9 De APT SS iad, ee LY he Ts he ee ae Ot a a Ae is BU ray wn i ee 4 al TU pi BM BNE A icf wait ae FS : PRG ee lett PL TR eds ¢ Pat hat . Web Bos Pas a are ht tN bias FEY ey © Sahel Mamta he 5 stages “ "hewame She te iene Ee mg bem ‘ 29 Nth OUTS Og Me. whee g ? fi cies ’ F i an Ser Recor aa CPP a bere ETL or Gl tee Sek eh beet : 3 Peas Ye Ti bte dag Tae p ue Lo ag Dota te aa SAS pe dentinal™ © Management and Breeding of Horses By Merritt W. Harper Professor of Animal Husbandry in the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University New York ORANGE JUDD COMPANY London Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited 1913 ‘ap: | Copyright, 1913, by ORANGE JUDD COMPANY All Rights Reserved ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL, LONDON, ENGLAND Printed in U. S. A. JAN -2 1914’ ©cla361410 PREFACE This book is an attempt at arranging information use- ful to the farmer, breeder and student. It is the out- growth of experience both as a practical horse breeder and an instructor. The book includes a discussion of the economic usefulness, judging and allied subjects, early history, a study of the breeds, breeding, feeding, care and management of both horses and mules. Special emphasis is placed on the management of the brood mare as well as tiation tae colt from the time the mare is bred until the colt is ready for farm work or the market. This in- cludes a discussion of the methods of training, overcom- ing undesirable habits, fitting, harnessing and the like. Because of the increasing popularity and field of useful- ness, the mule is given prominence. ‘This necessitates a consideration of the several breeds of jacks, as well as special suggestions on the care and development of the mule-breeding jack, as not all jacks are suitable for siring mules. In choosing the subject matter a wide search has been made and it has been necessary to eliminate much valu- able data, as there is quite an accumulation of material upon the production, care and use of the horse. In this elimination, the author has attempted to keep in mind the needs of the farmer, breeder and student. The arrangement of the subject matter in a book of this class is important. The outline employed has been chosen because in experience it seems the most favorable for the presentation of the text. Following a discussion of judg- ing considerable space is given to the history and de- velopment of the several breeds of horses, each breed being discussed in a separate chapter, Farmers and v v1 PREFACE breeders are interested in the history and description of the breed with which they are working. Possibly they may not care for the detailed description of the other breeds and may wish to proceed with the breeding, feed- ing, care and management. The subject matter has been arranged with this thought in mind. On the other hand,the student of horse breeding is interested in a comparative breed study and no doubt will wish to consider each breed. In this breed study, the several breeds have been arranged in sequence, as far as possible, and not in order of importance. ‘This is necessary, as some of the older breeds were important factors in forming the more recent ones. To facilitate a comparative breed study and to promote interest in correct type, many photographs of horses of the various breeds have been used. Untouched photo- graphs have been employed, as they show natural ehar- acteristics. Realizing the many difficulties that present themselves in the management and breeding of horses, the writer will be glad to correspond with those into whose hands the book may fall concerning such difficulties, and also to receive suggestions that will make the book more useful as a practical guide and text. | M. W. HARPER. Cornell University, ithaca Ne YoeAucusi@s 1012: CONTENTS (CIELAUP IMEI Il is Ibl@acie Ao IES IMLASapIR ok ee Cat hated Saving human time—Horse labor and man labor—The horse cheapens production—The horse as a pleasure ani- mal—Number and value of horse stock in the United States. (ClavaAle ale JU PTOI CTEN GUA HORSE y oi lanai aia eynt. wen egies ace a as ue Requirements of a good judge—Method of Sei a horse—The score card—Rules of scoring—Types of horses —Method of scoring—Comparative judging—Examine the horse in his stall and in harness. (GIGLI IMB OME PROPORTIONS AND MECHANICS OF THE HORSE......ce- Dimensions of the parts—Measurements of the horse— The unit of proportions—Dimensions of articular angles— Mechanics of the horse. CHAPTER IV ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS AND AGE OF A HORSE....... Anatomy of the horse—Common unsoundness and faults—Estimating the age of a horse. (CIBDAIE IN Be AV FIRS RORV Ob EEUEMITORSE: a0 cc = <5 c's cela wicteic's 6 #0 oe aia Antiquity of the horse—Distribution of prehistoric horse --Evolution of the horse—Cause of the evolution—Exist- ing species of horses—Ancestors of modern horse. Vii 26 34. Vill CONTENTS (Cleve TEI Wil AMEE REEDS CORGELORSES? . ae Marnie ares 6 tcc eeeeane Establishing a breed—The light breeds—The draft breeds—The coach breeds—The pony breeds—The breeds of jacks—The mule. Clabale Wels, WI AE ROA AUNT Hel @IRISIE c, , amen De lerrnen wh uarelN SCout oar The native home—Origin—Families—Arabian in Amer- ica—Breeders—Description of the Arabian—Popularity— Organizations. (GisvAUP Wale, WAU APE TOROUMGEIBRED: LORS Banister ra cake cae ie eeiae The native home—Origin—Early racing—Foundation stock—Improvement—Famous animals—Thoroughbred in America—Description—Speed records—Popularity of the Thoroughbred—Organizations. CIBLAIPITISI, IDC AP Tain ANBAR, SUN bIe, ISIOIRSIS 3"5 oy Saco be ciace pO ols ae The origin—Influence of the Thoroughbred—Denmark, F. S—Famous animals—Description—Classes—Gaits— Popularity—Organizations. (Clavale IPERS, OX “TP sis, Srey DI IORSD Cahn oo oo ue ah one cog econ 5 The origin—Source of Standardbred blood—Hamble- tonian 10—Families—Famous animals—Description— Trotting and pacing records—Famous drivers—Organiza- tons—Orloff Trotter. CBUMPIIgIN OCI Mens SONGisare @ovcist IBIORS 5 655 be bec kolo wed ous ees Native home — Origin — Development — Shales—The Hackney in America—Famous | stallions—Description— Distribution—Organizations. 18 88 106 135 CONTENTS ChE Re REM INICHs GONG MORSE ye leis sass oe sree ole eke Native home—Origin—French methods for improving horses—French Coach horse in America—Notable animals —Description—Speed records — Distribution — Organiza- tions. (CBUAME INE SS CIEE ‘Tene Grmwean (COACH ISIGRS Gah esd oe oo eae Native home—Origin—German methods for improving horses—Types and breeds of German horses—German Coach horse in America—Description—Distribution—Or- ganizations—Criticisms. (ClaleMe TI ebise SCID, Tsim (CrummacAu Iaar COACH IBloinsin) | i Native home—Origin—Decline of Cleveland Bay— Yorkshire Coach—Cleveland Bay Coach horse in Amer- ica — Description — Distribution — Organizations—Criti- cisms. Clalae Wii 20 Hie EREEERON: WRART EORSH We soe A i Nivea AE © Native home—Origin—Early development—Deteriora- tion of the La Perche horse—Improvement—Government methods—Endurance of the Percheron—Percheron draft horse in America—Famous Percheron sires—Notable breeders—Description—Distribution—Organizations. (CiaUAIE TTS | Gy Tist JeRarCist. IDRNiea) IBLOIRSie 5 ns aI ee Breeds of French Draft horses—Organizations—Criti- cisms. CIBUAIPINEIR, SOW IHL ‘Tue (Crsaps Spy Nitin Diecut IRIORSD ais MEA oo boc Ooc be o< Native home—Origin—Early development—Famous Clydesdale sires—Clydesdale draft horse in America— Famous American animals—Description—Criticisms—Dt1s- tribution—Oreganizations. 1x 151 161 169 183 188 x CONTENTS CHA Bai aval (ies SHIRE DRAET PORSheri tee see ne oe amen Native home—Origin—Bakewell methods—Early types Famous Shire sires—Shire draft horse in America—De- scription—Criticisms—Distribution—Organizations. Sieve Wa XCD Tisse [Bis GiNinp Diy Nausea sl ORSin 4 oo Go ey ee Bee Oc Native home—Origin—Early types—Belgian methods for improving horses—Belgian draft horse in America— Growing popularity—Description—Criticisms — Distribu- tion—Organizations. CREPE XOX Weta Sionaoix IDR ElORSIS 644.5 ob 56 ooo so eon eaode Native home—Early origin—Crisp’s Horse—Foreign tribes—Modern Suffolk—Suffolk draft horse in America— Description—Criticisms—Distribution—Organizations. CEEAP TER XOX IPXOIS EES Be ie OR eG 36 co BIO or a a a a ne Shetland pony—History—Shetland in America—De- scription—Welsh pony—Exmoor pony—New Forest pony —Dartmoor pony—Irish pony—Polo pony. CEINE TER Soa PNNEERIGAN MT ELORSES. (umn cea iae cy IA cua ns ok phe Early importations—Colonial horse-breeding centers— Virginia—New York—New England—Canada—Indian pony—Mexican pony. (CIEUANIP INBIN), ZOU Sere ONEESTIC ASS mierenea ire me tee tne Lines mead aa hema nenc nd (ice esis Species of the Ass—Early history—Breeds of Jacks— Jacks in America—Characteristics of the Jack—Jacks for mule breeding—Organizations. 208 217 229 233 240 CONTENTS (CIBUAIE IDI DIR) OG INE Trees DMC ee A Neen ee ee Mule a hybrid—History—Mule in America—Character- istics of the mule—Endurance of the mule—Distribution— Organizations. CHAPTER XXV BREN CIR ES OF ELORSE- DREEDUNG i ..s sires beled ole sere Variations in horses—Causes of variation—Selection— Heredity—Prepotency—Fertility — Sterility — Systems of breeding. (CIENT EI 2OC VAL PRACTICAL MORSE RE RD EN Grae eye ecm bac ne gisret | Number of horses produced—Conditions favorable to horse breeding—Practical plan for breeding horses—Co- operative horse breeding—Selection of animals for horse breeding—Uniformity. CUA AN a DOO EE ROOMM NEAR EAU ceca NRO Mi Waumernte we boc Care of brood mare—Productive period—Breeding two- year-old fillies—Spring and fall foals—Barrenness—Abor- tion—The pregnant mare—Working—Feeding—Gestation period—Foaling time. (CIBUMIE IMEI, XO WANE SISter OVAU ec iaareh re Me bt mre Us SMM ee OO ne Ailments of the young foal—Feeding—Weaning—Man- agement of the weanling—Care of feet—Castration of male foals. CIBUAUP NAIR: 2OMID« PeAcricar Mure BREEDING ...:. Bei. a RE ee RET Number of mules produced—Breeding Jacks and Jen- nets—Selecting breeding stock—Raising a mule—Breed- ing Jack—Mule breeding—Selecting mule—Breeding ‘stock, x1 263 274 287 X11 CONTENTS CEA Re DOSS BREEDING HORSES FOR FARM AND MARKET .........: Farm breeders’ limitations—The farmer’s horse—The market horse—Market requirements—Value of matched teams. Gbelr ax LOOM NiARIGEE GLASSES OR ELORSESUANID EN LiaiinSe. si ee Sane Draft horses—Chunks—Wagon horses—Carriage horses —Road horses—Saddle horses—Drait mules—Farm mules —Mining mules—Cotton mules—Sugar mules—Export mules—Rules of auction. CHAE TERE XOOaT RONCIPHES OFAEIORSE RED IIN Gi en eee The animal body—The food; its composition—Uses of the food; digestion—Kinds of rations—Balanced ration— Nutritive ratio—Computing a ration. isla OOM IRAN GAR@ Ales EORSE RSD IENIC ieee tes he ie ae te ae Regularity of feeding—Order of supplying grain, hay and water—Food required to grow a horse—Method of feeding work horse, driving horse, idle horse, stallion, mules—Cost of ration—Sample ration. (@ISLAURPTIZING LOXOOI, GRAIN AND) CONGCENDRAGMHSHEORGL EE) LLORSH 825. - The cereal grains—Oats—Corn—Oats and corn—Barley, rye and wheat—Leguminous grains—By-products and commercial feeds—Patent stock foods. (ClstAE IR DOOOW/ EANACAN DD HORACE RORSEEDE lslORSE east eee Timothy—Clover—Alfalfa—Cereal hay—Millet—Corn stalks—Straw—Silage—Roots—Injurious feeding stuffs— Foods that influence digestion. 310 323 oot 346 3090 CONTENTS (Clava Tiled, DOOOWIE CARE AND WANAGEMENT OF THE EIORSE ..22......... Grooming—Clipping — Blanketing — Bedding — Care of feet and teeth—Shoeing the horse—Shoes for unsound neeE: CAPs DOXOXey iil RNCricAL EIORSE DRAINING .-+-...!.-.... NN ie hae SE Training the foal—Training the work horse—Age to train for work—Bitting—Teaching commands—Training to objects of fear—Training to walk fast—Training the wild horse. CEIAP PERS SOOT PeERGNIS AND AICES OF TREE HORSE OG. ee eee Causes of whims and vices—Overcoming them—Balking —Kicking—Running away—Tossing the head—Tongue- lolling—Halter pulling—Difficult to harness—Tearing blankets—Gorging grain—Rolling—Difficult to shoe. CEASE Re DOOCI RENRNESSING GREE ELORSEtca ics A ae ae lees eS, Bridle and check reins—Collars, kinds and fitting— Sweat pads and housings—Breast harness—Crupper and back-strap—Breeching and holdbacks—Care of harness. (CletaUe IN, 200 ee eNO RICA HORS H PIS ARN one 4 ees asec ele: « Drainage—V entilation—Light — Cleanliness — Conveni- ence—Interior fixtures—Construction—Labor-saving ap- pliances—Care of manures—Paddocks. Crean Re Se SoOvmMON AlMENTS OF TEE HORSE ...:..clcccces ce cs Nursing a sick animal—Feeding—Giving medicine—In- digestion—Colic—W orms—Azoturia— Distemper — Influ- enza—Sweeney shoulder—Sore shoulders and neck—Foul sheath—Mud fever—Scratches—Cracked hoofs—Difficult parturition. 373 407 419 XIV CONTENTS CHARTER cri Page SPAMIMION TIC AWIS AND) INE GUIEAaNOINS@ pie 4) See 430 State stallion laws—Soundness—Breeding of stallions that qualify—National Association of Stallion Registration Boards—Result of such laws—Inspection and quarantine for horses, mules and asses. JENTET EN OND. Gas ARMM Gs S3C8 GN RE Re 44] Horse breeders’ associations—Statistics of horses and mules—Average weights of feeding stuffs—Energy value and digestible nutrients in feeding stuffs—Digestible nutri- ents and fertilizing constituents in feeding stuffs. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Miacwamerican Standardbred Wslorse 2-2-2222 Frontispiece Savinewattnianatime |: lowing the soilless nee 2 Seinee Mumma times mhittine |tie) Soles = see eee 3 iiinecwoenerations) Of the reaperecs-2.24 2 4 PMEStxenorse team Gelivering: coal Leola es ee ee ae 5 eaviell-equipped judging, pavilion: 22-2 aa) eee 8 NE emaC tive nty pepe sae ee et me tes he EAR 2 Ese a 14 Hal clyvayan igetibs Bboy) eu jee tee a nan Re og Se IR eo Bee 15 KGB AC HOM Sete earn ree 1 Os a Ne a 18 ROntevaeWw, HCOLFECt POSIMOM eet =) sea. aoe Ee Pe es 19 aNea ime Vie We COLE CL POSIHOM, == 86 sess Mel td a ee ee 19 POSIHOMe OlesinOl ule cc = ae tora suite ae ie INN sac es Wl 21 HROSIBOTO@ be thin Leo Sere ae eee 2 sd A 23 Wie als tate Oct lets Ta ee Gli es ae ee ee et 28 MSEC sIN POPOL MS) ome VEU aE hen ee ean ee 29 PEStIGyMeanticulan angles 22 tcu ers ke Ele ee ee aes 31 EStuUGyeinipiiechanicsvOr the MOLSees sans es eee ee 33 Siseleronpototier WORnse = ie oka eenw ais DIUM ea ee 35 MaTSclestonetiegli@rseie 2 ee es eae ee et a 36 Crcilatonyscy Stems eee ee eee SUE eee | ee ee ee 38 INeSpUnatOn ya SyStelit: = sree lem meme eee 39 Dimestiyversy Stemi os ae ee) Now vee es ee ye es 40 INTO SESY stemmene Meter Pep unin a te hk es Seen Aa 42 Exo ceyv lll aes te tat my vee a NeW ene aonee ste Uh) ie oe ea ers ae 44 FastrilaMWAtMChG io aoe tems ee eRe AL a a ee 44 (Coolie [Byestt bo e G B e Agg Ralg 8 E 45 TB ehh, Tepaieyecy eS = a RIS I GE Be a ig ey A 45 Sidebone andecrackedsnoolsn=ea = ek ee eee 46 HRs el Ore eekerat te sc oeepai oe meses what LO Ss | OS oe ee 46 heals cndesickle=shapedshocks) 2252 22222 e0) a2 = Pee 47 Soundeandmunsound hocks so. fo 2B ts eee eee 47 Sounduniockushowine tendonsie st 22222) 274s ee eee 48 XV1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Cockedambilewe cee ee ee 2 oo i 2 ee eo Se ag 48 Bower rrontereebag ak tlinee wyiealesm@sly icles nee ee 51 ow jererrometeetleat coun yeas Oi lee) eee eee ema em 51 EOwermornometeetla ative yeas: Ok tcl sega == eae een ae 51 owrerenromt teeta at six: years @le ages == ome eeeem ae neeem nee eee 51 ower kront teethyatisevien: years On aS el sues saree eee 52 Bowersitontareethuat erotik yieatsa ria Cie se aaa eee meen eae uae 52 Wpperrmront teethvat mine years Ot, ae yes eee oa oe 52 Wppemacnromt teeth at ten years) Of ge) sae ee eee enna 52 Wppermirontdteetheat eleven years) Oi coe yee eee eee ene ar 53 Wpperskront, teeth, at fitteem years Or ages same samen men ne enmnnn 53 Upper front teeth at twenty-one years of age ~-=-) 2 53 Wpperiront teethvatethinty, sy.ecansyotecac ce ss eae eee eee 53 Eront and side view of teeth at five years of age =) eas ee 54 Front and side view of teeth at nineteen years of age __.._____-_ 54 Changes in the skull, teeth and feet showing evolution of the | | SUG} ple ioe Mie oe east ors de CAN ae a eM yA 59 @hanges in the legs and feet showing evolution _--9-- 22 4 61 TEND BG HE SiS) (i Be sepa pe ig 38S ES es pe Meee pet Sede dl 64 Wiechitabreedss eAcabiain -Stalllli@rasem:Numite luge arene elem oe ape 70 IDieaurte loreeclk NPSre Manon Seallioin, “Wasiolle 7a 72 Coach breed. Hackney mare, “Queen of Diamonds”__________- 74 Slime til epia el gp omiay: pate he Se a ek ce yey andere UD uaa stallion, \ Obbeiant ween seu ankd eee Pr eae one ree 9 PNG MAINS tal |UOLY SoA TIE C: peveest et renee eee ct atari eta 80 SANS CRUD HTGeN la Fe Wet SI ele ba ee TA cota ag AN 2 ig 83 JAN realli eh es) Veite) @ naa Wx b belt need esta yk Sle os et etl RB Se ea 85 Mteabicamnystaliv@m!.* MM aleslcy gece mina aba miata lee ed 0) Oeil re a eA 86 Mhonoushbredistalliom Chocornacm ese ee 89 Mhonouchbredystallton belies tnt syy em ones ee ees na ae 93 MRhorouciibred mare... ite Gitlin ee een eee eee ecm Meee ee 96 Mhonouchbred stallion; Jean meneatca rss aees eee seer ene 100 Mhorouchbred, Enelish: Eluntes mane adlsenllip 22s ee se 104 American Saddle mare, “Carolina”’—Major J. B. Castleman___-- 108 Aonericann saddle horse. piwemtucky, @hnorcemy = 2 oss eae ae 109 JN anereneatal Sevelaliesanenres Shale, Wileny” oe ee 110 American Saddle horse, yWentiuclsy, Colonels === smawe nee see iL LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XVil Page Gatedesadulenitorse ma Noyalisti, .=se ewe woe oa ae fe Standardmredystalliom 4Oirectum, 2.051422 ee 8 116 Srandananred stallions snetini,s 2.220A sae ee Taz? Standardbred Worgan stallion eens oe bee 12 Standardbred stallion, “Carmon,” at the head of the Ft. Collins SS fale lipemia a es enters men eT hs 2 eRe PRI pa 122 Srandardpredestalllroims. Kremlin (210734 gee eee 124 Standardbred stallions. MekKinney,» 2 1idAvet 22 ts ee 126 Seancardbredestallionis Binganas eee a tm a ee Ts 2 128 Standardbredestaliltony: «Cresceus 2.0204 eee 132 Srandanrdyredustallions «ane Patch, less !qe ee eee ee ee 133 lackey stallion skninelds Nipper: soe. a 136 iclmeysstaliomys Sit tel ump line ya = 2 eee ee 138 lacwaeye sralliom, “ore! WWleinlveioriets a 139 IAC MCy DLOOCmiNAneSi= 2a a> maaan ta Le eine vei ae 140 HEIN Keel yak SLO CLs tec ttt epee ME a Re oe he PN Rl Ia 141 HRencinnCoachestallli@nneselal adit mesma emenen ey Oe Ue 144 Enemcna Coach stallion. «Chaudennagon, 292s a= Seat et ees 147 nenche@oachiistalliont sk adtavo lose asa ee ee 149 German scoach stallion: Neorg. ase es mee a eae 152 German Coacwstalllronwbandonraraee oo eee ee Sas 154 Cerna Coach mane ab @p Cee eet ee ee Pe 156 Genmans Coach manewwlh mee jee eens See Eee Es ee 158 Cleveland say, stallion) "Beodloim bred@ 62 ses 225s) 28 162 Clerelandeel ayes tealllit@iyer ees ee em eee ae one 164 GlavclandwBaye celdimecy sesamin = See ee ee 166 ClevclandeBay-tmaresvandy colts) mec sek a es et ee 167 eR cherone stalhiones CalyjysOuesee = tensa. ee ke areal Rencienones tailor Wlaniuletiing pas tot hh Pee ee 174 Pere neror Geaillnoray si Loic, a ee eee ee ee eee 177 eGCMeLOneStallioOn ew NeCRO sae et ee ee 180 eHChenOmestallion-sjamHetc yee se ie oo oo ee ee 181 eniChimlD ratitenonse css |e heeetete Ble a. oe Te ae 184 eMC him rites tall @ ipo teen Se a ee ee 186 Givdesdalewstalliones Silver Cup) 2222.2) Ce eee 189 Clydesdalexstallion, Caliph’ Susi. 2220 2) eee 190 CGidesdale mare aoNunas Niumice: 2222.2 See eee ee eee 193 G@ivdesdalestalliony -vendeon Dirumlandiis. 222 ee 196 Siiee Sealer, “erally, onaill ID ibid Bees 200 shire StallnomecNat@enmsad owe. Aa. Sead bee ae ee oe 202 Q XVill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Shine stallion mteockinge: limes tye = ee eee 206 iBelovanystallion;’ Melon’ 2 2222 We ee eae eas 209 Beletanystallions Weopard: 2.2 oo a2 See ae ee eee eee 211 Beletanpmanes ybella: 20 ool a a se ee ee epee eee 213 Belerangmaresy Gatmine’. = 2. a Sar Tee aes reer 215 Siittolictotalltom see oo U 2s eae A eee lhe Srembollicemaatey eee See 2 a ee 219 Simollestalltone Yous oo 5 oe ee ee ee ee eee 222 SbeOlkestal om 2 ST he OR a 223 Shetland ponies at home. Lerwick, Shetland Islands ---------_- 226 Sitetlandi pony, Vespa, of, Belles Micade; Saas a sae eee eenneee 227 Niels ponies, “Oueen Bee,” and her colts === eee 229 Provony Saovonabores: Gini (So eheralanbovisjol kp ee 230 Amencan sadder. «Garroll Mere store eee ee 235 Standagcbredestallltom, rs Gays oN Ol orig eee eee ee eee 2310 RESUS @ eA Be Te ke 0 Se NL eG ee i a ne me 241 Catalonia ache ee 2 6 eee A a eae eee tee 243 RIZE miaCk on Lar tintanls oe ele fs Ek 245 PrizewiackanGeneral VWioode, Sais soe sie eee 247 Spankosnprizesimule sy. Noe Res eee ee ee ee ee 250 PercheronestallionysGralllya siete ee ae a ane 254 Belodaneniarer rn: Mle quate pi setae ea Ue ee a Ea ce eee 256 INMenICATOaAG dle Mares = 22:2 225 We eyo cr Eee ee ee 261 Shiresstallion): cord’ Carlton pee ee eee ee 265 Rerchwernonnystallion 2. 02) eee i aes Nea ee ee 269 Arransement, of breeding), hopplesi= sea e a ya eee eee ee 272 Percheron mares of excellent type for breeding RBS DER NWI Ne 276 Beletanemanes: OF COO, COMbOitia tO ee es oem eae eee ete 278 _ Brood mares, showing conformation, soundness and uniformity 283 PNereea oT UTM eptAN ATSC e INCL St Oa | esa nce Re OS Rec ne er 288 Manesuand=foalsvaty pastune = 225) .= 25s ee Oe ee 290 Percheron weanling, well bred and well fed --______-_-_-_____- 292 GAtalor area Chey ee se aed cae ee es Ag ed enh th ae Ee 296 Ieee GORE sana yeern soavoranlas) Gir Gla NS ee S98 Span of prizesmules 25 sn Vee ee ee a ies PAU le ca 299 Grade Percheron! colts ready. tor market 2-22.22) ee 303 Shire stallions suitable for breeding farm or market horses__--- 304 Beloianvmanes tor breeding, 220 22a. 20 2. eee aoe eee ee ere 307 Heavy draft geldings, weight 4,000 pounds ____________--__--_- 311 Percheron grade, weight 1,925 pounds at.4 years old ~---------- 312 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS X1X Page Eaionienunice welch 1550) pounds eo 8 ee a 313 Wagon horses, weight 3,400 pounds _____ Mies Merce IAIN OARS Ys 315 Soacimnorses Ol osty lish actions {shoo Lie oe ee 316 Nbtstts EI Una ety eee eee ee ne ols Ne es a 319 eqeheronustallion, icklyslopes 2.22222 2 Le 325 SHS SieeMlloradss ID eal Bea eel a Ma us a Oe Set em 332 Pe-cheron brood mares at work. Weight 3,200 pounds ________ 338 Percheron stallion and mare working side by side --___________ 342 IR SIMI? NOES aiOe aS iano eye ee Me Oe 347 Pelletier Aiea GlOM ces eet Si Seal A eee Ya OT a 349 Heyel Satara es tec Nota ae eS CUCL arg tn eect acc es ree ales IE NG ee UL an 350 Moder methodiot making jihay. S22 9 os2n ee aa 354 PMealniciiestallv@ran a ING mT, care cere ee nollie le Rn Ast) 2 or. 30D Grooming; (oOlsy22 2228 o Ne eas Be RAE Nast aaa een 9 | 361 French Coach grades, well hitched and well groomed _____-_-___- 365 Saddlersswellecroomed and? well trained 2252528 eee 367 BN UFelE ttsbe Gioln@ Cee a eae ees Ne ee eee i RS 370 WiEEIO GSE OteSMOCIMG gate seks ie es ae eis 371 (Cary noe. 0 ove serovar 374 JOD SU EHO TS sma mA Ra cs ce ct eae er 376 J BSi UAVS * | OVEN SACK a Os Nae 378 CS ISSEY eS De SATAN Se cl aN ep ge er 381 inaneyasdoublesatety Wmarness and guy line 2222222222 2s 382 REC PSE EM LOW IMS minMeSSiie waren CL ee OES ge 383 INOS eat hCIny ea eeee mn me Neer INseriec Tei e a S e 391 WW este (Sy i EG I uD ne ay Re 392 Sy MecHOrubiGile-bitsumie ws ARLEN ie ee el 396 “TE SpfBNERY ONE COD a eas ea ys es ee ee 400 CAV AVOne Mapimessme as abe mwE ERE Coe Oe 402 ianinamivanouliapinesces sem iemenues Mere nr te 404 Neel ea Tell ©S Sues 10 citing elk ease Mae oe rarer ne IG An 2 a 405 Horse barn, showing paved court and teams ready for work___-- 408 Giossrsections through horse batnis a) = 2 ee 411 Mrotime-norse bakin with track in foreground £22 22s 2 eel aess 414 Pitter catsiletmii ti Sessa see te Eh eee ee 417 alka Chien ga OO Can T ES acta muon at Wee a de 420 Skitreammanrey aVvderlands Sunshine, ..2- 25. ie eee eee 423 Natticalemresentationvotl young so...) o> a Se See eee 428 Belotanastalione w@hraniedonisene o-oo) oe a ee ee eee 432 Ataianastaliont «ihaleds 28 oben Saito eae eee 437 (ClaLAIP Wahis. Il THE HORSE AND HIS MASTER For many centuries the horse has been the sturdy and esteemed servant of man. ‘There is no more interesting and important subject for our study than the origin, de- velopment and improvement of the various breeds of the domestic horse. He is the noblest of all creatures that we have subdued to our will. His acquisition has been one of the chief factors in the rise and supremacy of the great nations of ancient, medieval and modern times. We have no history that is not intermingled with his. In all the ages he has occupied an important position. This is especially true at the present time. The founda- tion of our civilization rests on agriculture and our agri- culture rests on the horse. Saving human time.—In America we have learned to substitute brute force for human energy to a greater extenimnan any otie, country, he Mhinteenth Census shows the horse and mule population of the United States to be approximately one-fourth that of the human popula- tion. In other words, the United States possesses four inhabitants for each beast of burden—horse or mule; whereas France possesses ten inhabitants, Germany twelve, and England twenty-four inhabitants for each beast of burden. Those who settled and developed our country were early taught that human muscle was the most expensive material from which to procure energy, even though the person be a slave. Human muscle, however cheap, cannot successfully compete with im- proved implements operated by well-bred horses adapted to their work and directed by intelligent workmen. As a nation we are extremely saving of time, but waste- ful of everything else. We have destroyed our forests, 2 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES wasted our coal and soil fertility; but we have used human energy more economically than it has ever been used before. The older nations are saving of everything but human time. Our extensive use of the horse has greatly influenced our national character and history. Because we make our labor count for so much, we are able to make farming an attractive business rather than a peasant’s drudgery. FIG. 2.—SAVING HUMAN TIME. PLOWING THE SOIL Horse labor and man labor.—The horse, properly directed, is equal in productive energy to ten men, and it will cost about one-half as much to keep him as one man. Hence a horse intelligently handled may be made to cheapen labor twenty fold over the old hand method. Here lies the secret of success in America. The Amer- ican farmer is not, as a rule, contented to direct the energies of but one horse at a time. He usually har- nesses two, sometimes three or four and even more, to a < rd THE HORSE AND HIS MASTER 3 single implement or machine. Where the fields are large we frequently see two 16-inch plows mounted on wheels and drawn by four large horses plowing as much as six and even more acres in a single day, more than a hundred laborers could do in a day of the severest toil. A very striking illustration of the economy of horse over man power may be seen in the great. wheat fields of California and the Northwest where 14 teams, 28 horses or even FIG. 3.—SAVING HUMAN TIME. FITTING THE SOIL more, are attached to a combined machine which cuts, thrashes, cleans and sacks one thousand or more bushels of wheat in a day. One man drives the horses and three others tend the machine and sew up the bags. It would require at least sixty men to accomplish this task in one day with cradle and flail. Equally as great economy of human muscle is seen in our large cities, where men are displaced by horses in the transportation of heavy merchandise. Because of the 4 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES crowded streets only a few horses are hitched together, in this case, to assist a single man; but the horses are large and strong. A single team, consisting of two horses, is able to move a load of four to ten tons over paved streets—a load equal to that carried by a freight car in the early days of steam railways. The horse cheapens production.—In 1830, it required an average of three hours and three minutes of human labor for each bushel of wheat grown; in 1896 it required FIG. 4.—THREE GENERATIONS OF THE REAPER ten minutes. In 1855 it required an average of four hours and thirty-four minutes to grow, harvest and shell one bushel of icon. in 1604 1t required An minutes.~.) ihe heavy, clumsy plow of 1830 has given way to more modern implements, such as the gang plow, disk plow, disk harrow and the like, which both plow and pulverize the soil in the same operation. Hand sowing has been displaced by the mechanical seeder drawn by horses. Hand harvesting with knife and peg, cradling and thrash- ing with flail has given way to reaping, thrashing and *Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 1897, page 600. e DEE VELOR SE AND ISS vAS DER 5 sacking with the combined reaper and thrasher drawn by horses. The horse as a pleasure animal.—Not only is the horse of service to us in conserving our energies, but he pro- vides us with health-giving pleasure. There can be no doubt that the horse was used in war and sport many centuries before he began to take up our burdens. ‘This is fully attested by our earliest written history. In fact, the first improvement attempted was to increase the horse’s efficiency in war and sport and not in economic FIG. 5.—A SIX-HORSE TEAM DELIVERING COAL industry. Breeding horses for sport and fashion constti- tutes a very large part of the industry at the present time, though this work has been affected to some extent by the automobile. Number and value of horse stock in the United States. —According to the Thirteenth Census there are 27,618,- 242 horses, mules and asses in the United States, valued at $3,085,460,483. This value is twenty-eight per cent greater than that of cattle, swine, sheep and goats com- bined. At least one-half of this horse stock is capable of doing work, which is equal to more than one hundred million hand laborers. This illustrates the vast addition to the wealth and productive power of the nation that we 6 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES secure by the intelligent breeding and utilization of the horse, as well as the great economy secured in substitut- ing brute force for human energy. This also illustrates the strength of the horse as an economic animal. Though he has been threatened by the steam car, the bicycle, the electric street and suburban car, by the automobile and the like, he has steadily increased in numbers and value. As a source of power and as a substitute for human labor in combination with machines, the horse’s economic place is more strongly established than ever before. Since the horse is such an economic factor in our pro- duction and progress, we should acquaint ourselves with the history and methods of improvement of this most useful and pleasure-giving animal; so that not only good horses may be produced, but that such selection, breed- ing, feeding and training be practiced as will secure, not only the best horses, but: those which shall be best adapted to the work for which they are intended. It is not only unwise but poor economy to grow a horse which will increase man’s productive power only fivefold, when a more intelligent effort might have produced one which would increase it ten times. CHAR DE Rett JUDGING A HORSE The ability to judge a horse accurately is acquired by careful observation, study and experience. Not all of us have the naturally keen observing powers and love for the horse peculiar to some persons, who become notable ex- pents; but each of us may acquire a practical, useful knowledge of the exterior of the horse by methodical and conscientious effort. To become a good judge of horses is well worth our earnest attention. Such an attainment gives us much personal satisfaction as well as the neces- sary information for use in breeding, feeding, buying, selling and managing horses. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD JUDGE To become proficient in judging any class of farm animals there are three faculties that should be well developed—familiarity with type desired, powers of ob- servation and good judgment. The use influences the type—In judging horses we must first consider the uses for which they are desired and the type or breed that will best accomplish the given purpose. ‘Thus, if the horse is wanted for light harness and fast driving, it would be a mistake to choose an animal of the coach type; or if the object sought is style and high action, it would be none the less a mistake to choose a trotting or pacing horse. The more familiar we are with the demand and the type best suited to meet it, the better our chances of success. Cultivate the power of observation.—The power of ob- servation should be well developed. We must train the eye to see quickly and accurately, so that there may be no 7 re) MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES mistake in the observations that are to form the basis for a conclusion. In addition to seeing things as they are, we should be able to detect deviations from the correct form. This is often difficult. We may be familiar with the fact that a few gray hairs on the inside of the pas- terns may indicate that the horse interferes, and yet when we examine him entirely overlook the white hairs. In such cases as this the difficulty is often increased by the horseman attempting to cover up such signs, and this should serve to put us on our guard. Having examined FIG. 6.—A WELL-EQUIPPED JUDGING PAVILION the horse carefully we should retain a mental picture of him, as it often happens that we are called upon to judge large rings of animals, and the work can be greatly facilitated if we can remember each animal. Further, retaining such a picture is of value in matching teams. Efficiency depends on judgment and practice.—After having noted each of the horses to be considered, the judgment is brought into play to decide which should be placed first. In judging horses, efficiency depends largely @F JUDGING A HORSE 9 on practice and experience. The type or breed to fill a given demand, and the value of the horse for such pur- pose, are recognized much more quickly and accurately by one who is in practice judging horses than by one who judges only occasionally. Method of judging a horse.—To examine the horse, we should have him led into an open, well-lighted place and stood at ease. First, we should view him from all direc- tions, noting his general appearance—form, height, weight, action, quality, temperament and the like. To impress these general characters the animal should be moved around, first at the walk and then at the trot. While in action, view him from in front, behind and either side. Second, we should make a careful examination of the detail characters. To facilitate this detail examina- tion the score card was devised. In judging horses, we should learn to use our eye rather than the hand. The eye is master of the situation and the chief reliance with the expert judge. The hand should be used only as an assistant to the eye, and may be used when the eye unaided cannot determine a ques- tion of quality, size, condition or soundness. THE SCORE CARD The score card gives, in systematic order, a detailed description of the parts or characters of an ideally perfect animal. It emphasizes the relative importance of the various characters. The score card teaches the method of seeing the parts or characters in a logical, orderly way that none may escape observation. It deals with one animal, comparing it with an ideal. Purpose of the score card.—It is primarily an aid to the study and teaching of stock judging. It enables us to analyze the various characters of the horse in a logical order. Thus, point by point, we learn to estimate the value of each character that goes to make up the animal. IO MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES In time, practice with the score card will enable us rapidly to look over a horse, note his good and bad points and arrive at a correct estimate of his value. After having learned the method of examination, the art of seeing the parts of the animal instead of merely the animal as a whole, and securing an idea of the relative importance of the parts, we are ready to discontinue the use of the card and take up comparative judging. Using the score card.—T wo types of horses have been placed on the same card (p. 11), although the descrip- tion and the numerical value difiers im nearly every character. This has been done to facilitate teaching, as it indicates rather vividly the differences in the light and heavy types. It will be noticed also that the card has been divided into several main divisions, each assigned a numerical value, and these again divided into a number of parts or characters, each of which is described and given a figure which shows the percentage value attached to each particular part. In scoring a horse first note the part or character crit- ically and if the animal is as nearly perfect as is possible, leave blank the column headed “student’s,’ which means that the part is worth all the card allows. If the char- acter is imperfect, make a “cut,” taking away from the numerical value given the part, the percentage which in- dicates how much it would have to be improved to be perfect. Make the “cut” on the percentage basis; that is, if scoring say the action of a driving horse which is deficient 10 per cent, take Io per cent of ten, the numerical Walile caven the, claracter, avnich) is ty lace 1 im) the column headed “student’s.” Continue until all parts have been scored in the order given and the “cuts,” if any, re- corded. Add the “cuts,” which show the total deficiency, subtract this from 100 which gives the score of the animal. By this method we can tell at a glance the parts that are deficient, as they are the only ones marked. When the work has been completed by the class each 2 JUDGING A HORSE II student should correct his card to correspond to that of the instructor, who will then give his reasons for each “cut” made and discuss the merits and demerits of the horse in detail. Rules for scoring.—In scoring a horse on the percent- age basis, it is not considered advisable to make a “cut” of less than 5 per cent. Seldom will a part deserve a “cut” of more than 50 per cent, as an important character deserving more than this is so seriously at fault that it may disqualify the horse. The scorer must use his judg- ment in deciding the proportionate score to allow be- tween these limits. STUDENT’S SCORE CARD. eee HORSES MEG os 1 a 5 Bor rake [Bs Datsing Draft |For Driving og | 2 “g ue) ai|d SCALE OF POINTS é|/ 2/5] s|e/5 ue} o oOo; U oOo] oO Sy sh || tei et Push as) 2 1) 2) 7) 83) a Aln|jOlJninio A. General Appearance: Draft 35: Driving 43: Age—Estimated.......... VESHHAC Tall Omer yrs. Height—Estimated....... hands; actualeenecec hands] .. Sulieis Weight—Estimated......... lipsemactualiae seer Ibs.]| 8 sical (aes Form, for draft, low, massive, symmetrical; for driving, high, lithe, indicative of extreme activity] 6 AS ea Quality, bone, flat; tendons, clean; skin and hair fine] 8 10]).. Colompaccondinestonbreeda peter ee 1 BN os Action, step, smooth, quick, long; trot, rapid, straight,| - regular ANG RIC ICDO RESO OR EGO LOL GS BERETS CH ERCIe ECR Ee eee citiec 4 10} ee Attitude, members vertical....................04. 5 aye ts Temperament, lively, pleasant.................... 3 4]... B. Head and Neck: Draft 5: Driving 5: Head, lean; length, two-fifths height of withers; width of forehead, more than one-third length of head; depth of head, one-half its length. For driving, smaller, carried higher and more hori- ZOE Alene Weta inn iees tess arent ae cera MansteainteasahAle 67s 1 De ee Muzzle, fine; nostrils, large; lips, thin; teeth, sound] 1 ales Eyes, full, bright and intelligent.................. 1 lens Ears, short, clean, fine, directed forward, wide apart] 1 Aes [2 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES For Draft For For Driving glelglelels SCALE OF POINTS Ss & & 3 E15 oO ro} oO S13(8lslelé Aln|OlnsI nso Neck, pyramidal, muscled; throat, clean, fine; wind- pipe large. Depth of insertion at shoulder equals length of underline 2 to 4 inches shorter than head. For draft, neck shorter, thicker, more horizontal] 1 1 C. Forequarters: Draft 20: Driving 19: Shoulders, long, extending into back; point of shoulder to point of withers, equals length of head. For Glieaiiic, Saxons hovel iaaOree ibhopalotbyooccnousacdooe 3 2 Arms, relatively short, 12 to 13 inches. For draft, AMNOLEMMN O11 Z OMibal AM ae eres s CURSE Ree aah eam RS 1 1 i Forearms, vertical, long, 14 to 15 inches; wide. For draft, shorter, more heavily muscled........... 2 2 F Knees, clean cut, wide, deep; for driving, 3 inches, for draft, 4 inches, strongly supported......... 3 3 ‘ Canons, vertical, short, 9 to 10 inches, lean, wide; tendons well detached. For driving, longer....| 2 D} , Fetlocks, wide, thick, clean, free from puffiness....] 1 1 4 Pasterns, angle 45 degrees, fetlock to ground, 7 to 8 inches. For driving, long, sloping; for draft, Ine, Muvons ThoinlMme.sohoocaoonooapoGuobwaoobe D 2 : Feet, round, even size; horn, dark colored, dense; sole concave; bars, strong; frog, large, elastic; heel, vertical, one-half length of toe........... 6 6 : D. Body: Draft 10: Driving 8: Chest in general, high, long. For draft, wide, half height of horse; for driving, higher............ 3 2 : Withers, clearly defined for driving................ 0) 1 i Breast, for driving, high, projecting. For draft, jomoracl Anaxel sonmisenllare, cocccbcoadocoeveudsdes oor 1 1 ; Ribs, long, round curvature, wide apart........... 2 1 F Back, straight, short, muscular; shoulders, to haunch equals length of head. For driving, longer....} 2 1 § Loin, Wide, short, thick, strongly joined to hips...| 1 1 P Underline long itonsdrantahanicael Owerecaeeeceere 1 1 : E. Hindauarters: Draft 30: Driving 25: Hips, level, wide in proportion to other parts, for draft, smooth; for driving, more prominent..... 1 1 % Croup, wide, long, muscular, 2 to 4 inches shorter than head. For driving, horizontal; for draft, Mops, soovorts) Ooi gocduacsoaadoooaudcas0de 4 3 : Mail, set and carcied high, Jong, full) fine:.-.24.. 2... 1 1 4 JUDGING A HORSE. 13 For Draft |For Driving SCALE OF POINTS Thighs, for driving, long, 15 to 16 inches, upright: stifle, deviated outward. For draft, shorter, MOLewhHOnZONtaleemUScul ate elie eens SI ieee asda eaeose| Peg , Buttocks, heavily muscled, well descended......... De Vesela ttl | aan Leslie Gaskins, for driving, long, 14 to 15 inches, upright: Standard Students Corrected Standard Students Corrected for draft, shorter, more horizontal, heavily TITAS CLEC eres eaten eevee erate eee one Manel a ett asiia eek oo ca Tawa Me 3 i) Hocks, clean cut, large, straight, deep, for driving, 3 inches, for draft, 4 inches. For draft, wider] 6 Canons, 11 to 12 inches long, otherwise as above..| 2 HetlocksrasmabOvesse ence a ee eine ere eee 1 Pasterns as above; angle 60 degrees...............] 2 Feet, compared with above, more oval, more concave: heels, higher, more separated; walls, more vertical] 5 on TYPES OF HORSES There are two distinct types of horses. The light type, useful for light work and speed, and the heavy type used for heavy draft work. Horses belonging to the former type are usually designated “light horses,” while those belonging to the latter are commonly called “draft horses.” Light horses are further divided into running, trotting, pacing, saddling, coaching and like classes. Draft horses, likewise, are divided into light, medium and heavy draft classes. The light type—There is considerable variation in type among light horses, depending on the purposes for which they are adapted. Thus the trotting horse differs in many respects from the saddle horse, and the running horse has many characteristics unlike either. However, 14 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES since horses belonging to the light type are each intended for rather fast and light work, they possess many points in common. In form the light type of horse is rather tall and the legs long, so that the distance from the chest to the ground is more than one-half the height of the horse from the withers to the ground. The distance from the withers FIG. 7.—LIGHT ACTIVE TYPE to the knees and from the hips to the hocks is great. In general conformation the light type resembles the grey- hound, « (Fig. 7.) The heavy type.——In form the heavy type of horse is low set and the legs rather short, so that the distance from the chest to the ground is about one-half the height from the withers to the ground. The draft horse re- sembles the bull dog. Weight is important. To pull efficiently the draft horse must possess weight. The draft horse in fair condition at maturity weighs 1,600 to 2,400 pounds, according to the class. (Fig. 8.) JUDGING A HORSE 15 GENERAL APPEARANCE OF A HORSE In judging the horse first consider the general char- acters, such as age, height, weight, form, quality, action, attitude, color and temperament. Age.—Since the age has an important bearing upon the general appearance as well as the various parts of the horse it 1s placed first on the card. ‘he age, therefore, should be the first character considered (p. 49). FIG. 8—HEAVY DRAFT TYPE Height.—The unit for measuring the height of the horse is a hand— 4 inches. The height is taken at the withers. A measuring staff (hippometer), marked off in hands and inches, is used where the accurate height is required. When such is not available, or where absolute accuracy is not demanded, a good way to estimate the horse’s height is to “chin” him. Find out how high it is 16 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES from the ground to the point of your chin when standing erect. Stand facing the horse close to his left side and note the height of the withers as compared with your Chimes Gradually ‘train she eye tol esttuaremmaciount unaided. In draft horses the desired height is from 16 to 17.2 hands, with the average approximately 16.3 hands. ‘This should be due to depth of body instead of length of leg. In driving horses the height is exceedingly variable, but should be at least 15 hands. This should be due in a large measure to length of leg. The card does not give a numerical value to height in the draft horse for, as a rule, if he is heavy enough he will possess sufficient height.’ For driving eight points is a perfect score. Weight.—The draft horse must weigh at least 1,600 pounds. This weight should be due to strong bone, heavily muscled, as well as to large proportions, and not the result of excessive fatness. Weight holds the horse to the ground, enabling him to secure a foothold against which to exert his strength. Weight brought forward is power in itself and the greater the weight to bring for- ward the greater the power derived from it. ‘This is of so Sreat mmporance that on the market drat, lrorses, ane divided into classes according to their weight: Light draft, weighing 1,600 to 1,700; medium draft, 1,700 to 1,800 and heavy draft, 1,800 pounds and up. For the draft horse eight points is a perfect score. Among light horses, weight is considered of minor im- portance and no numerical value is given to it on the card, as the horse that meets the height requirement and possesses sufficient action will, as a rule, be heavy enough to fill the demand. Form.—The draft horse should be broad, deep, mas- sive, evenly proportioned and symmetrical, the entire make-up suggesting great strength and weight. The body should be blocky and compact, with short, broad, - JUDGING A HORSE 17 clean, well-set legs showing fine skin, large joints and prominent tendons. Perfect score, six points. The driving horse should be more upstanding, rather lean, lithe and muscular, having a general appearance of extreme activity. In this type speed and action is de- sired. Animals of speed possess long bones, long muscles and slightly angular joints. Perfect score, four points. Quality.— This is a term rather loosely applied and has reference to the hair, skin, tendons, muscles and bones. Good quality is shown by fine, bright, silky hair; soft, pliable skin; clean, well-defined tendons; smooth, well- developed muscles; and strong, smooth bones. Freedom from coarseness in the hair, skin, tendons, muscles and bones emphasizes soundness and guarantees durability. The best way to determine quality is to run the hand down the legs, over the knees, hocks and cannon bones. The hair and skin should feel soft and pliable to the touch and the bones firm and smooth. The fingers should al- most seem to touch each other as they pass between the tendons and the bones, especially in the light type, where the tendons are well detached. Soundness also indicates iuakiiv(p2.42)e )ebertect score, efeht poimts tor dratt and ten for driving. Action.—While very important, especially at the walk, action is usually considered second to weight in the draft horse. The walk, however, deserves special considera- tion, since it is the principal gait of the draft horse. It should be regular, straight, level and fast. He should be able to walk four miles an hour with a load. While action at the trot is not so essential, it should not be overlooked, as occasionally draft horses are required to work at the prom, \Unerershould) be no “paddling,” dishing,’ or “winging” in or out, “cutting” or “interfering,” nor should the forelegs swing out or “roll,” or the hindlegs be carried too close together or too far apart. Watch closely for lameness. Good trotting action is not only valuable in itself, but it indicates many other desirable qualities, such 18 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES as temperament, conformation and soundness. Perfect score, four points. Among light horses, there is no single feature held in higher estimation than that of desirable action. Each class of light horses has an action peculiar to itself, that of the high-stepping coach horse differing materially from the trotter, while that of the saddle horse is unlike either. While desirable action varies according to the object sought, the light horse should possess as much as may be displayed and used to advantage. As with the draft horse, good action indicates many other qualities. The walk, in addition to being regular, straight and frictionless, should be fast. This is a point oiten neglected, Vand many otherwise good- acting horses are pro- vokingly slow walkers. Sie, Oem AGRON Action at the trot varies according to the class. In the trotter the stride should be long and not too high; whereas in the coacher a rather high, bold knee-and-hock action is the most sought. In all classes the movement should be straight and regular as viewed from the front, rear and either side. Perfect score, ten points. Attitude—This term refers to the position and direc- tion of the horse’s legs while standing. The legs should be viewed from the front, behind and either side, and should be formed so as to meet the following require- ments: The foreleg, when viewed from the front, should be formed so that a plumb line dropped from the point of the shoulder would divide equally the knee, the cannon a JUDGING A HORSE 19 and the foot, leaving between the two front feet an inter- val almost equal to the width of the hoof in the light type, and somewhat wider in the heavy type; when viewed from the side the line lowered from the elbow joint should pass through the middle of the knee, the cannon and the fetlock and fall a short distance behind the heel. The hindleg, when viewed from behind, should be so formed that a plumb line lowered from the point of the buttock will pass through the middle of the hock, cannon, pastern and foot, leaving between the two hind feet an interval almost equal to the width of the hock. This line should also just touch the back of the hock and the fet- lock joint.* Perfect score for draft, five points, and for driving, five points. (Figs. 10, II.) Color.—In scoring a INnorss Une Color Oh wae hair should be taken into account. First, because : some of the most beau- ome RON VIEW tile COlOrss tade son ex) Hic tl Rear ViEw Correct position Correct position posure to sunlight, at- mospheric action and the like. Second, because there are many undesirable colors, such as duns, speckled, flea- bitten gray, rusty, leopard spotted and like colors, to which attention should be directed. Perfect score for draft, one point, and for driving, two points. Temperament.—The horse should show a vigorous, lively, energetic disposition, yet be docile, teachable and intelligent. Whe temperament is reflected in the action and manners. Horses may be divided into four general classes according to their temper: ‘Teachable, nervous, stubborn and treacherous. The horse with a teachable tempenisuidud) and docile. He is easily taught and *Exterior of the Horse, Gouboux & Barrier, page 464, 20 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES readily adapts himself to various conditions. The horse with a nervous temperament is ambitious and deter- mined. He is quick to learn and acts with all his power, and if properly directed rapidly develops into the best kind of a horse. The horse with a stubborn temperament is willful and difficult to conquer. He is slow to learn and requires tact and patience, otherwise he may become sullen and his senses blunted. The horse with a treach- erous temper is very resentful. He acts without apparent cause and when least expected. He may balk, fight or run away. The other classes when once conquered re- main obedient, but not so with the treacherous horse. Perfect score for draft, three points; for driving, four points. DETAIL CHARACTERS OF THE HORSE After considering the general appearance pass to the detail examination carefully noting each character, tak- ing them in a regular order, that none may escape ex- amination. Head and neck.—The head should be lean, with broad forehead, tapering toward the nostrils, and the features of the face distinct. In the draft horse the head will be larger, fuller, and coarser proportionately than in the driving horse. The muzzle should be fine; nostrils large, open and of pink color; lips thin; and teeth sound. The eyes should be large, full, clear and bright, indicative of a kind disposition and good health. The ears should be active, refined, directed forward and wide apart. The neck of the draft horse should be short, massive, well arched and carried horizontally. A nicely arched and well-muscled neck of sufficient length, carrying the head gracefully, is a very desirable feature of the light horse. The windpipe should be large and the outline appear dis- tinct from the rest of the neck. The head and neck, as well as the neck and body, should blend smoothly at the @e JUDGING A HORSE 21 attachments. Perfect score for draft, five points; for driving, five points. Forequarters.— lo give elasticity to the movement and to permit of clean action the light horse’s shoulders should be long and sloping well into the back, thus strengthening the back and extending the length of the underline; the arms should be short and comparatively upright, giving an upstanding appearance; the forearms should be vertical, long and well muscled. The muscles should be well developed and stand out distinctly just below the junction of the leg and body and taper grace- fully downward. The knees should be clean cut, wide and deep. They should be much broader Mminontes than! the: leg, either above or below. The cannons should be shorten deep, Cleans and the tendons well de- tached; the fetlocks should be wide, deep and free from puffiness; and the pasterns should if Ae clean, strong ayaitl pied ecnecenen or 2, standing under; 3. sloping. The feet should ‘be round, dense, fine in texture and sound. The sole should be concave; the bars strong and the frog large and elastic and bear the mark of natural usage as a buffer. Perfect score for driving, 19 points. Among draft horses, the shoulders should be smooth, heavily muscled and moderately sloping into the back. A slope of about 45 degrees is proper. The arms should be short, heavily muscled and extending well to the rear, thus giving the horse a low-set appearance; the fore- arms should be large, wide and heavily muscled. The knees should be broad, deep and well defined, though | re Fic. 12.—POSITION OF FRONT LEGS 22 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES they may not be as clean cut as among lighter horses. The cannons should be short, deep and clean, with the tendons well detached; the pasterns should be clean cut, sloping, and of medium length. The feet, though often inclined to be large, should be round, dense, fine in struc- ture, of equal size, and perfectly sound. Dark-colored hoofs are preferreda, and they should have an oily coat of natural wax. ‘The sole, bars and frog should be much as suggested above. Perfect score for draft, 20 points. Body.—In the light horse the chest should obtain its capacity more from depth than width. A deep chest per- mits a freer play of the shoulders and indicates staying power. The breast should be carried forward with much prominence. The withers should be clearly defined. The ribs should be well sprung and of good length, as a well- sprung rib gives lung capacity and a long rib gives diges- tive capacity. The back should be short, strong and well muscled; the loin should be short and strongly joined; and the underline should be long. This combination favors action and speed. Perfect score for driving, eight points. In the draft horse, the chest should be deep, wide and full, with the breast broad and muscular. The front ribs should be well sprung and long, giving the horse a broad back and deep chest. The back and loin should be short and heavily muscled; the coupling should be close and strong; the ribs roundly arched; the flanks low, giving a deep, strong body with an abundance of room for the respiratory and digestive organs. This conformation favors draft and endurance. Perfect score for draft, 10 points. Hindquarters.—In the driving horse the hips should be wide in proportion to the other parts, and prominent. The croup should be long, muscular and comparatively straight. This allows greater play of the main muscles, which is favorable to the production of speed. ‘The tail should be long, full, fine and carried high. The thighs - JUDGING A HORSE 23 should be upright, well muscled and deep; the buttocks firmly muscled and well descended; and the gaskins or hind legs, from the thighs to the hocks, should be long and well muscled. The hocks should be large, deep, clean cut and properly set. The bone forming the point of the hock should be prominent, since this gives a better attachment for the ten- dons which pass over it, thereby giving the hind leg a deeper appearance Amd ineneasing | its er ficiency. The cannons should be short, deep, clean, with tendons well detached and parallel to the cannon bones; the fetlocks should be wide, deep and clean; and the pasterns father long, es sloping sual strong. ashe Se ae rea 2. standing under; 3. hind feet should be oval, dense, fine in texture, of good size and perfectly sound. Perfect score for driving, 25 points. In the draft horse, the hips should be level, wide and smooth. The croup should be broad, thickly muscled and moderately sloping, though there is considerable differ- ence in draft horses in this regard. The thighs and buttocks should be heavily muscled. The direction of the thigh and hind leg should be such as will give the muscles the most favorable attachment for the development of power. This means, perhaps, that the lower part of the thigh should be inclined well forward and that the leg should be moderately sloping from the thigh to the hock. The hock should be wide, deep, properly set and clearly defined; the cannons should be short and clean with ten- dons well detached ; the fetlocks should be wide, deep and Fic. 13.—PosITION OF HIND LEGS 24 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF MORSES clean; and the pasterns clean cut and of medium length. The foot, though inclined to be large, should be oval, dense, fine in texture and sound. Perfect score for draft, 30 points. COMPARATIVE JUDGING In comparative judging, instead of comparing the horse with a standard of perfection, we compare two or more animals. To do this carefully examine and compare the relative size, height, weight and the like; also the detail characters of the horses in a class, to be placed in the order of their merit. Make examination for soundness when comparing quality. While the horses are being moved to compare their action, note their temperament and style. The horse which is superior in the greatest number of these considerations and without notable fault will be of the greatest service and will sell for the highest price on the market; therefore, is the most desirable and should be placed first. Continue until each horse has been placed according to his merit. Examine the horse in his stall—When purchasing a horse, if possible, he should be examined in his stall. Note the manner in which he is tied to the manger; whether he has been chewing the tie-strap or the fixtures ; how he stands in the stall, and his general behavior when one steps to his side. Note the animal’s behavior while grooming, particularly along the abdomen, the back of the forelegs and the front of the hind legs, as well as the flanks. Harness him. Note the manner of taking the bit; the general conduct when placing the head stall over the ears; the harness over the back; the crupper under the tail; and when buckling the girth. ; The horse may now be taken from his stall. Note the action as he is being turned around. Ina few sale stables there is a contemptible practice of introducing ginger into oe JUDGING A HORSE 25 the rectum as the horse is being taken out, as this serves to stimulate him and he shows to advantage. As the horse passes out of the stable, the doorway affords a good place to examine the eyes, nostrils, mouth, and to note the age. Examine the horse in harness.—Lead the horse to halter, observing the action and temperament, first at the walk and then at the trot. These observations should be made from the front, from behind and from either side. Now attach the horse to a vehicle and observe the action and temperament at both the walk and trot as before. Do not neglect the walk, as this is a very important gait. Note the manner of starting, stopping, turning to the right and left, backing and the like. Drive the horse rapidly a short distance, stopping him quickly and ob- serve the ease and regularity of breathing and his man- ner of standing (p. 49). (GlSVAVE WISI, JOU PROPORTIONS AND MECHANICS OF THE HORSE By proportions of the horse are meant the correlation and the agreement of the various parts with each other and with the body as a whole. ‘The parts of the horse when studied in the light of proportions show us rela- tions of length, width, thickness, direction, development and the like. This detailed study of the relationship of the various parts is very efficient in developing the “eye” and the judgment. The proportions of the horse are considered from two points of view. First, the relations existing between the length, width and thickness of the various parts of the horse; and second, the relations of the directions pos- sessed by the bones superposed one upon the other, thus forming angles. ‘These relations tend to make the legs long or short and have an influence upon the production of speed or power. Dimensions of the parts.—To study the relation exist- ing between the various parts of the horse, we must first obtain the dimensions of the parts. The lengths, widths, - thicknesses, and the like, are taken with a measuring staff of parallel bars, the circumference with a tape and the angles and inclinations with a compass and plumb line, although for accurate results in measuring the angles an arthrogoniometer should be used. This is an instru- ment somewhat similar to a compass. The following list includes the more important parts useful in a study of the proportions of the horse: 26 PROPORTIONS AND MECHANICS OF THE HORSE 27 STUDENT’S CARD FOR THE PROPORTIONS OF THE HORSE. | Inches Inches TEUSTGAME | ENB SHARELOUESES .oocaccpo cece nose e004 coda Hsccob aces ong odce DacHce40 0008 ofc abo SoKcInAdM| | naga assecacKiaca5dec9| |aaesceuDocao.cHos oo THIGHS THO) TAMAS JOOSGME Ol GROVE coconut occocosacospedooce0s ebone00000"| | eooceedo oonesec.Gc04) |psaaeoqaGEq0600 000° IBISisinte Ok CHASE Git Inekarel ibroyeR femoral cccoocsoccaqueo cas pucsoosReceH|| ood coKSasa3 6cHotood |eocoecdo ceed bocoa%c enct herronmsnOmtmOmeshOulGderutor cian ete ee eacteeece teers) escncecs sca-ceeisce| ecenescsceeceres «ere LOT Owestepoimtmorchestm Ome @ LOU Geese ere sees persed carnesererrecces zens | (castievetiantclvne tees IPiroweR, TAS jooMae Oe CMhovowy WO Wal AHOWEAC lo ccocs concoosscsGe seca S9900009| | 6s 50s8 9595400 od6r| |o905 Ga0HeondaGH 560 IB ROMA Ele FOXOmae Oe GlilovOn?, TO) TSASS acoccsocooass900b0 070060003009 aaee29e0806! | osBe deodecdo acbb/odoo| | pauslood. oD FEdgacHE JRNnO van, SHES. {HO ARONA! *Locoos eco vase esobse dona néce ocre ceded ased odgoRGo6 8266 Heo dons] [obadoads.ce09.40%0 400d] |eqqG0090 coNB!Nea0FG40 Chrennmitevence © Fag llote reuters dia een eee ee inert ee ane eV era ara nolea eu al tae le ane eceatck kta shee es CHRERMMIRENGD, OH CEaTOO VAY TA CELNHESE pocrsc54s nocd cconcobindeauecaceb 2c09.860e) | dyodecen oud neeGe0d) | opo9deHo00 coxa Gabe (CIEROUUANISIEINCS GME HOO ANE COMOS Teas occeocacoesaoc0 odoo;se08 Snes aoc ease BAee o456| | 6959 e695 a9s0 oH¢0.204) | song Sado.gDOHees ane. TUGBA, DIE TASC! bo.c009 con chce dosobo64 a0Gu deneu00 Ja00coN doud dane. ond Hoe saad 886 SHOR OBeS| [sso pone Lboacoogtiend | aocpocao dca GBB aee VWiuGhilin,; GUE! SONS SHEN J ann esc dopeipaes boacoobddoadeeenidcs cou Facdicabe zo; aebtnce| [Bess beesdesuseucEseo| [ba ores cacuegeREaHO Mromeane |e onlowenjawevo) roneneadwalsOvieneyien ects ees sete ees rele ecensseeeslocee eeaetneeelenrerzace IDROIA, ULNORNG WO), SUF SIO lO ClEIe Cie TSO 2d sossbosdooss vos aoc vete| | eesoaend edborana 2556 | sone gods baba Aledo anc CiRCA Oi wmAKeUAA Bhe raves Oe’ sMMOLHHO..h. dose eros sersocee cout | Geo0 cack cba edocueed | adam seep eeancoce Soc Width of chest from outside of shoulder points..............0....) ccc GaSe ere ee Mopmotusoulderrst oman nvs wae ceccnrcet enna cera ermameeastcs Pepe A oat AD ronda mee ata WWGIGREGL NORORIS ECHO. iy ano dex sas soade epnolbasods Lo Obs Bet peo aGHac pon sabe Lt nECeSond| [acetone Seee era [snerieca oneeeamcucc TL Sse eA Ely: OLE « CHCOEN Orc ec Sotooncitnde 4 aera sae ee saRtee Un Meo teaeiba oe Gases Heal [ela reAecneeen (aber rece te sccicnse INiOKOA CEraUieTe Gre ClOLElke THe) FOLOSBAUE, OE GIUGIS =. oh )ee45 soso eno ncoos cae eacc ononeed| | Gaececed sasodeseAvoH| | eooanbn a500c00580C IBROKaA OVONE, Oi INO Ce Wo joVOriM Oe Jao); rccecrcoccos oso bod oodo dos acoGeo9| | ob8 des absoD HeECencH | eoqe boos GonosoDSeCsb JBROIGG, JOXCMME Gk INOS HO) SARONEIAVEl 5. sncosdoosos Goan coco aobo oot HBS DEEN Aouad anEH| | doa cooaEsIOGsCIONSE Sees aoa ierd (CORRE WUBAUETTETANOS LOE “ThabledNly aocacteserc oedaueabonaboenee andes esba REN eS DE CeeNodEE coebeded| laterasea ccncBecebeed| | aaspacsagongsconcc0 Cincumberencewonsiiam kame they Combe ree terete cece eeynee-[eees)| secclescascesteszelsres | eeeneccesescacusieane (Cinemania MGS ‘Oi OSCE he WANS ANE a pp socesnocasenacond pobscooogess docdoa0d) | consdedo eee d8ec e604] ocoDend06505 4400 0008 Measurements of horse.—Accurate measurements are extremely difficult to obtain: First, because the horse is continually shifting his position, which alters the meas- 28 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES urement; and, second, because some of the parts are not well defined and it is often difficult to know just where to begin the measurement. Where reliable information FIG. 14.—MEASURING THE HEAD is desired, the measurements should be carefully checked. The following table gives an idea of the measurements: of some of the more important parts in both heavy and light horses: MEASUREMENTS FOR DRAFT AND SPEED HorRSES Name of part | Draft | Speed Number of horses measured................-.--; 55.0 32.0 Wiel git iim Ours) iis ue steal aa Wena mirancl) OMe yLurue clever ata 1,613.0 wane eightwatinwithersyinchesmen ise ice tenes: 66.0 61.7 Height) ate highest) pointeon (croupeos soe lee 65.6 61.6 Length from point of shoulder to quarter......... 67.8 62.8 From lowest point of chest to ground............ 33.5 / 34.0 Wengthvott shoulders yee sisi omy ols oh) suerte cor ape 27.25 23.9 Length from top of sloulder to hip.............. 30.4 28.5 Circumference of body at girth............... oe 90.0 70.0 © Wem ath wot sea cia uae ieee a ah saree Rann SAREE AD nr 26.6 24.6 PROPORTIONS AND MECHANICS OF THE HORSE 29 The unit of proportions.—In a study of the proportions of the horse, the length of the head is taken as the unit. This is because the head varies less, perhaps, than any other part and its length is easily obtained, as the boun- daries are clearly defined. It is interesting to note that the total height of the horse from the crest of head to the ground is equal to about three head lengths; that the height from the withers and from the croup to the ground, FIG. 15.—A STUDY IN PROPORTIONS as well as the total length of the horse from the point of the shoulders to the buttocks, is about 21% head lengths ; and that the length of the neck from poll to withers, the length of the shoulder from the withers to the point at the elbow, the thickness of the body from side to side, and the depth of the body from back to the abdomen, is equal to about one head length. Dimensions of articular angles.—Besides the relations 30 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES of length, width and thickness which exists between the different parts of the body, it is also important to know the relations of directions possessed by the different bony regions, superposed one upon the other, to form the fore and hindquarters. From the manner in which the bones are arranged angles are produced. ‘The inclination of the bones and the dimensions of the angles have an influence upon the draft and speed. Such measurements as these, however, are exceedingly difficult to obtain, as the bones are so deeply imbedded in muscle that their direction can- not be located with exactness. The following table in- cludes the more important parts useful in a study of the proportions of the horse. STUDENT'S CARD FOR THE ARTICULAR ANGLES OF THE HORSE. INCLINATION UPON THE HORIZON | Degrees Degrees Scapa tal care c ree eter ee Se aerate ene aero eas ob ec ON dhire doa h Su Ears oy nate e Eat eG MEGA HES ee Dee Cee ea HMtatre ral ics ase cession esss cua ciacte aes ouds seseoscnestuesCuueciesee ao adnesth saslessopengacanvaseiteoh | neat ecrevae rare te | Baten ater eee Ta. G a reseetecwetee ieseeecd IB 1x1 @ teal eee ees ese eee taco veins sows ccvacvasatdv sees eccauacen ossctered cxgacteestscusceae tucelanee tor] Pea conc met a ee ee aa tae ne SUG fo eal errscec cece poe Seatac ce vas sos tues sats cuasie seo Ieucecdetesana dein be obugesnnesensse tetera | ee eee ee | ee ee ARTICULAR ANGLES IN STATION Sea ptt archer ral See ets ee re case csk ales cases Se ema ea eae Sn ee a | eee = ee ee ETTORE O= FA aL iS a ess OLE seat owen cen cees Se dera cast bweeaen note retaearet cee ee Reena eared rea Metacarpo-phalangaile. eietct Jae) ese e cine Ay cata eter oie ree | Daa torent | busty ere ROS FSO rel eae veacs cuss eae cocks hu sosclctsig va ssesenscleveedeionubilee eae Ne Salo Creu era ee | Pee arin ano ene cee MSmmOnomtilatal mesa a ta does ot sce caceh sets doce u cys ics t setae eo eo een em | ete Pieces see | aS ML O-Me|t LATS AT iy, 8 seat Pewlee anc cee: Gen vacteh assoc ca he oe Seen eee eae oO | escent | Et Sat Mietatarsosphalan geile ies a Ue IS To Ura al ams eames | tice eA nl ea SOcd tee ae ATTITUDES IN STATION Jasons alos os go=sanl ofergsy nipleyy(slol. sbaygormeyull raven nme ee 55 escondiccso conn ecedounibondonsdbosaroze voce ANTHEA FP FoaVSraMloVerasy), WATS. Toa, WOKOVE Laces ascrcoboncos cosa ces6-o as6aco30. chen cooddsbe soadouo esse vbetsagE dose aoe Gude ote Posterioremembers) wale we enim sor hil ers eee eee eee eee eee ae eee eee ee JOC ETOP SaaeTaaOLSsnS. Alen MSOL iROVaAL [YS] ebOVEL nooo c seco sen oscosascoo coce coco noraosbe coal conn oosb neocons exeueoaN uee MCEO *For location of parts see page 35. PROPORTIONS AND MECHANICS OF THE HORSE SE Measuring the angles.