I ml School and College Edition. MANUAL « BOTANY NORTHERN UNITED STATES, INCLUDING VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI; ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. HMtfon, WITH GARDEN BOTANY, &c. BY ASA GRAY, FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATDRAL BISTORT IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. WITH SIX PLATES. ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF FERNS, ETC. Ca!!*brn!a CcSIcso cf Pharmacy NEW YORK: IVISON, PHINNEY, & CO., 48 & 50 WALKER STREET. CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO., 39 & 41 LAKE STREET. 1862. Entered according to the Act of Congress, In th« year 1862, b> IVISON. P1IIXNEY & COMPANY. It) the Clerk's Oillce of the District Conrt of the United States tor th<- Southern District ADVERTISEMENT TO THE REVISED EDITION, 1862. THE additions and alterations of the Revised Edition of this work, now issued, are mainly the following. 1. The addition of an entirely new part, entitled GARDEN BOTANY, AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS : see pp. xxix. - Ixxxix. By this, the common exotics, no less than the wild plants, are made available for botanical classes, which will be a great convenience in many cases. Most of these cultivated plants are everywhere common, and generally at hand for botanical illustration ; and it is desirable that they should be scientifically known and rightly named. And there is no great difficulty in studying them, if double flow- ers, and those which are otherwise in a monstrous or unnatural condition, be avoided, at least by beginners. It is obviously absurd and highly in- convenient to mix in the cultivated with the wild plants in such a work as this. But a separate account of the common exotics, annexed and sub- sidiary to the Botany of the Northern United States, in the School Edition, will doubtless be popular and useful. Directions for the use of the Garden Botany will be found on p. xvii. and p. xxix. 2. The ANALYTICAL KEY, p. xvii., — upon which the pupil so greatly depends, — has been altogether revised, much simplified, adapted to the Garden Botany as well as to the Botany of the Northern States, and printed in a larger type. 3. Numerous corrections in particulars have been made throughout the body of the work, whenever the required alterations could well be effected upon the stereotype plates. Many others, suggested by acute and obliging correspondents, or by my own observation, are necessarily deferred until the work can be recomposed. 4. The plants which have been newly detected within our limits, and one or two which were before accidentally omitted, are enumerated and characterized in the ADDENDA, p. xc. The flattering success which the Manual has met with stimulates the author's endeavors towards its continued improvement; — in regard to which he still solicits aid from his correspondents. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, March 10, 1862. 3994 1 TO JOHN TORREY, LL. CORRESP. MEMBER OF THE LINN.EAN SOCIETY. ETC.. THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE FRIENDSHIP WHICH HAS HONORED AND THE COUNSEL WHICH HAS AIDED THE AUTHOR FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF HIS BOTANICAL PURSUITS. CAMBRIDGE, January 1, 1848. PREFACE. THIS work is designed as a compendious Flora of the .Northern portion of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the use of students and of practical botanists. The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the Mississippi River. This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm- temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great Western woodless plains, which approach our borders in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume. The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner : 1. When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south- ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun- daries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species Viii PREFACE. in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar- ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast"; M. acuminate, '* W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward " ; &c. While in species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as, Nupliar Kalmicmcij p. 23, "New England, New York, and northward"; Cardamine pntfentip, p. 33, " Vermont to Wisconsin, northward," &Q. • And so of Western plants; e.g. Isopyrum biternatum, p. 11, " Ohio, Kentucky, and westward"; Psoralea argophylla, p. 94, "Wisconsin and westward"; Amorpha canescens, p. 95, "Michigan to Wisconsin, and south westward.'* 2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii and V. Lescurii, p. 38 ; SuUicanlia Ohionis, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for which there is no room in a manual like this. For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indigenous to both. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu- merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our flora ; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be- ing printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus ACKIS, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face letter (e. g. B. repeiis). Moreover, the country from which they were introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the deni- zenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec- ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only .in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob- ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank with the adventive plants those which De Candolle terms plants cultivated with out or against man's will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europt are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. froir PREFACE. IX Eu.)": those adventive, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c. Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are distinguished in this edition into two sorts, according to their degree of ap- parent distinctness : — 1 . Those which, I think, can hardly be doubted to be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi- tals ; e. g. Nasturtium palustre, var. HISPIDUM, p. 30 ; Vitis cordifolia, var^ RIPARIA, p. 78. 2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many most excellent botanists ; some of them I may myself so regard hereafter, on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting forms. The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those of the indigenous species (e. g. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divaricatus, p. 7 ; Actasa spicata, var. rubra, and var. alba, p. 14) ; and they usu- ally stand at the head of a separate paragraph. Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates, fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) embraced in the work. The eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv- erworts are furnished by my generous friend, MR. SULLIVANT, the author of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates, devoted to the Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by MR. ISAAC SPHAGUE. MR. SULLIVANT has included in this edition all the species of Musci and Hepaticce known to him as natives of any part of the United States east of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew ; not only laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology, but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two beautiful families of plants such as have never before anywhere been afforded in a book of this kind.f * The illustrations of forty of the genera, as indicated in the Explanation of the Plates at the close of the volume, are entirely original productions of Mr. Sullivant's pencil. Seven of them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which have before been only imperfectly if at all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim- per. Bicchoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which was always made. t The reference i{ Muse. Bor.-Amer.," appended to many new or rare Mosses, is made to an almost complete arranged collection of the Musci and Hepatictz east of the Mississippi, the types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied by Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter. The materials from which those sets have been prepared are chiefly Mr. Lesquereux's own very extensive collections, the result of his numerous journjys made during the last six or seven yeai-s, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleghany Mountains. To these have been added Mr. Sulliv.aut's ample accumulations, embracing the collections of the lamented X PREFACE. Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially of the labors and investigations of PROF. TUCKERMAN upon our Lichenes. of tin; KKV. DR. CURTIS upon our Funyi, and of PROF. HARVEY upon our Alyce, as well as of Messrs. SULLIVANT and LESQUEUKUX upon our JJ/u.sxex, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to the student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com- prising the Phaenogamous or Flowering Plants. I have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially intended for beginners (First. Lessons in Botany), and which may, Avhen desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use the author's Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these, all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus- trated. Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way by discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice pf brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is distinguished. Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of synonymes ; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in view, — while the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, 1 have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author's names, and some few customary ones of States, &c.), to give greater fulness to the characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva- tion of the generic names. The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds, in a general way, with De Candolle's arrangement, beginning with the highest class and ending with the lowest; and commencing this first and far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those- orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve- Mr. Oakes in the White Mountains, of Fcndler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas The title of the work is " Musci Boreali-Auiericaui, sire Specimina Exsiccata Muscoruni in Anieri- cse Rebuspublicis Foederatis detectorum, conjunctis studiia W. S. SULLIVANT et L. LESQUEREUX, 1856." Mr. Sullivan t's connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal responsibility in the determination of the species. This most extensive and valuable collec- tion ever made of American Mosses, which has cost much labor and expense, and comprise nearly 400 species and marked varieties, is published at $20 for each set, and will doubtless be eagerly sought after by Bryological students. PREFACE. XI lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and separate (liypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (periyynous and epigynous) ; then fallow those with the petals combined into a mono- petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit- ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nat- ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary student. I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu- ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical Artificial Key to the Natural Orders* (p. xvii.), I enable the student very readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of easy observation, and is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci- mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis- tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and printed in italics in the first sentence of the description. Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, I have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com- prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters, and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c., as the case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex- tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals), subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (-»-, ++, &c.) ; and whenever there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch's Flora Germanica'), so that they may at once catch the student's eye. To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c., I * No Linnaean Artificial Arrangement is here given, experience having shown that, as a Key to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage on the score of facility over a well-devised Analytical Key; which the learner will find equally certain, and much more satisfactory in its results. XI] PREFACE. Lave not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed London's mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by tho grave (N), and the short sound by the acute accent-mark ('). In respect to this, my friend, MR. FOLSOM, has obligingly rendered most important assistance throughout the pages of this volume. The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone liaa debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu- merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con- tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata- logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my excellent friend and correspondent, M. GODET of Neuchatel, author of the Flore du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon many of our own identical or related species. As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to the acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, JOHN CAREY, ESQ., now of London, for various emendations in the genus Carex, formerly elaborated by him for this work ; and DR. ENGELMANN of St. Louis, for full notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser- vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cus- cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismece. The renewed and still more extensive contributions of MR. SULLIVANT have already been referred to, — contributions which introduce a new era in the study of American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per- Bonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science in this country. I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, June 30&, 1856. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. I. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Adans. = Adanson. Hartm. =• Hartmann. Ait. Alton. Hedio. Hcdwig. Andr. Andrews. Boffin. Hoffmann. Am. Arnott. Hook. Hooker. Anbl. Aublct. Hook.f. (filim) J. D. Hooker. Bart. Barton. Hornsch. Hornschuch. Bartl. Battling. Huds. Hudson. Beauv. Pulisot de Beauvois. Hub. Hiibener. Benth. Bcntham. Jacq. Jacqttin. Bernh. Bcrnhardi. Juss. JUSSIEU. Bieb. Bieberstein. L. or Linn. LINNJEUS. Biyel. Bigelow. Lag. Lagasca. Br. fr Sch. Bruch and (W.P.) Schiraper. Lam. Lamarck. Brid. BrideL Lamb. Lambert. Brongn. Brongniart. Ledeb. Ledebour. Cass. Cassini. L'Her. L'Heritier. Cav. Cavanilles. Lehm. Lehmann. Cham. Chamisso. Lesqx. Lesquereux. C/iav. Cliavannes. Lestib. Lestibudois. DC. De Candolle. Lindenb. Lindenberg. A. DC. Alphonse De Candolle. Lindl. Lindley. Desf. Desfontaines. Mich. Micheli. Dew. Dewey. Michx. Michaux (the elder). Dill. Dillcnius. Michx. f. F. A. Micbaux (the Dinnort. Duraortier. Mill. Miller. (younger). Ehrh. Ehrhart. Mitch. Mitchell. Ell Elliott. Mont. Montagne. Endl. Endlicher. Muhl. Muhlenberg. E tig dm. Engelmann. Mull. C. Muller. Gcertn. Gsertner. Nees. Nees von Esenbeck. G.L.SfN. Gottsche,Lindenberg, & Nees. Nutt. Nuttall. Gmel. Gmelin. Pav. Pavon. Good. Goodenough. Pers. Persoon. Grev. Greville. PluJc. Plukenet. Griscb. Grisebach. Plum. Plumier. Gronov. Gronovius. Poir. Poiret. 6 XIV ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. R. Br. = fiOBERT BROWN. Steud. = Raf. liafinesque. SuUiv. Rich. Kichard. Tni/l. Richards. Richardson. Ton: Rocm. Bcemer. T>n: Sc Gr. Sdlisb. Salisbury. Tourn. Schimp. W. P. Schimper. Trin. Schk. Si-hkuhr. 1 uckerm Schlecht. Schlcchtendal. r»a, Sehmd. Schrader. Vent. Schreb. Schreber. Vill. Schvlt. Schultcs. Wold. Schw. or Schwein. Schweinitz. Walt. Schwtvgr. Schwajgrichen. Web. Scop. Scopoli. Willd. Soland. Solander. Wils. Spreng. Sprengel. Wulf. Steudel. . Sullivant. J. Taylor. Torrey. Torrey and Gray. Toumefort. Trinius. Tuckerman. Vaillant. Ventcnat. Villars. Wahlenberg. Walter. Weber. Willdenow. Wilson. Wulfen. H. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (J) An annual plant. © A biennial plant. U. A perennial plant. ? A mark of doubt. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. 1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min- utes; 0 for inches; of seconds ("); for lines, — the (English) line being the twelfth part of an inch. The dash - between two figures, as 5-10, means from 5 to 10, &c. DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. THE Student is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author's First Lessons in ]3otany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea- tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The former is much the simplest, and was expressly prepared for the beginner's use To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he does not precise ly understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic- tionary of Botanica1 Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that in the Lessons on Botany. To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of ascertaining the name, and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants, we will take an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common Spidcrwort, which grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long. With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti- ficial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant belongs to the great series of Phwnogamous or Flowering Plants, To which of its two classes is the first question. To answer this, let the student compare the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distinc- tions— of Class I. given on p. xviii., and of Class II. 011 p. xxviii.b Without the seeds, which may not be ripe, — and if they were it might require more skill than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them, — we cannot directly ascertain whether the embryo is monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. But the other characters are abundantly sufficient, and easy to verify. Take first the stem; is it formed on the exogenous or endogenous plan? A slice across it plainly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnify ing-glass, that there is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody tissue between these two : but the woody part of the stem is here represented by separate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in the form of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, — just as in a stalk of Indian Corn, a rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement of the flower with its parts in threes, — namely, three sepals, three petals, six (twice 3) stamens; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class II. Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants. We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, which is readily done by following the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The first X\'i DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. division is into three groups, marked A. B. and C. Our plant, having dis- tiuct floral envelopes and neither spadix nor glumes, must belong to B., the Petaloideous Division. This is subdivided into three sections, designated by stars. The parts of the flower being all separate from each other, our plant evidently falls under the third section, with three stars, viz: '•*** pi: wholly free from the ovary (inferior)." Next, as its perianth consists of three green sepals and three colored petals, it belongs to the subdivision -* — *-. Under this there are four alternatives, based 011 differences in the pistil. The numerous distinct pistils exclude the first ; the many or several seeds in each cell exclude the second ; the one-celled ovary, 2 KANUNCULACE^S. Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple ) * * Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules. •*- Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACES. Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots. . . Zanthoxylum, 74 RUTACE^B. Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. 2 (30) RANUNCULACE^E. Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. 383 SAURURACE^B. •*- ••- Pistil one, either simple or compound. Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled : styles 2 : stamens many. . . . 147 HAMAMELACE^S. XXV111 ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary wholly inferior in perfect or pistillate flowers. Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. 129 HALORAGEJS. Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1-celled. Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, 160 CORNACE^E. Stigma terminal, with or without a style. Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. 382 LORANTHACE^E. Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. 381 SANTALACE^:. Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy leaves : flowers mostly dioecious. 380 EL^AGNACE^E. Herbs : calyx colored like a corolla : flowers perfect. 360 (74) NYCTAGINACE^. Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. Stipules (ochreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Tree : calyx none : flowers monoecious, in heads. 400 PLATANACE.E. Herbs : calyx present and often colored. . 371 (75) POLYGONACE^E. Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so. Leaves whorled-dissected : style 1. . . 383 CERATOPIIYLLACE;E. Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-celled. 384 CALLITRICHACE^E. Not aquatics, herbs. Ovary 10-celled : berry 10-seeded. . . 361 PHYTOLACCACEJE. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1 - 2-celled : juice milky. 385 (76) EUPHORBIACE^E. Ovary one-celled : juice not milky. Style and tufted stigma one, or rarely two : leaves pinnate and with stipules. . Sanguisorba, 110 ROSACEJE. Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple : no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . 394 URTICE^J. ' Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved. Stipules not scarious : leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. . . 395 (76) CANXABINKJE. Stipules scarious 54 ILLECEBRE^E. Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens inserted high up on the tube of the calyx. 54 SCLERANTIIE^:. Stipules none : but scarious bracts crowded around the flowers. . . . 367 (75) AMARANTACE;E. Stipules and scarious bracts none. 361 (74) CHENOPODIACE^E. Shrubs or trees. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a 3-cclled pod : leaves evergreen. Buxus, (76) EUPHORBIACE^B. Fruit 2-celled, a double samara 82 ACERIM..K. Fruit a 1-celled 1 -seeded samara or drupe. . 356 (73) OLEACE.E. Ovules single in each cell of the Three -9-celled ovary: leaves small and heath-like. 393 EMPETRACE^E. Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. ... 78 RHAMNACE.S:. ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV1118 One - two-celled ovary: styles or stigmas 2-cleft. 394 (76) URTICACE.E. One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire. Anthers opening longitudinally. . 380 (75) THYMELEACE^E. Anthers opening by uplifted valves like trap-doors. 378 LAURACE..E. B. Flowers (monoecious or dicecious) one or both sorts in catkins. * Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . 394 (76) URTICACEYE. Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins. Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. 401 (77) JCGLANDACE^E. Leaves simple : fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or cupule. 403 (77) CDPULIFER.E. * * Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads. Ovary and pod 1 -celled, many-seeded : seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end. . . . 413 (78) SALICACB^E. Ovary and woody pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, 148 HAMAMELACE^:. Ovary 1- 2-celled, only one ovule in each cell : fruit 1-seeded. Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry 382 LORANTHACE^E. Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. Calyx regular, conspicuous, that of the fertile flowers succulent in fruit 394 (76) URTICACE.E. Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. Style and stigma one, simple : flowers in heads. 400 PLATANACE^J. Styles or long stigmas 2. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin : nutlets naked, winged or woody. 410 BETULACE.E. Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets naked, globose, mostly waxy-coated or drupe-like. 409 MYRICACE^E. • Fertile flowers single in a membranous sac. Ostrya, ^ Fertile flowers 2, subtended by a one-sided and i-403 CUPDLIFER^E. lobed leafy involucre. Carpinus, J SUBCLASS IT. GYMNO SPERM JE. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dicecious. Leaves simple : stems branched 420 (78) CONIFERS. Leaves pinnate, rigid : stem or caudex simple : plants therefore resembling Palms in aspect. . . . (80) CYCADACE^J. XXVllla ANALYTICAL KEY. SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS: those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores instead of seeds. CLASS III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on their backs or margins 587 FILICES. Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth at each joint of the stem 585 EQUISETACE^J. Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple leaves or bracts. 602 LYCOPODIACE^E. Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches. Aquatics 605 HYDROPTERIDES. CLASS IV. ANOPHYTES. (MOSSES.) Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct, or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond). Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct. . . 607 Musci. Spore-cases not opening by a lid. Leaves sometimes con- fluent into a frond. 682 HEPATICEJE. GARDEN BOTANY: AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. THIS simple Introduction to a knowledge of the plants commonly cultivated in this country, whether for use or ornament, is prepared as a useful accom- paniment to the Botany of the Northern United States, and is made as extensive as the needful limits of such a volume will allow. It will serve the purpose of enabling pupils to study our ordinary exotic as well as indigenous plants, to ascertain their names, and to refer them to their place in the system. It is to be used wholly in connection with the foregoing Artificial Key, p. xv., which is arranged to lead the pupil, if he has an exotic or other cultivated plant in hand, to this Garden Botany, — if a wild plant, to its order in the proper Botany of the Northern United States. If the cultivated plant be one which is described in the main body of the work, — as may frequently be the case, — the analysis will conduct to a reference, " Man. p. . . /' where the plant in ques- tion may be found described. It is needless to repeat the description of such species. For the same reason, the character or brief description of the orders and of the genera already in the Botany of the Northern United States is not repeated in the Garden Botany; but a reference, "Manual," or "Man.," followed by the page, directs the student to the place where the order or the genus, &c. is characterized. Since by far the greater part of the names of the genera, &c. of our cultivated plants occur in the body of the work, where they are duly accentuated to in- dicate their proper pronunciation, the accents are not introduced here, except in the case of a few words, for the most part not already in the Manual, which are particularly liable to be mispronounced. As this Garden Botany is intended to be used only for exercise in botanical analysis, an Index of the names of the plants contained in it, for obvious rea- sons, is purposely omitted. XXX GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER R ANTING ULACE.2E. CROWFOOT FAMILY. See Manual, p. 2. — The cultivated sorts may be known by having many stamens inserted on the receptacle, and from 2 to many separate pistils, except ilmt the annual Larkspurs have only one pistil, and in Fennel-Flower the live pistils are partly united into one. Climbers, with opposite and usually compound leaves. . . Genus 1. CLEMATIS. Herbs, except the Tree Pseony, not climbing. Pistils many in a head, one-seeded, in fruit resembling seeds. Calyx like a corolla, no real petals 2. ANEMONE. Calyx and corolla present : the petals conspicuous, With a little scale inside on the claw 3. RANUNCULUS. Without any scale 4. ADONIS. Pistils several-seeded, in fruit becoming pods. Calyx like a corolla : petals small and stamen-like. Pistils 5, partly united, making a 5-horned pod. ... 5. NIGELLA. Pistils 9 or more, separate : flower yellow, globe-like. . . 6. T110LLIU3. Pistils 6 : flower white or greenish, open. .... 7. IIELLEBORUS. Calyx like a corolla, regular ; the petals large spurs. . . 8. AQUILEGIA. Calyx like a corolla, irregular. Upper sepal spurred behind : petals 1 to 4, small. . . 9. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal helmet-shaped : petals 2, hammer-shaped. . . 10. ACONITUM. Calyx green or greenish : petals large 11. P.ZEONIA. 1. Clematis, VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Man. p. 3. No. 5 is sometimes cult.; also C. Viticella, VINE-BOWER. Flower solitary, long-peduncled, large, blue or purple, in summer; styles naked. C. Flammula, SWEET VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Flowers paniclcd, white, sweet-scented, in late summer; leaves pinnate; styles plumose in fruit. 2. Anemone COronaria, the original of most of the showy GARDEN ANEMONIES, of various colors, single or double, fl. in spring. 3. Ranunculus, CROWFOOT or BUTTERCUPS. No. 14 and 15, in Man. p. 10, furnish the hardy YELLOW DOUBLE BUTTERCUPS of our gardens, and R. AsiatiCUS furnishes the DOUBLE RANUNCULUSES with large flowers, white, red, and other colors, resembling Anemonies. 4. Adonis. Like Ranunculus, but without any scale on the petals ; these are usually 6 to 12. Leaves very finely divided. A. vernalis, SPRING ADONIS. Low perennial ; flowers large, yellow. A. autumnalis, PHEASANT'S-EYE. Annual ; petals small, red, dark at the base, late in summer. 5. Nigella, FENNEL-FLOWER. Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals much smaller than the white or bluish sepals, and five pistils partly united into one pod, containing rather large, dark-colored, spicy seeds. N. Damascena, FENNEL-FLOWER, RAGGED-LADY. Flower overtopped by a leafy involucre; pod smooth and bladdery, the lining of the 5 cells separating from the outer part, making 5 outer empty cells. N. sativa, NUTMEG-FLOWER. Flower naked ; pod rough, less inflated. 6. TrolllUS Europaeus, GLOBE-FLOWER. Flower golden-yellow, globe- shaped (instead of wide open, as in our wild species, Man. p. 12), in early spring. Resembles a large and showy Buttercup. GARDEN BOTANY. 7. Helleborus niger, CHRISTMAS ROSE. Rare in gardens, should be common, being very hardy, and handsome (not dull green, like H. viridis, Man. p. 12) ; the large pedate leaf evergreen ; flower from the ground in earliest spring, 1^' across ; sepals white, persistent, and turning green. 8. Aquilegia VUlgaris, COMMON COLUMBINE. Spurs of the variously colored flower (single or double) hooked at the end; the parent of all the common garden Columbines. 9. Delphinium, LARKSPUR. Man. p. 12. Several are cult, for ornament. * Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals united in one body, and a single pistil : /lowers blue, varying to pink or white. D. Consolida, COMMON or FIELD LARKSPUR. Flowers scattered on the spreading branches ; pod smooth. D. Ajacis, ROCKET LARKSPUR. Flowers crowded in a close spike or racenfe ; spur shorter ; some marks on the base of the united petals were fancied to read ALAI = Ajax. =fc * Perennials, with 4 separate petals of 2 sorts, and 2 to 5 pistils : flowers various shades of blue, rarely ivhite. H— Loiv, branching species : lower petals not notched. D. Sinense, CHINESE LARKSPUR. Cultivated only with double flowers, of deep indigo-blue ; leaves bright green, rather rigid. D. grandiflorum, GREAT-FLOWERED L. ^Leaves cut into distant narrowly linear lobes ; flowers single or double, of various tints of blue. D. cheilanthum, with lanceolate or oblong lobes to the leaves, is the parent of some of the choice varieties of the Great-flowered Larkspurs. H- Tall and single-stemmed: lower petals notched. D. elatum, BEE LARKSPUR. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped, gashed and toothed lobes ; lower petals strongly bearded. Many varieties. 10. Aconitum Napellus, ACONITE, MONKSHOOD. An upright species, with 5-parted leaves many-cleft into narrow lobes; the broad, erect helmet short-pointed in front, is the parent of the common sorts of MONKSHOOD in the gardens. 11. Pseonia, PEONY. Perennials, with thick roots, compound and cleft leaves, and very large flowers : calyx leafy : petals 5 in the natural state, white or red. Pistils 2, 3, or more, becoming thick pods. P. officinalis is the COMMON PEONY of all gardens, generally with full double flowers ; pods downy. P. albiflora, SWEET PEONY, has smaller, sweet-scented, mostly white flowers, and smooth recurved pods. P. Moutan, TREE PEONY, has shrubby stems, pale leaves, very large flowers (white, purple, or variegated), and the pistils enclosed in a curious urn-shaped cup (disk), which bursts as the pods grow. ORDER MAGNOLIACE2E. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Manual, p. 15. — Besides the Magnolias described, p. 16, one from Japan and two of the Southern States arc planted, viz. : — 1. Magnolia purpurea, PURPLE M., from Japan : a shrub with petals about 3' long, erect, pink-purple outside, white inside, beginning to flower in early spring before the obovate bright green leaves appear. XXX11 GARDEN BOTANY. M. grandiflora, GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA of the Southern States, barely hardy in the Middle States : tree with evergreen coriaceous leaves, oblong or ohovutc, shining above, rusty beneath ; flower like that of M. glauca on a mueh larger scale and more fragrant. M. COrdata. Like M. aeuminata, but leaves ovate or slightly cordate, darker green above ; flowers pure light yellow. ORDER BERBEKIDACEJE. BARBERRY FAMILY. Manual, p. 19. — Besides COMMON BARBERRY, described p. 19, the only common cultivated plant of the order is 1. Berberis (or Mahonia) Aquifolium, of Rocky Mountains and Oregon : leaves pinnate, evergreen ; leaflets spiny-toothed ; flowers in clus- tered racemes in early spring ; berries blue. ' ORDER PAPAVERACEJE. POPPY FAMILY. Manual, p. 24. — Besides three naturalized plants of the order, Poppies and Eschscholtzias are common in the gardens. Juice of the stem yellow or saffron-colored. Pod short, prickly : leaves prickly and blotched : flowers yellow, rarely white. . . ^ Man. p. 25. ARGEHONE. Pod long and slender, smooth (flowers yellow, &c.), One-celled, with 2 placentae Man p. 25. CHELIDONIDM. Two-celled by a spongy partition. . . Man. p. 26. GLAUCIUM. Juice of the stem white : pod partly many-celled by the several strongly projecting placentae. 1. PAPAYER, Juice of the stem colorless, with the odor of muriatic acid : calyx like a candle-extinguisher, falling off whole : peduncle inflated under the flower : pod slender, striate : stigmas slender. 2. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 1. Papaver, POPPY. Man. p. 25. Cultivated for ornament, and one of them for medical use. P. somniferum, OPIUM POPPY. Annual, smooth, glaucous; leaves wavy and clasping ; flowers white, purple, &c., often double ; in summer. P. Rhceas, CORN POPPY. Annual, low, bristly ; leaves nearly pinnate ; flowers scarlet, in gardens double, colors various. P. orientale, ORIENTAL POPPY. Perennial, rough-hairy ; leaves almost pinnate ; flowering stems tall, bearing a very large red flower, in June. 2. Eschscholtzia. Low annuals of California and Oregon, with finely divided leaves and showy 4-petalled flowers, produced all summer. E. Californica. Petals orange-yellow ; receptacle flat-bordered. E. Douglasii. Petals pure yellow (and a white variety) ; no flat border to the receptacle. ORDER FITMAB,IACE-SS. FUMITORY FAMILY. Manual, p 26. — The only cultivated plant not in the Manual, and a very handsome one, is the Chinese or Tartarean 1. Dicentra spectabilis. Large, with leafy stems, Peony-like leaves, and heart-shaped, pink-red flowers an inch long, in drooping one-sided racemes ; blooming in spring. GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER CBTTCIFEIL33. MUSTARD FAMILY. Manual, p. 28. — Well known by the pungent taste, flowers of 4 sepals, 4 petals with claws, 6 tetradynamous stamens, and the kind of pod called a silique or silicle. The following is a simple key to the cultivated species. Flowers deep orange or brownish yellow, sweet-scented. . . 1. CHEIRANTHUS. Flowers pure yellow. Pod long or longish, beak -pointed, several-seeded : seeds spherical. Mostly biennials : sepals erect : upper leaves sessile or clasping. 2. BRASSICA. Annuals : sepals loose or spreading : leaves cut. Man. p. 36. SINAPIS. Pod slender, not beaked, several seeded : seeds flat. Man. p. 35. BARBAREA. Pod flat, wing-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded, hanging, not opening. . 3. ISATIS. Pod very short, 2-celled, few-seeded : low plants. ... 10. ALYSSUM. Flowers pale yellow, turning white or purple : pod jointed. . . 4. RAPHANUS. Flowers not yellow, white, pink, or purple. Seeds spherical , several in a beak-pointed thick and indehiscent pod. 4. RAPHANUS. Seeds several or many in a long and narrow pod. * Leaves green, toothed : flowers fragrant chiefly at night. . . 5. HESPERIS. Leaves hoary, entire : flowers fragrant in the day. ... 6. MATTHIOLA. Seeds many or few in a shortish pod : flowers white. Man. p. 30. NASTURTIUM. Seeds several in a broad and flat pod, having a broad and silvery partition : flowers purple, large 7. LUNARIA. Seeds one or sometimes two in each cell of a short pod. Corolla irregular ; 2 exterior petals larger than the other two. 8. IBERIS. Corolla regular, as in all the rest of the order, white, small. Leaves cut or toothed : partition of the pod very narrow. . 9. LEPIDIUM. Leaves narrow, entire : partition oval. . .10. ALYSSUM. 1. Cheiranthus Cheiri, WALLFLOWER. Perennial, with narrow and entire pointed leaves ; cultivated everywhere for its deliciously fragrant orange or red-yellow flowers. 2. Brassica. So much like Sinapis botanically, that the two should form only one genus. Cult, as biennials for food. B. oleracea, CABBAGE, with roundish, thickish, strongly-veined, gla- brous and glaucous fleshy leaves, in cultivation forming a head the first year. Var. BROCCOLI has fleshy irregular branches bearing clusters of abortive flower-buds, instead of a head. Var. CAULIFLOWER has a depressed head, formed of short and fleshy flower- branches changed into a dense fleshy mass. Var. KOHLRABI has the main stem, thickened below into a sort of turnip above-ground. Var. KALE is more nearly the natural wild state, leaves not forming a head. B. campestris, with lower leaves rough-hairy and pinnatifid, upper ones clasping by an auricled base, and flowers brighter yellow, is the original of the Var. TURNIP, with depressed fleshy (napiform) white root, and (probably) Var. RUTABAGA, or SWEDISH TURNIP, with a longer yellowish root. Var. COLZA, or BAPE-SEED, is near the wild state, with the small root annual ; cult, for the oil of the seeds. 3. Isatis tinctoria, DYER'S WOAD. Tall biennial, with branching racemes of small yellow flowers, succeeded by hanging 1-seeded pods, not opening, winged, like a small samara : formerly cultivated for a blue dye. XXXIV GARDEN BOTANY. 4. Raphanus sativus, RADI sir. Lower leaves lyratc ; flowers purple and whitish ; pods thick, knobby, pointed, never opening, the seeds separated by pithv partitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root. R. Raphanistrum, WILD RADISH or JOINTED CHARLOCK, a trou blesome weed : see Man. p. 40. 5. Hesperis Hiatronalis, ROCKET. A rather coarse ornamental peren- nial of country gardens, tall, pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, toothed ; flowers light purple, in summer, hardly fragrant except at evening. 6. Matthi'ola, STOCK, GILLIFLOWER. Garden or house plants, with hoary leaves, cult, for their fresh fragrant, commonly pink or reddish, sometimes white, often double flowers. M. incana, COMMON STOCK. Perennial, almost woody : flowers mostly full double. M. anmia, TEN-WEEK STOCK. Annual : flowers commonly single, pur- ple or white. 7. Lllnaria, HONESTY, SATIN-FLOWER. Hardy plants, with heart-shaped leaves, and broad flat pods, which are raised out of the calyx on a stalk of their own ; their broad white partition, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves have fallen. L. biennis, COMMON HONESTY, is occasionally met with in the country: root biennial ; pods broadly oval and obtuse. L. rediviva, the perennial kind, with lanceolate pods, is still more rare. 8. Ib'eris, CANDYTUFT. Well marked by the irregular corolla, the two petals on the lower or outer side of the flower larger than the other two : leaves nar- row. Low plants, cult, for ornament. I. umbellata. Annual ; flowers purple, in summer ; pod deeply notched, I. saxatilis. Almost shrubby, fleshy-leaved ; flowers white, in spring. 9. Lepidium sativum, GARDEN PEPPERGRASS. Annual, smooth ; leaves much cut ; pods round-oval : rarely cult, as a Cress. 10. Alyssum saxatile, ROCK ALYSSUM, a low, hoary-leaved species, full of bright yellow flowers, occasionally cultivated for ornament. A. maritimum, SWEET A., of the subgenus Koniga, with white flowers, scarcely hoary linear-lanceolate leaves, and small white sweet-scented flowers, blooming in long succession, is commonly cultivated for bouquets, &c. ORDER CAPPARIDACEJE. CAPER FAMILY. Manual, p. 40. — Rather common as a garden annual is one species of 1. Cleome. Sepals and petals 4, spreading, the latter with long claws. Sta- mens 6. Ovary long-stalked, becoming a many-seeded narrow pod. C. pungens. Clammy-pubescent; leaves digitate; leaflets 5 -9 ; stipules spine-like ; flowers pink or purple. ORDER RESEDACE.ZE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Manual, p. 41. — A most common and favorite species in cultivation is 1. Reseda odorata, COMMON MIGNONETTE. Cult, as an annual, 1( and spreading, with many of the leaves 3-cleft, and a raceme of greenish- wl very fragrant flowers ; anthers orange. GARDEN BOTANY. XXXV ORDER VIOLACE-SU. VIOLET FAMILY. Manual, p. 41. — Some of our Wild Violets are occasionally cultivated in gardens, and the following are common. 1. Viola odorata, SWEET VIOLET, of Europe. Stemless perennial, spread- ing by creeping shoots, the round-cordate leaves and scapes all from the root- stock ; flowers blue, violet, and a white variety, single or double, produced in early spring, often again in autumn. "V. tricolor, PANSY, HEARTSEASE. Biennial or annual, with leafy stems, ovate or cordate leaves, and large pinnatitid stipules ; flowers violet, whitish, or yellow, or a mixture of the three, in many varieties, spring and summer. ORDER PITTOSPORACEJE. PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. Has to be included for the sake of a shrub or small tree from Japan, cultivated as a house plant in winter, because of its sweet-scented flowers and coriaceous evergreen leaves, which bear the dry air of our parlors better than most plants, viz. : 1. Pitto'sporum Tobi'ra. Sepals, petals (with connivent claws), and sta- mens 5, ivgular. Style 1 : ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta}, in fruit forming a thick-walled pod, with several pitchy-coated seeds. Flowers white. Leaves obovate, retuse. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEJE. PINK FAMILY. Manual, p. 52. — The common garden species are all of the Pink Family proper, viz. Pinks and the like. Calyx-tube furnished with scaly bracts at its base : styles 2. . . 1. DIANTHUS. Calyx-tube naked, i. e. without such bracts. Styles 2. Tube of the calyx not angled Man. p. 54. SAPONARIA. Tube of the calyx strongly 5-angled Man. p. 65. VACCARIA. Styles 3 Man. p. 65. SILENE. Styles 5, or sometimes 4 2. LYCHNIS. 1. DiantliUS, PINK. Man. p. 54. The common cultivated sorts belong to the following species. * Flowers solitary and pedunckd or scattered: leaves narrow, glaucous. D. Caryophyllus, CLOVE PINK, with the petals merely toothed, the scales under the calyx very short and broad, is the original of all the varieties of CARNATION, PICOTEE, &c. D. Chinensis, CHINA PINK, with the petals merely toothed, is known by its greener leaves, and the leaf-like scales as long as the calyx itself. D. plumarius, PHEASANT'S-EYE or PLUMED PINK, has short scales under the calyx, the (white and pink-purple) petals deeply cut into a fringe, and often fringe-bearded at the top of the claw. •% * Flowers many, crowded in a close jlat cluster. D. Carthusianorum, CARTHUSIANS' PINK, has narrow leaves, black- ish bracts (making the cluster dark-colored), and small crimson flowers. D. barbatus, SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK, has oblong-lanceolate green leaves, and a very flat cluster of various-colored flowers. 2. Lychnis. The following are common and hardy garden perennials. L. coronaria, MULLEIN-PINK or ROSE-CAMPION, with ovate-lanceolate and white-tomentose leaves ; flowers pink or red. XXXVI GARDEN BOTANY. Ii. Chalccdonica, SCARLET LYCHNIS, a tall herb, rather hairy, with ovate-lanceolate slightly cordate and clasping green leaves, and a close flat- topped cluster of many flowers ; the 2-lobed petals usually bright scarlet. L. Plos-cuculi, RAGGED-ROBIN, is somewhat clammy-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers panicled ; petals rose-red, and cut into 4 narrow lobes, commonly double-flowered in the gardens. ORDER PORTTJLACACEJE. PURSLANE FAMILY. Manual, p. 63. — The common garden species wholly belong to the genus 1. Portulaca, PURSLANE. The Common Purslane is a weed, rather than a cultivated plant, although sometimes used as a pot-herb. P. grandiflora, SHOWY P., has slender and cylindrical fleshy leaves, with a beard in their axils, and large, brilliant red, scarlet, or purple flowers (or in some varieties white or yellow), with a 5-angled white eye under the yel- low stamens. P. Gilliesii is like the last (probably a mere variety of it, or else they have crossed freely), but has shorter leaves and no white eye to the flower. "These two arc the handsome Portu!acas so common in the gardens, blossoming all summer, opening only in sunshine and but once. ORDER MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY. Manual, p. 65. — Known at once by the numerous monadclphous stamens, with kidney-shaped anthers. Ovaries many and heaped together in a head. Involucel, like an outer calyx, 6- 9-leaved or cleft. ... 1. KIT Al DELIA. Involucel of 3 heart-shaped leaves 2. MALOPE. Ovaries or cells of the compound ovary 5 or more in a'circle. Each one-seeded: stigmas capitate, 5-10. . . . Man. p. 67. SIDA. Each one- seeded: stigmas running down the branches of the style: fruit a circle of 9 to 30 carpels round a solid centre. Petals truncate at the end, wedge-shaped 3. CALLIRRIIOE. Petals obcordate, or obovate with a notch at the end. Involucel 3-leaved 4. MALVA. Involucel 3-lobed 5. LAVATERA. Involucel of 6 or more lobes or leaves. .... 6. ALTHJSA. Each several-seeded : no involucel under the calyx. ... 7. ABUTILON. Each of the 5 or only 3 cells many-seeded. Involucel under the calyx of many narrow pieces. Calyx 5-cleft, not falling off. 8. HIBISCUS. Calyx splitting down one side, and falling off early. . . 9. ABELMOSCIIUS. Involucel of 3 broad toothed or cut leaves : seeds bearing long wool. 10. GOSSYPIUM. 1. Kitaibelia vitifolia is a tall, leafy, hardy perennial, with heart-shaped, 5-lobed, toothed leaves, and white petals. 2. Malo'pe malacoides is a low annual, with ovate crenate leaves, and long-peduncled purplish or white flowers : rare. 3. Callirrhoe, Man. p. 66. — The following from the South and West are very ornamental in gardens, especially the first. Leaves palmately parted or cleft and cut. C. pedata. Erect and smooth biennial or annual, with rich mauve- crimson flowers, no involucel, produced all summer. Texas. GARDEN BOTANY. XXX VU C. Papaver. Low perennial, with ascending stems, rather hairy ; flowers red-purple, very long-peduncled ; iuvolucel none or small. C. involucrata,. Perennial, with root like a turnip ; the hairy stems prostrate ; peduncle shortish ; flower red-purple ; involucre 3-leaved, large. 4. Malva sylvestris, HIGH MALLOW, is already described, Man. p. 66. M. Mauritiana, TREE MALLOW. Taller than the last, 4° to 6°, with 5-lobed leaves and deep purple flowers, in autumn. M. moschata, MUSK MALLOW. Perennial, 2° high ; leaves dissected into linear lobes, faintly musk-scented ; flowers rose-color. M. crispa, CURLED MALLOW. Tall annual ; leaves rounded, toothed, much crisped around the edge, with small white flowers in their axils. 5. Lava'tera trimestris, THREE-MONTH L. Annual, with smoothish, round and heart-shaped leaves, scarcely lobed, and large rose-colored or sometimes white flowers ; the fruit covered by a broad and flat umbrella-like enlargement of the receptacle. Commoner in gardens than L. TLmringiaca. Perennial, rather downy ; upper leaves 3-lobed ; petals deeply obcordate, rose-purple, with darker stripes ; a conical projection from the centre of the fruit. '3. Althaea rosea, HOLLYHOCK. A familiar tall biennial or annual, with a simple hairy stem, round and cordate angled leaves ; the large flowers (of various colors, single or double) forming a long spike. A. ficifolia, FIG-LEAVED HOLLYHOCK, with deeply 7-lobed leaves, is a much rarer species. 7. Abutilon. Besides the common VELVET-LEAF, Man. p. 67, there is A. Striatum, STRIPED A. Cult, in all greenhouses, shrubby, nearly smooth, the thin leaves with 5 taper-pointed lobes ; flowers gracefully hanging on long peduncles ; petals orange, with darker stripes and veins. 3. Hibiscus, Man. p. 68. Besides No. 3 there described, the following are more or less cultivated for ornament. H. Syriacus, TREE HIBISCUS, called SHRUBBY ALTH^A. A hardy shrul), 8° to 14° high, with smooth wedge-ovate and 3-lobed leaves, and short- peduncled flowers, red-purple, white, £c., either single or double, in autumn. H. Rosa-Sinensis, CHINA ROSE-MALLOW. Shrubby, smooth, with ovate pointed and somewhat toothed leaves, and bright red flowers on slender peduncles ; a green-house plant. H. COCCineus, GREAT RED R. A tall herb of the S. States, smooth, with a perennial root ; leaves deeply cleft into 5 long and narrow lobes ; flowers red, 8' to 11' broad, in autumn. 9. Abelmoschus esculentus, OKRA. An annual, with round-cordate more or less 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers, succeeded by narrow and angled pods, 4 inches long, which when green are very mucilaginous, and are eaten as a garden vegetable or in soups ; common at the South. A. Manihot, sometimes cultivated for ornament, has a large and hand- some sulphur-yellow flower, with a dark purple eye, and the leaves 5-parted into long and narrow divisions. 10. Gossypium herbaceum, COTTON-PLANT. The genus differs from Hibiscus in having an involucel of 3 toothed or incised green leaves, heart- shaped and a little united at the base, and the seeds covered with the long and soft wool which now makes so large a part of human clothing. The Common Cotton is an herb, with broad 3 -5-lobed leaves, and pale yellow corolla with XXXV111 GARDEN BOTANY. a purple eye, often turning reddish ; the seeds green or brownish. SEA -ISLAND COTTON is a variety with black seeds and longer wool ; the stein becoming woody at the bottom. TREE COTTON (G. arboreum), which it has been pro- posed to cultivate (but which will not answer), grows to a shrub in warm climates, and has narrower lobes to the leaves, the flower often reddish. ORDER CAMELLIACE^. CAMELLIA FAMILY. Manual, p. 70. — Two Chinese and Japanese showy-flowered shrubs of tins order are familiar, viz. the Tea-plant, which is rare in green-houses, and the Camellia, which is very common. They are so much alike that they ought to belong to the same genus. 1. Th8Ba Chinensis, TEA PLANT, has rather small white flowers, the pet- als and the stamens nearly distinct ; the anthers roundish. 2. Camellia Japonica, CAMELLIA, has large flowers (white, pink-red. &<•., single or double), the base of the petals and of the stamens united together, and the anthers oblong. The varieties are many : the flowers, produced in winter, are much prized. ORDER AUBANTIACE^I. ORANGE FAMILY. The shrubs or trees of this order common in cultivation, in houses, &c., are known by their evergreen alternate leaves, which are pellucid-punctate (i. e. through a glass they appear as if riddled with small holes), and with a joint between the blade and the petiole, which last is generally leafy-winged or mar- gined ; the flowers white and very fragrant ; the stamens rather many in a single row, on an hypogynous disk. They arc all of the genus CITRUS, and originally perhaps of one species. 1. Citrus vulgaris, BITTER ORANGE, with a broadly winged petiole, the fruit with a bitter and acid pulp. C. Aurantium, SWEET ORANGE, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole, and a sweet pulp. C. Limonium, LEMON, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole, oblong and acute toothed leaves, and a very acid pulp. C. Limetta, LIME, with wingless petiole, and roundish serrate leaves, a harder rind, and sweetish pulp. C. Medica, CITRON, with wingless petiole, oblong leaves, and a very thick rind to the fruit, the pulp acid. ORDER LHTACE2E. FLAX FAMILY. Manual, p. 70. — Two or three species of Flax are cultivated in gardens fo ornament, and one in the fields for its fibres and seeds. 