Ze Yuma Indians. reported the abundancemun THICUS. @, LATERAL VIEW; D; " DORSAL VIEW. muskrats along the Colorado River, but we failed to find them, although I saw some of their tracks at El Rio, on the California side. Near Seven Wells, on Salton River, Lower California, in a hole at the edge of the water I saw something which was supposed to be a muskrat; but I did not see it plainly enough to be certain that it was one, although piles of fresh-water mussel shells, such as they accumulate about their fish- ing places, were found, making it probable that muskrats lived there On the shores of a good-sized lagoon, near Gardners Station, on the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 497 Colorado Desert, where we camped for several days, were numerous heaps of mussel shells, such as muskrats leave about their feeding grounds. Muskrats have long been known to inhabit the waters of the Colo- rado River, both above and below Yuma, and in a letter from Mr. Herbert Brown, dated Yuma, Arizona, November 18, 1900, I am informed that he had found them at Yuma. Measurements of 10 specimens of Fiber zibethicus pallidus. i | _| Museum eae lees ® | number.@ IM Bal feces 58 D \ Peorgerel Io | ae g See EGS 5 tos Sap ee ae | Bier ee ‘ Sex an eo|lor|— 2 Locality. Date. age. Se ea ae liens a qd g oO OH | +H le) ® ou =) oo, 2 Kee ee ieee ees 2 ile hI 4S ‘ Brees Obey cleans a ‘a Fer | ‘Oo a =| S a a a qe | fd & ° | spil% | 1884. mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. 1OGnIe2842) 4) | PRort, Verde; ATLZONAs.= os. scene =. ee = | June’ 26} gad: |..:.-- 203/21) 62 | | 1885. | 200 | 2343 | 1765 | Beaver Creek, Verde Valley, Arizona._, June 15 | fad.}| 500] 200] 17 69 225) e23440ls L768" || Hore Verde, Arizona ao. 25) oc =e a= | July 22| fad. | 495) 197 | 19 69 PRD) | ORY Sy Ih (PP Rae oe (0 bo eed rien ie es Se Eases ae | Aug. 19| Sad.| 434] 171 | 13 62 241 | 2346 | 1767 | Beaver Creek, Verde Valley, Arizona..) Sept.17 |c#ad.) 480 | 208 | 15 67 | | | 1886. | AOS ace cared pea I PEIOT, LpV Orde ATI Z OB, oto pers ete ete te aa June 4 | @pjuv.| 300 |----.2|222 22. seecee AS Ie R28 Ara alOG) ae @ Ose aoc a eet tesa secemem eee Me | Aug. 23| gad. | 500] 212 | 17.5 70 454 | 2348 | 1763 |..... Owe a iscpis eee ste -riosteeitls Sees Aug. 28 |cQad.} 493 210 | 18 68 464 |12181 | 1764 |..... Gm Reach riots ee ee See te eee alee cts Sept. 20; fad. | 479) 213 | 20 65 1888. | CGS 2849! |. Sel see os CORE Se eee eae eta eases eck as May 15| Sad.| 475 | 220) 15 67 | a American Museum of Natural History. ¢ Cotype. > Skull in skin. d Young of the year. FIBER ZIBETHICUS RIPENSIS Bailey. PECOS MUSKRAT, Fiber zibethicus ripensis BaiLey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 119, June 2, 1902 (original description).—Mriuer and Renn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX Xi Aug. 27, 1903, p. 91 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902). Type-locality—Pecos River at Carlsbad, formerly Eddy, Eddy County, New Mexico. Description.—Mr. Vernon Bailey described this subspecies as fol- lows: Type from the Pecos River at Carlsbad (Eddy), New Mexico, No. 109012, U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, male ad. Collected July 25, 1901, by Vernon Bailey. Original No. 7757. General characters.—Size small; color paler than in zibethicus, but darker than in pallidus; skull narrow; incisors heavy. 30639—No. 56—07 m——32 498 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Color.—Adults in July: Upper parts light brown without any distinct black; belly buffy brown; throat gray, inclosing a sharp, dusky chin stripe; a small spot over each nostril whitish. ; Skull—Small and narrow; nasals short and rounded or pointed at posterior end, never notched; incisive foramina widest at posterior end; incisors heavy, molars light. Measurements.—Type: Total length, 470; tail, 202; hind foot, 67. Average of 6 adults:, 463, 204, 68. Skull of type: basal length, 55; nasals, 18; zygomatic breadth, 35; mastoid breadth 25; alveolar length of upper molar series, 15. Remarks.—This form is distinguished from zibethicus by paler color, smaller size, heavier incisors, unnotched nasals, and form of incisive foramina; from pallidus by darker color, narrower skull, form of nasals and incisive foramina, and slightly heavier dentition. No other comparisons are necessary. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 1902, p. 119.) Genus MICROTUS Schrank (1798). Microtus ScHrank, Fauna Boiea, I, Pt. 1, 1798, p. 72.—Lataster, Le Naturaliste, II, 1883, p. 348.—Mitier, North American Fauna, No. 12, July 23, 1896, p. 44 (Genera and Subgenera of Voles and Lemmings). Arvicola LackrEDE, Mém. de |’Institut, I11, 1801, p. 489. Dentition.—1.3; M3-3=16. Type.—Mus terrestris Linneus. Upper incisors without grooves; lower incisors with roots on outer side of molar series; molars rootless; enamel pattern characterized by approximate equality of re-entrant angles; m, usually with 5 closed or nearly closed triangles; M*® with 1, 2, or 3 closed triangles; tail nearly always longer than hind foot, terete; feet,.fur, eyes, and ears very variable; thumb never with a well-developed ligulate nail. (G. S. Miller, jr.) Subgenus MICROTUS Schrank (1798). Microtus Scurank, Fauna Boica, i, Pt. 1, 1798, p.72.—Miiter, N. Am. Fauna, No. 12 July 23, 1896, p. 63 (subgenus). Palate normal; m, without closed triangles; m, normally with 5 closed triangles and 9 salient angles; m* normally with 3 closed triangles and 7 or 8 salient angles; mamme, 8; plantar tubercles, 6; soles moderately hairy; claws of hind feet longest; fur not specially modified. (G. S. Miller, jr.) MICROTUS CALIFORNICUS (Peale). CALIFORNIA MEADOW-MOUSE OR VOLE, Arvicola californica Pratr, U. S. Expl. Exped., VIII, Mam., 1848, p. 46 (original description). . Microtus californicus Trougssart, Catal. Mam., Pt. 3, 1897, p. 563.—Ext1o7, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.).—Battey, North Ameri- can Fauna, No. 17, June 6, 1900, p. 34, fig. 3 (teeth)—Mrtier and Renan, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 120 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 499 Ty pe-locality— Vicinity of San Francisco Bay, California. Geographical range.—Grassy meadow-lands of the Sonoran (mostly Upper Sonoran) Zone of southern California and northern Lower Cali- fornia. @ Fig. 125.—MICROTUS CALIFORNICUS. SKULL. @, DORSAL VIEW; b, VENTRAL VIEW; C, LATERAL VIEW. Description.—Size, large; mamme, P.3, At, 1.3=4 pairs; skull (fig. 125) massive with rostral portion short and depressed; teeth as shown in fig. 126; coloration similar to Microtus edax; pelage full, long, and - rather soft; plantar tubercles, 6. Color.—Upper parts bistre enl-vened by tawny and black hairs, shading to grayish drab on s des and rump; under parts plumbeous, overlaid by hoary tips to the hairs; tail not distinctly bicolor, but dusky above and gray- ish below; feet smoke gray; whiskers mixed brown and white or colorless; head without white or yellowish markings. Measurements.—(Adult male, Cat. No. 60954 U.S.N.M., from Tecate River, near Tecate Mountain, northern Lower California, June 26, 1894; collected by the author).—Total length, 192mm.; tail vertebra, 59; terminal pencil, 6.5; hind foot, 24; ear, from crown, 12.5. Skull, ereatest length, 30; zygomatic breadth, 17.3; me i6.iehorns orion. estoid “breadth, 14; length: of nasals; (8:8; nicus. Crowns or motar alveolar length of upper tooth row, 7.7. Raa eee pe epee Habits —When we made our camp on the Tecate River at the foot of Tecate Mountain, in northern Lower California, June 24, 1894, we immediately discovered numerous runways of this, the only species of vole collected on the a. a Elliot has described a subspecies hyperythrus (in Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., III, 1903, p. 161; also in Land and Sea Mammals of Middle America and the West Indies, Zool. Ser. IV, 1904, pp. 300-303, fig. “‘51”’ [skull and teeth], fig. ‘‘xiv’’ [animal]), from San Quen- tin, Lower California. 