—lf an arthrogoniometer, useful for measuring articular angles, 1s not available, the in- clination of the members and the value of the angles may be obtained by sticking wafers over the joints, on the withers, hips and hoofs, which serve as marks to indicate the direction of the members. Place the horse in a good position and photograph him. Upon the photographic pA SS Vy ia /; =o : * \ \\ X Y ~\ FIG. 16—A STUDY IN ARTICULAR ANGLES print thus obtained the wafers serve as landmarks which may be joined by straight lines to obtain the real direc- tions of the members. It only remains now to estimate with a protractor the inclination of each line as well as the value of the angles which are formed by the lines. 32 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES INCLINATION OF THE PARTS UPON THE HORIZON AND VALUE OF THE ARTICULAR ANGLES IN Fast HorseEs* Inclination Value of angle Name of part Contained Of the superior Of the inferior sigment sigment Forequarters Degrees Degrees Degrees Scapulo-humeralyf.... 55 60 115 Humero-radial....... 50 to 55 90 140 to 145 Metacarpo-phalangal. 90 60 150 Hindquarters Coxo-femoral..-..... 30 to 35 80 110 to 115 Hemoro-tibialeysaso4. 80 65 to 70 145 to 150 shibro-=tarsaliss ges 4- 65 to 70 90 155 to 160 Metatarso-phalangal 90 65 155 * The Exterior of the Horse, Goubaux and Barrier, page 377. 7 For location of the parts see page 35. Mechanics of the horse.—A study of the mechanics of the horse enables us to compare the horse with a machine. A machine may be defined as a combination of one or more of the six mechanical powers—lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge and screw—arranged in such a manner as to transmit power in a desired direc- tion. In a somewhat similar manner the bones and muscles of the horse are combined in such a way as to constitute a prime mover, also capable of transmitting power in a desired direction. In the horse as in the machine power is gained at the expense of speed, and speed is gained at the expense of power. In the draft horse power is obtained in two ways: By the weight of the animal and by propulsion through the hind legs, body and shoulders. In the light horse speed is obtained in three ways: By the long reach of the legs, by propulsion and by leaping. In the light horse the muscles have a tendency to parallel the bones, thus giving - PROPORTIONS AND MECHANICS OF THE HORSE 33 a slender form; whereas in the draft horse the muscles work more at right angles to the bones, thus favoring power and giving a massive appearance. It can be stated FIG. 17.—A STUDY IN MECHANICS OF THE HORSE as a general law that in animals of speed the muscles are long and slender and havé a tendency to parallel the bones; while in animals of power the muscles are short and thick and have a tendency to work at right angles to the bones. (Clete Wiis. Dy ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE In order to be a successful judge of horses it is im- portant to be able to recognize the slightest unsoundness, as well as to tell the age of a horse. Since unsoundness often has its origin in the bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments, as well as in the respiratory and digestive sys- tems, we should have a general knowledge of the anatomy of the horse. : . ANATOMY OF A HORSE In this brief review of the anatomy we will consider the bones, cartilages, muscles, tendons, ligaments and con- nective tissues as well as the circulatory apparatus, respiratory apparatus, digestive apparatus and nervous system. Bones.— [he framework of the horse’s body consists of the skeleton, which is composed of a large number of con- nected bones moved by muscles. ‘The bones that enter into the formation of the skeleton are of various forms and sizes according to the use for which they are destined. They are divided into three classes: Long, flat and irregular. Long bones, which are composed of a hollow shaft and LWO exthemites, are, situated mathe lees. Mlat homes. which are composed of two layers of compact bone with one of cancellated tissue ‘utervening, form cavities; and, irregular bones, which consist chiefly of cancellated tissue covered by a thin, compact layer, enter into formation of joints. Good examples of-long bones are the humerus and radius; of flat. bones are the scapula, ilium and 34 ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 35 ischium; and good examples of irregular bones are those of the knee—scaphoid, lunar and the like. (JE its) Cartilage.—This is a strong, flexible, bluish-white sub- stance, which is found in connection with bone and of FIG. 18—SKELETON OF THE HORSE Pubis . Femur . Patella . Fibula . Tibia . Tarsus, 6 bqnes , . Large metatarsus . Small metatarsus . Sesmoids 1. Incisor teeth 2. Molar teeth 15. Humerus 28. 3. Lower jaw 16. Ulna 29 4. Cervical vertebra 17. Radius 30 5. Dorsal vertebra 18. Carpus, 7 bones oll 6. Lumbar vertebra 19. large metacarpus 32 7. Sacral vertebra 20. Small metacarpus 33 8. Caudal vertebra 21. Sesmoids 34 9. Sternal ribs 22. Os suffraginis 35 10. Asternal ribs 23. Os coronae 36 11. Sternal cartilages 24. Os pedis 37 12. Asternal cartilages 25. Navicular 38 13. Sternum 26. Ilium 39 14. Scapula 27. Ischium 40 which there are various kinds such as porary, prolongation and the like. . Os suffraginis . Os coronea . Os pedis . Navicular articular, tem- Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones that form movable joints; tem- porary cartilage is bone in transition form ; and prolonga- tion cartilage forms an elastic continuation of the top of the shoulder blade. 30 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Muscles.—The horse’s moving power is derived from muscles, which form the lean meat and which, as a rule, are indirectly attached to bones. Muscles act by virtue of the property they possess of being able to shorten themselves on being stimulated by the nervous system. iE | = ———S> FIG. 19.—MUSCLES OF THE HORSE 1. Masseter 13. Levator humeri 23. Serratus magnus 2. Splenius 14. Postea spinatus 24. Intercostal muscles 3. Levator humeri 15. Triceps extensor brachii 25. Obliquus abdominis 4. Cervical trapezius 16. Triceps extensor 26. Rectus femoris 5. Dorsal trapezius 17. Flexor brachii 7. Vastus externus 6. Latissimus dorsi 18, Extensor metacarpi 28. Gluteus externus 7. Serratus parvus magnus 29. Semitendinosus 8. Glutens medius 19. Extensor pedis 30. Glastrocnemii 9. Sterno maxillaris 20. Extensor suffraginis 31. Flexor phalanges 10. Rhomboideus anterior 21. Flexor metacarpi 32. Extensor phalanges 11. Pectoralis parvus 22. Pectoralis magnus 33. Extensors lateral 12. Antea spinatus They are composed of contractile fibers, and their strength, other things being equal, is proportionate to their thickness. (Fig. 19.) Tendons.—These are hard, fibrous cords of great tough- ness. In order to economize space, muscles are generally ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 37 attached to bones by tendons. In such cases, the tendons, at one extremity, are united to the end of the muscles, and at the other to the bones. It is difficult to tell how the muscle and tendon are joined, or by what means the union is brought about, for the parts become insensibly blended. Ligaments.—These are fibrous structures arranged in flat bands or bundles and sometimes in membranous form. They are composed of white fibrous or yellow elastic tissue, the former has a bluish-white, silvery ap- pearance, the latter a yellow color and is very elastic. Ligaments bind the ends of bones together and thus form strong bonds of union at the joints. Connective tissue.—This consists of strong, fibrous lay- ers and bands which furnishes a supporting network for the muscles, skin and other tissues. Connective tissue has only the passive action of support, and the more of it a muscle contains the coarser and less powerful it will be; though it will be better able to resist the effects of ex- ternal violence than one of finer grain. The connective . tissue, also, forms ligaments, tendons, surrounds bones, cartilages, nerves and the like. Where the tissue is present in large amounts the underlying parts will be ill- defined. This is especially noticeable about the tendons and ligaments below the knees and hocks, owing to the absence of muscle about these parts. The thickness of the skin is a measure of the amount of connective tissue contained in the muscle, and as the action of this tissue is only passive, the more of it a muscle contains, the slower will be the movements. Hence the horse having a thick skin and ill-defined ten- dons would warrant us in supposing that he was deficient in quality. | Circulatory system.—This consists of the heart, ar- teries, capillaries and veins. The heart is the central organ of the system and is divided into four chambers— the right and left auricle and the right and left ventricle. The action and the function of the blood will be best 38 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES understood by following its course. The left auricle re- ceives the pure blood from the lungs and delivers it to the left ventricle, then through the arteries, to the capillaries in all parts of the body, where it is relieved of oxygen and other constituents necessary to the life of the tissue FIG. 20.—CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1. Heart, right ventricle 12. Vertebral artery 23. Vena portae 2. Heart, left ventricle 13. Humeral artery 24. External iliac artery 3. Heart, left auricle 14. Radial artery 25. Internal iliac artery 4. Pulmonary artery. 15. Metacarpal artery 26. Lateral sacral artery 5. Pulmonary veins 16. Coronary artery 27. Femoral artery 6. Anterior aorta 17. Posterior aorta 28. Posterior tibial artery 7. Carotid artery 18. Coeliac artery 29. Metatarsal artery 8. Maxillary artery 19. Mesenteric vessels 30. Venous network of foot 9. Left axillary artery 20. Renal artery 31. Internal sophenal vein 10. Dorsal axillary artery 21. Spermatic artery 32. Brachial vein 11. Cervical artery 22. Posterior vena cava 33. Jugular vein and is loaded with waste matters. It is then returned to the right auricle and delivered to the right ventricle, then through its branches to the lungs, where it gives up the waste materials and receives a fresh supply of oxygen. (Fig. 20.) ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 39 Respiratory system.—This consists of the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachial tubes and lungs. ‘The lungs are the central organs and are two in number. They consist of a great number of small sacs, which are collected into lobes of various sizes, each of which is connected with the Wf" he hy i i FIG. 21.—RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. Cranial cavity 7. Epiglottis 13. Left lung 2. Guttural pouch 8. Trachea 14. Sternum 3. Nasal cavity 9. Oesophagus 15. Ribs 4. Tongue 10. Left bronchus 16. Heart 5. Pharyngeal cavity 11. Right bronchus 17. Posterior aorta 6. Cavity of larynx 12. Right lung 18. Anterior aorta branches of the bronchial tubes. It is by means of these lobes and sacs that the lungs relieve the blood of its waste materials and invest it with a fresh supply of oxygen during respiration. (Fig. 21.) Digestive system.—This apparatus consists of a series of organs which receive and digest the food. These organs are the mouth, pharynx, cesophagus, stomach and intestines. The stomach of the horse is a single organ and is much smaller than the stomach of the cow, having 40 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES a capacity of about 19 quarts.* The intestines consist of two parts of unequal size. The smaller, which is about 74. feet in length, has a capacity of approximately 70 quarts, and is called the small intestine. The larger, which is about 24 feet in length, has a capacity of ap- FIG. 22.—DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Mouth 7. Duodenum 13. Rectum 2. Pharynx 8. Liver. 14. Anus 3. Oesophagus 9. Large colon 15. Left kidney 4. Diaphram 10. Czecum 16. Bladder 5. Spleen 11. Small intestines 17. Urethra 6. Stomach 12. Floating colon proximately 140 quarts, and is called the large intestine. It is divided into three parts, the czcum, colon and HECEiate (ice 22.) While the capacity of the horse’s stomach is less than that of the cow, that of the large intestine is much greater due largely to the cecum—a greatly enlarged portion of the alimentary tract, linking the small and large intes- *Feeds and Feeding, W. A. Henry, page 19. ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 4I tines. Into the cecum is passed much of the undigested matter, together with the digestive agencies of the small intestine. Here the digestive processes are prolonged, thus compensating, in part at least, for the small capacity of the horse’s stomach. CAPACITY AND LENGTH OF THE Horse’s STOMACH AND INTESTINES, COMPARED WITH THAT OF THE COW, SHEEP AND Hoe. Animal | Capacity, quarts | Length, feet Stomach} Small Large Total Small Large Total intestine | intestine intestine | intestine Horse...... 19.0 67.4 137.4 223.8 73.6 24.5 98.1 OW vaieorees 266.9 69.7 40.1 376.7 150.9 36.3 187.2 Sheep...... 31.3 9.5 5.9 46.7 85.9 21.4 107.3 TOG! on cys save 8.5 9.7 10.8 29.0 60.0 17.1 Ulan Nervous system.—This system consists of the brain, spinal and sympathetic ganglia, and nerves. The dif- ferent organs of this system are composed of two struc- tures, the vesicular or gray matter and the fibrous or white matter. The nervous substance presents two dis- tinct forms—nerve cells and nerve fibers. The nerves arise from the cerebro-spinal axis and, branching as they go, are distributed to all parts of the body. Every organ and tissue has its supply of nerves connecting it with the brain or spinal cord. (Fig. 23.) The nervous system of the horse is the power which stimulates and directs the action of his muscles, and is the source of his mental capacity. In general, the amount of contraction force exhibited by a muscle is proportionate to the degree of stimulation given by its nerves. In con- sidering the form of the horse from a mechanical point of view, we must not lose sight of the marked difference which exists in the nervous system of various animals. 42 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Thus the horse possessing a very energetic nervous adaptation may be a very superior animal even though his conformation may not be all that is desired; or the 1s A AA 6 | ES f) FIG. 23.—NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Brain 13. Gastric solar plexus 2. Optic nerve 14. Solar plexus, center 3. Superior maxillary nerve 15. Sacro lumbar plexus 4. Inferior maxillary nerve 16. Anterior femoral and saphena nerves 5. Pneumogastric nerve, front 17. Sciatic trunk 6. Spinal cord 18. Small femoral popliteal nerve 7. Brachial plexus 19. Great femoral popliteal nerve 8. Prehumeral nerve 20. Posterior internal tibial nerve 9. Anterior brachial 21. Posterior plantar nerve 10. Radial nerve 22. Internal radial nerve 11. Cubital nerve 23. Anterior plantar nerve 12. Pneumogastric nerve 24. Plantar nerve horse of excellent form may be rather inferior because of the lack of nervous application. COMMON UNSOUNDNESS AND FAULTS The imperfections of the horse may be divided into two general classes—unsoundness and faults. A satisfactory definition of either an unsoundness or a fault is not easily ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 43 given. The term “unsound,” as used by horse dealers, is often loosely applied. It may mean anything from a slight injury to a defect so serious as to render the horse worthless. The best usage warrants dividing these im- perfections into two classes—blemishes and unsoundness. Likewise the term “fault” is applied to a variety of con- ditions. It may signify anything from a mere bad habit to a vice that renders the animal worthless. Usage war- rants dividing these imperfections into two classes— whims and vice. A blemish.—This may be defined as an imperfection that depreciates the value of a horse without interfering with his usefulness—as a wire cut, car bruise, and the like—which mar the appearance of the horse but do not limit his functions. An unsoundness.—This may be defined as an imper- fection of so serious a nature as to interfere with the use- fulness of the horse, as ringbone, sidebone, splints and the like. A whim.—This may be defined as a minor moral im- perfection, as tongue lolling, tossing the head, tearing blankets, pawing, and the like. A vice.—This may be defined as a more serious moral imperfection, as balking, kicking, running away, and the like. Locating unsoundness.—The ability to locate unsound- ness depends largely on practice; although some imper- fections, principally the faults, cannot be detected by an ordinary examination, and it is only after becoming famil- iar with the horse that these will be observed. Hence, to detect faults the reader is referred to Chapter 37, Whims and Vices of the Horse (p. 385). In locating unsoundness it is well to follow a regular order beginning with the head. Poll evil.—This is an enlargement of the poll at the top of the head, containing or discharging pus. It is a serious 44 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES unsoundness and difficult to cure. Look for scars. (Fig. 24.) Impaired vision.—A horse by his action will usually betray imperfect eyesight. The ears are exceedingly active, as if trying to aid theyeyess lure pupils should con- titel Gb tia ot le en teatatte This indicates that the eye is sensitive amd fun ett o means Cloudiness or opac- ity denote “moon- blindness”—periodic Fic. 24.—PoL.L EVIL ophthalmia. Defective hearing. —lLack of mobility in the ears and active eyes denote deafness. The horse is unresponsive when commanded. Discharge from the nostrils —The lining membrane of the nostrils should be healthy, pink in color and free from wicers Or saplunple spots. A_ profuse, foul-smelling and colored discharge suggests glanders, Catarra, distemper, and the like. Irregular, decayed and broken teeth.— Bxeamimey fom) Gis- eased, missing or projecting molars; broken or over- : lapping incisors; “bishoping” (p. 55), and under-shot jaws. Broken incisors suggest cribbing. A foul odor indicates unsound teeth. Broken crest.—The top of the neck should be examined Fic. 25.—FISTULA WITHERS @ ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 45 TOL DLOkenu chest, | Ppantichlanky “im stallions, and) for “braided in” mane, as well as sores and skin disease. Fistula—Exceeding tenderness at the withers may in- dictate that the horse has fistulas, though at the time there may be no external piems, | (Piss 25.) Fibroid tumors.—These occur at the top of the withers and appear as hard calluses. Sweenied shoulder. — This is a wasting away of the muscles on the outside Gmeae shoulder plade tt eam pe) readily detected, as the shoulder appears flat and the blade bare of muscle. Collar boils —Examine the shoulders closely for collar Dolls calls ands tie like: (Clie. 20) Capped elbow.—This consists of a tumor or boil on the elbow joint produced by the shoe while the horse is lying down. Such sores are often called “shoe boils.” Unsound knee.—The knee should be examined for bony enlargements, Pulls Piscean nicl splints, capped knee, “buck knee’—bent forward— “calf knee’—bent backward—and the like. Scars on the front indicate that the horse stumbles. (Fig. 27.) Splints.— These are abnormal bony growths formed at the sides of the cannon bones. When located on the back part of the leg, near the tendon, or close to the knee or fetlock joint, they are considered most objectionable. as they are likely to Fic. 26.—COoLLAR BOIL Fic, 27.—Buck KNEES 40 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES cause lameness. Splints may disappear from young draft horses. Unsound fetlocks.—Examine these joints for puffs— wind galls — “‘interfer- ing” sores, “knuckling” or “cocked” ankles, grease heel and iscrarehesaamkt is on or near these joints that horses are @C Ca silo ma lal yeu nerved” — cutting the nerves to prevent lame- ness. Scars suggest this. sidebones.—T hese are bony growths located binGleir ae Skin Ol ilae coronet, at the quarters. They are due to the lateral car- tilages at these parts changing to bone. Sidebones are common in draft horses having wide, flat, low-heeled hoofs. (Fig. 28.) Ringbones.—_T hese are bony bunches located on the Pastenus. wae wMeKnet ate | two forms, called high or low, depending on the location. (Fig. 29. ) Scratches.—These painful sores are located at the bot- tom of the cannons, at the fet- locks and on the pasterns. Quittor.—This is a fistulous abscess or running sore occur- Piaise wep eae Hine) at the) Toph Oreeuile hoof or coronet, sometimes called “gravel.” Cracked hoofs.—Closely examine the hoofs for quarter cracks—cracks extending from the coronary band down- ward; for sand cracks—cracks extending from the bottom Fic. 28.—SIDEBONE AND CRACKED HOOFS ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 47 upward ; and for toe cracks—cracks at the toe. (Fig. 28.) Seedy toe.—This is a diseased condition of the wall of the hoof at the toe, usually caused by bad shoeing. Navicular disease.—This is due to overworking the “endows, that pass) to the navicular bone, and is rather common in light and very active horses. It is indicated by a contracted hoof: The affected horse usually points his lame foot forward when Standing; sit 1s a cause Of chronic lameness. Laminitis, or “founder.”— This is due to a congestion of the blood in the region of the toe, and is rather common in heavy horses. It is in- dicated by rings and mdses son the hool wall, abnormal pro- jectionse ate. the toc, convexity at the sole and lameness. Bunions or “corns.” —These are located in the corner of the heels and are rather common in_ horses with low, weak heels. Thrush.—This is a diseased condition of the foot in the region Fic. 31.—SounD AND UNsounD Hocks of the frog, char- 1. Sound hock; 2. Unsound hock. : acterized by a foul- smelling discharge from its cleft. Fractured hips-Examine the hips for fractures. Com- Fic. 30.—WEAK AND SICKLE-SHAPED Hocks 48 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES pare one hip with the other from the rear. Note the haunches at the side of the tail for similar distortion. Fic. 32.—SouNpD Hock, SHOWING TENDONS sore tail—The black skin of the under side oft the tail’ and nearby parts is often the seat of cancerous or pigment tumors in white or gray horses. Note the tail to see that it is not artificial. Thoroughpin.—This consists of an enlargement in the “hollows” between the tendon and the upper Pantior the hock It may be easily, detected, as it may be pushed from side to side. Spavin.—There are four kinds of spavin—bone, bog, occult and blood. Bone spavin consists oi a bony growth on the inside and inone Of vibe mind les just. below the hod) ibee spavin occurs in the natural depression on the inner and front part of the hock, and consists of a soft swelling. Occult spavin is located in the hock joint. The term “blood spavin” is some- times applied to the enlargement of the vein that passes across the front of the hock. Jard.—This is a bony growth appearing on the outer side of the hock joint. Curb.—This occurs on the back of the cannon between the hock and the fetlock, usually just below the hock. Stringhalt——This consists of a marked jerking of the hind Jeg noticeable when the animal starts. FIG. 33.—CocKED ANKLE as the horse travels, ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 49 Forging and overreaching.—When the shoes of the hind feet strike those of the fore feet, the horse is said to Mpc Overreachimea is the striking .ef the fore and hind feet in such a way as to injure the horse. Interfering.— When the horse strikes his fore or hind feet in such a way as to injure himself he is said to iim etKe he. Locating lameness.—When standing, a horse troubled with a sore foot will extend it forward. When the lame- ness is in the shoulder, the leg will be flexed at the knee. When in motion, the horse puts down the sound foot with confidence and makes an effort to ease the ailing one by throwing the head up as it strikes the ground. Unsound wind.— There are three defects of the wind— thick wind, roaring and heaves. To detect these drive the horse rapidly a half mile, then stop and quickly note Micibreathine by placine the ear near the lungs, or the neck. If the horse gets his breath with difficulty, he is thick winded; if he wheezes and whistles, he is a roarer; and if the breathing is irregular, he is likely troubled with heaves. A horse that has passed through many hands in a short period should be carefully examined, for it is likely that he possesses some whim, vice, blemish or unsoundness that is not easily discovered. ESTIMATING THE AGE OF A HORSE The value of a horse depends largely upon his age. Familiarity with the characters that indicate age are, therefore, often extremely useful. A knowledge of these characters is easily secured, but skill in their application depends much on continued practice. General characters indicating age.—The teeth furnish tempest index to the age of a horse, yet there are other general characters that play an important part, especially in young and old animals. In estimating the age of 50 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES young horses, size is the principal factor to be considered. In old horses the joints become angular; the poll more prominent; the sides of the face more depressed; the hollows above the eyes deeper; the backbone becomes more prominent and often strongly curved downward; and the horse does not stand squarely on his legs, which show much wear. White hairs make their appearance around the temples, the eyes, the nostrils and elsewhere. Age by the teeth.—The order of the appearance of the teeth and their method of wearing are considered the most important and accurate means of estimating the age of the horse, and are the means employed by all horse- men. he teeth are not absolutely accurate, however, as much depends on the condition as well as the in- dividuality of the horse. The teeth of a horse with bones of a somewhat open structure are likely to indicate that he is older than he really is; while the teeth of a horse with bones of a fine close texture may indicate him to be younger than he is. Again, the horse fed on soft and succulent food is likely to show a younger mouth, whereas one fed on hard, dry food is likely to show an older mouth. The mature horse has 40 teeth, 20 on either jaw, divided as follows: Six incisors, two canines, one on either side, and 12 molars, six on a side. In the mare the canines are usually absent. Since the incisor teeth are noted in estimating age, they alone will be considered. It is the order in which they make their appearance that enables us to estimate the age up to five years and the manner in which their surface is worn that aids us in the estima- tion subsequently. The colt.—Soon after foaling, usually within two weeks, the central pair of incisors make their appearance in both upper and lower jaw; the second or intermediate pair appear in from two to four weeks and the third pair or corners make their appearance about the fifth or sixth mouth (ob vage.’ =) Wlihe) diticrence im isize) of athe) jaye ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 51 bone between the foal and the mature horse makes a change from milk to permanent teeth necessary. Three years old.— At approximately two years and nine months of age the permanent pair of center incisors replace the temporary ones in both the lower and upper jaws, and by the time the horse is three years of age they are up and ready for use. They are easily recog- nized as they have deep hollow cups and are much longer than the femporary teeth. In the male tusks may ap- pear at about this time. (Fig. 34.) Four years. old.— | At approximately three years and nine months of age, the intermediate pair of permanent in- cisors appear in both the lower and upper jaws, and by the mies the horse is four years old they are up and ready for use. dite wcenter pair show. wear and the cups are about one-third gone. (Fig. 35.) Five years old.— Fic. 34.—LOWER FRONT TEETH AT THREE YEARS OF AGE Aenaaasnrrrrrcen ne” Naat Fic. 35.—LOWER FRONT TEETH AT FOUR YEARS OF AGE Fic. 36.—LOWER FRONT TEETH AT FIVE YEARS OF AGE Fic. 37.—LOWER FRONT TEETH AT SIX YEARS OF AGE At approximately four years and nine months, the per- 52 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Fic. 38.—LoWER FRONT TEETH AT SEVEN YEARS OF AGE Fic. 39.—LOWER FRONT TEETH AT EIGHT YEARS OF AGE Fic. 40.—UpperR FRONT TEETH AT NINE YEARS OF AGE Fic. 41.—Uprer FRONT TEETH AT TEN YEARS OF AGE manent corner incisors appear in both jaws and are up and ready for use at five years of age. At five years of age the horse has a full mouth of per- manent teeth. Phe center in- cisors show much wear and have changed slightly in shape, having become rounder on the inside, the cups being about two-thirds gone. The intermediates show wear and the cups are about one-third ome, Cri, SO.) Six years old.—The cups in the Center Path Of Mmcisons sim the lower jaw, have disap- peared, OL ieanlvanso a auneN, have become much reduced in the intermediates and show one year’s wear in the corner NACI OUS, (CRUE 272} Seven years old.—The cups in the intermediate pair of in- cisors in the lower jaw have disappeared, or nearly so; and have become very shallow in tHe COnMen tect ass. Nhene isa notch in the upper corner in- cisor where it overlaps the lower one. The teeth show manked changes in shape, having become thicker and rounder from the inside, and mech sate a Sharper | angle: CBee 23.) Eight years old—The cups Cd ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 53 in the corner pair of incisors in the lower jaw have disap- peared, or nearly so; but they are present in all of the incisors of the upper jaw, though show- ing wear. (Fig. 39.) Nine years old.—The cups in the center pair of incisors in the upper jaw have disap- peared; though these cups are not likely to disappear at such regular intervals in the upper as in the lower jaw. There- fore, it is not always possible to tell the age of the horse so iceuravely, (Fig. 40.) Ten years old.—As a rule, the cups have disappeared from the intermediate incisors in the upper jaw. The teeth are more triangular in shape, and those of the lower and upper jaw meet at a sharper angle as the age increases. (Fig. 41.) Eleven years old.—As a rule, the cups have disappeared from the corner incisors in the upper jaw. However, because of the fact that some horses have denser bones than others, it is not uncommon to find cups in the upper teeth as late as the twelfth or the fifteenth year. (Cite. 42.) Aged horses—After the horse has passed the twelfth Wedwetie) matter of a year or two is unimportant. The Fic. 42.—Upprer FRONT TEETH AT ELEVEN YEARS OF AGE a Fic. 43.—Upper FRONT TEETH AT FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE Fic. 44.—UppEeR FRONT TEETH AT TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE Fic. 45.—UPpPER FRONT TEETH AT THIRTY YEARS OF AGE 54 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES value depends on the individuality of the horse, as some are worth more at 15 than others at 12. The general Bon Re SOs ine Fic. 47.—FRONT AND SIDE VIEW OF TEETH AT NINETEEN YEARS OF AGE appearances and activities, rather than the age, determine the value. ANATOMY, UNSOUNDNESS, AND AGE OF A HORSE 55 As the age increases, the incisor teeth become more triangular, and those of the lower and upper jaws meet Hawimenre acute angle. Ihe tusks become large, blunt and round. The incisors may grow out so long as to prevent the molars from meeting, thus interfering with the mastication of the food. In such cases rasping the incisors until the molars meet will prove beneficial. (Figs. 45, 47-) Irregularities in the teeth—When the teeth are not regular the horse is said to have a “false mouth.” These irregularities may occur in the number, as there may be more or less than the regular number—36 in mares or 40 in the horse; they may occur in the form of the teeth, or in the uniting of two teeth; they may occur because one jaw happens to be longer or shorter than the other; they may occur as the result of cribbing—a bad habit in which the horse bites the stable fixtures or other objects, thus breaking the teeth; or they may be due to fraud- ulent means, the horseman striving to give the teeth the characteristics of that period of life in which horses have their greatest value, thus endeavoring to make the young appear old and the old young. This altering the natural appearance of the teeth is called “bishoping.” While many are skilled at this work, it is difficult to alter the teeth without detection, though they can no longer serve as an index in estimating age. CHAPTER V HISTORY OF THE HORSE The early history of the horse is both interesting and mstmuctive: lis imterestme becatise of the marked changes that have taken place in the size and conforma- tion. It is instructive because it affords the best-known illustration in existence, of the adaptation of a race of animals to its environment, and shows clearly the in- fluence of selection—whether natural or artificial. The history of the horse, as now worked out, extends farthenm Dackwnmvo thespast thamkthat) onvamyy; olen mand animal Ide was One Of the first amimals ¢o receive tue attention of progressive breeders, his improvement ante- dating that of cattle, sheep or swine. Nor do we wonder at this when we consider the intimacy of horse and mas- ter, their constant companionship, and the dependence of man upon his horse in the chase, in the pursuit of his foes, or in the escape from his enemies. Antiquity of the horse—The ancestry of the horse family has been traced back, without a single important break, to the Eocene epoch in the Tertiary period.* Dur- ing this long period, estimated at three millions of years, the animals of the horse family have passed through im- portant changes in all parts of the body, but especially in the feet and teeth, adapting them more perfectly to their environment. ‘Thus the earliest known ancestors of the horse family differed widely from the horse of the present time. These early ancestors were very small animals, not larger than the domestic cat. They possessed four complete toes on each forefoot and three on each hind- *The geologist divides time into eras, ages, periods, epochs and the like. Fossiliferous remains of the horse are found in the Tertiary period, which is divided into four epochs, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene; as well as in both the Quarternary and Recent periods. 56 HISTORY Os TEE EORSE 57 foot. Some scientists believe that the still more ancient ° ancestors possessed five toes on each foot. ‘The teeth of these very early animals were short-crowned and covered with low, rounded cusps of enamel somewhat similar to those of swine, and differing widely from the long- crowned, rather complicated, molars of the horse. Distribution of prehistoric horse.—In the latter part of the Tertiary and in the early Quarternary periods, wild species of the horse were to be found on every continent except Australia. Remains of the horse have been found fmaliaparts of tle United States, in Alaska; in Mexico, in Central and South America, as well as in Europe, Asia and Africa. ‘The first discovery of these fossil horses in the United States was made by Mitchell, in 1826, near the Navesink Highlands in New Jersey. About the middle of the century Leidy made similar discoveries in Ne- braska. Following these.came other discoveries, until the wide distribution of the horse in America became well established. Specially rich localities are on the Niobrara River in Nebraska, in central Oregon, in the phosphate miinesmamedt » Charleston, South), Carolina, in central Filonda, im southern Wexas, Arizona, Kansas, Louisiana and many other states. In fact, the fossil remains of the horse are so abundant in deposits of rivers and lakes of the Pleistocene epoch that the formation in the western United States has received the name of Equus Beds. Evolution of the horse-—The prehistoric development of the horse has been thoroughly investigated by the American Museum of Natural History. Twelve stages have been recognized in the evolution of the horse family from the early Tertiary period to the present; each stage being characteristic of its peculiar geological time, with the horse becoming more and more developed toward the present-day type, as the periods become more and more recent. A few of these stages have been found in various parts of the world, but by far the most complete and best- known series comes from the Tertiary Badlands of our 58 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES western states. Of some stages all parts of the skeleton have been found, while of others only the jaws, or jaws and feet, have been discovered. The stages properly grouped are as follows :* 1. Hyracothertum.—From the Lower Eocene. This is the most primitive stage known, and only the skull has been found, so that it has not been determined what the feet were like. ‘The teeth display six rounded cusps on the upper molars and four on the lower. The premolar teeth have only one main cusp, except the third and fourth premolars, in each jaw, which have two and three respec- tively. Dhe amma«als were momlarcen tian tie domestic cat. Found only in London clay, England. 2. Eohippus—From the Lower Eocene. Teeth vary somewhat from above, the molars having the cusps more clearly fused into cross-crests, and the last premolar is beginning to look like one of the true molars. The fore- foot has four complete toes and the splint of a fifth. The hindfoot shas. thinee= complete. toes amd] spline mma animals were about the size of a fox termer dow and known as “Dawn Horses.” Found in New Mexico and Wyoming. 3 and 4. Protorohippus and Orohippus.—From the Middle Eocene. In these animals the splints have dis- appeared, leaving complete toes, asin the Eohippus. The crests in the molars are more apparent, and the last pre- molar has become almost like the molars, while the next to the last premolar is beginning to assume a similar form. This type was about the size of a small dog, perhaps about 14 inches high. The Protorohippus was found in 1880 in the Wind River Badlands of Wyoming and was described under the name of the “Four-Toed Horse.” 5. Epthippus—From the Upper Eocene. Only incom- plete specimens have been found of this stage of the evolution of the horse. The molar teeth have the round *Made up from Guide Leaflet, No. 9. American Museum of Natural History, W. D. Matthew. HISTORY OF THE HORSE 59 cusps almost completely converted into crescents and crests, with another premolar tooth becoming like the molars. There are four toes in front and three behind, but the central toe in each foot is larger, stronger and more important than the toes on either side. 6 and 7. Mesolippus—From the Middle and Upper Oligocene. There are three toes on each foot and a splint representing a fifth toe on the forefoot. “The middle toe THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. a aaa Formations in Western United States and Charactenstic Type of Horsein Each rea: 32 Three Toes Side toes touching the ground, splat of SPa4igit Hypothetical Ancestors with Five Toes on Each Foot and Teeth like those of Monkeys ec FIG. 48.—CHANGES IN THE SKULL, TEETH AND FEET SHOWING EVOLU- TION OF THE HORSE has become much larger than the side toes, which bear very little of the weight of the body. Three of the pre- molars have become like full molars, with crests on the crown completely formed. The outside crests in the upper molars have taken the shape of two crescents. The animals found in the Middle Oligocene were about the size of a coyote, while those of the Upper Oligocene were as large as a sheep. Of these species all parts of the skeleton are known. 8. Anchitherium—From the Lower Miocene. This stage is much like the Mesohippus, but is larger and has 60 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES the crests of the teeth higher and more complete. Some persons think that this form is not in direct line of descent, and consider it a side branch. Found in both America and Europe. g. Paralippus and Hypohippus—From the Middle Miocene. In Parahippus the crests of the teeth are much higher and the upper molars are changing in form, a second pair of crescents appearing inside the outer pair. Like Anchitherium, Hypohippus is off the direct line of descent. The teeth of the two forms are much alike, and they are often confused, though Hypohippus is much larger, equaling a Shetland pony in size, a specimen of this size being found near Pawnee Buttes, Colorado, in 1901. The forefoot has small rudiments of the first and fifth toes, but there is no splint of the fifth, as in Meso- hippus. The second and fourth toes still touch the ground, though lightly. These animals have been called the “Forest Horses,’ and are supposed to have lived in forests and on lowlands. The feet of Parahippus were much like those of Hypohippus, with side toes smaller. Toand 11. Protohippus and Phiohippus.—From the Mid- dle and Upper Miocene. The crowns of the upper molars have become much longer, the two pairs of crescents on the upper molars are complete, with two half-separated cusps within the inner pair. Cement fills the valleys be- tween the crests, so that with the wear of the teeth the edges of hard enamel are backed inside the dentine and outside the cement. Thus the surface of the tooth has a series of enamel ridges projecting somewhat above the grinding surface, due to the softer material on each side wearing down into hollows, yet never breaking off, be- cause they are braced so thoroughly on each side. ‘This provides an efficient instrument for grinding hard grasses. In these two forms, especially Protohippus, the crowns of the teeth are not so long as in the modern horse. The feet in these two forms have but one toe touching the ground. The side toes are complete, but are more HISTORY OF THE HORSE 61 slender than in the earlier stages and are useless, as they do not reach the ground. In some species of Pliohippus they have almost disappeared. ‘The forefoot of Proto- hippus still retains small nodules of bone, which are the MOS EQN WSBLE COE SHES WER PSE SG SS EGE ULSTER BEAR EE TRE PUT ET REESE: Eynan shea Ges ce ochinmn mabe: Sow in aH sicerwse FIG. 49.—CHANGES IN THE LEGS AND FEET SHOWING EVOLUTION remains of the first and fifth toes. The animals of this period were about 4o inches high. 12. Equus—From the Pleistocene and Recent. This is the stage of the modern horse. The side toes have dis- appeared and are represented by splints on the fore and hind foot. No trace remains on the forefoot of the small nodules, which in Protohippus represented the first and fifth toes. The crowns of the teeth are much longer, and of the two half-separated inner columns on the upper molars, one has disappeared, while the other has increased in size and changed in form. The skull has lengthened and the animal is much larger. Meaning of the change in feet and teeth—Along with the disappearance of the side toes there is considerable increase in the length of the legs, especially of the lower Part. Whe suriace of the joints, at first more or less of 62 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES the ball-and-socket kind, which allows free motion of the limb in all directions, becomes keeled and grooved like a pulley wheel, permitting free motion forward and back- ward, but limiting the motion in all other directions and iCheasincomthe msireneth sor. vie joie) dhe imereased length of the lower leg increases the length of the stride without decreasing its quickness, thus giving the animal greater speed; and the heavy muscling in the upper leg in connection with the increased strength at the joints gives greater strength. Additional strength is obtained by the consolidation of the two bones of the forearm (ulna and radius) and of the leg (tibia and fibula). The increase in the length of limb renders it necessary for the grazing animal that the head and neck should increase in length in order to enable the mouth to reach the ground. The increase in length and crown develop- ment of the teeth enables the animal to subsist on the hard, comparatively innutritious grasses of the dry plains, which require much more thorough mastication before they can be used as food than do the softer green foods of the swamps and forests. All these changes in the evolution of the horse are adaptations to a life in a region of the level, smooth and open grassy plains which are now his natural habitat. In the beginning, the race was better fitted for a forest life, but it has become more and more completely adapted to live and compete with its enemies or rivals under condi- tions which prevail in the high, dry plains. The increase in size, which has occurred during this evolution, is de- pendent on abundance of food. While a large animal requires more food in proportion to its size than does a small one, in order to keep up a proper amount of activity, yet the large one is better fitted to defend itself against its enemies and rivals. Thus, as long as food is abundant, the large animals have the advantage of the smaller ones and tend to become continually larger until a limit is> reached, when sufficient food becomes difficult to obtain, od HISTORY OF THE HORSE 63 the animal being compelled to devote all its time to getting enough to eat. Cause of the evolution— The evolution of the horse, adapting him to live on the dry plains, probably went hand in hand with the evolution of the plains. At the beginning of the Age of Mammals the western part of the North American continent was not as high above the sea level as now. Much of the country had but recently emerged, and the Gulf of Mexico stretched far up the Mississippi valley. The climate was probably very moist, Mami and tropical, as 1s emphasized ‘by the tropical forest trees found fossil even as far as Greenland. Such a climate, with the low elevation of the land, would favor the growth of dense forests, and to such conditions of life the animals of the beginning of the mammalian period must have been adapted. During the Tertiary period the continent was steadily rising above sea level. At the same time other influences were at work rendering the climate continually colder and tintemes lhe comme or a cold, dry climate thinned and restricted the forests and in their place appeared the open grassy plains. ‘The early forest inhabitants were forced either to retreat and disappear with the forests or adapt themselves to a life on the plains. The ancestors of the horse, following the latter course, changed with the changed conditions, and the race became, as it is today, perhaps the most specialized of animals in its adaptation to its environment. First uses of the horse.—The first association of man with the horse, so far as discovered, existed in the Early Paleolithic or Chipped Stone Implement Age. The earliest evidence of the existence of primitive man is his crude implements chipped from stone, and since these are found in caves, river gravels and rocks associated with the fossil remains of the prehistoric horse, we have no history of man which is not associated with that of the horse. It is assumed that man first hunted horses for 64 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES food, then drove them, then used them for riding and finally used them as beasts of burden. ‘That the horse was used for food is emphasized by the frequency with which the remains of the prehistoric horse are found associated with those of the primitive man in both the FIG. 50.—HUNTERS Mammoth and Reindeer Age of the Paleolithic and in the Neolithic. That the horse was driven before used for riding seems to be borne out by this evidence, nor is this strange when we consider the small size of the prehistoric horse. When the horse was first domesticated is not definitely known, perhaps in the Neolithic, as this seems to be es- tablished by the findings among the Swiss lake dwellers. The horse was used extensively for driving during the Bronze Age, as is evidenced by the frequency with which the remains of man, horse and chariot are found in the caves, river gravels and rocks. HISTORY OF THE HORSE 65 The early domestication of the horse was the result of necessity. Primitive man needed help in the hunt, he was not as strong as many of the animals about him and no match for them in battle, he was not as fleet of foot as most game that he hunted, nor could he trail by scent as the wolf. Thus primitive man was not long in dis- covering that his chief advantage lay in his wits. His attention must have been very early attracted to the horse on account of his fleetness and to the wolf on account of his hunting habits, as these were the first animals domesticated. With his horse and his dog, man was match for anything that roamed the forest or the plain, and with them he established and made good his claim as master of all creation. Existing species of wild horses.——There are now no known wild representatives of the true horse (Equus caballus), although related species run wild in the open Emiducleseit: plains Ofcentral Asta and Airica.. “Vhere are two species in Asia, the Asiatic Wild Ass (Equus hem- ionus and Przewalsky’s Horse (Equus Przewalskit), while in Africa there are the African Wild Ass (Equus asimus) and the several species ot Zebra. In the Amer- icas and Australia there are no wild horses. The mus- tangs and bronchos of the western plains and South America are feral (domesticated horses run wild), and descended from the horses brought over from Europe by the white settlers. Thus when the New World was discovered by the Spaniards they found no horses on either continent. The Indians were unfamiliar with them and at first regarded the strange animals with wonder and terror. Why the horse should become extinct in the Americas is not known and seems strange in view of the fact that both the prehistoric and modern horse found conditions agreeable to development. He may have been unable to stand the cold winters, probably longer continued and more severe during the Ice Age than now. The com- 66 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES petition with the bison and the antelope, which had recently migrated to America, may have made it more difficult than formerly for the horse to get a living. Probably primitive men in the hunt played a large part in ex- tinguishing the race. Some unknown disease or pro- longed season of drouth may have aided in the extermina- tion. Ancestors of modern horse.—The connecting link be- tween the prehistoric horse and the modern horse is not definitely known, but is assumed to be the present form of zebra, the Asiatic and African wild ass, and Przewal- sky horse. The latter was discovered on the desert of Zungaria in western Mongolia in Asia by Poliakoff, in 1881. ‘This animal stood about 4o inches high and is as- sumed to be similar in type to the horse as known by primitive man. The drawings left by the European cave dwellers show a strong resemblance to this type, and it is probable that from such an ancestor have come the ponies of northern Europe as well as of Mongolia and China. (CISUAUE ae WAI THE BREEDS OF HORSES A breed may be defined as a group or class of animals possessing a number of distinctive qualities and char- acteristics in common, which are so firmly fixed as to be transmitted with reasonable certainty under suitable environment. In America, there are six rather common breeds of light horses, four of coach horses, six of draft horses, five of ponies, and six of jacks. Establishing a breed.—A breed is usually started by one, two or more superior animals which have been produced in a locality by reason of better food, more agreeable environment and intelligent selection. In- breeding is often practiced to a greater or less extent for the purpose of perpetuating and intensifying one or more of the desired characteristics. As a rule, this work is carried on by one, or at most a few, of the more intelli- gent breeders, who, by improving conditions, have first improved the quality of their own horses. This work is continued until a number of animals are produced, each possessing the desirable characteristics and having them so strongly fixed as to be uniformly transmitted. The mimenican saddle horse furnishes a typical example. Denmark, the most distinguished saddler of his time, was bred to “Stevenson’s mare,’ and produced Gaine’s Den- mark, Muir’s Denmark and Rob Roy. ‘These animals, more especially the former, proved great breeding stallions, and from them are descended many of the best saddle horses. From time to time, one or more animals with superior characteristics are selected from a breed and these are closely bred for a time, producing a variety or “family.” The Hambletonian family of trotters, descending from 67 68 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Hambletonian 10, furnishes a good example; for to him may be traced the most illustrious trotters of history. The breed stud book.—When the founders of a breed decide that the distinctive characteristics are reasonably well fixed, they publish what is known of the breeding of the better animals and call the volume, in which this record of breeding appears, a stud book. ‘Thus the breed makes its official appearance. It will readily be seen that when an attempt is made to start a breed, the first pedi- grees must be based on unpublished records. Frequently the foundation stock is recorded simply by name, and nothing is said of the ancestors, because nothing is known. At first the rules governing the registration are not difficult, and half-bloods, three-fourths bloods, and even animals of unknown origin are sometimes registered. As years go by, however, the rules for admission to regis- tration are made more strict, and finally no animal is eligible for record whose sire and dam are not recorded. The stud book stimulates maintenance of breed purity ; it certifies to a line of descent from ancestors of high class, and is a most important factor in live stock improvement. Other things being equal, the longer the breed has been established the greater are the chances that the offspring will closely resemble its ancestors in all of its character- istics. If one is familiar with the breed under considera- tion, he will quickly recognize the names of the superior animals recorded in the pedigree. This will naturally lead to a study of the history and performance, which is likely to result in an endeavor to improve the breed along definite lines, and this in turn serves to stimulate an honest pride in the breeder’s profession. Records of performance.—The main use of the stud book is to preserve a record whereby we may trace the descent of our animals to the purest source, but it tells us nothing of the individual merits of the animals re- corded. If this register could be supplemented by a record of performance, it would be of greater value still. ad THE BREEDS OF HORSES 69 This is emphasizd by the advancement made in breeding Standardbred horses, where an accurate record of the per- formance of each animal is recorded in Wallace’s Year Book; also by the recent advancement made in breeding dairy cattle, where an accurate record of the amount of milk and butter fat produced by each cow is made in the Advanced Registry. The difficulty in keeping a record of performance among horses, other than the trotters and pacers, comes in knowing what characteristics to record; but it is hoped in the near future some characteristics, which will prove of merit, may be decided upon and an accurate record made of them, as such would be of great value in selecting breeding stock and in mating. The light breeds.— The several breeds of horses, as we find them, have been developed along certain definite lines pommect siven conditions. hus, we have the various light breeds developed to perform rather light, but very fast work; the coach breeds for stylish action and heavy coach work; the draft breeds to perform heavy draft work, and the like. The ‘light breeds were developed under conditions fundamentally different from those that restilted in the heavy phlegmatic draiter. Each of the light breeds of horses owes its improve- ment, in part at least, to horses from the East, particu- larly Arabia, Turkey, Persia and the Sahara region. Con- ditions in these countries are such as to develop rather light horses of quality and endurance. Arabia, especially, is noted for the quality of her horses, as the rather dry, barren soil makes it necessary for the animals to graze oven lange areas to get sufficient nutrients: hus a natural selection is continually at work and only those animals of quality and endurance survive. Further, it is stated, that the forage, though scant, stimulates the de- velopment of dense firm bone. It would seem, therefore, that high lands, possessing a rather dry climate and pro- \ 7O MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES viding a scant but nutritious forage, furnish ideal con- ditions for development of the light breeds. Since the breeds of light horses are useful for light, fast work, they possess many characteristics in common, yet a detail consideration reveals much difference in both size FIG. 51—LIGHT BREED. ARABIAN STALLION “ANIZEH” and conformation. Thus the Arabian horse is a small, symmetrical animal of great beauty. ‘There is a peculiar balance and harmony throughout that must be seen to be appreciated. The Thoroughbred horse is more upstand- ing, his joints and muscles are more prominent and he represents the highest possible development of muscular energy. The American trotter, though lean and angular, possesses more general symmetry than the Thoroughbred. The American saddler has been justly called the most beautiful modern breed. The graceful form and smooth, frictionless action are remarkable examples of the results of skillful breeding. THE BREEDS OF HORSES 71 Tas_e Givinc NAME, NaTIvE Country, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, Uses AND Cotor oF EACH OF THE BREEDS OF LIGHT HOorSES Name of breed Native country Height, hands Uses Most frequent Weight, pounds color Arabian Arabia 14 — 14.2* Riding White, 800 — 1,000 Bay Thoroughbred England 14.2 — 16.2 Racing, Bay, brown 900 — 1,050 hunting Standardbred United States 15 — 15.3 Driving, Bay, brown, 900 — 1,150 racing black Orloff Trotter Russia 152635 — low) Driving, Gray, bay, 1,100 — 1,300 racing black American Saddler United States 15.14 — 15.23 Riding, Bay, brown, 950 — 1,050 driving black Morgant United States 14.3 — 15.3 Driving, Bay, 900 — 1,150 riding, chestnut racing * 14.2 equals 14 hands and 2 inches. All heights are recorded in this manner in this book. J Usually not considered a breed, merely a family of the Standardbred. The draft breeds——The horse is very susceptible to climatic conditions, perhaps more so than any other animal domesticated by man. Temperate climate, fertile, grassy plains with abundant nutrition, produce horses distinguished for size and strength; and, as we have seen, high lands and mountain ranges, with bleak, cold climate and scanty subsistence, dwarf the frame and produce a hardy, diminutive animal. There is no exception to this in Nature, though man may do much by supplying warm stables and abundant food, and by selection to counteract the influence of climate, but with the utmost care the tendency will be much as suggested. Thus the fertile plains of Germany and France (Flanders region), with their agreeable climate and abundant herbage, have pro- 72 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES duced the ponderous draft horse, which still distinguishes the region, and has been the source from which all the countries have drawn the foundation for their draft breeds. Since the breeds of draft horses are used for heavy draft, they possess most of their characters in common. FIG. 52. DRAFT BREED. PERCHERON STALLION “INTITULE” There is less difference between the heavy breeds than among the light breeds, though a detail study reveals variation. Thus, the Percheron horse is a large, massive, smooth, short-bodied, clean-legged drafter, often possess- ing a rather short rump with tail set low. The French draft horse appears much the same, though as a breed the animals lack uniformity. The Clydesdale is equal to the Percheron in weight, but lacks in massiveness, in that fe is more upstanding and longer in the body. Long hair grows from the back of the cannons. The English Shire THE BREEDS OF HORSES TFS resembles the Clydesdale in general appearance, but is more massive, possessing shorter legs and a larger and deeper body: The Belgian horse has a very compact form, a full body with short rump and tail set low, and clean legs. The Suffolk horse is not so large as the other draft breeds, but is rather massive and noted for depth of podye. Lhe less are clean: TaBLe Givinc Name, NATIvE Country, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, UsES AND CoLor OF EFACH OF THE BREEDS OF DRAFT HORSES Name of breed Native country Height, hands Uses Most frequent Weight, pounds color Percheron France S92 S17 Heavy Black, 1,800 — 2,300 hauling gray French Draft France LS a7 Heavy Black, 1,800 — 2,300 hauling gray Clydesdale 3 Scotland 16 — 16.2 Heavy Light bay 1,800 — 2,300 hauling Shire England 16 — 17 Heavy Light bay 1,800 — 2,300 hauling Belgian Belgium 16 -— 17 Heavy Bay, black, 1,600 — 2,300 hauling brown Suffolk England 16 — 17 Heavy Chestnut 1,600 — 2,000 hauling The coach breeds.—The coach breeds owe their im- provement, in part at least, to the light breeds, particu- larly the Thoroughbred, which was used more or less in the formation of each of the coach breeds. Since the coach breeds are useful for stylish action and heavy coach work they each possess many characters in common, but a detail consideration reveals great variation. Thus the Hackney coach horse is a rather small,symmetrical animal with intelligent head, neat neck, strong level back, power- 74, MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES ful loins and short legs, and possesses stylish action. The French coach horse is large, though smooth, with a body of good length, an arching neck, strong loin and level {croton aeline Grea naa mc orareln horse is still larger, with a broad deep body, powerful loins and legs of good length. The Clevelana lay coach horse is more upstanding, with a rather long, though symmetrical body, sloping shoulders and a high, broad croup. The action or wae les emc la coach, German coach and Cleveland bay is long and powerful, rather than high and stylish, as in the Hackney. Fic. 53.—CoACH BREED. OF DIAMONDS’’ HACKNEY MARE ‘‘QUEEN TABLE Givinc Name, Native Country, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, Uses AND Cotor oF EACH OF THE BREEDS OF COACH Horses Name of breed Native country Height, hands Uses Most frequent Weight, pounds color Hackney England 15.2 — 15.3 Park Chestnut 1,000 — 1,200 driving French Coach France 15 — 16 Coach Bay, brown, 1,200 — 1,350 driving chestnut German Coach Germany 16 — 16.2 Heavy Black, 1,350 — 1,450 coach driv-| brown, ing, gener-| chestnut al utility Cleveland Bay England 16 — 16.3 General Bay 1,200 — 1,550 utility THE BREEDS OF HORSES 75 The pony breeds.—The various breeds of ponies owe their small size to adverse climatic conditions and scanty subsistence. The pony breeds vary greatly in both size and conformation, AC CO iGlilam ee ae) the environment. Thus, the Shet- land pony is a very diminutive animal, but pos- sessing a confor- mation similar to mecmla ll drat horse; the Welsh pony is more up- standing, 2) a Gl while varying con- siderable in con- Fic. 54.—SHETLAND PONY formation, is somewhat similar in this respect to the light breeds; the Exmoor pony is equal in size to the larger type of Welsh ponies, which it resembles slightly in conformation, though is more massive; while the Hackney and Arab ponies are simply Hackneys and Arabian horses under 14.1 hands high. TABLE Givinc Name, NATIvE Country, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, Uses AND COLOR OF EACH OF THE BREEDS OF PONTES Most frequent Height, inches Uses color Name of breed Native country | Weight, pounds Shetland Shetland 34 — 44 Driving, Black, Islands 250 — 400 riding brown Welsh Wales 48 — 56 Driving, Brown, 400 — 600 riding gray Exmoor Devonshire 48 — 56 Driving, Bay, gray 500 — 700 riding Arabian Arabia Under 56 Driving White, bay riding Hackney England Under 56 Driving, Chestnut riding 70 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES The breeds of jacks—The several breeds of jacks vary in conformation and size, though the differences are not so marked as in horses. The variations in jacks are brought about by the same condition as in the horse. The Andalusian jack is of medium size, with excellent bone, possessing much substance; the Maltese jack is of small size, with rather fine bone and perhaps too much general refinement; the Catalonian jack is of large size, possess- ing unusual style, beauty and action; the Majorca jack is the largest, standing a hand higher than the Catalonian, but the animal is sluggish in action; the Italian jack is the smallest, though well proportioned and possessing good quality; while the Poitou jack is of medium size, possessing large bone of much substance. TasLe Givinc Name, Native Country, HEIGHT, UsE AND CoLor OF THE BREEDS OF JACKS Name of breed Native country Height, hands Use Most frequent color Andalusian Andalusia, A lS Siring Gray Spain mules Maltese Malta Island 14 -— 14.2 Siring Brown, mules black Catalonian Catalonia, 14.2 — 15.2 Siring Black, Spain mules brown Majorca Majorca Island 15 — 16 Siring Black mules Italian Italy 13 - 14 Siring Blue, black mules Poitou France 14.2 — 15 Siring Black mules Mule and hinny.—The mule is not a true breed, as - often considered, but is a hybrid, as is the hinny. The mule is the product of a cross between a jack and a mare, ad THE BREEDS OF HORSES 77 while the hinny results from crossing a stallion and a jennet. Being hybrids, both the mule and the hinny are sterile and will not breed, though several cases are on record of mare mules getting in foal and producing to a stallion. While the mule has been known many cen- turies, and is a very useful animal, the hinny is seldom seen and plays no part in economic industry. Breed study necessary.— The horse breeder should have a knowledge of the early development and peculiarities of the breeds of horses. He should know that Percheron improvement was due to an infusion of Arabian blood and that until recently this breed was small and not a heavy horse, hence the bone of the Percheron horse is to be carefully observed. The breeder should know that the Clydesdale has a rather short rear rib, with a tendency to ranginess of body; that the Shire has a tendency to straight shoulders, straight pasterns and flat feet; and that the Suffolk is often criticized for lack of quality in his feet. The horse breeder must be aware of all such peculiarities in order that he may guard against them in selecting breeding stock, (CislLale IMEI. WNL THE ARABIAN HORSE Although the Arabian horse played an important part in the formation of practically all modern breeds of horses, it is only recently that an organization has been formed for its promotion. This breed performed its part in the development of the horse because of merit. The native home of the Arab horse.—Arabia is the native home of the Arabian horse. This is a vast country some 1,500 miles long and from 400 to 1,000 wide, lying east of the Red Sea, with the northern boundary not far from the east end of the Mediterranean Sea. Though large, its chief characteristic is the barrenness and aridity of its soil. The inhabitants, called Bedouins, are of two classes, the agriculturist and the warrior. The former is, of course, the more domestic, while the latter is migratory, having no occupation other than war, and keeps at least one mare always saddled so that he may spring on her back at the shehtest alarms VWihiles there gareysevenal groups of these desert Bedouin tribes, the most powerful are the Shammar race of Mesopotamia, in the north and to the east ot the HMupitnates, anduthe = wlezalans ia ite south. Turkey, Persia and parts of northern Africa, notably the Sahara region, also possess many Arabian horses. These countries and others are often collectively spoken of as the “Orient” (the East) and their horses as “Oriental horses.” | The origin of the Arabian horse.—The early history of the Arab horse is obscure. Youatt states that as late as the seventh century the Arabs had few horses and those of little value. Major Upton and Lady Anne Blunt, who lived among the Bedouins for months, Blunt with the Shammar and Upton with the Anezah, and spoke their 78 THE ARABIAN HORSE 79 language, give what is accepted to be more definite and satisfactory information on the subject. They trace the origin back to the time of Ishmael, whom they say prob- ably was contemporary with Isaac. According to the tradition, Ishmael inherited a valuable horse from the Kuhl race of very remote antiquity. [he Anezah tribes who, by common consent of all the Bedouins, are the most wealthy, the most powerful, and have the best horses, FIG. 55.—ARABIAN STALLION “OBBEIJAN” descended in a direct line from Ishmael through Sheik Salaman, four generations removed from Ishmael. Sala- man lived about 1635 B. C., and owned five famous mares called “Al-Khamseh” (the five). The blood of the Kuhl race has been preserved in these mares and from this ancestry has come the purest and best Arab horses. Families of Arab horses.—According to Upton there are five great families of Arabian horses descending from SO. MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES foundation stock tracing to the five Al-Khamseh mares. The names are as follows: 1. Keheilet Ajuz and descendants. 2. Maneghi, with four sub-families. 3. Hadban, with five sub-families. 4. Jelfon, with two sub-families. 5. Homdani, with two sub-families. From Keheilet Ajuz comes the most distinguished Arabian blood. According to tradition, this family FIG. 56.