1. Linum USitatissimum, COMMON FLAX. Annual, with narrow lar ceolate leaves, blue flowers, pointed sepals, and a 10-celled pod. L. perenne, PERENNIAL FLAX. Sparingly cult, in gardens ; with bit flowers and oval blunt sepals. L. grandiflorum, with oval leaves and showy red or crimson flower produced all summer in gardens. ORDER GERANIACE.ZE. GERANIUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 72. — The common cultivated plants, especially honsc-plai prized for their scented leaves as well as handsome blossoms, are from the GARDEN BOTANY. XXXIX jof Good Hope, have the flowers a little irregular, with a hollow tuhe extending prom the base of one of the sepals some way down one side of the peduncle, pome of the 10 filaments without anthers; and so, although called Geraniums, [belong to the genus 1. Pelargonium. There are a great many varieties and hybrids in cultiva- I tion. Most of the common sorts come from the following botanical species ; t but some of them are much mixed. * Leaves peltate, fleshy : stems trailing. P. peltatum, IVY-LEAVED P. Smooth or smoothish, the 5-angled 5-lobcd i leaves fixed near the middle ; the flowers pink. * •% Leaves rounded or round-cordate, crenate, toothed, or moderately lobed. P. ZOnale, HORSE-SHOE P. Shrubby, with thick and juicy branches ; I the roundish-cordate leaves marked on the upper face with a dark semicircle ; flowers many in a close umbel ; petals narrow, scarlet, red, or sometimes | white. P. in'quinans, STAINING or SCARLET P. Resembling the foregoing, I but velvety-pubescent and clammy, the leaves without the horse-shoe mark ; I petals broadly obovate, intense scarlet, also with pale varieties. P. CUCUllatum, COWLED P. Shrubby, not juicy, softly villous ; leaves , round-reniform and cupped ; umbels panicled ; flowers rather large, pink- purple. P. cordatum, HEART-LEAVED P. Like the last, or smoother, with open ?ordate-ovate leaves. P. angulosum, MAPLE-LEAVED P. Shrubby, harsh-hairy; the leaves [ not cordate at the base, sharply-toothed, angled, and more or less lobed ; I flowers much like the two last, pink-purple, with dark streaks. P. capitatum, ROSE-SCENTED P. Scarcely shrubby, spreading, softly [ hairy, with the rose-scented leaves round-cordate and moderately lobed, the lobes short and broad ; peduncle bearing many sessile flowers in a head ; !. petals short, rose-purple. P. odoratissimum, NUTMEG-SCENTED P. Low, with herbaceous and , weak branches, and soft-velvety round and crenate leaves, which are sweetly I iromatic ; the flowers white and insignificant. * # ^ Leaves conspicuously lobed, cleft, or compound. P. grandifiorum, GREAT-FLOWERED P. Shrubby, smooth and glau- ?ous ; leaves palmately 5-7-clefD; peduncles bearing abouf 3 large flowers, 8 ,vith white petals, the 2 upper larger and elegantly veined, sometimes varie- • rated with pink or rose-color. P. tricolor, THREE-COLORED P. Low, rather shrubby; the long- K'tiolcd small leaves silky-hoary, oblong, incised, and 3-lobed or pinnatih'd ; x'dunclcs bearing 2 or 3 showy flowers ; the three lower petals white, the two \ ipper crimson, with a dark spot at their base. P. exstipulalum, PENNY-ROYAL P. Low, rather shrubby, with the eaves small, velvety, roundish-ovate, truncate at the base, 3-lobed, also . ricised, with the scent of Penny-Royal or Bergamot ; stipules obsolete ; flow- ers few, small, and white. P. quercifolium, OAK-LEAVED P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular; eaves deeply sinuute-pinnatifid, with a cordate base and wavy-toothed blunt 1 obes, often spotted, strong-scented ; flowers rather few, purplish. P. grave' olens. Leaves more deeply cleft into 5 or 7 obtuse lobes, more wiry, and the scent balsamic; peduncles many-flowered; otherwise resem jling the last. P. Ra'dula, ROUGH P. Very rough and hairy with short and rigid Dristles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted, and the divis- il GARDEN BOTANY. ions pinnatifid, lobes linear ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals small, pale pur- ple, with darker streaks. This and the two preceding are much mixed. P. myrrhifolitim. Stems slender, herbaceous or nearly so, hairy , leaves once or twice pinnatifid, with narrow linear lobes ; peduncles few- flowered ; petals often only 4, white, the two upper obovate and with purple veins, the two lower linear and much smaller. P. triste, SAD or NIGHT-SCENTED P. Stem succulent and very short from a tuberous rootstock, or none; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy, the lobes unequal ; umbel many-flowered ; petals dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at night. ORDER TROP.ZSOIiACE.a3. INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. South American twining or straggling herbs, with the pungent taste and smell of cresses, and showy, irregular flowers, with a spur to the calyx, — all of the genus 1. Tropseolum, commonly called NASTURTIUM, which is the botanical name of the true Cress. T. majus, COMMON NASTURTIUM. Low annual ; leaves rounded, an- gled, peltate ; flowers yellow, varying towards red, the claws of three of the petals fringed. T. peregrinum, CANARY-BIRD FLOWER. Annual, climbing high; leaves deeply lobed and cut ; petals pale yellow, all cut-fringed. ORDER BALSAMINACE^l. BALSAM FAMILY. Manual, p. 73. — Many varieties are common in gardens of the familiar 1. Impatiens Balsamina, GARDEN BALSAM or TOUCH-ME-NOT. A low annual, with succulent stems, crowded lanceolate leaves, and very showy (white, red, or purple, mostly double) flowers in their axils ; spur shoVt. ORDER BUTACE^J. RUE FAMILY. Manual, p. 74. — Besides Ptelea, which is sometimes planted in grounds, the following are cultivated, both very strong-scented plants. 1. Buta gratfeolens, RUE. A very strong-scented and acrid-bitter peren- nial of country gardens, almost woody at the base, with decompound coarsely punctate leaves, and oblong or obovate leaflets ; flowers pale yellow, cymose ; petals 4, concave ; stamens 8, short ; pod globular, 4-lobed. 2. Dictamnus Fraxinella, FRAXINELLA, is a pleasanter-scented peren- nial, with pinnate leaves, and a stout erect raceme of large, rather irregular flowers; petals 5, either white or purple; stamens 10; filaments loi, dined, glandular towards the summit ; fruit of 5 compressed pods united with each other in the axis. ORDER SIMABUBACE-33, which we may call Rutaceae without dotted leaves, is represented by the cultivated 1. Ailanthus glandulosus, TREE-OF-HEAVEN. A shade tree of rapid growth, with large pinnate leaves of many pairs of leaflets, and small, pnlvira- mous or dioecious, greenish flowers. Lobes of the calyx and the p< Stamens 10 in the staminate, 2 or 3 in some, of the fertile flowers. Pisi; 5, with somewhat lateral styles. Fruit a samara, much like that ol Staminate flowers of very unpleasant smell. GARDEN BOTANY. xli ORDER AN AC AUDI ACE J33. CASHEW FAMILY. Manual, p. 76. — One foreign species is much planted as an ornamental shrub, iz. : — . Rhus Co'tinus, VENETIAN SUMACH, or SMOKE-TREE. Smooth ; leaves simple and entire, obovate ; flowers greenish-yellow, in a panicle, which afterwards becomes a great feathery mass (looking like a cloud of smoke), by a growth from its branches and pedicels into long, hair-like threads. ORDER VITACEJE. VINE FAMILY. Manual, p. 77. — The various cultivated varieties of Grape fall by their bo- anieal characters under three of the American species described in the Manual, nd under , Vitis vinifera, EUROPEAN GRAPE. Leaves very soon glabrous ; flow- ers all perfect. ORDER SAPINDACE-S. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Manual, p. 82. — Besides those described, there are some foreign Maples laated, a Buckeye or two, and a climbing annual in the gardens. erb, climbing by tendrils, with alternately compound leaves and bladdery 3-celled pods 1. CARDIOSPERMUM. retis or shrubs, with the leaves opposite and P ilmately compound : fruit a leathery or prickly few-seeded pod. 2. JESCULUS. Simple, palinately lobed : fruit 2 samaras united at their base. 3. ACER. , Cardiospermum Halieacabum, HEART-SEED or BALLOON VINE. A delicate annual, climbing by a pair of short tendrils on the peduncle, with t-vicc-ternate leaves, and small white flowers (sepals and petals 4, irregular: s;amens 8), succeeded by an inflated 3-celled 3-seeded pod; seeds globular, hard, marked with a heart-shaped spot. . JEsculus Hippocastanum, HORSE-CHESTNUT, and the common I'.UCKEYKS, are described in Man. p. 83. .53. parviflora, SMALL-FLOWERED BUCKEYE. Shrub 3° to 6° high, v ith stalked and narrow leaflets, and a long and slender panicle of smallish v hite flowers : stamens very long ; fruit smooth. Planted for ornament, from the S. States. . Acer, MAPLE. Man. p. 84. Some of the wild Maples are much planted for shade trees ; also A, Pseudo-Platanus, SYCAMORE M. A fine tree, from Europe, with Irrge leaves having 5 strong and acuminate serrate lobes, and hanging racemes o? greenish flowers, appearing soon after the leaves: wings of the fruit rather spreading. A. platanoides, NORWAY M. A handsome tree, from Europe, with b.*ight-green arid thin leaves, having rather small pointed lobes, and very few and coarse teeth ; yellowish flowers in an erect corymb, appearing with the leaves ; the fruit with large and divaricate wings. A., macrophyllum, the LARGE-LEAVED M., from Oregon and Cali- fcrnia, — a fine tree, with deeply 5-lobed leaves, 6' to 9' broad, and drooping n.cemes of yellow flowers, — is 'beginning to be planted. So is A. Circinatum, ROUND-LEAVED M., from Oregon ; a tall shrub, the leaves round-cordate, moderately 7-9-lobed, plaited, serrate; flowers greenish, it a corymb ; wings of the fruit divaricate. ilii GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER LEGUMINOS.53. PULSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 88. — Many are cultivated for food or ornament. Some of them are in the Manual, and have only to be led up to by the following easy key. 1. Flowers papilionaceous ; the standard covering the other petals in the bud. # Stamens monadelphous or diadelp/ious. Leaves digitate, of 5 to 15 leaflets ; flowers in an erect raceme. Leaves of 3 leaflets, or the uppermost sometimes simple. Shrubs or undershrubs, with yellow and monadelphous flowers. Flowers single or in pairs in the axils of small leaves along the rigid, upright, angled, green branches : style long and coiled. 2. Flowers in racemes : style subulate 3. Shrubs or plants with a thick and woody base, with large red flowers, the wing-petals wanting or minute. • • . 4. Herbs, not twining nor disposed to twine. Leaves sweet-scented ; pods short and wrinkled. Man. p. 93'. Leaves not sweet-scented. Flowers capitate : pod small, enclosed in the calyx. Man. p. 92. Flowers in a raceme or spike, or few : pods curved or coiled. 5. Herbs with the stems twining or disposed to twine. Keel with the included stamens and style coiled. ... 6. Keel incurved, but not coiled 7. Leaves pinnate : leaflets serrate. 8. Leaves pinnate : leaflets entire, as in almost all the order. With a tendril, or a rudiment of one, at the end of the common petiole. Style flattened, hairy on the upper side 9. Style filiform : stigma villous or hairy. .... 10. Style filiform : stigma naked : pod 2-seeded. . . 11. Without any tendril. Leaflets only 4, none at the end .12. Leaflets an odd number, one of them terminal. Ovary and small indehiscent pod 1-seeded. Herb. . . 13. Ovary and pod 1 - 2-seeded : petal only one. Shrubs. Man. p. 95. Ovary and pod several-seeded. Flowers umbelled or capitate ; pod narrow. ... 14. Flowers racemed. Herbs : keel spurred on each side 15. Shrubs or trees, with hanging or drooping racemes, Of few yellow flowers : pod inflated 16. Of many white or rose-colored flowers : pod flat. Man. p. 96. Woody twining plants with lilac or purple flowers. . . 17. # * Stamens distinct. Tree, with pinnate leaves and hanging white flowers. Man. p. 107. Perennial herbs, with palmate leaves of only 8 leaflets. Man. p. 107. 2. flowers not papilionaceous : Appearing papilionaceous, but the standard covered by the other petals : tree, with simple and cordate leaves. . Man. p. 108. Not at all papilionaceous. Leaves simply pinnate: flowers yellow, perfect: stamens 10 or sometimes fewer. Man. p. 108. Leaves some simply, others twice pinnate: flowers polygamous, greenish, in spikes : stamens 3 to 5 : a thorny tree. Man. p. 109. 1. LUPINUS. SAROTHAMNUS. CYTISUS. ERYTIIRINA. MELILOTUS. TRIFOLITJM. MEDIUAGO. PIIASEOLT7S. DOLICIIOS. CICER. LATIIYRUS. VICIA. EllVUM. ARA.CHIS. ONOBUYCH1S. AMORPIIA. CORONILLA. INDIGOFERA. COLUTEA. ROBINIA. WISTARIA. CLADRASTIS. BAPTISIA. CERCIS. CASSIA. QLEDITSCIIIA. GARDEN BOTANY. Leaves unequally twice pinnate : flowers dioecious, in a raceme or corymb, dull white : a tree with rough bark. Man. p. 109. GYMNOCLADUS. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with small leaflets, or if simple then vertical or edgewise (phyllodia) : flowers small but many in a head or spike, perfectly regular, often monopetalous. Stamens 4 or 5, or 8-10, distinct: flowers rose-color j pod break- ing up into joints leaving a slender framework. . . .18. MIMOSA. Stamens 10-15, monadelphous at the base, purplish. . . 19. ALBIZZIA. Stamens very many, yellow or yellowish 20. ACACIA. 1. Lupinua, LUPINE. Man. p. 91. Handsome garden plants. L. albus is the Lupine which the ancients cultivated as pulse, an annual, with obovate-oblong leaflets, hairy underneath but smooth above, and white flowers alternate in the raceme. L. pilosus is an old garden annual Lupine, all over very villbus with white hairs, the flowers in loose whorls in the raceme, flesh-color, rose-color, or light blue. L. luteus is the old yellow annual Lupine, the flowers in whorls in a long dense spike ; the leaves mostly radical. L. mutabilis, cultivated as an annual, from S. America, is a large and very smooth species, with broadish leaflets, and large pale bluish flowers with some yellow. L. Cruckshanksii is a fine variety of the last with bluer flowers. L. polyphyllus, from Oregon, is the fine perennial Lupine of the gar- dens, with 13 to 15 lanceolate leaflets, and a very long and dense raceme of blue flowers ; there is also a white variety. 2. Sarothamnus scoparius, the COMMON BROOM of Europe, is a smooth shrubby plant, 3° to 5° high, with rigid green branchlets, bearing small round- ish leaflets (upper leaves simple), and large, yellow, scattered flowers. 3. Cy'tisus Laburnum, COMMON LABURNUM or GOLDEN CHAIN; a small tree with long hanging racemes of golden-yellow showy flowers ; I leaflets 3, oblong or oval. Erythrina Crista-galli. A green-house shrubby plant, planted out in summer, with large leaves of 3 leaflets, and a long raceme of very large red flowers : the genus is known by having the two wing petals so small that they are concealed in the calyx. 5. MedicagO SCUtellata, SNAIL MEDICK. A low annual, spreading, with small yellow flowers, but rather large and singular pods, coiled up like a snail-shell or shaped like a bee-hive, smooth. M. sativa, LUCERNE, Man. p. 93, is cultivated for fodder. 6. Phaseolus, KIDNEY BEAN, &c. Man. p. 104. We cultivate the fol- lowing : — P. COCCineus, SCARLET RUNNER, with bright scarlet flowers in long racemes (rarely varying to white), for ornament. P. vulgaris, COMMON STRING BEAN or POLE BEAN, with white flow- ers and straight linear pods. P. nanus, DWARF or FIELD BEAN, is a cultivated variety of the last, growing low and bushy, not twining. P. lunatus, LIMA BEAN, SIEVA BEAN, of several varieties, has rather small white flowers, and broad, curved, or scymitar-shaped pods, with large* and flat seeds. GARDEN BOTANY. 7. Dolichos Lablab, EGYPTIAN or BLACK BEAN, cultivated for orna- ment, rarely fur its beans, is a smooth twiner, with showy red-purple flowers (also a white variety) an inch in diameter, and thick oblong pointed pods; seeds black or tawny with a white scar. D. Sinensis, CHINA BEAN, the var. melanophthalmus, BLACK- EYED BEAN, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) ilowers at the end, the beans (whicli are good) white with a black circle round the scar, is occasionally met with. 8. Cicer arietinum, CHICK PEA, is like a Vetch, but has its obovate leaflets serrate, and usually one at the end of the stalk instead of a tendril ; flowers white, solitary ; pod turgid, containing 2 large seeds which are shaped somewhat like the head of a sheep, and are used as a substitute for coffee. 9. Lathyrus, PEA. Man. p. 103. This genus must include Pisum. L. Pisum, FIELD PEA. Lobes of the calyx leafy; seeds spherical ; leaf- lets mostly 2 pairs, broad ; corolla white, sometimes variegated with purple or red ; cult, for food. L. odoratus, SWEET PEA. Annual, pubescent, with the stems some- what winged ; leaflets one pair ; the long peduncles bearing 2 or 3 sweet- scented large flowers, white with the standard rose-color or red-purple ; culti- vated for ornament. Xi. latifolius, EVERLASTING PEA. Root perennial ; plant smooth, wing-stemmed, with one pair of leaflets ; peduncle bearing several pink-purple flowers, not fragrant, but ornamental. 10. Vicia, VETCH. This common Vetch or Tare, described Man. p. 102, is a weed, but hardly cultivated here. V. Faba, WINDSOR or HORSE BEAN, is a Vetch which grows upright with hardly any tendrils, but bears one or two pairs of large leaflets, and a small raceme of white flowers with a dark spot ; pod short and broad ; seeds large, flattish, oval, with the scar at one end ; prized in England, but a poor bean where better will grow. 11. Ervum Lens, LENTIL. A low annual, like a small Vetch, with broad 2-seeded pods ; rarely cultivated here for soup. 12. A'rachis hypogsea, PEANUT, also called GROUND-NUT, here occasion- ally raised, but cult, at the South for its well-known fruit, which is a thick reticulated pod, ripening under ground, containing one or two large eatable seeds. Known by its euen-pinnate leaves of 4 obovate leaflets ; flowers small, yellow. 13. Ono'brychis sativa, SANFOIN, cult, for fodder, like Lucerne, in Eu- rope, but rarely in this country, is a perennial, with pinnate leaves, and long- peduncled spikes of handsome pink flowers ; pod small, indehiscent, 1-seeded, prickly-toothed, and veiny. 14. Coronilla, CORONILLA. Two species cultivated for ornament, viz. : — C. varia, COMMON CORONILLA. A hardy low perennial, with running roots, numerous oblong leaflets, and long-peduncled heads or close umbels of handsome rose-colored flowers. C. E'merus, SCORPION SENNA. A hardy low shrub, with 7-9 obovate small leaflets and few-flowered peduncles ; petals yellow, with very long claws. J.5. IndigO'fera tinctoria, INDIGO-PLANT, common at the South, now rarely cult., is a rather hoary herb, with 9 or 11 oval or obovate leaflets, small flowers in racemes, and small deflcxed pods. GARDEN BOTANY. xlv i 16. Colutea arborescens, BLADDER SENNA, is a common hardy shrub in country gardens, with pinnate leaves, oval leaflets, and a raceme of 5 or 6 yellow flowers, succeeded by bladdery inflated pods. C. cruenta has obovate leaflets, saffron-colored or blotched flowers, and pods opening by a little slit at the top. 17. Wistaria. Man. p. 96. The handsome wild species is occasionally cul- tivated for ornament ; but we more commonly meet with W. Sinensis, the beautiful Chinese and Japanese species : this has longer hanging racemes, of paler blue-purple flowers, in spring ; wing-petals with only one auricle ; ovary pubescent. 18. Mimosa pudica, COMMON SENSITIVE-PLANT, well known for its leaves closing at die touch, is a low or trailing plant, with bristly stems ; petiole bearing 4 partial petioles on its apex, each with many linear-oblong leaflets ; stamens 4 or 5, of the same number as the sepals or the petals, the latter united in a cup. 19. Albizzia Jlllibrissin, planted at the South, a rare house-plant at the North, is a tree witli twice-pinnate leaves, of many obliquely oblong leaflets, their midrib at one margin, and heads of rather large purple or rose-colored i flowers ; the stamens being the showy part. 520. Acacia. True Acacias are green-house plants, flowering in winter, known by their yellow bunches of flowers, consisting almost entirely of stamens. A- doalbata, with glaucous, almost hoary-white twice-pinnate leaves, and very small leaflets, the flowers in heads which are loosely panicled, is the commonest species of the kind with compound leaves. A. linearis, with long and linear simple leaves and pale yellow flowers in interrupted spikes, — and A. longifolia, with broader, lanceolate leaves and deep yellow flowers, — are the commonest of the Australian Acacias, having leaves turned edgewise, or phyilodia, instead of true and compound leaves. ORDER ROSACES. ROSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 110. — Important for the fruits and the ornamental flowers it fur- r ishes. Vistil only 1, entirely free from the calyx, becoming a drupe or stone-fruit. Stone wrinkled or rough on the surface : flowers pink or rose-color. 1. AMYGDALUS. Stone smooth and even : flowers white 2. PRUNUS. Pistils 1 or 2, becoming achenia, enclosed in the tube of the dry calyx: flowers perfect : herb, with pinnate leaves. Man. p. 115. SANGUISORBA Pstils from 2 to many, free from the calyx, which is never fleshy. Pistils only 2, or even 1, in the fertile fl. : stamens many in the sterile : flowers monoecious, spiked : petals none : leaves pinnate. 3. POTERIUM. Pistils about 5 (or 3 to 15) in a circle. Shrub, with yellow flowers, usually full double. ... 4. KERRIA. Shrubs or .herbs, with an open calyx and usually broad (white or pink) petals 5. SPIR.EA. Perennial herbs, with a narrow tubular calyx and narrow petals. Man. p. 114. GILLENIA. Pistils many, heaped on the receptacle, the ovaries Becoming dry achenia on a dry receptacle 6. POTENTILLA Becoming dry achenia on an enlarged juicy receptacle. . . 7. FRAGARIA Becoming juicy or berry-like 8. RUBUS- Xlvi GARDEN BOTANY. Pistils many (becoming bony achenia in fruit), enclosed in the hollow tube or cup of the calyx, which is fleshy, and becomes thick and pulpy in fruit. Prickly shrubs 9. ROSA. Pistils 2 to 5 combined into one by their ovaries to make a compound ovary, which is coherent with the thick tube of the calyx ; this becomes fleshy or pulpy in fruit : all shrubs or trees. Only one ovule and one seed in each cell, the latter stony in fruit. One thick stone in the fruit, having 2 to 5 cells. Man. p. 123. CRAT^OUS. Three to five small and 1-sceded stones iu the fruit. . . 10. COTONEASTKR. Two or few ovules and seeds in each cell. 11. PYRUS. Many ovules or seeds in each cell 12. CYDONIA. 1. Amyg'dalu.8 nana, DWARF ALMOND. The DOUBLE-FLOWERING va- riety is common in gardens (but not the single), its numerous rose-colored flowers appearing early in the spring, before the narrow and lanceolate leaves. A. Persica, the PEACH, with rose-pink-colored flowers, broadly lance- olate leaves, and downy-coated fruit. Var. laevis, the NECTARINE, has the fruit smooth, like a Plum, but came originally from the Peach. 2. Primus, PLUM, CHERRY. Besides Nos. 1, 7, and other species in the Man. p. Ill, 113, the following are common in cultivation : — P. Armeniaca, the APRICOT, with almost sessile white flowers appear- ing much before the leaves, which are ovate and somewhat cordate, the yel- lowish fruit with a velvety surface. In this respect it is like the preceding genus ; but the flowers, the smooth stone, &c. are as in the Plum. P. Domestica, the GARDEN PLUM, of many varieties, has thornless branches and lanceolate-ovate leaves ; it is thought to be a long-cultivated production of P. instititia, the Bullace Plum, and this a variety of the SLOE, Man. p. 112. P. Cerasus, the GARDEN CHERRY, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong- ovate smooth and veiny leaves, and flowers in sessile umbels, opening at the same time as the leaves ; this is the original stock as well of the OXHEART or DUKE CHERRY as of the SOUR CHERRY, MORELLO, &c. 3. Poterium Sanguisqrba, GARDEN BURNET. A common low peren- nial in country gardens, with small and ovate deeply-toothed leaflets, and a head of greenish or purplish flowers, the lower ones staiuiuate, the upper ones pistillate. 4. Kerria Japonica, is called CORCHORUS in the gardens, where it is a common shrub, with ovate and pointed coarsely toothed leaves, and full double yellow flowers. The state with single or natural flowers has lately been introduced from Japan. 5. Spiraea. Man. p. 113. Several of our wild species and the following exotics are cultivated for ornament. * Shrubs or undershrubs. S. trilobata. Low shrub, with recurved branches ; leaves smooth, glau- cous, rounded, and cut-lobed ; flowers very many in umbel-like corymbs, white, showy. S. hypericifolia, ITALIAN MAY, or ST. PETER'S WREATH. Shrub, with long recurved branches ; leaves small, cuncate-oblong, a little eremite or lobed at the end ; flowers small, white, in small umbels. S. Douglasii, of Oregon, is coming into the gardens : it resembles S. tomentosa (Man. p. 114), but has longer, narrower, and blunter leaves, and deeper rose-purple flowers. GARDEN BOTANY. S. sorbifolia, with pinnate leaves, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate sharply serrate leaflets, and a large panicle of white flowers. * * Herbs, perennial. S. TJlmaria, ENGLISH MEADOW-SWEET. Leaves pinnate with a large 3-lobecl leaflet at the end, and smaller lateral ones, also minute ones inter- mixed, whitish-downy underneath ; flowers yellowish-white in a compound cyme, sometimes double. S. Filipendllla, DROPWORT. Root fibrous, some of them swollen below ; leaves mostly radical, smooth and green both sides, with very many small pinnatifid or cut leaflets ; flowers fewer and larger than in the last, white often tipped with reddish ; both single and double-flowered. 6. Potentilla, CINQUEFOIL. Man. p. 118. The three following red-flow- ered, perennial, digitate-leaved species are rather common in gardens, where they are much crossed and mixed. The first is from the Mexican, the two others from the Himalajan Mountains. P. hema'tochrus. Silky or velvety ; leaflets 7 or 5 on the lower, 5 and 3 on the upper leaves ; flowers deep red or crimson. P. Nepalensis. Leaflets green both sides, 5 or only 3 in the upper leaves ; flowers rose-red. P. atrosanguinea. Leaflets white-downy underneath, 3 in all the IF leaves ; flowers dark purple-crimson or brown-red. P. recta : a coarse, hirsute, erect, yellow-flowered species ; leaflets 5 or 7, digitate, narrowly cuneate-oblong, coarsely toothed. I 7. Fragaria, STRAWBERRY. Man. p. 119. The originals of the cultivated varieties are mainly these : — F. vesca yields the ALPINE STRAWBERRY, the PERPETUAL, &c., with small, verv fragrant fruit. F. elatior of Europe, the HAUTBOIS, a taller plant, with calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is deep red with a peculiar musky odor. F. Virginiana, the parent of the AMERICAN SCARLET, and similar sorts; and its crosses with the next have given origin to the PINE-APPLE, and the greater part of the large sorts now cultivated. F. Chilensis, with thick leaves very silky underneath, and the large fruit erect in ripening (instead of hanging as in the rest), is the parent of the QUEEN VICTORIA and WILMOT varieties, &c. F. Indica has creeping leafy stems, yellow flowers, and tasteless fruit. j! 8. Rubus IdSBUS, the GARDEN RASPBERRY, is very much like our wild Red R. (Man. p. 121), but is taller, larger-leaved, the prickles hooked, and the fruit larger and firmer, pale red, amber-colored, £c. j' 9. Rosa, ROSE. Man. p. 122. Besides the SWEET-BRIER, and the varie- ties of our wild PRAIRIE ROSE (already described), the common cultivated Roses come from the following. But many of them, especially the tender ones, are so mixed and altered by long cultivation, that it is difficult, if not impossible, for the student to refer them to their true types. # Styles not projecting oat of the calyx-cup nor cohering. R. cinnamomea, CINNAMON ROSE. Tall, 5° to 8° high, with brownish- : .1 red bark, and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and small pale-red cinnanlon-scented (double) flowers, not showy. R. spinosissima, BURNET or SCOTCH ROSE Low, 1° or 2° high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, single, double, and while, pink, and even yellow. xlviii C.AKDKN BOTANY. R. SUlphurea, the old YELLOW ROSE. Tall, with scattered straight prickles, glaucous or pale leaves, and sulphur-yellow (double) flowers. R. Eglanteria, YELLOW EGLANTINE HOSE. Like a Sweet-Brier, but lower, 3° -5° high, with straight prickles; leaves deep-given (not pale. a> in the last); (lowers deep yellow, mid sometimes variegated with red, cither single or double. R. Damaseena, DAMASK ROSE. Flowers white or red, single or double ; the parent of nianv sorts, such as the Red and ll'/iite. Mmit /////, Yurie and Lals, and elongated hij>s. R. centifolia, PROVENCE, CABBAGE, and HUNDRED-LEAVED ROSE. Flowers drooping, large, white, blush, or red, mostly full double, and the pet- als curved inwards; calyx clammy; the hips short or roundish ; prickles un- equal, the larger ones curved. Var. muscosa, the Moss-RosES of various sorts, have the clammy glands of the calyx grown out into a moss-like covering. R. Gallica, FRENCH ROSE. Flowers red or crimson (sometimes white) ; of many varieties ; differs from the last by the rigid coriaceous leailers, erect flowers, and spherical hips ; less sweet-scented, and petals more astringent. R. alba, WHITE ROSE. Flowers white or with a delicate blush, fragrant ; sepals pinnate, reflexed, but conniving and remaining on the oblong hip ; prickles straightish ; leaflets glaucous. Many common varieties. R. Indica, TEA ROSE. Came from China, and has furnished endless sorts ; the leaflets are only 3 or 5, ovate, acuminate, thickish, smooth, and shining. NOISETTE Roses are thought to have originated in a cross .between this and the Musk Rose. R. semperflorens, PERPETUAL CHINA or BENGAL ROSE. Many sorts, usually with red or crimson flowers, with very little fragrance; leaflets as in the last, from which they probably originated, at least in part. R. Lawrenceana, FAIRY ROSE. Dwarf, very small-flowered Chinese Roses, often only 6 inches high, which came from the last. R. Banksi8B, BANKSIA ROSE. A slender, tall climbing species from China, cult, in greenhouses, well marked by having no prickles, 3 to 5 lanceo- late leaflets, and very small (white or buff, violet-scented) flowers, many together in an umbel-like corymb. * * Styles cohering in a column which projects outoft/ie calyx-cup. R. multiflora, MANY-FLOWERED ROSE. A well-known climbing spe- cies, from Japan and China, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat rugose leaflets, slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers, white or pale red, not sweet-scented. The BOURSALT ROSE is a more hardv, climbing, ml Rose, said to come from the multtflora, but probably from a cross with some hardy European species. R. HLOSChata, MUSK ROSE. Rambling, but hardly climbing, with re- curved prickles; the leaflets lanceolate, pointed, nearly smooth ; flowers white, with a yellowish base to the petals, mostly simple, in umbel-like clusters, very fragrant, especially at evening. R. sempervirens, EVERGREEN ROSE. Climbing, hardy at the South, with coriaceous bright-green leaves, curved prickles, and nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The AYRSHIRE ROSE is a more hardy variety, the leaves deciduous. 10. Cotoneaster VUlgaris is a low shrub, sparingly planted, with the small oval leaves while-downy beneath, and small greenish-white flowers ; the fruit like that of Hawthorns, but including 3 or 4 littlo seed-like stones. GARDEN BOTANY. xlix 11. Pyrus, PEAR, APPLE. Man. p. 124. — Besides the American Crab, we have in common cultivation, — P. COmmunis, PEAK. Leaves ovate, smooth ; flowers pure white ; fruit tapering clown to the peduncle. P. Malus, APPLE. Leaves ovate, obtusely toothed, mostly downy be- neath ; flowers tinged with pink ; fruit globular, sunk in at both ends. P. primifplia, SIBERIAN CRAB. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, ser- rate, smooth ; fruit smaller than that of the American Crab-Apple, and yellow- ish ; cult, for the fruit. This is probably a mere variety of P. baccuta, in which the lobes of the calyx fall away from the fruit. P. spectabilis, CHINESE FLOWERING-APPLE. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, smooth ; flowers large and showy, rose-red, usually semi-double ; cult. for ornament. P. aucuparia, EUROPEAN ROWAN-TREE, or MOUNTAIN-ASH. A larger tree than our wild Mountain-Ash, and more commonly planted, except in the interior of the Northern States; leaflets 9- 15, narrowly oblong, not taper- pointed. 12. Cydonia vulgaris, COMMON QUINCE. Flowers solitary at the tips of the branches, white, appearing after the leaves; leaves ovate and entire, downy as well as the leaf-like lobes of the calyx ; fruit pear-shaped, and in one variety apple-shaped. C. Japonica, JAPAN QUINCE. Flowers on side spurs of the thorny branches, with short and rounded lobes to the calyx, and large scarlet petals (single or partly double, also a pale or white variety), appearing a little before the sjnooth oval leaves ; fruit like a small apple, not eatable. A very orna- mental shrub. ORDER CALYCANTHACEJE. The Calycanthuses, although here generally met with only as planted shrubs, are all natives of the United States, and are described in the Manual, p. 126. ORDER MYRTACE.ZE. MYRTLE FAMILY. Differs from the Pear Family, i. e. suborder Pome as of Rosaceas, by having the leaves punctate with pellucid dots (under a magnifying-glass), and generally opposite. But two of the three following are exceptions in the latter particular, and the Pomegranate in both. Leaves not punctate, often alternate or whorled : ovary with two tiers of cells, one above the other 1. PUNIC A. Leaves punctate, undei- a lens, Alternate, turned edgewise by a twist : stamens very long and red. 2. CALLISTEMON. Opposite, horizontal, in the usual way : stamens not so long, white. 3. MYIITUS. 1. Punica Granatum, POMEGRANATE. Low tree, with smooth and thin narrowly oblong leaves; flowers solitary at the end of the branchlets, large, bright scarlet (often full double) ; fruit red, containing many seeds invested by an edible pulp. 2. Calliste'mon lanceolatum, called BOTTLE-BRUSH, on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below the latei leaves) with their very long red stamens, is a greenhouse shrub from Austra- lia, with the leaves turned edgewise by a twist. 3. Myrtus communis, MYRTLE. Shrub, with oblong-ovate smooth leaves, and small white flowers, single or double. BOTANY. ORDER LYTHRACEJ3. LOOSE-STRIFE FAMILY. 1. Lager Strcemia Indica, CHAPE MYRTLE, a handsome greenhouse shrub, which stands the winter farther south, is known not to he a real Myrtle by its dotless leaves, and the calyx free from the ovary. Flowers showy, in panicles, purple ; petals 6, on long claws, crisped. 2. Cuphea ignea (wrongly called pktt i/centra) is a very handsome low undcrshrub, with oval bright-green leaves, and vermilion-red Mowers, with th"ir dark-colored tips bordered with white. The showy part is the calyx, which is spurred, the petals minute or none : it flowers all winter in the green- house, and all summer in the garden. 3. Lythrum Salicaria, Man. p. 128, is not uncommon in old gardens. ORDER ONAGRACE.33. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 130. — Besides some of our wild Evening Primroses, the following are cultivated for their showy flowers. Shrubs (of the greenhouse, &c.) with hanging flowers, a calyx re- sembling a corolla (red, or white in some varieties), and blue petals convolute around the lower part of the 8 stamens : fruit a berry. 1. FUCHSIA. Herbs : fruit a 4-celled pod. Stamens 8 : scarlet flowers like those of Fuchsia, but with a pod like that of Epilobium, having hairy-tufted seeds. . . 2. ZAUSCHNT3RIA. Stamens only 4 : calyx prolonged above the ovary into a slender tube : petals short-clawed and 3-lobed 3. EUCHAtUDIUM. Stamens 4 good ones, and 4 sterile with abortive anthers or none : petals with long claws 4. CLARKIA. Stamens 8 with anthers : petals with hardly any claws, entire or notched at the end : seeds not tufted 5. (ENOTHFJIA. 1. Fuchsia, FUCHSIA or LADIES' EAR-DROP. The cultivated kinds, now so common, are from the following, but much crossed and varied. They came from Mexico, Chili, &c. F. microphylla has small leaves as well as flowers, the latter globular in the bud, and the stamens not protruded. F. COCCinea is the parent of all the common Fuchsias with short flow- ers, the lobes of the calyx longer than its tube, and the stamens long-exserted. F. fulgens is the parent of the commonest long-flowered sorts (2^-3 inches long), the short lobes of the calyx often greenish-tipped, the stamens little exserted. 2. Zauschneria Californica, a very choice ornamental perennial, from California, low, pubescent, with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 3. Eucharidilim COncinnum : a low, California annual, like a Clarkia, except in the particulars mentioned above ; flowers pink-purple. 4. Clarkia pulchella, from Oregon, a handsome garden annual, with lanceolate leaves, large 3-lobed petals (rose-purple, and a white variety), with a pair of teetli on the claw, and 4 dilated stigmas. C. elegans, from Oregon and California, is taller, with ovate and serrate leaves, the rhomboid rose-purple petals not lobed. 5. CEnothera, EVENING PRIMROSE. Nos. 1, 4, 5, of the Manual, p. 130, occur in gardens. GARDEN BOTANY. li OS. Missouriensis, from Missouri and Texas. Cinereous, very low ; leaves broadly lanceolate ; corolla yellow, 4' to 6' across ; pod 4-winged ; root perennial. CE. speciosa, from Arkansas and Texas, with large white flowers fading to rose-color, and club-shaped pods. CE. acaulis, from Chili, with very large white flowers close to the ground ; the stem short and creeping ; leaves pinnatifid. CE. purpurea, from Oregon and California, a low annual with purple flowers opening in the sunshine ; and some others of the same section (GoDE- TIA), with rose, lilac, or nearly white petals with a purple spot, are occasion- ally raised. ORDER CACTACE^E. CACTUS FAMILY. Manual, p. 136. — Hundreds of species are cultivated by amateurs; the fol- lowing are the most generally met with. Stem globular or melon-shaped : flowers immersed in a mass of wool. 1. CACTUS. Stem cylindrical and ribbed, or triangular : flowers mostly ephemeral. 2. CEREUS. Stem or branches flat, leaf-like, smooth, and not prickly, often jointed : flowers rose-colored, tubular, lasting day after day. ... 3. EPIPHYLLUM. Stem or branches jointed, flat or flattish, bearing prickles or bristles : flowers not tubular, mostly yellow. . . . Man. p. 136. 4. OPUNTIA. 1. Cactus Melocactus, TUKK'S-CAP. Plant melon-shaped, a foot or more high, many-ribbed, with star-like clusters of spines on the ribs, sur- mounted, when about to flower, by a cylindrical woolly mass like a muff in which the small red flowers are partly imbedded. Brought occasionally from the West Indies. 2. Ce'reilS grandiflorus, NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREFS, with very long and rooting cylindrical stems, and producing a very large flower, with many narrow yellow sepals and broader white petals, opening at night and shrivelling before morning, — is only occasionally met with in conservatories. C. flagelliformis is more common, as a house-plant, with long and slender flexible stems, clothed with clusters of short and bristly prickles, bear- ing rather small pink-red flowers. C. SpeciosissimilS, with erect and only 3 -4-angled stems, very large bright-red flowers with a tinge of violet inside, and white stamens, is one of the most showy of all, and is common. 3. Epiphyllum phyllanthoides, known by the flat and leaf-like or winged steins, with crenate margins, from which spring the flowers ; these are 4' long, narrow, tubular below, rose-colored, and lasting several days. E. truncatum, known by its flat and jointed recurved branches, which are more or less toot bed ; the flowers from the truncate apex of the joints, only 2 or 3 inches long, rose-color, with a short tube, below bearing spreading petaloid sepals, above very oblique ; continuing in bloom for several days. ORDER MESEMBBYANTHEMACE^. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM FAMILY. Mesembryanthemums are fleshy-leaved plants, with an adherent calyx, bear- ing a great many petals and stamens ; the fruit dry and several-celled. 1. Mesembryanthemum spectabile is the commonest as a house- plant, with long triquetrous and acute opposite leaves, rather woody stems, and large red flowers. In GARDEN BOTANY. M. crystallinum, called ICE-PLANT, because the oval and wavy alter- nate leaves and the branches look as if frosted over with white transparent vesicles ; flowers white, small. ORDER GROSSULACEJE3. CURRANT FAMILY. Manual, p. 136. — The cultivated Currants and Gooseberries generally met with are, — 1. Ribes GroSSlllaria, GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. Prickly ; leaves obtusely 3— 5-lobed ; flowers solitary or in pairs on short pedicels, green ; calyx cam- panulate; berry large, prickly or smooth. R. rubrum, COMMON CURRANT, with flat greenish flowers in hanging racemes, and red berries, also a white variety. See Man. p. 137. R. nigrum, GARDEN BLACK CURRANT, has black berries, like those of our R. florid urn, but the greenish flowers are fewer in the racemes and shorter, and the braets minute. R. aureum, BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, from the Far West, with smooth 3-lobed leaves and a tubular calyx, is planted for its bright-yellow spicy-scented flowers, appearing in early spring; berries blackish, use! R. sanguineum, RED-FLOWERED CURRANT, from Oregon and Cali- fornia, has rounded and 5-lobed leaves, downy beneath, and hanging racemes of red or rose-colored flowers ; cultivated for ornament. R. speciosum, SHOWY GOOSEBERRY, from California, a prickly species, with small and shining leaves, deep-red hanging flowers, and long-exserted red stamens ; when trained on a wall and protected is a beautiful species. ORDER PASSIFLORACEJE. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. Manual, p. 138. — Out of a number of Passion-Flowers of conservatories, the following are commonest, and may be planted out in summer. 1. Passiflora CSerulea. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes narrow and not serrate ; crown blue of varied tints, purple at the base, shorter than the white corolla. P. edulis, GRANADILLA. Leaves shining-green, large, 3-lobed, the lobes and bracts serrate ; flower pale blue or whitish ; fruit eatable. ORDER CUCURBITACE^l. GOURD FAMILY. Manual, p. 138. — A few are cultivated for ornament, and others for their edible fruit. Corolla G-parted, smalt : fruit soft-prickly, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Man. p. 189. ECHINOCYSTIS. Corolla moderately 5-lobed, bell-shaped, large, yellow. ... 1. CUCURBITA. Corolla of 5 almost separate large and \vhite petals. ... 2. LAGENARIA. Corolla 5-cleft beyond the middle, buff or sulphur-color. . ; 3. CITRULLUS. Corolla 5-parted to the calyx, or nearly of 5 petals, yellow. . 4. CUCUMIS. Corolla 6-parted, white, the divisions cut into a delicate fringe. 5. TKICIIOSANTIIES. 1. Cucurbita. The common Pumpkin and the Squashes, in great variety, are shown by a recent investigation to belong to only two botanical species the fruit of each of which is immensely variable. C. Pepo, PUMPKIN, WINTER SQUASH, £c. Stalks and veins of the leaves very rough with hispid hairs, almost prickly ; leaves more or less 5-lobed ; GARDEN BOTANY. j£ii stalk of the fruit woody, strongly 5-8-ridged with deep intervening grooves. The little ORANGE GODRD (0. ovlfera) is probably the original of this. C. maxima, SQUASH, CYMLING, &c. Less rough leaf-stalks, and rounder less lobed leaves than in the foregoing ; stulk of the fruit thick, not deeply grooved, but inany-striate. 2. Lagenaria VUlgaris, BOTTLE GOURD, is well marked by its large white flowers on long peduncles, and its hard-rinded fruit of diverse shapes, used for bottles, dippers, &c. 3. Citrullus vulgaris, WATERMELON. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, and the divisions again lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or bluish; the edible pulp of the fruit consists of the enlarged and juicy placenta) (reddish or rarelv white) ; a variety with hard flesh is cultivated for preserving, under the name of Citron, 4. CuvCUmis. The genus includes two familiar esculents, viz. the CUCUM- BER and the True MPJLON. C. Melo, MELON, MUSKMELON. Leaves round-cordate or reniftmn, the lobes if any and sinuses rounded ; fruit with a smooth rind and sweet flesh, the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery placentae being discarded with the seeds. The SERPENT MELON, sometimes called SERPENT-CUCUMBER, is a strange variety, occasionally met with, with a long and snake-like fruit. C. sativus, CUCUMBER. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, the middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when young, smooth when ripe, eaten unripe. 5. TrichosanthCS COlubrina, SNAKE-PLANT. Cult, for ornament in hot-houses, &c. ; the white flowers remarkable for having the petals cut into slender fringes ; the fruit imitating a snake, green mottled with whitish and Yellowish, when ripe turning red, from 4° to 7° long. ORDER BEGONIACE^. BEGONIA FAMILY. Begonia. Many species are cultivated in hot-houses, some for their curious leaves, others for their pretty flowers. They are known by their leaves, which are always incequilateral, one side being much larger than the other, and by their monoecious flowers ; the starninate flowers having one large pair of rounded petaloid sepals, and within a pair of smaller ones or petals, and many stamens. The pistillate flowers have a triangular or 3-winged inferior ovary, and usually 5 less unequal sepals, resembling petals. ORDER CEASSULACEJE. ORPINE FAMILY. Manual, p. 140. — All the Sedums in the Manual, except No. 3, are more or less cultivated ; also 1. Sedum acre, Moss STONECROP, WALL-PEPPER. Spreading on the ground and rooting, moss-like, with very small and thick ovate leaves and scattered yellow flowers ; cult, for garden edgings, &c. 2. Sempervivum tectorum, HOUSELEEK. Spreading by offsets, the leaves thick and broad, in bulb-like rosettes ; rarely flowering here; flower-stem a foot high ; flowers cymose, with 6 or more sepals, petals, and pistils, and twice as many purplish petals. liv GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER SAXIFRAGACE2E. SAXIFHAGE FAMILY. Manual, p. 141. — Several are cult, for ornament, especially shrubby species. Herbs : stamens 10 : pod 2-cellsd and 2-beaked, or else two pods. 1. SAXIFRAGA. Shrubs, with opposite leaves : calyx coherent with the ovary. Stamens twice as many as the petals : styles mostly 2. Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones much larger and neutral. 2. HYDRANGEA. Flowers panicled or racemed, and all alike : filaments dilated. 3. DEUTZIA. Stamens very numerous : filaments slender : style 3-6-clcft. 4. PUILADELPHUS. 1. Saxifraga sarmentosa, BEEFSTEAK SAXIFRAGE, is an old-fashioned house-plant, from. Japan, with Strawberry-like runners ; the leaves round- cordate, toothed, rather tlesliv, on shaggy petioles, the lower surfiu'c reddish, the upper green variegated with white ; flowers on a scape, panieled, three of the petals pink and spotted, two of them much larger, paler, and hanging. S. crassifolia is a showy hardy species, with large and thick roundish leaves, and an ample cluster of large rose-colored flowers on a scape, from a short creeping rootstock, in early spring. 2. Hydrangea Hortensia, the COMMON HYDRANGEA of house culture, from Japan, is very smooth, with large and oval, coarsely toothed, bright- green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white. H. radiata, of the South, is hardy in our gardens, and differs from H. arborescens (Man. p. 146) in having the leaves white-downy beneath. H. quercifolia, also of the Southern States, has the leaves sinuato- lobed and pubescent underneath ; not quite so hardy. 3. Deutzia. Fine ornamental white-flowered shrubs, from Japan, now be- coming common, and mostly hardy. D. gracilis, the least hardy, is low and smooth, with ovate-lanceolate pointed leaves, and bright white flowers. D. SCabra is a tall shrub, with the leaves rough, veiny, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, and the filaments not toothed on each side, as they are in both the others. The shrub generally cultivated under this name is D. crenata, with the filaments toothed, leaves ovate, crenulate, rough, short-petioled, flowering in summer. 4. Phliadelphus coronarius, MOCK-ORANGE, also called STRINGA. Shrub with erect branches, oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cmim-white flow- ers ; stvles distinct almost to the base. A common shrub, flowering rather earlier and for a shorter time than P. inodoms, var. grandiflorus, Man. p. 146 ; varieties of which are often planted ; its flowers are pure white, larger but less numerous than in the last, and nearly scentless. ORDER UMBELLIFE 11-33. PARSLEY FAMILY. Manual, p. 148. — The plants of this family are classified mainly by the fruit. It will not be difficult to make out the common cultivated species, with much recourse to technical characters. Flowers yellow : fruit flat, wing-margined : leaflets coarse, incised. Man. p. 152. PASTINACA. Flowers yellow : fruit terete, wingless: leaflets filiform, aromatic. 1. FCKN1CULUM. GARDEN BOTANY. Iy Flowers greenish-yellow or whitish : fruit ovate, somewhat flattened laterally : leaflets lobed and incised 2. PETROSELINUM. Flowers white : fruit prickly, in dense concave umbels. Man. p. 152. DAUCUS. Flowers white : fruit smooth, not winged. Calyx-teeth conspicuous on the globose strongly aromatic fruit. 3. CORIANDRUM. Calyx-teeth none. Leaflets filiform : fruit pleasantly aromatic 4. CARUM. Leaflets coarse and broad, wedge-shaped, incised: plant heavy scented 6. APIUM. 1. FCBnicillum VUlgare, FENNEL, a tall perennial, with decompound leaves, very slender leaflets, and large loose umbels of small yellow flowers, is cultivated in country gardens for its sweet-aromatic leaves and fruits. 2. Petroselinum sativum, PARSLEY, a biennial, familiar in kitchen- gardens, particularly the crisped-leaved or Curled Parsley. 3. Coriandrum sativum, CORIANDER, a low annual, with pinnately dissected strong-scented leaves and small umbels of few rays, occasionally cultivated for its aromatic fruit, the Coriander-seed of the shops. 4. Carum Carui, CARAWAY, a familiar biennial or perennial, in all country gardens, cultivated for its aromatic fruit. In some parts of New England it is beginning to run wild. 6. Apium graveolens, CELERY. A coarse and strong-scented biennial, of which a cultivated state has enlarged and succulent petioles of the radical leaves, which, after being blanched by covering with earth, become mild and spicy, and are largely used for winter salad. ORDER ARALIACE-ZE. GINSENG FAMILY. Manual, p. 159. — The only cultivated plant to be added to those already described is, 1. He'dera Helix, ENGLISH IVY, a woody vine, climbing by rootlets, with evergreen, ovate, angled, or lobed leaves, and short umbels of yellowish- green flowers ; styles united into a single short one. ORDER CAPRIPOLIACE-5J. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Manual, p 163. — The common species cultivated are the SNOWBERRY, Man. p. 164, the SNOW-BALL or GUELDER ROSE, a state of Viburnum Opu- lus, p. 168, and the following Honeysuckles. 1. Lonicera sempervirens, TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, with long and tubular almost regular corolla, Man. p. 164. L. Periclymenum, WOODBINE H., with the deeply 2-lipped corolla purple red outside, sweet-scented ; leaves all separate. L. Caprifolium, ITALIAN H. Flowers like the last, but paler outside ; leaves glaucous, the upper pairs connate-perfoliate. Much like L. grata, of the Manual, which is also cultivated. L. Japonica, JAPAN HONEYSUCKLE. Twining, like the foregoing, but flowers only a pair in the axil of the leaves (which are pubescent and all separate), very sweet-scented at evening; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish outside, white Inside, turning yellowish. Ivi GARDEN BOTANY. L. Tartarica, TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. An upright much branched shrub, smooth, with cordate-ovate leaves ; flowers a single pair on an axillary peduncle, rose or pink-colored, in spring, the two berries often united by their bases as they grow. ORDER RUBIACEJE. MADDER FAMILY. Manual, p. 168. — The useful plant which gives its name to the order is 1. Rllbia tinctoria, MADDER. Like a Galinm, but the parts of the flower in fives, and the fruit a berry ; leaves in whorls of 6, rough-edged ; flowers greenish or yellowish : cult, for its deep, perennial, red roots, which furnish the well-known dye. ORDER VALERIAWACE^l. VALERIAN FAMILY. Manual, p. 175. — Two are species common in gardens : — 1. Valeriana officinalis, COMMON VALERIAN. Stems tall and simple ; leaves pinnate, with many lanceolate leaflets; flowers white or pinkish; stamens 3. The strong-scented rootstock furnishes the Valerian of the druggist. 2. Centranthus ruber, RED VALERIAN. Smooth or glaucous, with ovate-lanceolate entire leaves and light-red flowers (also a white variety), with a spur, and only one stamen ; root perennial. ORDER DIPSACE.33. TEASEL FAMILY. Manual, p. 176. — Besides the Fuller's Teasel, p. 177, a Scabious is com- mon, viz. : — 1. Scabiosa atropurpurea, SWEET SCABIOUS, or MOURNING BRIDE. The genus differs from Dipsacus in having round heads of flowers with soft scales or bristles on the receptacle ; the corolla oblique, often 5-lobed, but only 4 stamens ; the limb of the calyx a little cup bearing 4 or 5 long and naked bristles or awns. Our cultivated species is an annual or biennial, wiili pinnate leaves, a long-peduncled head of dark crimson-purple flowers, with rose-colored and even white varieties. ORDER COMPOSITE. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Manual, p. 177. — There are many weeds, but not a great many commonly cultivated plants of this order, considering that between an eighth or a tenth of all flowering plants belong to it. There are, however, a good number of rarer ornamental sorts, both of greenhouse and gardens, which we cannot here take into account. * Juice of the stem not milky : strap-shaped corollas, if any, not bearing stamens. Pappus consisting of numerous bristles or hairs, With also a little bristly cup surrounding its base. . . 2. CALLISTEPHUS. With no outer cup, scales, or the like. Involucre a single row of equal scales, or with only some very short ones at the base 16. SENECIO. Involucre imbricated. A row of strap-shaped marginal flowers, which are Purple, blue, white, &c., never yellow. Man. p. 190. ASTER. Yellow, and very numerous and narrow. Man. p. 208. INULA. GARDEN BOTANY. Ivii No strap-shaped flowers, but with a ray of enlarged and cleft tubular flowers Flowers all tubular and alike : scales of the involucre fleshy. Pappus of several, or more than 2, conspicuous chaffy scales, which are often awned or bristle-pointed. Rays none : flowers all alike, tubular, mostly blue. . Rays or marginal strap-shaped flowers conspicuous, yellow, or partly brown or purple. Involucre of separate leafy scales : leaves not punctate. Involucre a solid cup : strong-scented herbage glandular- punctate with coarse pellucid dots Pappus none, or a small cup, or of only 2 teeth, scales, or awns. Heads with rays or larger strap-shaped flowers round the mar- gin, or in cultivation sometimes all the corollas changed into such (double) flowers. Achenia incurved, rough, not flattened : flowers yellow. Achenia not incurved except in Coreopsis. Involucre double, of few scales, the outer different from the inner, each in one row or nearly : leaves opposite. Ray-flowers many in the cultivated varieties. Ray -flowers, 6 or 8, broad, neutral : achenia compressed. Involucre not double, but usually imbricated. Receptacle bearing chaffy scales among the flowers. Rays persistent without fading, paper-like, pistillate. Rays not persistent, Neutral : pappus of 2 deciduous chaffy scales. Neutral : pappus a little cup or none. Man. p. 214. Pistillate, numerous, elongated Pistillate, few, short and broad. . . Receptacle naked, i. e. no chaff among the flowers. Receptacle conical Receptacle flat or convex. Heads without any obvious rays, Rose-colored or white : a quilled state of the Daisy. . . t Orange, large, with a leafy and spiny involucre. Yellow or greenish, small, not prickly : strong-scented plants. Pappus a minute cup or none : heads hemispherical. Pappus none : heads globular, very small. ... 18. CENTAUREA. 19. CYNARA. 1. AGERATUM. 8. GAILLARDIA. 9. TAGETES. 10. CALENDULA. 6. DAHLIA. 7. COREOPSIS. 4. ZINNIA. 6. HELIANTHUS. RUDBECKIA. 12. ANTHEMIS. 13. ACHILLEA. 3. BELLIS. 11. CHRYSANTHEMUM. 3. BELLIS. 17. CARTHAMUS. 14. TANACETUM. 15. ARTEMISIA. * * Juice of the stem milky : flowers all perfect and with strap-shaped corollas. Pappus a row of many short scales united into a cup or crown : flowers 20 or less, blue, ephemeral. . Man. p. 235. CICHORIUM. Pappus of 5 to 7 long and pointed scales : scales of the involucre scarious, imbricated : flowers blue. . ... 