500 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mexican Boundary. Everywhere in the shade of rank growths of cat- tail, sedge, and rush, beside the stream, we could see their much- trodden paths; but the little beasts were so difficult to trap that we _ only obtained three of them, all caught in daytime. A female taken by Mr. Holzner on June 27 contained four fetuses. Note.—The following species of voles are slightly extralimital, not being known to occur south of the Southern Pacific Railroad: MICROTUS MONTANUS ARIZONENSIS Bailey. ARIZONA MEADOW-MOUSE OR VOLE. Microtus montanus arizonensis BaiLry, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, p. 88, Apr. 30, 1898 (original description); North American Fauna, No. 17, June 6, 1900.—Miz- LER and Res, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX., No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 119 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Microtus montanus| arizonensis, Exxior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 184 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.—Springerville, Apache County, Arizona. MICROTUS ALTICOLA (Merriam). SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAIN VOLE. Arvicola (Mynomes) alticolus Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 3, Sept. 11, 1890, pl. v, figs. 1 and 2; pl. v1, figs. 1-4 (original description). Microtus alticolus, ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 219, June 29, 1895.— Bartey, North American Fauna, No. 17, June 6, 1900, p. 52 (Revision of American Voles of the genus Micyvotus). Microtus alticola, M1tter and Resy, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 123 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900).—Ex ior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 192 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.— Little Spring, San Francisco Mountain, Coconino County, Arizona. Altitude, 8,200 feet. MICROTUS ALTICOLA LEUCOPHEUS (Allen). GRAHAM MOUNTAIN VOLE. Arvicola leucopheus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, Nov. 7, 1894, p. 320 (orig- inal description). Microtus ,alticolus leucopheus, Barter, North American Fauna, No. 17,June 6, 1900, p. 53 (Revision of American Voles of the genus Microtus). Microtus alticola leucopheus, MitLerR and Resn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27,1901 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Microtus alticola] leucopheus, Evzior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 192 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality.—Graham Mountains, Graham County, Arizona. : ; MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 501 ( MICROTUS MOGOLLONENSIS (Mearns). MOGOLLON MOUNTAIN VOLE. Arvicola mogollonensis MEarns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, Feb. 21, 1890, p. 283 (original description). M{icrotus] mogollonensis MILLER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, p. 68, Apr. 21, 1890. Microtus mogollonensis Battey, North American Fauna, No. 17, June 6, 1900, p. 56 (Revision of American Voles of the genus Microtus).—Mitter and Resn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 123 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam. to close of 1900). [Microtus] mogollonensis Exx10r, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IT, 1901, p. 192 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Type-locality— Bakers Butte, Mogollon Mountains, Yavapa County, Arizona. Altitude, 8,000 feet. MICROTUS MEXICANUS GUADALUPENSIS Bailey. GUADALUPE MOUNTAIN VOLE, Microtus mericanus gquadalupensis BaiLey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, p. 118, June 2, 19802 (original description) —Mirter and Reun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX XI, Aug. 27, 1903, p. 91 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Land Mam. during the years 1901 and 1902). Type-locality.—_ Guadalupe Mountains, El Paso County, Texas. Altitude, 7,800 feet. rn wae ‘ i > mys TNE xX. Page PRICE COMGOLOE = ane kena nage ae Pe Sh Ee La, Oe, ad aE hoe Ee 40 IGE SORV EN GAVE SION a See ee eg aR ERR SGA Oasis eee OF SOREN chee reece eae ie. | BE 58 (2464S CA OO ee (eee eee wee aE ge OL ertor ss aie. Bere Ar eet ap st 7 ts 59 INGER MERINO ee Si aeen yA VU cae eye Raa. VAN ede 2 Sete eae bomeaems 63 Saccharum arama id Guta Ui. oom Peg eee Secs sn er fee ene oa 63 Exe MOG Pantene. twas as Arete otto ne heey eoegetea Noe nD We Nets ea ae a a te ee ae 6 Adenostoma ‘sparsitolmm: 2°... = -2:S..2-2n5-o0 te o a yon SVE, ae Weep ea 57 PAE OCG Dhl QT Oye 5 Sec aS eee Se ne a Tne SE a by oe ee OE 40, 124 ENOL D) Ul COs pn eit rena eee Ree eee PRR eel ai ie ate Pat kg NA eater paren 18, 119 Brietambvan clay. As 2 oy. Oe true Sees Aye it os heey ee oe ene Pe 97 IE REDE V TeS Sce ap es eae SOR rg eR ee ay oY Sa ees 129 Neue, MO UMtaIS: © As 2: Eas kore ae eey A ace ee ne meee ere nen el ee ee 10 descriptions ofys5-e seein ae El Se as ee ee ee 82 SINTMGW eS o 2X6 We a Beene ps ES NDT aN Ce ory ep chal (CPD Se nene ak ge ape ee Renu abet Pg AVS Ts 49 PAUSE ORCC OMAR fees eles coe aha ge et es a RN te odo) Sch yee ee ee Neck 49 ENO MC OPIN a ae ek, oe aes oo te NE ere re 1S war ton. eye eat a ee 22,138 Ula EUV Ole r SONORA SS hol ' 52a a ee ee Seay ¥en Sree eee oe ee ae 113 PAUL APACS aC CXCUIS se a79 4. ase eee ae ee nee eer oe Oa See se ee Mes ol 478 /ANTTIVELEW evel FOS cA WIA) 5 20) VE erp ee eaetiee epeche ee ge ea ce SUMPmBUR, Petia PO a) Aa eA ea co 57 Mann sPOC UG Phil Usy st x oS): Sess vee eee <2 ea se ae 297, 320 TTS TS eee, a eee epee wen, Oe 2 ah aye one 300, 303, 306, 320 SAIC ola Ae Sse See apnea te ee cy corer (cic oh Seed ce nee 306 VEWeUrU Shee es ne ie nen node eee eS pO Ome (esa ay CIWMB aM OMIEUS Masse a ae eee oe aS oe oe er Oe (Oil {UG HGS | 09 ei pais soe ne ee ee ie ROS ome UE Wet ag On 301 DEMISE tee Fc ee ey me = See oe emer 299 / SSIES HE NHC by yell in ayereee eee Seer SUN cee Snes ee ae ad tet erga es preter os 87 PANELIST GE UL So ee. re ict hea TS Pee a Tey see et vere oh = OR ect Oe 30 deSCrip tOMVOr joss Rs se Shee Sore tans eae or eae ae 92 Rangecot the: San Iois Mountamss cu saeco: 550 Beet eee eee 91 WEN LGN pees Mert epee SiR nea ne, Soa eo ge ge eh Rs ea ee A ae ee et a, SS AP 11) aporicinal-eartn Wonk. tess ce sien te be eee tin le Seip 94 astronomical. camprlocated ines: seo. once see eee 94 AMtCLOpe CLoumnd squirrel ps se te oe es Se aes eles ees ie ta ee ee epee 299 MexiCankprone-hormia.: 6 nae neces ae ae heey eee eae ee 221 ANsoneormyes Its AW Se eae pate ns Ry ia US ca Oe de intad NTRS. Soe enn ag ete fen aren CER anee 5 ENG aT KOT OV ee lars ae crs At nN eee re SNe Srey hel Se oak td eee a ee A 220 SUTA ESTE Ca) Manatee Se ee oem, SN a eke OE SY rence 9 es RR eg 222 TTL CT GAM Metered ee api ds Canepa A Pagel stn I ek PA gah el Cs Sch y ohe Bee 221 PANINI CEU ee meets ao ern ee Ne ane gean Tale eae Soha: Sec A tet am ec A eet 220 Ap ace eho SOULE a Fae ore re ck Ie ey eee eS oe Rte nr Oe atta anes Le, Sen 333 Mountains. escmptiGn at Lar se 2 ete ane es Soe ote ee eet oe 84 SQUIRE Ae aor Rt ai thn Veet ese Pe Mery e east ehe oe ie ere ieee 270 SOC THOUS C Mace see oO eee aS ENS oe ae ee Se ne AN Se ar ator 410 WOO CET eter ye tare eres er rte rare SS See Se rete Sa ree oer Le 491 504 INDEX. Page. ATSOSCINTOS Sie. 5s sn 55s eee Eee Se ta ie see eee reine eee - 268 INU HUI! OWA NC soasaodecscaeseasasceoe eee ee. ee eee eee eee 66 Axctic-Alpime LOM x22 Se Bae Seca os le Ne a a TM ZiQTNC SS ee 215, Oe Setar I Se eS GRRE a aE em eet eae fal Arctostaphylosspume@ens’ 23/2525: ot Ae OE ns Gee ee ee ee ee 67 A riVvacad Creek. VAT ZOE: ee TS eee 2 eee epee tes ne eanae ee eeEegc ss age ca 18, 112 Arizona chigomumnks. 