—ARABIAN STALLION “ANTOE” descended from a mare that gave birth to a filly colt when on a long and rapid journey, her master being pur- sued by an enemy. He left the colt where foaled and continued his journey, reaching his own camp after much difficulty. To the great surprise of all, the young filly came in also a few hours later, having followed the dam. The foal was placed in charge of an old woman, who raised her, hence the name Keheilet Ajuz (“the mare of the old woman”), Ajuz meaning woman and Keheilet THE ARABIAN HORSE SI mare, while Keheilan signifies stallion. Keheilet and Keheilan are derived from the word Kuhl, which means antimony, a substance which Arabian women use to blacken their eyebrows and eyelashes. Upton states that the entire race of pure-bred horses of the Anezah have black skins irrespective of coat color, which he thinks accounts for the use of the words Ke- heilet and Keheilan. The Anezah Bedouin, however, declines to consider any animal as Keheilet or Keheilan, the pedigree of which does not go back to the five Al- Khamseh mares of Salaman. Descendants of Keheilet Ajuz—According to Upton 37 strains or sub-families have descended from Keheilet Ajuz, five through mares and 32 through stallions, in ad- dition to eight other families, some of which are so dis- tinguished as to be confused with the five Al-Khamseh mares. The eight families that are of recognized merit are as follows: 1. Seglawi, with three sub-families. Abeyan, with seven sub-families. Dalman, with four sub-families. Abu Arkab, with three sub-families. Rishon, with two sub-families. Radban, with three sub-families. Twaissan, with two sub-families. Milliah, with two sub-families. CONT ONOS > CO 1S The influence of the Arabian horse.—As early as the reign of King James I. (1603-1625) Arabian horses were imported into England and crossed with the light horse stock, though it was not until after the middle of the century that the English begun to appreciate the im- portance of Oriental blood. During the reign of Charles II (1660-1685) the so-called “Royal Mares” were im- ported, while during that of William and Mary (1680- i702), esnne (1702-1714) and George I. (1714-1727), Byerly Turk, Darley Arabian and Godolphin Bard were 82 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES introduced,and became foundation stock of the Thorough- bred. From Darley Arabian is descended the best Hack- ney blood. Since the time of James I. many eastern horses, J. Osborne placing the number at 164, have been imported to England. These played an important part in the formation and improvement of both the Hackney and the Thoroughbred. Of this number, Osborne says 90 were Arabs, 36 Barbs, 32 Turks, four Persians and two of unknown ancestry. The Arabian horse was used in the improvement of the French horses. In 1820 two Arabian stallions—Godolphin and Gallipoli—were used upon French mares, and did much to improve the quality, action and style of the French horses. As these sires were gray, no doubt they had considerable influence in developing the gray color among the horses of La Perche. The horses of Germany, Russia and Hungary have been much improved in quality and action by the use of eastern sires. The Arabian horse in America.—The early accounts of the Arabian horse in America are conflicting, due, in part at least, to the fact that many horses called Arabian were not of that breed, but were of Oriental ancestry. The first record we have of the Arab in America was the im- portation of the stallion Ranger about 1765 to New Lon- don, Connecticut. \ This Horse was later taken to, War- ginia, where he became known as Lindsay’s Arabian. In 1838 J. D. Elliott imported a number of both sexes. In 1856 Hon. A. Keene Richards imported three stallions and two mares to Georgetown, Kentucky. Three Arab horses, Maanake, Hedgrogi and Liklany Gidran, were presented to William H. Seward; one, Umbark, to Presi- dent Martin Van Buren; and two, Linden Tree and Leopard, to General U. S. Grant. A number were brought to the World’s Fair, Chicago, in 1893, some of which were destroyed by fire and the remainder pur- chased by Peter B. Bradley of Boston, Massachusetts. Arabian horse breeders.—During recent years a num- THE ARABIAN HORSE 8 & ber of Arabian studs of importance have been maintained in England and America. In England the late Major Upton and the late Henry Chaplin, Minister of Agricul- ture, maintained pure Arab studs, both of which were Sold. lady Anne Blunt of Crabbet Park, near Three- bridges Station, Sussex County, England, and her hus- band, Sir Wilfred, are the largest breeders of pure Arab horses in England, and for 20 years or more have bred, FIG. 57.—ARABIAN MARE ‘“‘HAMRA” with the greatest care, the best stock that the desert has ever furnished the outside world. In the summer of 1911, Henry K. Bush-Brown saw about fifty head of pure Arabians in the Blunt stud. These were divided into seven different sub-families and possessed superlative merit. In addition, Rev. F. F. Vidal and Miss Ethelred Dillon also have studs in England. In America, Randolph Huntington of Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York; Peter Heyl of Milwaukee, Wiscon- sin; and J. A. P. Ramsdell of Newburgh, New York, have 84 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES maintained notable Arabian studs in recent years. In recent years the most prominent breeders are or have been Homer Davenport, Holmdel, New Jersey; Peter B. Bradley, Boston, Massachusetts; Richard W. Tully, Pleasanton, California; Spencer Borden, Fall River, Massachusetts; and the Hartman Stock Farm, Colum- bus, Ohio. ‘These are breeders of pure Arabs and their combined studs represent a total of over 100 head of horses in this country. Some of these were imported from Lady Blunt’s stud and some by the Hamid Hippo- drome Company (who showed their horses at the Chicago World’s Fair) and others. Huntington was the pioneer at this kind of breeding. Davenport and Borden im- ported direct from the Bedouins. Notable Arabian horses.—The desert-bred Arab stallion Kismet was perhaps the most noted. He was imported to England by Rev. F. F. Vidal of Needham Market, Suf- folk, England, who was offered $20,000 for him by the French government, but declined the offer. Huntington tried repeatedly to buy Kismet, but finding it impossible to purchase him outright arranged a contract to bring him to the United States: Whe contract previded heavy, bonds, including one in Lloyd’s insurance agency, for Kismet’s safe return to England, in addition to a large fee for use in Huntington’s stud. Thus bonded, Huntington imported Kismet in 1891. The journey proved a hard one, and on his arrival Kismet was sent to the Cattanach infirmary, New York city, with a temperature of 106, resulting from pleuro-pneumonia, and died a few hours later, causing great financial loss to Huntington. Kismet’s skeleton, said to be one of the most remarkable ever seen, is preserved in the American Veterinary College, 151 West Fifty-fourth street, New York City, and used as a specimen in clinical lectures. Other famous stallions are El Emir, Maidan, Kouch, Kars, Shahwan, Himyarite, Anizeh Khaled and Haleb. Among the mares Haidee, Keziah, Naomi, Nazli, Naarah THE ARABIAN HORSE 85 and Wadduda are important modern females of the breed. Description of the Arab horse—In his purity the Arabian horse is of high courage, possessing balance and harmony, power and substance, combined with elastic and graceful movements. He is gentle and affectionate, seemingly having no fear. His strength is remarkable considering size, which is due in part to the large muscle develop- ment, thus en- abling him to car- ry heavy burdens. Eley as a Sreat constitution and Geeta ordinary staying power. Wile. he 1s not noted so much for speed, as he is not nearly the equal of Fic. 58.—ARABIAN STALLION “DEUX” the Thoroughbred or Standardbred in this respect, yet he can perform long journeys across country with comparative ease, such as those requiring extraordinary endurance. The head of the Arabian horse indicates superior char- acter and intelligence, the forehead being broad and full, and the head tapering toward the nose more than in other breeds. The nostrils are prominent and capable of great distention; the eyes soft and intelligent, and the ears are of fine texture and pointed inward. In general outline, the head is lean and clean cut, representing high spirit. The neck is of medium length and sustains the head gracefully; the throat of medium size and the windpipe prominent, thus promoting staying power. The shoul- ders are long and sloping, though Hayes states that from a saddle point of view they are often thick and the withers 86 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES low and broad. ‘The chest is deep and long, indicative of constitutional capacity. The body is deep; the back is short; the loins broad and of immense power; and the quarters long and strong, with the whole beautifully turned. ‘The tail is set high and carried with style. The legs and feet are superior. In height the Arabian horse ranges from 14 to 14.2 hands; thus he is often classed as a pony, and in fact, many of the most famous Arabs brought to England were ponies. Esabin Curtis, an importer of Arabs to Bombay, Fic. 59.—ARABIAN STALLION ‘SMALEIK’’ is said to have stated that the best Arabs did not, as a rule, exceed 14.1% to 14.2 hands high, though Homer Davenport states more stand 14.2 hands than any other height. The size is largely a matter of the feed given the horse when a colt. This is emphasized by the fact that among the Gomussa tribe of the Sabba Anazeh, who pay better attention to their horses than do others, we find colts at two years of age standing 15 hands high. The color varies, and may be white, gray, bay, chest- nut, brown, but rarely black. The bays often have black points and generally one or more white feet, with some THE ARABIAN HORSE 87 white on the face. The chestnuts vary from brightest to dullest shades. According to Davenport, roan, spotted or piebald and yellow colors are not found among the Arabs, though roan and yellow are common among Barbs. Popularity of the Arab horse.—In the past, the Arabian horse’s value has been incalculable, as he has transmitted constitutional vigor, quality, intelligence and style to practically all the modern breeds. At the present, how- ever, it is thought that he has served his usefulness in this capacity, though European governments are using the Arab to improve their depleted horse stock. In 1899 the French government crossed 60 Thoroughbred mares with Arabian stallions, in order to obtain cross-bred stallions, for service in low, soft districts, where the horses are coarse and of inferior bone. In addition, the Arab horse is used to some extent in breeding Welsh, Exmoor and other ponies to produce small animals for polo playing. ‘Thus it seems that the present use of the Arabian horse is quite largely limited to sports and to show. Organizations and records.—The Arabian Horse Club of America has established a stud book and pro- vides for registration, one volume of which has been pub- lished, recording 127 pure Arabians. In England, regis- tration is provided for in the General Stud Book of Great Britain. (CIUANIE ISI, WIRD THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE Of the modern breeds or horses, the Thoroughbred was the first to receive systematic attempts at improvement. For more than three centuries this breed has been con- sidered as the fountain head from which much of the quality and endurance among horses have been derived. The native home of the Thoroughbred horse.—England, the largest and most densely populated division of the British group, is the native home of the Thoroughbred horse. The climate is moist, temperate and adapted to barley, oats and pasture, thus providing ideal conditions for the development and improvement of the horse. An- other factor of vital importance in the development of this breed is the temperament of the English people, who for more than 1,000 years have fostered racing. ‘The sport- loving Cavaliers of England played a very important part in founding and developing this renowned breed of running horses. The origin of the Thoroughbred horse.—A knowledge of the early history of Great Britain is necessary for a complete understanding of the origin of the Thoroughbred horse. There are no indications of any horses having been indigenous to Britain. ‘The horses with which the islands were first stocked are generally held to have been derived from the pony types, native to northern Europe, though recent researches by Ridgeway indicate that horses of the north African type were in Ireland as early as the sixth century; yet, whatever the source, these early horses were small of stature. We know that the first efforts at improvement were in the attempt of increas- ing the size. 88 THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE 89 Early racing in England.—The horse, as a feature in the sports of the times, is first mentioned in the latter half of the twelfth century, when races of a primitive character were conducted at Smithfield. The first race reported was run between Richard II. and the Earl of Arundel in 1377. Henry VIII. was the first king who ran horses for his own amusement. He maintained a royal stud, had laws enacted regarding horse breeding, FIG. 60.—THOROUGHBRED STALLION ‘‘CHOCORNAE” and imported from Turkey, Spain and Naples. System- atic racing, however, did not begin until the time of James I., who is credited with having imported the first Arabian for the purpose of breeding horses of greater speed. In 1616, through an English merchant, James I. imported from the Orient a stallion named Markham’s Arabian, for which he paid £500. This horse was a failure in the stud and was much ridiculed. Charles I., son of James I., established racing at Newmarket and Hyde Park. He also passed laws encouraging horse breeding. gO MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES _ Foundation stock.—According to British authors, the ‘Thoroughbred was created by Charles II., son of Charles He hile not only took ammaetiverimeerest: 1m Tacitus mot - imported direct from the Orient. His most notable im- portation was that of two Barb mares, which, with their descendants, are commonly known as the “King’s mares” or “Royal mares,’ and are regarded by some authorities as the foundation dams of the breed. Others, however, doubt the accuracy of thus limiting the base of the breed. By far the more noted of the foundation animals are the three famous foreign stallions, Godolphin Barb, Byerly Turk and Darley Arabian. Three famous Oriental sires.— During the formation of the Thoroughbred there were many horses introduced into England. ‘Three of these foreign horses exerted an influence so important as to make them worthy special mention. Byerly Turk.—Captain Byerly’s charger at the battle of the Boyne, during the wars of William in Ireland, at- tracted such favorable comment that he was subsequently placed in the stud and became famous as a sire of speed, his descendants being represented by Herod. He became known as Byerly Turk, is said to be of pure Arabian descent, and was probably brought to England in 1689. Darley Arabian.—Mr. Darley, a merchant at Aleppo, Sy tia), sent lam Amabilanelitonse tas a Sit, to is protien: Ma ohne Be) Darleyot idbygranis, near Wore. Minis horse, a pure Arab, was bay in color with a blaze on the face and white on three feet, and stood about.15 hands high. He was known as Darley Arabian, and became a very famous sire, his descendants being represented by Flying Childers and Eclipse, the greatest racers of their day. Darley Arabian was brought to England about 1700. Godolphin Barb——The Emperor of Morocco presented to Louis XIV. an Arab (or a Barb) stallion, which was so little valued by the French ruler that he was placed in the o THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE OI shafts of a Paris water cart and cruelly overworked, but is said to have been watched over closely by a faithful attendant until rescued and brought to England by Mr. Coke, where later he became the property of Lord Godol- phin, and became known as Godolphin Bard (or Arabian). He was placed in the stud, where he became a very famous sire, his descendants being represented by Matchem. He was probably brought to England about 1728. From these three Oriental stallions, and their descend- ants, are derived the best blood of the Thoroughbred. There are few running horses of eminence which could not directly trace their descent from one or more of these famous sires. Three famous English sires—While many English- bred horses were prominent in the development of the Thoroughbred, three stand out as really famous in the production of the modern running horse. Herod (King Herod).—This horse was born in 1758, and was bred by William, Duke of Cumberland. He was sired by Tartar and was out of Cypron. He begun his racing career in October, 1763, when he was five years old, and ended it in May, 1767, when he was placed in the stud. While only moderately successful on the race course, he was a sire of great renown, siring 497 prize winners, and it is estimated that they won for their Owners £201,505, or over $1,000,000. Eclipse—This horse was born in 1764, during an eclipse of the sun, and was bred by the Duke of Cumberland, at whose sale he brought 75 guineas. He was sired by Marske, and was out of Spiletta. In 1769, D. O’Kelly bought him for 1,650 guineas ($8,250). He begun his racing career at Epsom, May, 1769, at the age of five years, and ended it at Newmarket, October, 1770. He was never beaten, and was retired from the race course because no one would race against him. In 1779 one of the Bedford family asked O’Kelly to place a price on Eclipse and 92 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES received the reply that “all Bedford Level would not purchase him.” At another time O’Kelly was offered $125,000 and an annuity of $2,500 for life. Eclipse won eleven King’s Plates, and O’Kelly cleared £25,000 on him. At the close of his racing career, Eclipse was placed in the stud, where he was equally as successful as on the race course. He sired 334 winners that won for their owners £160,000. He died in 1789 at the age of 25 years. In historical description this noted horse is said to have been about 15.1 hands high; his shoulders were low, oblique and thick above, while he stood high behind. He possessed a powerful loin, very long quarters as well as powerful and long thighs and forearms. His stride was very wide, and he was so thick winded that he could be heard some distance. John Lawrence said of him that “he puffed and blowed like an otter and galloped as wide as a barn door.” While Eclipse is described as being of fine disposition, in a race he took his own gait, rushing along with his head down, indifferent of his rider, who found it impossible to control him. Matchem.—Vhis horse was born in 1748, and was bred by Sir John Holmes of Carlisle. He was sired by Cade, and was out of Sister to Miss Patten. He begun his racing career August, 1753, as a five-year-old, and ended it September, 1758, when he was placed in the stud. He was only moderately successful as a racer, but very famous as a sire, due to his superior blood and conforma- tion. His best-known son, also called Matchem, became a great racer and a successful sire. It is stated that he made a record of 1.44 for the mile on the Beacon course. Matchem sired 354 sons and daughters that were the winners of races. Matchem died in 1781 at the age of 33 years. Improvement of the Thoroughbred.—For nearly three centuries Thoroughbreds have been bred under a most rigid system of selection, performance on the race course being the standard. The high degree of perfection THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE 93 reached by the best individuals, as well as the prominence which the breed has attained, can be attributed, in part at least, to the fact that the destiny of the breed has been cast with men who have unlimited resources on which to draw. During the past century important changes have oc- curred in the system under which Thoroughbreds are FIG. 61—THOROUGHBRED STALLION ‘“HERMIS” raced, which have resulted in corresponding modifications in type. Formerly the horse was not raced until mature and the distance covered was two, three, four and five miles, while at the present time the custom is to run dashes of a mile, or less, to carry less weight, and to start as two-year-olds. Some persons doubt the wisdom of the present methods and contend that the stamina and weight-carrying ability are not improved by the modern method of racing. Further, conflicting opinions are ex- pressed with regard to the probability of modern horses being capable of lowering the long-distance records of a century ago. Comparison is difficult; formerly the races were few and the horses specially trained, while at 94. MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES present they are kept in racing condition for nine months each year and running many races. Notable Thoroughbred horses.—During the develop- ment of the breed the names of many famous Thorough- breds have appeared. The following are worthy repre- sentatives, all of them famous racers and many of them successful breeders. For convenience of study they are arranged in tabular form, giving date of birth and the sire and dam. BRITISH THOROUGHBREDS Animal Date of Sire Dam birth Squirt 1732 Bartlett’s Childers Snake Mare Pot-8-os 1773 Eclipse Sportsmistress Woodpecker 1773 Herod Misfortune Highflyer 1774 Herod Rachael Sir Peter 1784 Highflyer Papillon Waxy 1790 Pot-8-os Maria Whalebone 1807 Waxy Penelope Tramp 1810 Dick Andrews Gohanna Whisker 1812 Waxy Penelope Sir Hercules 1826 Whalebone Peri Touchstone 1831 Camel Banter Irish Bird Catcher 1833 Sir Hercules Guiccioli Gladiator 1833 Partisan Pauline Faugh-a-Ballagh 1841 Sir Hercules Guiccioli Orlando 1841 Touchstone Vulture The Baron 1842 Trish Bird Catcher Echinda Stockwell 1849 The Baron Pocahontas Kingston 1849 Venison Queen Anne King Tom 1851 Harkaway Pocahontas Blair Athol 1861 Stockwell Blink Bonny Hermit 1864 Newminster Seclusion Robert the Devil 1877 Bertram Cast Off Bend Or 1878 Doncaster Rouge Rose St. Simon 1881 Galopin St. Angela Isinglass 1890 Isonomy Deadlock Persimmon 1893 St. Simon Perdita II Flying Fox 1896 Orme Vampire Diamond Jubilee 1897 St. Simon Perdita II Rock Sand 1900 Sainfoin Roguebrune Spearmint 1903 Carline Maid of the Mist Lemberg 1907 Cyllene Calicia THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE 25 ‘THOROUGHBREDS IMPORTED TO AMERICA Animal Date of Sire Dam birth Matchem 1754 Godolphin Bard Soreheels Mare Stark 1771 Marsk Snap Mare Diomed 1777 Florizel Spectator Mare Messenger 1780 Mambrino D. of Turf Saltram 1780 Eclipse Virago Highflyer 1784 Highflyer Thistle Buzzard 1787 Woodpecker Misfortune Olderman 1787 Pot-8-os Lady of Bolingbroke Sarpendon 1828 Emilius Icaria Glencoe 1831 Sultan Trampoline Leamington 1853 Faugh-a-Ballagh ID), ©? Jo, san, Bonnie Scotland 1853 Iago Queen Mary Australian 1858 W. Australian Emilia Phaeton 1865 King Tom Merry Sunshine Prince Charlie 1869 Blair Athol Eastern Princess Rayon d’Or 1876 Flageolet Auracaria St. Blaise 1880 Hermit Fusee Ormonde 1884 Bend Or Lily Agnes Sysonby 1901 Melton Optime AMERICAN —HOROUGHBREDS Animal Date of Sire Dam birth Sir Archy 1805 Diomed Castinanira Am. Eclipse 1814 Duroc Miller’s Damsel Boston 1833 Timoleon S. of Tuckahoe Lexington 1850 Boston Alice Carneal Norfolk 1866 Lexington Novice Emperor 1860 Leamington Longfellow 1867 Leamington Nantura Enquirer 1867 Leamington Lida Tom O’Chiltree 1872 Lexington Katona Parole 1874 Leamington Maiden Himyar 1875 Alarm Hira Spendthrift 1876 Australian Aerolite Lake Blackburn 1877 Bonnie Scotland Nevada Foxhall 1878 King Alfonso Jamaica Iroquois 1878 Leamington Maggie B. B. The Bard 1883 Longfellow Brademante Firenzi 1884. Glenelg Florida Hanover 1884 Hindoo Bourbon Belle Emperor of Norfolk 1885 Norfolk Marian Salvator 1886 Prince Charlie Salina Hamburg 1891 Hanover Lady Reel Nealon 1903 Sain Sister Josephine Ballot 1904. Voter Cerito Alambalo 1906 Ormes Blue and White Famous mares.—In a discussion of notable Thorough- breds there are at least two mares that deserve special mention, especially because of their longevity and fer- «IWID ANTA, AuYVW GHYdHONOYOHL—¢9 “Old 96 THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE 97 tility. Old Fanny Cook produced 15 foals, giving birth to twins at 22 years of age, while Pocahontas also pro- duced 15 foals and lived to the old age of 33 years. Record prices paid for Thoroughbreds.—W hile the pur- chase price of this breed varies widely, yet it 1s interest- ing to note some of the very remarkable prices paid dur- ing recent years. In 1913, the French turfman Edmund Blanc paid W. R. Wynham $200,000 for the English Thoroughbred stallion White Knight. In 1904 the Duke of Westminster sold Flying Fox for 37,500 guineas ($190,875), and he was taken to France and placed in the stud. In 1905 King Edward VII. sold Diamond Jubilee for $150,000 to Senor Ignacio Correas of Argentine, South America. Ormonde, Jardy, Rocksand and Cyellene also sold for $150,000 each. In all; 20 Thoroughbreds have sold for over $100,000. The Thoroughbred horse in America.—It was not long after the colonization of our eastern territory before there was established an American turf with its Thoroughbred studs. This was natural, since our southern provinces were settled by the English. There are fragmentary ac- counts of regular race meetings as early as 1065, and no doubt others preceded these as the early settlers were a horse-racing people. In 1677 the court records of Hen- rico, Virginia, mentions three racing tests. In the first, the stake was 300 pounds of tobacco; in the second, the winner to take both horses; and in the third, no stake was mentioned. The first racing organization of which we have record was formed in 1760 at Charleston, South Carolina. This organization established the New- market course on which were held many enthusiastic races. Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland were the colonies most interested in these early sports. The first Thoroughbred of which we have record was the horse Bulle Rock, imported to Virginia in 1730 by Patton and Gist. Other importations followed (p. 95). One of the most notable horses ever introduced to this 98 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES country was Diomed, winner of the first English Derby. He was imported in 1799 in his twenty-second year of age, and is regarded by many as the real progenitor of the American Thoroughbred. In direct line of descent from him comes Sir Archy, often referred to as the first truly American Thoroughbred, while Boston, Sir Archy’s erandson, is conceded to have been the greatest American race horse. Boston sired Lexington, a scarcely less re- markable racer than Boston, and a most influential sire, especially through the female line. Lexington’s blood enters into the American saddle horse and the Standard- bred as well as of the Thoroughbred. From the original seat in the southern colonies the Thoroughbred sentiment moved north, centering about the Union course on Long Island, then westward into Kentucky and Tennessee. The environment of Kentucky proved so congenial to the horses bred there that the state soon attained first position as a Thoroughbred horse- producing state. Later some of the best blood of the breed found its way to California and studs were founded which have achieved national fame. Description of the Thoroughbred horse.—The con- formation of the running horse is distinctive. He is up- standing, long, lithe, rangy and angular, thus favoring speed, and is in striking contrast to the low, broad, com- pact and massive form significant of power in the draft horse. There is a general spareness, particularly about the head and legs, and the muscles and tendons stand out prominent and cordy. The head is moderately small, with sharply defined fea- tures, showing breeding; nostrils large and fuil; eyes clear, prominent and intelligent; ears neat, of medium size, not too wide apart and carried in a lively manner. The neck should be long, the upper part from the poll to the withers about twice as long as the lower part from the point of the shoulders to the larynx, and strongly muscled. The shoulders should slope obliquely back, THE THOROUGHBRED HORSE 99 forming high, fairly close, but long withers. The chest is often rather narrow and lung capacity is obtained by great depth which, in connection with the high withers, gives the body a deep appearance. The back should be fairly broad, level and muscular, with well-sprung ribs of great depth, thus giving diges- tive capacity. The loins should be broad and muscular. The croup tends to length and a bit straight, but should be well muscled. The tail should be attached medium high and carried gracefully. The quarters should be long, deep and strongly muscled, thus giving great drtving power. The legs above the knees and hocks should be long and well muscled. The knees and hocks should be strong and clean. The cannons should be deep and clean with ten- dons well detached. The fetlocks should be strong and clean. The pasterns should be long and sloping, as well as strong and clean. The feet should be of medium size, with the hoof dense and elastic. A fine, smooth coat of hair and a soft delicate skin, with the superficial blood vessels well marked, complete a general appearance of quality and refinement. In height, the Thoroughbred ranges from 14.2 to 16.2 hands, though 15 to 15.2 hands is most approved. It is interesting to note that the breed has increased in height during its development, the statement being made that the average height has increased from 14 hands in 1700 to 15 hands 2% inches in 1900. The weight is likewise extremely variable, but in general ranges from 900 to 1,050 pounds, though many excellent individuals exceed this many pounds. The prevailing colors are bay, brown and chestnut, with one or more white markings, though black, gray, sorrel, roan and, in fact, all colors are occa- sionally found. In temperament, the Thoroughbred is nervous and often mettlesome because of his racing spirit. Famous race meetings.—The three noted race meetings in England are the Derby, the St. Leger and the Oaks, « ccmeicie tale 2 horses per Cents Wnoroviciniomaal jolooel scccscccosneocoosnsouc 50 horses a De Gears Wevornoysreinjorecl Jollow~l, sssacccaodnonoucudoasen 296 horses 1 percent anoroughbreds bloodee sane aem eine see eee ae 343 horses TE DELICent-) aunoroughbredm@bloods. ss. 4s- eer se nees cscse 152 horses 4) qos Cems “ANaverroyeredallanreel jollooyele sooaousousodoonpooeee 36 horses Total containing Lhoroughbred blood....:........... 879 horses WracentainwlGoda ie emia neces telat mners ain eee eit yatel eae cla 202 horses Total in Volume | (first edition) 1,081 horses Denmark F. S. (foundation stock).—In 1891, when the saddle horse breeders organized their association, they arranged a list of 14 sires, which were known as founda- tion stock. After having revised the list many times, the association, at the annual meeting in 1908, decided to recognize Denmark, by Imp. Hedgeford, alone as founda- tion. This position would seem justified since of the 2,981 horses registered in Volume I (revised edition), 1,653, or practically 5514 %, have direct male trace to Den- mark F.S.; in Volume II, of 2,999 entries, 2,378, or prac- tically 79.3%, have direct male trace; while in Volume MRO E 2/007, entities, 1095, oF 60749, have direct’ male mee to Denmark E.'S, (Im the total of 8.079 entries in the three volumes, 6,020, or a little over 67%, have direct male trace to the foundation sire. Denmark F. S. was bred by Samuel Davenport of Ken- tucky, and was born in 1839. His sire, Imp. Hedgeford, was a Thoroughbred, and his dam, Betsey Harrison, was meeniucky bred mare. Denmark FP. S: was brown in color, and an individual of much beauty. He was a game and consistent four-mile race horse. Imp. Hedgeford was a brown horse, born in 1825, bred by Mytton and imported to Kentucky in 1832 by William Jackson. Betsey Harrison was a bay mare, born in 1824, bred by Davenport of Kentucky. She was by Aratus out of Jenny Cockracy by Old Patomice. Denmark’s descendants.— The most noted son of Den- mark F. S. was Gaines’s Denmark, often referred to as 108 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES “The Denmark of the Denmark family.” This horse was bred by William V. Cromwell of Fayette county, Ken- tucky, and was born in 1851. His dam was the Steven- son mare by Cockspur. Of the 6,029 entries having direct male trace to Denmark F. S., in the first three volumes of the Register, 6,014, practically a perfect per- CEMmrase Metmarcre through Gaines’s Denmark, 9 Wlhits horse was black, with both ankles Witter sama 1s described as a horse of wonder- fal | sia ania beauty. Gaines’s Denmark’s most notable sons are Was haniet on Denmark 64, Diamond Den- aed (OS, Stair Denmark 71, and Sumpter Den- mark 65. Wash- FIG. ea ee ee ington Denmark Was subred by: William V. Cromwell, and was born in 1855. His dam was Polly Hopkins 46, by Cockspur Horse, a son of Cockspur, which got the dam of his illustrious sire. Diamond Denmark was also bred by William V. Crom- well, and was born in 1858. His dam was Queen 48, by Bald Stockings. Of the 6,014 entries having direct male trace to Gaines’s Denmark, Washington Denmark is responsible for 4,518, or a little over 75%, while Diamond Denmark has 903, or about 15%. Washington Denmark’s most notable sons are King THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE IO09Q William 67, Cromwell 73, Stonewall Jackson 72, Jewel Denmark 70, Fayette Denmark 60 and Latham’s Den- mark 69; also the unregistered stallion Crigler’s Denmark, the sire of Rex Denmark 840, who in turn sired the mag- nificent saddle horse Rex McDonald 1833. Queen 48, the dam of Diamond Denmark, was also the dam of three of the great sons of Washington Denmark, namely: King William, Latham’s Diemveark and | Jewel Denmark. | hse mare) was owned by William V. Cromwell, and through her sons is one of the really great dams of the breed. The greatest son of Diamond Den- mark was Montrose 106. He was a bay stallion, bred by Fic. 66.—AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE “KENTUCKY Talbot and Thomas ee of Bourbon county, Kentucky, and was born in 1869. His dam was a Thoroughbred daughter of Hall’s Glencoe. Famous American Saddlers.—More recent notable Sad- dle horses in direct line of descent from Denmark F. 5. meee black Bacle 7A and Artist 75, both by King William; Black Squirrel 58, by Black Eagle; Highland Denmark 730, Forest Squirrel 801, Red Squirrel 53, Black Squirrel, Jr., 2d, 395, and Patsy McCord 1600, by Black Squirrel; Goodwin 1227, Cupid 1152, and Highland Maid 1270, by Highland Denmark; Amelia 1354, by Red Eagle 28, by Red Squirrel; Rowena 1362, by Chester Dare Io, by Black Squirrel; Monte Cristo 59, by Montrose; and Miss Rex 820, by Red Denmark. Description of the American Saddle horse.—The Sad- IIo MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES dler Shows much style in the carriage of head and arch of neck and tail. His courage and spirit, coupled with his docility, give him his special usefulness under the saddle as well as in the harness. The ideal Saddler may be described thus: The head is clean cut, rather small, with FIG. 67.—AMERICAN SADDLE MARE ‘“‘EDNA MAY” a very slight dish in the face; the eyes prominent, full, and set wide apart; and the ears small, wide apart and active. The neck is long and gracefully crested with head neatly attached at a good angle. The shoulders are long and sloping with neat withers. The sloping shoul- ders in connection with the well-sprung ribs give a rather short and very strong back. The loin is well muscled and powerful. The rump is level and strong, with the tail coming out well up, carried high, and is heavy, long and flowing. The quarters are long and strongly muscled. The forearms are well muscled and long, giving distance from withers to knees, while the hind legs from stifles to hocks are also long, thus giving distance from hips to hocks. The knees and hocks are THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE DT strong and clean, and the cannons rather short, but with clean, strong bone and well-detached tendons. The pas- terns are a little long and sloping. The feet are of medium size, hoofs elastic and the heels well spread-and well developed. In weight the Saddle horse is rather variable, though on the average they run from 950 to 1,050 pounds. ‘The standard height is 15 hands 1% inches to 15 hands 2% inches, Mmouch as with weight, height is also exceedingly variable. The solid colors, such ase bays, blacks, browns and chestnuts, predominate, though all colors are occa- sionally found. Classes of Saddle Horses.—There are three classes of Sad- Fic. 68.—American SappLeE Horse “KENTUCKY dle horses: The walk- Peale ing horse; the walk, trot and canter horse; and the five-gaited or true American Saddle horse, to which may be added others, as the hunter, high school horse, Cavalny horse, polo pony, and the like. The walk- ing horse is well schooled at the running-walk gait. The walk, trot and canter horse is well educated at the three gaits, while the true-gaited Saddle horse is required to go five gaits. He must be able to walk, trot, rack and canter, and for the fifth he may choose any one of the three slow gaits, the running-walk, fox-trot or slow-pace. ‘The hunter is usually able to go most of the saddle gaits, and in addition is well trained at the jump, while the high school horse, in addition to going all the saddle gaits, is well educated in many fancy steps. 112 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES GAITS OF THE SADDLE HORSE There are three natural gaits—the walk, trot and gallop. The other saddle gaits are artificial ones, being more a less variations of the natural gaits. The walk.—This may be considered the foundation of alleaitisumulity is agai Onmoun Wat beats. cach toot pete planted in regular order. If the right forefoot comes first to the ground, the left hind foot is next planted, then the left forefoot and finally the right hind foot. The horse has never less than two and never more than three feet bearing weight on the ground at the same time. The trot.—In the common trot, the horse moves from one pair of diagonally disposed legs to the other pair, and the footfalls mark two sharp beats. In the common and long trot there is a short period between each step when all four feet are free from the ground. During the short trot, however, one pair of diagonal feet is on the ground all the time. The trot depends simply upon the united action of a fore leg and a diagonal hind leg, hence the weight is alternately borne by the diagonally disposed legs. The canter.—When true, this is a gait of three beats. When the weight is received upon the left hind foot it next falls upon the right hindfoot and left forefoot, and then upon the right forefoot. The animal works on his haunches, with his legs well under him. The slower the gait, so long as performed with animation and exactness, the better; about five miles an hour being the most desirable. The rack.—In this gait, each foot falls upon the ground separately, thus making a four-beat gait, hence the term “single foot,” which was formerly used to designate the gait. It is similar to the racing pace, in which the pair of legs on either side move alternately; in fact, the rack seems to be a very fast amble, in which the feet follow each other in very rapid succession, thus making a four- THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE I13 beat gait instead of a two-beat gait, as in the racing pace. _ The running walk.—The name fittingly describes the ‘gait, It is an accelerated walk, the footfalls following each other in rapid succession, hence it is a four-beat gait. At this gait many horses nod their heads in rhythm with FIG. 69.—GAITED SADDLE HORSE “ROYALIST” the footfalls, hence the term ‘‘nodder,’ which is some- times applied to the gait. - The fox trot.—This is a slow, rather loosely jointed trot. It has fittingly been described as a “dog trot.” The action is somewhat similar to the trot described above, except that it is much slower and the beats are often separated. The gait is rather difficult to perform. The slow pace.—Though somewhat similar to the rac- ing pace, this gait differs in that both feet on the same side of the body do not strike the ground at the same 114 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES time. There is just enough impact to introduce a short interval, thus making it a four-beat gait. It is difficult for some horses to perform. : Popularity of the American Saddle horse.—Kentucky justly claims to have been the nursery of the American Saddle horse, although the breed is very popular both for business and pleasure throughout the southern states and Canada. Stallions have been sent to Mexico and to South American countries, as well as to England. The American Saddlebred stallion is rather popular for cross- ing on common mares to improve the gaits, and the gen- eral appearance as well as the quality of the offspring of these mares. Further, such crosses are used in the produc- tion of the hunter, the army horse, and to some extent in the production of the polo pony. Organizations and records.—In 1891, the National Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association was organized with headquarters at Louisville, Kentucky. In 1899, the name of the society was changed to the American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association. The society established a stud book and published six volumes, registering 6,327 animals. Later the stud book was revised, and thus far five volumes of the revised edition have appeared containing a total of 15,000 entries. ‘The credit for much of this work belongs to Major David Castleman and General John B. Castle- man of Kentucky. CHAP TDPRI THE STANDARDBRED HORSE The Standardbred breed includes both the American trotter and pacer, often erroneously spoken of as separate breeds. They have a common history, and the only dis- tinguishing character between them, if any, depends upon their gait. However, the gaits are interchangeable, and the same horse may pace on one occasion and trot on another. The origin of the Standardbred horse.—This breed is of American origin, though tracing to animals imported from England, where for many years horses have been trotted and run under the saddle. For more than a century Norfolk and Yorkshire, England, have been noted for their trotting horses. It is stated that in June, 1800, the Norfolk trotting mare Phenomena, at 12 years of age, trotted 17 miles in 56 minutes, carrying a weight in saddle of about 225 pounds on the Huntingdon road. in July of the same year she trotted it in 53 minutes. Fur- ther, it is stated that, in 1811, when 23 years of age, she trotted nine miles in 28 minutes. It is also stated that in 1806 the horse Pretender trotted 16 miles in one hour, carrying 210 pounds. Most important source of Standardbred blood.—The English Thoroughbred furnished much of the improved blood entering into the formation of the American Standardbred horse. The ancestry can be traced in an unbroken line to Darley Arabian, as is illustrated in the Sclianien(p. 120). Darley Arabian sirine Flying Childers, who sired Blaze, who in turn sired Sampson and Shales, and so on down the list. Perhaps the most important source was the importation of the stallions Messenger and Bellfounder, whose histories are worthy mention. 115 116 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Messenger—In America, this horse is commonly known as Imported Messenger. He was born in 1780 in England, became a successful racer, and as a five-year- old won the King’s Plate. He was a gray, 15.3 hands high, with strong loins and powerful hind quarters. Mes-- senger was imported to the United States in May, 1788, and placed in the stud. He was in the stud service LOR Z2Oe yicats sit America, stand- ii eis sevetans val vania, New Jer- sey aad New Nore jele alee Panhtiea rays PS) 1808. His most noted son, Mam- ornate Obie Ch 2 danghten Oia tia Doecsd GoOwr Crout) twas bora in 1806. He was Fic. 70.—STANDARDBRED STALLION ‘‘DIRECTUM,” A |p ie jl g fate su lpsat Vas 2.0514 with a star and white ankle, and was 16 hands high. Mambrino’s most famous son was Abdallah I., born in 1823, and out of Amazonia. He was a bay horse, about 15.2 hands high, and is described as being rather coarse and lacking symmetry. It is also stated that he was of indifferent disposition, and was not very popular as a sire. Bellfounder—In America, this horse is commonly known as Imported Bellfounder, and in England as Jary’s Bellfounder 55. He was born in 1815, and imported to the United States in 1822, when taken to Orange county, New York, and placed in stud service. He secured his fame, in the Standardbred foundation, through his daugh- ter, the Charles Kent Mare, the dam of Hambletonian Io, which serves as the connecting link between the English THE STANDARDBRED HORSE EL, miners and the Norfolk trotters (see chart, p. 120)}¢2 Bellfounder was a bright bay with black mane, tail and | legs.’ He stood about 15 hands high and was a natural © trotter. It is stated that he was very fleet, trotting 17 miles in an hour. Velocity, his dam, was also a noted trotter, and is said to have trotted 16 miles in an hour on the Norwich road in 1806. Influence of American horses.—In the early colonial days, most of the traveling was done on horseback, and FIG. 71—STANDARDBRED STALLION “BRETINI,” 2.2214 conditions were favorable to developing horses of hardi- ness and endurance. Thus we have the Narragansett pacers developed largely in Rhode Island; the Canadian Pacers in Canada; the Morgans in Vermont; the Pilots, which were taken to Kentucky, and many other noted strains, all of which played a very important part in the establishment of the Standardbred. Hambletonian 10.—Perhaps no horse of any breed or period in this or any other country has excited an interest So universal or represented such a vast sum of money in 118 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES his offspring and descendants as that of Hambletonian 10, sometimes referred to as Rysdyke’s Hambletonian. He was bred by Jonas Seely of Chester, Orange county, New York, born May 15, 1849, sired by Abdallah I., and out of the Charles Kent Mare. When a suckling he was sold with his dam to William M. Rysdyke for $125. Hambletonian 10 was a bay, with star and white ankles. He stood 15.2 hands high and was powerful in build. He stood somewhat higher behind than in front. When three years old he was trained for a time and made a record of 2.48 over the Union course. Messenger - ---- Mambrino -____ Thoroughbred Standardbred llinsuentee a WiSeusi@ront Bm ( Abdallah 1---- | PS el es oes | Standardbred | Mambrino* D. of Turf Amazonia _-_-_-_- Hambletonian 10 Bellfounder 52- { woe e enn een - eee Bellfounder 33-5) Hackney | charies Kent Hackney. | Unknown..-.-- { inerncena at: Ae Peo sa de WB ap) RE SN oie iie tina leit tials Hambletonian - { Messenger, One Eye..----- Bishops easa ie [Silvertail -.._.- eres *See chart p 120. Hambletonian 10 began his stud career in 1851 as a two-year-old, and with the exception of one year (1868) he continued in the stud until 1875. During the 23 years’ service it is stated that he covered 1,930 mares, getting 1,333 colts, an average of 69% of foals to mares served. It is stated that the total service fee amounted to $207,790. FAMILIES OF STANDARDBRED HORSES During the development of the Standardbred breed of horses a number of stallions became very prominent and THE STANDARDBRED HORSE 1IQ their descendants assumed family names. Most of these families are more or less submerged in the breed, but at least one of them stands out so prominent as to be con- sidered a separate breed by some persons. The Hambletonian family.—This family descended from Hambletonian 10, and at least in number and im- portance, stands first in the list. This noted stallion sired 4o standard trotters, the most famous, particularly from a breeding point of view, being Electioneer, George Wilkes, Abdallah 15 and Happy Medium. Electioneer—This horse is the sire of 160 standard per- formers, 158 trotters and two pacers. His particular fame is due to his offspring developing speed at an early age. His most noted sons are Sphinx, Chimes and Norval, each with 100 or more standard performers. George Wilkes—This horse is the sire of 83 standard performers, 72 trotters and I1 pacers. His great fame is due to the speed-transmitting ability of his sons. At the close of 1912 there were but 10 stallions with 150 or more standard performers, and George Wilkes is the sire of five of them and the grandsire of three others (see chart, p. 120). His greatest sons are Gambetta Wilkes, On- ward, Red Wilkes and Alcantara, each the sire of 170 or more standard performers. Red Wilkes is the sire of Ashland Wilkes, a horse with 171 standard performers to his credit, and Jay Bird, another noted son of George Wilkes, is the sire of Allerton, the leading sire of the breed, having 246 standard performers to his credit. Abdallah 15.—While this horse is the sire of but five standard performers, his son, Belmont, sired Nutwood, the sire of 174 standard performers, 137 trotters and 37 pacers. Nutwood leads all other stallions as sires of producing brood mares. Abdallah also sired Major Edsal, the sire of Robert McGregor, a horse with 112 standard performers, 98 trotters and 13 pacers. Happy Medium.—This horse sired 99 performers, 88 trotters and 11 pacers. His greatest son, Pilot Medium, 120 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES sired 127 standard performers, 103 trotters and 24 pacers. Happy Medium also sired Milton Ned, sire of Sidney Dil- _ lon, who sired Lou Dillon, champion trotting mare. Among other noted sons of Hambletonian 10 are Dic- tator, with 60 performers in the list; Strathmore, with 89 in the list; Egbert, with 85 in the list; Aberdeen, with 52 in the list, and Harold, with 45 in the list; also the sire of Maud S., 2.0834, champion trotter 1883-5. CHART SHOWING DESCENT OF STANDARDBRED FROM DARLEY ARABIAN THROUGH MESSENGER AND BELLFOUNDER; THE RELATION OF THE STANDARDBRED TO THE THOROUGHBRED AND NORFOLK TROTTER; AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE TEN STALLIONS WITH 150 OR More PERFORMERS, THE Ficures FOLLOWING THE NAMES INDICATING THE NUM- BER OF PERFORMERS: Darley ae Flying Childers ae Sampson Shales Engineer Driver Mambrino The Fireaways Messenger Pretender | Bellfounder 52 Mambrino Hambletonian Silvertail | | (Bishop’s) | Bellfounder 55 Abdallah ] EE Avie nace oe Secs UL Sc Ss I SR rene a Bey a eR Fs | Charles Kent Mare | | Hambletonian (10) | : | Electioneer 160 George Ss Abdallah (15) Bellmont Nutwood 200 Cese Wilkes 229 eines 174 ba 200 Red Wilkes 180 BaronWilkes 153 Alcyone Agent Wilkes 171 Jay Bird Mckinney 160 Allerton 246 THE STANDARDBRED HORSE I2I The Morgan family.—This is one of the oldest trotting families and at the present time is considered by many as a separate breed. ‘The family takes its name from Justin Morgan, said to be by True Briton out of a daughter of Diamond, both sire and dam tracing to Godolphin Barb. The breeding of Justin Morgan has been questioned, and iis staved that little is known of his ancestors. He was born in 1793, at West Spring- field, Massachu- Sens, but was later removed to Vermont,in which Beate this family of horses has eamed tame. He is described as a danke bay, with black po int S; FIG, 72.—STANDARDBRED MORGAN STALLION about 14 hands high and weighing 950 pounds, a fast walker, a good trotter, and very intelligent, being used as a parade heonse, and as a short distance runner and a farm work horse. Justin Morgan had a long stud career and proved a very prepotent sire, though he did not produce great breeding sons as did Hambletonian to. The three sons of Justin Morgan that were most prolific as a source of trotters were Sherman Morgan, Woodbury and Bulrush. Sher- man Morgan’s most noted son, Black Hawk, born in 1833, was a trotter and noted sire. Black Hawk’s most noted son, Ethan Allen, born in 1849, also became popular as a successful trotter and famous asa sire. In 1858 he made a record of 2.28, at that time the champion record. He sired 36 producing sons and daughters, the most noted I22 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES being Daniel Lambert, himself the sire of 38 trotters. It is of interest to note that the sire of Daniel Lambert’s dam was Abdallah I, the sire of Hambletonian 1o. In 1906, the United States government, in co-operation with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, estab- lished a stud of Morgans, where experimental work is being conducted with a view of preserving the Morgan type at its best, including conformation, endur- ance and ruggedness, for which they have been noted. General Gates, the pure Mor- San at eMemncadsconr the stud, is black in color, 14 hands 2% inches) — niche sand weighing about 1,000 FIG. 73.—STANDARDBRED STALLION ‘‘CARMON” pounds. In 1904, the At the head of the Ft. Collins stud United States SOV- ernment, in co-operation with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, established a stud with the object of evolving a breed of carriage horses from American ma- terial. The Standardbred stallion Carmon, a descendant of Justin Morgan, is at the head of the stud. He is beau- tiful bay in color, 16 hands high and weighs 1,200 pounds. The Mambrino family.—This family takes its name from Mambrino Chief, by Mambrino Paymaster, by Mam- brino, by Messenger. Mambrino Chief’s dam is Un- traced. He was born in 1844, a dark brown, standing 16 hands high and said to be rather coarse. He was taken to Kentucky in 1854 and placed in the stud. His noted son, Mambrino Patchen, sired 25 standard trotters, while his daughter Dolly was the dam of Onward, Director and Thorndale, three famous animals. Mambrino King, THE STANDARDBRED HORSE 123 by Mambrino Patchen, sired 77 performers and was re- garded by many persons as the most beautiful horse of his day. He also sired Elyria, who has 128 standard performers to his credit, 108 trotters and 20 pacers. The Clay family.—This family is generally considered to start with Henry Clay, hence the name, but it really traces back through the male line to Grand Bshaw, born in 1816, and imported from Tripoli in 1820. Grand Bshaw was bred to Pearl by First Counsel, out of Fancy by Messenger, and from this union resulted Young Bshaw, the sire of Andrew Jackson, the fastest trotter of his day, especially as atwo-miler. Andrew Jackson was bred to the trotting mare Lady Surry from which union resulted Henry Clay Smbomiim 1927. Elenry Clay 8 sired Cassius M. Clay 18, who sired George M. Patchen 2.23%, champion trotting stallion in 1859-60. Cassius M. Clay 18 sired Cassius M. Glaye2o, who im tur sired Marry, Clay 45, the sire of Green Mountain Maid. This family attains its notoriety most largely through Green Mountain Maid and Beauti- ful Bells, both of which are of this descent. The Pilot family——This family takes its name from Pilot, born in 1828, in the Province of Quebec, near Mon- treal. Little is known of his breeding except that his dam was Jeanne d’Arc, by Voyager. Pilot was taken to Connecticut when a colt, to New York in 1830, to New Orleans in 1831, and in 1832 he was returned to Kentucky where he died in 1853. He was both a trotter and pacer. His most noted son, Pilot Jr., out of Nancy Polk, by Funk’s Havoc, was born in 1844. Pilot Jr. was gray in color, 15.2 hands high and noted as a breeder of brood mares. He sired Miss Russell, Midnight and Water- witch, to which the family owes its principal fame. Hal family.—This family takes its name from Tom Hal, a roan horse born in Canada, but afterwards taken to Kentucky. His breeding is not known, but it is stated that he contained Morgan blood. His greatest son, Gib- son’s Tom Hal, sired Brown Hal, who has 94 standard 124. MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES performers to his credit, three trotters and 91 pacers, among them Star Pointer, a pacer of speed, character and endurance that reduced the pacing record to 1.59%. Three famous Standardbred brood mares.—While the list of notable trotting and pacing brood mares is very long, including many thousand of more or less distinction, yet there are three mares worthy special mention; FIG. 74.—STANDARDBRED STALLION ‘“‘KREMLIN,” 2.07% namely, Beautiful Bells, Green Mountain Maid and Miss Russell. Beautiful Bells—This mare was bred by L. J. Rose of California, and was sired by The Moore, and out of Minnehaha and born in 1872. Early in life she was pur- chased by Leland Stanford of Palo Alto, who also owned Electioneer. She produced 11 standard trotters and eight producing sires, either by Electioneer or his sons. On her sire’s side she was a Clay and on her dam’s a Mambrino. THE STANDARDBRED HORSE 125 Green Mountain Maid.—This mare was bred by Samuel Conklin of Middletown, New York, and was sired by Harry Clay, and out of Shanghai Mary, and born in 1862. She stood 15 hands high and was brown in color, with star and white hind ankles. She spent the most of her life in the possession of Charles Backman at Stony Ford Parme dying i 188s, at the age of 26.years. Green Mountain Maid produced 16 foals, 14 of which were sired by Messenger Duroc. Her greatest son was Electioneer, her second foal, and sired by Hambletonian to. Of the 16 colts, nine were standard trotters. In her memory, the year following her death Backman erected a granite monument with the inscription “On the spot dedicated to her worth and honored by her dust.” Miss Russell—A gray mare bred by R. A. Alexander, Woodburn, Kentucky, and was sired by Pilot Jr., and out of Sally Russell by Boston. Miss Russell was the dam of 18 foals, seven of them standard performers, five trotters and two pacers. Her first and greatest son was Nutwood, by Belmont, and her most famous daughter was Maud S., by Harold, the champion trotter of her day. The famous present-day stallions.——As with the dams, the list of famous trotting and pacing sires is a very long one, and it is not possible to consider each. There are, however, three modern sires that seem worthy of special mention, namely, Peter the Great, Bingen and McKinney. Peter the Great.—This horse was bred by D. D. Streeter, Kalamazoo, Michigan, and was sired by Pilot Medium, and out of Santos, dam of standard performers. He was born in 1895. Peter the Great stands 16 hands high and weighs 1,150 pounds. He has 99 standard performers, 94 trotters and five pacers. While he is now only 16 years of age, he has 13 performers in the 2.10 list. He is the only stallion to win and sire a winner of the Kentucky futurity. Bingen.*—This horse was bred by A.Smith McCann, but *Bingen died April 13, 1913. 126 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES was born the property of D. Bennett, Lexington, Ken- tucky, and was sired by May King, and out of Young Miss, and born in 1893. Bingen is the sire of 133 standard ' performers, 105 trotters and 28 pacers. In his eighteenth year of age he has 10 performers in the 2.10 list. He is particularly noted as a sire of extreme speed, his famous son, Uhlan, out of Blonde, by Sir Walter Jr., having a GeCORGs Olmies oO: the) champion trotter of today. McKinney. — This horse was loiteal- [oy lel, lal. Wilson, Cynthi- atlas ienmutckeye and was sired by Alcyone, and out of Rosa Sprague. He was born in 1887. McKin- ney is the sire of Fic. 75.—STANDARDBRED STALLION “MCKINNEY,” 2.1114 105 stan d af d performers, 133 trotters and 32 pacers. He is famous as a sire of extreme speed, and at the close of 1911 leads the list of 2.10 per- formers with a total of 23—13 trotters and Io pacers. Famous horses and prices paid.— The highest price ever paid for a Standardbred horse was $125,000, paid by J. M. Forbes of Boston for Arion, 2.0734, by Electioneer; the next highest price was paid by W. P. Ijams, president of the American Trotting Association, for Axtell, 2.12, by William L., and the amount was $105,000; Bradley of the Ardman Farm at Raritan, New Jersey, paid $50,000 for Bingen, 2.06%; Simpson of the Empire City Farms, Cuba, New York, paid $50,000 for McKinney, 2.11%, by Alcyone. Hanna of Cleveland, Ohio, paid $50,000 for Hamburg Belle, which is the highest price ever paid for THE STANDARDBRED HORSE 27 f a mare. Dan Patch, 1.5514, the champion pacing horse, was purchased for $60,000 by Savage, who has since refused $180,000 for him. Description of the Standardbred horse.—There are many pronounced types among Standardbred horses. Perhaps no breed of horses has been produced under more variable conditions, and certainly no recognized breed contains a greater variation in size, color and char- acter than does this light harness breed. Good examples of the two extremes are Lou Dillon and Sweet Marie; the former a speed marvel, slim and graceful, with a high nervous organization, the latter, a great campaigner, stronger framed, fuller muscled, of larger size, and of remarkable strength and endurance. The head should be of medium size, clean cut and carried high. The neck should be of medium length, muscular and graceful, with a noticeable crest in the stallion. The shoulders should be long and sloping, withers refined and chest low. The back should be fairly level, short and strong, while the underline should be long. The loin and croup should be strong and well muscled, but graceful, with the tail well attached and carried high. ‘The quarters should be long and muscular. The legs above the knees and hocks should be long, lean and muscular, thus giving length from withers to knees, and from hips to hocks. The knees and hocks should be strongly supported and clean cut. The cannons should be short and clean, with tendons well detached, thus giving depth. The pasterns should be clean and slope nicely, while the feet, both fore and hind, should be even in size, moderately large, and of healthy, oily color. The Standardbred horse has a strong, quick and long stride, with clean knee and hock action and trots to. better ad- vantage than any other breed. There is much discussion as to the correct conforma- tion for a pacer, as many of the most famous pacers show a steepness of the croup and curving of hocks, which 128 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES appears to be more or less associated with the gait, though many persons state this is not necessarily true.. The height is exceedingly variable, averaging 15 to 16 hands, and good weights are 900 pounds for mares and 1,150 pounds for stallions. The trotting and pacing standard.—‘When an animal FIG. 76.—STANDARDBRED STALLION “BINGARA” meets these requirements and is duly registered, it shall be accepted as a Standardbred trotter: “1. The progeny of a registered standard trotting horse and a registered standard trotting mare. “2. A stallion sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided his dam and granddam were sired by registered standard trotting horses, and he himself has a record of 2.30 and is the sire of three trotters with records of 2.30 from different mares. THE STANDARDBRED HORSE I29 “2, A mare whose sire is a registered standard trotting horse, and whose dam and granddam were sired by regis- tered trotting horses, provided she herself has a trotting record of 2.30 or is the dam of one trotter with a record Of 2.20: “4. A mare sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided she is the dam of two trotters with records of 2.30. “5. A mare sired by a registered standard trotting horse, provided her first, second and third dams are each sired by a registered standard trotting horse.” The pacing standard is similar except the word “‘pacer” is substituted for the word “trotter;’ “pacing” for the Moki trotting. 9 the speed standard 225 for 2.20; and the addition of a sixth paragraph, which is as follows: “oO. The progeny of a registered standard trotting horse out of a registered standard pacing mare, or of a regis- tered standard pacing horse out of a registered standard POLINe tare. -~ Influence of the standard.—Recording performance when making the standard has been a most important factor in developing extreme speed in the trotter and pacer. This method not only distinguishes the slow and fast horses, but from the records the breeder can determine those that are actually producing fast horses. In breeding, the slow ones are discarded and the fast ones are propagated, which, in connection with improved conditions, enables us to get still faster producers. Again the slow ones are discarded and the fast propagated, with the results that the maximum speed of the race has been raised. The following tables show the reduction in time for a mile track with horses in harness between 1810 and 1912. The table gives the name of the horse, place of the race, date and time. *Wallace’s American Trotting Register, page 4. 130 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES * Paced by Date 1839 1844 1844 1852 1855 1879 1879 1881 1884 1891 1892 1892 1894 1896 1897 1904 1905 TROTTING RECORDS REDUCED Name of horse Boston Trouble Sally Miller Edwin Forest Dutchman Lady Suffolk Pelham Highland Maid Flora Temple Flora Temple Dexter Goldsmith Maid Goldsmith Maid Rarus St. Julien Maud S. Jay-Eye-See Maud S. Sunol Nancy Hanks Alix The Abbot Cresceus Lou Dillon Lou Dillon Uhlan Place of record Philadelphia, Pa. Jamaica, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Hoboken, N. J. Hoboken, N. J. Jamaica, N. Y. Jamaica, N. Y. Jamaica, N. Y. Kalamazoo, Mich. BuattalosNe me Milwaukee, Wis. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Oakland, Cal. Chicago, Ill. Providence, R. I. Cleveland, Ohio Stockton, Cal. Terre Haute, Ind. Galesburg, III. Terre Haute, Ind. Columbus, Ohio Readville, Mass. Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, Tenn. runner to sulky carrying wind or dust shield. Pacinc RECORDS REDUCED Name of horse Dover Fanny Ellsler Unknown Pet Pocahontas Sleepy George Sleepy Tom Little Brown Jug Johnston Direct Hal Pointer Mascot Robert J. John R. Gentry Star Pointer Prince Albert Dan Patch Place of record Hoboken, N. J. Albany, N. Y. Hoboken, N. J. Long Island, N. Y. Long Island, N. Y. Rochester, N. Y. Chicago, Ill. Hartford, Conn. Chicago, Ill. Independence, Iowa Chicago, IIl. Terre Haute, Ind. Terre Haute, Ind. Portland, Me. Readville, Mass. Empire City, N. Y. Memphis, Tenn. * Paced by runner to sulky carrying wind or dust shield. Record tole bole role NIK Pl leone imple RB lcomloomie IH [ERIC ble * PF PRN NNN YNNYYYNNONNYYNNSNNNYNY MNODODOOOR SRR RRB RPP NHHNWWWA!L CMCOONMWWRODOONWHEATWTOPUNDMON ANAC Record [eo tol noleno|et PRRENNNNNNNNNNNNNY * AIO S = RPUAHAH DY WI W~CO RI KH iplerolerole Trotting and pacing records.—There are many standard trotting and pacing events, and while the horses at the THE STANDARDBRED HORSE Weil top of such events are constantly changing, yet it wouid seem that the fastest records were worthy special men- tion. The following tables contain the world’s records for the more important events up to January I, 1913, showing the name of the horse, place, date and record: TROTTING RECORDS *% Date Event Name of horse Place Record 1904 | Half mile Major Delmar Memphis, Tenn. 594 1912 | One mile Uhlan Memphis, Tenn. 1.58 1909 | One mile in race Hamburg Belle North Randall, Ohio | 2.014 1910 | Two miles The Harvester Lexington, Ky. 4.151 1902 | Five miles Zambra Lexington, Ky. 12.24 1893 | Ten miles Pascal New York, N. Y. 26.15 1865 | Twenty miles Capt. McGowan | Boston, Mass. 58.25 1846 | Fifty miles Ariel Albany, N. Y. 3.55.404 1853 | One hundred miles Conqueror Centerville, L. I. 8.55.53 1910 | Fastest stallion The Harvester Columbus, O. 2.10 1912 | Fastest gelding Uhlan Memphis, Tenn. 1.58 1903 | Fastest mare Lou Dillon Memphis, Tenn. 1.584 1912 | Fastest yearling Airdale Lexington, Ky. 2.153 1909 | Fastest two-year-old Native Belle Lexington, Ky. 2.072 1910 | Fastest three-year-old | Colorado E. Lexington, Ky. 2.042 1910 | Fastest four-year-old Joan Lexington, Ky. 2.042 1904 | To high-wheel sulky Major Delmar Memphis, Tenn. 2.07 1911 | To wagon Uhlan Cleveland, Ohio 2.00 Uhlan 1912 | Double team Lewis Forrest | Lexington, Ky. 2.034 * Paced by runner to sulky carrying wind or dust shield. PACING RECORDS Date Event | Name of horse Place Record 1903 | Half mile Dan Patch Memphis, Tenn. .56* 1905 | One mile Dan Patch Memphis, Tenn. 1.5514* 1910 | One mile in race Minor Heir Indianapolis, Ind. 1.59 1903 | Two miles Dan Patch Macon, Ga. 4.17 1874 | Five miles Lady St. Clair San Francisco, Cal. 12.542 1905 | Fastest stallion Dan Patch Memphis, Tenn. 1.551* 1903 | Fastest gelding Prince Alert New York, N. Y. 1.593* 1903 | Fastest mare Dariel Memphis, Tenn. 2.00% 1911 | Fastest yearling Frank Perry Lexington, Ky. ° 2.15 1894 | Fastest two-year-old Directly Galesburg, Ill. 2.072 1911 | Fastest three-year-old | Miss DeForrest Lexington, Ky. 2.054 1912 | Fastest four-year-old Braden Direct Lexington, Ky. 2.03% 1903 | To high-wheel sulky Dan Patch Macon, Ga. 2.043* 1903 | To wagon Dan Patch Memphis, Tenn. 1.57% Minor Heir 1912 | Double team George Gano Columbus, Ohio 2.02 * Paced by runner to sulky carrying wind or dust shield. 132 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Famous drivers of racing horses.—The driver is a very important factor in light harness racing events. To be successful he must possess a keen knowledge of the tem- perament and capacity of the horse. Among the more famous drivers in America may be mentioned John Splan, Charles Marvin, Budd Doble, E. F. Geers, T. W. Murphy, | : Alonzo and Alta McDonald) and moaniby Ounces, — Ili 1912 the following sums were won in races by the driv- ers mentioned: T. W. Murphy, $58,- OSs Ws 1B. Coss WElwotos. IB, 1B. Geers, 535.60 sae McDonald, $32,- OATS: Rodnevs $22:2505 Vee Snow, $24,851, and Wire Ge = Diuciee $22,730. Organizations and records.—In 1870 the National Trotting Association was organized, with present head- quarters at Hartford, Connecticut, and in 1887 the American Trotters’ Association was organized, with head- quarters at Chicago, Illimois: Phe American Protting Register, published by J. H. Wallace, appeared in 1868. Wallace also established the Year Book, now in its twenty-eighth volume, in which the performance is recorded. In 1891, Wallace sold the Register, Year Book and Monthly Magazine to the American Trotting Regis- ter Association, who now publish the Register and Year Book. The Orloff Trotter—As the name implies, this is a breed of trotting horses, and is of Russian origin, having Fic. 77.—STANDARDBRED STALLION ‘‘CRESCEUS,” 2.02 14 THE STANDARDBRED HORSE 338 no connection with the American Standardbred, but is discussed in this connection because it is comparatively unknown in America and does not seem worthy an entire chapter. The origin of the breed dates back to 1777 when, it is stated, Count Alexis Orloff begun the work of develop- mena uew breed of ieuse tO Stit i the meeds of Russia. PApowr. 