20. CATANANCHE. Pappus of many strongly plumose stout bristles : achenia long- beaked : flowers purple or purplish 21. TRAGOPOGON. Pappus a tuft of soft and white smooth hairs : achenia flat, with a long and slender beak : flowers yellow. ... 22. LACTUCA. 1. Ageratum conyzoides, var. Mexicanum, is a tender annual, with ovate and cordate pubescent and veiny opposite leaves, and loose corymbs of small heads of sky-blue flowers ; the most prominent part of these consists of the club-shaped styles. Iviii GARDEN BOTANY. 2. Callistephus Chinensis, CHINA ASTER. An annual, with alternate spat unite and toothed leaves, and solitary large heads, the involucre leafv and spreading : the showy rays of various colors : the choicer sorts are double- lowered by the change of most of the disk-flowers into rays. 3. Bellis perennis, ENGLISH DAISY. Leaves all from the root, obovate and spatulate ; seape 3 or 4 inches high, bearing a single head, with a yellow centre and white or pink rays : but the full double varieties are generally cul- tivated, especially the quilled form, with the corollas all changed into tubes. 4. Zinnia. Showy garden annuals, with opposite entire and sessile leaves, and a large head of flowers on a thick peduncle ; the broad and short ravs parchment-like, and lasting a long while without withering. Z. multiflora has ovate-lanceolate leaves, and one-awned achcnia ; the rays red, yellow, &c. Not now common. Z. elegans, with cordate-ovate leaves and large heads, of various-colored flowers, is now the common garden ZINNIA. 5. Helianthus anntlUS, COMMON or ANNUAL SUNFLOWER, its great head with a flat and brown disk, 4' to 10' in diameter. H. tuberosus, JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (see Man. p. 219), with well- known edible tubers, has small heads with a yellow and convex disk, flower- ing in autumn. 6. Dahlia variabilis, the COMMON DAHLIA, too familiar to need de- scription, as usually cultivated has all the flowers changed into rays. In its natural state it resembles a Coreopsis on a larger scale, but with rays pistillate. 7. Coreopsis, Man. p. 219. The perennial species Nos. 7, 8, 10, 11, there described, are often in gardens : also the following more showy annuals and biennials, from Texas, Arkansas, &c. C. tinctoria. Leaves pinnate, with linear leaflets ; rays yellow with a brown-purple base, or nearly all brown-purple ; achenia, wingless. Common in all gardens. C. Drummondi. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong or obovate; rays broad, golden-yellow with a black-purple spot at the base; disk dark-colored ; ache- nia wingless. C. coronata. Leaves simple and spatulate or oblong, or some of them 3 - 5-parted ; rays broad, golden-yellow, crowned with dark-purple or brown and tawny stripes or marks above the base ; disk yellow, achenia winged. 8. Gaillardia. Head, coarsely-toothed rays, &c. much like Coreopsis, but leaves alternate, and the pappus consisting of 5 or more thin and awned or bristle-pointed scales. G. pulchella, from Southwestern States, is the commonest species, an annual or biennial, with nearly glabrous leaves, and a large and showy head of flowers, the rays 12 or more, reddish or brown-purple with yellow tips. G. aristata, from Nebraska and Oregon, has a perennial root, pale and pubescent leaves, and pure yellow rays. 9. Tagetes, FRENCH MARIGOLD. Strong-scented annuals, the herbage dotted with pellucid glands ; flowers yellow or orange, sometimes partly brown or purple. T. patula. Leaves pinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncle hollow, cylindrical. T. erecta. Larger in all parts and coarser than the other ; peduncle in- flated and club-shaped. Flowers often full-double. Called African Mariyold: but both this and the last came from South America. GARDEN BOTANY. lix 10. Calendula officinalis, COMMON MARIGOLD ; a familiar low annual, with simple alternate leaves, a leafy involucre, yellow flowers with many rays, the disk-flowers sterile ; found in all country gardens. 11. Chrysanthemum, including Pyrethrum, &c. The summer-flowering CHRYSANTHEMUM of country gardens is C. COronarium, an annual, with twice-pinnately-parted and sessile alternate leaves, solitary heads with a very scarious involucre, and yellow flowers, or the rays varying to white. C. Parthenium, FEVERFEW, perennial, with corymbed heads and white rays. Matricaria Parthenium, Man. p. 226. C. Indicum, a perennial with rather woody stems and ovate pinnatifid and incised leaves, is the parent of the autumn-flowering CHINESE CHRYSAN- THEMUMS, of various colors. 12. Anthemis, Man. p. 225. CHAMOMILE heads of the shops come from A. nobilis, COMMON CHAMOMILE, a low creeping herb, with aromatic scent, the leaves dissected into setaceous divisions ; heads solitary ; white rays. A. tinctoria, YELLOW C., is an erect rather tall perennial, the leaves not so finely cut ; the heads larger ; rays yellow. 13. Achillea Ptarmica (Man. p. 226), in gardens, both semi-double, and with all the flowers changed into white rays. A. Millefolium, YARROW (Man. p. 226) ; a rose-colored variety is rather common in gardens. 14. Tanacetum vulgare, COMMON TANSY, a familiar strong-scented and bitter herb ; see Man. p. 227. T. Balsamita, COSTMARY, a low perennial, with a pleasant balsamic scent, oblong and toothed leaves, and corymbed flower-heads. 15. Artemisia, Man. p. 227, where COMMON WORMWOOD and the MUG- WORT are described. Besides, the gardens have A. Dracunculus, TARRAGON. Perennial, green and glabrous ; stem- leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly entire. A. Abrotanum, SOUTHERNWOOD. Shrubby ; leaves once or twice pinnate, capillary, pleasant-scented. 16. Senecio, Man. p. 230. The following species are commonly cultivated. S. cruentUS, from the Canaries, is the original of manifold arieties of the common Cineraria of the greenhouses, a perennial, with very veiny leaves, downy underneath, the lower ones round-cordate and angled or obscurely lobed, their petiole winged, at least at the base, which is auricled and clasping, the upper leaves sessile, the base partly clasping; heads corymbed, with nu- merous ray-flowers, purple, crimson, blue, white, &c. S. populifolius resembles the last, but is less common, the stem a little woody ; leaves whiter beneath, with nearly naked petioles ; ray-flowers fewer, yellow or white. S. Cineraria, an old-fashioned house-plant, ash-white all over (whence the name Cineraria) with a woolly coating ; leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads corymbed, with ray flowers, yellow. S. COCCineus, TASSEL-FLOWER (Emilia sagittata, DC.) : a common garden annual, with the stem-leaves sagittate and clasping and minutely toothed, the stem naked above, and bearing a corymb of a few heads of orange- red flowers, without any rays. IX GARDEN BOTANY. 17. Carthamus tinctorius, SAFFLOWER. A coarse annual of kitchen gardens, with ovate-lanceolate primly-toothed leaves, those of the large invo- lucre somewhat similar ; the orange-colored flowers used as a substitute for saffron ; whence the plant is often called SAFFRON. 18. Centaurea Cyanus, BLUEBOTTLE, very common in country gardens, is described in Man. p. 232. C. Americana, from Arkansas, a showy annual, with oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a very large flower-head on a stout peduncle ; scales of the invo- lucre with pectinate appendages ; flowers pale purple, the marginal ones much larger and forming a ray. 19. Cynara Scolymus is the true ARTICHOKE, a kind of Thistle with large heads, the receptacle and the lower part of the ovate scales of the invo- lucre thick and fleshy, forming the eatable portion. Not widely cultivated in this country. 20. Catananche CSerulea. An annual, cult, for its handsome blue flow- ers ; head solitary on a long peduncle, with a dry and scarious involucre ; leaves linear, villous. 21. Tragopogon porrifolius, SALSIFY, OYSTER-PLANT. A smooth and somewhat glaucous herb, with a biennial fusiform root, — for which the plant is cultivated as an esculent, — long grass-like leaves which taper from a clasp- ing base to a slender apex ; the peduncle enlarged at the summit under the large head ; involucre about 8-leaved ; corolla brownish-purple or violet. 22. Lactuca satiya, GARDEN LETTUCE. Cult, for the tender root-leaves as a salad ; these broad and rounded, often wavy or crisped, and crowded into a head ; leaves of the flowering stem cordate-clasping ; flowers yellow ; achenia obovate. ORDER LOHELIACE^I. LOBELIA FAMILY. Manual, p. 241. — The Cardinal-Flower is often cultivated. The two follow- ing Lobelias, from the Cape of Good Hope, with small blue flowers, blossom all winter in greenhouses or all summer in gardens. 1. Lobelia Erf mis. Annual, glabrous, with diffuse filiform stems, small lanceolate upper leaves, and small bright blue corolla not much longer than the linear lobes of the calyx. L. bicolor. Perennial, slightly pubescent ; corolla larger (£ inch long) and its tube longer than in the last, white in the throat. ORDER C AMP ANUL ACE-SI. CAMPANULA FAMILY. Manual, p. 243. — The following Campanulas are commonly cultivated for ornament, most of them both single and double-flowered, all blue and with white varieties. 1. Campanula Medium, CANTERBURY BELLS. A hairy and tall bien- nial, with very large and erect flowers, the tube of the calyx covered by re- flexed appendages ; corolla oblong-campanulate and 2' or 3' long. C. glomerata. A hairy perennial, a foot or so high ; the stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate and sessile by a cordate base ; flowers sessile in small axillary clusters, at the summit forming a leafy head ; corolla open-campami- late, about an inch long. C. Trachelium. A rough-leaved perennial ; stem-leaves ovate, short- petioled, very coarsely toothed ; flowers two or three together in the upper axils GARDEN BOTANY. Ixi or at the summit of the stem, drooping, on very short peduncles ; calyx bristly ; corolla 1' or so long, campanulate. C. rapimCTlloides. A slender smootbish perennial, with the stem- leaves ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; flowers single in the axils of small bracts, forming a terminal raceme; corolla oblong-campanulate, about 1' long. C. persicsefolia. A smooth perennial; slender stems 1° or 2° high; root-leaves lance-obovate, stem-leaves lance-linear ; flowers few in a terminal raceme ; corolla large, open-campanulate. C. Carpathica. Smooth perennial, forming a large tuft on the ground ; slender stems branching, 6' to 10' high, leaves round-cordate or ovate, toothed, petiolcd ; peduncles terminal and axillary, slender, 1-flowered ; corolla broadly campanulate, 1' long. C. pyramidalis. Not quite hardy, cultivated as a biennial, smooth ; lower leaves cordate, upper ones oblong-lanceolate ; stem producing a long pyramidal panicle of very many flowers ; corolla widely expanded and deeply 5-cleft. C. grandiflora, a low, hardy, very smooth perennial, with ovate-lance- olate coarsely serrate leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers, the large corolla balloon-shaped in bud, 5-lobed and widely expanded when it opens, — makes the genus Platycodon, its pod opening at the top instead of on the sides. ORDER BRIGADES. HEATH FAMILY. Manual, p. 245. — The cultivated species to be added all belong to the suborder Ericinece, the proper Heath Family. Many of our wild ones are planted as ornamental shrubs. Corolla withering on the receptacle instead of soon falling off, Deeply 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx 1. CALLUNA. Only 4-toothed or 4-lobed, of various shapes 2. ERICA. Corolla deciduous after flowering. (Buds scaly.) Leaves thin and deciduous : stamens commonly 5. ... 3. AZALEA. Leaves coriaceous, persistent : stamens usually 10. ... 4. RHODODENDRON. 1. Calluna vulgaris, SCOTCH HEATHER, is seldom cultivated except as a greenhouse plant, along with true Heaths. A patch has recently been dis- covered wild in Tewksbury, Mass. 2. Erivca, HEATH. The Heaths (a few of which are from Europe, but a vast number from the Cape of Good Hope) belong not to common, but only to choice cultivation : we cannot enumerate the many species which adorn conservatories. 3. Azalea. Man. p. 257. Besides the wild species, there is one tender and one hardy exotic. A. Pontica. A hardy shrub, with large and clammy yellow flowers, pre- ceding the pubescent leaves. A. Indica, CHINESE AZALEA. A common greenhouse species, with the flowers (purple, red, rose, white, &c.) later than the leaves; sepals green in- stead of scale-like, and the stamens commonly 10. 4. Rhododendron, Man. p. 257. Besides our wild ones, Nos. 1 and 2 : R. punctatum, of the Southern Alleghanies : a much-branched shrub, with slender and drooping branches, small leaves clotted with rusty globules, and fine rose-colored flowers, in June. Ixii GARDEN BOTANY. R. Ponticum, from Armenia, hardy, but here growing low, with smooth lance-oboviue leaves green on both sides, and large purple flowers. R. arboreum is the commonest greenhouse species, with obovate-lanceo- late leaves, either silvery-white or reddish-brown underneath ; and the ovary of 8 or 10 cells ; flowers large, red, purple, or white. ORDER PLUMBAGINACE^I. LEADWORT FAMILY. Manual, p. 270. — One hardy and one tender greenhouse plant represent the order in cultivation. Stems leafy, branching : flowers in a loose spike ; corolla monopetalous, salver-shaped, with a slender tube : style one : stigmas 5. . . 1. PLUMBAGO. Caespitose perennials, with narrow and rigid radical leaves, and naked scapes, bearing a head of nearly 6-petalous flowers : styles 5. 2. ARMEIUA. 1. Plumbago Capensis, CAPE LEADWORT ; has rather woody and an- gled stems, oblong-spatulate leaves, and handsome pale lilac-blue corollas, the tube l£' long. 2. Armeria Vlllgaris, COMMON THRIFT. Familiar in gardens, where it is used for edging ; the densely tufted leaves narrow linear ; scape 3' to 6' high ; flowers rose-color, intermixed with scarious bracts. ORDER PRIMULACEJE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 270. — Several are familiar in gardens or greenhouses, cultivated for ornament. Corolla salver-shaped or narrowly funnel-shaped : leaves all radical. 1. PRIMULA. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions reflexed : leaves all radical, From a fibrous root : scape many-flowered. . . Man. p. 272. DODECATIIEOX. From a flat corm : scape 1-flowered. 2. CYCLAMEN. Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate : stems leafy. Filaments beardless : pod not opening round the middle. . . 3. LYSIMAC1ITA. Filaments bearded : pod opening round the middle. . . 4. ANAGALLIS. 1. Primula Sinensis, CHINESE PRIMROSE. A common house-plant, pubescent ; leaves 7 - 9-lobcd and toothed, rounded, with a cordate base ; umbel many-flowered, often proliferous ; calyx conical-inflated, nearly as long as the tube of the large and showy pink or white corolla. Some varieties have double flowers. P. veris, COMMON PRIMROSE. Leaves many in a tuft, wrinkled, pale- green, denticulate, oblong, with the base contracted into a short-winded petiole ; corolla straw-yellow, but varying in cultivation into many colors, the lobes notched at the end. — The POLYANTHUSES are cultivated varieties. The English COWSLIP is the form with the umbel of flowers raised on a peduncle above the leaves, the corolla smaller and its limb concave. The true English PRIMROSE is a variety with a large and flat limb to the corolla, and the com- mon peduncle wanting, so that the umbel is sessile, and the flowers thus appear as if radical among the leaves. The OXLIP is between these two. P. Auricula, AURICULA. Leaves obovatc-spatulatc, sessile, thick, and very smooth, pale, often nu-aly; umbel raised on a scape; corolla funnel- shaped, of many colors, single, double, &c. 2. Cyclamen Europseum, COMMON* CYCLAMEN, and occasionally one or two other species, are, pri/.cd for house-culture; the broad and Hat corm sends up thick and smooth round-cordate leaves, often purple underneath, on slender GARDEN BOTANY. stalks, and one-flowered scapes, on the apex of which the gracetul flower is recurved, so that the reflexed divisions of the corolla turn up ; this is rose- colored or white with a pink base. 3. Lysimachia, LOOSESTRIFE. Man. p. 272. Two species are com- monly met with in gardens : — L. nummularia, MONEYWORT. Smooth, creeping over the ground and rooting, with opposite small orbicular leaves, and solitary axillary light- yellow flowers. It flourishes in moist places, and is often grown in hanging pots. L. vulgaris, ENGLISH LOOSESTRIFE. A stout perennial, more or less downy, Avith whorls of ovate-lanceolate leaves and a leafy panicle of deep- yellow flowers. In old gardens. 4. Anagallis arvensis, PIMPERNEL. Man. p. 274. The common red variety is frequent in gardens ; the larger blue one is choicer. ORDER GESNERIACEJE. GESNERIA FAMILY. Tropical plants with 2-lippcd or somewhat irregular corollas, didynamous stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many-seeded placentae, — therefore botanically like Orobanchaceae, Man. p. 279, but with green herbage, and not parasitic, — and the common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx co- herent at least with the base of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants of this order are in the conservatories"; the commonest are the following, all perennials. 1. Gloxinia speciosa. An almost stemless herb, with ovate and crenately toothed leaves and 1 -flowered s-cape-likc peduncles; the corolla deflexed or hor- izontal, '!' long, ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, Avith a short and spreading, somcAvhat unequal, 5-lobed border, pale violet with a deeper-colored throat, in one variety altogether white. 2. Gesneria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety, purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of shoAvy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ; corolla tubular-ventricose, Avith a small 5-lobed and someAvhat 2-lipped border, glandular, scarlet, Avith the under side and inside yelloAv and dark-spotted. — There are several other species. 3. Achime'nes longiflora. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong or ovate hairy leaves, Avhich they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2' or more broad, violet-colored above, — also a Avhite variety. Propagates by scaly bulblets from the root. ORDER BIGNONIACE^. BIGNONIA FAMILY. Manual, p. 277. — The following are common ornamental exotics : — 1. Tecoma grandiflora, GREAT-FLOAVERED TRUMPET-CREEPER. Like our T. radicfins, but less hardy, therefore less climbing, and with a larger but proportionally shorter orange-red corolla, its proper tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. T. Capensis. A bushy greenhouse species, with the flowers croAvded, the red-orange corolla tubular and curved, the stamens exserted. T. jasminoides. A fine greenhouse species, twining, very smooth, with the leaflets pinnate, lance-ovate, entire, bright green ; corolla white, pink- purple in the throat. Ixiv <;AKI>I:X BOTANY. ORUKR SCROPHULARIACE^J. FIG WORT FAMILY. Manual, p. 281. — The following represent this order in the gardens. Stamens 5, rather unlike : corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Man. p. 283. VEUB ASCUM. Stamens 4 with anthers, and sometimes a fifth sterile filament. Corolla with a very short tube and a large deeply 2-lipped and 6-cleft spreading limb : leaves all opposite or whorlcd. 1. COLL1NSIA. Corolla with a more or less elongated tube or cup. Personate, i. e. 2-lipped and the throat closed with a palate. Spurred at the base on the lower side ...... 2. LTNARIA. Saccate at the base on the lower side ..... 3. ANTIRRHINUM. Scarcely gibbous at the base : palate small ..... 4. MAURANDIA. Open at the throat. Herbs (climbing by the petioles and peduncles). Seeds wingless ......... 4. MAURANDIA. Seeds winged .......... 5. LOPHOSPEKMUM. Not climbing : a tree with opposite and cordate leaves. . 6. PAULO \VNIA. Not climbing, herbs or somewhat shrubby plants. Leaves hardly any or minute : branches slender and rush- like, drooping : corolla slender, tubular. . . 7. RUSSELLIA. Leaves opposite. Calyx 5-parted : a sterile filament conspicuous. . . 8. PENTSTEMON. Calyx 5-tootbed, 5-angled : sterile filament none. . . 9. MIMULUS. Leaves alternate. Calyx 5-parted : flowers nodding : sterile filament none. 10. DIGITALIS. Calyx 5-toothed : sterile filament present. . . 11. SALPIGLOSSIS Stamens only 2 with anthers. Calyx 5-parted : corolla rotate, very irregular, its divisions once or twice cleft or cut-lobed ........ 12. SCIIIZANTUUS. Calyx 4-parted : corolla 2-lobed, the larger or lower lobe inflated into a sort of bag or slipper ....... 13. CALCEOLARIA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 5-parted : corolla rotate or salver-shaped : the limb mostly 4-parted, one or two of the lobes smaller than the others .......... 14. VERONICA. 1. Collinsia bicolor. A showy Californian annual, with many more flowers than in C. verna (Man. p. 284) ; pedicels shorter than the' calyx; upper lip of corolla white, lower purple. leaves 3 or 4 in violet 2. Linaria triornithophora. Perennial, tall, glaucous ; leaves 3 ( a whorf, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 1^' long, on slender peduncles, pale with purple stripes, and a long spur. For other species see Man. p. 284. 3. Antirrhinum majus, GREAT SNAPDRAGON. Perennial, erect; leaves linear-oblong ; raceme many-flowered ; corolla l£' to 2' long. 4. Maurandia. Perennials, cult, as annuals; the leaves mostly alternate, with long petioles and long 1-ilowcred peduncles in their axils; by means of both the plant climbs. M. antirrhiniflora. Leaves hastate ; corolla 1' long, violet or white, with a hairy palate nearly closing the throat. M. semperflorens. Corolla without a palate ; otherwise like the last. M. Barclayana. Like the last, but handsomer ; leaves broadly trian- gular-cordate. GARDEN BOTANY. IxV 5. Lophospermum. Like Maurandia, hut with a more leafy calyx and open corolla. Leaves triangular-cordate, toothed, and slightly lobed. L. scandens. Corolla 2' long, purple, smooth, as also the leaves. L. erubescens. Corolla 3' long, rose-color, pubescent ; leaves downy. 6. Paulownia imperialiS. Tree, from Japan, with leaves like those of Catalpa, but white-downy when young, appearing a little after the flowers, which are panic-led ; calyx and panicle rusty-downy ; corolla lilac or pale violet, with a cylindrical tube and a large 5-lobed border. Seeds winged. 7. Russellia juncea. Cult, in greenhouses, with slender bright-scarlet flowers, hanging on the rush-like drooping filiform branches. 8. Pentstemon. Besides those in the Manual, p. 286, the following are commonest in the gardens, from Mexico, &c. P. barbatUS. Wholly glabrous, pale, 2° - 4° high ; leaves linear-lan- ceolate; flowers in a loose elongated panicle ; corolla long and narrow, bright red or scarlet ; upper lip erect, lower reflexed, and sterile filament usually bearded. P. Hartwegi. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowcred ; corolla 2' long, deep red or red-purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked. P. campanulatus. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle j corolla ventricose above, purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. 9. MimulllS, MONKEY-FLOWER. Man. p. 287. From W. America are, — M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly clasping ; flowers large, brick-red. M. luteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown. M. moschatus, MUSK-PLANT. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy- villous, smelling strong of musk ; flower small, pale yellow. 10. Digitalis purpurea, PURPLE FOXGLOVE. A very showy and hardy perennial, with rugose pubescent leaves, and a long raceme of large and showy drooping flowers, in summer, the corolla cylindrical-campanulate, 2' long, with the lobes hardly any, purple, or a white variety, spotted within. 11. SalpiglOSSis Sinuata. Cult, as an annual ; clammy-pubescent ; leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with a tapering base ; flowers large and showy, much like those of a Petunia; corolla 1' or 2' long, funnel-form and inflated above, purple, straw-color, or variegated, 4 fertile stamens. 12. Schizanth-US pinnatUS. A handsome garden annual, from Chili, with clammy-pubescent branches ; leaves alternate, once or twice pinnately dissected ; corolla widely spreading, one lip small, 3-lobed, violet-colored, the other paler, often blotched, much larger and 5-partcd, its divisions 2-cleft, and their lobes generally cleft again 13. Calceolaria. Several species, from the Andes, are in greenhouses; but the common ones are too much crossed and varied to tell the species. 14. Veronica, SPEEDWELL. Man. p. 289. Besides our V. Virginica, there are in the gardens, — V. spicata. Erect hardy perennial, 1° high ; with oblong-lanceolate crenate-toothed leaves, and racemes or spikes of delicate blue flowers ; also mixtures of this with two other European species. Ixvi GARDEN BOTANY. V. speciosa, with oval or obovate leaves, and dense spikes of violet- blue flowers, and V. salicifolia, with lanqeolate leaves and large spikes of blue flowers, are showy tall-shrubby species from New Zealand, cult, ill conservatories. ORDER ACANTHACE2E. ACANTHUS FAMILY. Manual, p. 296. — Many adorn the richer conservatories; but the only com- monly cultivated plants of the order belong to 1. Thunbergia. Differs from the rest of the order in having a cartilagi- nous ring or cup, in place of a hook, supporting the seed. A pair of large bracts cover the calyx; tube of the corolla more or less inflated, the almost equally 5-parted border widely spreading : stamens 4, anthers bearded. Pod 2-4-secded, globular, pointed with a long flat beak. They are cultivated as annuals : the common sorts belong to T. alata. Twining, hairy ; leaves cordate-sagittate, the petiole winged ; co- rolla yellow, buff, or white, with a dark purple eye. ORDER VERBENACE-ZE. VERVAIN FAMILY. Manual, p. 298. — Comprises some familiar ornamental plants, such as Ver- benas. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 5-angled or plaited : corolla salver-shaped : herbs. . . 1. VERBENA. Calyx tubular, not plaited : corolla funnel-form, or somewhat 2-lipped. 2. LI L'I'IA. Calyx very short : corolla salver-shaped or tubular-funnel-form : shrubs. 3. LANTANA. Flowers in cymes or cymules which are mostly panicled or spiked : corolla 2-lipped : shrubs with palinately-compound leaves. . .4. VITEX. 1. Verbena. The handsome Verbenas which adorn the gardens and houses mainly consist of the following botanical species and their mixtures : — V. Aubletia, Man. p. 299, known by the glandular appendage which tips the larger stamens, and the deeply cleft or pinnatifid and incised leaves : flowers purple, violet, and varying to white. V. chamsedrifolia, the SCARLET V., with procumbent rooting stems, oblong-lanceolate coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or scarlet flowers, in a flat cluster. V. phlogifLor'a, also named TWEEDIANA. Eesembles the last, but nearly upright ; the leaves decidedly pctioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet. V. incisa. Differs from the last in the pinnatifid-incisod loaves, the petioled ones with a cordate base ; flowers in flat clusters or spikes, rose-color or purple. V. teucroides. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised ses- sile leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, which are very sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. All but the first come from Buenos Ayres and that region. 2. Lippia (or Aloysia) Citriodora is the name of the S. American shrub, called LEMON-SCENTED or SWEET VEKIJENA, from the tine fragrance of its leaves : these are linear-lanceolate, roughish with glandular dots, and whorled in threes or fours ; flowers small in slender spikes. 3. Lantana. Tropical shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely until frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flow GARDEN BOTANY. Ixvii ers odorous, in some pleasant, others not so. The fruit is a berry-like drupe, commonly sky-blue. Flowers in a depressed head or cluster. "L. Camara. Flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then to red. L. mixta. Flowers opening white, turning yellow, orange, and then red. L. nivca. Flowers white, pleasant-scented, unchanging. L. odorata. Not prickly, small-leaved ; flowers lilac-purple. 4. Vitex Agnus-castus, CHASTE-TREE, with 5-7 lanceolate entire leaf- lets, white underneath, and bluish flowers with the clusters spiked, stands only at the South. V. incisa, which stands at the North (a native of N. China), has the leaf- lets pinnatifid or incised, and the cymules peduncled and corymbose. ORDER LABIATJE. MINT FAMILY. Manual, p. 300. — Most common Labiatae in gardens are already described in the Manual. They have only to be indicated by a simpler key, and a few species added. Stamens only 2 with anthers. Calyx 5-toothed : anther of 2 cells confluent end to end. Man. p. 309. MONARDA. Calyx 2-lipped : anther halved, i. e. with only one good cell, and that borne on one end of a long connective, the other end bear- ing a rudiment of the other cell or none at all. Man. p. 309. 1. SAL VIA. Stamens 4 with anthers. Filaments decurved towards the lower lip or side of the corolla. Flowers in an interrupted raceme : calyx deflexed after flowering. 2. OCIMUM. Flowers in a virgate spike : calyx not deflexed : leaves hoary. . 3. LAVANDULA. Filaments erect or ascending towards the upper side of the flower. Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, small : calyx erect. Man. p. 303. MENTHA. Corolla 5-lobed, hardly 2-lipped : calyx nodding in fruit. . .4. PERILLA. Corolla more or less strongly 2-lipped. Upper or inner pair of stamens longer than the other pair. Upper lip of corolla merely concave. . . Man. p. 311. NEPETA. Upper lip of corolla arched or hooded. . . Man. p. 318. PHLOMIS. Upper or inner pair of stamens shorter than the other pair. Stamens diverging or parallel and distant, Long-exserted : calyx 15-nerved. . . Man. p. 304. HTSSOPUS. Short-exserted or included : calyx 10 - 13-nerved. Calyx naked in the throat : leaves linear. Man. p. 307. SATUREIA. Calyx hairy in the throat. Flowers surrounded by colored bracts. Man. p. 306. 6. ORIGANUM. Flowers without conspicuous colored bracts. Man. p.306. 6. THYMUS. Stamens above incurved under the upper lip. Man. p. 308. MELISSA. Stamens ascending parallel, approximate under the upper lip. Flowers in simple spikes, one to each bract. Man. p. 313. PHYSOSTEGIA. Flowers several in each cluster or half-whorl. Anthers included in the tube of the corolla Man. p. 315. MARRUBIUM. Anthers not included in the tube of the corolla, and Opening transversely by 2 unequal valves, one of them ciliate Man. p. 316. GALEOPSIS. Opening lengthwise. Corolla dilated at the throat : flowers not spiked, and the calyx-teeth not spiny. Man. p. 318. LAMIUM. GARDEN BOTANY. Corolla dilated in the throat : flowers densely spiked. 7. BETONICA. Corolla not dilated in the throat. Calyx-teeth shorter than the corolla. ... 7. BETONICA. Leaves not cleft or incised. Man. p. 316. 8. STACHYS. Leaves 3 - 6-cleft and incised. Man. p. 317. LEONURUS Calyx expanded into a membranaceous reticu- lated open cup longer than the corolla. 9. MOLUCCELLA. 1. Salvia, SAGE. Man. p. 309. The common ones in gardens are, — S. Officinalis, GARDEN SAGE. Woody at the base, hoarv-tomcntose ; leaves elongated-oblong, crenulate, rugose; corolla light-blue* or purplish. Cultivated in kitchen gardens. S. patens. Leaves hairy, triangular-ovate ; flowers very large and deep- blue, the lips widely gaping. Cultivated for ornament. S. splendens, the SCARLET SAGE, so commonly cultivated and showy, with corollas, calyx, and floral leaves all bright scarlet ; stem-leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous. S. fulgens, the MEXICAN RED SAGE, has a green calyx, leaves cordate- ovate and downy beneath, and deep scarlet and hairy corolla 2' long. S. pseudO-COCCinea has red corollas about an inch long, more or less pubescent, the lower lip twice the length of the upper ; the stems hairy ; leaves mostly cordate. S. COCCinea, which is wild in the Southern States, is much like the last, but the corollas are glabrous, and the stem as well as the lower face of the cordate leaves hoary-pubescent, not hairy. 2. O'cimum Basilicum, SWEET BASIL. A low kitchen-garden annual, with ovate-oblong fragrant leaves, and small bluish flowers ; the calyx re- flexed in fruit, and its upper lip enlarged. 3. Lavandula vera, GARDEN LAVENDER. A low, undershrubby, hoary plant, with linear-lanceolate leaves, and long-peduncled naked and interrupted spikes of small bluish flowers. 4. Perilla Nankinensis. An annual herb, prized in ornamental garden- ing for its lustrous dark-purple foliage ; the leaves are broadly ovate, coarsely- toothed and crisped ; the purplish flowers insignificant. 6. Origanum Majorana, SWEET MARJORAM. One of the sweet herbs of the kitchen garden, scarcely a foot high, downy and hoary, with small and roundish leaves, and dense clusters of small whitish flowers. Cultivated along with Savory, &c. 6. ThymilS VUlgaris, GARDEN THYME. Plant forming perennial large tufts on the ground, with small oblong-ovate leaves, and clusters of purplish small flowers in the axil of the upper ones ; cultivated as a sweet herb. 7. Betonica grandiflora, GREAT BETONT. A handsome garden peren- nial, with cordate-obtuse leaves, and 2 or 3 whorls of flowers forming a naked spike ; the showy purple corolla 1^' long. B. Officinalis, WOOD BETONY, has far smaller flowers, the cordate- oblong leaves coarsely crenate and mostly radical ; spike dense. 8. Stachys COCCinea, SCARLET STACHYS, of Mexico, with ovate-oblong and cordate leaves, and bright red corollas 1' long, is becoming rather common. 9. Moluccella Isevis, MOLUCCA BALM or SHELL-FLOWER. A glabrous annual, much branched, with roundish leaves ; flowers in their axils with a small whitish corolla in an immensely enlarged cup-shaped calyx, which has a remarkable appearance. GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER BOKRAGINACE-ZB. BORRAGE FAMILY. Manual, p. 319. — A number of species are cultivated for ornament. Ovary deeply 4-lobed (the style rising from the centre between the lobes), each in fruit forming a distinct nutlet. Corolla rather irregular, blue : the stamens exserted. . Man. p. 319. ECHIUM. Corolla regular, and Trumpet-shaped, no scales in the throat : smooth plants. Man. p. 323. MERTENSIA. Tubular, enlarged above, with long scales closing the throat: rough and coarse plants. Man. p. 320. SYMPIIYTUM. Rotate, with scales closing the throat : rough-bristly plants. . 1. BORRAGO. Short salver-form or very short funnel-form, throat partly closed by short scales : delicate plants. Nutlets or lobes of the ovary attached by their base only, erect, smooth and even 2. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets or lobes of the ovary fixed to the base of the style, cupped when full grown 3. OMPHALODES. Ovary not lobed, the style or stigma borne on its summit. . . 4. HEL10TROPIUM. 1. BorragO Officinalis, BORRAGE. A rough, hairy annual or biennial of country gardens, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and rather large flowers ; corolla exactly rotate, 5-parted, blue, with dark projecting anthers. 2. Myosotis, FORGET-ME-NOT. The cultivated sorts are varieties of No. 1, in Manual, p. 323, and of M. sylvatica, with a rather stout perennial root, bright-blue corolla, and 5-parted calyx, erect when in fruit, its hairs spreading and minutely hooked. 3. Omphalodes verna, BLUE NAVELWORT. Flowers like those of a Forget-me-not, but larger, produced in early spring, bright azure-blue ; leaves ovate, the radical ones cordate and long-petioled ; plant spreading by runners and creeping rootstocks. 4. Heliotropiiyn Peruvianum, SWEET PERUVIAN HELIOTROPE. The common shrubby species of house cultivation, with vanilla-scented pale blue- purple flowers, and ovate-lanceolate rugose-veiny leaves. H. COrymbosum , cultivated with the other, has rougher leaves and deeper-colored and larger flowers, of much less fragrance. ORDER HYDROPHYLLACEJE. WATERLEAP FAMILY. The synopsis of the genera, Man. p. 326, will serve, adding the following spe- cies, cultivated for ornament ; also Whitlavia, — nearly all Californian annuals. 1. Nemo'phila insignis. Flowers bright blue, 1' in diameter, very long- pedunded ; leaves deeply pinnatih'd. "N. atomaria. Flowers smaller, white, finely spotted with chocolate. N. maculata. Flowers white, with a large violet blotch on each lobe. 2. Phacelia COngesta, from Texas ; pubescent, with irregular pinnate leaves, the leaflets ovate or oblong, incised ; flowers in a compact cyme, small, blue; stamens scarcely exserted. P. tanacetifolia, from California, is taller, bristly-hairy ; the leaflets linear-oblong and pinnatifid ; flowers larger, crowded ; stamens long-exserted. P. (Eutoca) viscida, from California ; clammy-pubescent, leaves ovate, serrate ; flowers large, deep blue, in a loose raceme ; pod many-seeded, 1XX GARDEN BOTANY. 3. Whitlavia grandiflora, a showy low Californian annual, with round- ovate coarsely-toothed leaves, and a lax raceme of tubular-bell-shaped blue flowers, over an inch long ; s amens exserted ; seeds numerous. ORDER POLEMONIACE^l. POLEMONIUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 329. — Furnishes many ornamental plants to the gardens, all but a few North American, many from California and Texas. Herbs, not climbing. Corolla salver-form with a long tube : stamens enclosed in the tube, inserted at unequal heights : leaves entire, sessile, all but the uppermost opposite. 1. PHLOX. Corolla of various shapes : stamens equally inserted, not declined : leaves often cleft or compound 2. GILIA. Corolla between bell-shaped and wheel-shaped : stamens declined, hairy appendaged at the base : leaves pinnate. ... 3. POLEMONIUM. Climbing by tendrils at the end of the pinnate leaves : calyx of 5 large and ovate foliaceous sepals : corolla campanulate : stamens declined : a large and fleshy 5-lobed disk around the base of the ovary : seeds winged. 4. COB(EA. 1. Phlox. Man. p. 330, where the perennial species cult, in gardens are de- scribed. The handsome annual Phloxes recently common all come from P. Drummondi. Low, widely branched, glandular-pubescent ; leaves oblong and lanceolate, the upper cordate-clasping at base ; corolla crimson, purple, varying to rose and white. 2. Gilia tricolor. Californian annual, with 2 - 3-pinnately divided alternate leaves, linear divisions, and a few loosely panicled flowers ; corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, bluish-lilac with a purple throat and yellow tube. G. capitata. Annual from Oregon, twice-pinnate leaves, alternate, with almost filiform divisions, and a head of light blue flowers. G. androsaeea. Californian annual, low and slemfer ; leaves opposite, palmately 5 - 7-cleft, divisions narrowly linear ; flowers capitate-clustered ; corolla salver-shaped, with a very long tube, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. G. COronopifolia, CYPRESS GILIA. Biennial, from S. States, 3° -5° high, strict, very leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into filiform divisions ; flow- ers in a long and very narrow thyrsus ; corolla l£' long, tubular-funnel-form, light scarlet with whitish specks inside. 3. Polemonium CSeruleum, GREEK VALERIAN. Stem erect, leafy ; leaflets many, lanceolate ; corymbs many-flowered ; flowers deeper blue than in P. reptans, Man. p. 330. 4. Cobcea scandens, from Mexico, cult, as an annual, climbing high , corolla green turning dull violet, 2' or more in diameter. ORDER CONVOLVULACEJE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Manual, p. 332. — Most of those there described are cultivated for ornament; also the following : — 1. Quamoclit vulgaris, CYPRESS-VINE. Annual twiner ; leaves deli- cate, pectinate ; corolla trumpet-shaped with a spreading border, crimson or scarlet. GARDEN BOTANY. Ixxi 2. Ipomcea Learn. Like the common I. purpurea (Man. p. 333), but with violet- blue flowers 4' across, some of the leaves 3-lobed. I. Bona-nox, of the section or genus Calonyction, the corolla salver-form, limb 5' across, on a tube 3' or 4' long, opening at evening, white. I. Batatas, SWEET POTATO. Low and spreading from the fleshy root (for which the plant is cultivated) rarely twining; leaves angled, lobed, or pedate ; corolla bell-shaped, rose-purple. 3. Convolvulus tricolor. A diffuse low annual, not twining, pubescent, with oblong-spatulate leaves, the showy open-funnel-form flowers opening in sunshine, blue, white in the throat, and yellow in the tube. ORDER SOIiANACE-ZE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Manual, p. 338. — Some cult, for ornament, others for food or medicine. Parts of the flower in cultivated species often more than five. Corolla wheel-shaped : anthers connivent and sometimes connate. Anthers longer than their filaments, opening by a hole at the end. 1. SOLANUM. Anthers longer than their filaments, united by a membrane at their tips, opening lengthwise 2. LYCOPERSICUM. Anthers shorter than their slender filaments, opening lengthwise. 3. CAPSICUM. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, &c. ; anthers separate. Calyx bladdery -inflated after flowering, enclosing the red or yel- low berry : corolla short, and Five-parted: berry dry, 3- 5-celled. . . . Man. p. 340. NICANDRA. Five-cleft : berry juicy, red or yellow, eatable, 2-celled. . . 4. PHYSALIS. Calyx urn-shaped, with a spreading reticulated border, enclosing the pod, which opens by a lid : corolla dull-colored, veiny, short, open-funnel-form, rather irregular. . Man. p. 340. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx long and prismatic : corolla funnel-form : pod naked, usu- ally prickly, more or less 4-celled 6. DATURA. Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base, foliaceous. Corolla bell-shaped, dull purple : berry black on the enlarged and open calyx. 6. ATROPA. Corolla funnel-form : fruit a dry pod 7. PETUNIA. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, not prismatic, urn-shaped, nor inflated, Covering the pod : annuals or cultivated as annuals ; corolla funnel-form or salver-form. Tube of the corolla filiform : stigma kidney-shaped. 8. NIEREMBERGIA. Tube of the corolla not filiform : stigma capitate. 9. NICOTIANA. Under or only partly covering the berry : shrubby plants. Corolla short-funnel-form, 5-cleft : stamens exserted. 10. LYCIUM. Corolla tubular or narrow-funnel-form : stamens included. 11. CESTRUM. 1. Solatium Dulcamara, BITTERSWEET, with ovate-cordate leaves, some of them lobed at base, and purple-blue flowers : described in Man. p. 339. S. tuberosum, POTATO. Cult, from the tubers ; leaves pubescent, pin- nate, with several ovate leaflets and some minute ones intermixed; flowers blue or white ; berries round and green. S. Melonge'na, EGG-PLANT. Annual, with ovate downy leaves, prickly stems, violet-blue flowers, and an oblong fruit, violet-colored or white, 2' to 6' long, eatable when cooked. S. Pseudo-Capsicum., JERUSALEM CHERRY. Low, tree-like shrub, Ixxii GARDEN BOTANY. with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves, and small white flowers ; cult, in houses for the bright red berries, resembling cherries, ornamental in winter. 2. Lycopersicum esculentum, TOMATO. A hairy., rank-scented annual ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, their larger leaflets incised or pinnatifid ; flowers yellowish ; berry red, by cultivation large, esculent. 3. Capsicum annuum, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. A smooth annual, with ovate entire leaves, small white flowers with a truncate calvx, and a dry berry (for which the plant is cultivated) either globose or oblong, sometimes very large, red or green, most pungent and acrid. 4. Physalis Alkekengi, called STRAWBERRY TOMATO, is a cultivated perennial GROUND CHERRY : stem not much branched; leaves deltoid-ovate, tapering into a long petiole ; corolla yellowish ; fruiting calyx turning red. 5. Datura. Besides the common STRAMONIUM, Man. p. 341, which has erect fruit, the following more showy ones are cult, for ornament. D. Metel. Clammy-pubescent; corolla white, limb 10-toothed, 4' broad, fruit nodding. D. meteloides. Pale, almost glabrous ; corolla white or purplish, limb 5-toothed, 5' or 6' broad ; fruit nodding. Recently introduced from New Mexico ; very handsome. D. arborea is a greenhouse shrub or tree, with hanging white flowers 6' or 7' long. 6. A'tropa Belladonna, DEADLY NIGHTSHADE, of Europe, a smoothish perennial, with ovate entire leaves, one-flowered nodding peduncles ; berry poisonous. 7. Petunia nyctaginiflora, the original PETUNIA of the gardens, with clammy leaves and flowers ; the tube of the white corolla narrow and 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx. This is much crossed with P. violacea, now more common, with weaker stems and a violet or pur- ple corolla, its shorter and broader ventricose tube hardly twice the length of the calyx. 8. Nierembergia gracilis. A low, slender, pubescent annual, with nar- row spatulate-linear leaves, and white corollas streaked with purple, violet in the throat, the almost thread-shaped tube 1' long. N. fllicaulis is similar, but diffuse and spreading, glabrous; tube of corolla shorter, limb broader, 1^' wide, lilac or white, with violet streaks and yellow in the throat. 9. Nicotiana Tabacum, COMMON TOBACCO. Clammy-pubescent, 4° to 6° high; leaves lance-ovate, the lower 1° or 2° long, the upper lanceolate, pointed, sessile, decurrent; flowers paniculate; corolla funnel-form, 2' long, greenish, with the limb rose-colored. Cultivated in fields as far north as hit. 42° or 43°. 10. Lycium Barbarum, MATRIMONY-VINE. A smooth shrub with long and lithe branches, trained against walls and buildings ; leaves small, oblan- ceolate or spatulate; peduncles slender; corolla greenish and purple, bearded in the throat. 11. Oestrum nocturnum. A shrub of house-culture, with ovate-oblong smooth leaves, and axillary clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night. GARDEN BOTANY. Ixxiii ORDER APOCYNACE.aS. DOGBANE FAMILY. Manual, p. 349. — To the synopsis there given add the following exotics : — Corolla salver-form or the tube more or less funnel-form, Hose-colored, crowned with appendages in the throat 1. NERIUM. Blue, or sometimes pink or white, naked at the throat 2. YINOA. 1. Nerium Oleander, OLEANDER. Shrub, of common house culture, with smooth and coriaceous lanceolate leaves, often in whorls, and clusters of large and showy rose-colored flowers, single or double. 2. Vinca minor, COMMON PERIWINKLE. Stems prostrate, rooting more or less, only tlie short flowering ones erect ; leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong, shining above ; flowers blue, in spring, also a white variety. V. major, GREAT PERIWINKLE, is rarer and not quite hardy, with larger and round-ovate leaves (often variegated with white), larger flowers, and sterile stems not so prostrate. V. herfoacea is hardy ; stems reclining ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, not evergreen ; lobes of the blue corolla oblong. V. rosea is a tender low shrub, with oblong leaves, the showy corolla pink-purple, or white with a pink eye. ORDER ASCLEPIADACEJE. MILKWEED FAMILY. Manual, p. 350. — No common hardy plants, excepting some of our wild spe- cies, are found in the gardens. In house-culture the only common ones are, — 1. Hoya carnosa, WAX-PLANT ; a climbing plant, with opposite and oval smooth leaves of very thick and firm texture, and an umbel of wheel- shaped flowers, which look as if made of wax. 2. Stapelia. Two or three species, looking like Cactuses, having fleshy and lumpy stems and no leaves ; flowers solitary, large, wheel-shaped, lurid, of strange appearance and disgusting odor. ORDER JASMIK"ACE-ffiJ. JESSAMINE FAMILY. Shrubs, often twiners, with compound leaves and fragrant flowers ; corolla salver-form, convolute in the bud, usually 5-lobed ; the stamens only 2 ; ovary 2-celled, a single erect ovule in each cell. One or two Jessamines are common house-plants. 1. Jasminum odoratissimum, YELLOW SWEET JESSAMINE. Leaves alternate, with 3 or 5 leaflets ; corolla yellow, an inch long. J. officinale, WHITE JESSAMINE. Leaves opposite, with 7 leaflets; corolla white ; teeth of the calyx slender. ORDER OLEACE^l. OLIVE FAMILY. Manual, p. 356. — This order furnishes some familiar flowering shrubs. Corolla with a tube longer than its lobes and longer than the calyx, Salver-form, the tube elongated : pod flattened 1. SYRINGA. Funnel-form, small : fruit a berry. . . . Man. p. 366. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petaled : leaves simple. Leaves Earlier than the flowers : petals long-linear, white. . . CHIONANTHUS. GAKDEN BOTANY. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous : lobes of white corolla narrow. . 2. OLEA. Leaves later than the showy yellow flowers, which appear in early spring, along the last year's shoots : seeds numerous ! . . 3. FORSYTHIA. Corolla of 2 or 4 greenish petals or none : flowers polygamous or dioecious : leaves pinnate 4. FRAXINUS. 1. Syringa, LILAC. Hardy shrubs, everywhere familiar, with large and dense panicles of fragrant flowers, in spring. S. vulgaris, COMMON LILAC. Leaves ovate or cordate ; flowers in dense panicles, lilac, and a white variety. S. Persica, PERSIAN LILAC. Leaves lanceolate-oblong ; branches slen- der; panicles loose; flowers of various shades of lilac, also a white variety. 2. Olea fragrans is a greenhouse shrub, with green and glabrous oblong leaves, and small panicles of small white flowers, very sweet-scented. 3. Forsythia Viridissima, a Chinese shrub, recently introduced, perfectly hardy, much prized for its handsome bright-yellow flowers on the naked long shoots in early spring ; the leaves oblong and lanceolate, shining green. 4. Fraxinus, ASH. Besides our own species, Man. p 357, two European ones are planted, viz. : — P. excelsior, ENGLISH ASH. Leaflets 9 to 13, bright green, lanceolate- oblong, almost sessile, serrate ; petals none ; key broadly linear. P. Ornus, FLOWERING ASH. Leaflets 7 or 9, lanceolate ; petals 4. Not ORDER NYCTAGINACE-33. FOUR-O'-CLOCK FAMILY. Manual, p. 360. — Two genera are in the gardens, one of them very common. Flower solitary, apparently with a green cup-shaped calyx and a mono- petalous corolla ; but the calyx is really an involucre, which in other cases surrounds several flowers, and the apparent corolla is a colored calyx. Stamens 5 1. MIRABILIS Flowers capitate, with an involucre of small bracts : calyx colored like a corolla, salver-form, plaited. Stamens 5 2. ABRONIA. 1. Mirabilis, MARVEL OF PERU, or FOUR-O'-CLOCK. Huge-rooted peren- nials, with opposite ovate or cordate leaves, and large showy flowers, opening towards evening. M. Jalapa, COMMON M. Flower tubular-bell-shaped, red, white, yel- low, &c., also variegated. M. longiflora, LONG-FLOWERED M. Flower with a very long and nar- row tube, white or pinkish, fragrant. 2. Abronia umbellata, from California. Prostrate ; leaves oblong; flow- ers rose-purple, handsome. ORDER CHENOPODIACEJ93. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Manual, p. 361. — Two exotic esculents and one ornamental plant, viz. : — I. Beta vulgaris, GARDEN BEET. Flowers perfect, nearly as in Cheno- podium, but the fruit hardened or corky in the dry calyx ; leaves ovate-oblong wavy, smooth, often purplish ; root fleshy, biennial. • GARDEN BOTANY. 2. Spinacia Oleracea, SPINACH. Flowers dioecious ; calyx greenish, 4 — 5-parted in the sterile, ventricose-tubular and 2-3-toothed in the fertile flowers ; styles 4, long and slender : achenium enclosed in the globular cap- sule-like calyx, which is often 2 -4-horned on the back ; root annual ; leaves sagittate or hastate and lanceolate, petioled : the best of potherbs. 3. Boussingaultia baselloides grows from tubers like potatoes ; these send up twining stems, climbing high, bearing smooth and succulent cordate- ovate leaves, and in autumn bear long racemes or spikes of small, white, sweet-scented flowers ; sepals and stamens usually 6 ; style 1 : stigmas 3, thick. ORDER AMARAWTACEJE. AMARANTH FAMILY. Manual, p. 367. — A few are cultivated ; their dry and scarious bracts, being brightly colored and persistent, render these plants lastingly ornamental, al- though the flowers themselves arc insignificant. Utricle (little pod) many-seeded, opening transversely by a lid. . 1. CELOSTA. Utricle one-seeded, opening transversely by a lid : anthers 2-celled. 2. AMARANTUS. Utricle one-seeded : anthers 1-celled : flowers in heads. ... 3. GOMPHRENA. 1. Celosia cristata, COCKSCOMB. Annual; with coarse herbage and dense crimson spikes, which are flattened, in the choicer sorts much dilated, wavy and crested, resembling cocks' combs. 2. Amarantus hypochondriacus and A. paniculatus, Man. p. 368, are the coarser sorts of PRINCE'S FEATHER in gardens. A. caudatus, LONG-TAILED A. or PRINCE'S FEATHER. Annual, 3° or 4° high ; leaves ovate or lance-oblong, often purplish ; flowers in a panicle of many slender drooping spikes, the terminal one very long, deep crimson ; bracts short. A. melancholicus, LOVE-LIES BLEEDING. Cult, for the purple or blood-red (oblong-ovate) leaves, the flower-clusters inconspicuous, being in the axils and much shorter than the petioles. Var. tricolor; leaves green or purplish, marked with red. 3. Gomphrena globosa, GLOBE AMARANTH. Low branching annual, pubescent, with oblong entire leaves, hardly petioled, and round heads of flowers, very compact, with firm unfading bracts, crimson, rosy, or white. ORDER POLYGOWACE^J. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Manual, p. 371. — BUCKWHEAT, cult, for its grain, Polygonum orientate (also called PRINCE'S FEATHER), for ornament, described in Man. p. 372, 375, and 1. Rheum Rhaponticum, GARDEN RHUBARB or PIE-PLANT. Flowers panicled, with 6 white sepals and 9 stamens ; leaves round-cordate or kidney- shaped, mostly radical, very large, the fleshy acid petioles cooked in spring. ORDER THYMELACEJE. MEZEREUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 380. — Cultivated for ornament are two species of the genus 1. Daphne. Calyx salver-form or somewhat funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the sta- mens 8, included ; almost no filaments : berries red. D. Mezereum, MEZEREUM. A hardy shrub, 1° to 3° high, with bright rose-colored flowers, in fascicles along the shoots of the previous year, in earliest spring, the lanceolate leaves coming later. GARDEN BOTANY. D. Odora, SWEET DAPHNE. A house shrub, with evergreen smooth oblong leaves, and a terminal cluster of sessile purple or whitish flowers, in winter, very fragrant. ORDER EUPHOBBIACE-E. SPURGE FAMILY. Manual, p. 385. — The following exotics of this order are to be noticed : — 1. Euphorbia, SPURGE. Man. p. 385. Three showy shrubs of this genus are winter ornaments of most conservatories. E. jacquiniflora. Smooth, with slender recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves ; peduncles shorter than the petioles, few-flowered ; what appears like a 5-elcft corolla are the bright red lobes of the cup or involucre containing stamens and a pistil. E. splendens, of the Mauritius, with thick and horridly prickly stems, oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a cyme of several deep-red apparently 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals are bracts around a cup which "encloses stamens and pistil. E. pulcherrima, or POINSETTIA, of Mexico. A wide-branched shrub, with ovate or lanceolate-oblong angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, those next the flowers (which are in globular green involucres, bearing one great gland at the top on one side) mostly entire and of the brightest vermilion-red. 2. Ricinus communis, PALMA-CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. Cult. as an annual for its magnificent foliage, also for the seeds, from which castor- oil is expressed ; a stately plant, with large palmately 5 — 7-lobed and glandu- lar serrate leaves, and greenish inonoacious flowers in a terminal panicle ; the staminatc ones below and polyandrous ; the pistillate above, ovary bearing 3 plumose 2-partcd stigmas, and becoming a prickly-pointed 3-lobed pod. 3. BUXUS Sempervirens, Box. Cult, as a shrub, usually dwarf, and for borders ; leaves evergreen, oval or obovate, with small and yellowish mo- noecious flowers in their axils. ORDER URTICACEJE. NETTLE FAMILY. Manual, p. 394. — A few species are to be added, mostly trees. Trees, -without milky or colored juice : flowers not capitate. Flowers polygamous : fruit a berry-like drupe. Man. p. 894. CELTIS. Flowers often perfect : fruit winged (a samara). Man. p. 894. 