2670.28 eo cee ek te ae Le ae ee eer tee tars Sheer ge ee 284 COtton=nate a3 ses ASSO BS Se Sele ere a len Se es et a aes Aen a re 450 CypLess) 2-22 —)- sedate Pern ee dk eStats basa See eee Reeeeaeee 41 | Ogee eee er ee eee aes, Mey wt Panay en Gas Fe mere AO ee 215 - PTASSNGPPEr MOURCS ape dite ORES ee ee 374 Pray SQUITEel. tC Sookie Po ocie au Sie miei epee ae ee 273 madroma® 2222.22 sea he Ce ete ene ed 66 mendowemiouse,’: = 6 222 Sie So asa Sack Gee eee ae Se See ere 500 Pines ie oe eet ae eRe ee, De a elt ree 38 PTAITVE ORE 2: ee oe eae Se eis a kOe ye ee 340 SVCAMOLE! Sj Beeps Se Se eee ine ae oes SIS oe eas Se eee 56 Wolo Sie fees oS Ses Bee pete ee oe aS SN 500 WOOG=TNOUSE = BMaE Shek Se aie A Res SSN rey Srl een oe ees 391, 410 Armadillo. Texas tse nce: fo ot ONS SSIS SN Sree ae teed te ep 157 Arma diloss 23s eye ac eek fe Oe See a on ee ee ee 156 Artiod acini .c toc. nt a cle <2 era oc ee ear ee 158 Agvicola onyaimonas.. 22 oc. 0252 Sloe: 4 Sais J eee ree ee 455 {KD 0) 0 ai ene tas alr mie rena peee Sw ail A nee eG Mer asa wo L 449 Ahi frimbes: 2022. ooo oes ov 3 So wie ol eee aie aed Shane See 67 deatherleais). <. 2205. et Ae. 1 Lt SoS So ee ee ea ee ee 68 AS POMS Seer eck as 3 te hes Se eee 5 see Soe AR ae I Ee nee eee 47 Austral Suite: Zone >.< <- 422332 -ee en ee ae Sa ee ene ee 32 GOON 2-35.) NP ee ne pee Seed ge 70, 71, 72 FAQTIOS TOWEL 58 Cee eee ete oe ate en ce re ee 71 Zone, WUPPek asec ade eee srayste Sepia sg are ee eee 71 Babaconank Creeks =<: 2 oe he ee oi es ee Eee ee ee ees iN A DENIKO) UN tae a nS ee A Re ER A a ee os Ae eis i PSOE Oe 367, 381, 395, 403 MAUS CULUS oe es Saye accs tars tres hoe Ere Stoll taylors: 552 FS nt. 2a ee Ce Oe ke Se 381 Barlow, Col. J. W., International Boundary Commissioner....-...--.---------- 1 Bawispe River. «2225.52.52. ase Sate ee Se ee eee es 29 Bearberry t= sss ee Ge ee ees Ce ine ayer eee oe 64 Bear Greek 2 oF Gaia 3 eae cee ene chen ee ere a ee 29 Walleyno.ss0 5 A es PP Re eS ae, ee ee ee 18 Bears, oriazhy 24 oy S22 oe eS NRE oe Tas Se 12 Beaver abroad talledesr see eae ie i te aid atte CAs SAC renee ee 350 Sonoran. [5 2. hse eS el ae eed Se eee hae ee nn eo 350 Beavers: 252.22): S5cc 28s Ps sa Se a eee pea ne 349 Belen, Texas, specimens: collected Ata. .2- 2 Se aa an eee ae 79 Veretation: ati.) 2/28 sie Acs aes eels Sa ees epee 79 Big’ Hatchet Mountaing; New Mexico. 05282225 0 es ee eee 11, 85 collections) iromise.2 25ers ee eee 85 flora ‘of. < oo See ee eee 85 Bighorn;Gaillard 22s 2222 =o ik ee Be ae Ie en ee 240 Mexican...-..-. iron ue aue ao. SOR Soe © Se ee ee 233 Nelsons. 2: 22) 5-2-5 See 245 INDEX. 505 Page BisheereAri ZOMasetes eis See ee ee ene PS 2 hee ee Se ok en ee eR 13, 17 COUCEHOMSRINRCLE Lhe See ae Sete hes AO Fate Ore eae Se See 99 Blanco, Don Jacobo, International Boundary Commissioner..............----- il BOcapKG marc ew Mo tuba ims sase ex hes ee eters age Rares ae eee pe em En 30 OL Gay SRG pelo unl epee sakes Ste rape ae rene A Oe cdl vo Dic Senet gs Aen ante EO Ora Boundary Monuments, concordance of numbers of ..............-.--------- 8 IBYONIKG yee Sie ae eh go ee Coo aap mee AC Se Ae eit ae Bue peer e S ee tera 233 Oe] Genee era yostenhe eet eealy Up Sherk see Seely het 5 EM: hc ah ie he, ee LSE ed ny Se 63 ibrandegee Proiessor Zien 5S abOtamisty2.. 72-62 ice em emoe tee Se Cee ee sere os 5 Biravodendronetexam Ue s tear Sete dee Seni at aes Mas eee eens oe 67 TERESA OISER) BOVIS) Oe tes ee eg ran gt tae Ope ews Re eel dee iis Seen ae eee al eae 9 brovGd atoll ede caviere ak tax e h:a seta eae een ne ls Maen, a cree eee 350 IBCUSHRENOUSE A AGMOs=. 4 be. Aen ements oacrn I oaae! ota kate Wwe nen, Pout coh es 416 ATEN GCE ae SNS Syed eaietes SyePaet ee Pane cee asl Se ik omen Ree 423 bare=foote dite cee ae eee Mer ee ae et Aa 422 Cailitormig ssa eee pak PORT CN 12 og eres eee Crees 413 Bick eves Meme mie aie oe eee ewe eye NOR lnc) Led Cape gel Maas ters eee 63 ARGOS ory AE ope SEA ae OR MNES eae LILY cine rg ore eee 63 UC eG ORM CAS CAA e et ee fae re fapen e ee Ee ress RUS in oR 64 RNAS ge EC Oey ae ea le ea ksAA e A ha RS Pe eae oS HS Ard AE ch Pict ok 64 Bune nati x1 Chae ats eae atbsrtice atone nN EIA SPR, Oar i cir ee 67 ABU O ae yas sic Gos Sea ak eee een aL A NS is ste no Sy, aye cies ee 208, 210 (Csi oxo tery MM Loyb wan| teh aksIaehS Lon OXON emery ee ewes gs ee att PM a Rare ee ot ak ea cree te 114 (CEN CO A I ae ese ee eee arene 1 Ar eee ier Re Mees 0) SI BRE RE: 174 @aciuss candelaibrumms 2222-255 ssa Sa AE ioe SE seat RUE Ne uct Ye Ag i a 65 SIAN Gee yee ae = 2 Seas PRS ce ree teise s..n eons Sie artes Sts iste 64 SKC) (Ope ey a i eet ein ol 0 ih fa ee ere ee oes ae eee 66 RGD ITE OVS DE he sca Me eet, ge ea en ye See ke i a eet MN La xa Se See 66 DROS ee te MSE Race 6 seer te Dees Seer tae Re Ae Nay ay pee eeminpatens 66 Cajon Bonita Creeks SOMOr as mee seer ee ae eee ee 11, 13, 15, 16, 29, 96 LAU aPAN Oeil OT Ante ase ee eee se ee ee a ee ee 93 PALO PMMA RUSH EMO USE We yarn oe ne eee iyi al me mee cc ne eee 63 eround-squirrelince S23 toi eS A Ee eS cures. 2s wl eae 324 SUNUPCES eA man seeks Sees Beatie eae tte pe rman oo eer ae 42 TINGAC O WEIN O USE Hays Se eee ee a ee wines ates aaa eee ne ee a 498 MINUS SCR ere Seve 8 escent ee ri cane Reco eye REE ANS Oe ob 211 Sb tRO pee Drache teat eS Fe ate Sra seo ons SA se ne vere 73, 74 BYy.CAM ONG Soe ae even siewste eee eee aoe ae ei eens GIN oe See eae 56 tO) (creer ae gap Sede Mie PON AE Or oe pe ea Per Sie eye val 498 Wall ospetialo yp Wikis asa as rk A Ge RE TN nk See aN ant GPS ear EE 309 JOSH ANGUS oes Aen eyes oe eee ie ee ey as pee Cee 313 CHEVROGOMUST Pe 42 SCR Beast hed = a eae eee 312, 313 IY Pei a [Rs ten ncey he a raceme ea ars Bape aN ee tes Riad NOR pt 287, 293, 309, 312 Camel Skeletons eae tek ce ce ov ee ele hes Slee es eRe oy eee a te oe a 120 Camel ssrAvraplam=- ist iereo Utinwiest; se = seer oe eee re ee 169 Came lire cl rome Gani sissy weet ee eee se ee ee ee ee ine Orgran ae 169 @anipbelllis "Ranch, Cahiornia 05. 2a a. eno 2 tae ns Ses esse ee ee ee oe aim pelowells: Arizona es <. SSA eae Stee Pe eo acts ag er ee a Ae 17,410 Campo, Calitammian as Rae hn Sano oe epee ocala Se ear 22, 135 Gaaddatieliile Zoomers sae seer eae gre oan Meade cert Sa inate es eee 39, 49, 71 CMAN LON TY=SL SUING 2) ye el apy ee PO pee tes ce Seis Re eee een fey 315 (Chianiallilicy Milooimiennass ING WANs Mos” paaab once aaew ee Sonne eos bana we Sous 10, 30 Geseripiton, OL tems: aie en eee jo eee 83 Springs New MextCO ss | Me aca oes amie ease nee Se ee een ee 10 506 INDEX. Page. Carrizalillo Springs, New Mexico, collections from...................--------- 83 Ora Ole pe ites: Sev tl ogee ine aie ee ees 84 Gaston: anit 6-252 2 tare eee eee Si eee a Seca ee or ee, See 350 CANAGeNSIS setae Seed Sh es es cee eae eee oe ea ae a ae 350, 353 CATONIM NSIS". 