1777 Or 1780 Orloff obtained an Arab stallion named Smetanka from the Onient.. Whis’ horse was said to be silver white in color, very muscular, and to be about 15 hands high. He was used in the stud but a short time when he died, but he sired four stallions and one mare, mostly by Thoroughbred Gams. © these, the most noted was Polkan Ist, who sired Ge Se : F seven stallions and pe gee eer ee. ae eae Bieeiiares. Barss Or Bars Ist was the most noted son of Polkan Ist. Bars Ist was foaled in 1784, and became a very important factor in founding the Orloff Trotter. He died in 1808. Count Orloff established a large stud, using his stallions on Thoroughbred mares from England. It is stated that he sold no stallions and that he developed two distinct groups, practicing in-breeding on one, but keeping the other group free from in-breeding, by using English pas Gaile se E34 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES stock. In 1845, when the stud was sold to the Russian government there were 21 stallions and 194 mares of the Orloff group, and nine stallions and 112 mares of the Orloff-Hackney group. The Russians continued to de- velop the breed, but it is practically unknown outside of Russia. | Description of the Orloff Trotter.—In conformation the Orloff Trotter is heavier set than the American Standard- bred, weighing 1,100 to 1,300 pounds, and standing from 15.3 to 16.2 hands high. While these horses are credited with great power and speed, they are not nearly the equal of the American trotter, as the best record known is that made by Wzamakb, 2.2734, imported by Jacob Heyl. In recent years the breed has been much improved by im- porting American trotters and crossing with the Orloff. It is stated that the half-bred offspring has shown greater speed as a rule than the sire. (CIBUME IU Ox! THE HACKNEY COACH HORSE Among stylish horses, the Hackney coach horse holds first place. The symmetrical form, as well as the very high and free action, are distinguishing features of the breed. The native home of the Hackney horse.—This breed of horses was developed in eastern and northeastern Eng- land, particularly in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and York. For many centuries the people of this region have encouraged the production of light active horses suited to saddle work, and succeeded in developing a strong, small trotter. The origin of the Hackney horse.—In the eleventh cen- tury, when the Normans invaded Great Britain, they brought from France the term Haquenee or Hacquenee, which is derived from the Latin Equus, horse, and cor- responds to the Danish word nag. The common people applied the word nag to any and every small horse, while the pacing and trotting horse of sufficient quality and substance to be owned by a Norman was spoken of as a Hackney. As early as 1303 this term is said to have come into common use. There can be no doubt that the native horses of eastern England were much influenced by importations from the Continent, particularly by the Romans, Scandinavians and Norwegians. This mixture gave to the early British horse stock both speed and endurance. ‘There seems to have been much interest taken in breeding trotting horses in Norfolk, as early as 1470, for in that year one of the family of Berney placed on one of his horses an estimated equivalent of $350. The fact that so much money was asked of a neighbor suggests that there was much interest 135 136 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES taken in the horse, for eight years before, in 1462, Lord Howard, another Norfolk trotter owner, paid an equiv- alent of $28 for a gray nag to send to the French king. To encourage improvement in the native horse royal decrees were enacted, the first one dated as early as 1495, during the reign of Henry VII. These laws were in- tended to promote the breeding of horses fit for the army. Soon other laws were passed to pro- M2 OQwS In OwsSe DPE SG tines dae most notable be- ing in 1540 dur- INS thea reienion laleiaieyy | WILKE, Mois acrwas noteworthy, as it provided that all who were able should maintain Fic. 79.—HACKNEY STALLION “ENFIELD NIPPER”? Oils (One Wil @ if & horses. A few years later followed the first English book on the horse. The book was designated “The Foure Chiefest Offices Belonging to Horsemanship,” and was written by Ralph Blunderville, and appeared in 1558. Development of the Hackney coach horse.—While much improvement had been accomplished in the road horses of Norfolk and Suffolk, the real development of the Hackney coach horse did not begin until the eighteenth century. During the early part of the century, mention is made of the use of stallions imported from Arabia, Barbary and Turkey and crossing them on the native mares of Nor- folk. The Thoroughbred was also used in crossing which, in connection with the Oriental crosses, increased the speed and improved the quality, thus providing ex- THE HACKNEY COACH HORSE 137 cellent foundation material for the development of the modern Hackney coach horse. Shales and descendants.—No single horse played so important a part in the development of the Hackney as Shales (699), variously referred to as the Original Shales, Shields and Schales. He was born in 1755, sired by Blaze (see chart, p. 120), and out of a Hackney mare. Shales sired Scot Shales (692), born in 1762 and Driver (187), born in 1765; the former said to have been famous as a breeder getting good stock out of common mares, though himself a poor racer, while the latter proved a great breeder, siring Jenkinson’s Fireaway (201), born in 1780, who in turn sired West’s Fireaway (203), born in 1800 and Wroot’s Pretender (596), born in 1788. Fire- away (203) sired Burger’s Fireaway (208), born in 1815, while Pretender (596) sired Stevens’ Bellfounder (52), born in 1797. Fireaway (208) sired Ramsdell’s Wildfire (864), born in 1827, and The Norfolk Cob (475), born in 1819, while Bellfounder (52) sired Jary’s Bellfounder (55), born in 1816. Wildfire (864) sired Ramsdale’s Phenomenon (573), born in 1835, while The Norfolk Cob (475) sired The Norfolk Phenomenon (522), born in 1824. Phenomenon (573) sired Performer (550), who in mocne sired: Iscalsy oi Charles (768), born in 1643, 9 Sir Charles (768) sired Bourda’s Denmark (177), born in 1862, and Denmark (177) sired Danegelt (174), born in 1879. During recent years Denmark and Danegelt have been the most potent of the descendants of Shales. Other noted stallions are Lord Derby 2d, Bourda’s Denmark, Triffitt’s Fireaway, D’Oyley’s Confidence, Duke of Con- naught, Pasador and Sir Horace. During the early development of the Hackney some of these Norfolk trotters showed remarkable speed (p. 115), especially when the distance traveled is considered, which, as has been stated, was of material benefit in the development of the Standardbred horse. Such records as made by Driver, said to have trotted 17 miles in one 138 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES hour, carrying about 200 pounds, are of common report. The Hackney coach horse in America.—While the first importation dates back to 1822, when James Ford of Boston introduced Bellfounder (55).(see chart, p. 120), FIG. 80.—HACKNEY STALLION “SIR HUMPHREY’’ commonly known as Imported Bellfounder, no others of note occurred until 1881, when M. H. Cochrane of Hill- hurst, Canada, imported a fine stallion named Fordham, a son of Denmark (177). A. J. Cassatt of Philadelphia established the first Hackney stud founded in the United States. He imported the noted stallion Little Wonder and the mares Patience and Buttercup in 1883, though THE HACKNEY COACH HORSE 139 before this he had brought over the mare Stella by Con- fidence. Following this came the era of the horse show when extensive importations were made, chiefly into the New England states and Canada, with scattering ones to Ohio, Wisconsin and other Central states. The largest of these importations was made in 1890 by Seward Webb of Vermont, who imported 31 animals, four of which were stallions. Then came a lull in the horse-importing busi- | ness, but the first decade of the twentieth century wit- nessed a revival of the indus- try, and the following are the best known of the more recent importers: F. C. Stev- ens, Attica, New York; Ebon D. Jordan, Boston, Massa- chusetts; Robert Beith, Bow- manville: Ontario, (Canada; os lober, Greeley, lowa; J. H. Truman & Sons, Bush- : nell, Tlinois ; Fred Pabst, Fic. 81—Hackney STALLION “LORD ° MARLBOROUGH Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; Calkins and Angsbury, Byron, Michigan, and Seward Webb of Vermont. : Famous Hackney coach stallions—While there have been many notable Hackney stallions in the United States perhaps the most famous of the present time are Fan- dango and Langton Performer, owned by F. C. Stevens; Shawhill Duke, owned by P. E. Hoge; Bagthorpe Sultan, owned by Henry Fairflax; Tiger Lillie, owned by R. C. Vanderbilt; Meanwood Majesty, owned by Fred Pabst; Aquinus, owned by D. J. Driscoll, and Land o’ Burns, owned by C. H. Mackay. Some of the noteworthy prices paid during recent years are: Forest King, $13,000, by W. H. Moor; Matchless of Loudesboro, $15,000, by W. S. Webb; Hildred, I40 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES $10,000, by E. T. Bedford; $20,000 for the four-in-hand Plashheht, “Electric: Mieht Word) Burleigh andi ord Brooke; $10,000 by W.H. Moor for the bantam stallion Berkley Bantam; and $20,000 by Mrs. E. C. Brown for the bantam four-in-hand Master, Masterpiece, Masterkey and Masterman. Description of the Hackney coach horse.—There is much variation in type, although that most sought repre- sents a powerfully built horse with round ribs, muscular loin, plump quarters and short legs. Perhaps the Hack- ney is more blocky 1n form than any of the other coach FIG. 82.—HACKNEY BROOD MARES breeds, giving him an extremely smooth appearance with gracefully curved outlines. The head is of medium size, rather full, but with clean- cut features, and well carried; the eyes are large and clear and the ears medium size and specially alert. The neck is often rather full and of medium length. The shoulders are long, sloping and well muscled, favoring lifting power, which gives high knee action. The body is deep, the ribs round, and the back short and well muscled. The quarters are full and deep, with thighs well set and strongly muscled, thus favoring high hock action. There is much variation in height. In 1885 the Hack- ney Stud Book Society of England, at the request of the THE HACKNEY COACH HORSE I4I Royal Agricultural Society, increased the standard height - for the breed to 15.2 hands. Hackneys are often classified according to height: Hackney ponies, under 14 hands; Hackney cobs, 14 to 15.2 hands; and Hackney coach horses, above 15.2 hands. The weight is also variable, but 1,000 pounds is a good weight for a mare and 1,200 pounds for a stallion. At present chestnut is the favored color, though all colors are found. White markings are also very common. Much emphasis is placed upon soundness, and for the past few years the English Hackney Horse Society has FIG. 83.—HACKNEY STOCK FARM subjected the entries to its shows to veterinary examina- tion. This has favored keeping the breed free from un- soundness; and the percentage rejected is very small, perhaps about 5% on the average. The action.—Formerly the Hackney was valued for its long and strong action at the trot, but at the present time its chief merit resides in the high and often rather flashy action of the knees and hocks. It is said that Confidence (158) was noted for the transmission of this particular quality to his offspring. In the walk or trot the feet are lifted with snap and spring, and at the trot the front feet go forward after being uplifted, as if they were following 142 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES the rim of a wheel, while the hind feet are carried high as the hock is lifted sharply toward the body with much grace, strength and action. It is stylish, attractive action, not speed, that is important at the present time. Uses of the Hackney coach horse.—The high knee and hock action and the attractive appearance, either stand- ing or in motion, renders the Hackney very serviceable for stylish, heavy-harness, city driving. The breed has been improved with this special object in view, and it merits superior claims, excelling all other coach breeds impenis particular neldvor acrvityea ws bie) desree to whic the breed may be useful in producing a more general utility animal is not so clearly evident, though the Hack- ney is often used in crossing with common mares with a view of producing an all-around horse. Distribution of the Hackney.—This breed is more widely distributed than any other coach breed. From England it has gone into France, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Belgium, Spain and Italy in Europe; east into Japan; south into Africa and Australia; and westward into the Argentine Republic in South America, as well as into Canada and the United States in North America. It is pressing its way into every country where heavy-har- ness horses are in demand. In the United States, the Hackney is found in largest numbers in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Illinois, but numbers of the breed are becoming broadly scattered through the states in general. Organizations and records.—The English Hackney Horse Society was organized in 1883 and published the first volume of its stud book in 1884. The American Hackney Horse Society was organized in 1891, and the first volume of the stud book was published in 1893. Since then five volumes have appeared, registering 1,550 stallions and 2,000 mares. CEPA er THE FRENCH COACH HORSE The name “French Coach” is of American origin, there being no breed of that name in France. The term “Demi Sang,’ meaning half-blood, is the name employed to designate the coach horse in France, and was originally applied to the offspring of English sire crossed to Norman mares. The native home of the French Coach horse.—This breed of horses was developed in France, particularly in the counties of Calvados, Orne and La Manche, which, in connection with Eure et Loir and Sarthe, compose that section of France known as Normandy, a region famous for its horses. Because of the proximity to England this region was influenced by the race course, and much attention was- given to the improvement of the horse stock, with the result that the ight horses soon became noted for speed and endurance. The origin of the French Coach horse.—Following the leadwor Eneland the French very early begun racing horses: In 1323, during the reien of Charles le Bel, it is stated that racing was rather common. In the latter part of the seventeenth century, during the reign of Louis XIV, systematic attempts to improve the racing horse Wecemperun by the Freneh’ government. Colbert, a representative of Louis XIV, established the “Admin- istration des Haras” (administration of the Studs). This experiment proved successful, and did much to promote horse breeding in France. The work went rapidly for- ward and in 1714 a stud was founded at Le Pin, and in 1755 another stud, with 12 sub-studs, were established at Pompadour, both being under government control. These studs were destroyed during the revolution, but were 143 144 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES restored by Napoleon in 1806, and have ever since re- mained important breeding studs, where French horses have been greatly improved. In the general improvement many sources were drawn on. English Thoroughbreds have been liberally imported FIG. 84.—FRENCH COACH STALLION “PALADIN” since the early days of the breed, and Norfolk trotters or Hackneys have been freely imported and liberally used. It is stated that in the inception of the breed 20 to 30 Hackneys were imported annually. Many importations from Arabia and other Oriental countries have been made, particularly at the beginning of government control, and THE FRENCH COACH HORSE 145 even stallions of American breeding have been used. Good examples of the varied sources from which the French Coach sprang are exhibited in the stallions Niger, Tigris, Aemulus, Conquerant and Young Rattler, all of which were famous in the studs of France. Niger, born in 1869, was sired by Norfolk Phenomenon, and out of Miss Bell, a half-blood American mare; Tigris traces in direct male line to the English Thoroughbred, The Heir of Linne, imported to the stud at Tarbes, in 1850; Aemulus, born in 1871, was sired by Mambrino Paymas- ter, and out of Black Bess, a Morgan mare, thus combin- ing the Mambrino and Morgan families of American trotters; Conquerant traces through both sire and dam to English stock; and Young Rattler, born in England, served the stud in Normandy from 1820 to 1834. After the breed became established fewer animals were im- ported and in recent years it is claimed that the breeding has been confined to French animals entirely. The restriction was promoted by the establishment of a stud book. This was designated “The French Stud Book: A Register of Demi-Sang Horses,” and was established by royal decree in 1833, for the preservation of pedigrees; the first volume of which appeared in 1891, containing 3,219 stallions and 1,445 mares, registered between 1840 and 1890. French methods for improving the horse.—Since the establishment of the “Administration des Haras” during the reign of Louis XIV, the French government has made systematic efforts to promote the horse-breeding industry and to improve the horses of France, As early as 1690 the government owned 1,600 stallions, classed as either “royal” or “approved.” Notwithstanding the political disturbance and war the number of government horses increased, and in 1789 there were over 3,000 approved and government stallions in France, which served about 115,000 mares. The government continued to purchase stallions for its studs, and from 1815 to 1830 imported | 146 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES 222 from Arabia and other foreign countries, and in ad- dition purchased 853 from the northern counties of France and selected 826 from the government studs, making a total of 1,902 stallions. It was at the close of this period that the French Jockey Club was organized and the stud book adopted by royal decree, which did much to further the industry. In 1870, the management of the government studs was given to the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. The general control of all government studs was placed in charge of a director, who is assisted by sub-directors, inspectors, superintendents and veterinarians. Another significant fact in this control is that to hold one of the offices one must be a graduate of the horse department at Le Pin. Perhaps this contributes to the general uni- formity of the horses throughout France more than any other single factor, and is in striking contrast to Amer- ican methods as brought about by the various states’ stallion laws, where instead of a few inspectors with a common type, there are many inspectors with equally Asian ye tyes) (Ds 430) Classes of public stallions in France.—There are three classes of public stallions standing in France: [Frirst, stallions owned in the government studs. In Ig910 the number owned was 3,445, of which 2,214 were French Coach, 664 draft and 567 Thoroughbreds. Second, stallions owned privately, but approved or subsidized by the government. When thus approved the owners of such stallions are allowed from 300 to 5,000 francs ($60 to $1,000) bonus, annually, from the Minister of Agricul- ture. In 1910, there were 1,709 approved and subsidized stallions of all types in France. ‘Third, stallions that are authorized, having been passed upon by the officials and found worthy of public service. In 1910, there were I91 authorized stallions of all types in France. All other stallions are prevented by a law passed in 1885 from standing for public service, THE FRENCH COACH HORSE 147 French Coach horse in America.—lIt is only recently that the French Coach horse has attracted attention in America. The late M. W. Dunham of Wayne, Illinois, and Powell Brothers of Springboro, Pennsylvania, were the first important breeders and importers in this country for years. In the early eighties extensive importations were made, largely to the eastern states, though many found their way westward to Ohio and Illinois. In the macdale west, the = meme tn) Coach ltorse has been liberally patron- ized and when the foundation mares were of suitable mymery and | pos- sessed a fair de- aneesOl action, 2 high-class car- riage horse has been the product. At the present time more French fy. 95.—FRrewcr Coact STALLION “CHAUDERNAGOR” Coach horses are being imported than any other of the coach breeds, with the possible exception of the Hackney. The following are among the leading breeders or importers: Dunham Brothers, Wayne, Illinois; Taylor and Jones, Williams- ville, Illinois; Robert Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois ; McLaughlin Brothers, Columbus, Ohio; and Singmaster & Brother, Keota, Iowa. Notable animals.—The following stallions are among the famous ones, each having 25 or more recorded produce in Volume I of the French Coach Stud Book of America: Perfection (993), by Bamjuls, and out of Charlotte, with 163 recorded produce; Paladin (1968), by Perfection, and out of Modestine, with 64 recorded produce; 148 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Pepine; (e413) by ehertection, «and out olmlempese with 27 recorded produce; Vengeur (2525), by Ja-. gellon, and out of Bettina, with 29 recorded produce; and Regent, by Leverant, and out of Norma, with 26 recorded produce. The following mares are among the more famous, and each have ten or more recorded produce in Volume I: Hirondelle (166), by Niger, and Paquerette (169), by Omega, each with 14 recorded produce; Gazelle (409), by Oriental, Godabal (626), by Seneschal, and Verta (io), by “amar, each wither recorded produce; and Eclatante (1006), by Courtesan, Genevieve II (361), by Stade, Goelette (165), by Rivoli, and Ordonnance (847), by Oronet, each with 10 recorded produce. Description of the French Coach horse.—This breed presents much variation in general conformation, and will be described as consisting of two types, the coach type proper, which is the most common in America, and the trotting type, very popular in France. The Coach type.—This is the larger and smoother sort, the stallions averaging 16 hands high and the mares 15.2 hands. The most acceptable weight for the stallion is about 1,350, with mares at I,200 pounds. This type is rather upstanding, carrying the head and tail high. The animals are smooth and symmetrical, with very graceful movements, having fairly high and bold knee and hock action. The head is intelligent and of medium size; the neck is graceful and of good length; the shoulders are long and sloping; the body is well rounded and snugly ribbed with well-muscled loin, giving a short, strong back; the croup is full and of medium length; and the quarters long and powerfully muscled. The knees and hocks are strong and clean; the cannons short, with tendons well detached, with pasterns moderately sloping and feet dense and elastic. In general appearance, there is an airiness and gracefulness about the French Coach that is difficult to find in any other coacher, with the THE FRENCH COACH HORSE 149 possible exception of the Hackney. The common colors are bay, black, brown and chestnut. The trotting type—This is the smaller and perhaps more rangy sort; for, as might be expected, it is somewhat like the Norfolk trotter in general appearance, as the parentage is somewhat similar and the racing is con- ducted much as in Norfolk, largely under the saddle and carrying not less than 120 pounds. In this type stamina and substance as well as speed are re- quineds since the facesmare for long distances over turf, which demands strong, bold going and powerful action. Speed records and race tracks. — For many years racing under the saddle has pie, g6—Frencu Coach STALLION “FADIAVOLO” been very popular among the French Coach breeders of France. In 1873 Niger trotted 214 miles in 6.55 ; in 1875 Zethus trotted 1214 miles in 37.21, while Caen trotted the same distance in 37.19; and in 1877 the mare Zacinthe trotted 1834 miles on an ordinary road in 59 minutes. Up to 1877 the fastest record was by Pactole, who trotted 214 miles in 6.38. In 1891, there were 1,399 contestants in races, 312 of which trotted races from 2 to 334 miles in less than three minutes per mile, invunder 2:50, t12 under 2.45 and 62 under 240, /@f the 312, there were Io1 three-year-olds. The average dis- tance was 24g miles; the average time per mile, 2.50; the fastest time for the three-year-olds, distance 2% miles, 6.33; and the fastest time for the five to seven- year-olds, distance 3% miles, was eight minutes. T50 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES The French track is from two to three miles long, and is of turf. These sod tracks promote high knee action and long strides, as well as strong, well-flexed hock action, and in addition increase the stamina and endur- ance. Uses of the French Coach horse—In America, this breed is prominent for heavy-harness driving, while in France it is also used for saddle purposes, for racing and foretie cavalnye inthis: counthy the Prench)| Coach stallions are often crossed on common mares for the production of a grade coach horse for general city pur- poses. When the mares were of the proper conformation and possessed sufficient quality success has usually fol- lowed such efforts. These grades possess much style and action, and in addition are of sufficient weight to command a high price on the market. Distribution of the French Coach horse.—This breed is perhaps as widespread as the Hackney, but has not been bred systematically on a large scale except in France. Large numbers have been imported to America and are scattered throughout the North Atlantic and Central states, where they are in demand for general utility. Organizations and records.—As previously stated, the French Coach Stud Book was established and the French Jockey Club organized in 1833 by a royal decree. This organized effort has been responsible for much of the development of the breed in France. In America the French Coach is represented by two societies, the French Coach Horse Society of America, organized in 1888, and with headquarters at Oak Park, Illinois, and the French Coach Horse Registry Company, organized in 1904, with headquarters at Columbus, Ohio. Each society has es- tablished a stud book and published at least one volume. (CisVAIP ADB Iee XOUEI THE GERMAN COACH HORSE In America we are accustomed to considering all horses imported from Germany as German Coach horses; whereas, Germany has several distinct breeds of horses varying greatly in size and conformation. This has led to much confusion as to the correct form of a German Coach horse. The native home of the German Coach horse.—This breed was developed in northwestern Germany, particu- larly in the fertile lowlands drained by the Elbe, Weser and Ems rivers, a district in which the conditions are very favorable to the development of the horse. It was in this section that the great draft horse of Europe was originally found. The states that contributed to the development of the German Coach horse are Hanover, Oldenburg, Schleswig-Holstein and East Friesland. The origin of the German Coach horse.—The German Empire is composed of numerous states and principalities. Owing to the number of separate governments involved prior to the consolidation of the Empire, there was no single fixed policy followed, for which reason there are many marked differences between the various strains of horses found in Germany. The multiplicity of states likewise renders it difficult to reach very accurate con- clusions regarding the early history of most of the strains, but there is no doubt that in point of antiquity these horses rank with any of the other coach breeds. The German Coach horse owes its origin to horses im- ported from the Orient, and other countries, which were crossed on the native mares of Germany. As early as 1552 Count Johanna imported horses from Turkey and southern Europe to Oldenburg, and took an active in- 151 152 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES terest in horse breeding. This eastern blood has been fused with the horses of Oldenburg for over three and one-half centuries. It is stated that a half century pre- vious to this, annual fairs were held in Friesland, near the border of Holland, which attracted much attention by their horse shows and, no doubt, resulted in many importations, as these events were attended by horse FIG. 87.—GERMAN COACH STALLION “NERO” merchants from Holland, Belgium and Germany. Or , chestnut is found. Fic. 101.—FRENCH DRAFT STALLION Pe and My draft horse. — This breed is a native of northern France and Belgium. It is bred in both countries, and is variously classified. Some persons claim it to be Flemish, and hence a Belgian breed, while M. La Motte Rouge of the government studs of France, claims it to be a variety of Boulonnais draft horse. The Picardy draft horse compares favorably with the Belgian draft horse in size and general conformation, being blocky and compact. The color is usually bay, although others are often found. Organizations and records.—In France each of the types and breeds mentioned above, with the possible ex- ception of Picardy, has its own society, which publishes a stud book. In America, however, all French draft horses THE FRENCH DRAFT HORSE 187 are recorded by the National French Draft Horse Asso- ciation in the National French Draft Horse Stud Book. This association was formed in 1876 as the National Norman Horse Association, but the name was changed in 1885, as there was no such breed of horses in France as Normans, notwithstanding the current use of the term in America. This association has published nine volumes of the stud book. Criticisms of the French draft horse.—Because of the several types involved this breed is exceedingly variable in conformation, weight and height. The Boulonnais horse resembles the Percheron, while the Ardennais horse is more like the Belgian. The former is often criticized for its light bone and weak joints, particularly the hocks, while the latter also lacks quality in the lower legs and feet, which 1s often aggravated by straight pasterns and low flat heels, which frequently predispose the parts to disease. The tendons are not well detached and the bones of the legs appear round. Further, the hocks do not show as great depth and strength as desirable. CLP Ei ay THE CLYDESDALE DRAFT HORSE Because of the influence of the English-speaking people the Clydesdale draft horse is the most widely distributed of the breeds of draft horses. Notwithstanding this, in America, the breed has not met with the popularity of the Percheron and possibly of the Belgian. The native home of the Clydesdale draft horse.—This breed was developed in southern Scotland, particularly in the county of Lanark, which has long been famous for a breed of powerful draft horses. ‘The character of the soil and the habits of the people were important factors in the development of size and strength among the native horses. The breed takes its name from the river Clyde which flows through southern Scotland. The origin of the Clydesdale draft horse.—There is no authentic data regarding the early origin of this breed. It is stated that there was more or less interchange of draft horse blood between Scotland and England. After the union of the crowns of England and Scotland in 1603 important trade relations sprang up between the two countries, and Scotch cattle dealers driving herds into England returned with English mares, which were bred — to stallions in Scotland. Like most other breeds of horses, the Clydesdale is the result of the successful union of selected individuals from various other breeds, none of which possessed the good qualities in the same degree of efficiency as are now common among well-bred Clydes- dales. The credit for establishing the Clydesdale breed is now generally given to John Paterson, a tenant farmer of Lochlyoch, in Carmichael parish, in the county of Lanark. Between 1715 and 1720 he imported from England a black 188 THE CLYDESDALE DRAFT HORSE 189 Flemish stallion, which is said to have so greatly im- proved the breed in the Upper Ward as to have made it noted all over Scotland. This horse is often referred to as “Lochlyoch’s Black Horse,” while his get are spoken of as the most noted breed in the Upper Ward of Lanark- shire during the eighteenth century and described thus: Generally browns and blacks, with white faces and a little white on the legs; they had gray hairs in their tails, along with occasionally gray hairs on their bodies and usually a white spot on their belly, this latter being re- garded as a mark of distinct purity of blood. Early develop- ment. of the Clydesdale draft horse.—For more than half a cen- tury following the introduction of “IL @ € ln liv @ ela +s Black Horse,” lit- tle is recorded of the development of the Clydesdale. Poub the year ISO Scot Of Brownhill, Car- ge. 102.—Crypespae STALLION “SILVER CuP” stairs, imported a two-year-old colt from Ayrshire known as Blaze, because of a white mark in his face. This horse is described as standing 16.1 hands high, black in color and a noted prize winner. Nothing is known of his pedigree, but from his stylish shape and fine action—qualities, he is said to have transmitted—it is generally supposed that he possessed coach blood. In 1808, a man named Somerville of Lampits Farm, pur- chased a two-year-old filly, with which he founded a stud. This filly was mother of Glancer (335), also known as 190 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Thompson’s Black Horse, born about 1810. ‘This horse. proved a great sire and, it is stated, from him all the best and most noted horses of the present day are descended. Little is known of the breeding of this horse, but it is thought that he was related to Lochlyoch’s Black Horse. Glancer was black in color, save both hind legs, which were white. He had a strong, neat body set on short, ick wiless- athe a cleans Shap sbones: switch wawiene itmeed with nice Howing silken hair. He served for many years in the valley of the Clyde, between Glasgow and Lanark, and left a strong impression on the horse stock. The breeding of good Clydesdales was given consider- able impetus by the Highland Society, which very early began to hold open shows and offer premiums for horses. The prizes were divided so as to promote the breeding of both coach and draft horses. The breeders of Lanark- shire, particularly those of the Upper Ward, took much interest in these events and competition was very keen, which resulted in marked improvement of the horse stock. Bia mo ues Clydesdale sires. —Among the many notable stallions that have served a very important part in perfecting the Clydesdale Girne Inorse ~ Zire Beloro mt i epiad Champion (95) ; Clyde [alias Glancer (153); Fic. 103.—CLYDESDALE STALLION ‘‘CALIPH”’’ Prince of Wales (672) 5 Darnley, (222) and Barons Pride (@122,) {PEE em VDESDALE DRA TL. HORSE IQ! Bloomfield Champion (95).—Vhis horse was a great erandson of Glancer (335), and was born about 1831. He was described as being a rich dark brown with forelegs black, hind pasterns white, and a narrow white streak on the face. Bloomfield Champion proved a great sire, and is sometimes referred to as “Aberdeen Champion,” because he gained first prize at the Highland and Agri- cultural Society's Show at Aberdeen in 1834. He sired Glancer (153), Glancer (338), Bowman’s Colt (1078), and a number of noted brood mares, many of which were noted show animals. Clyde alias Glancer (153).—This horse was sired by Bloomfield Champion, and was born about 1835. Hewas described as dark brown in color, powerfully built, and having been ruptured, was known as “The Ruptured Horse.” He was a remarkable sire, as shown by the seven sons and one daughter registered in Volume I of the Scotch Clydesdale Stud Book. Many of these sons proved themselves sires of merit and great show animals. From 1844 to 1850 all of the important prizes Beeriie Scotch) horse shows went to the produce of Clyde. Prince of Wales (673).—This horse was sired by Gen- eral (322), by Sir Walter Scott (797), a great show horse and breeder, while his dam was Darling, by Logan’s Twin (741). He was described as being dark brown in color with a white stripe on his face and more or less white on three legs. He possessed a slightly Roman nose and perhaps somewhat straight hocks, although he had good action. Prince of Wales was not only a great show horse, but one of the greatest breeders of sires the Clydesdale breed has produced, being credited with more offspring in Volume I of the Scotch Clydesdale Stud Book than any other sire. When 18 years old he was sold for an equivalent of $4,725 at the Merryton sale. Darnley (222).—This horse was sired by Conqueror (199), and out of Keir Peggy (187), by Sampson (741). IQ2 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Keir Peggy, the dam of ten foals and with a great show- yard career, is regarded as one of the greatest brood mares of the breed. Darnley was born in 1872, and purchased as a three-year-old by David Riddell, the owner of Prince of Wales. Darnley was successful in the show ring and famous asasire. While Prince of Wales was a great sire of sires, Darnley was noted as a sire of dams, and both didimuch tomimprove the Clydesdale breed. Darnleycs most famous sons were MacGregor (1487), Flashwood (3604), and Top Gallant (1850). MacGregor’s sons did much to improve the Clydesdales of the United States and Canada. Baron’s Pride (9122).—This horse was sired by Sir Everard (5353), by Top Gallant (1850), and out of Forest Mollie (4740), by Pretender (599). He was born in ‘1890, and is described as brown in color with white stripe on face and white feet. Though criticized as being narrow in the chest and feminine in appearance, yet he is the most famous) sire: Onithe present mitaie. am@ anism 22 5c tie. corded in the Scotch Clydesdale Stud Book, is approx- imately twice as many as credited to any other sire. His noted son, Baron of Buchlyvie (11262), out of Younes Maybloom (12603), by Knight Errant (4483), stands second in the list of sires, with 110 get recorded to his credit. Baron of Buchlyvie was born in 1900 and sold as a three-year-old for an equivalent of $3,750, and in 1911 he was sold at Ayr, Scotland, for $47,500, the highest price ever paid for ja horse or (draft breeding: Benedict (10315), another son of Baron’s pride, was a noted show animal in Scotland, and was imported to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1900, where he stood at the head of the Brook- side Farm stud until 1904, when he was returned to Scot- land. The greatest breeders and owners of Clydesdale draft horses are A. and W. Montgomery of Netherhall and Bank, Kirkcudbright, Scotland. THE CLYDESDALE DRAFT HORSE 193 The Clydesdale draft horse in America.—The first im- portations were probably taken to Canada, because of the love of the Scotch settlers for their favorite breed. In 1842 Archibald Ward of Markham, Ontario,imported Grey Clyde (78) ; in 1842 R. Johnson of Scarborough, Ontario, imported Sovereign (181); in 1850 David Roundtree, Jr., of Weston, Ontario, imported Cumberland (1060); in 1851 John Wilson of Oshawa, Ontario, imported George Buchanan (182); and in 1854 William Cochrane of Claremont, Ontario, imported Bay Wallace (5). It was not un- filge the early seventies that Clydesdales be- gan to appear in me Winited Spates , when they were in- troduced from Canada and d1- rect from Scot- land. The largest importations Menem made 110 the eighties and early nineties, when many thousands of both sexes were brought to America and widely distributed. The more prominent of the early importers were: Powell Brothers, Springboro, Pennsylvania; Robert Holloway, Alexis, Illinois; N. P. Clarke, St. Cloud, Minnesota; and Brook- side Farm, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Famous American Clydesdale sires——While the list of sires that has contributed to the improvement of this breed in our country is very long, yet the following table contains a few of the more notable ones, the date of birth, date of importation, and the sire and dam: Fic. 104.—CLYDESDALE Mare “SNuNAS NUMICE”? 194. MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Date | Date of of Name birth | im- Sire Dam por- tation Donald Dinnie (273) 1869 | 1873 | Glancer (339) Jess, by Prince Albert (1257) Cedric (929) 1875 | 1881 | Prince of Wales (487)| Knockdon Maggie, by Ivanhoe(916) Glencoe (158) 1877 | 1881 | Prince of Wales (487)| Empress (Clvde mare) Lord Lyriedoch (4113) 1884 Lord Bantyne (2243) | Jess of Torrorie (4520) Mac Queen (3513) 1885 | 1886 | MacGregor (1487) Bet of Bellemack (5506) Lyndoch Chief (5642) 1889 | 1890 | Lord Lyriedoch (4113)] Jess of Bloomhill (6800) Young Mac Queen (8033)| 1894 Mac Queen (3513) Belle of we Lyons (3511 Laminated Steel (8700) 1896 Cedric 929 Princess of Craich- more III (5601) Benedict (9300) 1896 | 1899 | Baron’s Pride (9122) | Mary MacGregor (12864) Famous show animals.—In recent years the exhibits of Clydesdale draft horses at the various fairs and horse shows have attracted favorable comment, and the follow- ing table gives a few of the more noted prize-winning stallions and mares at the International Live Stock Ex- hibition, Chicago: Stallions Mares Flisk Prince, by Marmion Princess Fortune, by Criterion Mikado, by Marcellus Purple Heather, by Baron Hood King Norman, by Mucius Lady Lustrious, by Borgue Chief Baron Chapmanton, by Baron’s Pride Lady Effie, by McAra Gartley Pride, by Baron’s Pride Pearl of Fairfield, by Netherlia Dinwoodie Star, by Pacific Harviestown Baroness, by Baron’s Pride Lord Gleniffer, by Sir Ronald Lady Carruchan, by Gallant-Carruchan Description of the Clydesdale draft horse-—The best type of Clydesdale calls for all the characteristics of a model draft horse. Perhaps the general appearance is not so massive as the Percheron, though the weights are approximately equal, the stallions averaging 1,700 to 2,000 pounds and the mares 1,500 to 1,800 pounds. In height the stallions average about 10.2 hands and the RES CLYDESDALE, DRAKLT ORSE 195 mares one to two inches less, although occasionally animals of this breed are observed that will stand over 17 hands in height. ‘The preferred color and markings are bay or brown, with a white star or blaze on the fore- head or face, and with white legs up to the knees and hocks. Other colors are found, particularly blacks, grays and chestnuts. Gray is unpopular, however, and chest- nut indicates English Shire blood. The head is large with nose often slightly arched; the nostrils wide and open; the eyes bright, clear and full of vigor, yet mild; the forehead, full between the eyes, but tapering upward; and the ears of fair length and active, indicative of good disposition. The neck is of medium length and massive, slightly arched in the stallion, and also in the mare when she becomes old or in high condi- tion.. The shoulders are somewhat oblique, accompanied by high withers, thus providing conditions favorable to a free, easy and long stride. The back is straight and broad with the ribs well sprung. Formerly shortness in the rear ribs was a common defect in the Clydesdale, making him too light in the belly and leggy in appearance, although in recent years much atten- ~tion has been given to increasing the depth of the body by adding to the length of the rear ribs with a corre- sponding lessening of the criticism. The croup is muscu- lar with tail well set, and the quarters especially well de- veloped. he Soni ne are rounded and muscular. ‘The set of the knees and hocks is one of the strong points of the breed. The hock is free from coarseness, suggestive of disease, with the hollows well formed. The cannons are short and flat with plenty of substance and the sinews at the back of the legs are strong and well defined. The fet- locks are large and strong and the pasterns fairly sloping. The feet are large and occasionally too thin and flat at the heels. White feet, though common, are objection- able, being frequently, though not invariably, softer than the dark colors. They are now so prevalent among the 196 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES best horses that some authorities go so far as to say that a white foot and sock are essential in the pure Clydes- dale, although there seems to be well-supported objec- tion to both white feet and legs in southern climates where the white surface is liable to burn and blister in the sun so that the parts become swollen and painful, particularly when the horses have access to water in which they can wet the white places. FIG. 105.—CLYDESDALE STALLION “PRIDE OF DRUMLANDRIG” The backs of the cannons support a growth of long hair known as the “feather.” In horses of best quality the hair springs from the edge of the cannon and is fine, silky and long. The statement is often made that a proper feather protects the coronet and back part of the pastern from filth and mud, and, consequently, is a pre- ventive of scratches. At any rate, the feather when fine indicates that the other tissues, such as the bone, THE CLYDESDALE DRAFT HORSE 197 skin and hair, are also of fine texture. On the other hand, when the feather is wiry and coarse, and curly, it denotes a leg that is predisposed to grease heel and scratches. The Scottish breeders have given much consideration to the action, and as a result the Clydesdale draft horse is particularly noted for his free and snappy knee and hock action. It is stated that he surpasses all other breeds of draft horses in length of stride, and straight- ness and sprightliness of movement, and in the ability to keep the hock together with mechanical accuracy of motion, whether walking or trotting. Criticisms of the Clydesdale.-—Horsemen often criticize this and other “feathered” breeds because of the hairylegs which are often difficult to keep clean, dry and free from disease, particularly when the horses are obliged to work on dirt roads or under conditions in which dampness and mud are prevalent in the cooler months of the year. The tendency to straightness in the pastern is also often ob- jectionable as is also the shortness of the rear ribs, which gives the body a rangy appearance and adds length Tomeae lees. Uses of the Clydesdale draft horse.—This breed is es- Scitiallva adratt one, the tree, straieht, rapid gait and strong, heavy frame, giving it high rank among draft breeds.- In addition, Clydesdale stallions are useful in _ crossing on common mares, the resulting offspring being excellent for farm and city work. ‘The standing of Clydesdale grades is indicated by the $3,200 paid for four draft geldings a few years ago on the Chicago horse market. They are of good disposition and active, though often lacking weight, which emphasizes the absolute necessity of using only such stallions for crossing as have plenty of middle as well as quality and bone. Distribution of the Clydesdale draft horse.—The adaptability of this breed has led to a wide distribution, perhaps greater than that of any other draft breed. 198 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Besides the English-speaking countries of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the breed has been largely imported to the Argentine Republic, Cape Colony, Sweden, Russia and Germany. In America, the Clydesdale has been most prominent in Canada, where the good effects in grading up farm mares to produce drafters serviceable for farm and city work may be seen im ite wane ites: lin ties Umireds stares: taespiecd has found most favor in the north central states. Organizations and records.—In 1877 the American Clydesdale Horse Association was formed and a stud book established in which, at the present time, are re- corded approximately 20,000 animals. The Scottish Clydesdale Horse Society was organized in 1878 and a stud book established of which, in 1912, there are 33 volumes recording approximately 27,500 mares and 16,000 stallions. (CAVE DIR: DOW AE THE SHIRE DRAFT HORSE Although enjoying the same advantage as the Clydes- dale, so far as the influence of the English-speaking peo- ple is concerned, the Shire draft horse has not met with the same degree of public favor here in America as that accorded the Clydesdale. The native home of the Shire draft horse.—This breed was largely developed in the lowlands of east central England, particularly in the district between the Humber and the Cam rivers occupying the rich lands of Lincoln and Cambridgeshire and extending westward through the counties or shires of Huntingdon, Northampton, Leices- ter, Nottingham, Derby, Warwick and Stafford, on to the river Severn. ‘The climate, soil and habits of the people all contributed to the development of horses of size and substance. During its past history the Shire or its proto- type has been known in England as the Great Horse, War Horse, Cart Horse, Old English Black Horse, Giant Leicestershire, Strong Horse, and, lastly, Shire horse. The origin of the Shire draft horse-——FExact data as to the early origin is speculative, although the Shire is con- sidered to be a descendant of the old War Horse of Great Britain. It is stated of Cesar that when he invaded the British Islands he was impressed with the excellency of the horses that were attached to the war chariots of the Britons. In early times, heavy active horses, being in great demand for war purposes, led to the importation of heavy horses from Flanders and Normandy. It is recorded that large importations of heavy black horses were made from Flanders, Holland and Germany as early © as the eleventh century. Sir Walter Gilbey, referring to the paintings of Paul Potter, who died in 1654, states 199 200 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES that the strains of North German and Flanders blood were so strongly represented in our English horses of the best stamp that we need not inquire whether this horse was of German, Flemish or English origin, the character of all being practically the same. From this it would seem that the early Shire was of very mixed breeding. In the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547) special atten- tion was directed to the breeding of strong horses. Laws were enacted to promote imereased Size and strength, FIG. 106.—SHIRE STALLION “BLETCHLEY ROYAL DUKE” and mares and stallions were only allowed to breed under certain restrictions. At the time this was thought necessary because of the heavy armor used by man and horse. It is stated that man’s armor weighed approx- imately 100 pounds, the horse’s 80 pounds and the spear 20 pounds, totaling 200 pounds, approximately. Adding to this the weight of a man, the war horse was obliged to support nearly 400 pounds. THE SHIRE DRAFT HORSE 201 Robert Bakewell improved the Shire draft horse.— Bakewell, often termed the father of improved live stock husbandry, because of his methods of breeding, was born in 1726, at Dishley Hall, near Loughborough, in Leices- tershire, and died in 1795. He was one of the earliest important improvers of the Shire draft horse, though it was then known as the Leicestershire Cart Horse. Huis belief that the familiar maxim, “Like begets like,’ was not limited to a general similarity of the offspring and the parent, but extended to the minutest details of the or- ganization, led him to adopt for his guidance a definite standard of excellence representing the form and internal qualities that were best adapted to the highest develop- ment of the horse for a specific purpose. Thus, Marshall, who lived in Bakewell’s time, stated that he kept four points in view—the breed, the utility of form, the quality, and a propensity to fleshen, the three latter depending on the first. From Holland Bakewell imported large mares and used them in systematic crossing with English stallions. A well-trained eye enabled him to detect the slightest variations from the standard and a good judgment, which was not biased by non-essential conditions or fanciful theories, enabled him to mate his animals so as to add materially to the value of the breed. Descendants of his noted stallion, Bakewell’s Gee, through a grandson, Durn- ing’s Gee, of Stanley Gate, were well known in the vicinity of Liverpool for fully three-quarters of a century. The use of armor having become obsolete, on account of the invention of gunpowder, much attention was given to breeding horses for draft and farming purposes. With the improvement of the public roads and the use of coaches the draft horse came into special demand and improvement was stimulated by the liberal awarding of prizes at horse shows. Early types of the Shire draft horse—In the first 202 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES volume of the English Cart Horse Stud Book three types of Shires are mentioned. First. Horses having the upper lip garnished with a long) thick yimustache, considered “atone time ay dis; tinguishing characteristic of the Lincolnshire horse. The color of the mustache was always black, white or a mix- ture of the two, and invariably corresponded with the hue of the skin from which it sprang. Second. Horses having the lips, muzzle and eyelids destitute of hair. The skin in these places, being either pbaldy on) covered “wath exceeding fine down, is almost invariably flesh colored, and is some- times marked “wit lh small dark spots and Dioucaes, Nas. een IMSS tO une eras ~ lalla In@reses -aimcl Tp ey)iGle faced horses.” Third. Horses hav- ing a long tuft of hair growing from the front of each knee, and rarer examples also having a Fic. 107.—SHIRE STALLION similar growth from the hind part of the hock, just below its joint. This is very much different from the ordinary hair on the back of the cannons and appears independent of sexual influence. This type was more frequently observed in Wales than in England. ““NARDEN LAD’’ The early Shire of the various types were large, coarse and slow. ‘heim heads wene large, ears coarse, and tier lips thick; their shoulders were heavy, legs hairy and pasterns straight, and their feet were large, heels weak and the hoof of somewhat soft and spongy texture. ‘The THE SHIRE DRAFT HORSE 203 rear ribs lacked depth and were so placed as to give the body an appearance of undue length and lightness. Famous Shire sires—Among the many notable stallions that have aided materially in the perfecting of the Shire draft horse may be mentioned Packington Blind Horse, Honest Tom, Prince William, and others. Packington Blind Horse.—The village of Packington has the credit of possessing one of the oldest draft stallions of which we have record. This horse does not appear to have been recognized by any distinctive name, but is generally alluded to as the “Packington Blind Horse.” It is assumed that he was in the vigor of life some time between the years 1755 and 1770, also that his color was black with white markings. His chief descendants, of which we have record, were bred and “owned by Oldacre of Peatland Lodge, Leicestershire. Honest Tom (1105).—This horse was sired by Thumper (2123), and out of Beauty, a noted winner of many prizes in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk and second prize brood mare at the Roval Show at Wolverhampton in 1871. Honest Tom was a bay, born in 1865, and owned for mene yedrs. by ©. H. Miller of Singleton Park, Lan- -cashire, England. He won first prize each year from 1867 to 1872, at the Royal Agricultural Society shows of England, as well as at numerous others. Many of his descendants also proved noteworthy show animals. Prince William (3956).—This horse was sired by William the Conqueror (2343), a very famous show animal, and out of Lockington Beauty, by Champion (457). He was born in 1883, and for twenty years stood at the head of Lord Wantage’s stud, where he was very successful. In 1894, 52 of his offspring sold at an aver- age of $600. Prince William died in 1905, at the age of 22 years. Other famous sires.—While the list of notable Shire sires that have contributed to the improvement of this breed is very long, the following table contains a few of 204. MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES the more notable ones, the date of birth and the sire and Grama: Date Name of Sire Dam birth Honest Tom (1062) 1806 | John Bull (Fisher’s) Dam, by Robin Hood John Bull (1169) 1839 | John Bull (1160) Dam, by Honest Tom William the Conqueror | 1862 | Leicestershire Dam, by William the Con- (2343) (Domber'’s) queror (2340) Champion (440) 1867 | Champion (413) Depper, me Champion (413 Nonpariel (1652) 1868 | A I (1) Matchless eee ye Lad II 1872 | Lincolnshire Lad (1196) | Madam 1365) Bar None (2388) 1877 | Lincoln (1348) Dam, by Great Britain (973) Premier (2646) 1880 | What’s Wanted (2332) | Star, by Drayman (640) Harold 3703 1881 | Lincolnshire Lad II Dam, by Champion (419) (1365) Hitchen Conqueror 1883 | William the Conqueror | Flower, by Honest Prince (4458) (2343) (1058) : Bury Chief Victor 1889 | Prince Victor (5287) Bury Daisy, by Chatteris (11105) Le Bon (3023) Dunsmore Jameson 1898 | Moors Zealot (15731) Moors Bonny, by Regent (17972) II (6316) Lockinge Forest King 1899 | Lockinge Manners The Forest Queen, by (18867) (16780) Royal Albert (1885) The Shire draft horse in America—No doubt Shire horses very early found their way to America, although the first authentic account is that of Tamworth, intro- duced from England to London, Ontario, in 1836, by the British troops, and described as a heavy artillery horse. Another, named King Alfred, is mentioned as imported in 1847. The first importations to reach the United States were in 1853, when Strickland introduced a Shire stallion from England to Aurora, Illinois, where he was known as John Bull. A few years later another stallion by the same name was imported to Bristol, Kendall county, Illinois. A man named Slyke owned another called Sampson, which traveled along the Fox River, in northern Illinois, and became very popular as a sire. The descendants of these stallions attracted favorable comment, and sold at high prices for breeding purposes. In the first volume of the American Shire Horse Stud THE SHIRE DRAFT HORSE 205 Book, George E. Brown, a prominent Shire breeder at Aurora, states that as far back as he has been able to learn the earliest advertisement of Shires by any im- porter in western agricultural papers was in 1875. Up to this time little progress had been made, but during the eighties much improvement was obtained, although the progress of the Shire in America has not been as rapid Aswimimit be expected, considering; the merits of the breed. Among the more noted of the earlier importers were: Burgess Brothers of Wenona, and George E. Brown of Aurora, Illinois; W. M. Fields & Brother of Cedar Falls, lowa; Galbraith Brothers of Janesville, Wis- consin; Bell Brothers of Wooster, Ohio; and Powell Brothers of Springboro, Pennsylvania. Famous show animals.—At many of the leading agri- cultural and horse shows the exhibits of Shires have attracted favorable comment. ‘The following table gives a few of the more noted prize-winning stallions and mares at the International Live Stock Exhibition, Chicago: Stallions Mares Royal Grey, by Kingsway Coldham Surprise, by Normoor States- Southill Castle, by Castle-Bronwick Ciena Charm, by Artillery Dee Dutch, by Wellingborough Shelford Pride, by Childwick Majestic Farmers Grey, by Lake Lancer Prospect Fair Alice, by Nailston Coeur de Moulton Sergeant Wesreacls Sunshine, by Bury Blood Lockinge Hengist, by Lockinge Forester Wallington Sunbeam 3d, by Phenomenon Description of the Shire draft horse.—In general char- acteristics this breed is similar to the Clydesdale, being perhaps a little shorter in the legs and slightly larger. This is the largest English draft breed, stallions weigh- ing 1,800 to 2,000 pounds being of comparatively common occurrence. The height averages from 16.2 to 17 hands for stallions, with mares two inches less. The common colors are bay, brown or black, with white markings on the 206 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF . HORSES face and on the legs below the knees and hocks. Other colors are occasionally observed, though uncommon. The head is large with a tendency to a Roman face, and often lacking width between the eyes. The neck is short, well crested and muscular. The shoulders are likely to be too straight, making the action in front short and stilted, although this conformation is considered advan- taveousmon rath) dhe body onthe Sine is larsersamd deeper than that of the Clydesdale, with a stronger and more powerful appearing loin. ‘The quarters are full and heavily muscled. The legs above the knees and hocks are well muscled and powerful, while the joints are large FIG. 108.—SHIRE STALLION “‘LOCKINGE HINGIST” THE SHIRE DRAFT HORSE 207 and strong. The cannons are fairly full, the pasterns inclined to be straight and the feet large, with rather flat heels. The backs of the cannons support a long growth of hair, as in the Clydesdales, which should be long, fine and flowing, as this indicates quality. Criticisms of the Shire.—As in the Clydesdale, the baineless are much criticized, particularly in America. The rather straight shoulders and straight, short pas- terns result in lack of action. The feet are often too flat, with heels too low. Owing to the weight, criticism is often passed on the lack of quality and the sluggish tem- perament. Uses of the Shire draft horse.—This breed is useful for heavy draft and for crossing on native common mares, in which capacity it is an important factor in improving our horse stock for draft purposes. This is attested by the high prices obtained for Shire grades upon our horse maces: In 1904 a Shire gelding, weighing, 2,210 pounds, sold for $865, which, at that time, was the highest price reported. Distribution of the Shire draft horse.—This breed en- joys great popularity in England, where it is first among draft horses. From England it has spread into most other English-speaking countries and to Europe and South America; particularly to Germany and Argentine Inepulplics Ua America 11s most popular in the north central states, especially in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Organizations and records.—The English Cart Horse Society was organized in 1878 and a stud book estab- lished. In 1884 the name of the society was changed to the Shire Horse Society, which at present has a large and influential membership. Thirty odd volumes of the stud book have appeared, recording many thousands of animals. In 1885 the American Shire Association was organized and a stud book established, of which eight volumes have been published containing a total of 12,850 pedigrees. (ClEUIPIUIBIR, DIX THE BELGIAN DRAFT HORSE While but recently introduced to America, the Belgian draft horse is very popular, especially where massive drafters are demanded. At the present time, possibly, this breed ranks next to the Percheron and Standardbred in public favor (p. 434). The native home of the Belgian draft horse.—As the Mamie widicates: this, spreed wishiay mative) Ol, Delemuina Though a small country, Belgium has a reputation as the home of draft horses extending back through several cen- turies. - The soil and the climate, as well as the habits of the people, provide ideal conditions for the development of large horses. The Belgian people are passionately fond of horse breeding, although the farms are small and, consequently, the breeding of horses is carried on in small holdings and on a limited scale. The origin of the Belgian draft horse—As with many of the other breeds of horses, the real origin is obscure. It is stated that as early as the time of Cesar, and even be- fore, the Belgian people were great judges of horses and willing to pay high prices for superior animals. For many centuries the horses of Belgium have been in great demand andi tt isashaned mumat tne neate paienole mune Roman cavalry consisted of Belgian horses. Certain it is that up to about the sixteenth century horse breeding was a very important industry in Belgium, but with the invention and general use of gunpowder, it seems that the horse was largely relegated to agricultural pursuits. In the early history of the Belgian draft horse no par- ticular animals_appear to have been prominent, nor has any breeder of outstanding influence appeared. Unlike most of the other breeds of horses, the Belgian has been 208 THE BELGIAN DRAFT HORSE 209 almost entirely the product of its environment. Further, many, if not all, the draft breeds of Great Britain and France were greatly improved during their formative period by the use of the heavy Flemish horse, the early progenitor of the Belgian. While this country has long been famous for its ponderous horses, yet modern horse breeding, in its greatest activity, is comparatively FECS ME | Early types of Belgian horses.—In the early develop- ment of the breed, with each district trying to produce the highest type of draft horse, several types, more or less distinct, sprang into existence. Thus we find refer- FIG. 109.—BELGIAN STALLION ‘‘MELON?’’ ence to the Flanders horse, the Brabancon horse, the horse of Hageland, the horse of Hesbaye, the horse of Hainaut, the horse of Condroz and the horse of Ardennais. These types have very largely disappeared, although in western Flanders horses having the characteristics of the Frisonne-Flemish are sometimes found, but they are be- coming more and more rare. The Belgian methods for improving the horse.—In 1850 interest in horse breeding was greatly stimulated 210 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES by the establishment of a government breeding stud at Tervueren. Since that date the government has given special attention to the improvement of draft horses. The sum of about 400,000 francs ($75,000) is annually ex- pended in behalf of this work. Much of this money is awarded as prizes at horse shows, which are controlled by provincial regulations and which occur in about 50 different places. Foals, mares and stallions are each recognized, and an idea of the extent and influence may be gained by a brief review of the stallion regulations. At each show a first and second prize is awarded to both three-year-old and aged stallions, which includes all stallions four years old and over. In the three-year-old Class the frst prize 1S) 400) frances) amd tie) second: 200 francs, while in the aged class the first is 550 francs and the second 400 francs. Further, the examining committee may award a maintenance bounty of 700 francs to an aged stallion that has won a first prize at a previous annual show. A similar prize of 500 francs may be awarded to an aged stallion that has won second place for two years. The committee may nominate exceptional stallions that have won bounty prizes, to compete for a grand prize of 6,000 francs, payable annually by fifths, so long as the animals remain approved. At the end of the five years the owner of such a stallion, if remaining approved, may draw an annual bounty of from 600 to 800 francs. In order to retain the best stallions in Belgium the regu- lations provide that in case a stallion, which has received the 6,000 francs bounty, is sold to leave the country, the fifths already received by the owner must be returned to the state treasury. In addition to all this there are other extra prizes that may be awarded to stallions that win a first or a second prize as well as to stallions of sub- ordinate rank. Bounties for maintenance may also be awarded to the owners of the best mares in order to retain them in the country. THE BELGIAN DRAFT HORSE Zt The draft horse shows of Belgium are very notable events, because of the large amount of prize money awarded the horses exhibited. The annual June show at Brussels is by far the largest exhibit of one breed made in Europe. The number of entries often runs well up toward 1,000, with hundreds of stables represented from all parts of Belgium, although the provinces of Liege, Namur, Brabant and Hainaut contribute the more famous horses. In addition to the annual show at Brussels many agricultural associations also hold fairs in Belgium, at which local horses are exhibited. These serve to stimulate interest among the small owners. FIG. 110.—BELGIAN STALLION “LEOPARD” The Belgian draft horse in America.—The first au- thentic importation of horses from Belgium to America was in 1866 when A. G. Van Hoorebeke introduced them to Monmouth, Illinois. These horses were designated as Boulonnais at first, but a few years later were given the correct name of Belgians. ‘There were but few importa- 212 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES tions until the eighties, when they were brought over in large numbers. The following are among the more noted early importers: The Wabash Importing company of Wabash, Indiana; D. P. Stubbs & Sons of Fairfield, lowa; Nicholas Massion of Mintonk, Illinois. The following names are the more common among the recent importers: A. B. Holbert of Greeley, and Lefebure & Sons of Fair- fax, Iowa; J. Crouch & Son of Lafayette, Indiana; Mc- Laughlin Bros. of Columbus, Ohio; Dunhams of Wayne, Illinois; and H. A. Briggs of Wisconsin. . While many stallions have been brought over only a few mares have been imported. In the past this may have been due, in part at least, to the fact that there was not the demand for Belgians to encourage importing and breeding, as the trade was better satisfied with the Per- cherons and some of the English draft breeds, although at present this condition cannot be said to exist. Another factor that is serving to keep the Belgian mares at home is the high price asked for them in Belgium. Growing popularity of the Belgian.—In the past decade this breed has received very favorable comment among breeders and consumers of heavy draft horses. This is forcibly illustrated by the high prices obtained in the horse market for Belgian grades as well as by the many attractive exhibits shown at the various fairs and horse shows. This growing popularity is due to the size, strength and endurance as well as to the action possessed by Belgians of quality. The conformation and color are attractive, the legs clean and free from long hairs, which adds to the popularity. Famous show animals.—Since the World’s Fair at St. Louis in 1904, the Belgians, particularly the stallions, have made a strong public impression at the show ring. While the list of prize winners is very long, the following table contains a few of the more important stallions and mares that have won at the International Live Stock Ex- position, Chicago: THE BELGIAN DRAFT HORSE 213 Stallions Mares Mon Gros, by Champetre de Labian Betsy de Voorde, by Volcan de Cortie Medor-de-B-C, by Bacchus Lucie de Ostende by Bienfoit de Ron- quieres Bonaparte de Boulant, by Reve d’Or Catherina, by Nickle Chauteur, by Ideal du Fosteau Soupette, by Parfait de Mar Richelieu, by Apollon Diana du Kat, by Grand Duc du Fosteau Coco, by Coquet | Margarine, by Duc de Chenoy Cyclone, by Marquis de Klenyem Eliza, by Avenir de Bruges FIG. 111.