1. DLMUS. Trees, with milky or yellowish juice, monoecious or dioecious. Both kinds of flowers iu spikes or catkins, usually monoecious, the pistillate catkin becoming berry-like in fruit. . . 2. MORU3. Staminate flowers in spikes : pistillate iu close round heads which become fleshy : dioecious 3. BROUSSONET1A. Staminate flowers in racemes : pistillate in a large round head, yellow and fleshy in fruit : dioecious 4. MACLURA Both kinds lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle (like a rose-hip), which becomes pulpy in fruit : stipules coavolute, caducous 6. FICUS. Herbs, without milky juice, Erect, annual : leaves palmately compound. Man. p. 400. CANNABIS Twining : leaves palmately lobed. . . . Man. p. 400. 1IUMULUS. GARDEN BOTANY. 1. Ulmus montana, WYCH or SCOTCH ELM. Resembles onr Slippery Elm, but the buds not rusty-downy ; flowers short-pedicelled, and fruits more leaf-like : occasionally planted. U. campestris, ENGLISH ELM. A large tree with the branches spread- ing at right angles from the trunk ; leaves small and smoothish ; fruit obovate, not eiliate, with a deep notch at the apex reaching nearly to the cell : occa- sionally planted as a shade-tree. 2. Mprus nigra, BLACK MULBERRY, from W. Asia, to be added to those described in Man. p. 397. Leaves heart-shaped, with shallow lobes or none, rough ; fruit oblong, red or black, edible. 3. Bl'OUSSOnetia papyrifera, PAPER MULBERRY. A shade-tree, from Japan, &c., spreading by suckers, with a tough bark ; leaves rough above, downy beneath, serrate, some of them ovale or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-elcft or variously lobed : flowering in spring. 4. Madura aurantiaca, OSAGE ORANGE, BOW-WOOD (Bois d'arc). A low bushv tree, from Arkansas, £c., multiplying rapidly by the root, used for hedges; branches slender, armed with slender spines; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire, smooth and shining above, roughish beneath ; fruit (consisting of the ooalescent pistillate flowers) when ripe of the size, shape, and color of an orange. Tough wood, used for bows. 6. Ficus Carica, FIG-TREE. Cult, as a shrub or small tree, a house-plant at the North, with stout branches full of acrid milky juice; leaves large, 3-5- lobed, cordate at the base, rough above, pubescent beneath ; figs pear-shaped, produced singly in the axils of the leaves, seemingly without any flower, the flowers being minute and inside, lining the walls of the fig, which is a hollow flower-stalk, becoming pulpy, sweet, and luscious. F. elastica, the INDIA-RUBBER-TREE of East Indies (not that of South America, which belongs to the Spurge Family) ; a handsome tree, of house culture, full of milky juice (India-rubber or caoutchouc); with large, coria- ceous, entire, elliptical or oblong, verv smooth, bright green and shining leaves having straight transverse veins ; figs small and sessile in the axils, not eatable, seldom produced in cultivation. ORDER JUGLANDACE.33. WALNUT FAMILY. Manual, p. 401. — To the wild species already described, add 1. Juglans regia, the true WALNUT, called ENGLISH WALNUT, because we received it from the mother country, but it is a native of Asia; a fine tree in the Middle States ; leaflets oval, aeutish, entire, smooth or nearly so ; fruit round-oval, smoothish ; the nut with a nearly smooth surface, thin-shelled ; seldom ripening well in this country, usually imported. ORDER CUPULIFE 11-33. OAK FAMILY. Manual, p. 403. — Several species are beginning to be introduced in orna- mental planting ; but only two are at all common, viz. : — 1. Quercus Robur, ENGLISH OAK. Belongs to the same section with our White Oak ; but leaves smaller than in that species, not glaucous beneath, sinuate-lobed but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over an inch long, — one or a few in a cluster nearly sessile in the axils in var. SESSILIFLORA, — raised on a slender peduncle in var. PEDUNCULATA. Ixxviii GARDEN BOTANY. 2. FagUS sylvatica, ECTROPEAN BEECH, with shorter and less toothed leaves than ours, — a variety with copper or bronze-colored leaves is planted. 3. Corylus Avellana, EUROPEAN HAZEL-NCT or FILBERT. Shrub 6° to 10° high ; leaves roundish-obovatc, slightly heart shaped ; involucre smooth- ish, not much lacerate, not longer than the oval nut, which is larger than in ours. ORDER SALICACE-S3. WILLOW FAMILY. Manual, p. 413, where the cult. Willows are sufficiently described, except 1. Salix Babylonica, WEEPING-WILLOW ; a fine ornamental tree with slender hanging branches, and linear-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves; catkins terminating short leafy branches of the season. Var. annularis, KING- LEAVED or HOOP WILLOW, is a singular variety, with the leaves curled into a ring. 2. Populus, POPLAR, — BALM OF-GILEAD or BALSAM POPLAR, Man. p. 419, is common as a planted tree, but rarely seen indigenous. P. dilatata, LOMBARDY POPLAR ; formerly much planted in avenues, a tall still' and slender tree with strictly erect branches ; leaves small, deltoid. acuminate, smooth both sides. Supposed to be a remarkable variety of P. niyra, the Black Poplar of Europe and Asia. P. alba, WHITE POPLAR or ABELE. Tree with spreading branches, and roundish heart-shaped leaves green above but white-tomentose beneath. The contrast in hue makes the tree handsome in plantations ; but it becomes a nuisance by spreading widely from the root. ORDER CONIFER-Si. PINE FAMILY. Manual, p. 420. — The exotic Coniferous trees of the choicer kinds recently introduced into ornamental planting are numerous, and arc mostly from Califor- nia, Japan, and the Himalaya Mountains. But only the following are now at all common. The indigenous kinds are all included in the following key, which is so simple that any one can at once make out the genus of any common Coniferous tree by the most obvious marks. Leaves all deciduous in the autumn, and Dilated, fan -shaped or wedge-shaped, lobed or incised at the end, petioled. 9. SALISBURIA. Linear and 2-ranked, except on flowering shoots. Man. p. 424. 6. TAXODIUM. Needle-shaped, many in a cluster, but scattered on shoots of the season. 3. LARIX. Leaves persistent, evergreen, Many in a cluster, as in Larix, but evergreen and rigid. . . .10. CEDIIUS. Two to five in a cluster (no scattered ones), long and needle-shaped. 1. PIN US. Not in cluster?, linear or needle-shaped, spreading, none scale-like. Bearing cones, and with two winged seeds under each scale. . 2. ABIES. Bearing a nut-like seed in a berry-like cup 8. TAXUS. Bearing a berry like and few-seeded fruit, without a cup. . . 7. JUNIPERUS Not in clusters, a large part of them small and scale-like, imbricated and adherent to the branch, those on other shoots subulate. Fruit berry-like, the scales fleshy and coalescent, few-seeded. Man. p.425. 7. JUNIPERUS. Fruit a dry cone of few scales. Scales overlapping, fixed by their base, 2-seeded. ... 4 THUJA. Scales not overlapping, peltate, several-seeded. ... 5. CUPRESSUS GARDEN BOTANY. 1. Pinus, PINE. Man. p. 421. The commoner exotic species are, — P. sylvestris, SCOTCH PINE, wrongly called Scotch Fir, the common Pine of N. Europe ; with leaves in twos, bluish, seldom over 2' long, a reddish bark on the trunk, and small cones, the scales armed with a short deciduous point. P. Laricio, especially the var. Austriaca, AUSTRIAN PINE, has dark green leaves like those of our P. riyida, but in twos, 3' to 5' long, and ovate- conical cones 2' or 3' long. P. Cembra, CEMBRAN PINE, of the Alps, &c., is a handsome small tree, with the leaves in fives and much crowded on the branches ; the cones ovate, erect, their scales not thickened on the back. P. excelsa, HIMALAYAN WHITE PINE, resembles our White Pine, but has longer and whiter drooping leaves, and the cones (never produced here) much longer. 2. Abies, SPRUCE, FIR. Man. p. 422. One European Fir is occasionally, and a Spruce very commonly planted. A. pectinata, SILVER FIR. A handsome tree, not perfectly hardy in the Northern States, resembling our Balsam Fir, but with leaves longer and more decidedly two-ranked on the side branches, greener above ; cones 6' to 8' long, with slender exserted points to the bracts. A. excelsa, NORWAY SPRUCE. A fine, hardy tree, with compressed- 4-angled needle-shaped leaves, like those of our Black Spruce, but longer, the growth more vigorous, and the cylindrical cones hanging at the end of the branches 4' to 6' long. 3. Larix Europsea, EUROPEAN LARCH, is the species commonly planted, a finer tree and of more rapid growth than the American, its leaves longer, and its cones larger, Itp long. 4. Thuja orientalis, ORIENTAL ARBOR- VIT^, is less hardy than ours ; leaves furrowed down the middle ; cones roundish, the seeds crustaceous and wingless, wherefore it has been separated as a genus, Biota. 5. CupressilS sempervirens, ORIENTAL or TRUE CYPRESS. Not hardy at the North, in growth like our Red Cedar ; branchlcts 4-sided, slen- der ; cone globose, 1' in diameter, resembling that of Taxodium. 6. 7. See the Manual, pp. 424, 425, for the species of these two genera. 8. Taxus baccata, EUROPEAN YEW. Like our Yew botanically, except that it becomes an erect tree : rarely grows well in this country. T. Hibernica, IRISH YEW, is a marked variety, with branches stiffly erect, and the leaves equally spreading all round the branchlet instead of two-ranked. 9. Salisburia adiantifolia, GINKGO-TREE, of Japan, though hardy, rarely flowers and does not fruit here. It is of the Yew Family, but of most remarkable foliage, the leaves being wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, on a slender petiole, with parallel simply forked veins in the manner of a Fern, the end or mai-gin erosely toothed or cleft. 10. Cedrus, CEDAR, i. e. True Cedar (what are popularly called Cedars in this country are Junipers, Cypresses, Arbor-Vita?, &c.) is botanically between Larch and" Pine, but nearer the former, from which it mainly differs in the leaves being evergreen, therefore more rigid, and pungent, and the cones large, short, and thick, with broad and thin scales, closely packed. The type is the 1XXX GARDEN BOTANY. C. Iiibani, CEDAR OF LEBANON, with dark green foliage, horizontal side-branches, and terminal shoot, erect. Not hardy northward. C. Deodara, DEODAR, of the Himalayas, is a nearly related species or marked variety, with pale glaucous foliage, lighter spray, and drooping lead- ing shoots, unfortunately little if any more hardy here. ORDER CYCADACE^!. CTCAS FAMILY. 1. Cycas revoluta, a plant with the aspect of a Palm, and wrongly called Sar/o Palm, represents this singular order in our conservatories, but endures the winter on the coast of the Southern States. The pistillate plant only is met with : the large obovate ovules are naked on the margins of reduced pinnate leaves, where- they take the place of leaflets, and grow into red drupe-like seeds as large as hickory-nuts or larger. ORDER ARACEJE. ARUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 426. — The familiar cultivated representative of the order is, — 1. Richardia Africana, called EGYPTIAN or ^ETHIOPIAN CALLA, but a native of Cape of Good Hope, largely cultivated for its ample sagittate green leaves and showy white one-leaved spathe, both on long radical stalks, the latter convolute at its base around the cylindrical spadix, which is thickly covered below with minute pistils, above with yellow anthers. 2. Colocasia antiquorum is a kind of huge Arum, raised in greenhouses, or planted out in moist places in summer, for its immense sagittate-ovate and peltate leaves, sometimes variegated in color. The flowers are uncommon and insignificant; the spadix enclosed in a greenish spathe, pistillate at the base, neutral for a small distance, then staminate, and the summit slender and naked. ORDER CANNACE-S3. CANNA or ARROWROOT FAMILY. Known by its irregular flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, and only one good stamen (free from the style), its anther one-celled. Tropical plants ; two are cultivated for ornament. 1. Canna Indica, INDIAN SHOT (so called from the round hard seeds) : tuberous-rooted, planted out in summer; the stems sheathed with the bases of the large oblong pointed leaves, the nerves of which spring from the mid- rib ; flowers red, or yellow towards the base ; pod rough or warty, several- seeded. 2. Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a magnificent leaf-plant in con- servatories ; the oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long being purple underneath, the upper surface satiny and deep green with alternating pale stripes. ORDER AMARYLLIDACE.2E. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Manual, p. 455. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants. A cup or crown on the throat of the perianth ; its Divisions short and broad : stamens included in the cup. . . 1. NARCISSUS. Divisions long and slender : stamens exserted from the edge of the cup. 2. PANCRATIUM. GARDEN BOTANY. No cup or crown within or on the perianth. Anthers erect, not versatile or swinging free on the filament. Stems leafy, branching, leaves twisted : flowers irregular. . 3. ALSTRQ3MERIA. Stems naked, simple, scape-like, From a tuber : flowers numerous in a spike, fragrant. . . 4. POLIANTHES. From a coated bulb : spathe 1-leaved, 1 - few-flowered. The three petals notched and shorter : anthers long-pointed. 6. QALANTHUS. The three petals and three sepals alike : anthers blunt. 6. LEUCOIUM. Anthers versatile, fixed by their middle and swinging free on the long filament. Leaves herbaceous and 1 - few-flowered scape from a coated bulb. 7. AMARYLLIS. Leaves thick and fleshy, with hard rind : no bulb : flowers pani- cled or racemose, greenish 8. AGAVE. 1. Narcissus, NARCISSUS. Fine ornamental plants, flowering in spring, or as house-plants in winter, from coated bulbs. All but the Daffodil have a slender tube and a short crown or cup to the sweet-scented flower. IT. poeticus, POET'S N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered; crown of the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellow- ish throat : in double-flowered varieties the crown disappears. N. biflorus, TWO-FLOWERED N., or PRIMROSE PEERLESS of the old gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the form of a short yellow cup. N. polyanthos is the parent of the choicer sorts of POLYANTHUS N. ; flowers numerous, white, the cup also white. !N". Tazetta, POLYANTHUS N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and nearly flat, glaucous ; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes white, with the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one half the length of the divisions. N. Jonquilla, JONQUIL. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ; flowers 2 to 5, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant. N. Pseudo-Narcissus, DAFFODIL. Leaves flat, and 1 -flowered scape short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell- shaped cup. having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than the divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens. 2. Pancratium rotatum, Man. p. 456, the bulbs brought from the South, with very handsome flowers, is sometimes cultivated, and more rarely some exotic species. 3. Alstrcemeria. Lily-like plants from South America, with leafy stems often disposed to climb, twisted leaves, tuberous roots, and large, rather irregu- lar, usually party-colored or spotted flowers, cultivated in conservatories. The commonest arc, — A. Pelegrina. Flowers few or solitary at the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink and spotted with purple, with some yellow towards the base of the inner divisions. BA. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulato divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted. 4. Polianthes tuberosa, TUBEROSE. A choice house-plant, with linear leaves and a many-flowered scarTe, rising from a bulbous tuber ; the flowers spiked, funnel-form, white, very sweet-scented. 6. Galanthus nivalis, SNOWDROP, the earliest harbinger of spring ; its bulb sending up a pair of linear leaves and a scape, bearing usually only one Ixxxli GARDEN BOTANY. nodding white flower, the 3 proper petals shorter than the sepals, obcordate and tipped with green : sometimes double-flowered. 6. Leucoium vernum, SPRING SNOWFLAKE. Like the Snowdrop on a larger scale, but the six pieces of the perianth all alike, ovate and entire, white, with a green spot outside near the apex ; anthers blunt. L. sestrvum, SUMMER SNOWFLAKE, is commoner than the last in gar- dens, taller (the 2-edged scape and leaves 1° or 2° high) ; flowers several and smaller, in June. 7. Amaryllis, AMARYLLIS. Man. p 455. Plants with strap-shaped leaves and a simple scape from a coated bulb ; flowers one or more, generally red or pink, large and showy, lily-like, regular or considerably irregular. Many hy- brids are cultivated. A. Belladonna. Flowers several in an umbel, 4' long, between funnel- form and bell-shaped, with hardly any tube, rose-colored, almost regular ; sta- mens arid style declined ; leaves "appearing after the flowering season. A. ReginSB, with 2-4 equally large deep-red flowers ; leaves two-ranked. A. formosissima, JACOBJEA LILY, or ST. JAMES'S CROSS. Scape bearing one large rich crimson-red flower, which is declined, with hardly any tube, and as it were 2-lipped, three of its divisions upwardly recurved-spread- ing, the other 3 turned down, their lower portion involute around the base of the deflexed stamens and style. 8. Agave. Man. p. 456. To this belongs that very striking plant of con- servatories, the Mexican A. Americana, CENTURY-PLANT, AMERICAN ALOE, with very thick and large spiny-pointed and spinulose-margined leaves in a close cluster at the root : it propagates freely by offsets from the root : when it blossoms (which it does in its native tropics in 7 or 8 years, but in the colder northern countries after so many years that it has obtained the name of Century-Plant) % it rapidly sends up a scape as thick as a man's leg, 15 to 30 feet high, bearing an immense panicle of yellowish-green flowers ; and the plant dies as the pods ripen their seeds. A variety has the leaves striped with yellowish or white. ORDER IRIDACEJE. IRIS FAMILY. Manual, p. 459. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants of the gar- dens. Filaments monadelphous in a long and slender tube sheathing the style: stigmas 3 each 2-parted, slender: perianth widely spread- ing, spotted, the 3 outer divisions very large, the 3 inner divis- ions small. 1- TIGRIDIA- Filaments distinct and separate : stigmas more or less dilated. Perianth irregular, more or less bilabiate : flowers in a 1-sided spike. 2. GLADIOLUS. Perianth with the divisions unlike, the 3 outer (or sepals) recurved, the 3 inner alternate with them (or petals) erect : stigmas petal- like, arching over the stamens 8. IRIS. Perianth regular and the 6 divisions alike or nearly so, Widely spreading, spotted, without any tube above the ovary : stem leafy, branching above. ...*.... 4. PARDANTITOS. Less spreading, broad, with a slender tube between them and the ovary, which is underground ; no proper stem : leaves all radical, not equitant 6. CROCUS. I GARDEN BOTANY. 1. Tigridia pavonia, TIGER-FLOWER, from Mexico : the scaly-coated hulb, planted out in summer, sends up a simple or branching stem 2° high, hearing hroadisli ensiform and plaited leaves, and 1 to 3 very showy large flowers (5' or 6' across) crimson-red with a yellow middle and violet-tinged centre, spotted with purple or crimson, opening in sunshine, hut only once and for a few houra. 2. Gladf olllS, GLADIOLUS or CORN-FLAG. Familiar garden plants, raised from solid hulhs or conns, sending up tall and simple leafy stems, terminating in a spike of flowers all turned to one side, very showy late in summer, the 6-cleft perianth more or less oblique, or as it were 2-lipped ; filaments slender. G. COmmunis is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather few rose- red (rarely white) flowers ; the filaments longer than the anthers. G. Byzantinus is larger in all its parts, with more flowers in the spike and more showy ; filaments shorter than the linear anthers. G. blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of the tender white or pale rose-colored varieties. G. psittacinus is a tall and robust species, its numerous large flowers with very broad divisions, yellow, mixed or bordered with scarlet. This is the parent of G. GANDAVENSIS, now so much cultivated, and from which so many fine varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red and yellow, orange, and, other colors. 3. Iris, IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Man. p. 459. The CRESTED DWARF IRIS, No. 4, is iu some gardens. 3t A bearded crest on the base of the three outer divisions of the perianth. I. pumila, DWARF IRIS. Stem very short ; the violet and purple flower close to the ground, with obovate divisions, hardly exceeding the short swordx"'^ shaped leaves, in early spring. I. Germanica, COMMON FLOWER-DE-LUCE of the gardens ; stems 2° high, several-flowered ; flowers scentless, very large, the outer reflexed divis- ions deep violet, the inner erect ones about as large, obovate, lighter-colored and bluer; anthers as long as the filament. I. sambucina, ELDER-SCENTED F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer- . leaved ; the flower not so large and later in the summer, the outer divisions less reflexed. violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, painted with deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale or dull blue ; anthers shorter than the filament. I. Florentina, FLORENCE or SWEET F. Less tall than the Common F., with broader leaves, and white or bluish faintly sweet-scented flowers. I. variegata, VARIEGATED F. Stem several-flowered ; divisions of the perianth oblong-obovate, the inner ones yellow, the outer white or whitish with dark-purple veins, and usually purple toward the extremity. * * No beard or crest to thejloiver. I. graminea, GRASS-LEAVED F. Leaves and 1 - 3-flowered stem slen dcr; flower small, with narrow divisions, violet-purple, with yellow stripes on the outer ones. I. Persica, PERSIAN IRIS. Dwarf, nearly stemless from a kind of bulb, from which the flower rises on a long tube, earlier than the leaves ; this is del- icately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divis- ions, the inner divisions very small and spreading. A choice house-plant. 4. Pardanthus Chinensis, BLACKBERRY LILT, — so called because the cluster of black berry-like seeds after the valves of the pod fall looks like a blackberry ; — a common plant in gardens, the foliage, &c. resembling an Ixxxiv GARDEN BOTANY. Iris ; perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, the divisions all alike, buff-yellow or orange, with darker spots. 5. Crocus vernus, SPRING CROCUS. Corm or solid bulb sending up its flower (yellow and of various other colors) in early spring, and soon after- wards producing the short leaves. To this belong all our common and hardy Crocuses of the gardens. C. sativus, FALL CROCUS, with violet purple and more fragrant flowers, in autumn, is hardly ever seen in this country. Its orange-red stigmas are saffron. ORDER DIOSCOREACEjE. YAM FAMILY. Manual, p. 460. — Recently introduced into cultivation as an esculent is 1. DioSCOrea Batatas, a glabrous species from China, with cordate-3-lobed or cordate-hastate leaves, and long and deep farinaceous roots ; proposed as a substitute for the potato ; of not much account. ORDER LILIACE-SI. LILY FAMILY. Manual, p. 465. — Furnishes some esculent and many well-known ornamental plants. Bulbous plants, the simple stem or scape rising from a bulb. Stem few-leaved toward the base, terminated by a large and showy erect flower, of bell-shaped form ; perianth 6-leaved : style none : stigma sessile : ovary 3-sided : bulb coated. . 1. TULIP A. Stem many-leaved : flowers large, 6-leaved : style elongated. A pearly nectariferous gland at the base of each piece of the perianth : a crown of green leaves above the whorl of nod- ding flowers : bulb coated 2. PBTILITJM. No conspicuous glands to the perianth : bulb scaly. . . 3. L1LIUM. Scape leafless, from a coated bulb : flowers not very large. Perianth divided to the base or 6-leaved. Flowers cory tubed ; style 3-sided. . . Man. p. 468. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe 4. ALLIUM. Perianth 6-toothed, globular or ovoid : flowers racemed. • 6. MUSCAKI. Perianth 6-cleft, short funnel-form : flowers racemed. . . 6. HYACINTHTJS. Not bulbous, but with rootstocks, tubers, or fibrous roots. Perianth tubular at the base : stamens more or less declined and curved : flowers large, and Blue, in a many-flowered umbel : leaves linear. ... 7. AGAPANTHUS. Blue or white, in a raceme : leaves ovate or heart-shaped. . 8. FUNKIA. Yellow or orange, few ; leaves linear, keeled 9. 1IEMEKOCALLIS. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed : flowers small, white, in a raceme. 10. CONVALLARIA. Perianth 6-parted or 6-leaved, greenish : flowers small, axillary : fruit a berry : stems (from matted rootstocks) much branched : leaves (which are strictly speaking leaf like branchlets) spring- ing from the axil of a small scale. Stem erect : leaves bristle-shaped or thread-like, fascicled. . 11. ASPARAGUS. Stem twining and climbing: leaves ovate, single. . . 12. MYRSIPHYLLUM Perianth 6-leaved, white, large, tulip-like: flowers in a large panicle terminating a woody stem : leaves persistent, rigid, spiny-pointed Man. p. 471. YUCCA. GARDEN BOTANY. IxXXV 1. Tulipa Gesneriana COMMON TULIP. Leaves oblong, glaucous; flower of various colors, its divisions broad and very obtuse ; in spring. T. suaveolens, SWEET TULIP. Low, the short scape somewhat pu- bescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; flower sweet-scented, its divisions acutish, scarlet bordered with yellow ; often double. T. sylvestris, a rarer species in gardens, has lanceolate leaves, a tall scape-like stem, the yellow flower nodding in the bud, its divisions lance-ovate and acute. 2. Petilium imperiale, CROWN IMPERIAL : a stately ornament of the gardens in spring, with a circle of showy reddish-orange or yellow flowers hang- ing under the tuft of leaves which crowns the summit of the stem. 3. Lilium, LILY. Man. p. 470. Our splendid wild species, no. 1 and 4, are sometimes cultivated. L. candidum, COMMON WHITE LILT. Tall, with scattered lanceolate leaves, and several hardly nodding white flowers, of bell-shaped form. L. Japonicum, JAPAN WHITE L. Flower only one, horizontal, twice the length of the common White Lily, and more funnel-shaped, often pur- plish outside towards the base ; leaves on the stem somewhat petioled. L. longiflorum, LONG-FLOWERED WHITE L. Like the last, but the stem short, and the flower 5' or 6' long. L. speciosum, another showy species from Japan, becoming common ; stem 2° or 3° high; leaves scattered, ovate or oblong, pointed; flowers few, nodding, the divisions revolute, white or rose-colored, marked inside with purple warty projections. L. tigri'num, TIGER BULBLET-BEARING L. Stem tall, woolly, bearing bulblets in the axils of the scattered lanceolate leaves, and at the summit a considerable number of large orange-red nodding flowers, the divisions re- curved, strongly dark-spotted inside. L. bulbiferum, COMMON BULBLET-BEARING L. Not so showy as the last, but more common in country gardens ; stem not woolly ; flowers erect, more bell-shaped, reddish-orange, with brownish spots inside and rough pro- jections towards the base. 4. Alliurn, ONION, GARLIC, LEEK, &c. Man. p. 469. A. Moly, GOLDEN GARLIC. Leaves flat, lanceolate ; scape a foot high, bearing an umbel of large yellow flowers ; ornamental. A. sativum, GARDEN GARLIC. Bulbs clustered ; leaves nearly flat, lance-linear ; flowers pale purple, or bulblets in their place. A. Porrum, GARDEN LEEK. Bulb single ; leaves linear-oblong, keeled or folded ; flowers violet-purple, crowded. A. Sclioenoprasum, CHIVES, with slender terete leaves and rose- colored flowers : see Man. p. 470. A. Cepa, ONION. Both leaves and scape terete and hollow, the latter usually inflated in the middle, bearing a large umbel of whitish flowers, or ia TOP ONION a set of bulbs in their place. 5. Muscari, GRAPE-HYACINTH. The flowers — which appear in early spring, in a raceme or spike on a low scape — in the common species resemble small blue berries. M. racemosum, which is the commonest, has flaccid leaves, and the deep-blue flowers ovoid, densely racemed. M. botryoides has stiffer leaves and almost globular blue flowers. IxXXVi GARDEN BOTANY. M. moschatum has dull purplish ovate-oblong flowers, musky-scented, of no beauty ; but a monstrous variety, later in the season, produces from the scape a large paniclod mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue branehlets, of a striking and handsome appearance. 6. Hyacinthus orientalis, HYACINTH, most familiar iii cultivation ; the fragrant flowers, originally blue, have sported into many colors, arc single, double, &c. 7. Agapanthus umbellatus. A showy house-plant, from the Cape of Good Hope ; the tall scape bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers, the six divisions as long as the tube and widely spreading. 8. Funkia. — The blue and white DAY LILIES, so called, are very different from Hemeroeallis, having long-petioled leaves, with an ovate or cordate blade and a midrib, from which most of the ribs or main nerves spring (the.-e con- nected by some netted veins) ; the flowers numerous in a raceme, nodding or drooping ; stamens on the receptacle ; seeds winged and flat. F. SUbCOrdata is the species with long, white, and tubular-funnel-fonu flowers. F. ovata, with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. 9. Hemeroeallis flava, YELLOW DAY-LILY. Less large than H.fnlva (described in Man. p 468) and not so common in country gardens ; flowers light yellow, the inner divisions acute. 10. Convallaria majalis, LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY. Described in Man. p. 467, because wild in the Allegheny Mountains ; but students ordinarily will meet with it only in gardens, where it everywhere abounds. 11. Asparagus officinalis, GARDEN ASPARAGUS, having run wild in a few places, is described in Man. p. 466. 12. Myrsiphylllim asparagoides is a rather common, small, climbing plant, of house arid conservatory culture, with slender angled brandies, and small flowers like those of Asparagus ; the leaves bright green, narrowly ovate, acute, often obscurely heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile, commonly curved, many-nerved, each proceeding from the axil of a little scale which represents the true leaf; the apparent leaves being (here and in Asparagus) of the nature of branehlets. ORDER MELANTHACE-SJJ. COLCHICUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 472. — The only cultivated exotic of this group to be noticed is 1. Colchicum autumnale, FALL COLCHICUM. Flower purple, some- times white or variegated, of 6 similar divisions on a long and slender tube which rises from the conn underground, like a Crocus, in autumn, without preen leaves, which appear the next spring. The free ovary, 3 separate styles, and 6 stamens, distinguish Colchicum from Crocus. ORDER COMMELYNACE.SI. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Manual, p. 485. — The common cultivated Spiderworts, &c. are natives of the United States, and are described in the Manual. GARDEN BOTANY. Ixxxvii ORDER GB, AMINES. GRASS FAMILY. Manual, p. 535. — The cultivated meadow Grasses are all described in the Manual. The following very simple key leads up to them, and also to the few ornamental Grasses, and the cereal grains, &c. Flowers of two very distinct sorts and sexes : the staminate in a terminal cluster of spike-like racemes ; the pistillate in 2 or 3 great axillary spikes covered with husks, from the lower part of the same stem. .... 1 Flowers of two kinds, one stamiuate, the other pistillate, on differ- ent plants, in a very large compound panicle, the pis- tillate flowers (only cultivated) beset with long white silky hairs Flowers in only one kind of inflorescence, viz. : In two or more one-sided spikes at the top of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered, densely crowded in the spike, Awn-pointed and very much flattened. . Man. p. 554. Awnless and blunt. Man. p. 554. Spikelets with only one perfect flower. Glumes nearly equal : a creeping perennial. Man. p. 554. Glumes very unequal, the lower minute : annual. Man p. 577. In many racemed or panicled spikes, awned or more or less pointed, . . Man. p. 580. Echinochloa, § of In a single terminal spike or contracted panicle looking like a spike Spikelets or flowers on all sides of the jointless axis or rhachis, in clusters on very short side-branches, so that it is not a simple spike : only one perfect flower to a spikelet. Awns rough, springing from the shout pedicels. Man. p. 581. Awns short, one terminating each glume. Man. p. 541. Awn low down on the back of the single palea. Man. p. 540. Awns none : glumes winged : an abortive flower each side of the base of the perfect one. . . Man. p. 574. Spikelets borne directly on the rhachis, at the joints, alter- nately on opposite sides, each spikelet Several-flowered, edgewise : only one glume. Man. p. 569. Several-flowered, flatwise, with a pair of glumes. . . i Two-flowered, only one spikelet at each joint of the rhachis, nearly as in the last, long-awned. .... Two - three-flowered, two or three spikelets on each joint of the rhachis, awned, . . Man p. 579. One perfect flower only to each spikelet, long-awned. . In a panicle. Spikelets strictly 1-flowered and with only two paleae, i. e. no empty paleae or rudiments of a second flower. Paleae indurated, much flattened laterally : stamens 6. Paleae indurated, rolled up in a cylinder : one long awn. 7. Palese thin and delicate, smaller than the glumes. Man. p. 543. Spikelets 1-flowered, and with a single palea or a pair of empty paleae between the perfect flower and the lower glume. Paleae of the perfect flower chartaceous or coriaceous. Man. p. 576. Paleac all delicate ; glumes coriaceous. . . . .8. Spikelets with a short rudiment, or abortive pedicel, at each side of the base of the chartaceous perfect flower. Man. p. 574. ZEA. 2. GYNERIUM. DACTYLOCTENIUM. ELEUSINE. CYNODON. DIGITARIA. PANICUM. SETARIA. PHLEUM. ALOPECURUS. PHALARIS. LOLIUM. TRITICUM. 4. SECALE. ELYMUS. HORDE UM. G. ORYZA. STIPA. AGROSTIS. PANICUM. SORGIIUM. PHALARIS. Ixxxviii GARDEN BOTANY. Spikelets 1 -flowered, with an awned palea on each side of the chartaceous perfect flower and larger than it. Man. p. 574. Spikelets with one perfect flower and a staminate flower on each side of it Man. p. 574. Spikelets with one (or rarely 2) perfect and one staminate flower. Lower flower perfect and awnless ; the upper staminate and awned on the back Man. p. 573. Lower flower imperfect (its pistil more or less abortive) and merely pointed, the next one awned on the back, the uppermost a rudiment. . . . Man. p. 573. Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers. One of the two or three large flowers awnless, the others bearing a twisted awn on the back. . . All the flowers alike, or an uppermost abortive one, and Awned from towards the base of the lower palea ; flowers in the spikelet only 2. ... Man. p. 571. Awned or bristle-pointed from just below the tip of the lower palea : flowers many in the spikelet. Man. p. 566. Awned or sharp-pointed from the tip of the lower palea, this Keeled or laterally compressed. . . Man. p. 557. Convex or rounded on the back. p Awnless and pointless. > Man. p. 565. Narrow, rounded on the back, few-nerved. ^ Ovate or heart-shaped, ventricose on the back, dry and papery when old without falling, obscurely nerved. 10. Rounded on the back, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, falling away when old, the axis breaking into joints. Man. p. 558. Keeled on the back, scarious-margined. Man. p. 561. ANTHOXANTHUM. niEROCHLOA. HOLCUS. ARRIIENATHERUM. 9. AVENA. AIRA. BROMUS. DACTYLIS. FESTUCA. BRIZA. GLYCERIA. POA. 1. Zea Mays, MAIZE, INDIAN CORN. Culm solid (not hollow as in most Grasses), terminated by the clustered racemes of staminate flowers (the /HS.SV-/), in 2-flowered. spikelets ; the pistillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike home on a short axillary branch, 2 flowers within each pair of glumes, but the lower one neutral, the upper pistillate, with an extremely long style, the silk. 2. Gynerium argenteum, PAMPAS GRASS. A reed-like grass, from S. America, planted out for ornament, with a large tuft of rigid linear and tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length, the flowering stem 6 to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle of (pistil- late) flowers. 3. Triticum, WHEAT. Produces the troublesome COUCH GRASS, described in Man. p. 569, and the most valuable cereal or bread plant, viz. T. VUlgare, COMMON WHEAT. Annual (Spring Wheat), or more com- monly by autumn-sowing raised as a sort of biennial (Winter Wheat) ; spike dense, somewhat four-sided; the spikelets imbricated, turgid, 4 - 5-flowered ; lower palea either awned or merely mucronate : many varieties. 4. Secale cereale, RYE. Similar to Wheat in structure, but taller and earlier, with bluish glaucous foliage, the spikelets decidedly two-ranked, only two-flowered, always long awned ; grain oblong, brown, hairy at the summit 6. Hordeum, BARLEY. Differs from Wheat and Rye in having three spikelets side by side on each joint of the rhachis (although the lateral ones are sometimes small and sterile), perfecting only one flower : annual. GARDEN BOTANY. H. VUlgare, COMMON BARLEY. All three spikelets producing a fer- tile awned dower and a subulate rudiment, the spike therefore six-rowed or four-rowed. H. distichum, TWO-ROWED BARLEY. Lateral spikelets at each joint sterile and avvuless, the middle one alone fertile and awned. 6. Oryza sativa, RICE. Annual, rough-leaved ; spikelets in an open pani- cle, one-flowered, very much flattened contrary to the short glumes and hard and rough palese, which are conduplicate ; the latter firmly enclosing the grain, the lower one awned or awnless. Cult, southward. 7. Stipa pennata, FEATHER GRASS, of Europe, is occasionally raised in gardens for ornament, the awn of the flower being several inches long and beautifully plumose, instead of naked, as in the wild species, Man. p. 549. 7. Sorghum VUlgare, SORGHO, DODRRA, GUINEA CORN, &c. Stem solid, tall; leaves broadly linear-lanceolate; flowers in an ample terminal panicle, short-awned or awnless. BROOM CORN is a variety of this species, with long branches to the large and open panicle, which is made into brooms. SUGAR SORGHUM is a form of the same with sweeter steins, a northern sub- stitute for Sugar-Cane. GUINEA CORN, or DOURRA, the original cereal grain of tropical Africa, has the panicle densely contracted and the grain larger. 9. Avena sativa, COMMON OAT. Annual, with a loose panicle of very large and drooping two-flowered spikelets ; paleae enclosing the grain, that of one flower with a long and twisted awn on the back, the other awnless. 10. Briza maxima, GREAT QUAKING-GRASS. Annual, resembles B. media of Man. p. 565, but the spikelets are larger, over half an inch long, and very turgid : occasionally cultivated in gardens for ornament. ADDENDA TO THE EOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, Page 5. i». Anemone Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3' to 6' high from a small tuber, hairy above, simple, one-flowered, bearing a 3-parted sessile involucre at or below the middle, its divisions wedge-shaped and 3-cleft ; root-leaves 3-parted or divided with the divisions incised, or again 3-cleft and incised ; sepals 11-20, linear-oblong, purplish ; head of fruit oblong. — N. and W. Illinois ( 0. Everett, J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb, E. Hall, T. J. Hale, &c.) and southward. May. P. 57. Lychnis vespertlna, Sibth. Resembles Silene noctiflora, p. 56, but has 5 styles, therefore belonging to Lychnis, and is usually dioecious ; a coarse, hairy biennial, more or less viscid, loosely branched above ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate; flowers opening in the evening; petals white or pinkish, 2-cleft, crowned ; fertile calyx ovoid in fruit, with long lance-linear teeth. — Waste places, &c. Elmira, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Wilmington, Del., E. Tatnall. (Adv. from Eu.) P. 73. 3*. GERANIUM COLUMB!NUM, L. Somewhat hairy, decumbent ; leaves 5-7- parted and the, divisions once or twice 3-cleft into linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels long and slender ; sepals awn-pointed, about as long as the entire or barely notched purple petals ; seeds strongly reticulated. — Lancaster, &c., Penn., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) P. 94. 6. Psoralea escillenta, Pursh. (POMME BLANCHE, or POMMK DE PRAIRIE.) Hirsute with rough hairs; stem 3' to 12' high from a farinaceous tuberous root ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong ; peduncles elongated ; spike short and dense ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, about equalling the blue corolla. — On the Wisconsin River (Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c.) and northwestward. June. P. 98. 4*. Astragalus alpillUS, L. Stem diffuse, 6' to 12' high; leaflets 13-25; corolla 5" or 6" long, violet-purple or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; teeth of the calyx nearly the length of the tube ; pods black- ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN STATES. XC1 hairy, narrowly oblong, with the dorsal suture decidedly introflexed and pro- jecting internally, raised on a stalk longer than the calyx ; otherwise much like A. Robbinsii. (Phaca astragalina, DC.) — Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, Rev. Mr. Blake ; a form with rather elongated racemes of smallish flowers. Coast of Maine, Dr. Scammon, &c. On the Aroostook and St. John's Rivers, Maine, G. L. Goodale, and northward. June, July. — In the former edition specimens of this were confused with A. Robbinsii, which has smaller white flowers, a broad and flatter pod, with very slight dorsal introflexion, and is nearer the European Phaca australis, L. (Eu.) Oxytropis Lamberti, Pursh. ? , the same as the plant growing near Quebec, was detected by Mr. G. L. Goodale on the St. John's River, in Maine, in 1861, in fruit only. I am still uncertain whether it belongs to 0. Lamberti, which approaches the borders of Wisconsin, or to O. Uralensis. The genus is distinguished from Astragalus by its mucronately pointed keel. P. 108. 2*. Cassia Obtlisifolia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slender, 6' long, curved ; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio River, Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. P. 116. 1». Oeuin nrbanum, L. Petals yellow; otherwise nearly as in G. album. — E. Fairfield, Ohio, S. B. McMillan. — I have seen only incomplete specimens ; the petals very small. P. 120. 3. FRAGARIA INDICA, L., or DUSCHESNEA FRAGARIOIDES, Smith, — which differs from the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, the calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and an insipid fruit, — grows in copses around Philadelphia, Mr. Charles E. Smith. (Adv. from Ind., &c.) P. 128. 3. A ill iim ii ilia Nlitt:tllii. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terres- trial, rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and closely sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the base ; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad tri- angular lobes, the appendages at the sinuses obsolete or wanting ; petals none ; style very short ; ovary 2-celled. (Peplis diandra, Nutt., but stamens usually 4. Hypobrichia Nuttallii, M. A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (T. J. Hah], Illinois (Buckley, Vasey, Hall, &c.), and southward. June -Aug. — When in water, stems l°-3° long, very leafy. P. 130. EPILOBIUM HiRstiTUM, L., a branching species, soft-villous all over, of our second division, only the flowers are large, the rose-purple petals ^' long, is established as a wild plant at New Bedford, Mass., T. A. Greene. (Adv from Eu.) XC11 ADDENDA TO THE P. 132. 10. (Enothcra serrulata, Nutt. Stoms low, slightly woody at the base, leaves lance-linear, oblanceolate, or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or toothed ; flowers axillary ; tube of the calyx funnel-form, shorter than the ovary, with 4 strong nerves which are continued as keels to the lobes ; petals yellow, obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer than the stamens ; anthers oblong ; stigma discoid, merely crenulate ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, Wisconsin (Lesquereux)^ and westward. 2. Jussiaea repens, L. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem creeping, or floating and rooting ; leaves oblong, tapering below into a slender petiole ; flow- ers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and slightly obcordate petals 5 ; pod cylindrical, with a tapering base. 1|. — In water, Illinois, Kentucky, and south- ward. P. 136. 2. Opuntia RliSSOlirieilSiS, DC. Prostrate, with narrow and obo- vate tuberculate joints, the axils bristly and all armed with 5 to 10 slender radi- ating prickles, some of them stronger ; flowers yellow ; berry prickly. — Bor- ders of Wisconsin and westward. P. 143. 9. Saxifraga Stcllaris, L. var. coniosa, Willd. Leaves wedge- shaped, more or less toothed ; scape a span high, bearing a small contracted panicle ; many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, the perfect flowers with a free reflexed calyx ; petals unequal, lanceolate, white, with two yellowish spots on the base, which is narrowed into a distinct claw. — Mount Katahdin, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. P. 156. To Discopleura capillacea add : — Var. ? COStata. Larger ; rays of the umbel and divisions of the involucre numerous ; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois, Vasey. Helosciadium nodinomin, Koch. A remarkable aquatic form of this European species, or perhaps an allied new species, was discovered in brooks on the Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Prof. Traill Green. For lack of mature fruit the determination is still uncertain. P. 169, after line 13 from bottom, add to the Synopsis : — 9. POLYPREMUM. Corolla (white) and single style very short. Pod ovoid, many-seeded, loculicidal. Leaves slightly connected at the base, very narrow. 10. GELSEMIUM. Corolla large, yellow, style long and slender : stigmas 2, each 2-parted. Pod flat, several-seeded. Seeds winged. Leaves ovate or lanceolate : stipules obsolete. See p. 296. P. 174. 9. POL.YPREUIU]JI, L. POLYPREMUM. Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious- margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat ; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short : anthers globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat- BOTANY OF THE XOUTIIE11X UNITED STATES. XCU1 tened, notched at the apox, loculicidally 2-vaIved, many-seeded. — A smooth, diffusely spreading and much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line ; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from TroXvirpep-vos, many-stemmed) 1. P. procunibens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June - Sept. P. 196. 30a. Aster ametliystiims, Nutt. Differs from A. oblongifolius in its more upright growth, more hirsute and cinereous pubescence (that of the stem widely spreading), which is not at all glandular or viscid, more racemose heads of smaller size, the scales of the involucre erect or less spreading, the rays of a light clear blue. — E. Massachusetts, Dr. Rolbins, W. Doott ; and meadows near Amherst, Prof. Tuckerman. Athens, Illinois, Mr. E. Hall. P. 200. 3. Boltonia diffusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance- linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; heads panicled, very small ; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies near Centralia, Illinois, Vasey. Common southwestward. P. 205. 27a. Solida£ro Radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, rigid ; rays 3-6 : otherwise much as in No. 27. — Dry hills, W. Illinois and southwestward. — Probably runs into S. ncmoralis. P. 227. 3*. Artemisia, dracimculoides, Pursh., a perennial species, com- mon west of the Mississippi, with leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft, cinereous or nearly glabrous, and small panicled heads, has been found in S. W. Illinois by Dr. Vasey. 7*. A. frigida, L., of the third section (p. 228), a low species, slightly woody at the base, white all over with a soft silky wool, the leaves pinnatcly parted, their divisions 3 - 5-cleft and linear, was found at the Falls of St. Anthony by L. Lesquereux and E. Hall, and is common thence northwestward. P. 231. 5. SeilCCiO palatStriS, Hook. Root biennial ; stem stout j°- 3° high, woolly when young, glabrous with age ; leaves laciniate or irregularly cut- toothed, the upper with a cordate-clasping base ; heads many in a corymb, with 20 or more short rays, the pappus becoming very long. — N. W. Wisconsin ( T. J. Hale) and northward. (Eu.) 6. S. lobfttUS, Pers. ( BUTTER-WEED.) Annual, glabrous, or loosely woolly at first; leaves rather fleshy, lyrate or pinnately divided ; the divisions crenate or cut-lobcd, variable ; heads many in a corymb, small ; rays about 12. — Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois, and southward. XC1V ADDENDA TO THE P. 237. jftncea, Don. Flowers nearly as in Nabalus (only 5 in the head), purple or rose-colored, the heads erect and solitary ; pappus copious, soft and whitish ; stems branched, rush-like, 1° high, striate, with few lanceolate or subulate rigid leaves. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, E. Hall ; and common northward. P. 250. Caillina VlllgaiiS, Salisb., the HEATHER of Europe, was recently discovered by Mr. Jackson Dawson well established in Tewksbury, Massachu- setts, in low grounds, whether indigenous or in some way introduced is still in question. P. 318. 3. LAMIUM ALBUM, L., a perennial species, with rather large white flowers, and petioled coarsely crenate leaves, is found in waste grounds around Boston by Mr, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.) P. 326. Hydro lea quadrivalviS, Walt. The genus differs from most Hydrophyllaccae in having the ovary and pod 2-celled or nearly so, by the pla- centae united in the axis, and the numerous seeds : the species is a pubescent perennial ; the stem ascending from a creeping base, with a slender spine in the axil of most of the broadly lanceolate leaves ; flowers axillary ; corolla blue. — In water or wet places, S. Illinois ( Vasey] and southward. P. 330. 2. Polemoililim coerulciim, L. Stem erect (l°-.3° high) ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers numerous, blue; stamens and style mostly exserted ; pod rather many-seeded. — Borders of a marsh 3 miles east of Charlottesville, Schoharie County, New York, Dr. E. C. Howe. July - Aug. Otherwise found in this country only high north, and in the Rocky Mountains and westward, but common in gardens. (Eu.) P. 352. 2a. Asclepias Meadii, n. sp. Torr. Very smooth, pale ; stem simple (1° high), bearing a single terminal umbel (on a peduncle 3' long); leans all opposite, sessile, oblong, the upper ovate-oblong or somewhat heart-shaped, ob- tuse, mucronate, the plane (not wavy] margins and the numerous Hither sknck-r pedicels downy when young; divisions of the greenish-white corolla oblong ovate (4" long), half the length of the pedicel ; hoods of the slightly stifn'tate crown fli-sliy below, rounded-truncate at the summit, longer than the thickish incurved /torn, fur- nished with a small sharp tooth at the inner margin on each side towards the summit. — Augusta, Illinois, Mead. — Leaves about 4 pairs, l^'-2£' long. Fruit not seen ; so that it is uncertain whether the species should stand next to A. Sullivantii or A. obtusifolia. P. 354. 1*. Acerates monocepliala, n. sp. Lapham in herb. Low (6' -12 BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCV high), rather stout, hirsute ; leaves lanceolate, almost sessile (about 2' long and £' wide) ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled, very many-flowered; divis- ions of the greenish corolla oblong (2^" long), more than twice the length of the calyx, several times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, strongly concave, oblong, erect, with the obtuse apex somewhat spreading, equalling the anthers. — Prairies of Wisconsin, Lap- ham, Mr. Cornell. July. — Intermediate in several respects between A. viridiflora and A. longifolia ; having the sessile crown of the former, and flowers not larger than those of the latter. Hoods more cucullate than those of A. viridiflora ; the two small appendages within each, and the still smaller pairs of appendages alternate with the hoods, more conspicuous than in the last-named species ; otherwise very similar. Pollen-masses also thicker and less club-shaped. — A. longifolia is well distinguished by the raised crown, of broader hoods, much shorter than the anthers, and by the thick and short pollen-masses. — Should Dr. Engelmann's surmise prove correct (as is most likely), this species will bear the name of A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. 2a. A. fmiliculilta, Decaisne. Almost glabrous ; stems short, about a foot high ; leaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, 1' -2' wide ; umbels several in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (!' in diameter), green, with a short purplish crown ; pods oblong-ovate, often bearing some soft spinous pro- jections. — Prairies, Illinois ( Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June. P. 362. Corispcriiiuni liyssopifdlium, L. An annual, smooth or some- what hairy, branching herb, with slender striatc branches, narrowly linear, thick- ish leaves, the upper ones small and short, ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined, and forming the bracts of the slender spikes, a solitary and perfect flower sessile under each one ; fruit round-oval, convex on. the back, wing-margined, resem- bling a small bug, whence the name of the genus. — Sandy shores, Illinois (near Chicago, Dr. Scammon, &c., Menard Co., E. Hall], and northwestward. P. 378. 11. RlllilCX Engelllianili, Ledeb. (R. hastulatus, Baldw., not of Campd ), a dioecious species, with narrow and hastate leaves, or the lowermost cordate, distinguished from No. 10 by its very simple panicle, and the valves of the fruit enlarging and samara-like, occurs in S. W. borders of Illinois, thence southward raid westward. Briliuiicllia cirrliosa, Banks, a Southern plant of this family, climb- ing by tendrils, and with the fruiting calyx and its pedicel winged on one side. is said by Dr. Brundel to occur in S. Illinois. I have seen no specimen. P. 435. 