52.5 core awe es epee tee PACE Jy at ae nr 353 Fit O18 Papen cece res oR te Poy Ve ge og Ee ene eye poe a 350, 351 frond ators ator ko PSs eR 2 cetacean e e 350 Gastoridcey ras ac oF aa tee eee cn Ye Ade EP a0 ee eA a ea 349 Cedars 755 Be. Beste ey Se eS Ae Pee oy ee ae Se SES ee Roe eae 69 UN COWSC S See) SASS eee Soe ee et ye rer ea kon cen ete eR ee ee a 40 Gelbis mM ISSISSL PP LETISIs. e255 oS eet ea ae tence rae Oy Ree 55 occidentalis: i oe 25 f Py un toate es arco sn Te 54 TOG CULAbA. tee A she re ete Sieh eee Se en ROR Spee ee 55 Cerciditun terre yan Joo. 2 epee a a he ae oe nee eee ees 61 Cercisineniformis 2 yo 2275 Le ee tt oe tet Oe ee ea 60 Cencocanpus panavarolisiliye full onde ees meres eee eee 57 PauUcidentatis. tS 5e 3a ey ee 2 eee ee 57 Cereus giganteus 2... 325520. 22S 4 Se a ee eee Se cee 64 prunglel. 32. tee A 2. WA ae Se eee ee ase 66 SCHO RIM se Soe e ee Sey: Le erential Neng eae Re se Bet ee 66 GMI erie: Sx or whence BF ee ee NE ee Oe eee ee a 66 CemrosGalllardowss 2.422 (aes eS oe a ee ee ee ee ee 97 Wer yvid ee Fre oes 5,88 ees See Se Re eo pha arte, NS ee SND a hee 169 OED s seen ein ei ute ce aE eB REE ee ES PER eM een eg Ot enn Sao c 170 OfS Ca) EVGA 5 Ses ree RE een ln eloe Dea Joo St a ee 213 Claphuisess.-\ 22 Sse Sao s oo 5s oe ots BS ee eee eee eee 213 MM ECMMIATL 5 32 Ne et cgi 5 ee YS es he ire om ee ee 213 Ghamiteey paris ss <2 <9 bashes jos fect Says Soe eee ae ee ee ee 69 Chamisoyred-shamikes ses ease ns cee 2s ewe eae ene itz hehe ote Raise eee 57 OGherry:: entirelead ic 25 9923 $55 Se ne a ee Re 58 Ihollivleat 8c sl xp es geo Soke Sere eta ete cee REN cn er es 58 Mexican 022. © tigers a2 Bah S So ae te Reem Ae Oe le eee 58 western choke! }4.J.s>s02 223 StS as ae Cee Soe oe ee ers 58 Will LOWLGah Sakic ee 8 cps ors et no aS Pe SS Re a eae 58 Chickaree* Mearns. Wo *- Soo 52 a8 Sen Se RES es eee ee een a ren eee 262 Mopollonéiesc) i. 2S os a a ee 2 ee eee 256 Mount Graham: 332.24 Sees a ee OE ee al te pee a ee 261 Ghickareesa. 22.246. SoS Sask USS Se 2 Re ee Sie ey ad ae 256 Chihvahwa PpmMet: ea 22 ke 5 kee Sets A I he 39 Plains mouse coe 2s) ae Ae ee ee eee es ee tee pe er 389 WOOdsraibs 3 ot qa teas Sheehan ee oe aie oe te cee ne oe ee 491 Chillopis linearisns: = 2.2 es O92 as Be a oe re a ee 68 Chinantrees wild fost eee Sere se See oe eee Se ee 64, 69 Chipmunks sAnizonas 2.24 2s Ss desea aetna se eee eae ata ee ae 284 Guile se oe i Pe ne eee 288, 319 Merrion s. 6 Sicca arb ei ocean ee ee 295 Chiricahua Mountains... --. PA eee et MS Pa site aga Sire Lidia Eee 30 bary est-mousel..2 Uo eee ai ee ee 459 Choa... 622 coi ode Bar ES Set Ft, es Serge i ee a 66 Christmas, Derr y's-c.s 26) Ae ears eee oe ey eg 57 Cienega, Arizona, vegetation ati : 12-240 aoe: 2 oot se ee eee 104 Roame bin oc /ts 5 erat est ee cee ee Re ee i INDEX. 507 Page (CUTAN OMe ee ee ee reg ae oe aera ics Nin wen Bee ee Epa a eed Mee Se A 233 Citations of trees of the Mexican Boundary Line.......-.--..--..2::-<-+---- 36 (Oa rre) URS na ana ee ie eee ee re ae phe ieee An oe ie Bene Fh 297, 326 MOK CAMPS ST) atv; GEM Se he pee ea eS eres ees Cisco ye Mpa ayes ee 328 By PLO elniee eee come eden s eS ee oe Shea atiaar ein Cay po 331 AMINE CLENS Se aee seek em at lee Seer ae Se ge Sa oes 1 ee ene 332 BRONS PS See tee aie hes hale elas eases 212 2 eye eee eerste ae ool TVA GCOS PULOGUS ie ae ae eee we is Seer, net ey 333 PORCUL CAI Use m= saree os a het area en en Ae ee | eevee genes 301, 336 iridecenthinesfusiexeDSises smae Ham 7 eer ree ee, sh san. eee 136 reptiles and batrachians on east sideof..........2..- 133 the MVaconbasstOviels=< 2 ser =) va ieee aera Penne 133 MBE elaLION Ol xe toe A. oun sae Pe eee 132 (decpahmlndian. Niowels ise sc oet ee eae Se SF eae ee ee 129 Collecting stations, summary of, with dates when occupied ........--------- 143-147 Collecting stations. (See also stations.) (Ceol anni Baw Aas Yon nto) 2 Newent ata rete alt et eR es By RS A Ry eer Pee Giese UT OXS: Gnlorado Desert, reptiles ose. 202.1 ora 2 se aie ee cn eee eee ope 132 Pahoa theater en crc eS aD OSE Osa ote ee 31 IFUL CID Aspe era a cee SS 5 Oe en, CE ONULENT| 5 AKO 20) epee ae ea re ae ee I A a ee ERGO Te Fie 127 OO SPA esa a RS Sate are RS 2 GLa eT ee eee re ees 472 Columbus, New Mexico...---.---- esa ne aE ag os Se ee a Oe cee) A ee ee OA) ters Concordance of numbers of Boundary Monuments. .-..--.-.---.------------- 8 PERRO TOUS eA yo Se RS ay I ee fe SRE fs rere She nee ere 70 Cook*sa elle SaltoneRivier «Galitonmaecet==— 5255 ee a 2 enna eet ee eee () 29) (Woralelo Sameer = 1 ees SO eee A eer Se ee Oe ae MEE, glee SN Se ae 61 COEVES Chy PLOLCUCHR.. sae 8 ee ea ese ee eas Sane Nie eee 342 (COtLOn=rat: WAIT ON aeestae ee eae Aes cy eee con ae oe Nee ee ee ee ae at oe 450 Bias terion) es erties cse oon eye ae wees ee me ee a ee 449 Migarng rs areata tes eb a wascr am sect crs arnt Son, Jere Re oN eae osha te eps cae 1 TSoN 446 ABest ets: ac pe ome eS Rae eta Oe aha Rare Gs Si mB PAR 448 Westerns Deserte ss .os atari n oct ea ae ele pas a te ee ear Re 451 Cotton woody Prem omthe spe cee ee ere ears ele Meee ara Sw Une meena a 48 MARCO Wal Calliopes tet a8 SA ete, wnle Ba o EE Nr erated eel ey then ea eat a 47 IRV CLO oi aa ee aed ere alee le NE Rene Sel Fela Lh Tyee oat 22 RO cite Nh eat ter eas ee en er 9s Meth ee rn ae 201 Gory OLE VULG! One Ara Ae tea aA eter Sa Noite Le eee OT ee a ee hepa 474 Gavoten Well sWalilomiiarc ss. Sets Sere! 5. ac Seal ee ON ee Seas Cee 20, 131 GIG Uri oe sae ee po nae a ey eh toe Spee ait s RATT A SaaS Coe ee eer ae ros 367 Crook. General Georrendecrdiscovencdubyen s9- se eee e eieeee 190 (CIVELUTTE OR Ree WYGAT ENC oper we hs oe aac eS Uae AOA eae RR near ooh 478 MONTEL OE mee aks We Sere eS AY te eS Bee Rs 174, 210 Cupressus arizonica....-...- Sete Net es Os See Rien othe te eS ee ae 41 FevOni@ NC ROR) eye ot Sern sheeted cr SE peer Bee crea Pees Ae Sloman e 40 RE GIT TUN tee Ro yao ee ee need pee oe Lh de ae ete ag See aso ae el tects 339 SUMITOMO Oe ee Ope Re tare Mare Sete ee a ee ep 342, 345 lidowiclanustaniZOnensise \sese. 7 seats sae ee agin) ee eee eee 340, 347 BYTE Kah COUN S ees eR a rs ee ea ph eaten EL, He ee ern ROT Pore 340, 342 508 INDEX. Page. Cypress, Arizona s2 25 atjoo2 sa Saba eo erat a ae ee ae Se 41 aldiss 22S a 191 Sonora cuiibestailed:. 3582-2 cs tock oak ee ee eon 175 dexes white-tailed: <.22 note wae Sh Be eee eR ees eee 171 Deseriptions of ‘princrpalcollecting stations... .-. = 42 62. fee ee ee 74 Derertmmouse, Apaches: % 2352, Vee eae rN eee ee Se eee 438 Fiasterin steed Jue 2S MOR reek ee BR eee Fnac 6 Pp he ett Oar Sea 441 palin 3:5 ice ae ASS ee Saks A ee oe pee 427 San: Diegor cs 25.3 ce ae as VS ae, SG een ere 436 Sonoytacicetot stats es Be Se ee ee ee i ee 443 southern-parasitic. 15.9. oe ACE ee, Peete eee eee 429 Tiburon. Island'cs e024 = ty LA eee Ce ee eee 444 IWestennts sae eet an BS end Sieg Ree sat Bee Ey Sp ee 431 Deserts of the southwestern interior, vegetation of.................---..-.--- 33 DevilsiGlawsesos 3c222 25.40 ae 2 seats Sache hs Sree eye et epee ee eee 59 Didel phutdee 55 2 oo sooo SES. 5 Lie 2 Pak ee ee 150 Didelipiita: 24.3 2c. S59 «See ot 2 See a 150 key to speciesols tem ace see easy ee ee eee 150 MesAMEFICAND tEXENSIS =f 24.8 Sek hoe = ee ee ee 150 Wargo) 2b LSE ook ss Se Sees Sets Se oe BR ee ee 153 DitferentistionMracts>:: 35.2102 Soe ee ee na ip Diospyrositexama 7 see-y . (hee eek oe re a ee 67 Dog Springs; New Mexico:?: 2: s¢ ss scot Ra oes ee ee ‘11, 15, 87 Mountains: 2252 rec. 5 52s 2 Sale ee ee oe nel description Of. t.