—BELGIAN MARE “BELLA” Description of the Belgian draft horse——This breed is one of the most compact in form of any of the draft breeds in America, possessing a maximum of weight within a given space. The weight and height are variable, stallions from Flanders weighing about 2,000 pounds and averaging 16.2 to 17 hands high; stallions from Brabant weighing about 1,600 pounds and averaging 15.3 to 16.3 hands high; while stallions from Ardennais weigh only Aout 1.200 to 1,500 pounds and average 15 to 15.3 hands high. The common color is chestnut, although 214 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES bay, brown and roan are frequently found. Grays are not in favor and not often found. The Belgian is much praised for his superior temperament. This kind dis- position is due, in part at least, to the fact that the breed has been developed on small farms, so that the horses were in close relationship with the everyday life of the people. The head is of good size, face straight, nostrils large, but eyes rather small and not very prominent. ‘The ears are small, set wide apart and generally well carried. The neck is short, very thick and well crested. The shoulders are upright, strong and heavily muscled. The chest is deep and wide, giving a very large girth. The ribs are long, well sprung and closely coupled at the loin, giving a better body than is found in any other breed of draft horses. The back is short and very broad, but is often in- clined to sway more than is desired, The rump is short, very wide and muscular, but is inclined to be steep with the tail attached low, although well carried. In fact the head, neck and rump suggest the French breeds in general appearance. The’ quarters and thighs are heavily muscled. The hocks are rounded, lacking defini- tion, and the legs, though short and devoid of long hair, are rather thick, and the tendons and bones lack defini- tion. The pasterns are often rather short and straight, which, in connection with hoofs inclined to be straight, give a rather short and stilted action, although good action is claimed for the better specimens. Criticisms of the Belgian.—American breeders state that the conformation and quality of the legs are not all that could be expected. Often the bones of the legs lack suf- ficient substance to support the body weight and with- stand the severest of labor. It is also stated that the rather straight pasterns and feet often predispose the lower legs to disease, which is aggravated all the more by narrow and high heels. Frequently the hocks do not THE BELGIAN DRAFT HORSE 215 show as great depth and strength as is desirable. Among a few breeders the back is often criticized for a slight tendency to sag, giving a sway-back appearance. Uses of the Belgian draft horse.—The short, stocky legs and low-set, blocky body make this breed very useful for slow, heavy hauling over city streets, thus it ranks high for heavy draft over smooth roads. The Belgian draft horse is especially adapted for crossing on common mares, lacking in weight and substance for the pro- | auction or heavy y Gian horses, ) his cross is particularly successful when grade Clydesdale mares are used, as it gives an mereased depth of body with a corre- sponding shortening of the legs, and a general massiveness of form not easily secured by L= | thie; use, OF any other Fic, 112.—BELGIAN MARE ‘“‘GAMINE” breed of draft stal- lions. Such animals command a fancy price in the horse market. Distribution of the Belgian draft horse.—In recent years this breed has enjoyed a widespread distribution because of its desirability for the heaviest kind of work. Large numbers have been taken to Germany, France, Holland, Sweden, Austria and other European countries ; to Argentine Republic and other South American coun- tries as well as to both the United States and Canada. In the United States, the Belgian has been longest known, and the largest number are found in Iowa, Illinois, In- diana and Ohio, although in recent years it has been distributed wherever heavy draft horses are needed, 216 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Organizations and records.—In 1886 the National Draft Horse Society of Belgium (Le Cheval de Trait Belge) was founded and a stud book established. ‘This society is very aggressive, having a very large membership. It receives an annual grant of 30,000 francs ($5,000) from the government to promote horse breeding. Up to 1909 the stud book consisted of 17 volumes, recording 52,134 stallions and 66,633 mares. In 1887 the American Asso- Ciation) of Limporters and Breeders’ of Belsian ) Dratt Horses was organized and a stud book established. While this association has worked in complete harmony with the one in Belgium, it has not been nearly so effec- tive. In 1911 three volumes of the stud book had been published recording 4,700 stallions and 1,440 mares. CIBUAIE TEIN: 220.8 THE SUFFOLK DRAFT HORSE Of the six major breeds of draft horses in America, the Suffolk was the last to be introduced, and is, perhaps, the least known, although the breed as such is one of the oldest of the draft type. The native home of the Suffolk draft horse.— This breed was largely developed in the eastern part of Eng- land, especially in Suffolk county, which has long been FIG. 113.—SUFFOLK STALLION noted for the general excellence of its heavy horses. This county comprises about 1,500 square miles. The soil is fertile, providing nutritious pastures and suitable for the development of heavy horses. Another important factor is the habits of the people, who possess a natural love for the breeding of horses, a characteristic of all Britons, 217 218 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES The early origin of the Suffolk draft horse—While exact authentic data is wanting, it is believed that, in purity of blood this breed surpasses any other breed in Great Britain. As early as 1700 much attention was given to improving the native horses of Suffolk and Essex counties by better care and management. For almost a century there is no reliable data of the introduction of foreign blood. While it is sometimes stated that horses from Normandy played an important part in the forma- tion of the breed, no positive information exists on this point, and the evidence indicates that there was little or no admixture of outside blood until well toward the close of the eighteenth century. Crisp’s Horse of Ufford (404), the Suffolk foundation. —AIll pedigrees of the breed that are recorded in the stud book of either England or America trace to the Crisp Horse (404). He was owned by T. Crisp of Ufford, Sussex; was born in 1768, and by an unknown sire. He stood 15.2 hands high, was of a light chestnut color and active. The Crisp Horse proved a remarkable breeder, as is shown by a tabulation in the first volume of the Suffolk Horse Stud Book, which includes over 700 of his descendants in 15 generations, the first five of which cover a period of almost thirty years and brings the horses to the starting point of the pedigrees of Suffolk horses, as recorded in the stud book, though little is known of the dams previous to this time. The Crisp Horse is the sire of five recorded offspring, but his line is represented through Glud’s Horse (587), born about 1775 and died at Laxfield in 1783. He stood about 16 hands high, of a beautiful chestnut color and was well boned and free from blemishes. Smith’s Horse (1110), born in 1799, and a great grandson of Glud’s Horse (587), is the next most noted animal in the Crisp Horse’s descent and the one through which all of our present-day Suffolks trace. He is described as a choice specimen of the breed in his day, THE SUFFOLK DRAFT HORSE 219 and was the sire of two famous stallions, Brady’s Briton (198), born in 1809, and Julian’s Old Boxer (755), born in 1805. From this point the descendants of the Crisp Horse become very numerous. Mention should be made, however, of Crisp’s Cupbearer (416), as he is the sire of 39 of the more than 700 descendants of the Crisp Horse tabulated in Volume I of the stud book. He was born in 1864, of a dark Chesimut Colo r, and is described as a large horse with a grand fore emGeeoneat dept Oi Giwselay veya splendid muscular shoulders, lo) Lt plamleabehind: “tle and his sons were famous show ani- mals in their day. Foreign tribes introduced.— That Fig. foreign blood was introduced to Suffolk county to improve the native horse stock is now well known. This introduction, however, did not take place until nearly a century after the early origin of the Suffolk breed. There were, at least, three tribes introduced; namely, the Blake tribe, the Wright tribe, and the Shadingfield tribe. The Blake tribe.—This tribe had its origin in a horse named Blake’s Farmer (174), born about 1760, and in- troduced from Lincolnshire to Suffolk in 1764, by a man from whom the horse takes his name. Nothing is known of this animal’s ancestors, as it is thought the advertised pedigree, given him when imported, was incorrect. He is described as a trotting stallion and chestnut in color. His noted son, Blake’s Everett (173), was born in 1778, 114.—SUFFOLK MARE 220 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES who in turn sired Blake’s Old Briton (171), perhaps the most noted sire of the Blake tribe. He was born in 1784, and is described as standing 16 hands high, remarkably Short legeeds ullvonebone, and chestnut im icolonmmelis noted son, Blake’s Young Briton (172), born in 1796, sired Spinks Suttolk Farmer (1127), born im 1802, both of which were very notable sires of the tribe. The Wright tribe——This tribe originated from a horse introduced from Lincolnshire known as Wright’s Farm- ers Glory (1396), or the Attleboro horse. He was born about 1796, though nothing is known of his parentage. He is described as chestnut in color and not a trotting horse, but having more size, and perhaps may have been a half-bred Suffolk. He sired several notable sons, the most famous being Adam Hawes’ Farmer (674), born in 1003.0 aUinisshore imturm sired Pattles Gye (30), born in 1810, and who was the grandsire of Nunn’s Boxer (913), perhaps the greatest sire of the Wright tribe. This horse is described as red chestnut and very stylish, though small. The Shadingfield tribe——This tribe takes wis early origin from a horse named Barber’s Proctor (58), born in 1793, and said to have been sired by a Thoroughbred. He was bay in color and perhaps the greatest sire of the Shadingfield tribe. In describing the animals of this tribe the Suffolk Stud Book states they were thin in the shoulder and light of bone below the hock, but were hard- fleshed, wiry, active horses, with long, lean heads, and that the mares of the tribe are more or less given to breed back to their bay ancestors. These tribes were all introduced to improve the breed, and each was popular for a time, but they presented de- ficiencies along with the desirable qualities. They all were submerged into the Suffolk, as they could not over- come the breed characteristics. Modern Suffolk draft horse——The present-day perfec- tion of this breed is due to the efforts of the farmers in THE SUFFOLK DRAFT HORSE Z20 Suffolk and vicinity generally. All introductions have long since ceased, but those remarkable features of short legs, rounded bodies and longevity, with vitality, are still the well-known characteristics of the Suffolk horse. The Suffolk draft horse in America.—Although this breed was first introduced to the United States in 1880 by Powell Brothers of Springboro, Pennsylvania, yet progress has been slow, only a few having been imported. In 1888 Galbraith Brothers of Janesville, Wisconsin, made their first importation of stallions, and during the same year Peter Hopley & Company of Lewis, Iowa, intro- duced the first mares, and these parties have since been the leading exponents of the breed in this country. A few scattering importations have been made from time to time, the largest in 1903, when 41 were brought over. During recent years the Suffolks have increased in popularity somewhat, and at the present time there are several breeders in this country the more important of whom are Peter Hopley & Son of Lewis, Iowa; Samuel Insull of Libertyville, Illinois; O. C. Barber of Barber- ton, Ohio; C. A. Hamilton of Loveland, Colorado; and William Anson of Christoval, Texas. Show animals.—In recent years there have been several creditable exhibits of Suffolks at the various live stock shows. At the 1911 International Live Stock Exposition at Chicago the stallions Westside Chieftain, by Ormonde, and Ashmoor Luther, by Rendlesham Captain Gray, as well as the mares Sudbourne Ruby, by Golden Grain, and Ruby, by Bowdsey Harvester, attracted favorable com- ment. Description of the Suffolk draft horse.—This breed is not so large as the other major draft breeds, the average weight running from 1,600 to 2,000 pounds, and the aver- age height 16 to 16.2 hands. In general type, however, it is as low set, short legged, deep bodied and muscular as aio the drat breeds, it, indeed, it)does notvexcel all others, with the possible exception of the Belgian. The i) 22 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES color is exceptionally uniform, and it is generally some shade of chestnut, as the breeders have adhered almost from the beginning to this color. The head is of medium size, clean cut, with small ears, full forehead and a nose that tends to Roman form, which has been rather characteristic of the breed. The jaws are strong, with cheeks deep and full. The neck is short and FIG. 115.—SUFFOLK STALLION full It is often areneds) panicularly im, the case or stallions, and sometimes joins the head a bit heavy or thick, but at the shoulders, as a rule, it is well connected. The shoulders are of good length and powerfully sup- ported. The body of the Suffolk is one of its notable fea- tures; the chest is deep and wide; the ribs are well sprung and deep, especially near the flank, giving a short-coupled and compact barrel. This undoubtedly contributes to the strength of the statement that the Suffolk is an easy keeper and possessed of unusual endurance. The rump THE SUFFOLK DRAFT HORSE 222 is broad, the tail well set and the quarters deep and power- fully muscled. The heavy musciing of the legs above the knees and hocks is one of the special features of the breed. The lower legs are devoid of long hair, and are clean cut and cordy. The feet are of good size and in good in- dividuals are dense and elastic. FIG. 116.—SUFFOLK STALLION The action is free and easy, notwithstanding the mas- sive conformation, which, in connection with the some- what lighter weight, easy keeping and docile disposition, particularly adapts the Suffolk for farm work and for light draft, where a certain amount of weight may be sacrificed for activity and durability. Pulling contests at an early time were common among Suffolk breeds and this, no doubt, did much to improve the muscling, the general quality and the action. 224. MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Criticisms of the Suffolk.—The seeming lightness of limb, compared with the depth and weight of body, as well as fullness of the neck, has given the Suffolk the appearance of lacking the proper proportion of such parts. It is stated that one or two of the early strains were troubled with weak or bent hocks, a criticism often heard at the present time.. Formerly it was stated that the feet were flat and the hoofs brittle, and such remarks are often passed at the present day. Uses of the Suffolk draft horse.—This breed ranks high as a medium draft horse, because of its free action and endurance. It tiuds its true placevon the farm and Jat rapid, rather light draft work. Its value in crossing has not been fully tested, principally because of the few Suf- folk stallions available, although it is stated that when crossed on common mares the resulting offspring make high-class animals for heavy farming and express-wagon work. Distribution of the Suffolk draft horse.—Although this breed has not found favor in America it is extremely widespread, having been exported to France, Germany, Spain, Austria, Sweden and Russia in Europe; to South Africa and the Nile region; to Australia; to New Zea- land; and to Argentine Republic in South America. While there are but few in America, they are scattered through- out many states and Canada. ‘The breeders report an in- creasing interest in the breed. Organizations and records—In 1877 the Suffolk Stud Book Association was organized and the first volume of the Suffolk Stud Book appeared in 1880, which, in addi- tion to the pedigrees of some 2,500 animals, contains the most authentic early history of the breed. In 1911, 17 volumes had appeared, containing the pedigrees of 3,744 stallions and 6,755 mares. A few years ago the American Suffolk Horse Association was organized and a stud book established, of which two volumes have appeared con- taining the pedigrees of 622 animals. CEUNSTISIR Od PONIES Formerly the dividing line between the horse and the pony was vague and undefined, but in 1883 the Hackney Horse Society of England designated all animals meas- uring 14 hands or under as ponies, and registered them in a separate part of the stud book. This height was accepted as the standard by the leading horse show so- cieties in England and America. Later the standard height of polo ponies was increased to 14.2 hands, and in 1905 the American Hackney Society increased the height of Hackney ponies to 14 hands and 1 inch. The Shetland pony.—Because of its intelligence and docile disposition the Shetland is the more popular of the imported ponies. He is useful for pleasure driving, es- pecially for children. The native home of the Shetland pony.—This breed of ponies was developed on the Shetland Islands, which are situated about 200 miles north of Scotland. ‘There are about 120 of these islands, comprising a total area of about 500 square miles. ‘They are rocky, barren and cold. Not more than fifteen of the islands are inhabited, the principal one being Mainland, on which is located Ler- wick, the largest port and a town of less than 4,000 peo- (lew nm addition to Mamland, Ketlar, Bressay, Haim lsle, Yell and Unst also take an active interest in breeding ponies. The history of the Shetland pony.—The early ancestry of this breed of ponies is not known. When ponies were first introduced to the islands is not a matter of record, Duiminey lave been) bred there for centuries.) Perhaps they are more or less related to the ponies of the British Islands, or of Iceland and Scandinavia. As with most 225 26 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES io other breeds of horses, the Shetland pony owes its present perfection to its environment. Scant forage, oftentimes entire lack of grain, and a cold climate, are responsible for the diminutive form. The improvement of the Shetland pony began in 1872 when the Marquis of Londonderry took an active interest in the breed. He purchased the Island of Noss and a part of Bressay on which he maintained large studs. He had a stud at Seaham Harbor, on the northeast coast of Eng- land. FIG. 117.—SHETLAND PONIES AT HOME. LERWICK, SHETLAND ISLANDS In 1891 the government returns gave the number of ponies on the islands as 4,803, but because of the demand il Tecent years the ponies are steadily, decreasines 5.5: Elliot, who toured the islands in 1906, made a careful estimate of the number of ponies, and could not account for over 4,000 of all ages and sexes. Further, he estimates the number of foals produced annually at 4oo. The Shetland pony in America.—The history of this breed of ponies in America is comparatively brief, as but few are found, although the first importations occurred more than 25 years ago. While in their native home they x > PONIES 227, are the horse-of-all-work, yet in America their use is limited nearly exclusively to children, whom they serve very well, being even tempered, intelligent and active. In 1888 the American Shetland Pony Club was organ- ized and a stud book established. In 1911 eight volumes had appeared, recording about 8,000 ponies. ‘The Shet- land Pony Stud Book Society is the official organ of the breed in Scotland and on the Shetland Islands. Description of the Shetland pony.— The limit of height FIG. 118.—SHETLAND PONY “VESPA OF BELLE MEADE” established by the Shetland Pony Stud Book Society is 10 hands and 2inches. Ponies over this height cannot be registered, although in America the Shetland Pony Club has increased the height to 11 hands and 2 inches. The size is more or less the result of feeding, but the weight on the average should approximate 300 to 400 pounds. 228 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES The type of the Shetland is usually that of a small draft horse, although many are seen that have fine bone and slender bodies snmilar to the trotting type. “In facts the type varies somewhat on the different islands. The com- mon colors are brown, black and bay, but other colors, such as dun, chestnut and gray, are often found. Puiebalds are not considered desirable, though there is a demand for broken colors im: umerica. lone, heavy, Coator hair occurs on the body in cold weather. When shed, however, the coat is fine and glossy and the animal is much more active in his movements. ‘The foretop, mane, and tail are heavy and long, and add much to the attrac- tiveness of a well-kept pony. The Welsh pony.—This breed of ponies was largely developed in Wales and in the borders of the adjoining counties. The country is very hilly and contains much waste land, which provides very scant pasturage. The horses raised in such environment develop quality and endurance and become very sure-footed, but, of course, lack in size. .This breed..of ponies has been improved from time to time by the introduction of superior blood, chiefly Thoroughbred, Arabian and Hackney. It is stated that the Welsh pony is more numerous than any other breed of ponies on the British Islands; the exact number is not known, as there are no statistics on the subject. The Welsh Pony and Cob Society is the association in- terested in the improvement of the breed. This society has its headquarters at Greenfield, Penybout, Radnor- shire, Wales. At present there is no society in America. Description of the Welsh pony.—The ponies of Wales vary so widely in conformation, height and weight that even in their native country they are not altogether re- garded asabreed. In general, however, they have a neat head, good shoulders, strong back, well-muscled quarters, and the best of legs and feet. The Welsh Pony and Cob Society divides the ponies into four classes, depending largely on the height and form. In the first class the PONIES 229 height does not exceed 12.2 hands, with any color per- missible. This class is found in the more hilly sections, and has superior bone, muscle and endurance. In type it resembles the Arabian, possessing much the same car- meee ot lead, neck and tail. Im the second class the height ranges from 12.2 to 13.2 hands, but the type is more cobby in general appearance. This class lacks the action of the former and is not so well adapted to mountain lands. In the third class the height ranges from 13.2 to 14.2 hands, and the type is even more blocky than the second class. In fact, this class would rank as a cob. In FIG. 119.—WELSH PONIES “QUEEN BEE” AND HER COLTS the fourth class the height ranges from 14.2 to 15.2 hands and the animals are described as being suitable for mounted infantry and cavalry service. The Welsh pony in America.— While these ponies have been used in America for many years, they are compar- atively few in number, although during recent years they have increased in popularity. The Welsh pony possesses more size, style and action than the Shetland, and is suited to either saddle or harness. The smaller strains are use- ful principally for children; larger ones, because of their general activityand endurance, find favor for polo playing. The Exmoor pony.—This breed of ponies was de- veloped on the moors of southwestern England, in Devon- shire. The early origin is not known, but the Exmoor pony has been bred more or less wild for many centuries. 230 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES! This breed has been classed as the highest type of pony. It has no doubt been greatly improved by the Arabian horse, which it closely resembles in conformation, as well as by the Thoroughbred. ‘The improved form meets with favor as a saddler and in harness. Because of their ac- tivity and endurance they are useful in polo playing. There are but few Exmoor ponies in America. FIG. 120.—PONY SHOWING STYLE AND FINISH The Polo Pony Society Stud Book contains a descrip- tion of the Exmoor pony in which the average height is given as 12 hands, but W. C. Kerr, in his description, gives the height as 13 to14 hands. ‘The color is usually bay or brown, with black points. The head is neat and well carried, the forehead is broad, the nostrils large, the eyes clear and the ears pointed. The shoulders are long and sloping, the back short and powerful and the legs short, possessing good bone. Vhe Exmoor pony has great en- durance and is surefooted. The New Forest pony.—This breed of ponies originated in southern England in the county of Hampshire, the PONIES 231 greater part of which is unclaimed and waste land. As with the other breeds of ponies, the early origin is not known, but certain it is that they have been bred in a more or less wild state for many generations. It is stated that there are about 2,500 of these ponies. Like the other breeds of British ponies, the New Forest has been much improved in recent years. The breed owes much of its present perfection to Lord Arthur Cecil, who it is stated turns out with his mares 30 to 40 good stallions each year. Many of these stallions come from the Island of Rum, purchased by Lord Arthur in 1888. No doubt much of the recent improvement has been due to Arabian and Thoroughbred blood. The Polo Pony Society Stud Book gives the average neimsht as 12) to 12 lands. ~ Most of the; Rum ponies are black, although some are bay or brown. These New Forest ponies are generally more spirited than most of the other British ponies. They have good shoulders, strong backs and excellent quarters, although sometimes criticized for being low at the withers and possessing a droopy rump and cow-hocked. Like all ponies that have been developed on scant nutrition, they improve under good management. A few years ago the New Forest Pony Association was organized to look after the interest of the breed in Eng- land. This breed has no organization in America. The Dartmoor pony.—This breed of ponies had its origin in Dartmoor, an extensive tract of land in Corn- wall, embracing about 325 square miles. Here ponies have been bred in a half-wild state for many generations, although in recent years they have been much improved by crossing with Arabian and Thoroughbred stallions. Dartmoor ponies are comparatively few in England and there are practically none in America. The Dartmoor pony is described as never exceeding 13 hands in height. The official description states that if the height exceeds 14 hands it suggests cross-breeding. 232 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES The color is usually brown, black or bay, although an occasional gray will be found. In recent years efforts have been made to improve the Dartmoor by the intro- duction of good stallions of the best pony breeds. The Irish pony.—As the name suggests, this breed of ponies was developed in Ireland, particularly in Galway county, where ponies have been bred in a semi-wild state for generations. Like other breeds that run practically wild in a hilly country, it is hardy, active and sure-footed. | It has been much improved by the use of Barb, Arab and Thoroughbred blood and in its present form stands 12 to 14 hands high, sometimes more. The color is usually black, brown or bay, but chestnuts are often found. The Irish pony has a thick, shaggy coat of hair. The polo pony.—The increasing popularity of polo is attracting much attention to ponies suitable for playing this game. Ihe polo pony is really not a pony, but a small horse. He does not necessarily belong to any dis- tinct breed, and is generally a cross. For this purpose any horse possessing the necessary speed, activity, en- durance and intelligence will do. He must be able to carry 160 to 200 pounds weight, make incessant turns, twists and stops at full speed, and make short spurts at the rapid gallop. The maximum height allowed by the American Polo Association is 14.2 hands. Small Thor- oughbreds, western ponies and cross breds are popular. Breeding polo ponies, however, is somewhat of an ex- periment and presents many difficulties, the chief one being the limit of height, and the training. Other ponies.—While the above breeds of ponies are more commonly known in America, yet distinct types of ponies are found in almost every country. Thus we have the Mongolian, Japanese, Korean, Burmese and Man- ipuri pony; the Sumatra and Java pony; and the Rus- sian, Scandinavian or Norwegian pony. Adverse climatic conditions, promiscuous breeding and privation have had much to do with the development of most of these ponies. CIB IPAS OG AMERICAN HORSES At the time of the Spanish conquest there were no horses, either wild or domesticated in any part of America. This seems astonishing considering the pre- dominance of the prehistoric horse, especially since the soil and climate are very favorable to the horse, as is evidenced by the thousands now roaming the plains of both North and South America. In this connection it should be stated that worthy evi- dence exists which some authorities state favors the as- sumption that herds of wild horses roamed over the pampas of South America, before latter-day communica- tion had begun between Europe and the New World. In 1527, when Cabot discovered the east coast of South America, it is stated that he found drawings representing the horse, and in his description of the upper reaches of the La Plata river, the horse is given with other animals which are known to have existed in that region. It 1s possible, therefore, that native horses ranged the plains now included in the territory of Argentine Republic and of Paraguay. Possibly these wild horses entered into the ancestry of the present stock. This is problematical, for certain it is the Indians of North America knew nothing of the horse previous to his acquaintance with the white man. Early importations of horses to America.—There are but few records of early importations of horses to America, although no doubt many found their way to the New World along with the first settlers. The first im- portation was made by Columbus in 1493, but these all perished. The next importation of which we have record was in 1519, when Cortez landed 16 horses in Mexico. 233 234 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Possibly the feral horse of Mexico owes his origin to this importation. ‘The next importation of which we have knowledge was in 1527, when De Vaca landed forty-two head ti Jhlorida: sy Eossibly the ternal horses on eastenm United States owes his origin, in part at’ least, to the 1527 importation. During this same year horses were landed in South America. Another noteworthy importa- tion occurred in 1540, when De Soto made his discoveries in the Mississippi valley. Possibly this importation added to the feral horses in southwestern United States. Colonial horse-breeding centers——The early improve- ment of American horses was especially favored about certain centers, though, of course, more or less interest was taken in horse breeding wherever the white man settled, as the horse proved a very useful beast of bur- den in the new country. The principal centers were Virginia, New York, New England and Canada. The characteristics of the horses, developed about each of these centers, were modified to a more or less extent by the habits of the people. The colonial horse of Virginia.—The first authentic importation to this colony occurred in 1609, when six mares and two stallions were brought from England. In 1611, it is reported that 17 mares and horses were in- troduced along with other live stock. A third importa- tion occurred in 1614, but the number landed is not given. In 1619, the Virginia company imported four mares, and in 1620 this same company ordered 20 mares to be sent over at a cost, delivered, of £15 each. Many other im- portations followed. The early settlers of Virginia and the Carolinas were the cavaliers of old England. They were men who loved the horse. Long military training had taught many of them that a man well horsed had his battles half won. It is natural, therefore, on coming to the conquest of a new land, the men who had been mounted in their own land upon horses capable of carrying them at great speed AMERICAN HORSES 235 and of maintaining such speed under difficulties for a great length of time, should want animals of such character to be their companions in the new country. Rac- ing was the popular sport from the beginning, thus a type of horse was developed patterned after the English Thor- oughbred. ‘The height is given as ranging from 12 to 15 hands; the carriage as lithe and active and the quality as unexcelled, as indicated by a clean-cut form, and clean legs with dense bone and detached tendons. Horses of this type later found their way north to New York and FIG. 121.—AMERICAN SADDLER ‘‘CARROLL PRESTON” west to Kentucky, where they played an important part in the development of the American trotter, American saddler and the Thoroughbred. The colonial horse of New York.—The first authentic importation to New Amsterdam, as New York was then called, occurred about 1629, when several horses were introduced from Holland. ‘There is a lack of definite in- formation regarding other early importations until the middle of the century, though many horses were intro- duced, as they had become numerous. 236 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES The early settlers of New Amsterdam were from Hol- land. They did their riding upon cumbersome animals more calculated to carry great burdens slowly than hte soness wah awit ana: dashee mine Outehmesettlens: therefore, introduced from Holland the ponderous animal of burden, rather than the prancing steed for which the Virginians were noted, thus a type of horse developed patterned somewhat after the drafter, although much lighter in weight. This type became known as the Conestoga. This comparatively light draft horse, bred primarily for freighting heavy merchandise across the mountains and over the primitive roads, was well adapted to the pioneer’s farm, where such work required pa- tience, strength and hardiness. Horses of this type soon spread into Pennsylvania and westward, where they formed the blood of the mare stock that produced our grade draft horses. The colonial horse of New England.—In 1629 the Lon- don founders of the Massachusetts Bay plantation landed 25 head of mares and stallions at Boston harbor. Dur- ing this same year six mares and one stallion were landed at Salem. Several other shipments followed, but nothing worth special mention until 1635, when two Dutch ships arrived at Salem with 27 mares and three stallions. These were followed by numerous importations. The Puritan who settled New England was not a man for display. He was given to humility and to simple drudgeries, denying himself all indulgences. He was sturdy and reliant, asking the horse to share his bur- dens, thus a type of horse developed noted particularly for general utility. This type was larger than the Vir- ginian, more muscular and with greater weight of bone, but not the equal of the Conestoga in either size or strength. This type was spread through all New Eng- land, where it was perfectly adapted to conditions. It played an important part in the formation of the Morgan strain of horses, which, in turn, entered into the develop- AMERICAN HORSES 237 ment of both the American trotter and the American saddler. The early Canadian horse.—W hile it seems certain that horses were introduced from France to Port Royal as early as 1609, yet this settlement played no part in the distribution of the Canadian horse. The next notable authentic importation did not occur until after the mid- dle of the century, when Marquis de Tracy arrived at FIG. 122.—STANDARDBRED STALLION “GAY AUDOBON” Quebec with his expedition including a large number of horses. Other large shipments followed. Since the St. Lawrence region was largely settled by the French, who were at that time breeding medium weight horses, we find them developing a type of semi- draft horses in Canada, although later many light horses were introduced, so that the region became famous for two types of horses, one fashioned after the Thorough- bred, the other after the drafter, though lacking the pon- 238 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES derous size of the present day draft horse. It is worthy mention that in the acclimation the Thoroughbred lost some of his speed as well as the drafter his size, but both gained in hardiness and endurance. Because of the speed and endurance the light type became widespread, many of the horses finding their way to New York and Ken- _tucky, where they entered into the formation of the American trotter and the American saddler. While the eastern colonies and the eastern central and southern states were being settled and populated, the horses that had escaped from the Cortez expedition of 1519 in Mexico and from the De Soto expedition of 1540 in the Mississippi valley and perhaps others, were mul- tiplying rapidly in Mexico and southwestern United States, due to the very nutritious foods available, and to the favorable climatic conditions. The Indian pony.—This is the name given the feral ponies in western United States. They are not a dis- tinct -breed. * Certain it is; however, that they have roamed the plains for so many generations that their characters have become sufficiently fixed to be trans- mitted from parent to offspring, and, in fact, they have become perfectly adapted to the environment. Mustang, Broncho and Cayuse.—The Indian pony is often designated by various names common to particular localities. Thus in the South he is known as the Mus- tang; in the West as the Broncho; and in the North as the Cayuse. Because of the great endurance, the Indian pony has been very useful on the ranges, particularly in herding cattle. In recent years this strain has been much improved by crossing with the Arabian, Thoroughbred and American trotter. In his improved form, the Indian pony is useful wherever hardy, active and enduring horses are needed. Description of the Indian pony.—In size the Indian pony averages 12 to 14 hands high and weighs 600 to 800 pounds. All colors are found, but duns are perhaps the AMERICAN HORSES 239 more common. The head is often large and bony, the barrel short and closely ribbed, the legs strong and cordy, and the feet excellent. The disposition has been much criticized, but this is largely a matter of training. Asa rule, the tame ponies range the South, and the wild ones the North. The Mexican pony.—This strain of pony was de- veloped in Mexico, where it has ranged in a wild and semi-wild state for many generations. The Mexican pony is similar to the Indian pony in all important re- spects. In size the Mexican is perhaps the smaller, aver- aging 12 to 13 hands in height, and weighing 500 to 800 pounds. The color, conformation and quality are much the same in the two strains. In recent years the Mexican pony has been improved by crossing with the Thorough- bred, the Arabian, and the American trotter with a view to increasing the usefulness as cow ponies. The best of both types are sometimes used as polo ponies, which usually requires more than one cross. CHARTERED OCrih THE DOMESTIC ASS The domestic ass is commonly known as the jack or the donkey, although the latter is often restricted to the smaller species, as the burro. The male is usually desig- nated as jack or jackass and the female as jennet. Species of the ass——There are several species or varie- ties of the wild ass found in various parts of Asia and Africa, two of which are worthy of mention, namely, the Asiatic wild ass and the African wild ass. The Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus).—This species is found in Asia, from the plains of Syria through Persia, Afghanistan and Thibet to the Chinese frontier. As a rule, it travels in small herds. The color varies some- what, though gray, fawn and pale chestnut are the most common. ‘The belly is of a whitish color. This species | is notable for its speed and endurance. The height varies from II to 12 hands. The African wild ass (Equus asinus).—This species is found most numerous in Nubia, Abyssinia, and in north- eastern Africa, between the Nile and the Red Sea. It is assumed that the domestic ass descended from this species. The color markings, the ears, and the cry or bray are similar to the domestic ass. It is stated also, that this species dislikes streams of water, dark holes and the like—notable traits of the domestic ass. Early history of the ass.——This animal was used as man’s beast of burden at the dawn of authentic history. From the evidence it seems that the early people appro- priated to their use those things which lay easiest at hand and from this it has been assumed that the wild ass easily passed into a state of domestication. Little at- tention was given to improvement until modern times. 240 LTHE DOMESTIC ASS 241 Breeds of the domestic ass.—As with the horse, the dis- tribution of the ass has been widespread and he has been subject to variation in food supply, temperature, moisture and general environment, with the result that many breeds or varieties have been developed. These breeds vary in size, ranging from the diminutive burro, often only 36 inches high, to the medium-sized draft horse. Of the large number of breeds only six are useful for FIG. 123——BURRO AT WORK mule breeding in America, namely, the Andalusian, Mal- tese, Catalonian, Majorca, Italian and Poitou. The Andalusian jack.—This breed was developed in southern Spain, particularly in the ancient Kingdom of Andalusia. It is a very ancient and distinctive race, as is evidenced by the statements of the profits arising from its use in propagating mules during the Roman occupa- tion and before the time of Christ. The prevailing color is gray, and often practically white, with black very uncommon. This is a large breed, standing 14.2 to 15.2 242 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES hands high. The bone of the leg is large and firm and the breed possesses much substance. The Andalusian in America.—In 1787 the King of Spain presented to General George Washington a jack and a jennet of this breed, which were taken to Virginia. ‘The jack was called Royal Gift. About the same time General Washington received a Maltese jack, which he mated with the Andalusian jennet. The result of this union was a very famous jack called Compound, which proved to be much more popular as a breeder than Royal Gift, although the latter was selected from the royal stud. A few years later Henry Clay introduced into Kentucky a few jacks of this breed. These two men did much to promote the breed in America. Notwithstanding their influence, however, this breed never found favor in this country, due largely to the gray color, which is very ob- jectionable in America, although a great favorite in southern Spain. The Maltese jack—This breed was developed on the Island of Malta, which is located in the Mediterranean Sea. This being a small island, with very poor soil, the number of jacks produced is exceedingly limited. The Maltese jack is the smallest of the more important Span- ish breeds, rarely exceeding 14.2 hands high. ‘The color is black or brown, with the latter more characteristic of the breed. The breed is described as of good form with well-carried head and ears. The bone resembles that of the Thoroughbred horse, and the breed is characterized by much life and vigor. The Maltese in America.—About 1787, Marquis La- fayette and the Knight of Malta each presented General Washington a jack of this breed. It was the present by Lafayette that sired the famous Compound. It is also stated that the frigate Constitution, during her first cruise in the Mediterranean, imported jacks from Malta to the District of Columbia. Not long afterwards others were introduced by officers of the navy, and a few very THE DOMESTIC ASS 243 valuable ones were brought over in merchant’s ships. Formerly the Maltese jacks were broadspread, but in re- cent years they have become rather unpopular because of their small size. The Catalonian jack.—This breed was developed in northeastern Spain adjacent to France, particularly in Catalonia, although it is widespread and often found in France. The color is usually black, and often jet-black, which is marked with light points about the muzzle, eyes and belly. While brown of vary- ing shades is some- times found, it is un- common. The hair is naturally thick and sSivort. ‘lhe.size 1s classed as large, the height averaging 14.2 to 15 hands, with good specimens occasionally exceeding this height. The Catalonian is a jack Fic. 124.—CATALONIAN JACK of great style and beauty and superb action. The head is trim and neat, with ears well carried, suggestive of character. The bone, while not large, is very hard, fine of texture, and free from meatiness. The breed is wiry, tough and ma- tures early. The Catalonian in America.—In 1832, Henry Clay in- troduced an excellent specimen of this breed to Ken- tucky. This jack was so successful and his popularity grew so rapidly that Clay imported a number of others of this breed. At an early date a few jacks of this breed 244 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES found their way to Virginia, where they were received favorably. Long before the Civil War, Benjamin Frank- lin and others made importations to middle Tennessee and to Charleston, South Carolina. Since the war, a large number have been brought to this country, es- pecially to Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri, the prin- cipal mule-breeding states of the Union. Mules sired by the Catalonian jacks have much size and quality, and have been ranked as the best in the world. They are stylish, active, early maturing and good sellers. 7.8 = 9.8 Nutritive ratio 1 : 9.8— This means that for each pound of digestible protein in corn, there are 9.8 pounds of diges- tible carbohydrate equivalent. Computing rations.—To illustrate the method of cal- culating a ration for a given purpose we will assume the case of a horse weighing approximately 1,000 pounds and at light work. In order to compare the Wolff-Lehmann and Armsby standards we will take the same kind and amount of food in each computation. Let us choose from PRINCIPLES OF HORSE BREEDING 333 Table VIII of the Appendix, 12 pounds of timothy hay, five pounds of corn and five pounds of oats. If we arrange these in a table and compute the digestible nutrients in each, according to the Wolff-Lehmann method, we get the following: Carbo- Food Dry matter Protein hydrates Fats 12 pounds timothy hay.. 10.41 0.33 5.08 0.15 HEPOUNASICODIee ele 4.47 0.39 3.34 0.21 SepPOuMaS OatSe cme ace 4.48 0.44 2.46 0.21 19.36 1.16 10.88 0.57 According to the Wolff-Lehmann standard (p. 331), this ration is deficient in protein and rich in carbo- hydrates, thereby giving a nutritive-ratio of I : 10.4, instead of I : 7.0, as called for in the standard. Accord- ing to this standard, the ration could be improved by the addition of one pound of linseed meal. Let us use the same food and calculate a ration by the Armsby standard (p. 331) for a 1,000-pound horse at light work. Taking the composition from Table VII of the Appendix and arranging the nutrients and energy in a table, we get the following: Digestible protein, Energy value, Food Dry matter pounds therms 12 pounds timothy hay 10.416 0.246 4.027 5 pounds corneas oe 4.455 0.339 4.442 5 pounds oats........ 4.450 0.418 3.313 19.321 1.003 11.782 According to the Armsby standard this ration, al- though composed of the same kind and amount of food as before, is slightly too rich in digestible protein and considerably so in energy value. This serves to em- phasize the statement that feeding standards should serve as mere guides, to be modified according to atten- dant conditions. (CIAUAMIP WEIR, OX OMTIUI PRACTICAL HORSE FEEDING In seeking to improve our horses, we must not under- estimate the importance of generous feeding. Breeding and selection make success possible, but will fail unless we provide a sufficient supply of the most suitable foods to the horse at all ages and stages of development. Horse feeding is essentially different from the feeding of other farm animals. Because of the small size of the digestive organs a relatively small quantity of roughage and a correspondingly large amount of grain is de- manded. Further, the kind of work to which horses are put calls for the least possible load in the digestive organs. Regularity of feeding.—The horse should be fed regu- larly and uniformly at all times. He anticipates the hour of feeding and becomes nervous if it is long delayed. He neighs and coaxes for his food with great regularity, and his system becomes accustomed to a certain order that must be followed. Sudden changes, even for a single meal, may produce more or less digestive disturbance. The working horse should be fed often, as undue fasting is followed by taking an excessive supply of food or by eat- ing too rapidly, either of which are likely to result in digestive disorders. Order of supplying grain, hay and water.—As the stomach of the horse is not large enough to hold the entire meal, the order of supplying grain, hay and water is of much importance. It is stated that the stomach of the horse must fill and empty itself two or three times for each meal. During the fore part of the meal the material is pushed into the small intestines almost as soon as it enters the stomach by the food which follows. while to- 334 PRACTICAL HORSE FEEDING 335 ward the end of the meal passage is slow and the diges- tion in the stomach is more perfect. This would lead to the conclusion that the bulky foods should be fed first and the more nutritious foods toward the end of the meal. This practice leads to the serious objection that the horse is anxious, nervous and unsatisfied until fed his grain, for which reason he is usually fed grain before hay. Watering the horse.—A discussion of the order of sup- plying food should include the time of watering the horse. Many persons think that the horse should be watered before feeding, while others are equally as certain that feeding should precede watering. ‘This difference of Opinion may be due to the fact that either method will sometimes result in digestive disorders. If the horse is watered before feeding he may drink to excess, which may cause digestive disorders and will surely affect the appetite, and he will not consume as much food as he otherwise would. On the other hand, if the horse is very thirsty and water is withheld until after feeding, he may not eat heartily and may drink so much water as to lessen his usefulness while at work. The object to be attained is to water the horse so fre- quently that he will not become thirsty and, therefore, not drink to excess. To do this the work horse should be watered four times each day; perhaps better results would be obtained from watering six times. Little or no difficulty will be experienced if the horse is watered after breakfast, both before and after dinner, and before sup- per. Perhaps better results would be obtained if the horse was watered before breakfast and again after sup- per, thus making six times daily, as is the custom in many large stables. Changing foods.—Sudden changes in the food are to be avoided, as the digestive system may not be able to accommodate itself at once to such, and digestive dis- orders follow. Such changes sometimes result in scour- ing, as when the horse is too suddenly transferred from 336 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES a dry to a watery diet. Sometimes a sudden change in- duces constipation, as a change from pasture to a dry ration. Such changes often overtax the digestive sys- tem to such an extent that it is permanently weakened, as when horses unaccustomed to grain are too quickly put on full feed. If the changes are made gradually, the system can digest without risk quantities of newly- ingested food that would have produced serious digestive disorders or derangements had they been given at first. Preparation of food.—The food of farm horses and other horses at moderate work need receive little atten- tion. Such animals have ample time to masticate and digest their food. On the other hand, work horses that are taxed to the limit of their endurance should have all grains ground and some of their hay cut or chopped. Foods thus prepared are more thoroughly and rapidly masticated and perhaps more thoroughly digested, es- pecially the ground grain. Long hay should be supplied the animal, to be consumed at leisure. As hay is always more or less dusty, it should be fed in such a manner as to cause the horse the least annoyance. Moistening or sprinkling the hay with water is the simplest way of reducing this trouble. Of course, dusty hay should be avoided whenever possible. Salting the horse.—Salt in limited quantities should ie kept before the horse at all times. It is not best to place too much before him at a time, as some horses will eat it to excess, thus creating an abnormal thirst, and if given sufficient water may result in digestive disorders. Do not put the salt in the feed, as this practice often results in derangement of the digestive organs. Food required to grow a horse.—The cost of raising a colt has been a much-discussed question, and the es- timates vary widely. This variation in estimated cost is due largely to the conditions. In some cases, the cost. has been estimated by considering the food at the market value, in other cases at the value on the farm, and in still 4 PRACTICAL HORSE FEEDING 337 other cases at the actual cost on the farm, thus giving three cost prices. The better way to state the cost of raising a horse is to give the food required to grow him and then each person can estimate the cost according to the value he wishes to place on the food. The sucking colt, fed grain as suggested (p. 291), will consume about 180 pounds up to weaning time. As a weanling he will consume five pounds of grain and seven pounds of hay per day; as a yearling seven pounds of grain and 18 pounds of hay; and as a two-year-old he will con- sume nine pounds of grain and 20 pounds of hay daily. These figures represent averages obtained from four years’ work in growing colts. The heavy draft colts con- sumed somewhat large quantities, while the light ones ate considerably less. The grain consisted of 50 parts corn meal, 25 parts wheat bran and 25 parts ground oats, while the hay consisted of sweet, clean clover or alfalfa. The total food consumed up to three years of age is as follows: Foop CoNSUMED BY GROWING COLTS Age of colt Period Grain, Hay, pounds Pasture pounds Sucker June to October 180 Beane: 5 months Weanling November to May 1,050 1,470 Yearling June to October oie PME 5 months Yearling November to May 1,470 3,780 Two-year-old June to October tees Satie 5 months Two-year-old November to May 1,890 4,200 Total 4,590 9,450 15 months According to this computation, a three-year-old colt costs approximately 2% tons of grain, 434 tons of hay, and 15 months’ pasture, on the average. Factors in reducing cost of horse labor.—There are a number of factors operating to affect the cost of horse labor, chief of which are increasing the efficiency of the 338 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES horse and raising colts. Farm horses work a very small fraction of the time. On a number of Minnesota and New York farms, horses were found to work an average of about three hours a day. On such farms the cost of horse labor could be reduced by using horses more ef- fectively. Another way to reduce the cost is to raise colts. From the nature of farm work, it would seem that the average farmer should raise more colts than are necessary to keep up the horses, so that there will be an income from the sale of surplus horse stock. FIG. 154.—PERCHERON BROOD MARES AT WORK. WEIGHT, 3,200 POUNDS Feeding the work horse.—The work horse should have rich food, as the richer the food the more easily it is digested, and the greater the proportion available for work. He should be fed liberally and frequently. . The hard-working horse has a good appetite, a vigorous diges- tion and responds to intelligent care. Regularity in feed- ing, watering and working brings comfort and long years q PRACTICAL HORSE FEEDING 339 of usefulness, while irregularity in these details is likely to result in digestive disorders and other derangements. Amount to feed—The feeding standards serve as a guide as to the amount of food that the work horse should receive. In general, this will be regulated by the size of the horse as well as by the amount and kind of work he is required to perform. In practice the work horse is sup- plied with approximately 2% pounds of provender daily for each hundred pounds of weight. Of this amount from one-third to two-thirds, the exact amount depend- ing on the severity of the labor, should be grain and the remainder sweet, clean hay. When the work is very heavy, the grain 1n the ration should be increased and the hay diminished, as grain contains more energy and is more easily digested. On the other hand, when the work is light, the grain should be diminished and the hay in- creased. The morning and midday meals should be light. They should not possess much bulk, as very bulky food lessens the animal’s usefulness. The heavy feeding should come at night, when the horse has ample time to masticate and digest his food and is not obliged to go to work immediately after eating. Method of feeding and watering.—The hard-working horse should be fed and watered so frequently that he will neither become hungry nor thirsty. Thus, he should be fed at least three times, watered not less than four times and if convenient six times daily. If accessible, there- fore, the horse should be watered in the morning before feeding. For the morning meal feed one-fourth of the daily allowance at least one hour before going to work. This should be in condition to be easily and rapidly con- sumed, so as to be well digested when the animal goes to work. He should be watered as he goes to work, and after five hours of exhaustive labor he should be given his midday meal. Before being fed, however, he should have a drink of fresh, cool water, taking care that he does not drink too rapidly or gorge himself if very warm. 340 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Feed another quarter of the daily allowance, and if con- venient remove the harness so he can eat in quiet and comfort, and thus gain a few minutes of much-needed rest. Allow one hour to consume the midday meal. After being watered, he is ready for the second half of his day’s labor. When worked five hours he should be given the evening meal. As he comes to the stable in the evening, he should, first of all, be given a drink, exercising care as before to see that he does not drink too rapidly. The horse is now ready for the remainder of his day’s allowance. Unharness at once and when the sweat has dried give him a thorough brushing. Blanket him for the night. If convenient, he should be given a drink in two hours after feeding, when he may be bedded down and left for the night. If, for some reason, the horse is forced to stand idle in the stable for a few days, the grain ration should be reduced. Otherwise, he will become stocky and his legs become swollen and stiff. Many horsemen give a bran mash Saturday evening and reduce the grain on Sunday. Individuality in feeding——While we can estimate closely the amount of food to be given a large number of horses, yet the individual ration should be modified to meet the needs of each animal. Possibly one horse should have a little more than the regular allowance, and the next a little less, because some horses are more dif- ficult to keep in condition than others doing the same work and under similar conditions. The object sought is to keep each in the desired condition. Cost of the ration.—In formulating a ration for the work horse, due consideration should be given the cost, which will vary with the size of the animal, the nature of the work performed and the cost of the food. Hays are ordinarily much cheaper than grains, especially on farms, but a hard-working horse is unable economically to dis- pose of a large proportion of bulky food. It requires time and energy to masticate and digest rough food, which PRACTICAL HORSE FEEDING 341 lessens the usefulness of the horse. Within proper limits the more concentrated the food, the less time and energy will be required to make it available. While the relative proportion between the grain and roughage in the ration will depend upon the amount and kind of work per- formed, yet a hard-working horse should never be ex- pected to consume more roughage than grain by weight. In the choice of grains the cost is given little or no con- sideration by the average person. Thus, we often con- tinue to feed oats when it is the most expensive grain upon the market, whereas equally as good results would be obtained by feeding some other grain, in part at least, and the cost would be lessened: thereby (p. 348). Feeding the driving horse-——The periods of compara- tive idleness, followed by long drives and hours of over- exertion, make the feeding of the driving and carriage horse a difficult task. The irregular work, necessitating irregular feeding, often weakens the constitution of the driving horse, which generally has but a brief career. As far as possible, the same general plan as that sug- gested for the work horse should be followed. When the horse is not driven the grain part of the ration should be reduced and the normal allowance should not again be given until the work is resumed. Driving horses are often overfed because of the desire of the owner to keep them in the pink of condition. This overfeeding and ir- regular exercise is the cause of most of the ills of the driving horse. Oats and bran easily lead among the concentrates and timothy hay among the forages. A bran mash should be given once a week if bran is not more regularly fed. Care must be exercised in feeding laxative foods, such as green grass, clover or alfalfa hay, and too much bran, as such foods prove very draining on the system of the horse as well as disagreeable to the driver. Wintering the idle horse.—Since practically all of the farm work comes during the growing season, many 342 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES horses are idle during the remainder of the year. As they do not do sufficient work to pay for their keep, they should be fed as economically as possible. It is more economical, and, perhaps, advisable, that idle horses be turned to a lot to be roughed through the winter rather than confined too closely in the barn, particularly if they have access to a dry, well-protected shed. Under such conditions they grow long, heavy coats, which afford them excellent protection. Idle horses have ample time FIG. 155.—PERCHERON STALLION AND MARE WORKING SIDE BY SIDE to masticate and digest their food and can subsist largely on forage, such as hay, corn fodder, straw, and the like. Some grain should be fed once a day. If the shed is kept well bedded and dry, idle horses can be comfortably win- tered in this way at much less expense than by stabling. Grain feeding, together with some work, should begin three weeks before spring work starts to put the animals into condition. } Feeding the stallion—vThe object to be attained in the management of a stallion is to so feed, groom and exer- i] PRACTICAL HORSE FEEDING 343 cise him as to keep the horse up to the very highest pitch of strength and vigor. Many persons, among them some who should know better, endeavor to have the stallion in fine show condition at the time the breeding season opens. The horse is heavily fed, closely blanketed, and denied sufficient exercise, he becomes loaded with fat, his muscles become soft and flabby, and although he may seem in the pink of condition, he is not nearly so well fitted for service in the stud as he would have been had he received plain food and an abundance of exercise each day. ‘To insure exercise the stallion should be worked moderately when convenient. During the breeding season the grain ration should con- sist mainly of good sound oats, as nothing is better; but this should be varied from time to time by adding corn, barley, wheat, and the like. Wheat bran is a valuable adjunct to the ration, and should never be dispensed with. It is not only rich in protein, an especially important element of nutrition for the stallion, but is the cheapest, Salese and ese ob alle reotlatons: of the bowels.’ Lhe roughage should consist of sweet, clean hay, timothy or timothy and clover mixed. A few carrots occasionally is a very valuable addition to the ration of breeding animals. Feeding mules.—Mules should be fed similar to horses. There is a prevailing notion that mules eat less than horses under similar conditions. Such is not the case, al- though they are less likely to overfeed and gorge them- selves than horses, and will make use of coarse foods that horses will not eat unless forced to do so by neglect. Mules are sometimes preferred by large business firms, not that they consume less food for a given amount of work than do horses, but that their management, both feeding and working, can be trusted to less skilled hands and with better results than can be obtained with horses. In all important essentials, mules are very similar to 344 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES horses and should be fed, watered and worked accord- ingly. Fattening horses and mules for market.—In certain parts of the country feeding horses and mules for the market has become as much a regular business as feed- ing cattle and swine. While excessive fatness may lessen the future usefulness of both horses and mules, yet the market demands such and it is the business of the producer to supply the demand. Providing the animals are sound, it is not possible to get them so fat that buyers will object for that reason. The methods practiced in various parts of the country differ widely, as do the foods used. The animals are purchased, their teeth are floated, and they are put in the barn and fed gradually, as care must be taken for a few days to avoid colic. On account of the small size of the stomach it seems most profitable to feed grain five times a day, while hay is placed in the racks so they may have access to it at all times. One large firm gives three feeds daily of mixed feed, bran, shorts and oats; and two feeds OL COL with Cloveru nays avallable pata times: sasilite animals are kept closely blanketed and stabled, with no exercise whatever. To keep the blood in good order, thus preventing in part stocklegs, glauber salts are some- times; tised. | Bese (salts; are, used! once ay week.) lhe assertion is made that the salt aids in putting on flesh, and that it gives the skin a soft, mellow touch. In some instances, horses fed in this manner have made gains of as much as five pounds per day for a period of 50 to 75 days. The average feeding period, however, is from 75 to 100 days and an average gain of three pounds per day is considered satisfactory. Sample rations for the horse-——The following rations are collected from various sources and furnish a guide in determining the kind and amount of food that should be fed under various conditions: PRACTICAL HORSE FEEDING 345 Ration Horse and work Weight of horse Grain Roughage Farm team, east 1,400 9 lb. oats 18 lb. mixed hay 9 lb. corn _ Farm team, east 1,220 8 lb. oats 10 1b. hay 6 lb. corn 2 lb. bran Farm team, east 1,230 8 lb. corn 10 lb. hay 7 Ib. bran Farm team, west 1,230 12 lb. oats 15 lb. alfalfa hay Farm team, west 1,870 5 lb. bran 25 lb. alfalfa hay 5 lb. shorts Farm team, west MESS Seis Se peer ee gia cc Gos 20 lb. alfalfa hay Light draft, east 1,350 4 lb. oats 15 lb. hay Light draft, west 1,350 10 lb. oats 7 lb. hay 2.5 lb. bran Medium draft, east 1,350 12 lb. oats 12 lb. hay Medium draft, west 1,350 8 lb. oats 16 lb. hay Heavy draft, east 1,600 9 lb. oats 24 lb. timothy hay 9 lb. corn Heavy draft, east 1,600 23 lb. oats 12 lb. hay Moderate driving 1,000 8 lb. oats 10 lb. timothy hay Moderate driving 1,000 4 lb. oats 10 lb. timothy hay 4 lb. corn Heavy driving 1,000 14 lb. oats 10 lb. timothy hay 1,000 7 lb. oats 10 lb. timothy hay 7 lb. corn Grain Virxrore HOR) Comns 40 parts ground oats 40 parts wheat bran 20 parts corn meal WINTER RATION Age of colts Grain Hay Weanlings 5} Illa}. 7 lb. clover hay Yearlings Tl: 18 lb. clover hay Two-year-old 9 Ib. 20 lb. clover hay (CISVAUP IPE IR) DOO GRAIN AND CONCENTRATES FOR THE HORSE The ration of the horse usually lacks variety. If we study the ration for horses in a locality we find it com- posed of one or at most two kinds of grain and one kind of forage. “he owner insists that this is the most prac- tical and economical ration he can feed with safety to his horses. We need not travel far, however, to find the list of foods more or less changed, sometimes entirely so, yet with the same claim of superiority or necessity as before. ‘Thus in one section the most common feeds for the horses are oats for grain and timothy hay for rough- age; in another section corn serves as grain and clover hay as roughage; in another, crushed barley is the com- mon grain, while the hay comes largely from the wild- oat and barley plants; and in still another section corn serves mainly as the grain, with corn fodder for the roughage. In fact, the range of foodstuffs that may be fed the horse with safety and success is rather large. THE CEREAL GRAINS Most of the grain fed to the horse comes from the cereal plants—oats, corn, barley, rye and wheat. The cereal grains are very similar in composition. ‘They con- tain a fairly low water and protein content and a con- siderable amount of nitrogen-fee extract, fiber and fat. They are palatable and digestible. The question of a choice of cereal grain for feeding the horse will be largely determined by the relative cost. Oats.— There is no other grain so safe for horse feed- ing as oats, the animal rarely being harmed if by acci- dent or otherwise the feeder gives an oversupply. This 345 GRAIN AND CONCENTRATES FOR THE HORSE 347 safety is due to the oat hull, which causes a given weight of grain to possess considerable volume. ‘This lessens the liability of mistake in measuring the ration. Fur- ther, the digestive tract cannot hold a quantity of oat grains sufficient to produce serious disorders. It is said that horses fed on oats show a spirit which cannot be attained by the use of any other feeding stuff. It has been urged by many that this is due to a peculiar stimulating substance called “avenin,”’ which the oats is said to possess. Oats may have a flavor that makes FIG. 156—FATTENING HORSES FOR THE MARKET it a favorite food for horses, but the most careful chem- ical study has failed to reveal any substance of the nature of “avenin.” Again, it is stated that the fats of oats are more thoroughly digested than those of other cereals. The weight of oats determines the quality of the grain. If the oats is light it indicates that there is a large pro- portion of hull to grain and the oats is worth less than if it were heavy, which indicates a large proportion of grain and a small amount of hull. Unless the horse is pressed for time or has poor teeth, the oats should be fed whole. It is generally agreed that new oats should not be fed to horses. Musty oats should always be avoided. Corn.