8a. PotaillOg^tOll crisplis, L. Leaves lance-oblong or oblong-linear, wavy-crisped, obtuse, sessile, serrate, 3-nervcd ; stems much branched ; spikes long-peduncled, few-flowered. — Streams, Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnall, &c. Lehigh River, Pennsylvania, T. Mcehan ; Susquehanna, at Lancaster, Prof. XCV1 ADDENDA TO THE Porter. Abundant where it occurs ; probably indigenous ; flowering in May and June, earlier than the others. (The remarks on p. 436 to !><• erased.) (Eu.) P. 439. Saglttaria calyclna, Engelm. Pedicels of the two kinds of flowers of equal length, the fruit-bearing ones recurved ; flowers polygamous, the sterile ones with a few rudimentary pistils and numerous stamens, their filaments smoothish, and about the length of the broadly ovate anthers, the fertile ones with 7 to 12 stamens; style longer than the ovary and erect, hut horizontal on the lunate or obovate narrowly-winged achcnium ; sepals orbicular, strictly ap- prcssed to the head of fruit. — Kennebunk, Maine, Ifr. Swan, growing under water, with no blade to the leaves, the petioles stout, subulate. Haekensaek marshes, New Jersey, C. F. Austin; mostly with a small and halberd-shaped emersed blade to the leaves. Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tahmll; the blade rudimentary, or oblong and entire, or halberd-form or sagittate, short, obtuse. Athens, Illinois, E. Hall, with well-developed sagittate acute leaves. Probably not uncommon. P. 448. SpirantheS grammea, Lindl. ? has been detected in New York and New Jersey by C. F. A ust in, and some other species or forms are apparently con- fused with S. cernua. They must be studied hereafter with fresh materials, and identified with Lindley's various species. P. 459. 2*. Iris ciiprea, Pnrsh. Stem tall and slender; leaves linoar-sword- shaped (£' wide) ; flowers copper-colored, or dull yellow tinged with blue, the tube longer than the ovary. — Cairo, S. Illinois, growing with I. versicolor, Dr. Vasey. Common in the Southern States. F. 461, 465, 472. The anthers are so attached to the filament as to be really extrarse in Medeola (as ascertained by Prof. H. G. Clark), and in Lilium (as shown by Dr. Chap- man), Hemcrocallis, &c. Other distinctions having also given way, it becomes apparent that Smilaceaj and Melanthaceae will have to be merged in the -rcut order Liliaceae. P. 497. 10. EleocliariS COlllprCSSa, Sulliv. This is common in Illinois and westward, in a taller form, with elongated and many-flowered spikes (£'-!' long) : the style is 2-cleft, the achenium well formed, smooth, or nearly so, with a rather large tubercle ; and the hypogynous bristles generally present, shorter than or surpassing the achenium, and retrorsely barbed. The species should stand after No. 6. P. 498, 500. 1*. ScirpllS pzmcifldrilS, Lightfnot Culms striatc-angled, 3'- 9' high , the sheaths leafless ; spike ovate, chestnut-colored ; glumes nearly 2-ranked, blunt, the lower and larger ones not equalling the uppermost ; bristles 3-6, re- BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCV11 trorsely barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular achenium. — Watertown, near Lake Ontario, New York, Dr. Crowe (mistaken for S. planifolius) ; Point de Tour, Lake Michigan (State coll.) ; Ringwood, N Illinois, on the borders of a pond, Dr. G. Vasey. Also in the northern Rocky Mountains. This and Eleocharis No. 7, with other species, serve to combine Eleocharis with Scirpus. (Eu.) 8*. S. (Isdlepis) Ilallii, n. sp. Like S. debilis in general appearance, but stems more slender (5'-12' high), sometimes 1-leaved above the middle; s|)ikes 1-5, ovate-fusiform, becoming cylindrical (4'' or 5" long, hardly 1^" thick), some of them occasionally short-stalked ; scales ovate, the greenish cen- tre strongly keeled, sharp-pointed ; stamens 2 ; bristles none ; achenium strongly rugose transversely, plano-convex or (especially in Texan specimens, coll. C. Wright) triangular. — Along ponds, Athens, Illinois, with S. debilis, E. Hull; St. Louis, Dr. Engclmunn, and southwestward. Varies, like No. 8, with 2-3- cleft style. I refer it to Scirpus, as the Scirpeous genera will probably have to be reduced. P. 514. 32*. Carex TVorvegica, Schk. Pale; stem 1° or less high, angled; spikes 2 - 5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate flowers at their base, or the terminal all staminate ; perigynia oval or oblong, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the obtuse scale. — Salt marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.) P. 454. 130*. C. Oliieyi, Boott. Near C. bullata, but with stouter stem, broader leaves, and more numerous (4-6, usually 5) spikes, the fertile ones longer and narrower (so as to appear more like those of C. vesicaria), more approximate, the perigynia smaller, and with a shorter beak. — In swamps, Rhode Island, Olney. P. 541. CHYPSIS SCHO5NOIDES, Lam. A dwarf grass, with decumbent branched culms, short and rather rigid pointed leaves, and somewhat inflated sheaths hairy at the throat, the uppermost partly inclosing the condensed spike-like pan- icle : the structure of tl\£ spikelcts is nearly as in Vilfa. (C. Virginica, Nutt.) Streets of Philadelphia and vicinity. (Adv. from Eu.) P. 542. 2ft. Vilfa cuspidata, Torr. Root perennial ; culms and leaves more slender than in No. 2 ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palea cuspidate. — Borders of Maine (on the St. John's River, G. L. Goodale) and northwestward. P. 547. la. Calamagrostis I^aiigsdorfHi, Trin. Panicle purple-tinged; the spikelets considerably larger than in C. Canadensis, and with a larger awn inserted lower down ; glumes strigose-scabrous. (C. hirtigluma, Stead.) — Lake XCV111 ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN STATES. of the Clouds, White Mountains of New Hampshire, W. Boott. (Labrador and Saskatchawan to N. W. coast.) (Eu.) P. 556. Grapll£phorillll mclicoldcs, Beauv., is to replace Dupontia Coo- ley i. See Ci'ui/ in Ann. Dot. Soc. CawtfL, and Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 190. P. 573 A/KA (rather than A vena) CARYOPIIYLEA, L., resembling A. praecox, but taller, and with a very diffuse paniele of purplish and at length silvery scarious spikelets. was detected in abandoned fields reverting to forest, near Newcastle, Delaware, by Win. M. Canty. (Nat. from Eu.) P. 576. ia Paspaliim Walterifiniun, Sennit. Spikes few (3-7), the lowest scarcely emerging from the sheath, the mcmbranaceous rhachis blunt and not projecting ; spikelets glabrous. — Delaware, E. Tatnall, and southward, in very wet places. P. 592 3. Chcilailthos laimgind§a, Nutt. in herb. Hook. Stalks slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining ; fronds (3' -8' high) delicate, lanceolate in outline, woolly with soft whitish hairs, becoming smoother above, 3-pinnate ; pinnae ovate, the lower ones distant ; pinnules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly di- vided into minute roundish segments, the herbaceous margin recurved, forming an almost continuous involucre. (C. vestita, Hook, &e. C. gracilis, Mctten.) — In dense tufts on dry, exposed rocks and cliffs, along rivers, &c., Wisconsin ( T. J. Hale), Iowa, and westward. — Ultimate pinnules exceedingly small and crowded. P. 606. 3. OTARSIUEA, L. Submersed or cmersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send- ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their apex a whorl of 4 nervose-veincd leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstoek, one or more globular but somewhat excentric sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit arc 2- celled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2 lobes at maturity. On the partitions are inserted numerous short-stalked spo- rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob- long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. 1. Iff. quadrifolia, L. Leaflets broaeUy obovate-cuncate, glabrous ; spo- rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float- ing on the surface, Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T.F. A/Lm. Tho only known habitat in America ! (Eu.) 2. J?I. vestita. Hook and (Jrov., with hairy leaflets and villons short-stalked or sessile sporocarps, will doubtless be found in the western part of Wisconsin. BOTANY OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PHJENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EX6GE- NOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood form- ing a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net- ted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours. SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPER]VLE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 1 2 RANUNCULACEvE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co- rolla ; the petals not united with each other.* ORDER 1. RANUNCUL-ACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Herbs (or woody vines) with a colorless acrid juice, polypetalous, or apeta- lonx with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarelij single') pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3- 15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few : anthers short Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1 - several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.) Synopsis of the Genera. TRIBE I. CIiEMATIDE.ffi. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Acheuia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines : leaves all opposite. 1. ATRAGENE. Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens. 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. TRIBE II. ANEMOBJE^S. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or very small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op- posite or whorled, forming an involucre. * Seed suspended. 8. PULSATILLA. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens. 4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre re- mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves. 6. HEPATICA. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves, and resembling a calyx 6. TUALICTRUM. Achenia 4 - 10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-like. * * Seed erect. 7. T.RAUTVETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none. TRIBE III. RANUNCULEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary. 8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect. 9. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Acheuia in a long spike. Seed suspended. TRIBE IV. HE£IiEBORI2VE.flE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. — l^avea all alternate. * Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped. * In many exceptional cases some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous orcleri are destilute of petals , as Clematis, Anemone, our Isopyruin, and other plants of the Crow- foot Family. RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 12. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base Pods 8- 15, sessile. Leaves divided. 13. COPTIS. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid- uous. Leaves divided. 14. I1ELLEBOI10S. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 6, persistent, turning green with age. 15. AQUiLEGIA. Petals 5, ?pur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5. # * Flower uus\ umietrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded. 16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. 17. ACON1TUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals. # * * Flower FJ nuuetrical Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubbj'. 18. ZANTIIOIUIIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in droop- ing compound racemes, polygamous. TRIBE V. COIICIFUGEJE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals small and il-it, or none. Pistils 1- several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry. Leaves al! alternate. 19. UYDKASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none. 20. ACT/KA. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. Leaves 2-3-temately compound. Petals manifest. 21. CIMICIFUGA. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1 - 8, in fruit forming dry several- seeded pods. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound. 1. ATKAGENE, L. ATRAGENE. Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud. Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks ; stems a little woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles 1 -flowered. (A name of obscure derivation, given to a clinching plant by Thcophrastus.) 1. A. Americana, Sims. (AMERICAN ATRAGENE.) Leaflets stalked, ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. ( Clem- atis vcrtk-illaris, DC.) — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and mountains of Virginia. April, May. — From each of the opposite buds in spring arise two ternate leaves with long-stalked leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across. 2. CL.ENIATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite. (KXjjjLum's, a name of Di- oscoridcs for a climbing plant with long and lithe brarches.) * Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery : anthers lincai. •<— Stem erect and mostly simple : calyx silky outside. 1. C. ocliroleuca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile, silky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above; tails of the fruit very plu- 4 KANUNCULACEuE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) mose. — Copses near Brooklyn, New York; Pennsylvania and Virginia' rare. May. — A foot high. Calyx yellowish within. +- •*- Stems climbing : leave* pinnate: calyx (and foliage) glabrous or pubendent. 2. C. Yionia, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length bell-shaped ; the purplish s<:pals very thick and leathery, with abrupt edges, tipped with short recurved points; the long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2- 3-lohed or entire; uppermost leaves often simple. — Kich soil, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May -Aug. 3. C. Pitclicri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull publish $ejKils icifh iittrrotr find slightly margined recurved points; tails of the fruit Jilifonn andlxin/i/ />n/><. wiit ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lohed, much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois, on the Mississippi, and southward. June. 4. C. cylindrical, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and imrtj tit in margins ; tails of the fruit silky ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward. May -Aug. * * Flowers in panicked clusters : sepals thin : anthers oblong. 5. C. Virgiiiiftiia, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth ; leaves nearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &e., common ; climbing over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dioecious; the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of tte fruit. 3. PUL.SATIL.L.A, Toum. PASQUE-FLOWER. Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like stamens. Achcnia with long feathery tails. Otherwise as Anemone ; from which the genus does not sufficiently differ. (Derivation obscure. The popular name was given because the plant is in blossom at Easter.) 1. I*. Ntittalliail.t. Villous with long silky hairs ; flower erect, devel- oped before the leaves; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-part- ed, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; lobes of the involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5-7, purplish, spread- ing. (P. patens, ed. 1. Anemone patens, Hook, $*c. not of L. A. Is'uttalliana, DC. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapfmm) and westward. April. — A span high. Sepals !'-!£' long. Tails of the fruit 2' long. More like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe. 4. AftEUI^MVE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia short-beaked or blunt. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 to- RANUNCTJLACEuE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 gether, opposite or whorlecl, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from ave/xos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind blows.) See Addend. * Pistils many, crowded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit: sepals downy or silky underneath. 1. A. parviflora, Michx. (SMALL ANEMONE.) Somewhat pubescent ; Btem slender and simple, one-flowered ; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions wedge-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves ; sepals 6, oval, whitish; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior; thence northward. Plant 2' -12' high. 2. A. iiiultifida, DC. (MANY-CLEFT ANEMONE.) Silky-hairy; prin- cipal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun- cles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Bocks, Western Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. — Plant 6' - 1 2' high : sepals £' long. 3. A. cylsmlrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE.) Slender, clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun- cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish- white ; head of fruit cylindrical (!' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May. — Plant l°-2° high. Pedun- cles 7' -12' long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4. 4. A. Virgilimiia, L. (TALL ANEMONE.) Hairy; principal involucre 3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods and meadows ; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high ; the upright pe- duncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf- less; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which are 2-leaved at the middle; these, partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer. * * Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent. 5. A. Pemisylvanica, L. (PENNSYLVANIAN ANEMONE.) Hairy , involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-lenved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3- cleft, cut and toothed; radical leaves 5 - 7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white; head of fmit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy. — W. New England to Ohio and Wisconsin. June -Aug. — Plant rather hairy, 6' high when it be- gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by a naked peduncle, through the summer ; flowers l£' broad, handsome. 6 RANHNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 6. A. licmorosa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD ANEMONE.) Low, smoothish; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut ; the lateral divisions' often (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; radical leaf single; sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate and pretty vernal species; the spreading flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 5. HE PAT 1C A, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA. Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a- calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. II. trilolm, Chaix. (ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods; common ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse, or rounded. (Eu.) 2. II. acutiloba, DC. (SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute 01 acutish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pala purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1. 6. TIIAL,ICTIiUUI, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE. Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, tipped by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend- ed.— Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and tho leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva- tion obscure.) * Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit, as in Anemone: root tubtrous- t/tickened and clustered : flowers perfect : fruits sessile, grooved. 1. T. ancmonoldes, Michx. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Low; root-leaves twice or thrice 3-divided ; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo- lucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex ; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone thalictroidcs, L., Biyel.) — Woods: common. April, May. — A pretty plant, more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves at the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole, so that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 5-10, half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink. Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma. * * Stem-leaves scattered, 3-4 times compound: root fibrous : flowers dioxious or RANUNCULACE^:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 polygamous: sepals 4 — 5, falling away early : fruits sessile, tipped with long stig- mas, ribbed-angled. 2. 1\ dioiciftin, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Leaves all with general petioles: leaflets rounded and 5-7-lobed; flowers in compound panicles, green- ish. — Rocky woods and hill-sides ; common northward. April, May. — A foot or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and slender yellowish anthers on capillary filaments. 3, T. CorilUti, L. (MEADOW-RUE.) Stein-leaves without general peti- oles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound large panicles, white. — Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem 3°-9° high, furrowed. Leaves whitish and glandular, or downy beneath. Fila- ments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong. 7. TRAUTYETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. FALSE BUGBANE. Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-anglcd and inflated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym- bose (white) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) 1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michx.) "Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also spar- ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobed ; the lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high. 8. RAi\ilNCUL,US, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Ache- nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed, erect. — Annuals or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where those animals abound.) § 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pare or naked pit at the base, ivhite, the claw ijcllow : achenia turgid, transversely wrinJded: aquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage dissected into capillary lobes. 1. R. aqii5 tills, L., var. divaricatus. (WHITE WATER-CROW- FOOT.) Floating ; leaves all immersed and similar, compoundly dissected into many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori- zontal plane, making an orbicular outline ; petals obovate, much longer than the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatas, Sibthoi-p.) — Ponds and slow streams : common. June -Aug. (Eu.) § 2. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow in all our species). * Achenia smooth. •*- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves JilifomiJy dissected. 2. R. Pursliii, Richards. (YELLOW WATISR -CROWFOOT.) Stem floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary divis RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersed leaves kidney-shaped or round and variously lobed or cleft; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx, carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight heak. (R. multiiidus, Pursh, ttincl. R. lacustris, Beck.) — Stagnant Tvater ; most common northward. May - July. — Stems 2° -4° long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as large as in the common Buttercup. *- +- T( rrcstrial : perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometimes annual. ** Leaves all undivided : plants glabrous. 3. R. alisniacfolius, Geycr, Benth. (WATER-PLANTAIN SPEAR- WORT.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined petiole with a mcmbranaceous dilated and half-sheathing ba>e ; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow; carpels flattened, pointed with a long and slntii/ht subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Flamnmla & R. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places; common northward. June - Aug. Stems 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flower 5" - 6", in Ore- gon and California 7" -9", broad. Carpels much larger than in the next. 4. R. Fl;miiiinl;i, L. (SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en- tire or nearly so, mostly petioled ; petals 5 - 7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels turgid, mucronate with a very short and usually c.urvcd blunt point, forming a small globular head. — Shore of L. Ontario (a small form) ; thence northward. June - Aug. Corolla 4" - 6" broad. (Eu. ) Var. iv plans. (CREEPING SPEARWORT.) Much smaller and slenderer : the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R. reptans, L. R. tili- formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4' -6' long. (Eu.) 5. R. pusillllS, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round- ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles ; the lower stem- leaves similar ; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, scarcely petioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the cahj.r, y<:ll(»n'*h ; stamens few (5 - 10) ; carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July. — Stems 5' -12' high. 6. R. Cymlmlfirin, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Stem sending off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ; all round/nil, niosfli/ heart-shaped at the base., coarsely crenate-toothcd, rather ilcshy, on long petioles ; fower-stalks (scapes) leafless, 1 -7-flowcrcd ; petals 5 - 8, bright yellow ; carjiels in oblong heads, very numerous, short-b.-<;Ld, ttriate-ix inn! on the sides. — Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York, to Illinois and westward. June-Aug. — Scapes 3'-6' high. •*•«• -M- Root-fcavrs undivided, often cleft, but not to the base. 7. R. rllOIIll>oi>1 -lea ves 3-lobcd, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-partcd, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near- ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. June -Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1 ° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid ami blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) 10. R. reci.tr vfttus, Poir. (HOOKED CROWFOOT.) Hirsute; leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad- ly wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob- ular Jim id, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles ; petals shorter t/ian the rejlexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high. •»-». •*-»- ++ Leaves all ternately parted, or compound, the divisions cleft : achenia fiat. a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx. 11. R. Pennsylvaiiicus, L. (BRISTLY CROWFOOT.) Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-clcft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. — A coarse plant, 2° -3° high, Avith inconspicuous flowers. b. Head of carpels globular: petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx. 12. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY CROWFOOT.) Low, pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical AI//V.S appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses- sile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-dividcd or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear ; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread- ing calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved beak. — Rocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yel- low flower 1' broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale, often 6 or 7. 10 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13. R. repcns, L. (CREEPING CROWFOOT.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous ; stems amending, and some of them fonniny long runners; leaves 3-divid- ed ; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wcd^e-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-clcft or parted and variously cut; peduncles furrowed; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly manj'nud, pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, £c., May -Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Eu.) 14. IS. BULu6sus, L. (BULBOUS CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy, stem trcct from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-dividcd ; the lateral divisions ses- sile, the terminal stalled and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun- cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexcd calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Meadows and pas- tures; very abundant only in E. New England; seldom found in the interior. May- July. — A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 1, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) 15. R. ACRIS, L. (TALL CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or paitcd, their seg- ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Meadows and fields. June -Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid juice, which, however, being volatife, is dissipated in drying, when these plants arc cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.) * # Achenia beset with ivugh points or small prickles : annuals. 16. R. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundisli or reni- form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-titierculate on the sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. R. PARVIFL6RUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse ; lower leaves round- ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - 5-parted ; petals not longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar- gined.— Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 9. MYOStlRUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20. Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from /i£y, a mouse, and ovpa, a tail) , the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly lim-ar-spatulate root- leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 1. HflL, minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and Kentucky, thence south and west. (Eu.) KANTJNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 1O. ISOF^RUM, L. (ENEMION, Eaf.) Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (Name from tcrosr, equal, and Trvpos, wheat; of no obvious application.) 1. I. bitemaium, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com. monly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. 1J. — Moist shady pla- ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum anemonoides. 11. CAH-THA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD. Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name from KaXados, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.) I. C. paliasfris, L. (MARSH MARIGOLD.) Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire; sepals about 6, broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common north- ward. April, May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coining into flower, under the name of COWSLIPS ; but the Cowslip is a totally different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Mangold. (Eu.) 12. TR^L-I^IUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1 -lipped, the concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun- culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.) 1. T. liixiis, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Sepals 5-6, spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — Deep sAvamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow. 13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD. Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at ft^e apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, mcmbranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name from ACOTTTO), to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 12 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. C. trifolia, Salisb. (THBEE-LEAVED GOLDTHIIEAD.^ Leaflets 3, obovute-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape l-flu\vered. — Bop>, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the mountains. May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3' -5' high. (Eu.) 14. HEL,I,tBORUS, L. HELLEBORE. Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu- lar, 2-lippcd. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from eXelv, to injure, and /Sopa, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.) 1. II* vfuiDis, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate , calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer tluin the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren- nials, with 2 - 3-tcrnately compound leaves, the leaflets lobcd. Flowers largo and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.) 1. A. Canadt»nsis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs inflated, sud- denly contracted towards the tip, nearly straight ; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -June. — Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk be- comes upright in fruit. — More delicate and graceful than the A. VULGARIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, from the Old World, which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 16. DELPHINIUM, Toura. LARKSPUR. Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs which arc enclosed in the spur of the calyx; the lower pair with short dav;;: rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fniit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from Defy/tin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un- like the classical figures of the dolphin.) 1. D. cxaltatum, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Loaves deeply 3-5- cleft; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, tt-ck-ft at the- sipt-x, acute; rt/rr/;/i.s wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; spur straight; jtods 3, trtvt. U — Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. July. — Stem 2C - 5° hii;h. Low- er leaves 4' - 5' broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy. RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13 2. D. fricornc, Michx. (DWARF LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 5-pait- ed, their divisions unequally 3-5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few- flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging. ]\. — W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6'- 12' high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white. 3. I>. azi&reiiin, Michx. (AZURE LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3-5- partcd, the divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme strict ; spur ascending, usually curved upwards ; pods 3-5, erect. Ij. — Wiscon- sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish. 4. I>. CONSOLIDA, L. (FIELD LARKSPUR.) Leaves dissected into nar- row linear lobes ; racemes rather few-flowered, loose ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; petals all combined into one body ; pod one, glabrous. @ — Penn. ( Mer- cersburg, Porter) and Virginia, escaped from grain-fields : and sparingly along road-sides further north. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. ACONITUM, Toura. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE. Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet- shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sev- eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an- cient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia.) 1. A, miciiifatllin, L. (WILD MONKSHOOD.) Glabrous; stem slen- der, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 - 5-lobcd, petiolcd ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue; helmet erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams, S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June -Aug. 2. A. reel in fa tuiti, Gray. (TRAILING WOLFSBANE.) Glabrous; stems trailing (3° -8° long) ; leaves deeply 3-7 '-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu- lar in outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2-3-lobed; flowers white, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Allcghanies. Aug. — Lower leaves 5' -6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. 18. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10. Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1 -seeded, oblong, the short style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant; the bark and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple, in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 - 2-pinnate leaves, from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of £av66s, yellow and pifai root.) 14 RANTJNCULA-CEjE. (CROWTOOT FAMILY.) 1. Z. nj>ii folia, L'Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. Sherburne, New York, Dr. Dow/lass. Stems clustered, 1° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots of this, and also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. 19. IIYDRASTIS, L. ORAXGE-ROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON. Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head of crimson l-2-seedcd berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstoek, a single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from vSo>p, water, and Spd&>, to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.) 1. II. CanadcilSiS, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5-7-lobcd, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' - 9' wide. 2O. ACTjA, L. BANEBERRY. COHOSH. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from OKTT/, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.) 1. A. spicsita, L. (A. Americana, Pursh. A. brachyp6tala, DC.) Called HERB CHRISTOPHER in Europe. Var. rubra, Michx. (RED BANEBERRY.) Petals about half the length of the stamens; pedicels slender; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. rubra, Willd., !}/- long-obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws. (M. auriculata, Lam.} — Virginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° - 50° high. Leaves 8' - 12' long. Flower (white) and fruit smaller than in the preceding. M. CORDATA, Michx., the YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE, of Georgia, and M. GRANDIFLORA, L., the GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA, of the Southern States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant flowers, and thick evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty-colored be- neath), are the only remaining North American species. The former is hardy as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blos- soms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size in New England, where M. macrophylla is precarious. ANONACE.E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 17 2. LIRIOD^NDRON, L. TULIP-TREE. Sepals 3, reflcxed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An- thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, imbricated and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points to the base of the bud. (Name from Xfptor, lily or tulip, and SeVSpov, tree.) 1. L.. Tlllipifera, L. — Kich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Illi- nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is called wrongly POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla 2' broad, greenish-yellow marked with orange. ORDER 3. ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, polyandrous. — Petals thickisk. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : filaments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alter- nate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bark, &c. acrid- aroinatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except one genus in the United States, viz. : 1* ASIMINA, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW. Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner. Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-3 large and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers axillary and solitary. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colo- nists.) 1. A. trilolm, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan- ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 tunes as long as the calyx. (Uvaria, A. DC., Torr. Sf Gray.} — Banks of streams in rich soil, "W. New York and Penn. to III and southward. April, May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1 £' wide. Fruits 2' -3' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn. A. PARVIFL6RA., a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably does not g^w so ar north as Virginia. 2* 18 BIENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) ORDER 4. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud; hypo- gynous, dioecious, 3 - G-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family : there are only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United States. Synopsis. 1 COCCULUS. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled. 2. MENISPE11MUM. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6 -8. Sepals 4 -8. Anthers 4-celled. 3. CALYCOCARPUM. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12, short ; In the fertile flowers 6, abor- tive. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. 1. COCCUL.US, DC. CoccuLrs. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers: style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed. Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old name, from coccum, a berry.) 1. C. CarolinilS, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish ; the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments ; drupe red (as large as a small pea). — Kiver-hanks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and southward. July. 2. PttENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED. Sepals 4 -8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals : anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 - 4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovaiy in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) Ink-rally flattened stone (pntamcn) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary panicles. (Name from prjvr], moon, and oWp/xa, seed.) 1. Itt. Canadense, L. (CANADIAN MOONSEED.) Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-anglcd or lobed. — Banks of streams ; common. June, July. Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 3. CAL-YCOCARPUM, Nutt. CUPSEED. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short : anthers 2-ccllcd. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. Drupo not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putainen hollowed out like a cup BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19 on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish- white, in long racemose panicles. (Name composed of KciXu£, a cup, and Kapnos, fruit, from the shape 3f the shell.) 1. C. layout, Nutt. (Menispcrmum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken- tucky. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base j the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long, globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity. ORDER 5. BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows 0/2-4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite them : anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fsuit a ber- ry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Leaves alternate. Synopsis. TRIBE I. BERBERIDEjE. Shrubs. Embryo large : cotyledons flat. (Berries acid and innocent. Bark astringent ; the wood yellow.) 1. BEKBEKJS. Petals 6, each 2-glandular at the base. Tarns II. STANDINE^E. Herbs. Embryo short or minute. (Hoots and foliage some- tunes drastic or poisonous.) * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 2. GA DLOPUYLLUM. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, short. Ovules 2, soon naked 3. DIP1IYLLE1 A. Petals 6, flat, much longer than the calyx. Berry 2 -4-seeded. 4. JEFFEHSOXIA. Petals 8. Pod many-seeded, opening on one side by a lid. * * Anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 5. PODOPHYLLUM. Petals 6-9. Stamens 6 - 18 ! Fruit pulpy, many-seeded. 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma cir- cular, depressed. Fruit a 1 -few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 1. B. VULGAIUS, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobed margins, or re- duced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves, and droop- ing many-flowered racemes ; petals entire; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds, in E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : else- where rarely spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. B. Caiiadeiisis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves re- pandly-toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-flowered ; petals iJO BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) notched at the apex ; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1, of which Dr. Hooker deems it a variety, perhaps with reason). — Alleghanies of Virginia and south- ward : not in Canada. June. — Shrub l°-3° high. B. (MAHONIA) AguiF6LiUM, Pursh, of Western N. America, — belonging to a section of the genus with mostly evergreen pinnate leaves and blue ber- ries, — is not rare in cultivation, as an ornamental shrub. 2. CAULOPHi'LLUJa:, Michx. BLUE COHOSH. Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ova 17 bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look- ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or pani- cle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately compound leaf without any common petiole (whence the name, from Kav\6s-> stem, and <£uXAoi/, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf). Leaflets obovate-wedge-form, 2-3-lobed. 1. C. tlmlictroides, Michx. (Also called PAPFOOSE-ROOT.) Ledn- tice thalictroides, L, — Deep rich woods. April, May. — Stems l°-2£° high. Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller bitemate leaf often at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, also the seeds, which are of the size of large peas. 3. DIPIIYLLEIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAF. Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 : anthers oblong. Ovary oblong : style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge, centrally peltate and cut-lobed, rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stein bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-clcft) alternate leaves which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of toiSt twice, and <£uXXoi/, leaf.) 1. D. cymosa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia and southward. May. — Root-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-clcft, each division 5 - 7-lobed ; lobes toothed. Berries blue. 4. JEFFERS6NIA, Barton TWIN-LEAF. Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong- linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed : stigma 2- lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part NELUMBIACE^. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) 21 making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side, — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked l- flowercd scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 1. J. ilipiiylla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south- ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad : the parts rarely in threes or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in sonic places. 5. PODOPHYJLL.UM, L. MAY-APPLE. MANDRAKE. Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga- cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovato. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima- layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by up- lifted valves. Ovary ovoid •. stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. (Name from TroCs, a foot, and jmrjil''. ; tlie tiddle-sliajx d petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) stvlc. — Varies rarely with greenish- yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla, Eaton.) — Teat-bogs ; common from N. England to Wisconsin, and southward east of the Allcghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high : it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion. (Illinois, Dr. Vasey.) 2. S. llfsva, L. (TRUMPETS.) Leaves long (V-3°) and trumpet-shaped, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing almost none ; Jloicer yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, Virginia and southward. April. ORDER 10. PAP AVERAGES. (POPPY FAMILY.) Herb* with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or fours, fugacious sepal*, polyandrous, hypogynous, the oc-ary \-celled with 2 or more parietal placentcc. — Sepals 2, sometimes 3, falling when the flower expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens 16 -many, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy im- perfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anutro- pous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1-flow- ered. Juice narcotic or acrid. Synopsis. * Petals more or less crumpled or corrugate in the bud. •<- Pod partly many-celled by the projecting placenta), not valved. 1 PAP AVER. Stigmas united in a radiate crown : style none. +- «- P6d strictly 1-celled, 2-6-valvcd ; the valves separating by their edges from the thread like placentae, which remain as a framework. 2. ARGEMONK. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly. 8. STYLOPIIORUM. Stigmas and piun-nt.-!- 3-4. Style distinct, columnar. Pod bristly. 4. CHEL1DON1UM. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. Petals 4. •I- .»- H- Pod 2-cellcd by a spongy partition between the placentae, 2-valved. 6. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear. Petals 4. » * Petals not crumpled in the bud. 6 SANGDINARIA. Petals 8 -12. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 25 1. PA PAVER, L. POPPY. Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-raycd crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placenta projecting like imperfect partitions, opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Two species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. 1. P. SOMNLFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) ® Smooth, glaucous ; leaves clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or pur- ple.— Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. P. DUBIUM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) (D Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks bristly • pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. — Cult, grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Style almost none : stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top Seeds crested. — Herbs, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from apyepa, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was a supposed remedy.) 1. A. MEXIC\NA, L. (MEXICAN PRICKLY POPPY.) (i) (g) Flowers sol- itary (pale yellow or white); calyx prickly. — Waste places; not common. July -Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) 3. STYL.OPHORUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY. Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 3-4-lobed. Pod ovoid, bristly, 3-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Perennial herb, with pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves like Celandine, the uppermost in pairs, subtending one or more slender 1 -flowered peduncles ; the buds and pods nodding. Juice yellow. Corolla yellow. (Name from oruXos, a style, and (/>epo>, to bear ; indicating one of its characters.) 1. S. dLipliylluni, Nutt. (Meconopsis diphylla, DC.) —Woods, W. Pcnn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Divisions of the leaves 5-7, sinu- ate-lobed. Flower 2' broad. 4. CHEL-IDONIUM, L. CELANDINE. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. -Style nearly none: stigma 2-lobcd. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifkl and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel- low flowers. (Name from ^eXiSwv, the Swallow, because, according to Dios- corides, it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.) 1. C. MAJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Flowers several, in umbel-like clusters. — Waste grounds near dwellings. May- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 26 FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) X5. GLAtlCIUlfl, Tourn. HORN-POPPY. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Style none : stigma 2-lobed or 2- horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false par- tirion, in which the crestless seeds are ]>artly immersed. — Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, yKavmov, from the glaucous foliage.) 1. O. LtiTEUM, Scop. Glaucous; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sin- mitc-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6' -10' long). — Waste places Maryland and Virginia; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short: stigma 2-groovcd. Pod oblong, turgid, 1 -celled, 2- valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate root- stocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmatc-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower white, hand- some. (Name from the color of the juice.) 1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May. ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNIA, and E. DouGLAsn, now common orna- mental annuals in the gardens, are curious Papaveraceous plants from Califor- nia and Oregon. Their juice is colorless, but with the odor of muriatic acid. ORDER 11. FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) Delicate smooth herbs, with icatery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu- lar flowers, tvith 4 somewhat united peta},s, 6 diadelphous stamens, and pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spread- ing tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogy- nous ; their filaments often united; the middle anther of each set 2-ceIlod, the lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma flattened at right angles with the ovary. Pod 1-celled, either 1 seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 pa- rietal placentas. — Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. (Slightly bitter, innocent plants.) Synopsis. » Pod slendar : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae. 1. ADUJMIA. Corolla heart-flhaped, perriatant ; petals united. Seeds crest! 2. DICENTHA. Corolla honrt-sh;(l or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. 8. COKYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. * * Pod Ik-shy, iiulfhisi-ent, globulur, 1-seeded, 4. FUMA11IA. Corolla 1-spurred at the baae Seed crestless. FUMARIACEJ2. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 27 I. AI>L,ilITB[I A, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY. Petals all permanently united in an ovate corolla, 2-saccate at the base, be- coming dry and persistent, enclosing the small few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. Stamens diadelphous. — A climbing biennial vine, with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping whitish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adltnn.) 