- 1) shee ape eee ee a ee Sasa eee 87 HLOTAO Ree NO Ue ne ae a emer Veneer elo SS Dutch Charleyds: Ranch 2 ss ees ee ee een ee Cee eee 14,17, 98 vegetation ate ise ae2 Se ee ot ern ene 98 Eastern: Desert. Tracts +2 35S eB ohare as 5 are See ee ee 73, 74 Hehinocactusiwisli venice. -< ss. 5s Se ie ee eae 65 Edlentataen 422525 sod saa a ieek She ae ey ee Se erate eae eee 156 Hiderstpale ta: 22 fe es Biches ee ee nine hae arn ee ee 69 Mies Canta ot Ste cn igh ae pay ie ag gle Ei rr ire y ee 68 Mlevated: Central iractys ae. os See 2 ae ee 35, 45, 52, 56, 68, 73, 74 BI VAmiz gnats ee ee ses Pe ey ei bee ee rey. Net ge throne ts vets 2 Sanat Set oeeee 215 Memos ee 2) 4 2) 2-80 ine =e oe ee ees ee a 213 Blimscediat os 0 ee ee eS RUNS a on ye ee 54 BINGO S828 eS 2S ee Se eS re eae ee re ee ey ee one 22 ElsPaso,;. ‘Texas. 5: aR 0 Sir ees Cee ae epee Se a9 TUT a Olesen Seen es Sea Rees Pe Pe ae 80 Aoraof eile Se tae fe Be DR res ee eg 80 grasshopper’ mouse...) 5320332 33 3scp ae ee ee 377 eround-squirtel 25.3 2S. Se eee 301 INDEX. 509 Page. El Paso, Texas, reptiles and batrachians of ............ Pe ae eet ee 81 spotted eroumd=sqimir ella si- ene Ne alee eyo yak gee ee 331 DEVE Onis SONOLae kane ee tee ages Bye yee teo ss ae Oe ee Ss 114 TIGA UIs pee ae ey Str ena ey tee Sec ea, Sv ee ne, Sn ele 69 SEOUL Siivs arn eee ROI gh a Melee ap NR yeh oA SEEM RP ie 283, 320, 341 CINERETCO [LGA ore ede ee UY ONT Se Uh nt Powe Min ee ee 284, 293, 312 CAMP CSS, tse pee ee Liane er ae iim eA 284 GOTS AUG yee tthe Gs me ke RRs Sate ON AY ry Se) 65 eA, AS oe de 288, 319 ALOE TAU eee eth oaks ee = ee Me SPIRE Lh See ees eT Moma 295 iy sem handiGiatesis R17 Sele a see htt ess Oe Sak de Ree Ge Ree eR OE LRN e eA Mee 61. Orbhocar pats seas ea ee Fe oe oe oe Sere ae ete En EE 61 Bameatol Caton bOnlto. Greek At ois 45S. fy 208. 5b Se ede ed see 93 BMP ASOLO RAS Sense Soo eis aay See ts igh ore ens We Br cre Beat ee 80 Boris @ lair ke execs Cae mae ares at eee gees a See? Leth a a 76 iachines, Mountain gis. ser kek ea Oee ge i wah he emg mine 103 INGRELCE. PATIZOI A Neo us Ae ee oe oo ds 2 Ah ie 107 Payariios: Mouimta ins sa. 22 Stra Saye 8.25 <5 Le ene 4 en ae ae 113 Sane Glententerlislamdhcs Sei cc laeters Go FoF) a Ful ea tes 140 Helis- un. et eee eae eee eee eee 19, 20, 30, 120, 122 Grasshopper mouse; Arizona. 2h. 722) on) es eee eee eee 374 black-eyed: +. /Stvr. S02. 2h Reb Ie ee seer eee 372 Bastern4Desert 2-1, 5:s. ne (20 ee eee 371 Bi Pasoes = itssc2 sc eb ek Se ee eee ee ee 377 Ramona: ¢ 222 csc os oigtd SB ey ee ee eee 379 Pexast costes. Stee see ede ee ee 369 Wuima 3222 2. Ses oe eee ee Reo ee eee eee 378 Gray's Ranch, San Diego County, Galiiormiac: 2-2-4522 25- 2. Se eee 135 Grizzly beats: 42. Do 226. Le ee et see ae ce Oe eee ee 12 Ground-squirrel. (See also Canyon-squirrel and Rock-squirrel. ) antelope 22.2 [2 -Se es ese pa eos es a rere 299 Apache 22 2282:20. 225 u ita DAS ei ae ee 300 Caliif@rmiias ce. Te 2h eh = eg Oe ae ee 324 Fl Paso: . = soe eae 02 ERS oe eee eee 301 spotted .. 252.422 05).. Jo. 2s ees a eee 331 Harris so 3c: 23 ee Se ta ae 303 Padme Island. . ...s) ts 722-2222 h ee eee 332 Rio Grande...) Sb OSS ee, ae Se ee ee 328 San: Bernardino Mountainee 2022) oo epee re ete 318 Say ..ies.tecege : Seo SNe See SEE ee es 309 INDEX. 511 Page. Ground-squirrel, Texas, thirteen-lined........-.........-. Neots whe Fn eee gn are 327 SOUT Ysa) Sle See Se i oe re? Oe a eR Ae ate ee 336 Goadaliper Gani oni sa sare pom ie See phair are”. Ds a 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 94 OVA: Obeetacts eraeen es Sema Mirweta Ria. Bat cares Sh eharcs eens Se eee apa 95 WW lovowaneniaysaneHXo lon eaves ee = a APS ae oa ee ee ge A ee este 501 pid) Kes, Seen ERE PD Ee oe Enh Re ane ape et ae SS See eS Har 501 teachers Gram cle Vile winnie eye aes eee te eter eee Seat ene ere 30 Gelb Ciiy ma an ae ae tes SNe: od wah ee nti g Vi sean k Sa ass eae Sete tabs eet 54 TEINS: Tew ayel eT StOp Nola: hs Sam oS Cee 2 ee ak ees ere oe ieee 14, 16, 94 Mertiary fossileeansss taker ee ee OAS eee 94 Elaplomiyl omic s sets nace oye tye aie ae eee, Sree easy nee ieee 402, 411, 413, 429 eieoreliys Robyers SOINOL Aa. tae ot ao eee cP eyo es. Sectors eR eth par ey oiee 08 ee aL 1 ELonieihSered COLON EKG SCG [UH ea) Meee en ae eee SA AS eh WP a PIRI aioe Ree Parco oe ian 303 Harvestamouse: big-eared: 2225-2 ee ee eee es Te Ss oe es 2 eee 460 Chiricahua: Moumiticiiee ses eer. aati 2 pte oe eee ee 459 GES CREE 5 eee era PS ee Re eg eee Date eee ede 462 WACCY Soar toes an Sa eae ety =r LE oo nS ac enh pe 458 SOMO MN tte eta AERA 2a Sy lye Bh Pe eat Oe eee Ree 464 SO MON AM ne tet eine eee OE Seer 5 bes eats eee 459 AISA aaa? es eee eee Perso Vora a Era So eo anaes 457 Rlesperommlysvamibhonyile: Se. seat

es eee 7 Region, deserts of =...) oo sc a eee 2 eee 31 Hore ‘Obs: ooo Sek Seance eee eee 32-36 FOPCStS ON 2): 2a fhe Veo San ee ee 32 geological formation of. 222-2222) 31 Indians oft. et ie ee 26 inhabitants Ol... --..2.. 580 ees ee ee 25 listvof trees obs): .. 2). 2. Se oe 36-70 literature concerning life areas of...........- TAL MPUNtAMMs Oles. 2s 72 Ssees ee se eee 30 primary faunal repions of: 22-232. eyes 71 principal settlements in).=- 2. --- +e eases 25 report on rocks ofo7 2s. ae ee 32 secondary lite. zones of 3-14... ¢2_ a eee 71 watersheds Of -2.7).23.ice5-c0 9! 4 ocean eee 27 Survey, biological section, collections made by... .... 3 ItINCrALy Ole see ee ee ee 8, 23 ; OFSanIZationcol- 2.24) see 2 persons participating in field work oie 23s Spee 5) reconnoissances of........ : 5 scientific work accom- plished by *: 222... 3 distance. covered. by -2:=.-..222-e- eee eee 8 general character of region explored by... ..-. 23 importance of water supply to members of... 29 monuments erected by. 2220. 5205 see eee 8 rivers crossed. bys: 2285: Saat ae es eee 28 separate commission for survey of Rio Grande section \of:: 22°) Save sae ee ee a Tronwood,',San ‘Clemente -. 2-522. h este Sone ee eee 56 SONOMA Leo snd. 2. ee Se ee te ee ee 62 Trwins' Pass: .< -2)os.c0: «ss 2s See OE ee ee 16 Trodes bovis. 2298... lentree S22 22 3. i ee ee 202 Jacumba Hot Springs, California... 5.22.25. =-4. 56 == 21, 134 Jamul Creek, Caligormia 20280 a20%..2. 20 nee. ee ee ee ee 22, 136 Johnston’s Ranche . 2.2 22Ys2. Gs Steel ee eee 98 flora of ihe Mule Mountains: 22.22 223 25 22 98 Johnston’s steam pump <.<.0. 25.2222 e22 2222.95.95. 1 oe ee 14, 100 Juarez, Mexico. 1.4.50 4 o eset ae eee ee ie os 4 9 ~~ INDEX. 5138 ‘ Page. Sete Ame PeSLTIS: . 2+." ._.... . [ASS ee ee eee 5 ed np Paes 44 DATUM Se ce 2 oS RL Oe St nae carte ae ee 63 JUGS DRL) (0) eer hie Tete et OS TAS Ny See ee 42 Galifornia.... .. (5 ue ee eas ie oe ee ees 42 @NHe-Seedk. ff... Sea ee epee eee gene ea re 41 mimnipertis:californicus. {5 .2-) Ses ei eee ee eee ea eae tees ee Se erste tts armas 42 MONOSPErMas ..2 52's o- seh eas ee Ce es yee een a cee ier Se 41 pachyphloea: 2c: ce eae a ie ee es Bh 42 Koeberlimia> ... 2.2. .f5¢ 5 S335 ee ee ee ee eet eo 63 spinosa -:0.0 es eee Oe A eel ahaa Se ee ae Wee RS 63 bay, Abray-Plain:. 3)... 2 222 A eae ee ee str eg SOR Felgen eae 1 heme ote 117 agCarpa pg SODOTaS. 4 eae ee PAE re oe ie eae as Se he tee 20, 128 ea dolla.< Galiformiai: 2 see ere Rear ste ome ar a he sek Tia ea hn 22,138 lea @ sal; SAr ZONES ike eR ee ee meee Ohare sr wn Che ey we en IN SP eh: msyoal y iba Morita Mountains oe seeten Meertee Barapa ems pon ens Se Gne OR As Ate ae YS is 1 Se M0) ol Naar OPM? Sy oo ay Lol SIR ee RO Lg ny ee a Le cea a 17 PASI VC PLESOGe Sate 5 aie Pacem tine Sm enna, Bee mt sce, | eater een me GANA 18 Vierelatlon at) Gaara ar ee Sere j2 AEEMAN GRE Raed a ie 119 Ie CT ean Ue ese moe ree nee een See rE Nagle par Ges eas NE ee ee RN oad 18 an Vierieuma ive Chis ode cya aha Oe. game ae eee pet yee Oe ed Se 114 Hn cumande Alans ber ae wns See aye ate Se Seg ae De ee ee 21 Apap e NOU ITA ae op ee) Suen ee Se tes the Se whe EAS hg ee 22, 139 il OTA ference Le Minin Se Sey. ANG ENL Yel A eR Ce ath whe tage ey 135 haguna ot Salton River: Lower California... 