—Next to oats, if, indeed, it does not exceed it, 348 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES corn is the common grain for the horse in America. It is used largely in the corn belt and to the southward in the cotton states. Much has been said against the use of corn. However, it is ordinarily the cheapest of all the cereal grains. A given weight furnishes more energy than any other food. It furnishes the largest amount of digestible nutrients, at the least cost, and is universally palatable. While conceding that corn is not equal to oats as a grain for the horse, nevertheless, because of its low cost and high feeding value, this grain will be ex- tensively used when large numbers of horses must be economically maintained. Corn contains large quan- tities of nitrogen-free extract, and when fed exclusively is too fattening. If fed in too large quantities it pro- duces digestive disorders. Corn also lacks a sufficient amount of mineral matter and protein for the proper development of young animals. Oats and corn—Ground corn and oats, mixed half and half, make a very good grain ration for the horse, and is much cheaper than oats alone. In a three years’ test with gelding and brood mares worked on farms and at heavy draft, this mixture gave equally as good results as whole oats, and reduced the cost of the ration ap- proximately 10%. ‘The bulk of the oats overcomes, in a large measure, the objectionable features of the corn, while the corn, with its large amount of easily digestible materials, supplies the ration with much energy. Barley, rye and wheat.—Each of these grains is some- times fed to the horse. The question of their use depends largely upon their market price. Usually they are worth more for other purposes. Wheat especially 1s worth more for milling. Wheat has, however, been fed to the horse with varying success, depending largely on the feeder and the method of feeding it. : Barley is not fed to horses in the East to any great extent because of its demand for malting, but on the Pacific coast it is extensively used for feeding horses at GRAIN AND CONCENTRATES FOR THE HORSE 349 all kinds of work. When the horse’s teeth are good and the labor not severe, barley may be fed whole. Ground barley when mixed with saliva forms a pasty mass in the mouth, and is therefore unpleasant to the horse while eat- ing. Crushing the grain makes it less objectionable. Rye is often fed to horses. It is the least palatable of all the grains and many horses will hardly eat it unless ground and mixed with other foods. In many localities, rye is likely to be infected with ergot, which has a bad effect upon the horse and may be the cause of abortion in brood mares. Leguminous grains.—Besides the cereal grains there are a few leguminous seeds that are used as horse feed. These le- guminous seeds differ from cereals in their composi- tion, in that they contain a relative- ly large percent- ATeu Ok Prove, and are perhaps not so digestible as some of the cereal grains. Horse beans, field peas and cowpeas. — These are perhaps the most used leg- umes as a food for the h orse. Fic. 157.—BULK IN GRAIN RATION 1. Shelled corn. 2. Corn meal. 3. Whole oats. 4. Horse beans and Ground oats. 5. One-half shelled corn and one-half field peas are €X- whole oats. 6. One-half corn meal and one-half ground is 5 oats. 7. One-third wheat bran, one-third corn meal and tensively fed 1M. one-third ground oats. Each lot contains the same amount of digestible Europe and Can- nutrients. Note the larger bulk in lots 5, 6 and 7. 350 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES ada, while cowpeas are used in the oer states. The horse usually takes to these grains after a time, and they have a good effect upon the animal .unless fed in too large quantities, when they prove harmful.: Five pounds per head per day may be considered the maximum that can be fed with safety. BY-PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL FEEDS Aside from the whole grain there are on the market numerous feeds containing only parts of the various grains and are called = by-prod- ucts, commercial feeds,and the like. These constitute the paneOrm tte Sranielent matter the manufacture of some product. Thus, when starch is manufactured meow COriad, tlae nitrogenous part of the grain is re- Fic. 158.—BELGIAN STALLION “‘LUDIA”’ jected and consti- tutes gluten feed or meal. Cottonseed cake or cottonseed meal is the ma- terial left after the oil has been expressed from the cotton seed. In the same way, linseed meal is the residue ob- tained in the manufacture of linseed oil. Dried brewer’s grain is the dried barley grain after it has been brewed. Bran, middlings and shorts are left after the manufacture of flour. Wheat bran.—Because of its physical effect, bran is considered a very valuable addition to the ration of the horse. It has a loosening effect on the bowels and a tendency to allay feverish condition. It is entirely too q GRAIN AND CONCENTRATES FOR THE HORSE BS bulky to constitute any considerable part of the ration of a hard-working animal. It is a very good food for young and growing animals, as it is rich in mineral matter and protein, elements that the young animal must have to build up his body. It serves the needs of the grown horse best when given as a “condition” food. Linseed meal.—This food is very rich in protein, and is often fed to the horse in limited quantities, more for the specific effect it has on the horse than for the actual nutrients it contains. It stimulates the skin secretions and gives the horse a very smooth and glossy hair. It can be used as a laxative. Linseed meal is very palatable and easily digestible. It is fattening in its nature and hence desirable if one wishes to fatten his horse. Lin- seed is valuable as a food for the growing colt because of its high amount of mineral matter and protein. It cannot be fed, however, in very large quantities because of its laxative effect, and some horses cannot eat it at all, as it scours them at once. Cottonseed meal.—This meal has about the same com- position and the same effect on the mature horse as has linseed meal. Cottonseed meal should not, however, be fed to young and growing animals. Gluten meal or feed.—Gluten is sometimes fed to the horse. It is rich in protein, but rather deficient in mineral matter. It has the objection that when mois- tened with saliva it has a tendency to form balls in-the mouth and is not so palatable. However, it is quite digestible. Like linseed and cottonseed meal, it should not be fed in very large quantities. Because of its low mineral matter content it should not be given to the young and growing colt. Dried brewer’s grains.—These grains have been used in the ration of the work horse with success. An experi- ment is quoted when they were compared with oats and the following conclusions drawn: In both rations the nutrients furnished were sufficient to maintain the weight 352 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES of the animal under average work; taking all in all, a pound of the dried brewer’s grains was quite as useful as a pound of oats in the ration for work horses. ‘Molasses.—Numerous trials have been made of feed- ing molasses to horses, particularly in the South. It is rich in nitrogen-free extract and hence is quite diges- tible. In the South, where it is fed extensively, it is fed from a large trough, and the animals are allowed to eat at will. In the North it is customary to dilute it with water and sprinkle on the hay. Molasses has a good physical effect upon the animal. It encourages skin secretions and keeps the hair fine and glossy. ‘There are some disadvantages connected with the use of mo- lasses, however, as it attracts insects, especially flies and ants, sticks to the animal’s coat, halter, tie strap and manger, and is difficult to mix with other foods. Patent stock foods.—If the horse is out of condi- tion, or if the food is not so good as it should be, the use of condimental or patent stock foods may be of advantage in bringing the animal up to the normal con- dition. The price at which these patent foods are sold makes them extremely expensive to the consumer, and the profits that accrue from their sale are great. Yet if one has a horse that is out of condition it may be profitable to buy a package of this food. There is noth- ing difficult in the making of these foods, and any one can mix a “conditioner” himself if he has the time and disposition to do so. GHAPTER XXXV_ HAY AND FORAGE FOR THE HORSE The kinds of forage that are available for horse feed- ing are even more numerous than the grains, and they vary as widely in their composition and nutritive value. Dry forage, on the average, contains from one-third to one-half the energy value of grain. It differs from grain in that it contains more water and more fiber. Because of the high percentage of water, succulent forage con- tains from one-third to one-half the energy value of dry forage. Many of the succulent foods, especially roots and tubers, are almost entirely digestible. HAY AND DRY FORAGE It is better to have the digestive tract of the horse moderately distended with coarse material rather than contracted, as would be the case if grains possessing only the requisite nutrients were supplied. In fact, horses fail to thrive when fed concentrates alone; even oats with their strawlike hulls do not provide sufficient bulk. Fur- ther, on farms roughage is ordinarily much cheaper than concentrates and, therefore, should be used as much as possible, although some grain should always be fed in addition, especially to working animals. Timothy hay.—Although not particularly rich in digestible nutrients, timothy is the standard hay for horse feeding. There are many reasons for its popu- larity. It can be grown successfully in nearly all local- ities and is the principal market hay; it is difficult to adulterate with other grasses or weeds without detec- tion; it is relished by horses; it is free from dust—all of which conditions commend good timothy hay as a horse food. 353 354 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Clover hay.—This hay has not been held in high es- teem as a forage for horses. ‘The reasons are obvious. It is generally loaded with dust, and this is often hard to prevent. The clover stem is not stiff enough to hold the plant upright and it falls to the ground, and more or less dirt is splashed upon it by rain. Then the leaves and stems are very brittle and crumble into dust in the curing of the hay. Further, the hay often goes into the mow so moist that fermentation takes place. Dur- ing this oxidation or slow-burning process, particles of blackened, partially carbonized leaves are produced, FIG. 159—MODERN METHOD OF MAKING HAY which finely divided matter rises in the air in clouds of dust when the hay is moved. Some of it enters the nos- trils of the horse and is drawn into the lungs, there setting up serious irritation. This can be prevented in large measure by moistening the hay before feeding. When bright and clean, clover is a very valuable food for the horse, especially for the young and growing colt, as it is rich in protein and mineral matter; in fact, it makes a better ration than timothy when fed in limited quanti- ties. Alfalfa hay.—This hay belongs to the same natural HAY AND FORAGE FOR THE HORSE 355 family as clover hay, and meets with similar objections. It is likely to be dusty, especially when grown in regions of considerable rainfall. It seems certain that alfalfa fed in limited quantities will prove as efficient as timothy to the slow-going draft horse. Horses are very fond of alfalfa, and it is necessary to guard against feeding an oversupply. Like clover, there is no better forage for the young and growing colt. FIG. 160.—ARABIAN STALLION ‘“‘NIMR” Cereal hay.—Cereal plants, such as oats, barley and wheat, are often harvested before the grain matures and the forage used as hay. Such hay is extensively used on the Pacific Coast, especially in California, where it is held in high esteem as a forage for race horses. Cereal hay may often be advantageously employed for horse feeding in the eastern United States. When timothy commands a very high price, many successful farmers sell their timothy and raise oat hay for their work horses, 356 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Millet hay.—Hay from Japanese millet, Hungarian grass, and like forages, may often be advantageously fed to horses, provided the allowance is limited (p. 358). When such hay is properly cured, and fed in moderation, or in connection with some other hay, it makes a very good forage for the horse and produces no unfavorable effects. Perhaps some grain should always be fed when millet forms a part of the ration. Corn forage—Thickly grown corn, when properly cured, makes one of the best dry forages for the horse. Corn thus seeded bears small palatable ears which are easily masticated. The leaves are free from dust, as well as palatable and full of nutrients. When the yield of such forage and its feeding value are compared with that of timothy hay from the same area, the usefulness and economy of the corn plant becomes apparent. Corn stalks.—Dry corn stalks that have been cured in the shock are sometimes fed as a substitute for hay. Ex- periments and experience have shown that in the fall before the leaves are leached it is as valuable as timothy hay, pound for pound consumed. The stalks cost only one-third as much as the timothy and therefore they prove much more economical. The question is often raised whether cutting or shredding improves their digestibility. It will not improve the digestibility, but cutting or shredding has other advantages: The cut or shredded stalks can be much more conveniently stored; they are more easily handled; they will retain their nutrients longer than if left to leach in the shock. If the stalks are to be fed in this manner, emphasis must be put upon the necessity of cutting the corn as the ear hardens and be- fore the blades and stalks become dead or are bitten by frost. Straw.—The straw of the various cereal grains is some- times fed to the horse as a part of his roughage. While the straw has some value, the horse requires much more grain when hay is replaced by straw. Idle work horses 4 HAY AND FORAGE FOR THE HORSE B17), in winter can utilize some straw, but they should not be compelled to subsist wholly on it, as it contains much fibrous material and is largely indigestible. It should never be fed to hard-working animals. In relative value for horse feeding the straws rank in the following order: Oats, barley, wheat and rye, the latter being of little use as a horse food. SUCCULENT FOODS In addition to the dry hays, the horse can make good use of many of the succulent foods and will be much benefited thereby. These succulent foods are all char- acterized by their very high water content and by their low energy values, the latter about one-half that of dry hay. Green forage—Sometimes it happens that the feeder runs short of hay before the new crop comes on, and he either cuts the grass and feeds it green, which we call soiling, or turns the horses out to pasture. When the grass is cut and fed green, it is well to bear in mind that it contains very much water and very much more of it by weight must be fed. The leguminous forages, such as alfalfa and clover, are richer in protein, and may cause a larger excretion of urine. Either of these methods is practicable when the animals are at moderate work, but neither should be employed when the work is severe, as it takes the animal too long to get sufficient nutrition. Silage—This succulent food has been fed to the horse from time to time with varying success. If the silage is good and is fed in moderate quantities, it may be given to idle horses, to idle brood mares and to growing colts with safety. It should not be fed to the hard-working animal, as he must consume too much to get sufficient nutrients to avail him much energy, because of the high percentage of water. Roots and tubers.—Carrots, rutabagas, potatoes and 358 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES other roots and tubers are occasionally fed to the horse. These foods contain a high percentage of water and small amounts of nutrients. The use of such materials for horses has been attempted at different times with vary- ing success, but they are not used to any great extent in this country, although very common in Europe. Carrots are often fed as “conditioners.” For this pur- pose their value is high, but for actual nutrition very low. Fruits.—Apples, dates and prunes have been fed in the regions where they thrive, when the price was sufficiently low. Such foods are of little or no use, with the possible exception of apples. Injurious feeding stuffs.—In feeding the horse precau- tions should always be taken to avoid materials harmful in themselves, or those which may become harmful. Dirt, sticks, small stones, and the like, should be removed from the grain before feeding. All feeding stuffs should be cleaned. Millet.—This hay, when fed in large quantities, 1s con- sidered injurious to the horse. It is reported that it pro- duces increased action of the kidneys, causes lameness and swelling of the joints, destroys texture of the bone, and the ligaments and muscles are torn from their places when the animal attempts to move. Ergot.—Plants which are ordinarily wholesome may become harmful if infested with ergot. Some investiga- tors say that it causes rheumatism in the horse and that it may cause pregnant mares to abort. Feeds that are ordinarily wholesome may, under cer- tain conditions, be harmful. There is a widespread prejudice against moldy or decomposed feeding stuffs. It has been shown that the continued feeding of moldy corn induces intestinal and nervous disorders of a serious nature. Foods that influence digestion.—Some foods, in addi- tion to the nutrients they furnish, exercise an influence on the digestion so favorable as to place their value HAY AND FORAGE FOR THE HORSE 359 far above what is represented by the nutrients which they contain. The influence thus exerted tends to correct the harmful results that grow out of constipation or undue laxity of the bowels. Because of this, when used mainly to give proper tone to the digestion, the real value of such foods is usually far above their market value. When fed for such use, small and moderate, rather than large quantities should be supplied. This list of foods includes all kinds of field roots, as carrots, turnips, ruta- bagas, parsnips, and the lke; such by-products as bran, oil meal of various kinds, and condiments; such hays as alfalfa and clover, and green grass. CEN EAE ReDOXOCVal CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE The efficiency of the work horse depends largely upon his general care and management. This fact is often overlooked and in an attempt to make up for the de- ficiency the horse is given too much food, which usually shortens his career. The successful horseman must be a man of industrious habits. His work is, in a sense, never done owing to the ever-present necessity of furnish- ing the horse substance and protection. In some lines of work the neglect of one day may largely be made up the next, but in caring for the horse this is not possible. Injury resulting from neglect is always attended with loss and cannot be atoned for even by extra care sub- sequently. ‘The caretaker must be devoted to his work. If he does not take to it kindly he does it in a perfunctory manner. Food is given by rule, regardless of the in- dividual needs of the animal. Such a person is likely to be impatient, and perhaps positively cruel. On the other hand, the person who loves his work has a more careful regard for the individual needs of the animals intrusted to his care. If anyone is to wait for a meal beyond the usual time it will be himself rather than his horse. Gentleness in handling the horse.—The horse is a very sensitive animal. We should handle him quietly and gently at all times. Striking or shouting commands at a horse is an inconsiderate practice. It not only causes the animal to lose confidence in his master, which ren- ders him less teachable, but it destroys nervous energy, thereby making the horse a less economical producer than if he was protected at all times from such nervous shocks. Possibly it is a reflection upon our humanity, but the statement is made that here in America more 360 CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE 301 horses are made short-lived by ill-treatment and exces- sive work than by poor feeding. 7 Grooming the horse.—The work horse should be thor- oughly groomed each evening after the day’s work is done as well as in the morning before the work begins. In some respects this is almost as essential as feeding and watering. The cleaning and rubbing of the skin stim- ulates the secretions and improves the tone of the entire system. More important than this, however, is the good effect upon the feet and legs. Cleaning and rubbing the feet and legs are very important factors in preserving soundness. £ Es] FIG. 161—GROOMING TOOLS 1. Common currycomb. 2. Body brush. 3. Reform currycomb. 4. Mane and tail comb. In grooming the horse, the principal tools needed are a currycomb, body brush, flannel cloth, mane and tail comb, a hoof hook and a half-worn broom for use on the legs. The currycomb is used to loosen the hair which has become matted with sweat and dirt, and to remove splashes of mud, thus preparing the way for the body 262 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES brush, which it also serves to keep clean. In currying and brushing the horse with a sensitive skin, great care) should be ceed as carelessness often provokes kick-| ing, striking, pitines and the like. After currying and brushing, rub the hair free from dandruff with the cloth. Straighten out the snarls and tangles in the mane and the tail with the comb. The hoof hook, which is some-. what similar to a hay hook, is used to clean foreign ma- terials from the sole of the foot. The half-worn broom is a very convenient tool for removing loose mud from the horse’s legs when he first arrives at the stable. When the horses are worked in the mud, their legs should be clipped as far up as the knees and hocks, for by so doing the limbs may be kept clean with much less difficulty. Much difficulty is often experienced in keep- ing the legs of horses that possess “feather” free from disease, especially when the footing is muddy and the weather cold. In case the legs are clipped, it is all the more tmportant that they should be thoroughly cleaned and rubbed each evening after work. Clipping the horse.—There is much discussion as to the wisdom of clipping horses. Those persons that favor clipping state that it improves the general appearance, renders the coat more easily kept clean, and that a clipped horse is less liable to take cold than a long- coated one, because the evaporation is more rapid and the animal does not get so warm. On the other hand, those that oppose clipping state that it is not possible to make a clipped coat show the luster of an unclipped one; by the proper use of blankets it is possible to keep the coat rather short; and that by judicious grooming it is easily possible to keep the coat from becoming too thick, thus avoiding the necessity of clipping. When this is the practice warm boiled food given one or two evenings each week materially adds to the luster. Horses thus managed will shed very early in the spring. Under average conditions the horse that has a long, CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE 363 thick coat will be greatly benefited by being clipped. The same is true of the horse that does not shed readily in-the spring. The long coat causes the horse to sweat profusely, which drains heavily upon his system. ‘Thus such an animal is difficult to keep in condition until clipped. When the horse is to be clipped twice each year the first clipping should be soon after the hair has grown out in the fall. This gives time to become used to the change before cold weather, and there is some growth of hair before winter. The second clipping should be in the early spring as soon as the weather begins to get warm and before shedding the winter coat. The horse thus treated will be much more easily kept in presentable condition, and if protected by blanket and well groomed, will pay many times for such extra care. When the horse cannot be properly blanketed either in the stable or out of it, he should not be clipped in the fall or winter. Animals exposed to the weather grow long coats for their own protection, and it 1s cruel to remove it when artificial protection cannot be supplied. Mane and foretop.—When properly cared for the mane and foretop add to the attractiveness of the horse. On the hard-working horse, however, these may become very annoying, the foretop getting into the eyes and obstruct- ing the vision, while the mane, in addition to being very warm, often becomes matted under the collar and pro- duces a sore neck or sore shoulder. Under such circum- stances it seems advisable to keep both mane and fore- top closely cropped. Blanketing the horse.—The efficiency of the horse can be increased, and his appearance improved by the proper use of the blanket. Sudden changes in the temperature, as well as cold rains and heavy winds, are very exhaus- tive on the work horse unless protective measures be taken. The blanket is also very useful in improving the general appearance of the coat of hair and in preserving its color. 304 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Use of the stable blanket—When stable blankets are used, two should be provided during the summer as well as during the winter. One, to be employed as a sweat blanket and used immediately after the horse returns from work and while he cools off, then to be removed and in a few minutes to be replaced by the night blanket, to remain on the animal overnight. In case the first blanket is left on the horse during the night, little oppor- tunity is given him to dry off, the blanket soon becomes damp and remains so all night. This proves very ex- haustive on the horse’s system. In case the sweat blanket is replaced by a night blanket after the animal has ceased to steam and is somewhat cooled, which will be in a quarter of an hour, the hair will be dry and smooth the following morning. The evening grooming should be done after the sweat blanket is removed. Both blankets should be kept scrupulously clean at all times. Stable blankets may be dispensed with in the hot sum- mer months if the flies are excluded by screens or by some other means. If blankets are used at this time they should be of some light material and kept clean, other- wise they will do more harm than good. As soon as the nights begin to get cool, however, the use of the blankets should be continued, as an early use will arrest, to a marked degree, the growth of hair and may obviate the necessity of clipping. Use of the outdoor blanket.—During the cold weather, when the horse is allowed to stand outdoors, he should be well protected with a blanket, otherwise he may chill. This precaution should always be taken even if we are going to stop but a short time, as the horse cools rapidly and may take cold. During very inclement weather it is a good plan to secure the blanket about the abdomen with safety pins. As warm weather approaches the heavy blanket should be substituted for a light one. Use of the fly blanket and fly net—The proper use of fly nets brings much comfort to the horse. Whether to CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE 365 use nets or blankets will depend on the circumstances. The blanket, being much warmer and not so presentable as the net, is not advised by many persons; but there are conditions in which it proves very desirable, particularly on horses whose color is such as to fade on being exposed to the direct rays of the sun. Nets are more presentable and, therefore, more desired by horsemen generally. Both nets and blankets are rather annoying to the teamster, warm to the horses, and more or less expensive, for which reasons they are often discarded entirely. How- FIG. 162.—FRENCH COACH GRADES, WELL HITCHED AND WELL GROOMED ever, when the botflies are present, the work horse should always be provided with a throat latch cloth, as these flies are very annoying, and the animal in fighting them often becomes excited, with a consequent lessening of his usefulness. Temperature of the stable—The temperature in the horse stable may vary according to circumstances. The horse is thought to be a native of the north, and can en- dure almost any temperature so long as the stable is dry and free from drafts of air. Above all things, however, we must avoid changes, as taking a horse from a stable provided with artificial heat and compelling him to stand 366 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES in acold one. This may prove fatal. To take him from a cold stable and compel him to stand in an artificially heated one may be almost as bad. If the horse 1s prop- erly groomed and provided with a dry, clean bed the tem- perature of the stable may vary in accordance with that of the climate. Bedding the horse.—The horse should be provided with a dry, soft bed. The hard-working horse needs rest at night, and he can rest much more comfortably if given a good bed. The bedding should be kept fresh and clean. To this end it is very important that the stalls be cleaned each morning. ‘The unsoiled bedding may be placed in front of the horse under the manger, but the soiled bedding and the manure should be removed. ‘The manure should also be removed in the evening before the bedding is shook out and arranged for the night. Never allow the stall to become foul, as this not only lessens the comfort of the horse but promotes disease as well. Wheat straw makes the best bed. Old straw is pre- ferred, as it is drier and more elastic, thus making a soft bed and acting as a good absorbent. When straw cannot be obtained, or when it is high in price, shavings from the planing mill make a sweet, clean bed. Many persons prefer this material, as it leaves an agreeable odor in the barn. Other materials that are sometimes used are re- jected portions of corn stalks, tan bark, peat moss, leaves, and the like. Care of the horse’s teeth.—The teeth of the horse are subject to many irregularities which prevent him from thoroughly masticating his food. The upper jaw 1s some- what wider than the lower, so that the teeth are not ex- actly opposite; thus the wear is not equally distributed, and as a result sharp edges are often left unworn on the inside of the lower molars and on the outside of the upper, which may cut or lacerate the tongue or cheeks, which become sore. When the horse attempts to eat, the food materials irritate the sores and he will not feed CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE 367 well. These sharp edges should be rasped down with a guarded rasp. The teeth of the growing colt should be watched closely to see that they appear regularly and uniformly. ‘This is very important when the milk teeth are being replaced by the permanent teeth (p. 51), as the former often per- sist, thereby causing the latter to grow in crooked or FIG. 163.—SADDLERS, WELL GROOMED AND WELL TRAINED irregular. To avoid this, the persistent milk teeth should be removed with forceps. In all cases when a horse quids his food, slobbers or otherwise evinces pain in mastication, as shown by hold- ing his head to one side while chewing, the teeth should be carefully examined. In addition to not feeding well, a horse with a sore mouth is likely to drive badly, to pull to one side, not to bear on the bit, or to bear on too hard, to toss the head, to start suddenly when a tender spot is touched, and the like. 368 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Care of the horse’s feet.— Formerly much of the litera- ture on the horse pertained to the anatomy and care of the feet. The early writers recognized the very great importance of the feet. At present more attention is given to the general conformation and the general ap- pearance, and the feet are being neglected, with the re- sult that many of our breeds of horses have notably poor feet. Because of the importance of the feet, they should be carefully cared for throughout the active career of the horse. Each evening after returning from work, as well as in the morning before being sent out, the soles of the feet should be carefully examined and all foreign ma- terials removed. Frequently nails, stones and other foreign materials are found driven into the sole, or col- lected in the cleft along the frog. It is very essential that all such materials be removed if the hoof is to remain in a healthy condition. Some hoofs have a tendency to dry out, thus becoming hard and brittle. Such hoofs should be packed with clay mud and left on overnight. ‘This will soften the wall of the hoof and make it less likely to crack or break. For this purpose some persons prefer oil or hoof ointment, but the mud leaves the hoof in a better physical condi- tion. Should the hoof become broken or worn in such a way as to throw the foot out of line, it should be leveled at once, otherwise the weight of the body will strain the joints and cause deformity and disease. Further, when the horse is closely confined to the stable the hoofs grow out long and if not trimmed may deform the limb and make traveling difficult. It is very important that such feet receive proper attention and be trimmed with a rasp. Growth of the hoof.—We are often interested to know the rate of growth of the hoof so that we may estimate how long it will take an injury, such as a cleft, calk or crack, to grow out. While the rate of growth is influ- enced to some extent by the work, exercise, grooming, moisture and food, yet the time required for the hoof to & CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE 269 erow from the coronet to the ground is in approximate proportion to the distance of the coronet to the ground. On the average, the hoof grows one-third of an inch a month, although hind hoofs grow faster than fore hoofs, and unshod ones faster than shod ones. The toe, there- fore, grows down in nine to twelve months, depending on its length, the quarters in six to eight months and the heel in three to four months. The hoof often grows out irregular, sometimes show- ing rings of growth. This is frequently noticed on horses that are confined to soft lots and foul stables, where it is due to the soft footing. This irregular growth can be avoided by leveling the hoof so the weight bears equally on all parts, and by placing the horse in a paddock with solid footing, thus providing the foot with the proper condition to function normally. SHOEING THE HORSE The horse should be shod as frequently as is necessary to meet the demands, which will vary according to the condition under which he is worked. In some parts of the country horses at moderate work are seldom shod; in other parts only the fore feet are shod; but the con- ditions in most of our country are such that the horse can perform his work more efficiently if kept properly shod. Why the horse should be shod.—While there are a number of reasons for applying the shoes, the more important are to prevent excessive wear on the hoof, to prevent slipping on ice or mud, and to modify the action. The hoof of the work horse wears off faster than it grows out and soon becomes sore. To pre- vent this the shoe is attached. For this purpose the light shoe is preferred. It is difficult for the unshod horse to travel on’ the ice and through the mud: his efficiency is not only lessened, but he is liable to fall and injure himself and his driver as well. To pre- 370 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES vent this the horse is shod with shoes possessing sharp calks. There are several makes of shoes with removable calks. A smooth-shod horse is hable to slip more on the ice than a barefooted one. Many horses possess notably poor action, some overreaching, forging and clicking; others interfering, striking, cutting and brushing. In many cases this faulty action can be improved by proper shoeing. In such cases the shoes must be made and set to suit each individual animal. Fitting the shoe.—In fitting the shoe to the hoof care must be exercised not to rob the hoof or leave too much horn, as either mistake may IEaG wo) matin, Ol wae ime factors to be considered in pre- paring the hoof, perhaps the most important is to keep the foot perfectly level, thus pre- venting undue weight being thrown on any part, with all EMS ehecemsing toywines, I ine frog should not be touched fur- ther than to remove tags or layers that are so loose as to form no protection. The object sought is to make the foot nor- Pees eee ames SHOE mal, and then make the shoe fit the teot: In leveling the hoot, carefully note the wear of the old shoe. It gives evidence Ol the manner in which the boot has) been iser to the ground since the shoe was nailed to it. The shoe should be fitted cold. Never place a hot shoe against a freshly pared sole, as it not only causes the animal pain but may lead to injury. Nailing and clinching the shoe.—In nailing the shoe to the foot the nails should not be driven too near the edge of the sole, for in such cases it is necessary to drive the nails too far up into the wall to make them hold. If CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE 371 driven high, when the shoes are reset or the horse reshod, the former nail holes are near the edge and serve to weaken the hoof and interfere with driving the new nails. On the other hand, if the nails are small in size and set well back, they can be driven so as to come out well down on the hoof, say an inch and one-half above the shoe. Nails thus driven destroy the least possi- ble amount of horn and have a wide, strong clinch, thus giving the strongest possible hold on the wall, because the Glimeln Inolds maOre nearly at right angles to the grain of the wall, owe ike Chane Lanyelat, Ainieie Cheyne wane mewls they are clinched in a small groove fitted for the purpose. Smooth with a rasp, but never rasp the outside of the hoof, as it will remove the natural protective Covierine, Its of the utmost importance that this natural covering be not removed, as the Fic. 165.—METHODS OF SHOEING 1, Normal position; 2, hasten the action; 3, retard the action. hoof will absorb water in the wet season and dry out much more rapidly during the dry season. Resetting the shoes.—It is important that the shoes be reset frequently, as the hoof grows out over the shoe, thereby causing the shoe to bear on the sole instead of 372 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES on the wall of the hoof. As to the frequency of resetting, all depends on the conditions, such as the severity of the work, the nature of the footing, whether icy or dirt, and the individuality of the animal. Some horses at very severe work may require the shoes to be reset every week, while others at light work may suffer no incon- venience if left on eight weeks or until the shoes wear out. Shoes for unsound feet.—There are a great variety of horse shoes upon the market, many of which have been designed from time to time to save and perfect unsound feet. Such shoes may allay the pain and prolong the use- fulness of the horse, but most of them allow dirt and filth to gather under the protecting pad. Because of the wet, dirty and filthy condition of the frog and sole of the foot, due to the dirt being retained by the pad and to the partial exclusion of the air, the foot tends to become soft, tendernmanud diseased: Various tormss or nubber »pads, rubber shoes, rope shoes, fiber shoes and other contriv- ances to diminish the shock and prevent slipping on the hard slippery pavements of our large cities are in use. They are usually expensive, but many of them are rather efficient in deadening the sound and preventing slipping on paved and cement streets, though not so effective on ice. CEPA AN ISKe SOO GY ee PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING The usefulness and value of a horse depend on his training and on his being readily subservient to his mas- ter’s will. The horse is man’s principal beast of burden, and is constantly associated with him in the perform- ance of his work. ‘This association establishes a close relationship. Since the effectiveness with which the work is performed depends on their mutual understand- ing, it seems well worth while to give the methods of establishing agreeable relationships between horse and master careful consideration. In common usage, the term “breaking” is employed to designate the preparation of the horse for his life work. This usage is unfortunate. Only too often the horse is broken in spirit and obeys, or, more accurately, does not resist his master because he is worked down and worn out and does not have the energy to resist. Through- out this book the term “training” is employed to signify the educating of the horse, as it conveys the proper mean- ing, the object being to train the horse so as to increase his efficiency, and not to break that high and superb spirit that makes him the most desired of all farm animals. Training the foal—The foal should be handled and taught a few simple lessons while young. It is so much easier to train the foal at this time, as he has fewer ideas of his own and fewer fixed habits. If the youngster is thrifty and strong, the very first day of his life is none too soon to begin the training, as we can show, rather than force him to do that which he does not understand. Catching the foal.—The first time the young foal is caught he should be held in such a manner as not to 378 By MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES cause him fright. In order to do this we should make a careful study of the factors that govern the movements of the animal. If we touch the hindquarters, he moves forward, and if we touch the forequarters he moves back- ward. Ifa horse gets his fore foot over an obstruction of any kind and feels the pressure on the foot or leg, he moves backward until he frees himself, even though he injures himself in doing so, whereas he could very easily step over the ob- struction “by a forward M@verlenta. woliy slic) wlan foot is fast he moves for- ward in a similar manner. Thus it is that pressure in front stimulates a back- ward movement, while pressure behind stimulates a forward movement. ‘This is an important observa- tion and perhaps the gov- erning principle in all horse training, and should always Fic. 166.—CATCHING THE FOAL be kept in mind when handling horses. In catching a foal, gently place one arm under the neck and the other under the hams. If he attempts to go for- ward, apply pressure at the neck, or if he attempts to go backward, apply the pressure at the hams. If it is de- sired to have him step forward, relieve the pressure at the neck and apply 1 at the) fams, of if it 1s desiredsto have the foal step backward, relieve the pressure at the hams and apply it at the neck. The young foal that is caught in this manner will soon become quiet, when he should be caressed, (iie. 166.) Secure the foal’s confidence.— Y oung foals are naturally very timid and when caught should be handled very PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING 375 gently. It 1s important to secure his complete confidence before he is set free. To do this feed him sweets from the palm of the hand; as sugar is sweeter than the dam’s milk, it seems,to give him the idea that we are his friend, and instead of fleeing as we enter the stall he will come to meet us,yplacing as much confidence in us as in his mother. “In handling the foal, we should be careful to avoid confusing or exciting him. Extra care should be taken when handling the ears, the back of the fore legs, the flanks and the front of the hind legs, as these parts are extremely sensitive to the touch. ‘The foal should be handled from both sides so as to become familiar with strange objects from every quarter” dicach the youns: foal useful things only. It is important to make the first lessons short and simple, and of such a nature that they can be understood very eau and even more easily accomplished. Teach the foal to lead. rien the foal is about ten _ days to two weeks old he should be taught to lead A web halter is preferable to a leather one, as it is mu¢h lighter and softer on the head. Never use a rope halter on a young foal. Adjust the web halter to the head, fastening up any loose straps that may be hanging down, as these annoy the foal. Do not be in a hurry, but let him get acquainted with everything as you proceed. When ready, coax the youngster along behind his mother on some ac- customed route, as to the water trough and back. If sweets are available, let him taste them occasionally and he will soon follow promptly. If he resents, however, do not pull on his head, but take advantage of his natural instinct and apply pressure at the rear as we wish him to move forward. Difficult to lead.—Secure a small rope, or sash cord, and tie a large loop in one end. This loop should be of sufficient size so that when placed in position on the foal it will surround his quarters, leaving the knot well for- ward on the back. Pass the free end along the back and 376 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES through the ring on the halter. This is called the quar- ter hitch. Now take the halter strap in one hand, the quarter mitch rope sire wother s Pull) centhy~wom thie halter strap and as the foal begins to shake his head give the quarter hitch rope a:strong pull and he will immedi- ately move forward. Do not hurry, but give him time FIG. 167.—DIFFICULT TO LEAD to get used to the lesson. Caress him and feed sweets. Soon he will follow wherever you lead. (Fig. 167.) Teach the foal to drive with lines——After the foal understands the use of the halter, he should be taught to drive with lines. To do this adjust a surcingle around the foal’s body. The surcingle should be provided with a loop on each side, placed well below the center of the body. Pass the lines through the loops and fasten to the rings on the sides of the halter. Never use any kind of bit in the mouth of a young animal. Now the lines will pass the quarters low down and thus prevent the foal from turning his head toward us, which he will do occasion- 4 PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING 377 ally if the surcingle is not used. Keep the lines low in turning to make the guiding process easy. At first, walk close up to the foal so as to encourage him to go forward by occasionally touching the rump with the hand. Do not hurry the foal. The first day teach him to guide to the right and left, the second day of driving teach the command “whoa,” the third day “get up,” and the fourth day teach the command “back” (p. 379). Training the work horse.—In training horses, young or old, there are a few general considerations that should be kept constantly in mind. A horse should never be trusted more than is necessary. Children, women or incom- petent persons should never be left in charge of a horse ~ unless the animal is thoroughly acquainted with them. In handling a horse, the safest way is to remain close to the animal’s left shoulder, grasping the bridle close to the mouth with the right hand. In tieing to a post or hitching rack, the horse should be secured by a strong rope or strap placed about the neck, then passed through the ring of the bit and on to the post. In bridling, har- nessing and saddling a horse the work should be done from the left side. In hitching, the lines should be at- tached into the bit and then placed where they can be reached easily before hitching the horse to the vehicle. In unhitching, the lines should be the last disengaged, and care should be taken that the animal is free from the vehicle before he is led away. Age to train the horse for work.—There are many fac- tors influencing the most profitable age at which to train horses for work, chief of which are the breed, the in- dividuality and the work to be performed. Asa rule, the draft breeds mature younger than the lighter breeds, and, therefore, may be put to moderate work younger. Some individuals develop more rapidly than others, and as they mature earlier, they may be put to work younger. ‘The work performed likewise has a bearing upon the age of training. Draft horses and saddle horses, because of the 378 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES force applied at the collar and the weight borne on the back, should be reasonably mature; whereas among horses intended for fast driving on the race track, where the weight borne is light, many good horsemen feel that the training cannot begin too soon, and such horses are often put into training at a very early age. Some persons find it profitable to put colts to moderate work as early as two and one-half years of age, and even before, while others delay training until coming four years FIG. 168.—BITTING HARNESS old: Whese ages represent the extremes.” Im eeneraly the horse should not be put to work until two and one-half years of age, and even then the work must be moderate and the working hours short. On the other hand, if the animal is thrifty it is poor economy to keep him in idle- ness after he is four years of age. Bitting the horse.—Perhaps no factor in the training of horses, whether for work or pleasure, is of greater 1m- portance than that of educating them to the uses of the bit. The thoroughness with which this is done will go PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING 379 far toward determining their usefulness. Before bitting the horse, the mouth should be examined for sores, as it is not possible to train a horse to the uses of the bit while suffering from sore mouth. While the proper bit to use will depend somewhat on the object sought, yet in most cases a straight or slightly curved bar bit cannot be im- proved upon. In case the horse’s mouth is tender the bar bit should be covered with rubber or leather. The horse can usually be made familiar with the uses of the bit by the application of the bitting harness. ‘This harness consists of an open bridle with check rein, a surcingle and crupper, and two side lines running from the bit to rings on either side of the surcingle. (Fig. 168.) With this harness properly adjusted, turn the horse loose into a paddock to familiarize himself with the bit. The side and check reins should be slack at first, but gradually tightened from day to day. The first lessons should not continue more than half an hour at a time, but two may be given each day. Subsequently the lessons may be longer. The number of lessons necessary to teach the uses of the bit will vary according to the individual. Some horses will drive after one or two, while others will require a week or more before they will fully understand its uses. Teaching the commands.—As soon as the horse be- comes familiar with the bit, the side reins may be sub- stituted for lines, and he may be driven about the paddock. After driving the horse until he is going smoothly, give the command “whoa,” followed by a strong swinging pull on both lines, and the moment the horse stops slacken the lines. If necessary to stop the horse, repeat the word and action. The next day teach the command “get up.” When ready to start, give the command “get up,” pausing a moment, then striking him a light tap with the whip. When going smoothly, stop at the command “whoa.” Repeat until he obeys both commands promptly. Next teach the command “back.” 280 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES The work horse should be taught few words, and each should stand for a definite action. Six words will answer all practical purposes, and it is important that the horse be thoroughly trained to obey each. “Whoa” means to Stopjand stand still; eet up, toreo torward. back, «te move Dackwands; i steady, to sive attention; | bawse to Zoo teveiemandiecee a imeansitO/ 20) Lome aioiae Hitching and driving.—As soon as the horse obeys the commands he should be harnessed and hitched. To familiarize him with the pressure of the shafts he should first be poled. To do this, procure a light pole five or six feet long,.and let the horse smell and feel it with his nose. Then gently rub the pole over the nose, face, neck and the entire body, especially along the inside and outside of the fore and hind legs. If at all convenient, the first time the horse is hitched, a training cart—one with long shafts, substantially con- structed, and the seat so arranged that the driver can get off and on quickly—should be employed. Before attach- ing to the vehicle, the horse should be made thoroughly familiar with it. “To do this, lead the horse up to the rig and allow him to smell and feel the shafts. Rub them along his head, neck, shoulders, body and legs. Now the horse may be attached with perfect safety, although a kick strap should be employed at first. Training the horse to objects of fear.—After the horse drives smoothly he should be made familiar with the various sounds and objects he is likely to meet, particu- larly along the busy thoroughfares of cities. “To famil- iarize the horse with a street car, choose a road or street where the car line crosses, drive the horse up to within too yards of the track and stop until the car passes. If he seems nervous, caress him. Drive over the track an equal distance and stop while another car passes. ‘This time the noise is in the rear. Repeat this process, work- ing the horse closer as each car passes. In a similar manner familiarize him with other objects that cause him fright. PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING 381 Train the horse to walk fast.— There is no gait so valu- able or so much appreciated and so practically useful in a horse as a fast, square walk. It is not difficult to train the average horse to walk fast, providing the proper methods are employed in the early training. From the very beginning keep the horse walking up to his limit. We should never allow him to mope along at this time, or the habit will become so strongly fixed that it will Demditiicult= to overcome, During the entine traimime, FIG. 169.—GUY LINE process, therefore, urge him to his limit and he will get into the habit of walking fast. Training the wild horse.—The training of stubborn, re- fractory and wild horses calls for more strenuous methods than have hitherto been suggested. Perhaps the greater number of such animals owe their faults to inequalities of temper. It is, therefore, of much importance that the temperaments be studied carefully. Horses may be divided into four general classes according to their tem- 382 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES per: ‘Teachable, nervous, stubborn and treacherous (p. 19). The methods to be employed in training such horses will vary according to the individual, but the ap- plication of appliances somewhat similar to the following may be necessary to bring them under subjection: The guy line.—This is a lead line or rope for controlling wild, refractory and stubborn horses. To make it, pro-_ cure a soft, three-eighths-inch rope about 20 feet long. Make a small stationary loop in one end. Place this loop under the left jaw, carrying the free end over the neck FIG. 170.—RAREY’S DOUBLE-SAFETY HARNESS AND GUY LINE from right to left, then down through the loop and to the mouth, passing it through the mouth, back under the lower jaw and between the jaw and the rope coming from the neck, thus forming a loop around the neck and a half- hitch around the jaw. This makes a very efficient lead line, though it should never be used in prolonged pulls, but in short, quick jerks. (Fig. 169.) Rarey’s safety harness—This harness was devised by Rarey for use in training wild and vicious horses. There are two forms, the single and double safety. In the former one front leg only is under control, while in the PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING 283 latter both front legs are under restraint. This harness consists of two straps fitted with D-shaped rings, which are buckled about the pasterns; a surcingle fitted with two rings on the belly, three on either side and one over the saddle andea lone rope. “Lo arrange the double safety, pass one end of the rope through the left ring at the belly, then down and through the ring at the left FIG. 171.—RAREY’S THROWING HARNESS pastern, then up and through the other ring at the belly, then down and through the ring at the right pastern, then up and tie off at one of the rings on the right side. Now, by taking hold of the free end of the rope, we have the harness completed. In case the horse is difficult to manage, pull on the safety rope and restrain his fore legs. If he continues to act up, pull his fore legs up by a jerk on the rope and he will come to his knees. As this is a very humiliating position it serves to bring the horse under subjection. (Fig. 170.) 284 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Rarey’s throwing harness—In the case of some wild horses it is necessary to lay them on the ground to teach them subjection. Rarey also devised a harness to ac- complish this. It is practically the same as the safety harness, with the addition of a heavy strap, which is attached to the surcingle on the left side. One end of the rope is tied to the ring at the belly, the free end is passed through the ring at the right pastern, then the rope is passed up through one of the rings on the right side, and then on up over the back and the harness is completed. (CE, When ready to lay the horse down, first strap up the left fore leg. Take a position near the left shoulder and pull the horse’s head to the left, then, as he lifts his right fore foot draw it up against the breast by pulling on the rope over the back. Pull steady on the rope, as the horse may rear. Soon he will settle down on his front knees, when to lay him down is simply a matter of pushing him over. Keep pulling on the rope, however, otherwise he may surprise you by quickly jumping to his feet. A few lessons of this kind will bring the wildest of horses under subjection, when they should be trained as suggested for the work horse, although it may be necessary to use the single safety for a time. : @ERIASRATEIRe XOX Tail WHIMS AND VICES OF THE HORSE There are very few horses to be found in any vicinity but that have some fauits which detract from their use- fulness. ‘These faults vary widely in their effect upon the horse; some are scarcely noticeable and affect the horse but little, while others are very serious and not only render the animal useless, but often make him posi- tively dangerous. ‘These bad habits may be divided into two general classes according to their seriousness: Vice and whims; the former comprising the more important moral defects, such as balking, kicking, running away, and the like, and the latter imperfections of less im- portance, such as tongue lolling, tearing blankets, gorging grain and the like. Causes of whims and vices.—The chief cause of all bad habits of the horse is poor management at some stage of his career. Such habits may have been formed when the colt was small and when he is only too often made to do things that seem “cute.” In later life these very things may serve to lessen his usefulness. They may have been formed while the horse was in training. Often the horse’s mouth is spoiled by the use of a severe bridle-bit or an improperly fitting one. Often his shoulders, back and tail are made exceedingly sensitive to pressure by im- properly fitting harness. Many a young horse has been spoiled the first day he spent in the stable by the treatment he received. Many persons think a green horse should stand much the same as a work horse. Thus, if he appears indifferent and fails to stand over when commanded, or if he will not permit his sen- sitive abdomen and legs to be curried, or if he objects to hay- ing heavy harness with flopping bands thrown over his back, he is punished with the first thing the excited attendant 385 386 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES can lay hands on, with the result that a habit is established which may be exceedingly difficult to overcome. All such excitement and resulting bad habits easily can be avoided by a little patient effort in properly training the horse. It is seldom if ever that a horse is really born vicious. While it may be true that tempers are trans- mitted, and that certain tempers are more predisposed than others to develop vice, yet vice itself is not a hereditary character. Overcoming whims and vices.—In overcoming bad habits in horses we should make a careful study of each case in order to ascertain the cause, and, if possible, re- move it. Then we must establish a new habit that will have a stronger influence on the horse’s mind than the old one which impairs his usefulness. To do this we must impress upon his mind that we are superior and our commands must be obeyed. From the beginning, there- fore, we must use such appliances as will give us the advantage. ‘This can readily be accomplished in either of two ways: First, by the application of such appli- ances as will use the horse’s strength in overcoming him; and, second, by the use of self-punishing harness, which will inflict punishment at the instant he violates our wish. The horse must be given to understand that he must obey us or suffer accordingly. Next, he must be im- pressed with the fact that we are his friend. ‘This can be accomplished by caressing him and feeding sweets when he obeys our commands. To aid in securing his con- fidence we should abstain from all forms of punishment likely to cause him pain. Thus we should not use the whip or spur in overcoming bad habits, as the pain in- flicted may provoke further rebellion. The most efficient means of punishing the horse in overcoming faults is to humiliate him. “This seems to have a greater effect upon the stubborn horse than any form of punishment whereby he is caused physical pain. There are two common methods of humiliating the proud 4 WHIMS AND VICES OF THE HORSE 387 and vicious horse: First, by pulling him to his knees and holding him there until he becomes calm, which can be easily accomplished by means of the Rarey double safety ; and, second, by laying him on the ground and holding him down until he gives in, which can be accomplished with the Rarey throwing harness. The great advantage of each of these methods is that they do not cause the horse physical pain. Outdoor whims and vices, and how to overcome them. —There are a number of outdoor faults to which the horse is subject, some of which are easily overcome, while others are practically impossible, especially after the horse becomes confirmed in his habits. Balking.—This is largely a nervous trouble, and it is useless to punish the horse, if indeed it does not increase the difficulty. We must divert the horse’s attention from his fixed determination not to obey. In young horses this can usually be done by quietly arranging the collar or bridle; by giving a dainty, as a bite of grass; and by picking up one front foot and gently tapping the shoe as if there was something wrong. This serves to attract the horse’s attention, and he will move on without fur- ther trouble. In older horses and where the habit is fixed, more strenuous methods must be employed. First of all, teach the commands so that they are obeyed with promptness. If necessary use the double safety until the horse understands that “whoa” means to stop and stand still. Next attach the guy line, which should be managed by an assistant while you drive and tend the safety. If the horse shows any tendency to balk give the command “whoa” at once, and before he has time to stop of his own accord. This serves to puzzle him. When ready to start the assistant should quickly take a position in front of the horse and smartly jerk him forward with the guy line at the same time you give the command “get up.” As a signal, you should snap the whip to the right, but without touching 388 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES the horse, as the command is given. Repeat the process of stopping, starting and snapping the whip several times. TJse the guy line, and use it severely, on the slightest intimation that the horse does not want to go when com- manded. After a few such lessons there should be no further trouble. Kicking.—To overcome the habit of kicking, give the horse a thorough course in poling (p. 380). If he resists attach the guy line and double safety, pull him to his knees and continue the poling process. At first refrain from touching the hind legs, gradually working the pole back along the body. When he becomes submissive while down, let him up and continue the poling as before. Now place the harness over the double safety, arranging the breast band and breeching rather loosely, and placing the traces through the rings on the breeching, so that the ends will flap about the hind legs and quarters. If he resents the pressure on the harness and attempts to kick, give the command “steady” and pull him to his knees rather severely. Hold him in this position until he becomes calm. Continue the process until he submits. Procure two long poles, secure one end of each on either side at the shaft tug, and allow the other end to drag on the ground behind the horse. Drive him about, and if he attempts to kick, command “steady” and pull him to his knees as before. After he becomes submissive to the poles dragging on either side, place them between his hind legs and continue as before. At this time care should be exercised, for the horse may injure himself. Do not continue this part of the lesson long, as the poles will rub the legs sore. If he resents this, however, pull him to his knees. Repeat until he submits. Running away.—To overcome the habit of running away first make the horse thoroughly obedient to the com- mands and uses of the bit, much as suggested in the case of a balking horse. With the guy line and the double safety still attached familiarize him with strange objects, WHIMS AND VICES OF THE HORSE 389 such as papers, umbrellas, robes, and the like; and to sound, as sleigh bells and steam cars. Now pad the knees and hitch the horse to a vehicle. After driving him about for a time give him an opportunity to run away, choosing a straight, wide road. When he gets well under way command “steady” and begin to restrain his front feet with the safety rope. Slacken him gradually until slow enough to permit a sudden stop, then give the command “whoa” and bring him to his knees. Repeat this a few times. Now try him again and just before applying the safety rope give him a severe pull on the lines in order to impress him that we have the same power with the lines that we have with the safety rope. Continue this work, driving the horse past objects that formerly excited him to run. After a few rather hard falls he will usually become submissive. Tossing and shaking the head——Many otherwise good driving horses have the very aggravating habit of tossing the head up and down, or throwing it from side to side. Such nervousness not only detracts from the general appearance of the horse, but makes him difficult to drive properly, as he pulls the lines through the hands and may throw the lines over the end of the shaft and an accident result. Such habits are often difficult to over- come. First examine the mouth to see that it 1s free from sores and that the bit and bridle are properly ad- justed. Procure a short strap about six inches long provided with a snap on either end and a loose ring in the center. Snap the leather to the bit rings so the loose ring on the leather will remain under the lower jaw. Now secure a strap to this loose ring, pass it down be- tween the front legs and attach to the belly band, similar to a standard martingale. When the horse is properly reined this is a very effective appliance, as he is unable to move the head out of position. Tongue-lolling—Many good driving horses have the disagreeable habit of protruding the tongue from the 390 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES mouth. ‘This is very unsightly and lessens the sensitive- ness of the mouth, besides exposing the tongue to injury. The habit is usually due to improper bitting and is often difficult to overcome. The tongue-lolling bit was de- vised to overcome the habit and is perhaps the most effective measure that we have at present. (Fig. 174; 15.) Halter-pulling.—There are three hitches in common use in overcoming the habit of halter-pulling, the loin-hitch, the tail-hitch, and the foot-hitch. ‘To arrange the loin- hitch secure a three-quarter-inch rope about 15 feet long, and tie a small stationary loop in one end. Place the rope around the horse’s body just in front of the hips with the loop under the abdomen, and run the free end through the loop, pass it forward between the fore legs, up through the ring at the halter, then around a solid post, and back and tie into the ring at the halter. Now excite the horse to pull back. The moment he feels the pressure around the body he bounds forward. To avoid any further trouble, force him back into the rope severely by tapping him across the nose with the whip. This causes him to go back into the rope with much force, which, coupled with the fright caused by the whip at the nose, never fails to bring him forward. Caress him while he stands by the post. After a few such struggles it will be difficult to get him to pull back. In overcoming halter pulling some persons prefer the tail-hitch, although it is rather severe. To arrange the tail-hitch, tie a stationary loop in one end of the rope sufficiently large to go about the tail similar to a crupper, passing the free end forward through the turret at the saddle, on through the ring at the halter, then around the post, and back and tie into the halter ring as before. With this appliance the pressure is brought to bear at the tail, a very sensitive part, and he bounds forward. This hitch is likely to abrade the tail. To arrange the foot-hitch, secure one end of the rope about a pastern, pass the free end up through the ring at the halter and 4 WHIMS AND VICES OF THE HORSE 301 on to the post, then back to the halter and tie as before. Now when the horse pulls he jerks one leg out from under him, which puzzles him so greatly that he soon ceases to pull back. Stable whims and vices, and how to overcome them.— Horses are even more likely to develop bad habits in the stable than outdoors, particularly if ill-treated or denied sufficient exercise. These habits are often very danger- ous and usually lessen the usefulness of the horse pos- sessing them. Difficult to harness.—Some rather nervous horses have very sensitive skins and, if not properly trained, may be difficult to groom and harness. Many horses are especially sensitive along the abdomen, the back of the fore legs and the front of the hind legs, and care should be exercised in handling these i parts, lo overcome horses difficult to groom, harness or crupper, first pole them thoroughly as suggested for a horse that kicks. After becoming sub- missive to the pole, arrange a noose twitch or a war bridle on the horse. To make a noose twitch procure a small rope, such as a sash cord, and at one end tie a small stationary loop. Hold this loop on the right side of the horse’s head, placing the free end of the rope over the head just back of the ears, down the right side and in the mouth just under the upper lip and on top of the teeth, and then up and through the loop at the right side of the head and the twitch is completed. (Fig. 172.) To make a war bridle take a small rope, as a sash cord, and tie a small stationary loop in one end just large Fic. 172.