1. A. cirrliossi, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent.) — Wet woods; com- mon westward. July -Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage and pale flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendril-like young leafstalks over high bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places. 2. DI CENTRA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Petals slightly united into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu- ous or withering. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-scedcd. Seeds crested. — Low, mostly stem- less perennials, with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from Si's, twice, and /teVrpoi>, a sjmr.) 1. D. Cliciallfiiia, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Granulate-bulbous; lobes of the leaves linear ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, es- pecially westward. April, May. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of little grain-like tubers crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color. 2. I>. Caiiadi'lisis, DC. (SQUIRREL-CORN.) Subterranean shoots tnberiferous ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, May. — Tubers scattered, round, flattened, as large as peas or grains of Indian Corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flowers greenish-white tinged with red, with the fragrance of Hyacinths. 3. D. exilllia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly ; divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare ( Thomas, Sartwell], and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — A larger plant than the others. Flowers reddish-purple. 3. CORYDAL.IS, Vent. CORYDALIS. Corolla 1 -spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist- ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers in racemes. Our species are biennial and leafy-stemmed. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.) 1. C. aiireii, Willd. (GOLDEN CORYDALIS.) Stems low, spreading ; ra- cemes simple ; spur incurved ; pods pendent ; seeds with a scalloped crest. — • 28 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) Rocks by streams, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -July. — Glau- cous : flowers golden-yellow and showy, or paler and less handsome. Pods 1 ' long, uneven. 2. C. gl«liic«l, Pursh. (PALE CORYDALIS.) Stem ipriyht ; racemes panicled ; spur short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a small entire crest. — Rocky places; common. May -July. — Corolla whitish, shaded with yellow and reddish. 4. FUMARIA, L. FUMITORY. Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Emit indehisccnt, small, globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from funms, smoke.) 1. F. OFFICINA.LIS, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh- color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwell- ings. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 12. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) . Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers: fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogyuous, reg- ular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter. Pod 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the 2 marginal placenUe, from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle or poucli), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceoua), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lt>in< ntat Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways : i. e. the cotyledons accumbcnt, viz. their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus oQ ; or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyle- don applied to the radicle, thus c([). In these cases the cotyledons are plane ; but they may be folded upon themselves, as in Mustard, where t liey are conduplicate, thus. c^>. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs: pedicels not braeted. — A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) Synopsis. I. SILIQUOS^E. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves. TRIBE T. ARABIDE-flE. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium) Seeds Oat to nod. Co- tyledons accurubent, plane. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29 * Pod terete, or slightly flattened ; the valves nerveless. 1 N \STURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds irregularly In two rows in each cell, small. 2. IODANTI1US. Pod linear, elongated. Seeds in a single row in each cell. * Pod flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds hi one row in each cell. 3. LEAVENWOIITIIIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight ! Leaves all radical 4. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved. 6. CARDAMINE. Pod linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalks. Stems leafy below. * * * Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear ; the valves one-nerved in the middle, or veiny. 6. ARABIS. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers white or purple. 7. TURR1TIS. Pods and flowers as in Arabis, but the seeds occupying two rows in each cell. 8. BARBAHEA. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers yellow TRIBE II. SISYPflBRIE^E. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow, plane. 9 EKYSIMUM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 10. S1SYMBRI UM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4 - 6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow. TRIBE III. BRASSICE.flE. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. 11. SIN APIS. Pod terete; the valves 1-5-nerved. Calyx spreading. II. SILICULOSJE. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves. TRIBE IV. AL.YSSINE.flE. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- tion, if at all. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. 12. DRABA. Pod flat, many-seeded : valves 1 - 3-nerved or nerveless. 13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4 - several-seeded : valves nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded : valves nerveless. TRIBE V. CAMEL.INE.3E. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane. 14. CAMELINA. Pod obovoid, turgid : valves 1-nerved. Style slender. TRIBE VI. LEPIDIXEJK. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent (accumbent in one instance), plane. 15. LEl'IDIDM. Pod two-seeded. 16. CAPS ELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular. TRIBE VII. SUBUL.ARIE.flE. Pod oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to th« broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and incumbent. 17. SUBDLARIA. Pod several-seeded : the valves convex-boat-shaped. TRIBE VIII. SENEBIERE.3E. Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti- tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed one-seeded nut- lets. Cotyledons as in Tribe 7. 18. SENEB1ERA. Nutlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated. III. LOMENTACEJE. Pod articulated, i. e. separating across into two or more closed joints. TRIBE IX. C AKILiINE^E. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1. 19. CAKILE. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded. TRIBE X. RAPHANE^E. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe 3. 20. RAPHANU8. Pod elongated several-seeded, transversely intercepted. 3* 30 CRUCirERuE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS. Pod a short silique or a silicic, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so, often curved upwards : valves nerveless. Seeds small, turgid, raarginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbcnt. — Aquat- ic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities.) § I. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx : pods linear : leaves pinnate. 1. !¥• OFFICINALE, R. Br. (WATER-GUESS.) Stems spreading and root- ing; leaflets 3 -11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6" -8" long) on slender widely spreading pedicels. 1J. — Brooks and ditches; rare: escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) $ 2. Petals yellow or yelloivish, seldom much exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblong, ovoid, or globular : leaves mostly pinnatijid. # Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yellow. 2. N. SYLVESTRE. R. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending; leaves pinnatcly parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods linear (4"_6" long), on slender pedicels; style very short. — Wet meadows, near Phila- delphia; and Newton, Massachusetts, C. J. Sprague. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. N. Simmtllin, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnatcly cleft, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong (4" -6" long), on slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. * * Annual or ^biennial, rarely perennial? with simple fibrous roots : Jlowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate. 4. N. SCSSiliflorilin, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong ; Jlowers minute, nearly sessile ; pods elon- gated-oblong (5" -6" long), thick; style very short. — With No. 3 and south- ward. April - June. 5. N. Ol>t JiSlim, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; Jloicers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4. 6. Nt pal Astro, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; Imies pinnatdy cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels al)out as long as the small Jlowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet ditches and borders of streams, common. Juno -Sept. — Flowers only l"-l£" long. Stems l°-3° high. — The typical form with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartu-cll). Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. uisrlDUM (N. hispidum, DC.) is this, with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) 4 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undi- vided, or the lower ones pinnatijid. ( Armoracia.) 7. N. lacustre, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. 132. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic, immersed leaves 1 - 3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or piunatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ; CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 31 pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. 1J. (N. natans, ed. 1. N. natans, var. Americanum, Cray. Armoracia Americana, Arn.) — Lakes and rivers, N. New Fork to Illinois and Kentucky. July. 8. N. ARMOKACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, ob- long, eremite, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels ascending; pods globular (seldom fonned) ; style very short. 1J. (Cochlearia Armoracia, L.) — Boots large and long ; — a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. IOI>A]\THUS, Torr. & Gray. FALSE KOCKET. Pod linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in paniclcd racemes. (Name from 10)8775, violet-colored, and avQos, flower.) 1. I. liespeiidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx.) — Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem l°-3° high. Petals 5" long, spatulate. Pods 1' to nearly 2' long, somewhat curved upwards. 3. I, EAV EN WORT HI A, Torr. LEAYENWORTHIA. Pod linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate- veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em- bryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one- few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer of one species.) 1. It. MicllStikxii, Torr. Scapes one-Jlowered ; petals white or purplish, yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Michx.} — On flat rocks, Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch scuds it with purple flowers). March, April. 2. L. aiirea, Torr. Scapes 1 -8-flowered; petals yellow, larger than in the other (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward. 4. I>E]VTARIA, L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and flat. — Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste ; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.) 1. D. liy!Ia, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-kaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 5' -If)' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white. :*2 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of toothed xiriK-lctu-cs (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate ; leaflets 3, ocate, obtuse, coarsely toothed ;uid incised, often 2-3-cleft. (D. laciniata, var. 8., Torr. $- Gr.) — W. NY\v York, and Pcnn., Nuttall! Watcrtown, New York, Dr. Crawe! May. — IS turn 10' -2° (Nutt.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in !No. 1, purple. Joints of the rootstock l'-2r long, £' thick, starchy. The leaves are intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3. 3. D. laciniata, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-pctrted ; the leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the lateral ones deeply 2-lobed. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — A span high: raceme scarcely longer than the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected. 4. D. hctcropliylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ; stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and marly , root-leaves of 3 round-ovate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed Icujuts. — AYest- em Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May. — A span high, slender: stem-leaves 1' long. Flowers few, purple. 5. CARDAMINE, L. BITTER CRESS. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- less ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple. (From KapSafioi/, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other. # Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate. 1. C. rliomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright, tuberifer- ous at the base ; stems simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lan- ceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point- ed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oral. — Wet meadows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April -June. Var. purpiirca, Torr. Lower (4' -6' high) and slightly pubescent; leaves rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil, W. New York to Wisconsin. 2. C. rotuiidifolia, Michx. (AMERICAN WATER-CRESS.) £*rms bruin-hint/, iraik or decumbent, with creeping runners; root fibrous ; leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the l>u>r, prtioled, the lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets; pods linear-awl-shapi-d, pointed with the style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool, shaded springs, IVnn., and southward along the mountains. May, June.— Leaves with just, the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in sunnne- l°-3° long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1. 3. C. bclUdifolia, L. Dwarf (2'-3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, en- tire, or sometimes 3-lobed (4" long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear ; stylf I CRUCIFER^:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 33 aeail/ iionc. — Alpine summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. — Flowers 1 -5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the convex valves 1-nerved: so that the plant might as well be an Arabia ! (Eu.) * * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : /lowers showy. 4. C. pmteiisis, L. (CUCKOO-FLOWER.) Stem ascending ; leaflets 7- 13, those of the lower leaves rotindcd and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx ; style short but distinct. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. May. (Eu.) * * * Root biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : flowers small. 5. C. ilirsiita, L. (COMMON BITTER CRESS.) Mostly smooth in the United States, sometimes hairy; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate- pinnatitid ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed ; of the upper oblong or linear, often entire; petals twice as long as the calyx (white); the narrow pods and the pedicels upright : style shorter than the width of the pod. (C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.) — Moist places, everywhere : a small delicate variety, with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is C. VIRGINICA, Michx. (not of lib. Linn.} May -July. (Eu.) 6. ARAB IS, L. ROCK CRESS. Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.) * Leaves all pinnatehf parted : root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.) 1. A. Ludovicifiim, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched from the base (5' -10' high) ; divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous, oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised; flowers very small; pods erect-spread- ing, flat (9" -12" long, 1" wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic) ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) — Open fields, &c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. * * Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perennials. •*- Seeds wingless or slightly margined. 2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4' -10' high), glabrous ex- cept the Iyrnte-pinuat(/id radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering to the base, the upper entire; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April- June. — Radicle sometimes oblique. — A vai-iety ? from Upper Michigan and northward, (Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.) has erect pods, and the cotyledons often whol- ly incumbent. 3. A. «li;in t:\ta, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, diffusely branched (l°-2° high), leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread- ing, straight} short-stalked ; style scarcely any. — New York and Illinois to Virgin- 34 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) ia and Kentucky May. — About 1° high, slender. Pods 1' long, almost fili- form ; the valves obscun ly nerved. 4. A. pfitCllS, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, ereet (l°-2° high); itrm-lnu'cs oMony-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, lialf- cla.-j>iiig hy the lieart-shaped base; petals (bright white) twice the length of the calyx; />edicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tijqxd with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Sullivant. Penn., Prof. Porter. May. — Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods l%'-2' long. 5. A. hii'MBtn, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1° - 2° high, simple or branched from the base. Root-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near- ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.) •*- t- Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition: petals narrow, whitish. 6. A. liBVlgata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved- s]>rcading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Stein l°-3° high. Pods 3' long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. heterophylla, Nutt.) 7. A. CaiKKli'iisis, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above ; stun -/eaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods drooping, Jlat, tcythe-shaped. (A. falcata, Michx. ) — Woods. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pods 3' long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels, curved like a scymitar. •7. TTJRRITIS, Dill. TOWER MUSTARD. Pod and flowers, &c., as in Arabis ; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal rows in each cell. — Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from turns, a tower.) . 1. T. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, smooth arid glau- cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base; the yellowish white jxtuls little longer than the calyx ; flowers and the long and narrow (3' long) straight pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Eu.) 2. T. Stricta, Graham. Smooth (l°-2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate, or linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up- right or spreading at maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York, Worth Illinois, and noithward. May. — Root-leaves small. Petals white, tinged with purple. Ripe pods 2£' -4' long, 1" wide. 3. T, brcldiyc&rpa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, arrow-shaped ; pedicels of the flowers nodding, of the short CKUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.; 35 and broadish pods spreading or ascending. — Fort Gratiot, &c., Michigan. — Koot-leaves hairy. Pod 1' long. Flowers pale purple. 8. BARBARA A, K. Br. WINTER CRESS. Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Mostly biennials : flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar- bara.) 1. B. vulgaris, K. Br. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW KOCK- ET.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round; upper leaves obovate, cut-tootlied, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style ; — or, in the var. STRATA, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. pnecox; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am., &c.) ; — or, in var. ARCU\TA, ascending on spreading ped- icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May. — Probably naturalized from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe- rior northward and westward. (Eu.) B. PR^ECOX, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy-Grass, — is becoming spon- taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods, scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of the stem-leaves. 9. ER^SIMUUl, L. TREACLE MUSTARD. Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping. (Name from eputo, to draw blisters.) 1. E. clfteiranthoides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely roughish, branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small; pods small and short (7" -12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and north- ward : apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.) 2. E. Arkansamim, Nutt. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3' - 4' long), exactly 4-sidcd ; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and southwestward. June, July. — Plant stout, l°-2° high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. 1O. SISYMBRIUM, L. HEDGE MUSTARD. Pod terete, flattish, or 4 - 6-sided ; the valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family. ) #6 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 1. S. OFFicixALE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Leaves -nnirinate; flow- ers very small, pule yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, awl-shaped, scarcely stalked. (1) — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly, branched weed, 2° -3° liigh. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. THALIANUM, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels. @ — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts to Kentucky, &<•. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. S. canesceiis, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) Leaves 2-pinnati/id, the diviMons small and toothed; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small ; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi- cels ; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell, (j) — Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon- sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary-pubescent. 11. SIN APIS, Tourn. MUSTARD. Pod nearly terete, with a stout beak (which is either empty or 1 -seeded) ; the valves 3-5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yel- low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name Su/cnri, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.) 1. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading pedicels, shorter than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid. — (Cult, and adv. from Eu.) 2. S. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD MUSTARD. CHARLOCK.) Pods smooth, knot- ty, about thrice, the length of the conical 2-edged usually empty leak ; upper leaves merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, New York and Wiscon- sin. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. S. N!GRA, L. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth, 4-corinrrd (tin- rulrm \-nerved only), appressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak ) ; leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Fields and waste places. The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. DRAB A, L. WHITLOW-GRASS. Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex, 1-3-ncrved: partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginlcs*. Cotyledons accumbcnt. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu- bescence mostly stellate. (Name from 8pa/3f/, acrid, in allusion to the pungency of the leaves.) § 1. DRAB A, DC. — Petah undivided. * Perennial, tufted, leafy-stemmed: flowers white : pods twisted when ripe. 1. D. rnmoSiSSinia, Dcsv. Diffusely much branched (5'- 8' high), pubescent ; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanccolate ; ra- (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 37 cemes corymbose-branched; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" -5" long), on slender pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, &c., Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May. 2 D. aiMibisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; flowering stems (6' -10 high) erect and mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu- late, spariny'ty toothed; racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong- lanceolate (5" -6" long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style. — Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north- ward. May, June. — Petals large. * * Annual or biennial : leafy stems short : flowers white or in No. 4 yellow : style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.) 3. D. bracliycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' -4' high), minutely pubescent, stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme ;' leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2^"-4" long), few-toothed or entire ; flowers small ; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutlsh (2" long), about the length of the ascending pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. 4. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4'- 8' long in fruit) ; petals cmarginate, small ; pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, pubescent (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.). — Fort Gratiot, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 5. D. cimeifoiia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (l'-3'), at length equal- ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; pods obi ou (j -linear, minutely hairy t longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. 6. D. Caroliniatia, Walt. Small (l'-4' high); leaves obovate, most- ly entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; raceme short or corymbose in fruit (£'-!' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy fields, Rhode Island to Illinois, and southward. March - June. 7. I>. micr«tntlia, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers small or minute; raceme sometimes elongated ; otherwise as in No. 6, of which Mr. Bebb proves it to be a variety. — From Wisconsin southwestward. $ 2. ER6PHILA, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial: flowers white.) 8. D. vcrna, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes l'-3'high) ; leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and road-sides : not common. April, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 13. VESICAR1A, Lam. BLADDER-POD. Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or ec v- 38 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes- cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from tv.s/m, a bladder, from the inflate 1 pods.) 1. V, Sll6l'tii, Ton-. & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, somewhat hoary; leaves oblong, entire or repand ; raceme loose ; style filiform, longer than the (immature) small and caiiuinnt spherical pod ; seeds not marij'nud, 1 -2 in each cell. — Rocky hanks of Elkhora Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short. 2. V.I Lcsciirii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems diffusely ascending from a biennial root: leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sanittnte base; racemes elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending; filaments inflated at the base; style half the, lem/th of the his- pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds wing-margined, 1-4 in each cell. — Hills near Nashville. Tennessee, Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Flow- ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they arc concerned, the species should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky. 14. CAMEL.INA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX. Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad partition: valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xaP^^ dwarf, and \lvov, flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.) 1. C. SAT!VA, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; pods margined, large. (J) — Flax-fields, &c. A noxious weed. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. L.EPIDIUIW, L. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS. Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually notched at the apex ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white. Stamens often only two ! (Name from Xf7ri'8ioi>, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) Ours arc annuals or biennials. 1. I^» Virginicum, L. (WILD PEPPERGRASS.) Pods orbicular, irinn- less, notched ; cotyledons accumbent ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised ; the lowest pinnatifid; petals 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept. — A weed which has immigrated from farther South. 2. L.. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire: otherwise like No. 1. — From Michigan northward and Bouthwestward. — Petals often thrice the length of the calyx. 3. It, RUDER\LE, L. Pods oval and smaller; cotyledons incumbent; petals none; stem? diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1. — Road- sides, near towns ; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. JL. CAMi'ESTttE, L. Pods ovate, wim/fd, roinjh with minute scales, notched; leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy; stamens 6. Fields, sparing from Massa- chusetts to Delaware. (Adv. from Eu.) I (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 39 1C. CAFSEL.1LA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par- tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum- bent. — Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.) 1. C. BURSA-PASTORIS, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. SUBU£,ARIA, L. AWLWORT. Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e. the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white. 1 . S. aqmUica, L. — Lakes ; Maine, K Hamp. (TucTcerman.) (Eu.) 18. SE1VEBIERA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS. Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehiscent, but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin- kled or tuberculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons as in the last. — Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) 1. S. (tidy ma, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, L.) — Waste places, at ports, &c., Virginia and Carolina : an immigrant from farther South. 2. S. CORON6PUS, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Robbins. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. CAKIL.E, Toura. SEA-ROCKET. Pod short, 2-jointed across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1-celled, 1-seeded; the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent. — Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obo- vate sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, tiattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the Great Lakes. July -Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 2O. RAPHANUS, L. RADISH. Pods linear or oblong, tapeiing upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seed- less and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, 40 CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — An- nuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and , to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.) 1. B. RAPHANfSTRUM, L. (WlLD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed iu fields, in E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.) The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already mentioned, are CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI, the well-known WALL-FLOWER. MATTHfoLA ANNUA, and other sorts of STOCK. HESPERIS MATRONALIS, the ROCKET, which begins to escape from gardens. BRASSICA OLER\CEA, of which the CABBAGE, KOIIL-RABI, CAULIFLOWER, and BROCCOLI are forms : B. CAMPESTRIS, which furnishes the SWEDISH TUR- NIP or RUTABAGA : and B. RA.PA, the COMMON TURNIP. The latter become* spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised. RAPHANUS SATIVUS, the RADISH ; inclines sometimes to be spontaneous. LUNA.RIA BIENNIS, the MOONWORT or HONESTY, with its broad flat pods. IBERIS UMBELLATA, the CANDY-TUFT, and ALYSSUM MARITIMUM, the SWEET ALYSSUM. LspfDiuM SATIVUM, the cultivated PEPPERGRASS. ISATIS TINCT6RIA, the WOAD, of the division Nucumentacece, having inde- hiscent 1 -celled fruit. ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACE^. (CAPER FAMILY.) Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a l-celled pod with 2 parietal placentas, and kid- ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferas, but with no partition, often stalked : seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — L alternate, mostly pabnately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferce (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa- ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our limits only by the following plant 1. POL AN I SI A, Raf. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, une- qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-so-drd. — Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy rarmn-s. (Name from TTO\VS, mam/, and aviaos, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.) 1. P. graveolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets ; stamens about 11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly (VIOLET FAMILY.) 41 shores, from Connecticut and Vermont to "Wisconsin and Kentucky. June- Aug. — Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish- white. ORDER 14. RESEDACE^E. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.) Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 - 7-merous small flowers, with a fleshy one- sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - 6-lobed, 3 - Q-horned, 1- celled with 3-6 parietal placentce, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Order 13) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter- minal spikes or racemes. — A small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda odorata) and the Dyer's Weed. 1. RESEDA, L. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S ROCKET. Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 12 -40, turned to one side. (De- riv. from resedo, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.) 1. K. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; ca- lyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed, (i) — Road-sides in W. New York, £c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 15. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) Herbs, with a somewhat irregular l-spurred corolla of 5 jietals, 5 hypogy- nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1- celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentce. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con- tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol- low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentas on their middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen: cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight- ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States. 1. SO LEA, Ging., DC. GREEN VIOLET. Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the low- er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. — A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish- white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W. Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.) 4* 42 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 1. S. Ctincolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.) — Woods, New York to Illinois and southward. Juno. — Plant 1°- 2° high. Loaves oblong, pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1' long: after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider- able distance. The same thing occurs in many Violets. -,^; * .-•_, 2. ViOI/A, L. VIOLET. HEARTS-EASE. ff*. <."•' ' -L/ . ' V v i ' '•••* •• i •" J . ~: : A Sepals extended or eared at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.) * Stemless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; peren- nial. ( Commonly producing apetalous flowers all summer lony, on shorter peduncles concealed under the leaves, or on runners : these ripen seed much more freely than the ordinary blossoms.) •»- Flowers light yellow (small ; spur very short). 1. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (BOUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves ronnd-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Allo- ghanies. April, May. — Smoothish : leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to 3' or 4' in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining above. •»- •«— Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac : spur short. 2. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a lony petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; common near the coast. May. 3. V. priniulaefolia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth or a little pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-ahaptd at the base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, Bigelow.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2 : intermediate between it and No. 4. 4. V. 1>I:tmln, Willd. (SWEET WHITE VIOLET.) Leaves round-Jnart- shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent; petals beardless. — Damp places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. — Flowers small, faintly sweet-scented. -«- t- •*- Flowers violet or blue. 5. V. palustris, L. (MARSH VIOLET.) Smooth ; leaves round-heart- shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with ptirplo streaks, nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the- White Mountains, New Hampshire ; June. (Eu.) 6. V. Sclkirkii, Goldic. (GREAT-SPURRED VIOLET.) Leaves round- hcart -shaped with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy abov*, lying flat on the ground ; spur marhi - tit-al, whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south- ward. July -Sept. — Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods Inruer than in No. 1. 3. It. minor, Lam. Minutely h. rotunilifolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves orbicu- lar, abruptly nan-owed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July -Aug. (Eu.) 2. I>. loeigifolia., L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white. (1). intermedia, Jfayne.) — Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. June -Aug. — Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) 3. I>. liucaris, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white. — Shore of Lake Superior. July. 4. I>. fiiiformis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves very long and filiform, erect, witli no distinction between the blade and the stalk ; seeds spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (^' broad). — Wet sand, near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jerwsy, Delaware, and south- ward. Aug. — Scapes 6' - 12' high ; and the singular leaves nearly as long. DION.EA MuscfpuLA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP, — so noted for the ex- traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, — is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sev- eral respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. 48 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) ORDER 18. PARNASSIACE^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) Character that of the single genus Parnassia, technically most like but the leaves alternate and dotless, — sometimes clearly and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragaceae, — the 4 sessile slif/mas situated directly over the parietal placenta ! 1. PARJVASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the hud : a cluster of somewhat united gland- tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals: filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1-cellcd, with 4 projecting parietal placenta) : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. Pod 4-valved, the valves hearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very nu- merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leaves chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus : called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) 1. P. palustlis, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few- veined; sterile filaments 9 — 15 in each set, slender. — Shore of Lake Superior, Upper Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3' -10' high. Leaves all heart-shaped. Flower nearly 1' broad. (Eu.) 2. P. C.irolitiifina, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length of the calyx, many-veined; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often lieiirt-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping, Stalk 1°- 2° high. Flower !'-!£' broad. 3. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petal* abruptly contracted into a claw at the b:ilrnt styles, which are at first sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : the cotyledons very HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 49 short. — Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and balsamic qualities), dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly ses- sile. Flowers solitary or cyrnose. Synopsis. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique,, convolate, yellow. 8. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3- 1. ASCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT. Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Pet- als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-valved. — Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and cntvpos, roughness, being very smooth plants.) 1. A. stilus, Michx. (Sx. PETER'S-WORT.) Stem simple or branched above, 2-edged, l°-2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick ish; petals obovate ; styles 3-4. — Pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile: outer sepals round- heart-shaped. 2.* A. Crwx-AnclreiJe, L. (Si. ANDREAV'S CROSS.) Low, much branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin; petals linear-oblong; styles 2, very short; pod flat. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St, Andrew's cross. 2. HYP ERIC UITI, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous or few, united or clustered in 3-5 parcels: no interposed glands. Pod 1- or 3-5-cclled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure origin.) $ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6-7-) celled, with the pla- centa turned far hick into the cells : herbaceous, perennial : Jlowers very largt 1. II. pyramidshtum, Ait. (GREAT ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branches 2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate. not, deciduous until after they wither; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare, W. New England to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3° -5° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Petals 1' long. Pod f long, conical. § 2. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 - 5-celled by the union of the placentae, which are seed-bearing on the outer face. * Shrubs, leafy to the top : styles (at first united) and cells of the pod 3 or 5 : calyx leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustered-, 5 50 HYrEuiCACEjE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY ) 2. H. Kalllliftmim, L. Bushy, l°-3° high; branches 4-an»lod : brim •'. - crowded, glaucous, oblanccolatc ; flowers few in a i-lu-t-T ; /W> nr>i'e 5-cJ!(d. — Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. Aug. — Leaves 1 ' - 2 ' long. Flowers 1 ' wide. 3. II. prolificum, L. (SHRUBBY ST. JOHX'S-WORT.) Branehlcts 2- iidtred ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers numerous, in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-cell«l. — New Jersey to Mi'.-higan, Illinois, and soutliward. July- Sept. — Shrub l°-4° high, with long rather simple shoots, leaves 2' long and £' or more wide, and flowers :\' - 1 in diamct'.T. Varies greatly in size, &c. Var. deiisifloriim. Exceedingly branched above, l°-6° high, the branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (£' -§' in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (II. densiflomin, & II. galioides, Pui-sh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey, and glades of Western Maryland, Kentucky, and southward. * * Perennial herbs: styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3 : petals and anthers irilh black dots : calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 clusters. 4. H. PERFORATUM, L. (CoM3iON ST. JoHN's-woRT.) Stem much branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy cymes. — Pastures and meadows, &c. June -Sept. — Too well known every- where as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Its juices are very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. II. COI1) Illbosuill, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong, somewhat clasping; jlotrers crowded (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than tho oblong sef>als. — Damp places ; common. July - Sept. — Leaves larger and Bowers much smaller than in No. 4; the petals 2" -3" long, marked with black lines as well as dots. $ 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod l-cel.led, or incompletely 3-celled, the 3 placenta; sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre : perennial herbs or loiv shrubs. # Sepals foliaceoiis and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one. 6. H. Cllipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscure- ly t-angled ; leaves spreading, tical-ol>long, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered; sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, 1 -celled. - Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long. 7. II. ad prtiSSll HI, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly woody at tin- base ( 1°- 2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; lean's ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the base, tew-flowercd ; sejxt/s linear-lanceolate; pods ovoid-oblong, inconij>le1eh/ 3 - ^-celled. — Moist places, Kliode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southwest- ward. July, Aug. — Leaves 1 $' long. Petals bright yellow, 3" - 5" long. HYPERICACE^. (ST. .TOHN's-WOTIT FAMILY.) 51 8. II. dolalM'iforiZKC, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, woody below (6' -20' high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spread- ing, veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals (5"-G" long); pods ocate-conical, pointed, strictly l-celied, the walls very thick and hard. (II. procumbens, Micltx.) — Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June -Aug. 9. H. spliwrociirpou, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her- baceous, scarcely angular (l°-2° high); leaves widely spreading, Many-linear or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and rnany- fiowered, flat, naked ; scjials oval.e ; pods depressed-globular, strictly l-cclled, rather thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals about 3" long. 10. IB. mulifloruin, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base, sharply 4-anglcd or almost winged above (1° — 4° high); leaves oblong or oval- lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered, naked ; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. July. — Petals 3" -4" long. * * Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate. 11. II. ailglllosuni, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4- anglcd, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute (^'-l' long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound, naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme- like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid l-cclled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. Ouly-Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 4" - 5" long, much longer than the calyx, furnished with a tooth on one side. § 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod (brown-purple) l-celled, with 3 strictly parietal placenta : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small: sepals narrow, erect : slender annuals, with ^-angular branches. 12. II. mutillllil, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6' -10' high); leaves ovate or oldoitg, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; pods ovate- conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Mahl.} — Low grounds, everywhere. — Flowers 2" broad. 13. II. Caiiadeiise, L. Stem strict (6' -20' high), with the branches erect ; haves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; cymes naked ; pods conical- oblong, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil: common. June- Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded. 14 II. DBTiiiimoiadii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate bushy branches rigid, erect (10' -18' high); leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect, l-nerved (3" -9'' long) ; flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy branches, short-pedicel led ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum- mondii, Grev. fr Hook.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July -Oct. — •Sepals 2" -3" long, mostly exceeding the petals. 15. H. S.irotlira, Michx. (ORANGE-GRASS. PIXE-WEED.) Stem and bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales, oppressed ; foicers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ; 52 ELATIN iCE^E. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.) pods ovatt:-loth natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir- ginia. 3. E LODE A, Pursh. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles di-tinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum- mit of the stem. (Name from cXo>5i}?, growing in marshes.) 1. E. Virgillica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or dii*i>hi. ARMERIA, L. (DEPTFORD PINK.) Flowers in close clusters ; bract- lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, downy, as long as the tube ; leaves linear, hairy ; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, eremite. (D — Fields, &c., Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.) D. CARYOPHYLLUS, L., is the original of the CLOVE-PINK or CARNATION, &c. of the gardens, D. BARBATUS is the SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK. 2. SAPONARIA, L. SOAPWORT. Calyx tubular, terete and even, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothcd at the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring. — Flowers cymose-clustered. (Name CARYOPHYLLACILE. (PINK FAMILY.) 55 from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice of the common species forming a lather with water.) l. S» OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) Clus- ters corymbed ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned with an ap- pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. 1|. — Road-sides, &c. July - Sept. — A stout plant with large rose-colored flowers, which are com- monly double. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. VACClRlA, Medik. COW-HERB. Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in- completely 4-cellcd at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red flowers in corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacca, a cow.) 1. V. VULGARIS, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens and -becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. S1L.I31VE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod 1-cellcd, or 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 6 teeth at the apex. Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from o-i'aXov, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.) -^ Calyx bladdery -inflated : perennial : flowers panicled, white. \. S. Stellata., Ait. (STARRY CAMPION.) Leaves in ivhorls of 4, ovate- lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. — Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Stem 3° high, minutely pubescent, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla I' broad. (Cucubalus stellatus, L.} 2. S. Ilivca, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; ca- lyx oblong; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsyl- vania, to Ohio and Illinois: rare. July. — Stem 1°- 2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger than in No. 1. 3. S. INFLATA, Smith. (BLADDER CAMPION.) Glaucous; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. — Fields and road-sides, E. New England. July. — Afoot high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.) # * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod : flowers cytnose or clustered^ : perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx : petals crmcned, red or rose-color. 4. S. Penusylvanica, Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (4' -8. high) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy peti- oles; stem-leaves (2-3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, shoit-stalked ; calyx: club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded at the end, purple rose- 56 CARYOPHYLLACE.fi. (PINK FAMILY.) M/OT. — Rocky or gravelly places, Eastern New England to Pennsylvania, Ken- tucky, and southward. April -June. 5. S. Virgiiiica, L. (FIKE PINK. CATCHFLY.) Stems slender (l°- Vu lugh) ; leaves thin, spatnlate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loose- iy cymose, pedunclcd ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconieal ; petals oblong, 2- cltft, deep crimson; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York (Sarticell) to Illinois and southward. June -Aug. 6. S. regia, Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (3° -4° high) ; leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals sputn- Lalt-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. July. 7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid- hairy ; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; haves thin, round, abruptly pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elon- gaird ; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Kentucky. June -Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. This and No. 6 may pass into No. 5. * * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod : annual : flowers rose, flesh- color, or white, opening only at night or in cloudy weather (except No. 8). •»- Glabrous throughout : a portion of each joint of the stem mostly glutinous. 