025 _22:- -. - 20.225. Pe ee 130 Haruna siaiiomaGaiorilamgss tt. Senet eae Sees. Sea ee ae SL a 13] Te vibeces (Gea a = Spe oer es are ey Sie ne ene ea ee ace eo 28 Collecwomepino imme cey 2 eee eye crs ey? ene ee enue ae yeas 82 Wallsewailom as ean sias tae oie oat eee nn soo ote a eC ec ete gee a ee yee 10, 28 EAR OM ERRNO Reuse. cient ieas RY Sanwa 2 Nota SURMISE Seen a Pe te Soi tae a 12,15 Wanice leg Galntoniiaets aces te iene a shee Aa eke Oe iat eed ade every Be te 56 Nec ine Aw CSET tenes Sak eee etree CHR eee yy Sieirs ena ot ted 2Wtaoenes. at ty eG Ncae Seed 19, 2 Mombasa eee a Aetna ee ets Ar 19 VUrexmaenayeasin = 3 Se es Si ee eas ee ee ee Eee Nie aac: [alegre ae aN a 493 hepusrionid ann sano aa eniers tvs te: Memech ane oak eee ee See ae SR eet 286 Mr hbocedmusrdecumenst sy ee. k meee cia ei ee tate een Ts Le Eee a ene pee 40 Inifesareasrolimen Wexicanes oummdan yesrveolO Ileana = 2) erence ee 70 Life zones of Old World, correlation of, with those of New World...-.-.-.----- 72 VE Pea YE as acy Ae ee ates bay SRE ME et A ee cos aa tn See 71 SECOMMany seers Rate Oa tite. AM Pee we ik A etn RP peice cs 71 TOC USt cb NS yl wel Oona IN yet oh aly Seal Ve PN tn Se Se oh ea aps Aoaeer ir nbs area eo 62 hower Boreal bite gH cu csp eerie tm era Fes Le AC SCR Se eo ea Sree Rage Sie oe 39, 49 Califonmrangiroptesliioras sass sere ees te eaters See Slate 43 COUMEDUT MMU CI Weel Occ Leese me ee yk ok rg eet = meee eee Sie eee get ae 86 Sonoran Me WZOMe ats> eer het al ob Aten Neon en eas hy 2 Oe oe ie 32, 59, 61 Lyonothamnus floribundus asplenifolius...-....-..-:--+-+---+-.------------- 56 McMaster eliieutenanits Geore esl as ste 2" Se arc ee ee eee yee aa 14 MeVay; Iieutememistianiamyl os (Lee eee ar On aan oN ee eae 6, 13 Madrona «Artz onlaiaoe reeset ee aa tere rahe el ae eccrine eer 66 Mahogany, binchilleas sete -5 to see tae ee eee a ee eee 57 elitincleniic to het eee Brash oe en ee ee ee Fe ee ie 57 Mamimalsiof ithe iMiexi cam Is oumdariy MCP TOR sss ee os etre eee eile 149 30639—No. 56—07 33 = baie INDEX. Page. Mammals, summary of, collected by the biological section of the International Boundary: Commission Zine ia ee. a aate Sake hee cat ee eee 149 Mangle son: section ois Boss oe ee ceo eR NR ES Sone eee eee ee 61 Manzanita ase ole Spel ase ee i a gS eae © eee en eee 67 Maple: -largetoothis 2’ 205 5 2S. Sarthe Saat ae See Pe SS SET OI te 63 IM caren UR Bs pes cS as eee a eo Ree ee eS eae 338 Mairmi@tis 22-052 cx ances s oe he ee ee Ce eee ee 247, 338 Moarsuipialiar< cc 322 ace ote sate rete ee nme es cae ee de RE hes Pen 150 Marsupials: 2222 2. occ 2 io tas Bt Loe ere ee eee ree che Ce oleae 150 Meadow-mirce ie 5. a SS a Re ee he eee ana 493 Meadow-miouse; sAmizomay. S:e2 tps cee ee a le en ee 500 Camo rata 2 28-y or Se RRC rece Imre eee ee 498 Graham: Moumtame- 2.32.5 2G5 ce Ae ae eee ee eee 500 GuadalupesMicumitaime 3) A255 eee eee 501 Mogollon Moumiiaini st ieee 5 oS Sea ye en eee eee 501 San. Kran Giscop Mountain eee.) pe = one ee, oracle gee oe 500 Mearns*Touis*Di-Z:> Collecthors setae aes te ee et cee 6 Mearns, Major E. A., medical officer of Boundary Commission... ......-.------ 2 temporary detail to Fort Clark, Texas...............-- See Mecgadontomys: 22.2 25.0 oS ack 2 comes Cees ae ie eee oe eee eee 403 Meliasazedarach munlbracuiiterassss see ean etn ee a een 69 Merriam chipmunks" 222 2. 922. eS eae oe toe 295 Merton.3BrnestiG,; acting Inospitialistewerd ses sss ee ere 6, 15 Mesquite, 3.925... . 525 5 Seaee ce: a a ee eee 59 Wak@ son 353 SSe ee ee. ods Ree Pe ee ee ee ee Zl Mexican: brehor 220722: Bee sce 5 2 eo eee eee eee 233 Boundary, monuments and sections of... .. PUGS ese a eee 7 numbers of momum ents !Omiss =e oe ee eee 8 oldsmonuments of... 2S eS aa ee 8 Rio. Grande sectionroia ss. ss sos e e eepee eee eee 7 Sciutus, key-tos- 2. coe 362 ee eee 248 Recion, lite areas: of soa eee a eee ee 70 tropical ares: of >i. fac. ee eee fz buckeye: 2 we. ecg bettas AL Re Oe oe ae hh ee eee 63 @herry <3 58. See ee ee ae renee ne ee 58 eougar. 1 SNe. Bled et MGs eS eet ae ee ee ee et ee 201 eldereics 5 cs Pe Ee ee Ge ee te ay a oe are ap ee 68 muule*deer ss =... ie et Aes SaaS Roe Le a eee eens 191 PETSLMMON see. se Sok Tee cle ee irae 67 PUMOU es oS) See SSS 5k SER: he ri 3h pronghorn antelope s=.2>).2e2= 2 es a222 Ss See! oe ee 221 Mice; plains -2.2°% 2.25. te ee eek SE re 384 WOOd 22255 teedi: 2! ROR e Sete ee Se ee oe ee ee ne 402 Microtines:s 22.2.5 2G fae RESPEC 493 Microtus 05 So ack act ease, Se eS ee eek en 498 alticola ssa. Sse Se eee ee ee ee ee 500 leulcoplisetis2. 23-2525 - eo Poe Bee ee ee 500 califormieus’: 2222: Veoh ee ee 498 lnyperythrus.i2e.0..- 4 RS mexicanus guadalupensis. 2.22. <9. c2-2.h 5 se ee ee 501 mogollonensis.. o.. 2292S: Sse ne ee eee 501 montanus ariZzOnensiss—_S. o-s.Se ee ee e 500 MiddlesRexasUlract:-onsee- ee pee eee errs Sie teal eens ponep: Gane aes Oe ae eae INDEX. Winters: Caniyoneatee sae ae net eas aos Pee ents Se ree oe cee Ure eR ct Se Mills, Colonel Anson, International Boundary Commissioner._.........----- Mian breseRuviers < 25. ae)... < mah #SSo eBags pe eee eae oe 47 IMETMOM UL Sov) = tery Ws Megs SUAS ay bend ia cas ih che ee ee eal erena Se 48 trai OUGCS 39> a Serene & cee ASS teak ee ner ee 47 WA GUIZOT coe ee Style tae ee Se! re SE BLS Rae ok Seg oy ene piece ie eee 48 Post; Spring, Fort Huachuea: >< s.2s.22.220 2e 22 ees se ee ee eee 102 Pozordeslbuis. sMiex1 Chee afoot Be ae ys eee 2 Ae es Sa agen eres 18, 19, 114, 115 HT OLACOT ake fe see SN Se Eg oo a ee ee ee 115 PozosWVierder: sae Sue ek Fak SR a A pee me ie eo 113 Mountains. 2.62025 Se en ee er eer eee 113 iPpairie... soes2 shee Ss ke ios see eo ee ee eee 62 Rocksquarrel: 232380 27 SSR nh Bel ge se ee ie sera 306, 315 Nuevo Leones se so eee arc ee re ore gee 324 Pexass: 82 oR cet a. e382 ede Se ee ee eee eee 323 Rocks from the Mexican Boundary Region, report on........---.-------------- A Rocky Motmtain bighorm. 32:2 -2-- 28 2322 ee = saree ei ae ee 235 Riodemiseaacae 6-2 cnet cus ee Sake en eee ne ithce eere See eee ree 247 SSE GWUYG 12 ie So a eS Se sea ES te IA Ser Hobe se se Se. oh 64, 65 SPURTE 2 een 27° Wes Kak: eee eee eA GA ee eb epee ge egos AS ob 46 Pe Avee) (10/1 ee Oe betel SIE EE i - Cipher eek gee eee: 46 fluviatilis... -- - Ses SR Sigh 3 Re To, 2, 3 A ron A ES eer ee ee 46 Teewribiiia, Joos 27 EA ee oe mae cae he ee 46 Jastolepig.~ 2 Get. xs ae os SE eres ee cee In ne or eee ee 47 MUMS = 22S lees Se I oe eee oe 45 MUHA 2: 2 ee eS aye ey ee Rt ee ee See ee 47 octidentalis loneipes: :: 4 9.25.5 -2k bene See as 1S See ee ee 45 TAPRUO MSs seen ee ote Sle Seats Re Se MaRS iy eee ae cae 46 Salton Rivers ss Set 3 ee ree SS I ro ae 215. 28220 Segeeis ee ee os See See co oe Ne ee Se Sage ee Ne ee pee ee 28, 29 Sambucus ieallliearpa: 2-2. + 52a eo a eI See cee eee Nar ae nee 68 CAEN ie: ae eee eA Sse gee eA is Een aC Terie eye 69 MOEXICAME See ie Sree ae oie nea ne Be wes = Sy a ee ees 68 San: Bermardino:2 225 ee ot eet ee eee ae a 13 Mountainieround squirrel 2.2 224), 2a See ee 318 Branch 9. S088 ant eS eee ae eee See oO Ree Be eng ee 116 Bspuela Mountains. "tees “oes ea BS SO ee ae Ae eer 101 Madre Moun taitis: -¢ . 224. S82... Soe Se es Re eta ee ee 89 Pinta Mountains 25. Ue Soe lied aon a ese Ty ete en oe 19 Rica Mountains, Chihuahua, description of..-..:-..--.2.2... 2. 2-.2--- 84 HOTA OP 6 24208 2 ee Roe ete ote eee ee 85 SOCR 2-5 See A Nai ears Seah See sed aps hy ee ee 10 Sigmodones-ce. ls SS Sh a er eS oe ee ee yo Seer ee ee 367, 445 Inepidus: | .