—NOOSE TWITCH 392 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES enough to go in the horse’s mouth and around the lower jaw. Place this in the horse’s mouth with the knot and free end on the right side. Bring the free end up over the head, down the left side and through the loop at the mouth. Now pass the rope back over the head, this time from left to right, and just back of the ears, then down the right side through the mouth under the upper lip and on top’ of the teeth, and then pass the rope E lase@) Weel Wane ORI which passes over the head and the bridle is Completed Giice 172m) \Wotiler Gindlaese weve noose twitch or war bridle attached, we aren tial POSItIOime to punish the horse by jerking on the rope should he attempt to resist as we harness or groom him. Continue with the appliance un- til he becomes per- fectly submissive to being groomed or harnessed. To complete the work, ina similar manner, educate him to stand while being har- nessed from the right side. Biting —When the horse is troubled but mildly, biting can be overcome by the use of the war bridle. Place this on him, and when he attempts to nip, punish him severely with the bridle. Now tempt him to bite, and then punish him if he does. Soon he will associate the punishing with the nipping, and will cease. If he still persists, apply the wooden gag. This gag is made from a block of hard wood, about five inches long and 1% inches square. A hole is bored through the center, longways, for a chain which is attached to a headstall. The gag is then put in Fic. 173.—WAR-BRIDLE q WHIMS AND VICES OF THE HORSE 393 the mouth the same as a bridle bit. Now should the horse attempt to bite the corners on the gag cut his gums. A few lessons, one each day, will serve to overcome most biters. Tearing blankets——When standing in the stable many horses have the habit of biting and tearing their blankets. To overcome this, attach one end of a bar to the halter and the other end to a surcingle. As this prevents the horse from turning the head to either side, he cannot reach the blanket with his teeth. Another device is made by using a noseband and suspending small, short chains from the front, back and side in such a form, that when the horse turns to get hold of the blanket with his teeth, the chain appliance prevents him from doing so. This has the advantage of the muzzle in that the animal can eat with it attached. Gorging grain.—There are many methods of overcom- ing the horse that eats greedily, often swallowing his grain without mastication. A very good plan is to feed the ~ grain in a large, flat-bottomed grain box, as this prevents the horse from getting much grain at a mouthful. Some persons feed the grain on hay, and others recommend placing round stones in the grain box, but the confirmed grain gorger is usually an adept at throwing stones out before eating the grain. Rolling.—To overcome the habit of rolling in the stall, secure a small ring and sew it in the top of the halter. Suspend a small rope from the ceiling so that it will hang directly over the horse’s neck when standing at the man- ger. Attacha snap to the lower end of the rope, and snap into the ring at the top of the halter. This rope should be long enough to allow the horse to get his nose to the ground. This will permit him to lie down, but as he cannot place the top of his head on the ground he is un- able to roll. Difficult to shoe.—Because of improper training many horses are difficult to shoe. To overcome this habit, 394 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES first pole the legs thoroughly as suggested for the kicker. Next attach the war bridle and gently run the hand down the left shoulder toward the leg. If the horse resists punish him with the bridle. Continue working the hand down the leg and punish with the bridle, until he sub- mits. Lift the foot, and if he resists strap it up as in throwing with the throwing harness. Now lead him about on three feet for a few minutes to teach him to balance himself. If he attempts to settle down on one knee punish with the war bridle. Change the leg strap to the other side and gentle the right front foot in a similar manner. To gentle the left hind foot, rub the hand along the body and down the hind leg to the hoof, punishing with the war bridle if he resists. Attach the rope to the left hind pastern. If he attempts to kick, strap up the left fore foot. Should he attempt to kick in this position he will throw himself out of balance and fall. As soon as the rope is secured to the hind pastern, unstrap the front one. Now have an assistant take this rope and attempt to lift the foot with it, first standing well in front and out of the horse’s reach should he attempt to kick. If the horse refuses to lift the foot, give several sharp jerks on the war bridle, when he will usually raise it. Next have the assistant take a position in the rear, and try to lift the foot as before, standing well back behind the horse. If the horse refuses, punish with the bridle, when he will usually lift it. Gentle the other hind foot similarly. (CIBLA 2 TBI, ROX D.C HARNESSING THE HORSE The various parts of the harness should be properly adjusted, as a perfectly fitted harness adds much to the horse’s comfort and increases his usefulness. ‘The horse not only accomplishes his work by means of the harness, but receives much of his information concerning our wishes by it as well. Thus unequal pressure due to poorly fitting harness is likely to abrade the parts and leave the impression with the horse that we are punishing him, which may provoke vicious habits. This is em- phasized by the fact that a sore mouth produced by a POOtw we htLed Mit, or bridle voltem, excites the horse to running away; a sore neck or shoulders, the result of an ill-fitting collar, often induces the horse to balking; and a sore tail, produced by an improperly adjusted crupper, often provokes the horse to kicking. Since not only the usefulness of the horse, but his safety as well, depends so largely upon the adjustment of the harness, much careful consideration should be given to the harnessing of the horse. Bridle and check rein.—Since the bridle and bit is our main reliance for conveying orders to the horse’s mind for execution, it is important that it be properly adjusted so as to retain the natural sensitiveness of the mouth. A responsive mouth contributes to the efficiency and safety of the horse. A good mouth—one with sensitive bars— is natural to the horse. “Tender,’ “hard,” and all kinds of “spoiled” mouths result from improper training and handling. When we recall the extreme tenderness of the horse’s mouth, the cruel manner in which it is often fitted and the pain resulting from the sores thus produced, we can appreciate why a horse may lag behind until the parts 395 206 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES become numbed, then begin pulling on the bit, going with mouth open, holding the head to one side, lolling the é: ZF GS g: pac ee ‘> A PTITIS 7. KY FIITIV ALY, FIG. 174.—TYPES OF BRIDLE BITS 1, bar bit; 2, jointed bit; 3, chain center soft rubber bit; 4, bar bit, half cheek; 5, jointed bit, half cheek; 6, triumph bit; 7, Victor bit; 8, Norton bit; 9, Success bit; 10, Sanborn bit; 11, regulation bit; 12, J. S. C. bit; 13, W. wire bit; 14, humane bit; 15, tongue-lolling bit; 16, Perfection bit; 17, Lecompt bit; 18, riding bit. tongue, slobbering, rearing, mixing the gaits, and in many other ways showing the discomfort he is suffering. The bridle bit.—As a rule, in the control of the horse, v HARNESSING THE HORSE 397 too much is expected from the bit alone. Some persons seem to think that by using a severe bit they should be able to control the horse, even though he has not been properly trained. Because of this feeling many types of bits have been devised to meet the various and peculiar habits of the horse, most of which have been designated to punish him and to irritate the sensitive parts, thus defeating the object they were devised to accomplish. In the control of the horse it must be remembered that if the bit is to be effective, it is essential that the bars of the mouth retain their natural sensitiveness, which can be attained by the use of an easy and light bit handled with care. Bridle bits may be classified in two ways: First, ac- cording to their form, such as straight bar, jointed and curb; and, second, according to their function, as mild, medium and severe. The straight bar bit consists of a solid mouthpiece without lever action. It is the mildest fOr) MOL Dit aS aeLe is a minum amount, 1 OF pressune on the pars or the horses “mouth. Phe jointed or snaffle bit consists of a jointed mouthpiece, also without lever action. This is a mild bit, although considerable pressure may be brought to bear upon the bars of the horse’s mouth. Curb bits are made in a num- ber of styles, but each consists primarily of a solid mouth- piece, which may be straight or slightly curved. This bit is used with a curb chain or strap attached and a lever action is obtained, the efficiency of which depends on the manner in which the bit and chain are arranged. ‘There are also a number of styles of severe bits upon the mar- ket, each having for its main object that of punishment, which is always to be avoided, as it destroys the natural sensitiveness of the mouth. These bits usually consist of double bars so arranged that when drawn tightly by the lines they have a tendency to pinch the jaws and may cause the horse much pain. (Fig. 174.) The straight bar bit is useful for horses with tender 208 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES mouths. To make the bit still more mild, it is often cov- ered with leather or rubber. Not only are bits of this type used on animals with very tender mouths, but they are very efficient in overcoming bad habits where severe bits utterly fail. The jointed bit is a very useful type, and many horses work more agreeably with it than with the bar bit, as it gives more room for the tongue. The severe bit should never be used unless it is absolutely necessary, as it is likely to result in more harm than good. While the mild bit is the one to use as a general rule, there may be times when a severe one is needed. Be- cause of this, several attempts have been made to con- struct a bit that can be variously applied, so as to form either a mild or severe one as desired. The curb bit is used to improve the action of driving and high-acting horses. Thus the horse properly fitted with a curb bit gets his head up and nose in and shows himself to much better advantage than with any other kind of bit. However, the curb bit should be used only ‘by those who are familiar with it, as it may become a very cruel instrument in the hands of the inexperienced. Head stall and blinds——The comfort and usefulness of the bit depends largely upon the adjustment of the cheek straps. The bridle should be so adjusted as to keep the bit in its proper place—right across the bars of the mouth just above the tushes. This is very important, for if the cheek straps are too long, then the bit drops and is loosely applied, with the result that the horse becomes careless and unmindful of our wishes. On the other hand, if the cheek straps are too short, then the bit is drawn upward into the angles of the mouth and becomes a constant source of annoyance to the horse and may produce a sore mouth. : The advisability of using blinds on the bridle depends largely on the conditions. During the training period blinds should not be used. No horse can be said to be trained until he is familiar with objects at all angles, and HARNESSING THE HORSE 399 this can be accomplished only by the use of an open bridle. After training, however, there is no important objection to the use of blinds, although even then they add weight, are warm in summer and very annoying to the horse. When blinds are used they should be of the same height on the horse’s head and firmly attached to the bridle so they cannot swing back and forth. The check rein.—The efficiency of the horse depends much upon the manner in which the head is held. If the horse is given the freedom of his head he is likely to be- come careless in his habits and shambling in his gait. On the other hand, if the head is checked too high the animal’s usefulness is lessened thereby, as he cannot apply himself. There are two common methods of checking the horse’s head: First, by the means of the side rein, and, second, by the overdraw check rein. ‘The former is used largely on work horses and the latter on driving horses. While the side rein is not so effective in hold- ing the head up, it is more comfortable and enables the horse to perform his work more effectively. He is not so likely to stumble, and will pull a much heavier load. This is because he has more liberty with his head, thereby enabling him to see the ground immediately in front, and to lower the head, thus throwing more power into the collar. While the overdraw check rein holds the head higher, yet there are many objections to its use. This rein was devised for trotting horses, to be used for short periods of time only, and where the surface was as smooth as the floor. At present, however, it is used almost exclusively on driving horses, on all kinds of roads, and for indefinite periods of time. When so used there are many strong objections to the overdraw check, chief of which are that it holds the head in such a position that the animal is unable to see the ground immediately in front of him, and he has not the freedom to apply himself so as to pull effectively, particularly in ascending a grade. He is 400 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES unable to lower his head, and hence can put little power into the collar. Further, when reined too tight it holds the head and neck in such an unnatural position that they soon become numbed and the horse is seen to toss his head from side to side and to take other characteristic attitudes in search of relief. Collars.—The service of the horse is very largely ac- complished by means of the collar, and it is of the utmost importance that it fit the neck and shoulders perfectly. The unequal pressure due to a poorly fitted collar causes FIG. 175.—TYPES OF COLLARS 1, Humane; 2, pneumatic; 3, steel; 4, leather. the horse much pain and often results in a sore neck or sore shoulders. Such sores are a rather common cause of vicious habits among horses, particularly balking, striking and kicking. , Kinds of collars——Because of the difficulty in keeping the neck and shoulders in a thrifty condition, many types of collars have been devised to meet the needs of the horse. Chief among these types are the various styles of the common leather; the pneumatic, the metal, and the humane. The adherents of each of these types assert superiority over the other. The humane collar differs in shape from any of the others. It consists of a metal frame and two broad leather pads, one for either shoul- HARNESSING THE HORSE 401 der. The pneumatic collar consists of a metal frame lined with rubber, which is inflated similarly to an auto- mobile tire. The bearing surface of a metal collar is shaped somewhat like that of a leather collar, and all the parts are of metal. (Fig. 175.) While all kinds of claims are made by the adherents of these patent collars, the leather collar still holds first place among horsemen generally. To meet the various needs of the horse, leather collars are made in many shapes, chief of which are full sweeny, half sweeny, kan- garoo leather face, Irish or cloth face, common leather face, and the like. Fitting the collar—To avoid sore neck and sore shoul- ders the collar should be properly adjusted. Leather collars are so firm and stiff that it is difficult to adjust them to the neck and shoulders. To overcome this dif- ficulty take the poorly fitting collar, new or old, wrap it round and round again with thoroughly wet sacking and let it remain overnight. In the morning place it on the horse, and with the hame straps adjust it snugly to the shoulders and neck, then work the horse moderately through the day. Soaking the collar in this way serves to soften it and then it will adjust itself to every inequal- ity of the shoulders and neck, so that the horse will sel- dom be troubled with soreness. The shoulders of no two horses are exactly alike, and each should have his own collar. | Sweat pads and housings.—A collar that will fit in the early spring when the horse is fat may be too large later, when he is worked down, so that it may be necessary to use pads or get another collar. Sweat pads, however, are rather objectionable, as they are very warm and the neck and shoulders can be kept in a more healthy condi- tion without them. When the pads are used they should be kept clean. Horses that work in the winter, or during the rainy season, should have their necks protected by housings, 402 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES as these serve to keep out the water. While these hous- ings are rather expensive, they will prove economical for the working horse during the winter season because of the protection given the neck and shoulders. Breast harness.—lor light driving, the breast harness is preferred to the collar. It is lighter and cooler and when properly adjusted does not interfere with the action so much as collar harness. In fitting breast harness care FIG. 176.—HEAVY WORK HARNESS must be exercised in adjusting the neck strap, for if too long, the harness will drop and interfere with the action of the fore legs, or if too short, the harness will be drawn up and choke the animal, particularly in ascending a grade. Crupper and back strap.—To meet the needs of the horse a variety of types of cruppers have been devised, some of which are very large, for preventing a horse from dropping his tail down on the lines and for improving the general appearance. The medium-sized crupper, free from folds, is recommended. In fitting the crupper extra care must be exercised in adjusting the check rein and back strap, for if either are too short the crupper will be HARNESSING THE HORSE 403 drawn tightly against the tail. The under part of the tail being very tender, this is likely to cause soreness and thus lessen the reliability of the horse, as the horse with a sore tail is often difficult to control, particularly when he gets his tail over the line. On the other hand, if the back strap is too long and the crupper too loose it may result in the harness sliding to one side. Saddle and back band.—The importance of the saddle and back band depends on the arrangement of the breech- ing and holdbacks. If the holdbacks are so arranged that in backing pressure is brought upon the saddle, it is im- portant that it be properly fitted. Often this is neglected and a sore back results. With the saddle in-its proper place on the back there is little or no danger that the horse’s back will become sore or abraded, particularly if the parts are kept smooth and clean. If there is extra pressure on the saddle, as is often the case when hitched to single rigs, saddle pads should be used. Breeching and holdbacks.— Where there is much back- ing to be done, or in sections of the country that are hilly or mountainous, the breeching and holdbacks assume much importance. While there are a variety of types of holdbacks on the market, they can be divided into four general classes: Breeching and shaft holdbacks, yoke and collar holdbacks, breeching and belly martingale holdbacks, and Boston holdbacks. These holdbacks may be attached in a variety of ways. The breeching is com- monly employed with each except the yoke and collar holdback. The saddle may be discarded in the breech- ing and belly martingale holdback as well as in the Bos- ton, in which case crotch back straps and hip straps are usually employed. The breeching and shaft holdback is used only with single rigs and the breeching is attached directly to the shaft by means of holdback straps. The holdback straps must be properly adjusted. If too short, they draw the horse forward, and interfere with his action, whereas if 404. MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES too long the breeching hangs loose and the rig will have a jerky motion. The yoke and collar holdback is intended only for light rigs. The backing is accomplished very largely with the neck by means of the yoke and collars. Sometimes a martingale is used, and a part of the backing is accom- plished by pulling down on the saddle. With the breech- ing and belly martingale holdback, much of the backing is accomplished by means of breeching, though extra pres- Shes 195 Ourem brought to bear on INE OO OH MES MEG, | Wille nis 1. & MOweG Sil Clem t packer wae tne yokes andi eollar both are open to ins Savas eenervral criticisms in respect to producing sore necks. In case the loads Fic. 177.—LIGHT DRIVING HARNESS are heavy and there is consider- able backing to be accomplished, the Boston holdback is recommended. The backing is accomplished with the breeching by means of tugs extending from the breech- ing tor the jockey, yokex Ihheldratt, thereiores isiime2 straight line from the end of the tongue to the quarters, thus giving the horse his maximum efficiency in backing. This is by far the easiest on the horse, as there is but little pressure on the neck and none on the back. Care of harness.—Harness should receive good care, as this will increase the length of its usefulness and lessen the liability of its injuring the horse. When not in use, L] HARNESSING THE HORSE 405 it should be covered with a sheet and hung in a room con- structed especially for it, as dust, dampness and vermin tend to injure the leather and tarnish the fixtures. It is very important that the bearing parts be kept scrupu- lously clean at all times. This applies especially to the parts in constant contact with the horse, as the collar, FIG. 178.—HARNESS REPAIR KIT saddle, crupper, and the like. It is not possible to pre- vent sores if these parts are permitted to become dirty, which they will, because of the sweat and dandruff. The collar, saddle and crupper should be thoroughly cleaned each morning before harnessing. The entire harness should be oiled frequently. The simplest way to do this, especially with work harness, is to take it apart and soak the parts for fifteen minutes in a tub of lukewarm water containing a handful of wash- 406 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES ing soda. Then scrub the parts with a scrub brush, and when dry oil with neatsfoot oil to which a small amount of kerosene and a little lampblack have been added. Now hang up to dry, exercising care not to dry in the sun or by the fire. When thoroughly dry sponge with castile soap and buckle the parts together. Common harness treated in this way will neither turn red nor become gummy, and if often sponged with white castile soap, can be kept looking like new. Repairing harness.—Where many work horses are kept a harness repair kit should be available. It is convenient as well as economical to be prepared to mend harness whenever needed, as it often saves delay in sending to the shop. To make simple repairs is not difficult, and a repair kit is inexpensive. We should provide a wood clamp for holding the leather while stitching, gauge knife to cut new straps, four-tube punch, a paper of needles, ball of thread, ball of wax, three different size awls, collar awl, rivet set, box of assorted rivets, and a pair of pliers. Such a kit can be obtained for approximately five dollars, and with it one can keep his harness in the best of repair at a very small cost. (Fig. 178.) (CIBUAUIE ADI: THE PRACTICAL HORSE BARN The planning and construction of all buildings on the farm should receive careful consideration. They should be adapted to the environment. Features of the natural landscape give character to the homestead. It is a com- mon error to give little thought to the placing of build- ings, either in relation to each other or to the surround- ing conditions. There are many fine homes that owe their beauty and much of their value to the arrangement of the buildings, lawns, gardens and fields. The horse barn, in common with the other buildings, should be planned to meet the attendant conditions. No one type of building is of universal suitability. The farm barn must fit the farm and the needs of the farmer, while the city barn must'be planned to meet the individual con- ditions. On the average farm there is but one barn, which must house all the animals, with the possible exception of swine and poultry. Because of the variety of conditions under which horse barns are planned no attempt is made to suggest a type, and only a few of the more important essentials, which apply in the construction of all build- ings where horses are housed, are considered. Essentials in location and construction.—The horse barn should occupy a subordinate location in relation to the house. It should occupy a position so that the pre- vailing winds will not carry the stable odors toward the house. ‘The exact position and arrangement of the out- buildings and inclosures will vary according to use, and to be convenient should be few and compact, rather than scattered over a large area. Drainage.—In choosing a location for the horse barn consideration should be given the natural drainage. ‘This 407 MYOM YOA ACVAN SWVAL GNV LYNOD GAYAVd ONIMOHS ‘NYVa ASYOH—'6LI 408 THE PRACTICAL HORSE BARN 409 is often overlooked and many barns are so situated that it is practically impossible to drain the soil sufficiently to prevent muddy lots with all attendant disadvantages. Choose a slightly elevated location if possible, so that the water naturally will drain away in all directions. Dryish, sandy soil is preferred, as the water drains out readily and there is no trouble from mud about the barn. Through- out much of the country, however, the best that can be done is to locate the barn on slightly sloping land, which should be well underdrained before the barn is con- structed. Any protection against prevailing north and west winds in the winter season, such as hills, trees or any other natural objects in the track of the regular storm, should be made use of, but cool and refreshing winds should not be hindered in their direction during the summer. Ventilation —In the construction of the horse barn one of the most important considerations is thorough ventila- tion. It is essential that the hard-working horse be sup- plied with an abundance of fresh air while he is resting. Not only does a damp and poorly ventilated stable lessen his efficiency, but it also increases the liability to disease. It is comparatively easy to ventilate the horse stable, as the horse does not suffer from the cold so much as some other farm animals. If the introduction of an abundance of fresh air should lower the temperature to the freezing point no harm will be done, providing the air is admitted at many small openings. Large and few openings, how- ever, tend to produce strong and dangerous drafts. There are a number of methods by which the horse barn may be ventilated, chief of which are the windows, grates and ventilating shafts. In ventilating tightly ceiled barns, shafts are preferred. While there are many methods of arranging these ven- tilating shafts, they consist essentially of two parts, the inlets and the outlets. The inlets should be numerous, of small size, and placed on all four sides of the stable in ALO MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES order to take advantage of the wind, regardless of the direction from which it blows. In this way a large quan- tity of air is admitted and evenly distributed throughout the stable. A convenient size for these inlets is 4 x I2 inches, as this permits them to be built between two four- inch studding. They should begin near the ground on the outside and end near the ceiling on the inside. The outlets must be so constructed as to meet three conditions: First, they should remove the stable air from near the stable floor. The refuse gases are heavier than the other air of the stable and remain near the floor, as does the colder air. Second, they should be provided with openings near the ceiling, which can be closed at will, for the removal of the warm air when the stable becomes too warm, particularly inthe summer. ‘Third, it is important that these ventilators be so arranged as to afford as little inconvenience as possible, particularly when they extend through the hay loft, where they are sometimes in the way of the hay fork. These outlets should be as large as convenient. The essentials of a good ventilating flue are similar to a good chimney. Ventilating shafts are expensive, particularly if con- structed so as to work properly, for which reason windows are more commonly used for ventilating the horse barn. The windows can be so arranged as to form a good system of ventilation. When so used they should be hinged near the center, allowing the top to open in- ward. ‘This is important, for if the bottoms open into the stable, the windows are likely to be broken. by the animals running against them. By opening windows so arranged a good circulation of air is provided. (Fig. 180.) Light.—Sunlight is nature’s disinfectant. With suf- ficient light and proper ventilation, germ disease is not likely to occur. Window glass is inexpensive and should be abundantly supplied in the construction of the barn. Best results are obtained by cutting the windows long from top to bottom and by having them extend low, as DAE PRACTICAL EORSE: BARN AIT more direct sunlight will fall on the floor. This is the chief objection to underground or bank barns for horses. Bank barns are usually dark and damp, and, therefore, objectionable as horse stables. True, windows increase the temperature in the daytime and serve to radiate heat at night, but this is not so important as an abundance of light, particularly for horses. Further, light shows dirt * Sree nT Tre Te NILA PS RSSEEEARD SIES TOA Ss Keg 2 oS TS": ZnS FIG. 180.—CROSS SECTION THROUGH HORSE BARN Showing partition, manger, concrete floor, covered with plank, and the arrangement of windows. and makes it easy to keep the barn clean. Dark stables are likely to be dusty, dirty and damp, thus providing con- ditions for germ growth. In addition to cleanliness, free- dom from germ disease, and the like, a barn into which the sun shines freely furnishes a cheerful place in which to work. Cleanliness.—In the planning of a horse barn, it should be so arranged as to facilitate ease of cleaning. Horse manure being damp and warm decomposes rapidly and the gases thus formed contaminate the stable. In sum- mer this decomposing manure is a favorite breeding place 412 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES for flies. ‘Therefore, the stables should be cleaned fre- quently and a liberal supply of absorbent bedding should be provided to take up the liquids voided. The mangers should be kept clean at all times. They must receive special attention in case corn on the cob is fed, otherwise the cobs will accumulate in the bottom of the mangers, where they form a fertile media for the propagation of germs of all kinds. The ceiling and walls should be cleaned frequently with a cobweb broom to prevent ex- cessive dust and filth accumulation. It is a good plan to have the stable fixtures, walls and ceiling of a light color, as this facilitates both cleaning and lighting. Convenience.—In the planning and construction of a horse barn due regard should be had for convenience, not only in respect to cleaning the stable and in feeding, but for all other farm work as well. As a rule, the barn is more convenient to the farm when centrally located, but more convenient to the market when located near the highway. In this respect, therefore, the location would depend on the type of farming. . Thus if most of the produce was to be sold it would be more convenient near the highway, whereas if the major part of the crops were to be fed it would be more convenient near the center of the farm, as both the crops produced and the resulting manure are nearer the place where needed, thus lessening team work. As a rule, the horse barn should be planned to hold sufficient food for the animals housed therein. An abundance of loft space can be secured at little additional expense. The barn should be arranged so as to feed the horses with the minimum amount of labor. This can be accomplished more satisfactorily by arranging two rows of stalls, standing the animals with their heads toward the center. A six to eight-foot feeding alley should be ar- ranged through the center and a four to seven-foot lead alley behind the horses along the wall. Such alleys will give ample room for the feed and litter carriers and pro- THE PRACTICAL HORSE BARN 413 vide sufficient space for the harness closets, behind the horses along the wall. Immense barns, however, in which large quantities of grain and hay are stored, and many animals housed may have other objections which offset the advantages of concentration and ease of feed- ing. The risk of total destruction by fire is great, as are dangers from contagious disease, and the like. Under such conditions perhaps a number of medium-sized, well- regulated barns, located some distance from each other, would prove more economical in the long run. Box and straight stalls—There are two types of stalls in common use, the box stall and the straight stall. In planning and constructing horse stalls there are a number of factors to be taken into consideration, chief of which are the comfort and safety of the horse; the economy of barn space; the economy of labor in feeding, cleaning, and the like; the economy of material in the construction of the stall; and facilities for lighting and ventilation. The comfort and safety of the animal is promoted by the use of the box stall. He has more freedom and can as- sume any position, lying down and getting up with ease. The economy of barn space is favored by the straight stall. The box stall must be at least 10 x 12 feet square, while the straight stall need not be over five feet wide and nine feet long. The economy of labor is promoted by the straight stall. Not only is the box stall more difficult to keep clean, but the animal requires more grooming to keep him in pre- sentable condition. The feeding and bedding can be more easily accomplished in the straight stall. The straight stall also favors economy in material, as the par- titions need not be so high as in the box stall. While box stalls are very comfortable for the horse, yet they are rather difficult to ventilate properly and hinder the general lighting of the barn, particularly in case they are boarded up solid to the ceiling. All things considered, the straight stall is preferable for working horses, al- AI4 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES though every horse barn should be provided with a few well-lighted and well-ventilated box stalls, as they are indispensable for brood mares, colts and sick animals. At present it seems to be fashionable to construct low, open stall partitions. This is a serious mistake, as the animals frequently injure themselves by kicking, which the open partition encourages. Occasionally, an animal kicks over the top of the low partition and injures him- self permanently, as he is unable to free himself. Stall FIG. 181—TROTTING-HORSE BARN WITH TRACK IN THE FOREGROUND partitions between straight stalls should be boarded up solid for at least five feet. Mangers and grain boxes.—The hay should be fed from a manger. The hay rack is objectionable, as the horse pulls the hay out and drops much of it under his feet. The seed and dirt get into his mane, which is difficult to keep clean. The top of the manger should be about three feet high. The bottom should be slightly raised from the floor and should be so constructed that the dirt may sift through, thus preventing its collecting in the bottom of the manger. The manger should slope inward, to pre- vent the horse from injuring his knees when stamping flies. The hay should neither be thrown from the mow THE PRACTICAL HORSE BARN AI5 into the manger nor directly in front of the horse, but into a small room separated by a door from the stable. Neither should the bedding be thrown down in such a manner as to cover the horses and harness with dust. The grain should be fed from a grain box with a level, broad bottom. Some horses eat their grain too rapidly and a large flat-bottomed box tends to make them eat slowly, and hence to insalivate their food. Metal boxes are preferred to wood, but are too expensive for common use. : The stable fittings, mangers, grain boxes and stall par- titions should be constructed of hard wood. Horses love to gnaw pine, and once they get into the habit, no matter what the original cause, they are hard to stop. Further, if the partitions and posts are of soft wood, the horses will splinter them by kicking so that they are very unsightly as well as lacking in endurance. Even if the fixtures are of hard wood it may be necessary to cover them with strap iron to prevent the horse from’ gnawing and splin- tering them by kicking, when feeling good, as in the winter. (Fig. 180.) Harness room or closets.—In constructing a horse barn special provision should be made for the care of harness. Usually the harness is hung just back of the horse in the stable. This is very objectionable, as gases escaping from the manure are very destructive to harness, and it frequently happens that the harness is knocked down under the animal’s feet and becomes soiled with manure. To avoid this a harness room convenient to the horses SHoulde be: puovidede lt vthere area Sreat mumber. of horses housed in the barn it is perhaps more convenient to arrange harness closets just back of the horse along the wall and between the windows. A well-kept harness room or closets is a source of comfort to the owner and increases the usefulness of the harness. Flooring materials—The stable floor should be dur- able, waterproof 4nd cheap. It should be so constructed that the horse will not slip and injure himself in getting 416 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES up. Many materials are used in the construction of stable floor, such as clay, brick, cobblestone and cement, al- though the latter aremraruer ard om the teers hon pox stalls perhaps no other material excels clay, as it is good for the feet. For straight stalls perhaps no other ma- terial excels cement, covered with plank in the stall where the horse stands. The cement floor is durable, sanitary and inexpensive. If given a rough finish the horse will not slip, although if heavy loads are to be drawn over the floor, the cement should be creased before it sets. The cement in the wagon room and lead alleys should be six inches thick, although in the stalls, where it 1s covered with plank, a depth of four inches is sufficient. The floor of the straight stall should slope to the rear at least one inch in eight feet, so that the liquid excrement will drain off quickly. It is a good plan to leave a very shallow but broad gutter just to the rear, along the ends of the plank, to catch this liquid. A very shallow gutter one-half inch deep and six inches broad gives good results. From this shallow gutter the liquid can be absorbed by straw, shavings or any bedding material. It is a good plan to sprinkle daily a little dry earth or gypsum on the floor of the stable where it is damp. . (Fig. 180.) Construction of the walls.—Since the horse does not suffer from a moderately low temperature, it is a com- paratively simple matter to construct a horse barn, es- pecially when compared with that of the dairy cow. The walls should not be airtight, as the moisture condenses rapidly and the stable becomes damp and cold. For sid- ing the horse barn, unmatched boards planed on one side are preferred. The boards should be placed vertically and the cracks properly battened. If harness closets are constructed along the wall and between the windows as suggested, it will be necessary only to ceil under and above the windows. This inside covering should consist also of unmatched boards. ‘The outside covering should be given a thorough painting every three years, while the THE PRACTICAL HORSE BARN | 417 inside should be whitewashed once every year, as this serves to promote lighting and sanitation. Roofing materials.—There are a great variety of roof- ing materials on the market, many of which are scarcely worth the time required to put them on, notwithstanding the fact that they are easily laid. While there is no roof- ing more durable or satisfactory than Slatem ands stileweayer they are heavy and require strong raft- ers. All things con- sidered, perhaps a good shingle roof is bres ta, SO kim s wooden shingles for a moment in boiling linseed oil adds to their durability. A ine wOr, fed. color added to the oil, just enough to stain, im- proves the appear- ance of the roof. Dip the shingles in large handfuls to the tips, lay them on a piece of sheet iron and let Fic, 182,—LITTER CARRIER IN USE them drain back into the kettle. For shingles the roof should be fairly steep. Dipped shingles on a steep roof will last a lifetime. Metal, rubber and paper are often used for roofing barns, but, as a rule, give poor satisfaction. Labor-saving appliances.—In constructing a barn it is important to install all of the adaptable labor-saving ap- pliances available. The framework and the rafters should be of sufficient strength to carry a hay fork to facilitate mowing the hay. In large barns the alley ways should be 418 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES of sufficient width to permit the use of both feed and litter carriers. While these carriers may be of little ad- vantage in small barns, they are practically indispensable in large ones. Grain, hay and straw chutes should be arranged wherever they can be used to advantage. To facilitate watering the horse there are several watering devices upon the market, some of which are so arranged that there is a constant supply of water before the animal at all times. When these vessels can be kept clean and free from odor the practice seems a good one. In many instances, however, these watering devices are traps of filth and foul-smelling water. Perhaps a better plan is to use large troughs that can be cleaned frequently. Care of manures.—The voidings, including the neces- sary bedding, will reach six to eight tons per horse per year. On the basis of the fertilizing ingredients this manure is worth from $10 to $20 a year. It is, therefore, of importance that the manure from the horse stable be carefully husbanded. If convenient, a separate small building should be constructed for temporary storage. If horse manure is unmixed with that of cows, it should be thoroughly wet from time to time. Some salt may be used on the manure, a quart toa load. This will retard heating and discourage the flies from breeding in the manure. If convenient, swine may be allowed to roam over the manure, as this aids in solidifying it and the swine will find some food in the voidings. Paddocks for breeding stock.—In planning the horse barn a few paddocks, or still better, small fields should be provided for near the barn. These lots should be of sufficient size to allow some pasturage. Asa rule, these paddocks are so small that the grass is destroyed by the tramping of the animals. A few small grassy paddocks near the barn are very convenient in separating pregnant mares or foals and dams from other horse stock. Such paddocks afford ideal runs for young foals while the dams are at work, CIBUAU EIR 1Re DBE COMMON AILMENTS OF THE HORSE When properly cared for the horse is the most health- ful of our farm animals. He is thought to be a native of the north and can endure adverse conditions so long as given his freedom. His troubles begin, however, when | he is closely confined, improperly fed or watered, and overworked. Under such conditions the horse is subject to a very large number of ailments, some of which are simple and easily cared for, more of which are compli- cated and require skilled treatment. This chapter simply directs attention to the more common ones and how to avoid them rather than to suggest treatment. Everyone who owns a horse should know how to care for the simpler difficulties, and when to call for the advice of a veterinarian. Nursing a sick horse.—The sick horse should receive careful attention. In many of the lesser ailments good care is preferred to the use of medicine, while in many others rest is preferred to both. Thus, in the case of the horse that is run down in flesh, appetite gone, and other- wise out of condition, comparative idleness is essential. Under such conditions there is nothing better than a good blue grass pasture, well watered and well shaded, es- pecially in the early summer, before the flies become troublesome. ‘The aim is to hasten recovery from the ill effects of the ailments. To do this we must understand the horse thoroughly and be able to supply his every need. This calls for careful, painstaking and patient effort. First of all look for the cause of the trouble, and, if possible, remove it. If the disease is contagious, the sick horse should be separated from the others and placed in well-ventilated and comfortable quarters, 419 420 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Feeding the sick horse.—As the appetite is usually poor and sometimes lacking, much care should be exercised in feeding the sick horse. The food should be attractive, nutritious and readily digestible. It should not contain much bulk and should be rather laxative. Natural foods, such as fresh grass, carrots and warm bran mash, are to be preferred to prepared foods, though the use of patent stock food may prove beneficial when a tonic is valuable. FIG. 183.—HACKNEY BROOD MARES In case the animal refuses the food it should be removed from sight, and under no condition left in the feed box until the next meal. Do not place medicine in either the food or water if it can possibly be prevented, as the horse is likely to refuse the food just at a time when it is im- portant that he should have it. Giving medicine.—Medicine should be given only for a definite purpose, otherwise more ill will result than good. As a rule, too much medicine is given the sick horse. Nature should be given a chance. Medicine of itself is worth little except as it gives the system tone, thereby enabling it to overcome the disease. If a horse is out of condition the remedies administered should be those of known value and proven worth. While there are many COMMON AILMENTS OF THE HORSE A421 methods of giving medicine, the more common and sim- ple are by drenching, external application, enemas or injections into the rectum, blistering and firing. Drenching.—Dissolve the medicine in water, using just enough water to thoroughly dissolve the medicine, as more makes the drench bulky. Shake the drench immedi- ately before administering. Slightly elevate the horse’s head and gradually pour the drench into the corner of his mouth. To prevent him from strangling give him the freedom of his head a few times while administering the drench, and do not elevate the head too high. External applications—Medicine is frequently given by applying it to the skin in the form of baths, liniments, ointments, salves, poultices, and the like. Bathing the parts in hot or cold water often proves very beneficial. It is much used and with good results in lessening pain, inflammation and swelling in recent injuries. Liniment is a thin, liquid solution of a medicinal substance, and is used to relieve pain and inflammation as well as to pro- duce local stimulation. It should never be applied to fresh wounds or sores. Ointment is a waxy material consisting of medicines mixed with fats, and is used to soften, soothe and heal inflamed parts. A poultice is a soft, moist substance used to soften, soothe and relieve severe inflammation. It should be changed frequently. There are many substances used in making poultices, chief of which are flaxseed meal, bran, bread and milk, and mashed boiled turnips. Whatever the substance, it should be clean, soft and capable of retaining heat and moisture. To keep it clean and sweet, add a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to a quart of poultice. Blisters—These are counter-irritants to be used in chronic or long-continued ailments. There are two kinds in common use, the “fly blister,” made from cantharides, and the “red blister,’ made from biniodide of mercury. Both are poisonous, and their application requires skill and experience. They are made by mixing one part by 422 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES weight of the drug to eight parts of lard or vaseline. For most uses the fly is preferred, but in removing bunches the red is most used. First'clip the hair from the area, then rub on blister from three to ten minutes, depending on severeness of irritation and the thickness of the skin. A light blister repeated is preferred to a severe one. Care should be taken to see that the horse does not scratch the blister. After 24 to 36 hours, or when a watery, gummy fluid exudes from the skin, the area should be thoroughly washed with warm water and soap, then wiped dry and greased with fresh lard or vaseline. When large areas are to be blistered, as in pleurisy, inflamma- tion of the lungs, and the like, a mustard plaster should be used, as fly blisters irritate the kidneys. Firing.—This is also a counter-irritant, useful in re- moving bunches, ringbones, spavins, and the like. The application requires skill and experience. The hair is clipped from the area, the horse blinded, a twitch applied to the nose, and the opposite foot lifted, and then the hot irons are applied to the area. At first the skin is barely touched and the lines marked and then the lines are burned to a good russet brown. A fly blister is then rubbed on the fired area and the case treated as for blis- tering. The horse should be given plenty of time to recover. Enemas or injections—Medicine is often given by in- jections into the rectum when it cannot be given by the mouth, and when it is desired to stimulate the bowels to action. Food may also be given in this way. Injections are best given by means of a rubber hose about four feet long, to which a funnel is attached. Oil the hose and gently insert it into the rectum about two feet, then pour the liquid into the funnel and by raising it above the horse the liquid will force itself into the bowels. 51x to Cight quarts) Of warin) (water 1S) SUllicient To, ume adult horse, and if to this is added’ a half teacuptul of pure glycerine, much better results will be obtained, COMMON AILMENTS OF THE HORSE 423 Indigestion.— This is one of the most common ailments of the horse. It is brought about by feeding indigestible food, improper feeding, hard work immediately after feed- ing or watering, and any cause that profoundly disturbs the system. It may occur in either mild or acute form. In mild attacks the animal refuses his food, lies down and FIG. 184.—SHIRE MARE “WYDERLANDS SUNSHINE” immediately gets up, looks toward his flanks, and often paws the ground. In such cases but little treatment is necessary. Feed a light laxative diet such as bran mash and fresh grass, and allow the digestive system to rest a few days. Two-ounce dose of Jamaica ginger in a pint of moderately hot water, given as a drench three times @aily is excellent: In acute cases the causes and symptoms are similar, but the pain more severe. The horse may stand stretched out and strain, as if trying to pass urine, then lie down and get up, look at the flanks and paw as before. The care and treatment is the same as in mild cases, 424 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES except that the ginger drench may be repeated every three hours. Colic.—This term is loosely applied to almost all diges- tive troubles that are accompanied by pain. ‘There are two forms, spasmodic or cramp colic, and flatulent or wind colic. Cramp colic is a violent and painful con- traction of the muscular coats of the bowels. It is caused by some irritant in the intestines, such as undigested food, large amounts of cold water when the horse is tired or warm, sudden changes in the food, and like causes. The pain is severe and often comes on suddenly, the animal sweats and the respiration and pulse increase rapidly. He looks toward his flanks, stretches and strains, paws, kicks his belly, throws himself down, and rolls. Soon the pain passes, only to return in a few minutes. Get the horse into a comfortable place where he can roll without injury. Inject into the rectum eight quarts of warm water, containing half a teacupful of glycerine. This should be done slowly, so as to allow the horse to retain it as long as possible. Drench with two-ounce doses of Jamaica ginger. Sweet spirits of niter in ounce doses is good, as is a tablespoonful of common baking soda. Blankets wrung out of hot water and applied to the belly relieve the pain, as does also rubbing the belly vigorously. In wind colic the causes and symptoms are the same, except that the pain comes on more gradually and is con- tinuous. There is an accumulation of gas, resulting from the fermenting food. The treatment is much the same as suggested in cramp colic. In all bowel trouble the cause is usually due to an irri- tant, which should be located and removed. It is usually a good plan to give a physic. For this purpose a quart of raw linseed oil is best, but should be given with great care, as there is danger in choking the horse. The giving of oil requires skill and experience. Worms.—Horses of all ages are more or less subject to troubles caused by intestinal worms, especially when thin COMMON AILMENTS OF THE HORSE A425 in flesh and otherwise out of condition. Thus the horse that is liable to attack should be kept in a vigorous and thrifty condition. In many cases affected horses that are given a good variety and an abundance of nutritious, laxative food, with some tonic, recover their normal con- dition. Turpentine in two-ounce doses, is an excellent remedy. The turpentine should always be well diluted, either with milk, olive oil or raw linseed, so that it will not blister the mouth or throat. These doses should be given once daily for two or three days, and followed by a good physic, as a quart of linseed oil, which should be given with care. Azoturia.—This is an ailment resulting from high feed- ing and lack of exercise. It is known by a variety of names, as lumbago, black water and holiday disease, so called because of its occurrence after the horse has stood idle a day or longer without usual work or exercise. It often comes on quickly, attacking the horse after travel- ing only a short distance. He becomes stiff, particularly in the hindquarters, and sweats profusely. The muscles tremble, the hind parts become difficult to control and the animal goes down and is often unable to rise again. The treatment in mild cases is a laxative and daily exercise. In sudden attacks friction of the limbs is good. Blankets wrung from hot water and placed over the loins and hips assist the circulation. Rubbing the affected muscles with iodine often relieves the tension. Purgatives are also of value. The horse should have free access to water. Distemper.—This ailment is known by a variety of names, chief of which are strangles, colt ill, catarrhal fever and shipping fever. It appears as a fever lasting a few days, with formation of matter or pus in the air tubes, and often the formation of abscesses under the jaw. At the end of a couple of days a cough is heard and the dis- charge comes from the nostrils. The disease passes from one animal to another, and there are few that escape it when once exposed. Light cases require little treatment 426 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES beyond proper protection from damp and cold, and the feeding of nutritious, easily digested food, such as bran mash and fresh grass. If more serious a simple way of reducing the temperature is to inject cold water into the rectum. ‘To ease the cough and allay the inflammation of the mucous membrane, place a blanket over the head, and steam with the vapor of warm water poured over a bucket of bran and hay in which belladonna, camphor Sum) OF tan as een) placed. if the bowelsane veon- stipated give an injection of warm water and glycerine. If an abscess forms, poultice with warm linseed, changing daily, and after the abscess breaks wash with three per cent solution of carbolic acid. Influenza.— This disease is known by a variety of names, such as pink eye, bilious fever, grippe, and the like. It appears as a rapidly developing fever, which becomes in- tense within a very short period. The horse seems greatly depressed, standing with his head down, but not back on the halter, as in lung disease. There is sneezing and a troublesome cough. The mucous membranes of the eyes are very frequently enlarged and inflamed, giving rise to the name pink eye. The disease passes rapidly from one horse to another, although one attack often protects the animal from another, but not always. The treatment is to give rest, provide well-ventilated, well-lighted and comfortable quarters and feed easily digested and nutritious foods, such as bran mash, good Gats, Clean Way, Koors and fresh emass im season. fume horse must have protection and warmth or complications will develop. To reduce the fever inject cold water as suggested in distemper. To ease the cough and allay the inflammation of the mucous membrane, steam the head, as suggested in distemper, using a piece of camphor gum about the size of a walnut, and holding the horse’s head over the pail for fifteen minutes at least three times daily. If the bowels are constipated give an injection of warm water and glycerine. If the throat is sore, rub on COMMON AILMENTS OF THE HORSE 427 a little mustard once a day for a few days. Care must be taken to avoid complications. Sweeney shoulder.—This is a rapid wasting away of the muscles on the outside of the shoulder blade. While occasionally seen in horses of any age, it is more common in young animals. It is caused by straining, severe pull- ing and jerking movements, such as in plowing stony land. Idle horses when put to work are most subject to the ailment. The nerves or blood vessels of the affected part seem to be injured by the pressure of the collar. The treatment is to remove the cause and give the horse rest. The skin over the affected muscles should be loosened from the tissue beneath by manipulation. Rub the skin and muscles. Later, apply a mild liniment and failing in this try a mild blister. At least two months should be allowed for a complete recovery. In case there is a wasting of the muscles of the shoulder, with severe lameness, the cause should be sought in the foot. When the cause of the lameness is located and removed the muscles will resume their normal condition. Sore shoulder and neck.—Hard-working horses are fre- quently troubled with sore shoulders and neck. ‘This is largely due to poorly fitting collars and certain kinds of work especially when the load borne by the neck is great. The treatment is to remove the cause. If nothing else is at hand wash the parts with cold salt water and when dry dust with finely pulverized, air-slaked lime. Oxide of zinc ointment is good. This is made by mixing one ounce of oxide of zinc with four ounces of benzoated lard. If the parts become callused, apply a dull red blister, which will absorb the callus. It will be necessary to rest the horse while applying the blister. Foul sheath in geldings.—This is an accumulation of material from the glands of the sheath which often hin- ders the free passage of urine. The sheath may become stopped up and the retained urine increase the trouble. In such cases the sheath should be well cleaned with 428 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES warm water and soap and then greased with fresh lard or vaseline. Mud fever.—This is an inflammation of the skin of the legs. It is caused by the irritation of mud and water in ——————————— ———— ————<—————— a Sao =I __ (er ee SS SSS SEE FIG. 185——NATURAL PRESENTATION OF YOUNG the spring of the year. In geldings it is often caused by spattering urine against the fore legs. The treatment is to keep the parts clean. Clip the hair, cleanse the parts COMMON AILMENTS OF THE HORSE 429 by washing with warm water and tar soap, wipe dry, and then rub with vaseline. Scratches.—This is an inflammation of the skin in the region of the heel, and is commonly called “grease heel.” It is due to mud and filth, and is more common on the hind legs because of the exposure to the manure. The treatment is to cleanse the parts by clipping the hair and bathing in warm water and tar soap. Then apply a warm poultice of scalded bran or linseed meal, changing twice in 24 hours. After the scabs are removed, thor- oughly cleanse the parts, wipe dry, and apply an antisep- tic, as boric acid, dusting into the sores and then cover with some oily dressing, as vaseline. Cracked hoofs.—These are of common occurrence in the horse. They may be due to severe work, to dry weak hoofs, and to injuries at the hoof head. When the cracks extend from the top of the hoof they may cause severe lameness. The treatment is to cleanse the crack, wash- MWA tie Pe eenbeSOMlmonmonrearioolic acid: ihe crack should be drawn together with shoe nails or clips made especially for the purpose. Keep the hoof clean and well oiled. Difficult parturition——Occasionally the mare experi- ences difficulty at parturition time. If presentation is abnormal the fetal membranes may be disconnected and result in injury to the young. If the mare is in trouble and examination shows the young to be in any other position than natural at once call for the advice of a veterinarian. (Fig. 185.) ClsLAe IMEX SILI STALLION LAWS AND REGULATIONS While the American horse breeders have produced the fastest trotting and pacing horses in the world, little progress has been made in the draft horse breeding in- dustry. ‘This lack of progress is due, in part at least, to the indifference of breeders in choosing stallions for service, preferring to take their mares to a grade stallion, rather than pay a little higher service fee, or go a greater distance in order to secure the service of a pure- bred stallion of merit. The necessity of some move that will bring about an improvement in the quality of the horses raised on our farms has been realized for some time. Without doubt, France and Belgium, the leading draft horse producing countries of Europe, owe their reputation to the government regulation of stallions offered for public service. This served as a stimulation, and in recent years many of our own states have enacted laws regulating the public service of stallions and jacks, with the hope of raising the general standard of the horse and mule-breeding industry. State stallion laws.—The first state law to regulate the standing of stallions and jacks for public service was that of Wisconsin, which went into effect January, 1900. Since then many other states have enacted similar laws. Although each of these laws varies more or less in detail, they have for their chief aims, first, the barring of all stallions and jacks from standing for public service which are affected with any unsoundness or infectious disease ; and, second, the providing of a means whereby the public may be able to know for a certainty whether the animals are pure bred or grades. It is claimed that such regula- tions serve as a protection to many, as the average 430 STALLION LAWS AND REGULATIONS 431 breeder is unable to recognize all the unsoundnesses and infectious diseases, or to obtain accurate information con- cerning the breeding of a stallion or jack, unless he has had considerable experience in horse and mule breeding. The chief points of difference in these laws as enacted are, first, the methods of inspecting stallions or jacks -- before being accepted for public service; and, second, the manner in which they are disqualified from standing for public service. In some states, as Wisconsin, the owner must make oath before a notary public or other author- ized officer that the stallion or jack is, to the best of his knowledge, free from hereditary, contagious or trans- missible unsoundness and disease; while in other states, as New Jersey, the stallion or jack must be examined by a qualified veterinarian appointed by the stallion regis- tration board in charge of the work. In some states, as Wisconsin, stallions or jacks affected with certain un- soundnesses and diseases are disqualified from public service; while in other states, as Kansas, no stallion or jack is barred from public service, but they must be ad- vertised for just what they are, whether pure bred, grade or cross bred, and whether sound or otherwise. In some states, as Nebraska, stallions and jacks are divided into three classes, pure bred, cross bred and grade; while in other states, as Wisconsin, they are divided into a num- ber of classes, as pure bred, cross bred, grade, non- standard bred, and mongrel or scrub. Soundness as a qualification.—There is a rather strong feeling among stallion registration board officials that stallions and jacks should not be disqualified from public service because of unsoundness alone, particularly when the animal in question is known to be a good sire. Per- haps conformation is as important as soundness. In many states any kind of a sound stallion or jack is quali- fied for public service, even though of notably poor con- formation and of unknown breeding. It is difficult to convince the average farmer that a stallion possessed of 432 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES the best breeding, and a sire of good colts, is unfit for service, due to the presence of a slight unsoundness, as defined by law, while a nearby stallion, being free from any of the unsoundnesses mentioned by law, possessing notable defects, as well as of unknown breeding and the sire of many undesirable colts, is worthy of public patron- age. Nevertheless, in many states stallions and jacks are disqualified from public service for certain unsoundnesses FIG. 186.—BELGIAN STALLION ‘‘FRANK BRISER” irrespective of the breeding and reputation as breeders. While the unsoundnesses that disqualify a stallion or jack from public service vary somewhat in the different states, yet many of them are similar to the Wisconsin law, which is as follows: | Diseases that disqualify a stallion or jack from public Service: “Cataract; amaurosis (glass eye); periodic ophthalmia (moon blindness). STALLION LAWS AND REGULATIONS 433 “Laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring or whistling). “Pulmonary emphysema (heaves, broken wind). “Chorea (St. Vitus dance, crampiness, shivering, string halt). “Bone spavin; ringbone; sidebone; navicular disease. “Bog spavin; curb, with curby formation of hock. “Glanders, farcy; maladie du coit; urethral gleet; mange; melanosis.” It is interesting to note the relative frequency of the various classes of unsoundness in draft and light horses. In Minnesota the common causes of disqualification for draft horses are sidebones, which are by far the more common, bone spavin, roaring, ringbone and cataract in the order named, while in light horses bone spavin, ring- bone and sidebone occurs in the order named. This is illustrated in the following table, which shows the cause for which stallions were disqualified from standing for public service in Minnesota :* Draft horses Light horses 4135 examined 930 examined Disqualification 115 disqualified 13 disqualified Pure- Grade Total Pure- Grade Total bred bred DIGEDONES eere.« siiicre ei wieie ss clete 31 32 63 0) y 2 Boneispavinesee sie ce 2 15 17 Y 3 5 RO ATiTI pM eteicrele csevelerersvelons 7 a 14 1 (0) 1 Rin PD OMe. cya sicvereiersiels eters 0 4 4 2 2 4 Cataract sos ciieiieiceel ose 2 1 3 Ophthalmiayye ese oe 2 1 3 (Coils oy, nies oa oma maar on 0) 1 1 Spavin and roaring....... (0) 2 2 Sidebone and roaring .... 3 1 4 Sidebone and ring-bone .. 1 (0) 1 Sidebone and spavin ..... 1 (0) 1 Spavin, ring-bone and curb 0 1 1 Sidebone and Amaurosis.. 1 0 1 Roaring and stringhalt... 0 1 1 According to this table over 50% of the stallions dis- qualified from standing for public service in Minnesota are troubled with sidebones. * Bulletin No. 3. A Report of the Horse-Breeding Industry in Minnesota. 434 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Breeding of stallions that qualify—The number of horses of each breed that qualify for public service gives an idea of the relative importance of the various breeds. By choosing a few states at random the Percheron is seen to be the favorite draft horse. In the four states selected, namely, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and North Dakota, there were two and one-half times as many Percherons qualified for public service as all other draft breeds combined. There are approximately the same number of Belgians and Clydesdales as well as of Shires and French Draft horses. After the Percherons the next most popular breed is seen to be the Standardbred, which includes the American trotters and pacers. NuMBER OF PuRE-BreD Horses THAT QUALIFIED FOR PuB- LIc SERVICE THE First YEAR THE REGULATIONS WENT Into EFFECT IN THE STATES MENTIONED. Breed | Wisconsin Minnesota Pennsylvania |North Dakota iIRercherone eee 455 568 231 614 rencheDratteeem semen 37 63 24 61 Belgians ic coweuster nels 50 110 34 62 @lydesdalesenesneneee 66 65 21 93 English Shire......... 39 41 30 53 Suffolk Punch) 45--5- 3 D (0) 3 Hackneyaerccoeiccieirer 10 5 23 3 rencha@oachkeriaecer. 54 18 19 5° German Coach....... 39 25 23 7 Cleveland Bay........ 4 5 3 (0) Workshiress a eee 0 (0) 1 0) Standardbred)... 5.0... 275 135 211 96 American Saddler..... 3 (0) 5 1 Thoroughbred........ 2 0 5 0 OLGANGwaicie sicraeee tenes 11 10 15 2 Orlofiee ee ienigaes 0 (0) 1 (0) Shetlandee series 2 2 2 1 Mackey Silvers neste stanceelaas 5 0 (0) 6 National Association of Stallion Registration Boards.— As has been stated, there is more or less difference be- tween the stallion laws of the various states. The neces- sity of some move that would harmonize these laws has been realized almost from the beginning. Thus, in August, 1910, to meet this apparent necessity, an associa- STALLION LAWS AND REGULATIONS 435 tion was formed, to be known as the National Association of Stallion Registration Boards. The chief purpose of this association is to harmonize the efforts of the various state boards and to encourage the passing of similar laws in other states in order that the legislation may be more widespread. This association has adopted recommenda- tions embodying the essential principles to be observed in the adoption or amendment of state stallion laws, and the list of stud books to be recognized in determining a pure-bred animal (Table I of the Appendix). The result of state stallion laws.