8 S. ARMERIA, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; leaves ovatfrlanceolate ; flowers cymose-clustered'; calyx club-shaped, purplish, as well as the petals, which are notched, and crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped from gardens to waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) * S. antirrlilna, L. (SLEEPY CATCHFLY.) Stem slender (8'-30' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals obcordate, crowned, small or inconspicuous, rarely seen expanded. — Dry soil ; common in waste places. June-Sept. •*- •»- Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, sweet-scented at night. iO. S. NOCTtJRNA, L. (NIGHT-CATCHFLY.) Leaves short, the lower spatu- late, the upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a strict l-sided spike ; petals 2- parted. — Introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schnrinit:. (Adv. from Eu.) U.S. NOCTIFLORA, L. (NlGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairi/, tall (l°-3° high); lower leaves large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate, taper-pointed ; flowers loosely cymose, peduncled; calyx cylindrical, soon ovoid with long awl-shaped teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. (S. noc- turna, Bigelow.) — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) * # * # Dwarf, t nffed, smooth : perennial, I- flowered. 12. S. acaillis, L. (Moss CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss (!' -2' high) , linear, crowded to the summit of the short stems; flowers almost sessile ; calyx slightly inflated; petals purple or rarely white, inversely henrt-sliapol crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. (Ea.) CARYOPHYLLACK^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 57 5. AGROSTEMMA, L. CORN-COCKLE. Calyx naked, tubular, coriaceous, its limb of 5 long and linear foliareous teeth or lobes, longer than the corolla, which fall off in fruiting. Petals not crowned, entire. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals adhering to the base of their claws. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-teeth. Pod 1-celled, opening at the top by 5 teeth. Embryo coiled. — Annual or biennial, erect and branching, pubescent, with long linear leaves, and large purple flowers on long peduncles. (Name dypov ffW/ti/ia, crown of the field, being a handsome corn-weed.) 1. A. GITHAGO, L. (Lychnis Githago, Lam.) Wheat-fields; too common; the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the flour. (Adv. from Eu.) LYCHNIS, Tourn., to which the Cockle was once referred, is represented in, our gardens by L. CORONARIA, the MULLEIN PINK ; L. CHALCEDONICA, the SCAULET LYCHNIS ; and L. FLOS-ctrcuLi, the BAGGED ROBIN. *. SUBORDER II. AL.siltfE.ZE. THE CHICK WEED FAMILY. 6. HONK.ENYA, Ehrhart. SEA-SANDWORT. Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous and glandular, 10-notched. Petals 5, obovate-wcdge-shaped, tapering into a short claw. Sta- mens 1 0, inserted on the edge of the disk. Styles 3-5, short, opposite as many of the sepals. Ovary more or less 3 - 5-celled. Pod fleshy, opening by as many valves as styles, few-seeded at the base. Seeds smooth, short-beaked next the naked hilum. A very fleshy maritime perennial, forked, with ovate or oblong leaves, and solitary axillary flowers, more or less polygamo-dicecious. Petals white. (Named in honor of Honckeny, a German botanist.) 1. II. peploides, Ehrhart. (Arenaria peploides, L.} — Sea-beach, Maine to New Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts hi the sands, 6'- 10' high. Leaves f ' long, partly clasping, very thick. (Eu.) 7. A L, SINE, (Tourn.) Wahl. GROVE SANDWORT. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, or rarely notched at the apex. Stamens 10, in- serted on a small disk. Styles 3. Ovary 1-celled. Pod many-seeded, 3 valved to the base ; the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. Seeds usually rough, naked at the hilum. — Small tufted herbs, with narrow leaves, and mostly white flowers, which are solitary and terminal or cymose. (Name from oXo-os, a yrove.) — This and No. 9 are comprised in Arenaria by many botanists. * Leaves rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped, 1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. (PINE-BARREN SANDWORT.) Densely tuft- ed from a deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl- shaped, short, channelled,- branches naked and minutely glandular above, several- flowered; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. 1J. (Arenaria squarrosa, Michx.) — In pure sand, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward along the coast. May - July 58 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.^ 2. A. IVIicliauxii, Fcnzl. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a small root, smooth ; Ituws slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others rlusti ml in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, S-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. 1J. (Arcnaria stricta, Mic/tx.) — Rocks and dry wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. * # Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petal* retime, or notched. 3. A. patlila. Diffusely branclied from the slender root ; steins filiform (6' -10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; sepals lanceo- late, acuminate, 3-nerved, petals spatulate, emarginate. (Arenaria patula, ~Michx.) — Cliffs of Kentucky River, and mountains of Western Virginia. July. — Smoothish : leaves £'-!' long. 4. A. Groenldndica, Fenzl. (MOUNTAIN SANDWORT.) Densely tufted from slender roots, smooth; stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow- ered ; sejxils oblong, obtuse, nerveless ; petals obovate, somewhat notched. 1J. (Stellaria Grcenlandica, Retz. Arenaria Groenlandica, Spreng.) — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill,*and Adirondack Mountains, New York, and of all the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June -Aug. — Leaves and pedun- cles 3" -6" long; flowers large in proportion. A. GiABRA, of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of Virginia. 8. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod many-seeded, opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two. Seeds naked at the hiluni. (Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species love to grow.) 1. A. 8ERPYLLIF6LIA, L. (THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely branched, roughish (2'- 6' high) ; leaves ovate, acute (small) ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3 - 5-nervcd, about as long as the petals and the 6-toothed pod. ® — Sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) A. DiFFtiSA, Ell., will probably be found in Southern Virginia. 9. ilICEHIlilVGIA, L. MOSHRINGIA. Seeds strophiolate, i. e. with a thickish appendage at the hilum, smooth. Young ovary 3-celled. Otherwise nearly as in Arenaria. — Flaccid herbs; the parts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Named for Moekring, a German botanist.) 1. M. latcriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, becoming lateral ; sepals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the petals. 1J. (Arenaria latcri- flora, £.) — Shady gravelly banks, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. — Leaves £' to 1' long : corolla $' broad, white. (Eu.) 1O. STEL.I.ARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, or fewer. Styles 3 - 4, rarely 5, opposite as many sepals. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod CARYOPHYLLACE^. (riNK FAMILY.) 59 ovoid, opening by twice as many valves as styles, several - many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from Stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.) * Stamens usually fewer than 10 : leaves broad. 1. S. MEDIA, Smith. (COMMON CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading, marked with an alternate pubescent line ; leaves ovate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals •2-parted, shorter than the calyx; stamens 3-10. ® (§) — Fields and around dwellings, everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. pftfrera, Michx. (GREAT CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading, marked with 2 opposite hairy lines ; leaves all sessile, oblong or ovate (2' long) ; pef.als deeply 2-cleft, longer than the calyx, 1J. — Shaded rocks, Penn. to Kentucky, and southward. May. * * Stamens mostly 10: manifestly perigynous : perennial: leaves narrow, sessile: plants glabrous throughout. •— Scaly-bracted : petals ^-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx. 3. S. loiigifolia, Muhl. (STITCHWORT.) Stem branching above; weak, often with rough angles (8' -18' high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends, spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slen- der pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, soon longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Grassy places, common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.) 4. S. loiigipcs, Goldie. (LONG-STALKED STITCHWORT.) Shining or somewhat glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to Wisconsin, rare : common farther north. (Eu.) 5. S. llligiiiosa, Murr. ( SWAMP STITCHWORT.) Stems weak, de- cumbent or diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx; seeds roughened. (S. aquatica, Pollich, frc.) — Swamps and rills, Phila- delphia and Westchester, Pennsylvania (Darlington, '- 15' long) ; leaves oblong, greener; upper bracts scarious- margined; flowers at first clustered; pedicels longer than the obtuse sepals, the eii icr ones in fruit much longer. (,£) y. — Grassy fields and copses. May- July. - A. larger and coarser plant than No. 1, the flowers larger. (Nat. from Eu.) # # Petals longer than the calyx. 1. C. iifitsms Raf. Clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved, diffusely branched (6' -20' high); cyme loose and open, many-flowered; leaves obkng-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate; peduncles mostly elongated ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods nodditfg on the stalks, curved ujxntrdx, thrice the length of t/ie calyx, (i) ® — Moist places, Vermont to Kentucky and southward. July. CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 61 4. C. Ofrlongafoliaim, Torr. Stems ascending, viltous (6' -12' high), many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate ; peduncles clammy -hairy ; pet- als (2-lobed) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. 1J. — Rocky places, New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois; rare. May. — Stouter and larger flowered than the following species. 5. C. arveiise, L. (FIELD CHICKWEED.) Stems ascending or erect, tufted, downy, slender (4' -8' high), naked and few-flowered at the summit; leaves linear ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods scarcely longer than the calyx. 1J. — Dry or rocky places, Northeastern States, and northward, where it is indigenous. May, June. (Eu.) §2. MCENCHIA, Ehrhart. — Petals entire or merely refuse: parts of the flower commonly in fours : pod ovate, not longer than the calyx. 6. C. QUATERNELLUM, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple, erect (2' -4' high), 1 -2-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals not exceeding the calyx; stamens 4. (J) (Sagina erecta, L. Moenchia quaternella, Ehrhart. M. erecta, Smith.) — Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 13. S A GIN A, L. PEARLWORT. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, often obsolete or none. Stamens as many as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves opposite the sepals. Seeds smooth. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, and small flowers. (Name from sagina, fattening ; of no obvious appli- cation to these minute weeds.) * Parts of the flower all in fours, or sometimes in fives. 1. S. procuml>CllS, L. Perennial, depressed ; leaves thread-form or nar- rowly linear ; peduncles ascending in fruit ; stamens 4 - 5 ; petals shorter than the broadly ovate sepals, sometimes none. — Springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania. May -Aug. (Eu.) 2. S. APETALA, L. Annual, erect ; leaves almost bnstle-form ; stamens 4 ; pet- als obsolete or none. — Sandy fields, New York to 111. ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Sepals, petals, styles, and valves 5 or 4 stamens 10. 3. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted; stems ascending (3' -5' high), branching; leaves thread-form, the upper short and awl-shaped, with minute ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear knotty ; petals much longer than the calyx. ( Spergula nodosa, L. ) — Wet sandy soil, Isle of Shoals; coast of Maine near Portland ; shore of Lake Superior, and northward. July. (Eu.) S. ELLIOTTII, Fenzl (Spergula decumbens, Ell.) may occur in S. Virginia. SUBORDER III. IULECEBREJE. THE KNOTWORT FAMILY. 14. SPERGULARIA, Pers. SPURREY-SANDWORT. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2 -10. Si yles and valves of the many- seeded pod 3-5, when 5 the valves alternate with the sepals! Era\ryo not 6 C2 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, growing on or near the sea-coast, with fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered' in the axils : stipules scaly-membranaceous. (Name altered from Spcrgula.) 1. S. I'llbra, Pcrs. Much branched, upright or spreading, smooth or vis- cid-pubescent; leaves filiform-linear, rather fleshy; petals purple-rosc-color ; seeds marginlrss. (5) (Arenaria rubra, L.) — Sandy soil, often considerably re- mote from salt water, Maine to Virginia and southward. June - Sept. — Leaves mostly shorter than the joints. Flowers about 2" broad. (Eu.) Var. marina. Larger; the leaves longer and more fleshy; flowers 2-4 times larger; pods equalling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds margin'ess (Arena- ria rubra, var. marina, L.), or wing-margined (A. media, L.). (l) 1J.? — Sea- coast; common. (Eu.) 15. SP^ROUL-A, L. SPURREY. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia. (Nanie from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.) 1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPURREY.) Leaves numerous in the whorls, lincar-thread-shaped (l'-2' long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked panicled cyme ; seeds rough, with a narrow and sharp edge. ® — Grain-fields, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 1G. ANYCHIA, Michx. FORKED CIIICKWEED. Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1 -seeded, larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked annuals, with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same derivation as the next genus.) 1. A. u liester, Pennsylvania, Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. June - Aug. — Peduncles 3' -6' long. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Gt 4. CL.AYTONIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY. Sepals 2, ovate, free, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6- seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day ! (Named in honor of Clayton, one of the earliest bot- anists of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica. ) 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long). — Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward. 2. C. Ca.rolinia.naiy Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceo- late (l/-2/ long.) — Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward along the Alleghanies. ORDER 23. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mono- delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of braetlets outside, form- ing a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo large, curved, the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves. Flower stalks with a joint, axillary. Synopsis. TRIBE I. MAI/VEJE. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and pods (carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening. * Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately. 1. ALTILEA. Involucel of 6 to 9 braetlets. 2. MALVA. Involucel of 3 braetlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 8. CALLIRRHOE. Involucel of 3 braetlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked. 4. NAPjEA. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few. * * Stigmas terminal, capitate : carpels 1 - few-seeded, opening before they fall away. 5. SIDA. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. 6. ABUTILON. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 3 - several-seeded. 7. MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 braetlets. Carpels 2-seeded, and with a transverse partition between the seeds. TRIBE II. HIBISCE^E. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leav- ing scarcely any axis in the centre after opening. 8. KOSTELETZKYA. Involucel of several braetlets Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 0. HIBISCUS Involucel of many braetlets. Calyx persistent. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded. 6* 66 MALVACEJE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 1. AL.TIIJEA, L. MARSH-MALLOW. Calyx surrounded by a 6- 9-clcft involuccl. Othcnvisc as in Malvu. (Name from ttA$o), to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON MARSH-MALLOW.) Stem erect; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe- duncles axillary, many -flowered, y. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Hoot thick, abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pdtes de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) A. R6SEA, and A. FICIFJOLIA, are the well-known garden HOLLYHOCKS. 2. MAL.VA, L. MALLOW. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob- cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indehisccnt round kidney- shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An old Latin name, from /iaXa^?;, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.) 1. M. ROTUNDir6LiA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) Stems short, simple, de- cumbent from a deep biennial or perennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pubescent, even. — Way-sides and cultivated grounds; com- mon. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. M. SYLVESTRIS, L. (HIGH MALLOW.) Stem erect, branched (2° -3° high); leaves rather sharply 5 -T -lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled- veiny. 1J. — Way-sides. (Adv. from Eu.) M. CRfspA, the CURLED MALLOW, and M. MOSCHATA, the MUSK. MALLOW, are occasionally spontaneous around gardens. 3. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE. Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge- shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels 10-20, straight ish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seedcd cell by a narrow projection, indchiscent or partly 2-valvcd. Radicle pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect. 1. C. trimiglllsitsi, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest rather h^art-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-clcft ; flowers panidcd, short-pcdicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpels short- pointed, crcstless. (Malva triangulata, Lcavemvorth. M. Houghtonii, Toi*r. $' Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July. 2. C» alcaeoIdCS) Gray. Strigosc-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) ; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5-7-parted, hu-iniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pe- MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 67 duncles (rose-color or white) , involucel none; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. 1| (Sida alcseoides, Michx.) — Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee. 4. NAP^EA, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW. Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Flowers dioecious ; the stamin&le flowers entirely destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1 -seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9 - 1 1 -parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flow- ers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from vanr), a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the place where he discovered the plant.) 1. N. dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois ; rare. July. 5. SIDA, L. SIDA. Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1 -seeded carpels, which remain closed, or commonly become 2-valveA at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas termi- nal, capitate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.) 1. S. Nap&a, Cav. Nearly glabrous, tall (2° -4° high), erect; leaves 5- clejl, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, large; carpels 10, pointed, ty (Napasa laevis & hermaphrodita, L.} — Rocky river-banks, Penn., Muhlenberg. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown. (Cultivated in old gardens.) 2. S. Elliottii, TOIT. & Gray. Nearly glabrous (l°-4° high); leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short ; /lowers (yd- low] rather large ; carpels 9 - 10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed fruit. 1J. — Sandy soil, Virginia (near Petersburg) and southward. May- Aug. 3. S» SPINOSA, L. Minutely and softly pubescent, low (10'-20' high), much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; pedun- cles axillary, 1 -flowered, shorter than the petiole ; /lowers (yellow) small ; nii-fxln 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. A little tu- bercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. 0 — Waste places, common southward and eastward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.) 6. ABUTH.OTT, Toum. INDIAN MALLOW. Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valvcd. Radicle ascending or pointing in- wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) 68 MALVACEJ5. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 1. A. AVICKSN*, Gxrtn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall (4° high) ; leaves round- ish-hcait-slin pod, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-sulks ; corolla yellow ; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. ® —Waste places, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from India.) 7. MOI>iOL,A, Mcench. MODI OLA. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals ohovate. Stamens 10-20. Stig- mas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed and at length 2-valved at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad and depressed fruit of combined carpels resembling in shape the Ro- man measure of that name,) 1. M. 111 BI Hi fill a, Mrench. Hairy; leaves 3-5-clcft and incised; sta- mens 15-20 ; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 8. KOSTEl.ETZK.YA, Presl. KOSTELETZKTA. Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. (Named after Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Roughish-hairy (2° -4° high); leaves hal- berd-shaped and heart-shaped; the lower 3-lobed. U (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.) — Marshes on the coast, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. Aug.— Corolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender. 9. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW. Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bracelets, persistent, 5- cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled pod, opening into 5 valves which bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal). Seeds several or many in each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) 1. H. MoscliefktOS, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) Leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down ; the 1 -flowered peduncles often united at the base with the petioles ; calyx not in- flated; seeds smooth. 1J. — Borders of marshes along and near the coast, and banks of large rivers. Salt springs, New York to Illinois. Aug., Sept. — Plant stout, 5° high. Corolla 5' in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crim- son eye, showy. 2. II. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED MALLOW.) Smooth throw/h- oot ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobcd ; upper tnnrs Jialhml-form, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base,^ie middle one prolonged and tn pen- pointed: peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. 1J. — River- oanks, Penn. to 111., and southward. Aug. — More slender and smaller-flow- ered than the last : corolla pale rose-color. TILIACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 69 3. II. TRIONUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) Somewhat hairy ; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; fruiting calyx inflated, monbranaceous, with bristly ribs, b-winged at the summit; seeds rough. (5) — Escaped from gardens into cultivated grounds. Corolla pale greenish-yellow with a dark eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Floiver-of-an- hour. (Adv. from Eu.) II. SYRIACUS, the SHRUBBY ALTH.EA of the old gardeners, is cultivated about houses. ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS, the OKRA, and A. MANIHOT (the genus characterized by the spathaceous calyx, bursting on one side and deciduous), arc common in gardens southward. GOSSYPIUM HERBAGE UM, the COTTON-PLANT, is the most important plant of this family. ORDER 24 TILJACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) Trees (rarely herbs'), with the mucilaginous properties, Jibrous bark, and valvate calyx, fyc. of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the antJ'.ers 2-celled ; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus 1. TIL.IA, L. LINDEN. BASSWOOD. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher- ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a sjigle style, and a 5- toothcd stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-cclled and 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart- shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves, oblique and often truncate at the base, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical name of the genus.) 1. 1*. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods. May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Bassu-ood; the name (now obso- lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. Var. piil>esceilS. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T. pubescens, Ait. T. laxiflora, Michx.) — Common from Maryland southward and westward. 2. T. hcteropliylla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves smooth and bright green above, silvery -whitened with a fine down underneath. (T. alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Leave? larger than in No. 1, often 8' broad. T. EDROP^A, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, which is planted in and near our cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by 70 CAMELLIACE.fi. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) gave the family name to Linnteus. ORDER 25. CAMELLJACE^E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules f the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both imbricated in (estivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each other (monaflct/'lioiis or 3 - 5-adclphous) and with the base of the petals. — Anfhers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle- dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented in this country by the two following genera. 1. STUARTIA, Catcsby. STUAUTIA. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous at the base. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membnmaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short- peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, the well- known Lord Bute.) 1. S. Virgillica, Cav. Petals 5 white (!' long) ; sepals ovate ; style 1 ; stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. (S. Malachoden- dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward. S. PENxAoYNA, L'Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of S. Virginia. 2. GOKBONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY. Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valvcd ; the valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seedcd. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally phiited cotyle- dons.— Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white (lowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 1. O. LasiailtllllS, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at- the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Virginia and southward. May- July. — Petals 1^' long. ORDER 26. LINACEvE. (FLAX FAMILY.; Herbs, with regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers, 4-5-»/r/-o'/v throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the 5 stamens OXALIDACEJS. (WOOD-SOKREL FAMILY.) 71 monadelphms at the base, and an 8-W-seeded pod, having twice as many cells (complete or incomplete} as there are styles ; — consisting chiefly of the genus 1. JLWUBI, L. FLAX. Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dchisccncc) and 5-ccllcd, with 2 seeds hanging- from the summit of each ; but eaeh cell is partly or com- pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with- out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) 1. L.. Virgiuifiiiuaii, L- (Wn.D FLAX.) Traces oblong-lanceolate, the upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or paniclcd branches, on very short peduncles turned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth ; petals yellow; styles distinct. — Dry woods. June -Aug. 1J. — Stem l°-2° high. Pods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length into 10 closed pieces. 2. l«. fSootfii, Planchon. (LARGER YELLOW FLAX.) Leaves linear, pointed ; flowers racemose-scattered on the cymose branches ; sepals ovate-Ian- ce'olate, sharp-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough glandular margins, scarcely longer than the globular imperfectly 10-celled pod; petals suljrfuir yellow; styles united for £ - ^ their length, i (L. rigidum, Torr. Sf Gray, in part.) — Dry soil, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. June -Aug. — Stem slender, l°-2° high. This is L. sulcatum, Riddel, an earlier name. L. RIGIDUM, Pursh, may possibly occur in the western part of Wisconsin. L. USITATISSIMUM, L., the COMMON FLAX, is occasionally spontaneous in cultivated grounds. ORDER 27. OXALJDACEJE. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular, symmetrical, hypo- gynous, o-merous, I0-androus, somewhat monadelplious Jlowers, the calyx im- bricated and the petals convolute in the bud, 5 separate styles, and a ^-celled several-seeded pod. — The principal genus is 1. OX A L. IS, L. WOOD-SORREL. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, monadelplious at the base, alternately shorter. Pod membranaceous, deeply 5- lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendu- lous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at nightfall. (Nama from ogvs, sour.) 72 GERANIACEJE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) * Stfitnlcss: /wfv.< mi/? snipes from a rootstock or bull: cells few-seeded. 1. O. Acctos«'Ila, L. (COMMON V>'ooD-SoRREL.) Root stock creeping and scaly-toothed ; srn/>r- \-fl<>in-r/t>/ dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil; most common northwestward. July -Sept. — Larger and greener than th'- next, with larger flowers. Leaves ovate, petioled, toothed. 2. I. fulva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers oranye-color, t/tick/i/ s]>otl.rd icith reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, taper- ing into a stroiKjIi/ inflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places ; common, especially southward. June -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high: the flowers loosely panicled at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on then- slender nod- ding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopioe-shaped sepal upward. A variety is occasionally found with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere of Europe chiefly in the more inflexed spur and smaller petals. I. BALSAMINA, L., is the BALSAM or Ladies' slipper of the garden. Tnor-ioLUM MAJUS, the familiar NASTURTIUM of gardens, is the type of a group intermediate between the Balsam and Geranium families and the next. ORDER 30. LIMNANTHACE^E. (LIMNANTIIES FAMILY.) Annual low herbs, witli pinnated alternate leaves without stipules, and reg- ular 3 - 5-merous flowers : calyx valvate in the bud : stamens twice as many as the petals: the one-seeded little fleshy fruits separate, but their styles united. — Consists of one 5-merous Californian genus (Limnanthes) with hand- some flowers, sometimes cultivated in gardens, and the insignificant 1. FL.CERKEA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID. Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6, nearly hy- pogynous. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the centre: stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) rough ish fleshy achenia. Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.) 1 . F. proscrpinacoidcs, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New- England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo- late, sometimes 2 - 3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent. * ORDER 31. RUTACE^E. (RuE FAMILY.) Plants tvith simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid ylands, abound- ing tri/h a punyent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, Iif/jim/i/nons rct/iJar 3 - 5-nwrous Jl ;/••, i/tc xtamcns as many or twice as many as the sepals; tlie RUT ACE JE. (RUE FAMILY.) 75 2-5 pistils separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gynopfore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles com- monly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usu- ally capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old World and the Southern hemisphere ; the I'roper Rutacea;, represented in gardens by the Rue (Ruta graveolens, Zr.), are mostly herbs; while our two genera, of trees or shrubs, belong to what has been called the order Zanthoxylacece, but are not distinct from the 1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Golden. PRICKLY ASH. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im- bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and iic.shy, 2-valved when ripe, 1 -2-secded. Seed-coat cmstaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from £avdosj yellow, and £vXoi/, wood.) 1. Z. Aiiacricanuni, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTH- ACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5, with slender styles; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks; com- mon northward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing with the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. 2. Z. CaroBi ill & mini, Lam. (SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flowers in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5 ; pistils 3, with short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and south- ward. June. — A small tree, with very sharp prickles. 2. PTEL.EA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-cellcd and 2-seedcd samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli- olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, applied to a genus with a somewhat similar fruit.) 1. P. trifolmta, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable ; but not so much ?o as those of the AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, or TREE-OF-HEAVEN, — a cultivated tree allied to this family, — whose flowers, especially the staminate ones, redolent of any- 76 ANACARDIACE-fi. (CASHEW FAMILY.) thing hut "airs from heaven," offer a serious objection to the planting of this ornamental tree near dwellings. OKDKR 32. ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular pentandrous flowers, with a 1- celled and 1-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the bud. Seed borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell, without albumen. Stipules none. Often poisonous. — Represented only by the genus 1. R H ITS, L. SUMACH. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and iiulehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens) usually compound. Flowers greenish- white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name of the genus.) $ 1. SIjMAC, DC. — Flowers polygamous, in a terminal tJiyrsoid panicle: fruit globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth : haves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.) 1. R. typllliia, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) Branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. — Hill-sides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with orange-colored wood. 2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH SUMACH.) Smooth, somocltut glaucous; leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. 3. R. copal Una, L. (DWARF SUMACH.) Brandies and stalks doirny ; petioles wtng-maryined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky hills. July. — Shrub l°-7° high, with running roots. Leaflets variable, en- tire or sparingly toothed. 4 2. TOXICOD&NDRON, Tourn.— Flowers polygamous, in loose and sl,,idi pi ai 11 at a, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; tendrils none ; panicle small, cymose ; petals and stamens 5 ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary ; berries black, obovate when young. ( Ampelopsis bipin- nata, Michx.) — Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from a/ATTfXos, a vine, and ttyts, appearance.) 1. A. quiiiquefolia, Michx. — A common woody vine, growing in low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in October. Also called American Ivy. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. ORDER 34. RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some- times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate sepals and alternate with them, and accordingly opjwsite the petals ! Drupe RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 79 or pod with only one seed in each cell, not drilled. — Petals folded inwards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and often unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous, erect. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous. Leaves mostly alternate : stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent : the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nau- seous or drastic.) Synopsis. * Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 1. BEHCIIEMIA. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 2-celled bony putamen. 2. RHAMNUS. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the 2-4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute. 3. FRANGULA. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back : cotyledons plane, fleshy. * * Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary. 4. CEANOTHUS. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent. 1. BERCHEMIA, Necker. SUPPLE-JACK. Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody twining and climbing vines, with the pinnato veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small panicles. (Name unexplained.) 1. B. voliibilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely serrulate; style short, 2-toothed at the apex. — Damp soils, Virginia, and southward. June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the popular name. 2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 sep- arate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. — Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name, from the nu- merous branchlcts.) * Lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4. . 1. B. CATHARTICUS, L. (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely serrate; fruit 3 - 4-seeded ; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spon- taneous on the Hudson River, New York. (Adv. from Eu.) 80 RHAMNACE^K. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 2. R. lailceolatUS, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seedcd. Hills and river-banks, Penn. (Mercerslmrg, I3rof- Green) to Illinois, and southward. May. — Shrub tall, not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers occurring under two forms, both com- monly perfect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with long styles ; the other, and more fruitful, with the pedicels oftener solitary, and the style very short. * * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals wanting. 3. B. alaiif olius, L'Hcr. Leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight- veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Illinois, northward. June. — Shrub 1° - 4° high. 3. FBANGUL.A, Tourn. ALDER-BUCKTHORN. Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane, large and thick. Flowers perfect ; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens almost always 5. Leaves with nearly straight and parallel veins. Otherwise as in Rhamnus. (Name fromfrango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the stems.) 1. F. Caroliiiiana, Gray. Thornless; leaves (3'-4' long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; peduncle of the small umbel of flowers very short; drupe spherical, 3-seeded. — River-banks, Virginia, Ken- tucky, and- southward. June. — A tall shrub. 4. CEANOTIIUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT. Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hood- form, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also elon- gated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-branches : calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (A name of Thcophrastus, of un- known meaning and application.) 1. C. AiiH'i i< .suns, L. (NEW JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or ob- long-ovate, 3-ribbcd, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base ; common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — An undcrshrub, 1°- 3° high from a dark red root, varying exceedingly : branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters. — The leaves were used as a substitute for tea during the American Revolution. 2. C. ovstlis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pe- duncles.— Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — A handsome low shrub, with the white flowers larger than in No. 1, more corymbed, and narrower smooth leaves, mostly acute at both ends. It also varies greatly. CELASTRACEJE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 81 OKDER 35. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) Shrub* with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the petal* both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perifjynous stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Seeds arilled. — Ovary 2-5-celled, with one or few anatropous (erect or pendulous) ovules in each cell: styles united into one. Fruit 2- 5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen : cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. — Hep- resented in the Northern States by two genera. I. CEL,ASTRUS,L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the tube of the calyx. Pod glo- bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, erect, enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flow- ers small, greenish, in raeeme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.) 1. C. SCcindens, L. (WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.) Woody, sarmentosc and twining ; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, dis- playing the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. 2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-3 in each cell, en- closed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Deriv. from eu, good, and ovofj-a, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.) 1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAAHOO.) Shrub tall (G°-14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the (dark purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New York to Wisconsin and southward: also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles. 2. E. America mis, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Shrub low, upright or straggling (2° -5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe, the aril scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, W. New York to Illinois and southward. June. Var. o1>OVittu§, Ton-. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower- ing stems l°-2° high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus, Nutt. \ — Low or wet places. 82 SAriNDACFJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) ORDER 3G. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly un- symmctricdf and often irregular Jloicers, the 4-5 sepals and petals both im- bricated in aestivation, the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (periyynous or hyitoyynoui) disk, a 2 -3-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more) ovules in each cell, and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, without albumen. — A large order, the true Sapindaceae principally tropi- cal, none of them indigenous in the Northern States, except the Buckeyes : — to it may be appended the Bladder-nut and Maple Families. SUBORDER I. STAPHYLEACEJE. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY Flowers (perfect) regular ; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8 in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, stipulate and stipellate. 1. STAPHYLEA. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled bladdery-inflated pod. SUBORDER II. SAPINDACEJE proper (including HIPPOCASTANE^K). Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular; the stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely twice as many. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo curved or convolute, rarely straight: cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound. 2. J2SCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 6. Stamens commonly 7- Fruit a leathery pod. Leaves opposite, digitate. SUBORDER HI. ACERINE^J. THE MAPLE FAMILY. Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals sometimes wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Embryo coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple or compound. 8. ACER. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound. 4. NEGUNDO. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets. SUBORDER I. STAPHYL.EACEJE. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY. 1. §TAPHY:LEA, L. BLADDER-NUT. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulnte, inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long styles cohering at first. Pod lur^v, membnma- ceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; th<> cells containing 1-4 bony anutropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo laruv jmd straight, in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upriulit shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme- SAPINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY TAMIL t.) 83 like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipek deciduous. (Name from OTcxfrvXr], a cluster.) 1. S. trifolia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish striped branches. 'SUBORDER II. SAPINDACE^E PROPER. 2. JE§CUL,US, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE. Calyx tubular, 5-lobcd, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals 4, sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms a seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round pale scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous faces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule 2-lcavcd : radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate : leaf- lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus or dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils and sterile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast bearing tree.) § 1. ./ESCULUS PROPER. — Fruit covered with prickles when young. 1. JE. HlPPOCASTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ; leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.) 2. JE, gl«\1>ra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved, much longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; fruit prickly when young; leaflets 5. — River-banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan and Kentucky. June. — A large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy. § 2. PAVIA, Boerh. — Fruit smooth : petals 4, erect and conniving ; the 2 upper smaller and longer than the others, consisting of a small and rounded blade on a ctnj long claw. 3. JE, flava, Ait. (SWEET BUCKEYE.) Stamens included in the yellow corolla; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and southward. May. A large tree, or a shrub. Var. purpurrisceiis. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with flesh-color or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (M. discolor, Pursh, $-c.) — From W. Virginia southward and westward. 4. JE. Piavia, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the corolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx; leaflets glabrous or soft-downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — A shrub or small tree. 84 8APINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) SUBORDER III. ACERfNILE. THE MAPLE FAMILY. 3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE. Flowers polygamous. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 -12-) lobed or parted. Pet- als cither none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws if any, inserted on the margin of the lobcd disk, which is either perigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 4 -12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each : styli-s 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at length separable, closed samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo variously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or some- times shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedi- cels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.) * Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens G - 8. 1. A. SVnnsylvfmk ami, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobcd at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate ; the short lobes taper-pointed, and also sen-ate; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverg- ing wings. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and north ward along the Alleghanics to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A small and slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood, and Moose-Wood. 2. A. spicfitum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Leaves downy under- neath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed ; racemes u/tright, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range as No. 1 . June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps. • # # Flowers iimbef/ate-cori/mbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the luirm. 3. A. sac cliari mini, Wang. (SUGAR MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE.) Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy along the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-hearing and lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ; wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Rich woods, especially northward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A large, handsome tree. Var. aii^riiiii. (BLACK SUGAR-MAPLE.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed. (A. nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form. # * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from lateral leajless buds, preceding the leaves: stamens 3-6. 4. A. dasycarpimi, Ehrhart. (WHITE or SILVER MAPLE.) / very (li'f/il// 5-/obid with the sinuses rather acute, silvery -white (and when young downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers (greenish-yellow) on short pedicels; petals none; fruit trouf/i/ when young, with • iiviTgi-nt wings. — River-banks, most common southwaitl and westward. March, April. — A fine ornamental tree. POLYGALACE.E. (jlILKWORT FAMILY.) 85 6. A. rill) mm, L. (RED or SWAMP MAPLE.) Leaves 3-5lobedw\th the sinuses acute, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notehed, acute , the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers on very short pedicels (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) ; but the fruit smooth, on pro- longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods ; everywhere. March, April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crimson in early autumn. A. PSEUDO-PL AT ANUS, L., the FALSE SYCAMORE, and A. PLATANOIDES, L., called NORWAY MAPLE, are two European species occasionally planted. 4. N EG UNDO, Mcench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER. Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4 -5. — Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping ra- cemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. (Name un- meaning. The genus, apparently of only a single species, is too near Acer itself.) 1. N. aceroides, Moench. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets smoothish when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. — River-banks. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April. — A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate droop- ing clusters of small greenish flowers, rather preceding the leaves. ORDER 37. POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) Plants with irregular, as if papilionaceous, hypoyynous flowers, 4-8 dia- delpjious or monad elphous stamens, their l-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink; the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Represented by the typical genus 1. POL.1TGAL,A, Tourn. MILKWORT. FloAver very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner (called ivinr/s) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy- nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the petals, free above : anthers l-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen- dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a small, loculicidal 2-seedcd pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or vari- ously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules : sometimes bearing concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. (An old 8 86 TOLYGALACE.E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) name, from TroXvs, much, and ydXa, milk, from a fancied property of its in- creasing this secretion.) * Biennial (6' -12' high) : flowers yellow : crest of the keel small. 1. P. liitca, L. Flowers in solitary ovate or oblong heads, terminating the stem or simple branches (bright orange-yellow); leaves (l'-2' long) obovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, New and southward, near the coast. June -Sept. — Stems at first simple. llrad of flowers |' in diameter, showy. 2. P, railiosa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense sj>fk- -/ike. rur.