-2 se Pe AS es Be a a a a 445, 446 PNW A010; Nae ee OME A Ne Rg ee Pane pate Mey Saad eee Reg eo, 448, 450 berlandiertc2: .< s0Gls Sevag Bie as Set re ec 449 CFEMiCUSe : Sakae sete SS ee ke in a el 451 TExlanUse 2s S428 es PAE ORE ee rn eee eae eae 448, 449 FMVS AY cb 2 Feb Be ee a ae a I Pie 446, 447 Signals Mountains. ci 2c65 ssn. athe Fe ie ee Bee ee ee 28, 131 UU ae on SSDS AS a ae Rt ee Nat eta ge oP eo 66 Simpson, Charles T., coauthor of report on mollusca............+-.---------- 3 UTM GAS 22 ee eles ete PER De ee Re ENS EG ON dor is Sony 0 ees eRe 66 Nitomys americanus atizone. 22-5 ov. 2) iss se et Oe See eee 411 herroniis 2-52) See Rat See Se et a oes eet nd en ae 437 nigella. oko 0s Shae Se ee eee ee BREN 437 INSO] AUS. 2 ned eS a et TTS es ee ek ea 384, 394 | Small-toothed:-pround-dauirrele. bes Opa) s. Soe ee ee ee 328 Sonoma, arvest-mvOUsee oe. ao eee ch cites nee ate er at ae Fn ee ee 464 SONOFA TOM=AWOOG aie 2h A coat a et ee eg ey 15 white-tailed: déer:... 5.232 [25-2 aoe. £2 333 SPIICG MOUR LASS. = eee ce te see atta or a ey NE Ses ee Oo ae 39 SAO TO Used ie) 9 (2c Fi 07 G AV eh gee aoe ee Ae a Oe Se ener A A eA 250 Gs ON Kes Naeea cate BS SR ES rng LS Oneal ae ed A ee IE oe oy Rd 269 PRTEU MONLY OPA Ver. sees tae Temes Cee ey ee Weceena gs AN By Seances toate, PHEeSh seed 264 PAGO TA ee as Sees Bee es Son Det wn fae Ie Renn dem atau OS 270 HAE ZADTRSU ERED Oe wees gees RE Se YN ean Bree hrs re oar Sige NS 9A cc 273 EINE G LCase 5 tea na etl Orn em cet cern eee ye Oe 277 AREAS ULOR sakes See cee ne Mitra peace Soa Wee ee eA Ce | a 281 Gite ss Ae aon arn rayne Aah Yee tte ie We Tecan tek Le eet tata eM BN Cae 48 247 NOD ats ce peat AMEE 8 Bn ts act el Se SANS SOE ea Plcet REA na ee Lk poapten hal he Chm RP Abe A 281 lee Meee tet eR, ae TES Roe ARF Ae Soe a ne ae aN ene ee Re a ENE 256 PSVFELO (GV) Sams ke Rea Le cai boli gpa Rag ag Pe oleh eS eee ee eater ee RY Gk 268 WESUEDMP OTA Ve ce cat ee iye eek ae. en wee ees el ek Wh noe ee ke Nomen a 264 Starlony Nor s(ROrieW Ont Nexas jst gie ie tet e en caete ae! Bs Rene HE ep ang ag 75 ING e(Mori Clarke T exagy meee: wegen ak ei: CEE, Mec a Sep Sains 7 Not 3 \(Rortubtancock Dexaa) a 1.08 ova| erin sc otek Ei SoMa A 77 Now: (Beleatstatione Menaa) a5.) en. Lee Ye Es ei Ng 2 Sas gee eee 79 INowb CHIR aso eRe xa a ttasrs aig ies & Stee 0p = eens eee ba apne Mee 79 INORG Rie) (Ciemaole, (Chrno sa ose 6. aeodeeee toda seashos tsk ee 81 Nos 7 (near Wreerisrivanch. gl eKas) <2: cs st bres ite ns eer 81 No; § (Palomas takes’ Ghihnabiia)-& 23552202) 23.4 62. See. eee 82 No* 9) (near Columbus News Mexico) = 5.0 cc. ee a To ee ee 83 No. 10 (Carrizalillo Sprimgs; New Mexico)? 22.72... 422-0. ~2-<2.-2 oe: 83 Noe (Upper Comer Momument) se. 2) ate: . SO oe Se as 84 No.-12'(Big Hatchet Mountain, New Mexico):<-2. 02222. 2..2enec eee: 85 Station No No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. INDEX. Z -13:(Mosq tito Springs, ;Chilbmeuan):22 >So Be ee ee eee 14; bower: CornersMomumientiw 45 ao ae ese 15 ( Dog Spring, New Mekiog)ec5 29 sere se See ee eee 6c GWihate waters hi hira kta; 5 es ee ee eee li (eastern base oh Sang SOs oUt ants eens yee ae cere eres 13.(San Brancisco: Canyon. Ghihuata sooo Ce ene cee 19 (summit of San Luis Mountains) - - - - - . 46 (Tucson, Arizona). .-...-.- eee aoe a en Se es ee as RET .47.(Old. Port Lowell; Arizoma))i22 5 sac se ee Se ee -AGi( Warsaw Mails: Arizona) coer ern 2 ee = 49.(Ari-vaca! Creek: sArizionaly ice) 6 sein aS ee . 6222.2 3s 4a. eee sa oe eee Sou Santas Cruz. SOmOnal) = 2S cet teens eo en ee 400(Santa: Cruz River): 2 32) tes 3: Seas ene oe Ree me . 41 (road-crossing of Santa Cruz River, Sonora) ......-.-2.-.----- : 425( Nogales: JA rizoma) <2: 2: coco hE no ies ee eee 7 43)(corner: Monument NOs U2) ees se er rane area eee ene 44) (Tumacaeort Mission Ar(z0n 2) ey ee mA (SamtacCriz: GAVEL) | cote 0S ae eae et eet eee Page. 86 86 87 88 89 89 89 92 93 94 » 94 94 95 96 96 97 INDEX. 527 Page. tations NowGe (GrlaiCrtyAmizomaiia. as Ge eee AGI eer ania Ne 124 Nomis GYaUINT ase AUIZ OMA) erat Aas Mele ecne ree Sern es 2 hee en en Fe te ea 125 NowteorGoloradGninnen)s 1, ape. oo, ee are Bee he nS eee 126 NomMG9iMlonimmenttNOs2 05) ects area we. ae eh eh eee et ee 128 INO (07 Gla Carpal SOMOLA tat eat ater asa ee eee ae as 128 Nomala(Grenecan WellesSonora) pint ascts ast Se oe eee 128 INOAween (Color ae a7 MS OMOEA) mews freee yet Rak een Non eee eng 128 Noai739 (Elardiyalitvier 450 MOTa) Agra eerste eae pee en 128 INOsuiers (OldRR ont evan ste@allinto ria) je ee eee ee et ee ae 129 Nom ou(Cooks Welle yiower, California) = 22" == 2 eee Se Seer 129 Nor7on(Sevem Wells: WowerCalitonnia) = see ee ee 129 Noa7i7(Gardners Laguna, slower @alitonmiai- 5" ==) sees = ae ae = 130 No. 78 (Laguna of Salton River, Lower California).................. 180 Now 49) (Unitek uae Calittormiay eee 2 sates - Se Gay. eats SUE oe 131 INO KOs (Ginx tenon WWII, Chlbhiovnaiie))), 2 Sse SSae ee oe eee ee ae 131 No. 81 (Laguna Station, Colorado Desert, California) -..........-....- 131 No. 82 (Signal Mountain, Lower California) ..............---:.---.. Il INOS Se (Cov ates Wells Galli orm a) ee pe ree ee ae 131 No. 84 (Coast Range Mountains, California).......-............-.-. 181 No»so.( Mountain, Spring: Calriornia)ics. +. 2s. fee Sale i ke ee 132 No. 86 (west side of Coast Range, San Diego County, California). ...-- 133 No: S/-Qlacumba- Hot Springs: California). : oo 2.22 22. a Se 134 Norssr(Ojo= Lower California. setae es Pt ae Gale eee ae cee 134 No89>(Carpo:. Californian: Govan eo oe tates Ls el he ie Ce 134 Nor 008 (Grayas anc his Galitomnia t-te: eee gl re eee ee eer 135 ING = 9a (Cameronresuivane hex C@alitorniley) yea Scheer en ee ee eee 135 INomo2a(Gannp belli suivanches @alliformia) jeeeeyts Sea ee ee eras 135 INOmgonChecatemeiiver bowers Oalliitormia) eos a oe weet ree ree eee 135 INO 941 (Sanmlisidro Ranch slower Califoray 2225 aa> =) ae ee 136 Ne? 95) @anul CreelesCaltiormiays:. hosts yecs:- 0. ee. 136 WONG (Coavoy en onecoye I LITE oe: La iay(2hn)) ee ee a es So ee ae 136 INd-o1' (oak tera A Caluionmis: 2522 rec. oa OU Sa OO Le Ils¥7/ No. 98 (Ocean Beach, near San Diego, California) .--................ 138 INOw9 SeGhamlolara Calli @rimra\u most sere es aye inn ct oe ema ean oe 138 No-ALOOf( Alpmne, \Calitornig,) <3 = ious ye ee Rae co ae oe 138 No. 101 (Pine Valley, San Diego County, California) ..............--- 139 No. 102 (San Clemente Island, California)..................-....--- 139 Stations; prneipal eollectino: description: ol ost 4.a tae Se ae oe 74 UCL WOnthiee G COrtellame sestsrrae tines Sah ete oe teat eure oe aaa ete nee eee A ae 54 SUG AID CLI yec rere tg Bh ome Res eae ego Nk ga ela Ay A ee 5d SSRUEU GE) Se Noah ey Ae eae earns ha nce Pat Re ae NG AR et SE AR ee 158 Sulphur Spring Valley........--- See See ties ae epee Gore: Magee S Berna as hc eee IM 63, 97 VERE LAL OMG OL Ake ere teeter esha eh ey arate ich ee 97 LET ANGE BWV ES bOI tiee Aegean ae, eres teen. 7 RRC eter ete Neva See ee 63 MLS SCrOlard OMEStICUSE sae ec ee mee ee eran ae nes ONS WE weg ley Sager eee 159 DN EGEMLOT ENS = tao 1s 4 eh neat teen annie gee aeaeat sw cea meet ees See Set fae See ey ae 5 eee 56 PSU AG) OE A aye ok Aes Opa han BST! 2 8 aed Cee EU NaS aac ee Peer eye ies 56 abit OT AES ee SMe tee at hy eg SS MT NR ee ene ee 56 famawlipanwsubtro pica rats sss aeete ee ge a eee Set eee 73, 74 firamauilipas chanviest=mO Uses saat ses marie kre ysb aes ace AR eee ea el nene 457 Tamborrel, José, International Boundary Commissioner..................