—‘‘As a result of the public advertising of licensed stallions, required by the law, which has been in force in Wisconsin since January I, 1906, it may be safely asserted that owners of mares are more than ever before patronizing pure-bred stallions, while grade and mongrel or scrub stallions are becoming less popular. Progress in the improvement of our horses is, however, greatly retarded by the indifference of many owners of mares who persist in using grade and scrub sires for the insufficient reason that the service fees of such horses are comparatively cheap. Such practice is poor business policy. The cheap sire means cheap progeny and loss of profits at selling time. The higher fee of the pure-bred sire is returned tenfold or more when the colt is sold; or if retained for work, the colt proves of greater practical value than his base begot mongrel rival. It is deplorable, too, that year after year men persist in licensing grade and scrub stallions. It is noticeable, however, that most of the new licenses go to new owners. Presumably, these are not aware of the state-wide effort being made toward the improvement of our horses. They have still to be educated to under- stand that by offering a grade or scrub stallion for public service they are working against the best interests of their neighbors and retarding the progress of state horse breeding. Their work also invites criticism from inter- ested people throughout the country who are looking to 436 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES Wisconsin to quickly rid herself by education of the large number of undesirable stallions now patronized by many unthinking farmers.’’* The effect of the laws has been to increase the number of pure-bred stallions and jacks offered for public service. Few people realized that so large a proportion of the stal- lions and jacks standing for public service in this country were grades until figures were obtained as the result of the enforcement of the state stallion laws. Since it is dif- ficult for a grade to compete with a pure bred, when the fact is published, the grade sire is rapidly disappearing in those states where stallion laws are effective. This is clearly illustrated in the following table: TABLE SHOWING THE PER CENT INCREASE OF PURE AND THE PER CENT DECREASE OF GRADES FOR WISCONSIN AND PENNSYLVANIA SINCE THE STALLION Laws BECOME OPERATIVE Wisconsin Pennsylvania Year Pure-bred | Grade | Pure-bred Grade TOG evens 40% 60% WOOT Ss Se ena ere 35% 65% MOOS ciecaererecane ienens 40% 60% 33% 67% HOODS a ins ccetecorsters 42% 58% 37% 63% TOMO Sete iotcvereters 47% 53% 38% 62% LOU acerca eis 52% 48% 39% 61% NOM D Scere ateteverei avers 46% 54% 41% 59% Inspection and quarantine for horses, mules and asses. } —“All horses imported into the United States from any part of the world except North America shall be required to pass a veterinary inspection at the port of entry by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Such in- spector shall not allow the landing of any hay, straw, or forage which accompanies shipments of horses from any *Circular No. 28. The University of Wisconsin, Agricultural Experiment Station. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Animal Industry. Order 180. STALLION LAWS AND REGULATIONS 437 country on the continent of Europe until it has been disin- fectedas the inspector may prescribe. In case the inspector finds horses affected with any contagious disease he shall isolate them and immediately report the fact to the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who may refuse to allow the landing of horses so diseased. When horses FIG. 187.—ARABIAN STALLION “SKHALED” imported from a country of Continental Europe from which hay is permitted, arrive in a healthy condition and no diseased condition is discoverable, the hay, straw and other forage from such country may remain on board the steamer and be returned. This forage may be used without disinfection in the feeding of animals exported on the same ship, provided it is accompanied by a certifi- cate issued by the proper government officer of such coun- try, as required by the regulations of this department for the importation of hay and straw from Continental Europe, and that there are no indications that it is in- 438 MANAGEMENT AND BREEDING OF HORSES fected; but if the forage is found to be infected the fact must be reported to the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who will direct the disposition to be made LHeTeOr« Canada.—“Horses for breeding, racing, show and sale purposes, for grazing or for work, shall be inspected at the port of entry, and when so ordered by the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry must be accompanied by a satisfactory certificate of mallein test signed by an official Canadian veterinarian or by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Those belonging to Indian tribes and settlers or immigrants, and those used in connection with stock raising (cow ponies) or mining, and those for temporary stay at points along the frontier not exceeding two weeks, whether for pleasure, driving, or teaming, shall be required to pass a veterinary inspection at the port of entry by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry; or they may be admitted without inspection upon written permission from the secretary of agriculture first had and obtained. Provided, however, that neither inspection by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry nor written permission from the secretary of agriculture shall be required for Canadian horses for pleasure, driving, or teaming, whether driven or ridden into the United States for a temporary stay not to exceed three days. The same rule will apply to American horses returning to the United States from Canada after a stay in Canada not to exceed three days. Horses admitted in bond for export from the United States shall be subject to inspection at any point at which this department has inspectors stationed.” Mexico.— ‘All horses infested with ticks are prohibited from entering the United States from the Republic of Mexico, when destined to an area in the United States from which cattle are excluded by the federal, state, or territorial authorities on account of ticks, unless and until such tick-infested horses are first dipped or otherwise STALLION LAWS AND REGULATIONS 439 treated as hereafter specified in this regulation. However, if horses intended for importation into the United States are held for six months immediately pre- ceding the date they are offered for importation, on premises known to be free from ticks, they may be ad- mitted for any destination without dipping,” etc. Disposal of diseased animals.—‘Whenever any animal on arriving at the port of entry or in the quarantine sta- tion (healthy horses are not quarantined) is found to be affected with a contagious disease or to have been ex- posed to such disease, said animal and all animals that have been in contact with or exposed to said animal shall either be refused landing or placed in special quarantine. All such animals found to be so diseased or exposed, either on arrival at port of entry or after being placed in quarantine, shall be at once reported to the inspector to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who will direct whether or not said animal or animals shall be landed and quarantined, and as to whether or not said animal or animals shall be appraised and slaughtered, as provided by section 8 of the act approved August 30, 1890.” APPENDIX APPENDIX RABE I HORSE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS TABULATION SHOWING THE NAMES OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS OF HorsEs, THE NAME OF THE SOCIETY PROMOTING THE BREED AND THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE SECRETARY IN CHARGE. Breed | Registered by | Secretary | Address Percheron........ | Percheron Society W. Dinsmore Union Stock Yards, of America Chicago, III. French Draft..... National French C. E. Stubbs Fairfield, Iowa Draft Horse Association Clydesdale....... American Clydes- R. B. Ogilvie Union Stock Yards, dale Association Chicago, Ill. Shires sacra es American Shire Charles Burgess Winona, IIl. Horse Association Belgians American Associa- J. D. Connor, Jr. Wabash, Ind. ciation of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft 5 Horses Suffolk........... | American Suffolk A. Galbraith Janesville, Wis. Horse Association Hackney......... | American Hackney | Gurney C. Gwe 308 West 97th St. Horse Society New York French Coach.... | French Coach Duncan E. Willett Oak Park, IIl. Horse Society of America APPENDIX 44 iS) TABLE I—Continued Breed | Registered by | Secretary Address German Coach... | German Hanoverian] J. Crouch Lafayette, Ind. and Oldenburg Coach Horse Association of America Cleveland Bay Cleveland Bay.... Society of America R. P. Stericker | Oconomowoc, Wis. American American Trotting | W. H. Knight 355 Dearborn St., Standardbred.... | Register Association Chicago, Ill. Morgans see American Morgan T. E. Boyce Middlebury, Vt. Register Association Thoroughbred.... | The Jockey Club W. H. Rowe Fifth Ave. and 64th St., New York Arabian.......... | Arabian Horse Club] Henry W. Bush- Newburgh, N. Y. of America Brown Louisville, Ky. Horse Breeder American Saddler American Saddle J. N. Ball Association Miss Julia M. Wade} Lafayette, Ind. Shetland Pony ... | American Shetland Pony Club Welsh Pony...... Welsh Pony and J. Alexander Aurora, Il. Cob Society of America * Sometimes considered merely as a family of the American Standardbred. doa e, Mul STATISTICS OF HORSES AND MULES* NuMBER OF HorsEs, MULES AND ASSES ON FARMS AND Not ON FARMS FOR THE UNITED STATES; ALSO APPROXIMATE NUMBER BY CONTINENTS Country | Horses | Mules | Asses United States: (Ovapstemantys mane s cuore eee oct o Ole 20,509,000 4,362,000 105,698 IN@E OM Tews sec4 555 c00d0bbo oe 3,182,789 DOs: 16,502 * Agricultural Yearbook 1911. A444 APPENDIX TABLE I1—Continued Country | Horses | Mules | Asses shotale NortheAmenrtcass nee 27,873,248 5,076,513 436,122 MotaliSoutchyAmenrtcanwee eee 9,155,425 893,019 608,397 otal sh urGpe sascha nce cee ee oe es 43,502,876 1,810,365 3,011,349 Vi Braye Wi/alisy be ines raion ere pene chem en oie ed he 15,082,239 113,643 4,162,310 ARotalvAtnicalwes | 4 hee enews aera 1,035,964 318,368 666,180 Total Oceania, including Australia.... DST XAOS 416 1,858 Grand iMotaly ees a ee es ennse: 99,226,955 8,212,324 8,886,216 IBAMIBILIES Ie NUMBER AND FARM VALUE OF HorRSES AND MULES ON FARMS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1912, BY FIVE-YEAR PERIODS. Horses Mules Jan Price per} Farm value Price per} Farm value Number head Jan. 1 Number head Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 ISOs & 8,249,000 | $ 67.43 | $556,251,000 {$1,180,000 | $ 90.42 | $106,654,000 1875.. 9,504,000 61.10 580,708,000 1,394,000 71.89 100,197,000 1880.. | 11,202,000 54.75 613,297,000 1,730,000 61.26 105,948,000 1885.. | 11,565,000 73.70 852,283,000 1,973,000 82.38 162,497,000 1890.. 14,214,000 68.64 978,517,000 2,331,000 78.25 182,394,000 1895.. | 15,893,000 36.29 576,731,000 | 2,333,000 47.55 110,928,000 1900.. } 13,538,000 44.61 603,969,000 | 2,086,000 53255 111,717,000 1905.. | 17,058,000 70.37 | 1,200,310,000 2,889,000 87.18 251,840,000 1910.. | 21,040,000 108.19 | 2,276,363,000 4,123,000 119.84 494,095,000 1912.. | 20,509,000 105.94 | 2,172,694,000 4,362,000 120.51 525,657,000 (Aes Ny ImMpoRTS, ExPporRTS AND AVERAGE PRICES OF HORSES AND MuLEs, 1892-1911, By FIVE-YEAR PERIODS Imports of horses | Exports of horses Exports of mules Year end- ing Aver- Aver- Aver- June | Num-| Value age | Num- Value age |Num-| Value age 30 ber import | ber export | ber export price price price $174.50] 3,226} $ 611,188/$189.46] 1,965] $ 238,591/$121.42 1897 | 6,998] 464,808] 66.42] 39,532] 4,769,265; 120.64) 7,473 545,331] 72.97 1902 | 4,832] 1,577,234] 326,41]103,020| 10,048,046} 97.53}27,586| 2,692,298} 97.60 1907 | 6,080} 1,978,105] 325.35] 33,882] 4,359,957] 131.99) 6,781 850,901] 125.48 1911 | 9,593] 2,692,074] 280.63] 25,145] 3,845,253] 152.92} 6,585] 1,070,051} 162.50 1892 |14,074/$2,455,868 APPENDIX 445 IAB DI WY, NuMBER, AVERAGE PRICE AND FARM VALUE OF HorSES AND MULES ON FARMS IN THE UNITED STATES JANUARY I, IQI2. Horses Mules Aver- Aver- age age State Number | price Farm Number | price Farm Jan. 1 per value Jan. 1 per value head Jan. 1 head Jan.1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Maine neers sen escee 109,000|$127.00 $13,843,000 New Hampshire... 46,000] 126.00 5,796,000 Wermont ees). 84,000] 121.00 10,164,000 Massachusetts..... 64,000] 144.00 9,216,000 Rhode Island...... 10,000} 150.00 1,500,000 Connecticut....... 47,000} 131.00 6,157,000 INewieViorks see 609,000} 133.00 80,997,000 4,000}$150.00 $660.000 New Jersey....... 91,000} 143.00 13,013,000 4,000} 160.00 640,000 Pennsylvania...... 572,000} 130.00 74,360.000 44,000} 147.00 6,468,000 Delawanreres. sone 34,000} 108.00 3,672,000 6,000} 133.60 798,000 Maryland......... 163,000} 112.00 18,256,000 23,000} 136.00 3,220,000 Warginialen sae == 340,000] 109.00 37,060,000} 61,000] 126.00 7,686,000 West Virginia..... 182,000} 113.00 20,566,000 12,000} 122.00 1,464,000 North Carolina... . 173,000] 126.00 21,798,000] 182,000] 146.00} 25,988,000 South Carolina.... 82,000} 135.00 11,070,000} 166,000} 165.00} 27,390,000 Geonames 124,000} 132.00 16,368,000} 310,000] 158.00} 48,980,000 Hlonidanerp eine 52,000} 106.00 5,512,000 25,000} 154.00 3,850,000 OWIOM ha encores 901,000] 126.00 113.526.000 24,000] 127.00 3,048,000 Indiana ase 838,000} 118.00 98,884,000 84,000] 124.00} 10,416,000 JOISTS. S556 c6houd 1,497,000} 115.00 172,155,000} 151,000] 123.00} 18,573,000 Machiganeeee ses ce 634,000} 131.00 83,054,000 4,000} 135.00 540,000 IWASCOnSINE SS eae 652,000} 124.00 80,848,000 3,000} 125.00 375,000 Minnesota........ 806,000} 116.00 93,496,000 6,000} 119.00 714,000 OWA eh es sees 1,568,000] 113.00 177,184,000 57,000} 119.00 6,783,000 Missouri.......... 1,095,000} 102.00 111,690,000] 333,000] 115.00] 38,295,000 North Dakota..... 691,000] 114.00 78,774,000 8,000] 127.00 1,016,000 South Dakota..... 675,000] 92.00 62,100,000 13,000} 108.00 1,404,000 INebraskase ses. 1,059,000} 91.00 96,369,000 85,000} 106.00 9,010,000 KANSAS Me reece arts 1,169,000} 96.00 112,224,000] 218,000] 108.00] 23,544,000 Kenttuckysn ase. 443,000] 107.00 47,401,000] 234,000} 118.00] 27,612,000 Tennessee......... 354,000] 114.00 40,356,000] 279,000] 123.00] 34,317,000 Nlabamanens ssa: 143,000} 99.00 14,157,000] 265,000] 127.00} 33,655,000 Mississippi........ 234,000} 89.00 20,826,000} 277,000] 113.00} 31,301,000 Wourstanasee eae 187,000} 79.00 14,773,000] 134,000} 116.00} 15,544,000 PROX AS Ay hye cur: 1,158,000} 74.00 85,692,000} 703,000} 104.00} 73,112,000 Oklahoma...... ae 750,000} 76.00 57,000 000} 272,000} 98.00} 26,656,000 Awkansasi ee ani 265,000} 86.00 22,790.000} 228,000} 110.00} 25,080,000 Montana nine. 347,000] 87.00 30,189,000 4,000} 107.00 364,000 Wiyoming ss) ..25.6 159,000} 69.00 10,971,000 2,000} 99.00 198,000 CONSE CIS ssoascees 321,000} 80.00 25.680,000 17,000} 100.00 1,700,000 New Mexico...... 185,000} 50.00 9,250,000 15,000} 86.00 1,290,000 ATAZOM A nee os Scns 104,000} 69.00 7,176,000 4,000} 118.00 472,000 Witalhers ria craic cae 131,000] 93.00 12,183,000 2,000} 85.00 170,000 Nevada. 23 72,000] 77.00 5,544,000 3,000} 82.00 246,000 GOR Aoki hoes 214,000} 96.00 20,544,000 4,000} 112.00 448,000 Washington....... 293,000} 107.00 31,351,000 14,000] 112.00 1,568,000 Oregon. seo. 289,000} 102.00 29,478,000 10,000} 112.00 1,110,000 Calitorniane eee e 493,000] 117.00 57,681,000 72,000] 136.00 9,792,000 United States... .. 20,509,000/$105.94 $2,172,694 ,000|4,362,000|$120.51]$525,657,000 a a a 446 APPENDIX IMAI, WAL AVERAGE WEIGHTS OF FEEDING STUFFS As a rule it is not practicable to weigh each ration, nor is it necessary in practice, as measuring is sufficiently ac- curate. To aid in approximating the weights of the various foods, the following table of weights and meas- ures is made up from Farmer’s Bulletin, No. 222: One quart One pound weighs measures Feeding stuffs | Pounds Quarts (Corsa ao) Cie eeers ee ape eles ec ti ace aN MSU apc ane reat 1.7 0.6 Corn Mmicali yee petont ties py cheers cis wreere len charonine 1.5 0.7 Corntibraners fay Wea tonal arene eam near in cnd eng re eis 0.5 2.0 Cormfjandiicobimeal eck sania erie ceeate cco won 1.4 0.7 Glutentmiea lias ek ecient ieee ok aera Utes ata 7/ 0.6 Glutengieed eis 5. 5s orca eho Ss eae SO 1.3 0.8 Germimealle ec ee onee ent oomionene 1.4 0.7 ominyemeal ee ene ea ere: eaten cei 1.1 0.9 Distillersvdriedierainsy see eon: 0.6 1.2 iWiheateswiholes a remintie mare miceer metas oe baa teosiokon rele 2.0 0.5 Wiheatserounde. mete et oi ta ene cso olen 1.7 0.5 Wiheatuibbranipemoyncap en eeee e teee n Ls ahhh 0.5 2.0 Wiheatimiddlings(standard) hee een ens sees 0.8 1.3 wheatiniddlings (oun) p4- eee eee oe eo. 1.2 0.8 Buckwheatimiddlings ass see yee 1.3 0.8 Matsswhole: ccc ety cy ek ee eee Meee rebel onerealete 1.0. 1.0 Oats seroun degre vo ee eh eye aang er nto tale 0.7 1.4 IRs ehiwih Oley ais ctympe tne rete wien tty arrears 1) 1.7 0.6 IRGvenmeallsitnugn at cared tui ee Oe em aeeel aiae, cn ul Nai 1.5 0.7 HRAV@ MH Lekman pint ateh ec toe oh ae a PRP een ed ete aoe UA 0.6 1.8 Barlevanwholev sere cs cece eye r eee eee eS ale nen 1.5 0.7 Barley airmen acy y ii eg 22 oe ld Rage Ae eure rede ites ch fo 1.1 0.9 Brewer's driedigrainsncec scatters sie 0.6 1.7 IMialtxsprowuts ci: seis armen epsilon: 0.6 1.7 inseedtmeals oldiprocesse-s eee eee eee 1.1 0.9 Linseed meal, new process..................2:- 0.9 fest Cottonseedismeals ite Sir tig tear meneante ec ena 1.5 0.7 TABLE VII ENERGY VALUE AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN FEEDING STUFFS In choosing foods and computing rations for farm animals by the use of the energy values, it is necessary APPENDIX 447 to know the digestible protein and energy value of the feeds used. The following table is from Farmers’ Bul- letin No. 346, and contains the dry matter as well as the digestible protein and energy values of each of the more common feeding stuffs. Dry Matter, DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN, AND ENERGY VALUES PER 100 PouNDS Feeding stuff Total dry Digestible Energy matter protein value Green fodder and silage: Pounds Pounds Therms AN Beal iat tex cyseee tt oe econ eis ROE 28.2 2.50 12.45 @lover—crimson. 5. le eee. 19.1 2.19 11.30 Clover——rede teers aoc ihren uals 29.2 22 16.17 Corn fodder—green............... 20.7 0.41 12.44 Cormsilag Grace ee Scents 25.6 1.21 16.56 Hungarian orassne veel 28.9 1.33 14.76 IRE oY slcehinlry Aas Pr Cee NE lls Nenitein autem We tenee Hae 14,3 2.16 11.43 HERA ieee ca Ot ee Crean in tee Va Dae 23.4 1.44 11.63 “AIS bea Ve yHlahi antes. com aisas a oo tre CS Rear cROROSNG 38.4 1.04 19.08 Hay and dry coarse fodders: Alfaltachay.< see mance rane prunes 91.6 6.93 34.41 Clovershay—reda sy ee ee 84.7 5.41 34.74 Corn forage, field cured........... 57.8 2.13 30.53 Cornistovers sive. eee 59.5 1.80 26.53 Cowpeathavas ee aa oe 89.3 8.57 42.76 Fuanganiang hayes see eerste 92.3 3.00 44.03 Oatehaye hee ena [84.0 2.59 36.97 SOVseatiahtays sone Uaioe 88.7 7.68 38.65 dhimothyoshayacn aes vos Ceres 86.8 2.05 33.56 Straws: Oatistraw:s cance sere aie chat eo 90.8 1.09 Di Pl IRONS ETA Wis acinar rere custo Conon 92.9 0.63 20.87 Wiheatistraw croc cease eee erie 90.4 0.37 16.56 Roots and tubers: (CarrOts yer ese ree eee ue eevee 11.4 0.37 7.82 Mangel-wurzels................26 9.1 0.14 4.62 POtAEOES spamroer ere eee ae cee oman 21.1 0.45 18.05 Rutabagasree cme eran einen ae 11.4 0.88 | 8.00 A bbasth sae Aperomos Oito o Gioc cm Cie 9.4 0.22 5.74 Grains: le eke Gai hian cas Conn Site Ce cielo Roe 89.1 8.37 80.75 Oy Olea RRNA EERE RCT oy CO SINE ORES 89.1 6.79 88.84 Corn-and-cobymealepeee reece 84.9 4.53 72.05 (Oe SOC Anais GS cicio an bah ala Sid Bees 89.0 8.36 66.27 IReAs meal ay. cM cwekee ae ae oy aie rors 89.5 16.77 TUS ACS OR NCHA IER RICE L co DEES ee CIS Ie 88.4 8.12 81.72 NAG oletsh nuMA PoE tie aeinrts ci cly eatin Menor 89.5 8.90 82.63 By-products: Brewer’s grains—dried............ 92.0 19.04 60.01 Brewer’s grains—wet............. 24.3 3.81 14.82 Buckwheat middlings............. 88.2 22.34 75.92 Cottonseed mealies = eet aes cle 91.8 35.15 84.20 448 APPENDIX TABLE vil—Continued Total dry Digestible Energy Feeding stuff matter} protein value By-products—Continued Distiller’s grains—dried— Prncipallyacorereee erence 93.0 21.93 79.23 iPrincipallyenyeseecem orice 93.2 10.38 60.93 Gluten feed—dry................. 91.9 19.95 79.32 Gluten meal—Buffalo............. 91.8 21.56 88.80 Gluten meal—Chicago............ 90.5 33.09 78.49 | Linseed meal—old process......... 90.8 27.54 78.92 Linseed meal—new process........ 90.1 29.26 74.67 Maltisprouts ©: cyacercuncioe e enceter ous 8928 12.36 46.33 Rey. h DP AM sr ikvate tases operon oats ereracenene 88.2 11.35 56.65 Sugar-beet pulp—fresh............ 10.1 0.63 Toll Sugar-beet pulp—dried........... 93.6 6.80 60.10 Wheat brant ccd ocnte oe ele corms orien: 88.1 10.21 48.23 Wiheatemicddlingsmascaeemiecmeieree 84.0 12.79 77.65 ABI Wat DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS AND FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS IN FEEDING STUFFS In choosing foods for a ration, the digestible nutrients should be known, as it is the digestible part only that is of use to the animal. The following table is adapted from Henry’s “Feeds and Feeding,” eleventh edition, and gives a very complete list of American feeding stuffs, their digestible nutrients and fertilizing constituents: AVERAGE DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS AND FERTILIZING CON- STITUENTS Digestible nutrients Fertilizing constituents Total in 100 pounds in 1,000 pounds dry Name of feed matter in 100 Carbo- Phos- pounds | Crude hy- Fat Nitro- | phoric | Potash protein | drates gen acid CONCENTRATES Grains, seeds and their | Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. parts Dentkecorneeesei sores ee 89.4 7.8 66.8 4.3 16.5 Werk 5.7 hintacornhe ere eee 88.7 8.0 66.2 4.3 16.8 ost 5.7 SweetrcOnnene ean see 91.2 8.8 63.7 7.0 18.6 7.1 S60 Cornpmealeenn a see tee 85.0 6.1 64.3 35 14.7 6.3 4.7 Cormicobiiee oa 89.3 0.5 44.8 ae Ble 3.9 0.6 6.0 Corn-and-cob meal...... 84.9 4.4 60.0 2.9 13.6 Sea 4.7 APPENDIX TABLE VIlII—Continued 449 Name of feed Concentrates—Continued i ry Wihcatrmones cae ee wee ey High grade flour........ Red dog flour........... Flour wheat middlings... Standard wheat middlings (shorts) Wheat bran, all analyses Winter wheat bran...... Spring wheat bran....... Wheat feed.. ee ree Wheat screenings. a epeate IGVS UIC gésb00560b 000% Barley screenings Barley feed Emmer (speltz)......... @atimeallieieecn uss ome sii Oat feed Oatidusteasescracenacene eee eee ee eee sore Buckwheat middlings.... Buckwheat bran........ Rice polishis. 5 Weveoal soabllS CAG. Sooconucooocobode 320 Dartmoor POD, grace aa 238A Seat mami shoo diseases eure acme, 326 Davenport Momeni n eee ee _ Fattening horses and mules........ 344 TD SAE ES Speers a tat Sons LACTIS) la ae aa te Pauléssacommonee ieee 42 Denmark, F. S. (foundation stock) iar Sea Grete ee efi a oem alla RS eae 196 Derby race meeting............... COU Heedinghorsess ae ie ieer ase 334 Diarrheass wea eave eee eae cee 289 amount it omeedane sae eeeeed 339 INDEX 461 Page Page _ Feeding horses French coach horse 3 changing foodshaeeneeeseeeee 335 development#ens..-cinenioeeee 143 food to grow a horse......... 336 distributions eee heen ce 150 PTAMIS ee Se eee ray ae tones 346 invPAMeri Cae. cee on oan reine 147 hay and forage............... 353 mative homes .2 .scous se oe 143 individuality in feeding........ 340 notable animals............... 147 order of supplying food....... 334 organizations and records...... 150 PLINCIPlES is. eee sieeve Sieve sustene © 323 OTIBIN Se ecae e ea eee a eee 143 Teguilaritycs: sca see eee carner 334 Speedigrecordsse seen 149 the driving horse............. 341 WHOMEON? TADS bbd0ocdccudbonne 149 the idle horses ee ces ssicieiete ess 341 USES Ry ter er tas cin a i Ey fete 150 the lstallion i weccciis acbe ciao 347 eee erenchedrartehorse saree 183 the work horse... 2 s02.0..\o 338 INSSOCIA TION Narre ene ane 187 watering and feeding.......... 339 CHIGICISIMS ies eee ee 187 Feeding mules.................... 343 organizations and records...... 186 Feeding pregnant mare............ 284 French methods for improving the Feeding sick horse................ 420 OTSG ey tees Nim elaas eeea 145 Heeding, standardss.- sa44+ 46 soeele 3S (POTS TES cece vn coset annie natty fen 358 Feeding stuffs, composition of..... 448 Fullington and Martin............ 175 energy value of............... 446 fertilizing constituents of...... 448 G Pen a Pits oe Cy Anes Gaitsiof saddle horse: seas. 2 660% 112 iReepmcare of (colt... mie oie. 293 Galbraith Bros.................... 205 CaTneOnmhorse ae eee 368 Gallipoli eeieeedeUetalelallslel eter st elcnellclielishe ysis 170 REEL eee aren Naren ee 259 Geers, E. Fie... . 1. cece eee eee eee 132 Fertilizing constituents of feeding GeneraliGates sen craci ck ee one 122 Faficeifa yA ORI ee Tea pane Se Aage General” purpose horse: =... 32-1: 303 Retlockss unsound) s.640 25m ee ee 46 General Stud Book............... 105 Fields W. INTE ae Ripe le aor 205 George Wilkes.................... 119 Fillies, breeding.................. 275 German Coach horse.............. 151 rine eee eee cma yma en 422 criticisms. .......+-..++++se-- 160 PRS Cuilapeiee icc ena te ere aegis Baik ye 45 description .............+.+4- 160 Hlandersmnorses eee ane 209, 213 distribution.................. 159 Flooring materials for barn........ 415 POM ORONENB oS a0 0225 90G RCO bGOS 153 Biveblanketandsnet eee eee 364 in America................... 157 Oa a Ubi ete Mare hey Cy ars 287 native home............-.+++-- 151 ailments eee sic eee een 287 organizations and records...... 159 CART OT Ie UN in te ges 294 OTL See ores culah Paencliolavaleuarere 151 Catching Beer enna ee 374 types and breeds............. 153 development.................. 293 LISES Bie yet ico sea eae cece ete spots 159 driving: with lines. ..2. 05 oe ee 376 German horses (see German Coach EXERCISE: hagete ne eed oat eens 293 horse) Bae : Pall vee oh oe at cara, che pt ah ewe sae yee 279 German supervision of horse breeding 153 Feedin gee ammeter cas 290 Gestation period ue the mare...... 284 ACI Oie pune UE eS ateee Nees. 29g Giant Leicestershire horse......... 199 Temi eterna Hee ark A ala aleniy arn) Giewece (USS ego aadosconbodseeccc 191 SOO ieee eee ne pe GM 977 Glanders, observing:.....-....-... 44 EPRI IT GeR ee ea ar ut 374 Gluten meal or feed...-.........- 351 weaning oo Up hliee Sch en a SR a a 291 Godolphin BVelouekelehoketeuodshodeved-VeletelieioKelele 170 Hoalingatimes tyes ae eee 286 Godolphin Barb....... BH pegs yoo . 90 A OO Re ie aclen une Dial oscar Aa (as AR 324 Grading in horse breeding........+ 260 composition.................. B04 0) Grailleieern cl. - cl: pte te ee ae eee digestibility... . 0c ..ccsccee-, 327 for the foal................-- AAG PLEPAFALON aac ee eae ties 336 for the horse.............+.-- 393 that aidsidipestiona..5 5.250000 358 SOTINSGOC GOO RBI RA GoO OGD DOD PSOE iy en MCO tat nee fait Syn » erenlaaascnomsaonme og so 0nG op ue 46 ROTA RO Meee toe eect ucu el eegena maa eke 353 Grease heel..........-.++-++-5--- 46 TENSE SV SSP bg a ee CN oi AIG eat) ELOLSE =). cieyerslere eit inline =i Hordes! scene eeu Uae 13g Green forage......-.-...+.+++--:- 357 Forequarters of the horse......... 21 Green horse’’....... LOS OG OID 0 OE ane BOneinoees Mca on eo etree: 49 Green Mountain Maid............ Bonnin horsesseee seen ee 16 Grey Clyde (78).......-.-..2+2+5. 193 BOUIN ER 12, ome Osi tasnanints & we tomtorennies 47 Grooming.....-....+.-.sese ee eeee 361 ORE OL Arh tam cite he toleboe teen a iuke 113 Guy line ..... 6... eee eee eee eee 382 French Coach horse............... 143 H COACHAEV Dero cuttin ener 148 Gescriptionri. me ies iciieieeiniere 148 oHackneya Coach whorsen.ncieieterieistsiets 135 462 INDEX Page Page Hackney Coach horse Injections or enemas.............. 422 AUCEIONN rele era oars ae aerate rerenins 141 Inspection of horses and mules.... 436 descriptionerneic- ce ceanrer ache 14@ > Ibaswill, Serv! soccockeosnoncosdon Ball development.........5.+....-- 1362. Minterfering Ws Sapeusmuacerutocre eats ~ 49 Gistributione eee 142 oelntestiness capacitiyencee ae ecto. 41 famous animals............... 139 So Trish” pony) ies oe seer eeieen ners 232 in Americas. 32.32. 35-71 H38e 4 irregular. teeth wise oe a eee 54 Native Omens see ee sees cr 13 Sp eltalianinJacke cde cds carne 244 organizations and records...... 142 origin HOGoODIO OO Gob a doin o-oo os 35 J TWSCS ia have Gon a es cme a ees eo 1: eae ue Hackney Horse Society ps ale, ete 5 142 Jack ENE RCR CORPO CECIER EEO! PaOiaseo oad OIG: 1 322 Hadban Be Dees PR eal Sram 2 HID eur De 80 Jack evledou cheimohiclicare lalleiremethememcUslisiiehicttettenmaicenemretcims 240 Hapelandwhorsce see ere en een 209 breeds ire) ae et 76, 241 Mainattonorsenre yer ie -r-rae or 209 foal..... Ron o 4 sesso 0b0 0 Gok 298 Hal tarmily espn enon a were a 123 fom breeding tae i eee 296 IBlalkeore qoysilbiing,, soocosneencohodoaes 390 fon mule woreeding ee eee eer 246 Hambletonian (10) .:n:.\...:...-.- 117 organizations and records...... 247 Hambletonian family.............. 119 Jack and Jennet Breeders’ Associa- MamiultonnG. else mei palais sires 2 KelaliG colo ome econo uoG cos 247 Hanoverianehonrses eset een LoS WERKClooucoooo eos oabudodnp so soo bow 48 Happy INiedttim ee ee eee 119 Jelfon BCC STG! ic. DIES Oc CRO CO OnarO 68 o.0. bao d 80 Harness, care (G) Een Ee ec Nipree on oe ae 404 Jennet SM seo site ltey dy etta Nicsso oh a OUR MCI OL Re elem moms 296 repair Sher ee Nn aired Ota ete 406 NORM. 6 oc Pt eee ee eee 298 TOOMMOLCLOSCtSN eae eee fonpbreeding we ee eee 296 Harnessing the horse.............. 395 PLesnantaee ayer eR 297 theshorsemGiiincilte ise cenit 391 John Baie cere) ean int ka Prema ae 204 See StO@kwprartmars vee acetic S40) Wionesandiavlon ence sn eerie Tr Fan eR a 253 Jones Ca Mee caer ae cl eeemeertarman las Head hil SHAS ood ooe Ga aso mOI Om D 20) ) Jordan, Tee ree ee eee 139 Heart.. ee a7 eliudgesrequixementsiore eee: 7 TEIGANIESA LR cea Seo En oe 49 Judging, comparative............. 24 ISTEANAR ARIASIOME 4 Bi a een SENSIS ene 14) ey udeine ya (horser ee er aera 7 Ecighteimehorses ss etree sore) LS in harness........-..+..++++- 25 Credit yea eet aaa 258 ine theMsta ble ya cetera 24 Herod sdGng Herod) se ese. 4- = 91 aN AUN coco donvadoubesooouou 9 IBIERDENVS INOS codacac6 soon covobds 209 Judging pavilion.................. 7 ey eReterviiny\a sence cca 83) Justin Morganeeer invert 121 Hindquarters of the horse......... 22 TD bed": Ue aes 322 K istony, Of the horse... >. 23.0)... 56 9 : HIGHerE AGB ian eaeee 160m to7,212) | eDiets ae oe “VSI lone Co sccocaconccocoocunooe 322 Kert ABO 0 210 DIK OD'O08 0.0 0.5.0 001K a 0.¢ 230 Hollowaya RObeiGa seein coiled 193 Kick, sie sonhicn is oiey ohcia en ceaecn tera 338 Volsteimmhorsenaaasee eee roereicn: 155 ines aie Ray eo A Ca RCH SAC 2 90 Higliness/ Samus! Feeney ga ea us Knee, unsound..............----> 45 Honest Tom el 105) TR RACERS eae trie 203 Knuckling Hh aid0 Ob Doro. OO O10 61010/0'010°30'6 46 IBIOOR BONMNIN cou aocsapoacccodabeuE 368 cracked pn eee erect 46, 429 L es Se Ie 6: Be ernie Fen Labor-saving appliances........... 417 lakieowyals) Gollkie, 6 nodscecooeaodousn 400 es Cra ap Coat ca clea con Ona Wh eon i Human time, saving.........-.-+- 2 eo Der h siskeebe rence ciehe Res cicateacr enon 169 laloranpoatontoya, Ied6bcacnedandocc0g00 83 La ere ee 8. Sea Ao eM MNES 433 iy pohippusseecee cece ee seer 60 ied hemiplegia 1010) 918:0113,. G2 010,00 430 iy racotheritmaeys spleiever hel eneeese! == 58 Teac eare ales ace em 270 Wefeburenec SOMeiae eee sie cekelieney: 212 I Leguminous grains.........---++-+ 349 IGG, Nis Iesoosdagdoodacodoseb oc 126 Lexington Thoroughbred horse..... 103 Importance of the horse.........-. 1 Ligaments...........--------+----> 37 Imports of horses and*mules...... 444 Light in horse barn..........-.-+-- 410 Imebreedingeash amen acetal erent ci: 262 “Light in timber’...........----- 322 indianeponyemeee soe ee eicriercie or ESR ID VaAatey AAA sooo oddcodu0GD0GCO0000 13 Indigestionee cece cite iciietenstr 423 DEECUS Ha eeaeilet eet tonstcten serene 65 ae enh in horse DICCENE 256 horse for light work........ ee 02. Influenza... NS PGRN) Wee A 1496. Linecbreeding: fier ee ee ee 261 INDEX 463 Page Page Winseediimeal st asa Aas seen ese a aes 351 CONT eae 6 Lochlyoch’s Black Horse Seen nie ere ge 189 ee pads”... 2.22 sees wee 22 Hous AO gO mes eee eee ee sees 127 INTER ee Me Se Gites Loge Ort a 358 WousmNapoleonesee crear roc anccr 175 aye beens Coen Lita Reais Se abG Lungs. SEB HCCOE ROR DOS Hop on po qu aD ee Miningsmiulesclassseeem anes ene 320 Mamker ici -fee = 2 Mise IRaTSSel yh ee eR, oid Aen Oe cme 125 Olassesim nue, 2 Sattn te teeataraen dusts oe ewe 352 M Montgomery, A. & W............. 192 Maintenance ration............... 329 Morgan family................... 121 Majorca, Jacko sn ne ee an bya, -WiRCl NSeesos chaaaousanancooo5G 428 Maltese? Jiaekta niece occ ticle aisle 242 Mule........ OES eooccoocoecocsogS 248 Mambrino family.. NR 159 characteristics jeri 249 Management of “oe INGEHO. se 360 distributione eee eee 251 NManekandetailscomb ea esa 361 endurance.............+-..--- 250 Name chitnrencn meen ah ee pack rete 80. hybrid......... 20.0.0 eee eee 248 Mangers and grain boxes.......... 414 in America..............+-«:- 248 Man labor and horse labor........ 2 organizations and records...... 251 WWleyaEReS, GEM Cissccasacccacneace 418 resistance to disease.......... 250 Mare (see brood mare) RISES ove Oy Secel oie oa WUE webs niraleen ere 251 Market classes of horses.......... 310 Mule-breeding Jacks ........ 300 CATIA CEH ae ee ihen ae iaetens 315 Mule breeding (see breeding mules) chunks SE Arai Be Obi ARE te 313 eee y, T. W........ eee ee eee ah (GheaW tes: site Gos reales Me iver Aes eerie teeta gee 311 See eee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee road horses Puram Dear bay is salen fen luglla i 317 Mustang clellclehelel(oliecllelsiiselis|elelellelisleleiciielicl else 238 Saddlewhorsexse eee 318 wi wagons areas pee ase a etree 314 N arket classes of mules........... 320 Narra gansett pacers............... 117 cottonemulesn. seamen cee 321 Neeonell lezsnen IDRARS lslocsa Magee drattamulesi cs eee ees 320 Ce aN MOTUS 0) ce ae NCS 187 pert es Spsao oD US og OGD oe eu National register of Norman horses 181 mining mules... 0000000001007) 320 NEE es ee ecg se SUBAT MUS... ee ew ee ee we Nervous BVA LeTT Mes. Tame heey nes AL Mauect seaurements ice ruse ds anansc ei shel Bae Now England MOTSES Watmicser cree eNe 236 i i a ce cary Pe eDOMY. ova ae ey ews ete 230 AL. CietctelcheololateliMelicy sielicliololoh=ielaiieienelone 308 New Vork horses 235 SOU ee ue ater ane Spot eoNicleed 0.) UN oun TN See 322 7a FSR ath ae aera ee Re 308 INivernaissdraft horses sae ee ele 185 ErGencye ssh the eves yeneceneie cies sis sucks Normandie icran aielocrtoeine eictoate 175 conor De ER ee sel CADENCE ONO ate INtimbern of horsesty are ieee 5 BGG ONO GE SG SA CSN D. oLphorses pers mane jee eee 1 mace teams..-..........-- 30 Nursing a sick horse.............- 419 ae Seo rasan Sen ca Sects 309 INGHETBDTE MNO 6coaoc00co0dCaG000 331 SoundneSS es cc a eere ed eee 307 Market: ShOrSe@ sia cstsie'c acussve eles see eng 306 oO IMarkettertmnsi 22 tans nee cokes see 322 Oaks race meeting.............006 99 Mianvin,) Charles nectar ae: 51S) © 5 oy A een eee RO OMARAD ser rahe sera Aes 346 Miassionial Nein rae etic vcr eae 212 and COM: nets ee eee 348 Matched teats onc mini ise !e. S00S Pe Oldenburgehorsessse oe deere 155 MENON Sib o6c USC oD Se eaneoe oon OZanOldehannys Cookss nae ene 97 Mating in horse breeding.......... Dee Orlofiiasrotters enone 132 McDonald! Bross. eee 132 Orohippusicteciccie cciao a eukeneustere 58 Mic Kenney « Baie ‘a7. . a8, c fe Outdoormiblanketjasse eee eee 364 cLaugnliin Dros......... @verreaching*s.55 24 -e eee 49 Ne NG saTCy We mum ee sai ala e IMCINIttsJIamestae anaes eles 174 P Measuring the angles............. 31 Measurements, of the horse....... Dieerseabste Predt emetic ceiene nierote 139 Obedraft horsese. 9. ee Ase eats 28 Pacing horse (see Standardbred) ofplight shorseseenae sae iene 28m bacineacecOLrds perenne inet 131 Mechanics of the horse _............. 32 TECOLASHGEAUICECM yee leenneionele 130 Medicine; giving... 256 5 eee sce 420 Standards ic see sasisheeycoateovcuaes 128 Wiesohippus):/.ice cieiass ep atecsie ever o lelens 590 Packington Blind Horse........... 203 IMNESSENG Elia ener cave wus cleiclonstereiet elves 116 Paddocks for breeding stock....... 418 Mexican pOnyncie. oe = aie clsiere eisieisciclls 239 MP aranippusiacicscisiceve misao eneie eos 60 Mexico inspection of horses........ 438) Parker: (Jinuecsies cootecisre vole eremic et 177 464. INDEX Page Page “Parrot mouth’.........-+--+--+s:> Bn Oletadeyes AnagopocedvanSoapcpodos0s 46 Parturition difficult.......-...---- 429 Patent stock foods...........--+-: 352 R Pavilionen. qucec pee ore eat 7 : ; Toye aes Oe Nad den aaa prec oten ct ciate 349 Racing in England.......----+-++: 89 Pedigree in horse breeding......... 757 Racing Register.........---++-++-5: 104 Percheron draft horse SO ed yh eatery ce, 169 Rack Agolold ovOL8 0, Cond DOrOO. OO OsO DLO OOOO 00 ole?) aeSCH pliOne: Sue wore ee ake 178 Ramsdell, J. A. P.........------2: 83 AG rON OTAGO eee 172 Range horse classS........---+-+++- 319 Gistnibutlomle ee mere ocean 180 Rarey’s safety harness.......----- 382 early development..........-- 170 throwing NIROVESoodounoo000000 383 early importers..........----- 176 IWACOassoasoemedeoennooanoal cum 329 Aiduranee aCe ee ee 173 balanced....-....----+----:-> 331 famous show animals......... 178 computing........-.--+++++-+: 332 FAMOUSUSITES eee ee COSibogoligdocopssecsDpaocoD mac 334 improvement........--++----+ 172 paEIHUNBH ASG Gaucoosnopo peo nn GdoC 331 OTP Aen eri Galan: CRE eh eta oe 174 Sample series eer een 344 mative Nome..ss-2 0-4-6 169 Records of performance......----- 68 organizations and NOES seen 0 3 181 Registration bOALASHA ee reener 434 Srigia su cates See ges Gira es 169 Respiratory system.......--.---«- 39 ERIE erat Ra Sha is mae nae a 179 Rhode Island pacers......-------- tvs, Percheron-Norman Horse Associa- Ringbones........------: ap OE Rare 46 A RN) Cue Cwm Seog ye: Road HOTS UClASS ese irene na 317 Percheron Registry Company...... fey |) ROating eee. dee ec oa eae 49 Percheron Society of America...... 182 Robinson, IXo Wroorone dosensso5ccs 178 Percheron Stud Book ale RA St aera 182 Rolling Olio aD eons bos Roa Gone OS 393 Periodic ophthalmia...........---- 432 Roofing materials for barn......-- 417 Permanent teeth.........------+-+: 52 Roots and tubers.....-.--+++++-+5 357 Reterithe Greatest ce 125 “Rough behind BopoponoeRgsc mb ol.c 322 Picardy draft horse.........--++-- 186 Rounding hock”’.....-..--++-++--- 322 PicleeTurk Registers... 92-0 >- 105 Royal Gilt ect ele 242 ‘Slay Gas eyas anon sccsonsssseeoes 123 Rules of scoring a horse,....----- 11 Pinlcrevie neces fake cle TGys ekbbrhewveley hie Nocop aged co ogo DBO o 388 POH SDUSe ee ee 69 Running records reduced........-- 103 Plomincit hcl coils be cee 2 Running Miles coaupon00eu06000000 113 Pneumatic collar.........-.----> .. 400 RYE 2... eee e eee te eaes wesc eens 348 Pocahontasmecie ce cle eerste elon 2) 97 Points of ae hOTSeHe eee re ; S i Ciel Feta een ey aan Bam, ocean eeo ai eee Sey ania eaten Acne NaeNEN SN 1B Saddle and back band.....---...- 403 Polo, Association .....-..--+-++--- 232 Saddle horse (see American Saddle PONY eRe ee ee 232 horse) lohan ceoeasn ec odoosuomnoaumer 225 Salting the horse.....------++-++> 336 Pony breeds.........----+2-s0+ 75 ‘Sanders, J. lalkouoguosdBo cascomcGoE 181 Docclbros ee 147, 193, 205 Schleswig horse........----++++-+> 156 Power in draft horses........----- 32. +«Score (Chives bao Gocco san ogo CobOS 9 Pregnant mare......-.-----++++°: 283 taa purpose Of... see ee 9 feedingn |. see ike le 284 WSS ooo DBP Oc SoC nO OC Oo SS0 10 SENSE De OAS oe A 983 ‘scoring, TRUS Oliscccuducaveuacoens 11 Prehistoric horse........--+-+::+0> 57 Scratches....----+seeeupree ett 46, 429 Prepotency......---- ee Am 95g selection in horse breeding........ 255 PEncalenvialesn (G75) heen ae 191 S@.cibooodscs edo ss arcoc00 ai casieoaicae 309 Dincsnwalliame(GO5O)e arena 203 Shading field tube......--.----+:- 220 DES uCtiVeleatiOn: ete BAG Sllaleso sco: ek ore es ; 137 Proportions of the horse.......--- 96 Shammar race...-.----+-+2++00s* 78 Bo tly A eMac eM TS Pestle 29 Sheath, bone.......---+--+eeeeeeee? 427 Protein@ineioodien at ower ee Shetland pony...-------+++++ce005 225 Protohippus.........---+++e errr 60 Gesen PUlOM Fi eer ene 228 Protorohippus...-.----------"--= 58 in America...------++2+-2000" 226 Przewalsky’s horse.......-----+++> 65 shetland Pony Club.....----+-+-> 227 Public stallions in France.......-- 146 a ea dis OG ob ODDO OOO e nee Pulmonary) cpt sen an i ae GescriptiOne sem siits er einer 205 distribution......-.---++eeees 207 Q early typeS.......----: raed Sen 201 Quality..........0.s cece eee eee 307 famous show animals........- 205 TIMNOLSESH eee eee ieee 17 famous SireS.....--.--+-+-eeee? 203 Quarantine of horses......-------- 439 in America..........-- AIDEN 204 INDEX 465 Page Page Shire draft horse Studtibooleus qsaocit noe ee ee 68 NativeghOmescjmas setae sees 199 Student’s score card.............. 11 organizations and records...... 2 Ofer cCUMpyStickers meyer eee ee 322 OLIPAN Se See ae are Mie ae HOO SUCCESS 7. toe a a eee 176 UISES Hi Sees cua et Geena ees ZO succulent etoodsseeee ene en eee 356 Shirewelorse SOCleb yaa eee ZUM Suttollaidratthorse seein 217 Shoeing, thevhorsesseeee eee oe ee 369 Criticisms st Aes oe eee eee 224 dificult eee eee 393 description: 72-3 eee oe eA Shoes for unsound feet............ 372 distributions eee nee 224 Shouldersssorerm eee one 45, 427 improvement!j. eee = eee 220 SWeenieds. sac awakes toeesiene 45, 427 in: AMeriCa)s/..45,5 none ee 221 SiGebon esi dernne seperate skienorr eas 46 nativewhomerne een ane PAA SUA BOM ein ci taiaee euro ee er oer esers) aye 357 organizations and records agra 224 Singmaster and Brother........... 147 ORI STM Ae olny Cleeen a eat ere eee 218 SIN PMAStERAWiwa tes em ceri emer 177 showsanimalseos- eee 221 Skeleton eka ae takes Aes. acttrsen 35 ETUDES Shee Se ncn cksrak ee Sie eee 219 SIO WME DACE scam cetann tec ann Mucizusrice coke 113 AISESisesiGon cnaisioiic seein eee ee 224 Smith’s Horse (1110)............. 2S ee Suttolkstoundationes eee ene. 218 CSranoyoyal. WWIGwRa so o6nnascoacacc0o 322 Suffolk Horse Association.......... 224 Soil-eplowineeerrran wen ieee See ougan mulenclassee yee eee 321 DOUMCNESS Hens cepe ohn e seaccucnt ae oosia aie 3 OES WeAteDAdSa ance aha ce ieee eye 401 asmamgiitaltticationmen eae eer 431 Sweenied shoulder... .......... 45, 427 in horse breeding............. DiOmrnowect Naren; sci eae ena 127 SPAValiews sae oye Meee ied Ne, nena 48 Species of the horse.............. 65 COS aetolle: TaisteNey ae one A moma sie ein oe 322 at Speed in light horses.............. 32 4 Speed records, French Coach horse 149 Maile sorema- i ors hess aie reese wee 48 OfEPereheront prin elt ae ae 173 Taylor and Jones................. 147 TUT ee ee AO {leh cAI HISIZE DONS say.)s78 crchenegs Ve seme aye 3 trotting and pacing........... “leyoy. dNGSlay CANS) (CLES AR me nine He So Bioae 366 Sp laripae|@ lntaicc sys ae ete cee aaron ehens 132 decayed..............-....04. 44 SplMtsewe wi eet hey totem eee 45 MUMbET.... 1. eee eee eee ees 50 Spring toalsecme jae oe tane ee 277 Temperament in horses........... 19 Stablep blanket oy eee 364 emperature in stable............. 365 SEIN, Kylie Senenieesgheuds tense sa. 391 Tendons.............-. sess ee eeee 36 Stallion ee ec iia = w nieve areas! 268 Thoroughbred horse............... 88 Tiare eae ernie so eearre pa seen mL ane Raton 269 description................... 98 LAW Siete eae eT eee 430 famous mares................ 95 Stall sia eae 2s ore ee ees eerste 413 foundation stock.............. 90 Standardbred horses.) eee noe 115 improvement............----- 92 chart showing descent......... 120 in America........-.-.+.+.-4- 97 descripiioneeesen ae eae 127 Lexington........-.-.-.+++-0- 103 PATMIES ee eee Mela nent ees 118 native horse................-. 88 famous brood mares.......... 124 notable animals. .............. 94 famous adriverseene ee aoe. 132 organizations and records...... 104 famous present-day sires...... 125 UB oocg coves so aonececdegoccs 88 fAMOUS pLICeS paid sae ieee 126 popularity...........+.+.+.-- ee influence of standard.......... 129 record prices.........+.+.+-.- ee organizations and records...... 1132 speed records...........-.+.-. 10 COyp haath jeu ea sun Bes ee Sanco, aan 53115 JThoroughpen..................-. 48 SoOutcey Of blood sass dese e eee 115 Jhrush....... aaaear a aces a State stallionslawsee- eee nee ene. 430 (Tilling the soil................... AINE MSA VITIE?s ls ec ucckar A cee eteeroe 2 mEsult Ole arenes vac sistas eile 435 : = 3 is 130 Statistics of horses and mules..... 443 Time, trotting and pacing records Steelcollar. 2. o> Pit ORE Ln 400 __ Tunning records.............. 101 Shertlibys cece weed oem NN haga 259 Timothy hay............-....++.- 353 Srereor era CL eh eee TT. AMISSUeMCONNECELVC Hee ieee 37 Siren, I Cosssooocdsoe Satie aad 139 Toe, seedy..........--..---05-ee- see St. Leger race meeting............ 99 Tongue lolling................---. 389 Stomachicapacitver a eee 41 Tossing the head................- Siraneless. ye erie A nama cle 425 Training the horse..............-. 373 SABIE ee rete 8 Va nS Sai a MEA eR RTE 356 eee begin.........++.se ees Bue : VEC ears weal noe nents et ker enerens Stringhalt sec c crete rec erst ccs cece 48 hitching and driving.......... 380 Strong Horse...................-- 199 Trakehnen horse............0+--- 154 Stop pleheld eB TOSsum ner stair onielal. Didone TrOGi nee cote tithe een nee 112 Stub bess Cee eeecte cetera ate , 212 ‘Trotting horse (see Standardbred) 466 INDEX Page Page hrottinesrecordS= ecco cacao a WwW KEGHCed ee yea eile Wabash Importing Company...... 212 rotting standardemac-e ese eee 128 Wagon nore anes car heen y ‘ eh EE RA 314 Truman, J. H..................-- NS Oi eONVetlbc re ates os ee em 112 Tully, R. W.. eee e reese eee, 84 Wiallaces]i Fie scinasd-aa pelea arene 132 Tumors, filprordl ee sty bev tee 4S Wallace’s Year Book.............. 132 Types of horses.................. 13° Walls of horse barn............... 416 WralterssWwes Dei i oae cals ater tet 177 U Wid rls ial es aii os oe eae cr ae ane ae 193 Datiorr ny in horse breeding...... 271 AE oem pom t ato eco bao boc. Pan nit o proportions Err os CRTC eS 29 Piha pa ee ge cL Ear oy OOOO RDP United States inspection of horses 436 ee nee pels Pole boacooo oo oe se Wacom | ag Weanling, mentgement |) Unsoundness, common............ 42 aD powered IGGLOSOO ODI DODO CO OS 139 Wipton.Majonscco ener eerie er 83 we HY BOUTS Ges Pom bok 2 SEDO es Doe WSesmon themaorses eee 5, 64 Wheat IWHNMVosogeocadobocoobaconde 348 BEAT EL aon ee eee 350 V labor to produce.............. 4 Value of horses and mules...... 5, 444 ie EHEC HO sence vie ene nae Wangioorebeke; pA. Gene ee ZA Oa eg as MeL err se fee ow 322 Vatiationsinwhorsess s- 4 ene DS 2 ising ae Oben oe ee ee 49 pare RUS AR Ima Sey pede me encasement 253 Wintering the idle horse.......... 341 eae sentir eat ene ea tel elicneMeciee) eselie ae Wee Standardeesiaeeeeer 331 3. 6°0 0. 060!0-010, 0 Gr) OO60sG OLOClona6. 64 424 Ventilation of horse barn.......... 409 MENU MDE ET Ao a eo Wermontestudemrnsanniee eee 122 Viera Hoap aber gctacsdne a .20 o20 DV LEIS Bin ati aly PN NCEE GU ER NEE ey eee 43 we Obmthemhorsenrrncitoe ys rectors 385 ¥ EGE INS We: iss soncooboRebanede 83 Yorkshire Coach horse............ 163 Wirginiayhorses-n ee eae. RICO YAO} descriptiona santo soem 164 STANDARD BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ORANGE JUDD COMPANY NEW YORK CHICAGO ASHLAND BUILDING PEorLe’s Gas BUILDING 315-321 Fourth Avenue 150 Michigan Avenue Any of these books wiil be sent by mail, postpaid, to any part of the world, on receipt of catalog price. We are always happy to correspond with our patrons, and cordially invite them to address us on any matter pertaining to rural books. Send for our large illustrated catalog, free on appli- cation. First Principles of Soil Fertility _ By Atrrep Vivian. There is no subject of more vital importance to the farmer than that of the best method of maintaining the fertility of the soil. The very evident decrease in the fertility of those soils which have been under cultivation for a number of years, combined with the increased competition and the advanced price of labor, have convinced the intelligent farmer that the agriculture of the future must be based upon more rational practices than those which have been followed in the past. We have felt for some time that there was a place for a brief, and at the same time comprehensive, treatise on this important subject of Soil Fertility. Professor Vivian's experience as a teacher in the short winter courses has admirably fitted him to present this matter in a popular style. In this little book he has given the gist of the subject in plain language, practically devoid of technical and scientific terms. It is pre-eminently a “First Book,” and will be found especially valuable to those who desire an introduction to the subject, and who intend to do subse- quent reading. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 265 pages. Cloth. Net, $1.00 The Study of Corn By Pror. V. M. SHorsmitH. A most helpful book to all farmers and students interested in the selection and im- provement of corn. It is profusely illustrated from photo- graphs, all of which carry their own story and contribute their part in making pictures and text matter a clear, con- cise and interesting studv of corn. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. FOO pagesssClocw i. 6 Zu Esivins sors Niet: forse (1) The Management and Feeding of Cattle By Pror. THomas SHaw. The place for this book will be at once apparent when it is stated that it is the first book that has ever been written which discusses the man- agement and feeding of cattle, from the birth of the calf until it has fulfilled its mission in life, whether on the block or at the pail. The book is handsomely printed on fine paper, from large, clear type. ae illustrated. 514x8 inches. 496 sages. Cloth. . . . 6 | Niet,“ $2:00 The Farmer’s Veterinarian By CuHaritrs WILLIAM Burkett. This book abounds in helpful suggestions and valuable information for the most successful treatment of ills and accidents, and disease troubles. A practical treatise on the diseases of farm stock; containing brief and popular advice on the nature, cause and treatment of disease, the common ailments and the care and management of stock when sick. It is profusely illustrated, containing a number of halftone illustrations, and a great many drawings picturing diseases, their symptoms and familiar attitudes assumed by farm animals when affected with disease, and presents, for the first time, a plain, practical and satisfactory guide for farmers who are interested in the common diseases of the farm. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 288 pages. Cloth. Net, $1.50. First Lessons in Dairying By Husert E. Van Norman. This splendid little book has been written from a practical point of view, to fill a place in dairy literature long needed. It is designed primarily as a practicai guide to successful dairying, an elementary text-book for colleges and for use especially in short-course classes. It embodies underlying principie: involved in the handling of milk, delivery to factory, ship- ping station, and the manufacture of butter on the farm It is written in a simple, popular way, being free from tech- nical terms, and is easily understood by the average farm boy. The book is just the thing for the every-day dairy- man, and should be in the hands of every farmer in the country. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. Joo pages. Cloth. Net, $0.50. A Dairy Laboratory Guide By H. E. Ross. While the book is intended primarily for use in the laboratory, it should be of value to the practical dairyman. The time has come when the suc- cessful dairyman must study hic business from a purely scientific point of view, and in this book the scientific principles, upoa which dairy industry is based, are stated clearly and simply, and wherever it is possible, these prin- ciples are illustrated by practical problems and examples. 90\ pages. Sx/ inches’ Cloth’). ))), 35) = jNetusese (2) Profitable Stock Raising By Crarence A. SHAMEL. This book covers fully the principles of breeding and feeding for both fat stock and dairying type. It tells of sheep and mutton raising, hot house lambs, the swine industry and the horse market. Finally, he tells of the preparation of stock for the market and how to prepare it so that it will bring a high market price. Live stock is the most important feature of farm > life, and statistics show a production far short of the actual requirements. There are many problems to be faced in the profitable production of stock, and these are fully and comprehensively covered in Mr. Shamel’s new book. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 288 pages. Cloth. Net, $1.50 The Business of Dairying By C. B. Lane. The author of this practical little book is to be congratulated on the successful manner in which he has treated so important a subject. It has been pre- pared for the use of dairy students, producers and handlers of milk, and all who make dairying a business. Its pur- pose is to present in a clear and concise manner various business methods and systems which will help the dairy- man to reap greater profits. This book meets the needs of the average dairy farmer, and if carefully followed will lead to successful dairying. It may also be used as an elementary textbook for colleges, and especially in short- course classes. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 300 pages. Cloth. Net, $1.25 Questions and Answers on Buttermaking By Cuas A. Pustow. This book is entirely different from the usual type of dairv books, and is undoubtedly in a class by itself. The entire subject of butter-making in all its branches has been most thoroughly treated, and many new and important features have been added. The tests for moisture, salt and acid have received special attention, as have also the questions on cream separa- tion, pasteurization, commercial starters, cream ripening, cream overrun, marketing of butter, and creamery man- agement. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 100 pages. Cloth. Net, $0.50 Questions and Answers on Milk and Milk Testing By Cuas. A. Pustow, and Hucu C. Troy. A book that no student in the dairy industry can afford to be without. No other treatise of its kind is available, and no book of its size gives so much practical and useful information in the study of milk and milk products. Illustrated. 5x7 inebes: 7 LOO pages wClothe) csi. s «re Net, SO.50 (3) Soils By CHARLES WILLIAM Burkert, Director Kansas Agri- cultural Experiment Station. The most complete and popular work of the kind ever published. As a rule, a book of this sort is dry and uninteresting, but in this case it reads like a novel. The author has put into it his in- dividuality. The story of the properties of the soils, their improvement and management, as well as a discussion of the problems of crop growing and crop feeding, make this book equally valuable to the farmer, student and teacher. Illustrated. 303 pages. 5%x8inches. Cloth. . Net, $1.25 Weeds of the Farm Garden By L. H. Pammet. The enormous losses, amounting to several hundred million dollars annually in the United States, caused by weeds stimulate us to adopt a better system of agriculture. The weed question is, therefore a most important and vital one for American farmers This treatise will enable the farmer to treat his field to remove weeds. The book is profusely illustrated by photo- graphs and drawings made expressly for this work, and will prove invaluable to every farmer, land owner, gar- dener and park sree aoe eg inches. 300 pages. Clothe rare eae es . Se Nie Pe Sinse Farm xe ES Bae ae Morers By J. B. Davinson and L. W. CuHase. Farm Machinery and Farm Motors is the first American book published on the subject of Farm Machinery since that written by J. J. Thomas in 1867. This was before the development of many of the more important farm machines, and the general application of power to the work of the farm. Modern farm machinery is indispensable in present-day farming operations, and a practical book like Farm Ma- chinery and Farm Motors will fill a much-felt need. The book has been written from lectures used by the authors before their classes for several years, and which were pre- pared from practical experience and a thorough review of the literature pertaining to the subject. Although written primarily as a text-book, it is equally useful for the prac- tical farmer. Profusely illustrated. S/288 inches. 520 Paces PCO EM Feiss Ly Mice ones so) Niet. $2700 The Book of Wheat By P. T. Donpitincer. This book comprises a complete study of everything pertaining to wheat. It is the work of a student of economic as well as agricultural condi- tions, well fitted by the broad experience in both practical and theoretical lines to tell the whole story in a condensed form. It is designed for the farmer, the teacher, and the student as well. Illustrated. 5'%4x8 inches.. 370 pages. CGlothieecia cc : Soe ee ENE S200 (4) The Cereals in America : By Tuomas F. Hunt, M.S., D.Agri., Professor of Agron- omy, Cornell University. lf you raise five acres of any kind of grain you cannot afford to be without this book. It is in every way the best book on the subject that has ever been written. It treats of the cultivation and improvement of every grain crop raised in America in a thoroughly practical and accurate manner. The subject-matter includes a comprehen- sive and succinct treatise of wheat, maize, oats, barley, rye, rice, sorghum (kafir corn) and buckwheat, as related particu- larly to American conditions. First-hand knowledge has been the policy of the author in his work, and every crop treated is presented in the light of individual study of the plant. If you have this book you have the latest and best that has been written upon the subject. Illustrated. 450 pages. 54%x8 inches. Cloth. EI ie ee ree ee IN na ey cae) a TTS The Forage and Fiber Crops in America By Tuomas F. Hunt. This book is exactly what its title indicates. It is indispensable to the farmer, student and teacher who wishes all the latest and most important informa- tion on the subject of forage and fiber crops. Like its famous companion, “The Cereals in America,” by the same author, it treats of the cultivation and improvement of every one of the forage and fiber crops. With this book in hand, you have the latest and most up-to-date information available. TIllus- PraredmZ2onpaces mest XOninchesas ©loth. 0... eo. 1.75 The Book of Alfalfa History, Cultivation and Merits. Its Uses as a Forage and Fertilizer. The appearance of the Hon. F. D. Cospurn’s little book on Alfalfa a few years ago has been a profit revela- tion to thousands of farmers throughout the country, and the increasing demand for still more information on the subject has induced the author to prepare the present volume, which is by far the most authoritative, complete and valuable work on this forage crop published anywhere. It is printed on fine paper and illustrated with many full-page photographs that were taken with the especial view of their relation to the text. 3360 pages. 6% x 9 inches, Bound in cloth, with gold stamp- ing. It is unquestionably the handsomest agricultural refer- ence book that has ever been issued. Price, postpaid, . $2.00 Clean Milk By S. D. Betcuer, M.D. In this book the author sets forth practical methods for the exclusion of bacteria from. milk, and how to prevent contamination of milk from the stable to the consumer. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 146 pages. Cloth. SUES.) Seley i a Te ay ake $1.00 (5) Cabbage, Cauliflower and Allied Vegetables By C. L, Aten. A practical treatise on the various types and varieties of cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, collards and kohl-rabi. An explanation is given of the requirements, conditions, cultivation and general man- agement pertaining to the entire cabbage group. After this each class is treated separately and in detail. The chapter on seed raising is probably the most authoritative treatise on this subject ever published. Insects and fungi attacking this class of vegetables are given due attention. Illustrated. 126 paces’ 5) x07 anchesauGloty cia se) 4s le catia meen BONGO Asparagus By F. M. Hexamer. This is the first book published in — America which is exclusively devoted to the raising of aspara- gus for home use as well as for market. It is a practice? and reliable treatise on the saving of the seed, raising of the plants, selection and preparation of the soil, planting, cultiva- tion, manuring, cutting, bunching, packing, marketing, canning _and drying, insect enemies, fungous diseases and every re- quirement to successful asparagus culture, special emphasis be- ing given to the importance of asparagus as a farm and money crop. lllustrated. 174 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth. . $0.50 The New Onion Cuiture By T. Grriner. Rewritten, greatly enlarged and brought up to date. A new method of growing onions of largest size and yield, on less land, than can be raised by the old plan. Thousands of farmers and gardeners and many experiment stations have given it practical trials which have proved a success. A complete guide in growing onions with the great- est profit, explaining the whys and wherefores. Illustrated Ext) McheserIdOmpages «Clot 25 F 2 4li sinemie Mee DOLSO) The New Rhubarb Culture A complete guide to dark forcing and field culture. Part I--By J. E. Morss, the well-known Michigan trucker and originator of the now famous and extremely profitable new methods of dark forcing and field culture. Part I]—Com- piled by G. B. Fiske. Other methods practiced by the most experienced market gardeners, greenhouse men and experi- menters in all parts of America. Jllustrated. 130 pages. Fix 7 inches.) Clote NE RSin ne kee tare ues $0.50 (7) Feeding Farm Animals By Professor THomaAs SHAW. This book is intended alike for the student and the farmer. The author has succeeded in giving in regular and orderly sequence, and in language so simple that a child can understand it, the principles that govern the science and practice of feeding farm animals. Professor Shaw is certainly to be congratulated on the successful man- ner in which he has accomplished a most difficult task. His book is unquestionably the most practical work which has ap- peared on the subject of feeding farm animals. Illustrated. 5% x 8 inches. Upward of 500 pages. Cloth. . . . $2.00 Profitable Dairying By C. L. Pecx. A practical guide to successful dairy man- agement. The treatment of the entire subject is thoroughly practical, being principally a description of the methods prac- ticed by the author. A specially valuable part of this book consists of a minute description of the far-famed model dairy farm of Rev. J. D. Detrich, near Philadelphia, Pa. On the farm of fifteen acres, which twenty years ago could not main- tain one horse and two cows, there are now kept twenty-seven dairy cattle, in addition to two horses. All the roughage, litter, bedding, etc., necessary for these animals are grown on these fifteen acres, more than most farmers could accomplish on one hundred acres. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 200 pages. Clotlimen eee eo Pen nie Be ohh oe ore oa es 80.75 Practical Dairy Bacteriology By Dr. H. W. Conn, of Wesleyan University. A complete exposition of important facts concerning the relation of bac- teria to various problems related to milk. A book for the classroom, laboratory, factory and farm. Equally useful to the teacher, student, factory man and practical dairyman. Fully illustrated with 83 eneinal Etats 340 pages. Cloth. 5% x 8 inches. . . asi bey a nara SA GAZI Modern Methods of Testing Milk and Milk Products By L. L. VANStyxe. This is a clear and concise discussion of the approved methods of testing milk and milk products. All the questions involved in the various methods of testing milk and cream are handled with rare skill and yet in so plain a manner that they can be fully understood by all. The book should be in the hands of every dairyman, teacher or student. liltistyated. 204 pages. Suxi7imeness 9.0. . ose) O75 (12) Animal Breeding By Tuomas SHaw. This book is the most complete and comprehensive work ever published on the subject of which it treats. It is the first book which has systematized the sub- ject of animal breeding. The leading laws which govern this most intricate question the author has boldly defined and authoritatively arranged. The chapters which he has written on the more involved features of the subject, as sex and the relative influence of parents, should go far toward setting at rest the wildly speculative views cherished with reference to these questions. The striking originality in the treatment of the subject is no less conspicuous than the superb order and regular sequence of thought from the beginning to the end of the book. The book is intended to meet the needs of all persons interested in the breeding and rearing of live stock. Ulustratedss4osapasess is) <7 inches! Clothys 2.4) 1 -ae olesO Forage Crops Other Than Grasses By THomas SHAw. How to cultivate, harvest and use them. Indian corn, sorghum, clover, leguminous plants, crops of the brassica genus, the cereals, millet, field roots, etc. Intensely practical and reliable. Illustrated. 287 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. eM SAR” Won DRM age tateles oy eee pL OO Soiling Crops and the Silo By THomas SHAw. The growing and feeding of all kinds of soiling crops, conditions to which they are adapted, their plan in the rotation, etc. Not a line is repeated from the Forage Crops book. Best methods of building the silo, filling it and feeding ensilage. Illustrated. 364 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. A Fekete ree ee $1.50 The Study of Breeds By THomas SHAW. Origin, history, distribution, charac- teristics, adaptability, uses, and standards of excellence of all pedigreed breeds of cattle, sheep and swine in America. The accepted text book in colleges, and the authority for farmers and breeders. Illustrated. 371 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Be her eae $1.50 Clovers and How to Grow Them By Tuomas SHaAw. This is the first book published which treats on the growth, cultivation and treatment of clovers as applicable to all parts of the United States and Canada, and which takes up the entire subject in a systematic way and consecutive sequence. The importance of clover in the econ- omy of the farm is so great that an exhaustive work on this subject will no doubt be welcomed by students in agriculture, as well as by all who are interested in the tilling of the soil. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 337 pages. Cloth. Net . . $1.00 (13) ‘FIG. 1—THE AMERICAN STANDARDBRED HORSE This breed of trotting and pacing horses is the outgrowth of the American people’s love for stylish driving horses. Land Draining. A handbook for farmers on the principles and practice of draining, by MANLy MILEs, giving the results of his extended experience in laying tile drains. The directions for the laying out and the construction of tile drains will enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect construction, and the disap- pointment that must necessarily follow. This manual for practical farmers will also be found convenient for referencé in regard to many questions that may arise in crop growing, aside from the special subjects of drainage of which it treats. Hilustrated, .200 pages: «5 x 7 inches. Cloth... .; ja) Sioa Barn Plans and Outbuildings Two hundred and fifty-seven illustrations. A most valu- able work, full of ideas, hints, suggestions, plans, etc., for the construction of barns and outbuildings, by practical writers. Chapters are devoted to the economic erection and use of barns, grain barns, horse barns, cattle barns, sheep barns, cornhouses, smokehouses, icehouses, pig pens, granaries, etc. There are likewise chapters on birdhouses, doghouses, tool sheds, ventilators, roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops, poultry houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, Cie 235 pagesw se zuincnes: Cloth: 4. 7 fee ae SLC Irrigation Farming By Lute Witcox. A handbook for the practical applica- tion of water in the production of crops. A complete treatise on water supply, canal construction, reservoirs and ponds, pipes for irrigation purposes, flumes and their structure, methods of applying water, irrigation of field crops, the garden, the orchard and vineyard, windmills and pumps, appliances and contrivances. New edition, revised, enlarged and rewritten. Profusely illustrated. Over 500 pages. 5x7 Imehes! ton Clot ween et eee ets geen ae en TOO Forest Planting By H. NicHotas JArcHow, LL. D. A treatise on the care of woodlands and the restoration of the denuded timberlands on plains and mountains. The author has fully described those European methods which have proved to be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the old world. This expe- rience has been adapted to the different climates and trees of America, full instructions being given for forest planting of our various kinds of soil and subsoil, whether on mountain or valley. Illustrated. 250 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. $1.50 (14) Farmer’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture % % A Compendium of Agricultural Science and Prac- tice on Farm, Orchard and Garden Crops, and the Feeding and Diseases of Farm Animals. Sail By EARLEY VERNON WILCOX, Ph. D. and CLARENCE BEAMAN SMITH, M. S. Associate Editors tn the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Depariment of Agriculture HIS is a new, practical, and complete presentation of the whole subject of ag- riculture in its broadest sense. It is de- signed for the use of agriculturists who desire up-to-date, reliable information on all matters pertaining to crops and stock, but more particularly for the actual farmer. The volume contains Detailed directions for the culture of every important field, orchard, and garden crop grown in America, together with descriptions of their chief insect pests and fungous diseases, and remedies for their control. It contains an ac- count of modern methods in feeding and handling all farm stock, including poultry. The diseases which affect different farm animals and poultry are described, and the most recent remedies sug- gested for controlling them. Every bit of this vast mass of new and useful information is authoritative, practical and easily found, and no effort has been spared to include all desirable details. There are between 6,000 and 7,000 topics covered in these references, and it contains 700 royal 8vo pages and nearly 500 superb half-tone and other original illustrations, making the most perfect Cyclopedia of Agricul- ture ever attempted. Handsomely bound in cloth, $35.50; half morocco- (wery sumptuous), $4.50, postpaid EE a SE IT FTE LIE NTE ES EE ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, ?pecie Ges Bando! Chicano: tl : ae Danae 4 Q (19) De ie ran $3 NOt ae ; ; p sn ‘J _ * ; on r cis | ek ee an BS Toei SAS eee LR ty he WINS