-.--- 1 PAAR AS ASTADLCUS «-% ..Cec bee APES PE, Seog Iee Wain Se See een a A knee ope epee 288 HANAN HONE. ke Loe See WEE ee ean Se aeeete ay Rae Conde Sore 295 528 INDEX. Page. Tamias dorsalis. ..----.--- bE ANE Borsa ee Sa Oa eee 288 harrisi. (See Ammospermophilus. ) interpres. (See Ammospermophilus. ) lateralis. -(See Callospermophilus. ) quadrivittatus dorsalissss aces oe ee ee SE Ce eee 288 pakladusets See 25 202 SNe eee eee te he tel 2 et race cena 288 AP ATMA AR OLUN USS < cee Ss Se SRE eS hea ee Sete ee cone Ea Ores a 256 Mammen se Cai Vows ce estas oe rae eae eee Ae pe Meda a IIe te 102 A NF Vera Eee cook en et ee aPC, hee ee RMS heres ye cred Par olen b 157 MOVEWICLM GLUT epee is oho See ct Ros Antes meet Sei ete pee ale pe pecs 157 AREY AD AY iar ees rig: eee Sp peace ce HS ached AY > atet Musee ee ait ia as awe fe Sc 156 Raxodnim distichuwim Ss: se 2 eso eet sees oie ee eee aah ee ee ee 40 PTV ASS UL SS cs. 5 aes ee Sere he a ce IN or ey a ee ee Saco Ce 159, 160 angulatus humeralie: so: 60. seer e) oo sys eee eet ee ee See ea oe 164 Sa rua buses sed sie ah iene ye Ute eae ae Sy metre ce a ee en ena ete 160 BOMOLICHSE. 3 Shales ate sae jee ee ei ge eg ee 162 Manyase ul dees kes Se Sse tes os Steen sie or en ae Pek eee oa en ee 159 Pecate’ Moun tawy: es see ee eee oe ere a eee eee oe See ee 136 River .luewer Calitorniajcss 5.25 serene oe res eee aes eae eee 22, 135 Walle yer 252 Foe Ao Re Se pe ee epee a a eae ee a 22 Peonomial te es nasey anc to oie Sor ah Nae Cee Otte Seek, ee eet ee eee eee 468 Mexas' bickeye sees ee snk. itis he oie ae ie eae ope eng ean en 163 GCOLCOMET AG wre es See ede ale, Sarita gal er eeetele ee alee Be oe oe ea ee 448 TORS OUTS == OA Neier ere a ct cre ea ee re ape ene ogee ee 281 STABSHOP Per MOUSE -- hc 2= 52. 2 Loos Zea tg 369 pray wO0d-MOUSC see ssn - so cei ee See © Se = Tees ee ae ee 404 pround-squirrel, thirteed-lined =. 22 -s-en See eS oe oe eee 327 Medi bwWdl acs sesh a ee ee Se Se ss Se a Sd emia ec cee 60 PLCCMeldPImMOUSes- AB eee e = eiats Stee eae a, ee ae ee 454 TOCK=-SqUITRENs +. Noe. ee ee een ee Rte nee ote ch ee ee ea 247, 323 Spanish sbayonet.s joo soe seep =e eye cee eta eter loge eee ee 43 white-tailed: deers: s=c225. 2 Sie Ge ess Se eee a eng eee ii7al NAOKO (6 ks 2 peg he Eat id ORIEL” hae aR en eee Pete NUE Soa 2 470 TPhirteen-lined pground-squirrel, Texas:s. 252222. 2a =e oe ee 327 ff WiaYoy gale haVo lise ue Ne Are eieral stl Area Reema iain tale eee re ikem mers neGoram iis acs 2 61 ‘Liburon: Island: deserismousess: 2.9 as) ee eo ee ee eee ee 444 Mick 22s 2 ee eee 13, 14 Elevated: Central eo... 22 Soe ee ee ee ee 5 (Opt Middile-Texants sscjoe soe oye Se ae Se IE a ee 73, 74 Pacific, Coast. ie ne 20 oe Se a ee ee eee 73, 74 Padré Aslamd oe eee Fe A EO i Se 73, 74 Santa Barbara. Island... .2 .272--25 = ee aes ea 73, 74 Tamaulipan. Subtropical: 2 <2. a hn ee eee 73, 74 W éstern 2D) Gsert 8. ot a et a ee ee ee ee ee eee Ss Sra te ie: 73, 74 INDEX. 529 Page. eet. Vaqih Peemcmerapieal. .- =. 2-2 oe bk sae cence na den tes 73, 74 Biioneh css CHRP ORGMMR RTOS ake 2 aa 8 ee 2 oes Se URN Jes eee os ih 73 Site anese TOM oN Gites ee eens ek er Se No REE eee aE Ra 39, 52, 56, 62, 68, 71 {Linder VMNReIV Oil is eset ee Cae cates ae ap tS One cin Bei ee ene ele at ee 63 ea OL Oren Fear WII ANIE Sse OES AEs A OP ASE Beans ena. a = ee 91 chart showing distribution on west side of... -.-. 92 DCI RICKER CIS Sy ret ee nes SES A IS he age ten ses SN OS 75 introdweed species of: ..:2--.-....-- PE Rts AR op ae ee ae 69 bat a rR Eerie ho ih a es we kee ed | See ee a ee 18 res watermacthics Womans... 0 8% = Sa Sar as ewe ara lt fadhe oh eee ee oes 30 BRMaRN sy MCN MONS Ore oo ge a Ae rh ee EE Re aE ek ek Shek Se eS ) MemaN TOMMY) 2 eo ee ees Ae UO ee a es Ms ee 384, 394, 395 Binet Olam Soe ye et ee A a see ie ree gee enbs eS tun wat ctetarees 70 arate MRR EEE e908 a. tg She alm Aa TS SE 2 on 2 ala Te Cle 12 ie espero 1 SiMe TAR ss AN Ws Sco os Eh eee oe Se rn ier Ah ee eee a 15, 17, 18, 108 SALOTR HN) |” SERRE cS Ss = es a ei Nese ate AP PR a A 108 picturesque appearance of vegetation at................----- 108 Tepuites: and batwagniana 1rOM). 2... 20.2252 e sees ec eee 2s 109 “(Rut eB YESS eS cP paea abe ase Pe NS oa ga a RR eg a 19 Moumtalise: sper. s. eee 19, 120 TUNA NAN Oe ee rs Be ea I at te ee 25: eee NCTE AUDIT Iles acer a Ses rte ye Meten ete ae SN R e ee ae 18, 120 MnaAcacone Mics Olige ATIZON Aas. 3 nt ec ce Sota ot Soe Seca es ae eee ae yi (ibaegins) ag SSHRO I A See neat Lees Reena A, a eater EAM Ande ey 3 54 Hsia yell aac inormiCaas = hae) eae ee A Nn es eee 56 Miia Taide EGNOS, «324 SS SMPs SEER te Be ote . 2 a ctls-o ae orp ee Bee “63 MMEAM SL De ot ieteys a yk i t= tee sme et See « of ck Bee ae 158 Siuatmetey. Walks sGaiOMNa ooo ses SR Se es es eS Sh ee eo ee Sate ZEAL Mippee Corner Momument: ..522 25.4226. sseusrec ea... ssa Rhee at gee Eo ESS 84 apce conor Lite Ames. os or. ne ooo 2. S 37, 41, 50, 51, 52, 59, 62, 68 Valle, Felipe, International Boundary Commissioner. .................-------- 1 Dieta fee ete. ne See oat womens ote ae wees tee oe. 57 CCE MNME OT STBNN CI 2 acy Aes Sa gee ee Oe gee eS ee cp eM 57 MUI ub TET a ge ees cp cl il ey eg eo a Ge Ne ee OL PSE 500 (Ce Wn Woye ote) Se te aay Re ae Ae ne a eer emp ee Nege k Umer et OS ees 498 Graham oui Calta eas ee eames oes ee ease Sn ae Re Ae 500 aCaliipe Morniial is. Wess) sa See the) cease eee ae 25 SMe. 42s 501 Marae NOM LAIN #28 op Aor. aed joes Sete as eRe a Oe co oe 501 Sane nran CiscomMVEO Males oir eens as os a a ee gs ce F2) SOU Bo eee ayer Ate ee SR eS ey ge Aged hte SS eh ee 493 Maranr qurank: hosmtal steward 2.2 5-5 2c. fesse eet eons eee ee 6 icon eSueriew stem: 2 Ss on toes. eee Ses ae 44 Shree bl LasAI ZONA ee tes con eee ae ee) nT ee Re ee ee ite Atal NvestenneDcseng WtaCia. 5 = 2132724 £2. 2 te cigs Soa ee 36, 73, 74 ® White PEAT MVR Ae eee nen ie ON RL ere eso eer 36 i nemalieremiibiiaiie Ss: --ns0= 2.025 uo sos8es oe slo oeeee ee 41512515, 88 TAMAR 2 oe Or aS oe See og Seek oe 88 Piles ona omnia fia! <7 ee si o.oo ieee ah ee ol ee 6, 102 Wallow; almondleash- <<. >-<52%2-.. ee i ead Ee PT rae Re RN SNe Se hn a 46 Ir ne linniaipee- Seema Se ce Sr Ge SUE A or a, Sk er ee oe a ne SUR 47 TAS Le a Te pn RS Ee Ne cre ee eA pe ea nt ae ea 45 (CUR CA re ney ae eae emery v2 ares ane St i ee Re ae aes cine yee te 46 30639—No. 56—07 m——34 580 | INDEX. Walllowsidesen tacts ts 32 Se chess Gee Drage se ae eee ee re Oy Se 68 | oi SI) een mene Sat Yen Fe aT oy Bese eer es Brie cogrie 46 lonestall koe eae Re ee a oe Gee oe a ea 45 eeNiGta lll: eee See 2 ene tee i ogee eee ogee en co ae Re 47 PS]COUOYOIN Ol) ets) bee eae ON oN eC PRR I ep oo Beant a eee Oe a a 46 vewlealts-s2 \. eee reet S052 1 eae eye 5 ene Fe Shoe ee: 46 Woodemouse; Apaches 7 23e.-- 22 sh Se ee ee es Ses ee ee 43 Gesentic 2.2 Hn 22 oe IE Se i ee ee ee 43 lareectruliterc: 2.268 eke oe ee ee ee ee 44 MACTOCAEPA:. 4 Se as 2 Sesins ie ye Oe ee 44 Mohavesc3 2 oi ee ie Be ee ee ee 44 TMOMAVENMSISS.-scch Se ek Le Soe, ese wre eee 44 PACLOSAS As oS aR ees eee oe bse Bt Se ee ee 4 Schott ices ee OI ee 2 EEE GULL GAIN ap Serpe nein Ae ene a a ree ee See a ae Lh eB es 43 Yuma Arizona... 2 ee ee ee 20, 125 DeSenth i Peo ke eo a Se es 2 19-20 ee erasshopper.MOuses 3. 3S Tesi 2s Sees eee ae eee ee eee 378 groumd-squirtel’:= 2 x. 332225220. See eee 336 Ainyphus, obtuseleah 2. <<. 52S255. So3s Sasese eee oe ee 64 ObtusifGlitts => 28 Bee Psst Re Se Re ee eee 64 O 2 mare rae s fo ae ae eee ee ‘ -—-* ee i iii l A iii a, - ‘ Mammals ; the Mexican boun ~ A of the U