-iiiix collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ;. seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of tiie caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nntt.) — Damp pine-barrens, New Jersey ? Delaware, and southward. — Flowers turning green in drying. (The allied P. CYM6SA, Walt., which is P. graminifolia, Poir., P. attenuata, Nutt., P. acutifolia, Torr. Sf Gray, — known by its simpler cymes, stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globular seeds with no caruncle, — probably occurs in S. Virginia.) # # Annual : Jlowers purple or white, in spikes ; no subterranean blossoms : crest of the keel minute, except in Nos. 3, 9, and 10. •»- Leaves all alternate or scattered : Jlowers purple or Jlesh-color. 3. P. ilicarilfita, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched (1° high); leaves small, linear-awl-shapcd ; spike oblong or cylindri- cal ; wings much shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla ; claws of the petals united in a very long and slender cleft tube ; caruncle 2-lobed, longer than the stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Maryland and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July. 4. P. sangllinea, L. Stem branched at the top (f/ -10' high) ; leaves oblong-linear ; spikes roundish or oblong, dense, very obtuse ; wings broadly ovate, obtuse; caruncle almost as long as the seed. (P. purpurea, Nutt.) — Sandy and moist ground; common. July -Sept. — Spikes £' thick, reddish-purple: the axis, as in Nos. 5 and 6, beset with the persistent awl-shaped scaly bracts after the flowers have fallen. 5. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length much branched above ; leaves linear ; spikes shoit ; wings ovate-oblong, tapering at the base into - tirnt, un rcry short claws; caruncle small and uj>/>/iiglia, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem- leaves in fours, tlie rest scattered, narrowly linear ; spikes long-peduncled, very slen- der, the flowers often scattered ; wings oval ; caruncle shorter ; otherwise nearly as in No. 9 (of which it is probably a mere variety). — Dry woods, from New York southward. * * # Perennial : floivers white, spiked ; no subterranean blossoms. 11. P. Senega,, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from a thick and hard knotty root, simple (6' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with rough margins, alternate ; spike cylindrical, the flowers on extremely short pedicels ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky open woods or plains, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Virginia. May, June. Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Taller (9' -16' high), sometimes branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, very large (2' -4' long), tapering to each end. Kentucky, Short. # * * * Biennial or perennial: flowers rose-purple, showy, crested; also bearing whitish and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, on subterranean branches. 12. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate ; terminal raceme many-jlowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than the keel; stamens 8; radical flowers racemed on short runners on or beneath the ground; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. (P. rubella, Muhl.) — Dry sandy soil; common eastward. — July. 88 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 13. P. pailCifolia, Willd. Perennial; flowering stems short (3; -4' high), and leafy chiefly at the summit, rising from long and Render prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile ilowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered; the upper leaves ovate, jxtiohd, croinl d ; Jlou-frs 1-3, larye, peduncled ; wings obovatc, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 - 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed. — Woods in light soil; not rare northward, extending southward along the Alleghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very hand- some flowers, I' long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering Wintergreen, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA. ORDER 38. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 {rarely 5, and sometimes many*) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stdiiiaix, ami a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seed* u'itlimtt albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e. next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in this and other northern temperate regions belong to the first of the three sub- orders it comprises. SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACEJ3. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla pe- rigynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous, i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the wings, oblique and exterior to the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or keel, from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually en- closes the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set in a tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1 -celled, sometimes 2-celled by an infolding of one of the sutures, or transversely many-celled by cross-division into joints : style simple : ovules amphitropous, very ra re- ly anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle almost always incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in gci mi- nation usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite en- tire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or pan- icles. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 89 Synopsis. TRIBE I. IJOTE^E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous and 1-celled, or sometimes 2-celled lengthwise. Cotyledons becoming green leaves in germination. — Not twining, climbing, nor tendril-bearing. (Wistaria is an exception in its climbing stems.) Subtribe 1. &ENISTE.E. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple or palmately compound. 1 LUPJNUS. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod flattish. Leaves palmate. 2 CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod inflated. 8. GENISTA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped. Keel straight. Pod flat. Leaves simple. Subtribe 2. TRIFOLIE.E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Leaves palmately or rarely pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate ; the earliest ones in germination after the cotyledons alternate ! — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants. 4. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded. 6. MELILOTUS. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. 6. MEDICAGO. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled. Subtribe 3. PSORALE.E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod 1-seeded and inde- hiscent, mostly included in the calyx, rarely 2-seeded. Plants sprinkled with dark dots or glands. Earliest true leaves opposite. 7. PSORALEA. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of the anthers often imperfect. 8. DALEA. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous ; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. 9. PETALOSTEMON. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 6, monadelphous; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. 10. AMORPHA. Corolla consisting of only one petal! the standard. Stamens 10, monadel- phous at the base. Subtribe 4. GALEGE^!. Stamens mostly diadelphous. Pod several-seeded, at length 2-valved, 1-celled. Leaves pinnate. 11. ROBINIA. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate. 12. WISTARIA. Wings free from the falcate keeL Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners : leaflets not stipellate. IS. TEPHROSIA. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs. Subtribe 6. ASTRAOALE^S. Stamens diadelphous. Pod 2-celled lengthwise by the intro- flexion of the dorsal suture, or 1-celled with one or the other suture somewhat turned inward. Leaves pinnate. 14. ASTRAGALUS. Keel not pointed. Herbs, or low scarcely woody plants. TRIBE II. HEDYSAREJE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod (loment) transversely 2 - several -jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or some- times reduced to one such joint. * Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets. 15. ^SCHYNOMENE. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- jointed. 16. HEDYSARUM. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several jointed. * * Leaves pinnately 3-folSolate. 17. DESMODIUM. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate. 90 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 18. LESPEPEZA. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointod. Flow- ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 19. 8TYLOSANTHES. Stamens monadclphous : antliers of 2 forms. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow- ers of 2 sorts intermixed, the fertile apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. TRIBE HI. VICIEJE. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 1-oelled. Coty- ledons very thick and fleshy (as in a pea), not rising to the surface, but remaining under ground in germination. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common leafstalk produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. 20. VICIA. Stylo filiform, bearded round the apex, or down the side next the keel-petals. 21. LATIIYKUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side towards the standard. TRIBE IV. PHASEOLEJE. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod contin- uous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually rising to the surface, but remaining nearly unchanged (as in a bean, seldom foliaceous) in germination. — Twining or trailing plants, with pinuately 3-foliolate, rarely 5 - 7-foliolate leaves, mostly stipellate, destitute of tendrils. Flowers often clustered in the racemes. * Keel spirally twisted. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged in germination. 22. PHASEOLUS. Keel spiral. Leaves 3-foliolat«, stipellate. 23. APIOS. Keel incurved, at length twisted. Leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, not stipellate. * * Keel straight. Cotyledons not so thick. +- Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Leaflets not stipellate. Flowers yellow. 24. RHYNCHOSIA. Calyx 4-«left, somewhat 2-lipped, or 4-parted. Pod 1 - 2-seeded. •i- •«- Ovary several ovuled. Leaflets usually stipellate. Flowers not yellow. 26. GALACTIA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bracts deciduous. 26. AMPHICARP-SIA Calyx not bracteolate, 4 - 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered. Bracts persistent. 27. CLITOKIA Calyx 2-bracteolate, tubular, 6-cleft. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. 28. CENTROSEMA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, short, 6-cleft. Peduncles few-flowered. Standard with a spur at its base. TRIBE V. SOPHOREJE and PODALYRIEJE. Stamens 10, distinct 29. BAPTISIA. Calyx4-6-lobod. Keel-petals distinct. Pod inflated. Herbs. Leaves pal- mately 3-foliolate or simple. 80. CLADRAST1S. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod very- flat. Tree, with pin- nate leaves. SUBORDER II. C^SALPINIE^). THE BRASILETTO FAMILY. Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu- lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatropous. Embryo usually straight. * Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. 81. CERCIS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. * * Flowers not papilionaceous, perfect. 82. CASSIA. Calyx of 5 n^arly distinct sepals. Leaves simply pinnate. * * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, not perfect. 83. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers dioecious. Petals 5, regular, inserted on the summit of the tubular-funnel-form calyx. Stamens 10. Leaves doubly pinnate. 84 GLEDIT^CIIIA. Flow-era polygamous. Petals, divisions of the open calyx, and staim-ns 8-5. Leaves 1-2-uincAte. LEGUMIXOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 01 SUBORDER III. MIMOSEJE. THE MIMOSA FAMILT. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4 - 5-lobed cup, hypogy- nous, as are the (often very numerous) stamens, regular. Embryo straight. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate. 85. DESMANTIIUS. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 - 10. Pod smooth. 86. SOIIRANKIA. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections. SUBORDER I. P API LION ACE^]. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY. 1. I, UP IN US, Tourn. LUPINE. Calyx very deeply 2-lippcd. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe- shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter- nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric- tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately 1 - 15-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 1. L-. pcreilllis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Somewhat hairy; stem erect (l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long and loose raceme, pods very hairy. 1J. — Sandy soil, common. June. — Flowers showy, purplish- blue, rarely pale or white. — Some S. European Lupines in gardens, and others from Oregon have recently been introduced, especially L. polyphyllus. 2. CROTALAR1A, L. RATTLE-BOX. Calyx 5-clcft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe- shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers racemed, yellow. (Name from KporaXoz/, a rattle ; the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) 1. C. sagitttllis, L. Annual, hairy (3' -6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong- lanceolate, scarcely pctiolcd ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than the calyx. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and southward. July. 3. GENISTA, L. WOAD-WAXEN. WHIN. Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading: keel oblong, straight, scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.) 1. G. TINCT6RIA, L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with Btriate-anglcd erect branches ; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes.— 92 LKGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) Peekskill, New York, and E. Massachusetts, where it is tin. roughly established on stciilc hills in Essex Couuty. June. (Adv. from Eu.J 4. TRI FOLIUM, L. CLOVER. TRKFOIL. Calyx persistent, 5-clcft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla withering or persist- ent: standard longer than the wings, these mostly longer than the keel, and united with it by their slender claws. Stamens more or less united with the corolla. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 -6-seeded, indcliisccnt, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmatcly 3-foliolatc : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers chiefly in heads or spikes. (Name from tns, three, and folium, a leaf.) # Flowers sessile in dense heads : corolla purple or purplish, witli<>rir,cj away afler flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent in't/t each other. H- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer fhan the whitish corolla. 1. T. ARVENSE, L. (RABRIT-FOOT CLOVER. STONE CLOVER.) Silky, branching (5' -10' high) ; leaflets oblanceol ate; heads becoming very soft-silky and grayish, oblong or cylindrical. ® — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) +- •»- Calyx almost glabrous, except a bearded ring in the throat, short tr than the rose- red or purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Flowers sweet-scented. ) 2. T. PRATEXSE, L. (RED CLOVER.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. (1 1J. — Fields and meadows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. T. aiEDiuM, L. (ZIGZAG CLOVER.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple and larger : otherwise like the last. 1J.— Dry hills, Essex Co., Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) # * Flowers pedicclled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short pedicels reflexed when old: corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turn- ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short. 4. T. reflexum, L. (BUFFALO CLOVER.) Stems ascending, Joicny ; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3-5-seeded. (J) @ — Western New York (rare) to Kentucky and south- ward.— Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and keel whitish. 5. T. Stolon ifcrum, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-CLOVER.) Smooth ; stems irith long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obi-ordatf, minutely toothed; heads loose; pods 2-seedcd. 1J. — Open woodlands and prairies, Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple, as large as No. 4, which this too closely resembles. 6. T. repens, L. (WHITE CLOVER.) Smooth; the slender stems tpnadutff and tn-eping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and especially the peduncles very long; heads small and loose; pods about 4-seeded. 1J.— Pastures, waste LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93 places, and oven in woodlands. Appearing like a naturalized plant; but mani- festly indigenous northward. (Eu.) * * # Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old: corolla ycllvw, persistent, turning dry and chestnut-broicn with age, the standard bccomh.y hood- shaped. 7. T. AGRARIUM, L. (YELLOW or HOP-CLOVER.) Smoothish, somewhat upright (6' -12' high); leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the sam>>. point (pal- mate) and nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length. @ — Sandy iields, Massachusetts to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 8. T. PROCUMBENS, L. (Low HOP-CLOVER.) Stems spreading or as- cending, pubescent (3' -6' high) ; leaflets icedge-oborate, notched at the end ; the lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. (D — Sandy fields and road-sides, N. England to Virginia. Also var. MINUS (T. minus, Relh.), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. Wit.li the other, and Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. MELILOT US, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER. Flowers much as in Clover, hut in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous, the wings not united with the keel. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Herbs, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from /ze'Xi, honey, and Acoros, some leguminous plant.) 1. WI. OFFicixXLis, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2° -4° high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of equal length, (g) — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE MELILOT.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white, the standard longer than the other petals. @ (M. leucantha, Koch.) — In simi- lar places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.) : 6. ME DIC A GO, L. MEDICK. Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped, curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut. (l)criv. from MqSt/oj, the name applied to Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) 1. M. SATIVA, L. (LUCERNE.) Upright, smooth ; leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. 1J. — Cultivated for green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. LUPULINA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pu- bescent ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers in short spikes (yellow); pods kidney-form, 1-secded. (|) — Waste places; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. M. MACULATA, Willd. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procum- bent, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely 94 Li;<;r.MiNos,K. (ITLSK FAMILY.) toothed ; peduncles 3 - 5-floicered ; flowers yellow ; pod* couijxtclftj spiral, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furroind on the thick eilye, and fringed with a double row of curved prickles. (T; — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. M. I>ENTICUL\TA, Wilhl. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral t deeply reticnlati-d, and with a thin keeled edge: otherwise like the last. — Sparingly in- troduced into New England, £e. (Adv. from Eu.) 7. PSORAL.EA, L. PSORALEA. Calyx 5-eleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous : the 5 alternate anthers often imperfect. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiseent, 1 -seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, vie.) with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate. Stipules cohering with the petiole. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name from ^copaXeoy, scurfy, from the glands or dots.) # Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 1. P. OaidforyclliS, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect (3° -5° high); leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (.'3' long); stipules and bracts au-l->i/t(ipcd ; racemes axillary, elongated; peduncle shorter than the leaves; pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July. — Flowers very small. 2. P. Stipuliltsi, Ton-. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; struts dif- fuse; leaflets orate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on axil- lary rather short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls of the Ohio, Kentucky. June. 3. P. mclilotoldes, Miehx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan- dular; steins erect (l°-2°high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong} sjii/ds Monn, long-peduncled ; ttipule* aid-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate, taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, Ell.) — Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June. * * Leaves palmately 3 - 5-foliolate. 4. P. floribltilda, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2C -4° high), minnttly hoary.-pubesc&tt when young; leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong (^'-l£' long), glandular-dotted; racain^ panirU-d ; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and southwestward. June - Sept. — Flowers 2" or 3" long. 5. P. argopliylia, Pursh. Silvery silky-u-hftr all over, erect, divergently branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spib* intAL,EA, L. DALEA. Calyx 5-clcft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which is cleft do\\n one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaccous, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less dotted with glands, with minute stipules, the flowers in terminal spikes or heads. (Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.) 1. !>. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect (l°-2°high), glabrous, except the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike; leaves pinnate, of many linear- oblong leaflets ; corolla small, whitish. (J) — Alluvial soil, Illinois and south- ward. July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.) 9. FETAL.OSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread- shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Chiefly perennial herbs, upright, dotted with glands, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and pcdunelcd heads or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen,, alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) 1. P. violftceiis, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear, heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer than the silky-hoary calyx; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan, Wis- consin, and southward. July. 2. P. c&ftidid us, Michx. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear- oblong ; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts awncd, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward. July. 1O. AM OR P II A, L. FALSE INDIGO. Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard concave, erect : the other petals entirely wanting ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet, crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, apopfa, wanting form, from the absence of 4 of the petals.) 1. A. frilficossi, L. (FALSE INDIGO.) Rather pubescent or smoothisk; leaflets 8 -12 pairs, oval, scattered ; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks, S. Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub: very variable. 2. A. cafil€SC«HS, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) Low (l°-3° high), whitened with hoary down; ballets 15-25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, the upper 96 i.EGUMiNOS-fi. (PULSE FAMILY.) surface sinootliish with age; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, Michigan to Wisconsin and southwcstward. July. — Supposed to indieate the prc-eiicc oi' lead-ore. 11. It OSS INI A, L. LOCUST-TREE. Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned hack, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod liii'-ar. Hat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2- valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd- pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. (Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his sou I'tsji'ixitnt Rabin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) 1. R. Pscudacacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST, or FALSE ACACIA.) Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. — S. Pennsylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly cultivated as an orna- mental tree, and for its invaluable timber : naturalized in some places. June. 2. R. viscosa, Vent. (CLAMMY LOCUST.) Branchlets and leafstalks dmiiinif ; flows crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodor- ous ; pod glandular-hispid. — S. W. Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like the la.st, a smaller tree. June. 3. R. Ilispida, L. (BRISTLY or ROSE ACACIA.) BrancMcts and stnlks bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. — Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlcts ; also with smaller flowers, &c. — Mountains of S. Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May, June. — Shrubs 3° - 8° high. 12 WISTARIA, Nutt. WISTARIA. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lippcd; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly anriclcd at the base. Stamens diadelphous. Pod elongated, thiekish, nearly terete, knobby, stipitate, many- seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds kidney-shaped, large. A twining shrubby plant, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9-13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, not stipcllate, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedi- cated to the late Professor Wislar, of Philadelphia.) 1. W. fl'UtuSCCIlS, DC. — Rich alluvial soil, Virginia to Illinois and southward. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. May. 13. TEPIIROSIA, Pers. HOAKY PEA. Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphottfl or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, :>-valvcd. — Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish raeemed t. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from re^por, (lull-colored or hoary-) I/KGUMINOS.#:. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97 1. T. Virginiaaia, Pers. (GOAT'S EUE. CATGUT.) Silky-villousw'ith whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (l°-2° high), leafy to the top; leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi- nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry sandy soil, June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. Flower almost as large as a pea-blossom. 2. T. Spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs ; stems branched bolow, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-ltaved ; leaflets 9-15, obovate or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched at the end ; flowers feic, in a loose inter- rupted spike raised on a very long peduncle, reddish. — Dry soil, E. Virginia and southward. July. 3. T. Ilispiilllla, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently branched, straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and oblanccolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2 - 4 flowered ,• flowers reddish- purple. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 14. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK- VETCH. Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard small, equal- ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexcd or spreading. Stamens diadelphous. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or to such a de- gree as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. — Chiefly herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connec- tion between the two is past all guess.) $ 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, globular, resembling a plum, 2-ceUcd, inde- hiscc-nt, or tardily separable through the partition into 2 closed portions. 1. A. caryocierpus, Kcr. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely appresscd-pubesccnt ; stems low, decumbent; leaflets numerous, narrowly ob- long ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about f in diameter. 1J. — Dry soil, on the Mississippi River, at the junction of the St. Peter's, and westward and south- ward. May. 2. A, IVIexicfeiillS, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, larger; stems usually ascending; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong ; flowers larger (10" -12" long) ; calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit ylobular, very obtuse and pointless, 1' or more in diameter : otherwise like the last : — the unripe fruits of both arc edible, and are eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open plains, from Illinois opposite St. Louis westward and southward. ^ 2. Pod dn/ and dehiscent, partly or completely 2-celled by the turning inward of the dorsal suture. 3. A. Canadi'nsis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4° high), somewhat pubes- cent; leaflets 21-27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in 9 98 LEGUMIXOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) long and close spikes (4'- 9'); pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, completely 2- celled. 1|. — River-banks, common from N. New York westward July -Aug. 4. A. «list6rtais, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the base, smoothish ; leaflets 11 -23, oblong or obovatc ; flowers purplish or violet, 10-20 in a short spike, the standard deeply notched at the summit; pods ob- long, turgid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-celled. JJ. — Mason Co.. Illinois, /'/. M<«d. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.) $ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, l-celled, or incompletely 2-cel/ed by the projection of the ventral (seed-bcariny) suture. (Phaca, L., DC.) 5. A. Codperi. Nearly smooth, erect; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or ob- long, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary underneath ; jxduncles about the lem/th of the leaces ; flowers ichite ; pods not stalked in the cali/x, globose-ovoid, in/liitid, thinnish (\* long), pointed, grooved at the tivo sutures, which are both turned inwards, but especially the inner. 1J. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. "a>«lisii. Nearly sjnooth and erect (1° high) ; slender; leaflets 7-11, elliptical, often notched; peduncles much longer than the leans; racems loose, nearly 1-sided in fruit; flowers white (4" long) ; pods hunt/in;/, xt. clClllIBBEBfefailll, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem, from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper- pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4' — 5' long). — Rich woods. July. 3. I>. paucifloniHl, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8f- 15' high) ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few- flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and south- westward. Aug. §2. Pod short-stalked, of 3-5 joints: calyx-teeth longer than the tube: stipules ovate, striate, pointed, persistent : stems prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal, small, scarcely panicled. 4. D. lllllllif ilSlllll, Beck. Smoothish; leaflets ovate or oval; stipules orate-lanccolate ; pods slightly sinuate along the upper margin, the joints obtusely triangular. — Woods, E. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, rare. Aug. — Re- sembles the next. 5. D. rotuildifoliuill, DC. Hairy all over ; leaflets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; stipules large, broadly ovate ; pods almost equally sinuate on both edges; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods. Aug. § 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; the teeth of the latter longer thin the. tube : racemes panicled. 100 LKGUMINOSJB. (PULSE FAM fLY.) * Stftus tall ami met ; the persistent stipules anil (deciduous) bracts large and coil- s/'icii' >;(.->, .nniti or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed: pods of 4-7 unequal-sided rhom- bic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about £' long. (Flowers rather large.) 6. D. caneSCCIlS, DC. Stem loosely branched (3° -5° high), hairy; 'ii-nte, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides ronghish 'with a close-pressed fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very adhesive. — Moist grounds, Vermont to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Branches clothed with minute and hooked, and long spreading rather glutinous hairs. 7. I>. CUSpidatUin, TOIT. & Gray. Very smooth throughout; stem straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than the petiole (3' -5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets. July. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules £' long. * * Steins (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small and inconspicuous : pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or rny unequal-tided rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, ^ or less in length. (Flowers mid- dle-sized. ) 8. D. ISDVigfltUHl, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stem straight ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); panicles minutely rough- pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward. 9. D. viridifloniHl, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit; leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. Aug. 10. I>. Dilleilii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or cMony-oi-atu, commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3' long). — Open woodlands, common. Aug. 11. I>. panicillatlllll, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender , leaflets oblong -lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3' -5' long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. July. 12. D, strictum, DC. Smooth; stem very straight and slender, simple, leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish (l'-2' long, ^' wide) ; panicle wand-like; joints of the pod 1 -3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). — Pine woods of New Jersey, and southward. Aug. * * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 1^'' to 2^" long. •*- Stems erect: bracts before flowering conspicuous: racemes densely flowered. 13. D. Caiiadcnse, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high); ln. rigidlllll, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than the petiole. — Dry hill-sides, Mass, to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Intermediate, as it were, between No. 16 and No. 10. 16. D. cilifirc, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent ; haves crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath (£'-1' long). — Dry hills and sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. 17. J>. ITIarilitBKliciim, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender; leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole: otherwise as No. 16. (D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses, common. July - Sept. -»- H- -t- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered. 18. D. lineatiiin, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets orbicular, smoothish '(£'- 1' long), much longer than the petiole; pod not stalked. — Virginia and southward. 18. L,ESVPEI>EZA-, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. — Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts minute. Flowers often polygamous. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida when Michaux visited it.) * Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed, or in subsessile little clusters. 1. L.. prociilllbens, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil, commonest southward. Aug. — The apet- alous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles. 2. L,. repens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovatc-elliptical (£' long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil, S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last. 3. It. violacea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets varying from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed pubescence; peduncles or clusters few-flowered ; pods ovate. — The principal vari- eties are, 1. DIVERGENS, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled flowers ; this runs into, 2. SESSILIFI^RA, with the flowers principally on pe- duncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form is, 3. ANGUSTIF6LIA, with closely clustered flowers on straight branches 9* 102 LKGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) crowded leaves, and narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — Dry copses, common. Aug. - Sept. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers. 4. L. Stllvci, Nntt. Stems uprirjht-spreading, bushy, downy ; leaflets oval or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some- tiim-s above); clusters many -flowered, crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills, and sand, Plymouth, Mass, to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear- ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5. * * Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream- color with a purple sj>ot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx: stems upright, wand-like (2° -4° high). 5. L. hil'ta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; petioles slender ; leaflets roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather loose ; pods nearly as long asl the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx.) — Dry hill-sides. Aug., Sept. 6. L. capital til, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short; leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; spikes or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of all in var. ANGUSTirdLiA : slender; leaflets linear; peduncles sometimes elon- gated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found near the coast and southward. Sept. — Stems woolly, rigid. 19. STYL.OSANT.HES, Swartz. PENCIL-FLOWER. Flowers of two kinds intermixed in the clusters ; one sort complete but un- fruitful ; the other fertile, and consisting only of a pistil between 2 bractlcts. — Calyx with a slender tube like a stalk, 2-lipped at the summit; upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens monadelphous : 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate ones ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Pod reticulated, 1 - 2-jointed ; the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like, the upper ovate. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; the stipules united with the petiole. (Name composed of oruAos, a column, and avBos^ a flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.) 1. S. Clatior, Swartz. Tufted, low, often bristly, wiry ; leaflets lanceo- late, strongly straight-veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Also Illinois, Vasey. July- Oct. — Flowers small, yellow. 2O. VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter. Style thread- shaped, hairy all round the apex or down the outer side (next the keel). Pod 2-valved, 2 - several-seeded. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & I. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules usually half arrow-shaped. (The old Latin name.) * Annual: Jlowers 1 -2 in the axils, nearly sessile, largr, violet-purple. 1. V. SATlv*, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent; A«m simple ; leaflets 5 -7 pairs, varying from obovatp-oblong to linear, notched LEGUMINOS.fi. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103 and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and waste places; both the common form and the var. ANGUSTIFOLJA, with longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) # * Annual : peduncles elongated: flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.) 2. V, TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles \-Z-flowered; leaflets 4-6 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; pods narrowly oblong, ^-seeded, smooth. — Waste or open places, near the coast. — An insignificant plant, 6' -12' high, with whitish flowers. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. V. HIRSUTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - ^-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun- cate ; calyx-teeth equal; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. (Ervum hirsutum, L.) — Massachusetts to Virginia. — A slender straggling plant, with small purplish- blue flowers. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Perennial : peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth very unequal: pod several-seeded. 4. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate; peduncles densely many-flowered; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward. July. — Flowers blue, turning purple, £' long, one-sided in the spike, reflexed. (Eu.) 5. V. Carolinian:!, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-12, oblong, ob- tuse, scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. — River-banks, &c. May. — FloAvers more scattered than in No. 4, whitish, the keel tipped with blue. . 6. V. Alliericfina, Mtthl. Glabrous; leaflets 10 - 14, elliptical or ovate- oblong, very obtuse, many- veined ; peduncles 4 - 8-jloivered. — Moist thickets, New York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish-blue, f long. 21. L.ATIIYRUS, L. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA. Style flattish, not grooved above, hairy along the inner side (next the free sta- men). Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (AdOvpos, a leguminous plant of Theo- phrastus.) — Our wild species are perennial and mostly smooth plants. 1. L,. mai'itiniilS, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stem stout (1° high); leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate; stipules broadly halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6 - 10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June - Aug. — Flowers large, purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also are those of the other species. (Eu.) 2. ft. vcnosus, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° - 5° high) ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen- d<,\ lidlf arrow-shaped ; peduncles many -flower ed ; corolla purple. — Shady banks, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. June. 3. L. ochrolcilCUS, Hook. Stem slender (l°-3° high); leaflets 3-4 pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 -10-flowercd ; corolla yellowish-white. — Hill- sides, W. Vermont to Penn., and westward and northward. July. 4. It. palustris, L. (MARSH VETCHLING.) Stem "slender (l°-2° h'igh), often wing-margined; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly 104 LEGUMINOSJS. (PULSE FAMILY.) oblong, mncrunate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, sharp- puintcd at both cuds; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; corolla blue-purjile. — Moist places, N. England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. July. (En.) Var. HiyrtiloliiiS. Taller, climbing 2c-4° high; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptical; UJIJKT stipules larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius, Mufti.) — W. New England to Pcnn., and northward. L. LATIF6LIU8 (EVERLASTING PEA) and L. ODORATUS (SWEET PEA) are commonly cultivated species. PISUM SAiivuM, the PEA; FABA VULGARIS, the HORSE-BEAN , and CICER AUIEI-LNUM, the CHICK-PEA, are other cultivated representative* of the same tribe. 22. PIIAStOL.US, L. KIDNEY BEAN. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or twisted, or curved into a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin- ing or prostrate herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers often clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.) # Potis 'scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, paniclcd. 1. P. pcreimis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4-5-seedcd. 1|. — Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Flowers purple, handsome, but small. * # Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete: flowers few in a short clustered ra- ceme like a head. (Strophostylcs, Ell.) 2. P. diversifolillS, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough- hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong- ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy fields and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corol- la greenish-white tinged with red or purple. Pod thickish. 3. P. helvollis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets orate or oblong, entire or obscurely angled; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the It-arcs. — Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. — More slender than the last: pods narrower: flowers as large and similar. # # Pods straight and linear, flat: p«lnnct< x 1 —few-flowered at the summit : flowen small : keel slightly twisted. 4. P. pauciflorilS, Benth. Annual ; stems diffuse, but twining, slen- der, pubescent; leaflets varying from oblo_ng-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear. (P. lcio>pennns, Torr. fr Gr.) — "Hiver-banks, Illinois (Mead] and so nth west- ward. July -Sept. — Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent. P. vuLo\Ris is the common KIDNEY BEAN or HARICOT. P. LUN\TUS is the LIMA BEAN of our gardens. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105 23. AP1OS, Boerh. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAK. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the incurved scythe-shaped keel at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb, bearing edible tubers on underground shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, not stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branch- ing racemes, clustered. (Name from amov, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 1. A. tubcrosa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios, L.) — Moist thickets, com- mon. Aug. — Flowers brown-purple, fragrant. 24. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour., DC. EHYNCHOSIA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, not twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded, short and flat, 2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. (Name from pvvxos, a beak, from the shape of the keel.) 1 . R. I omciltdsa, Torn & Gray. More or less downy ; leaflets round- ish ; racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable. Var. llionopliylla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high); leaves mostly of a single round leaflet (l'-2' wide). — S. Virginia and south- ward, in dry sandy soil. Var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy; leaf- lets 3, roundish ; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. — S. Virginia and southward. Var. erecta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets 3, oval or oblong. — Maryland and southward. 25. GAL.ACT1A, P. Browne. MILK PEA. Calyx 4-clcft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest. Keel scarcely in- curved. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of them are occasionally partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed). — Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellute. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish. (Name from •yuXa, -a*ros, milk; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is un- likely.) 1. G. glabclla, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowercd ; po>ls somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York and New Jersey to Virginia near the coast, and southward. July - Sept. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple. 2. G. inollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and 106 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) leaves bcncdlh mfl-:i, R. Brown. Smooth (l°-3°high); the branches slender and widely spreading ; petioles slender , stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; leaf- lets oblong or oblanccolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods linear-oblong (I'-li' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. May, June. — Flowers white, ^'-§' long. 5. B. Iciicopll&a, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches, hives almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels ; pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — Raceme often 1° long: pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length. 3O. Ct, ADR AST IS, Raf. YELLOW- WOOD. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed : the distinct keel-petals- and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct : filaments slender, incurved above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6- seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, nearly smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes of showy white flowers drooping from the end of the branches. Stipules obso- 108 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) lete. Base of the petioles hollow, and enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name of obscure derivation.) 1. C. tillCtoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Mldix. f.) Ricli hill-sides, E. Kentucky and Tennessee. May. — Racemes 10'-20' long. Flowers 1' long. SUBORDER II. CJESAL-PINIE^E. THF BRASILETTO FAMILY. 31. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller thr.n the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud: the keel-petals larger and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture wifh a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded-heart-shaped simple leaves, deciduous stipules, and red-purple flowers in little umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.) 1. C. Canad£nsiS, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and south- ward. March - May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller than in the European species. 32. CASSIA, L. SENNA. Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal, not papilionaceous, spreading. Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinn.ite leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) * Leaflets large: stipules deciduous: the 3 upper anthers deformed and iinpods elongated-linear (5' long; with a tumid border, (//abrous. (J) U ? — Virginia and southward. Auir (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) See addend. # * Lniflrts snutll, somewhat sensitive to the touch: stipules striate, persistent : a cnp- s/mpcil i/htnd InutatJi the lowest pair of leaflets • anthers all perfect: flower* in . small clusti'i-s altar,- tin- a n'/s : podsflai. 3. C. CliamSJCCriSta, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Leaflets 10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base; floiw-rn (l«ryc) on slender pediceh.; anthers 10, cloiifftitcd, Him/mil (4 of them yellow, the others purple); style slender. (1; — Sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, lc long : 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the bare. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109 4. C. nictitans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels ; anthers 5, nearly equal ; style very short. ® — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to Illinois and southward. Aug. 33. GYMNOCL.ADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Flowers dioecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the, petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several- seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and very large unequally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers whitish, in axillary racemes. (Name from yvp.vos, naked, and K\ddos, a branch, alluding to the stout branches destitute of spray.) 1. G. CaiiadcnsiS, Lam. Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, with several large partial leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod 6'- 10' long, 2' broad; the seeds over £' across. 34. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST. Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 - 5 spreading sepals, united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united Stamens as many, distinct ; inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of Gleditsch, a botanist contem- porary with Linnreus.) 1. G. triaCttnthos, L. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY-LO- CUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, some- what serrate; pods linear, elongated (l°-lj° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and southwest- ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges. 2. G. moiiosperma, Walt. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender; mostly simple ; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps, Illinois and southwestward. July. — A small tree. SUBORDER III. UIIUIOSEJE. THE MIMOSA FAMILY. 35. DESMANTHUS, Willd. DESMANTHUS. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothcd. Petals !>, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs with twice-pinnate leaves of numer- ous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowerr,. (Name composed of Seoyza, a bond, and avBos, flower.) 10 110 KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 1. I>. I>racliylo1>llS, Bcnth. Nearly glabrous, erect (l°-4° high); partial petioles 6-15 pairs ; leaflets 20 - 30 pairs ; stamens 5 ; pods oblong or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 long, 2-6-secdcd. 1|. (Darlingtonia brachyloba & glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwestward. 36. SCHRiNKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel- form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Peren- nial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensi- tive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for Schrank, a German botanist.) 1. S. UllCinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia, Illinois? and southward. June -Aug. 2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined; pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the pre- ceding. ORDER 39. ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens insert- ed on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the Pear tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 -few in each ovary, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick coty- ledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4-8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. This important family comprises three principal suborders, viz. : — SUBORDER I. AMYGDALEJE. THE ALMOND FAMILY. Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free. 1. PRUNUS. Stone of the drupe smooth, or merely furrowed on the edges. SUBORDER II. ROSACE^E PROPER. Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tuln>. Pistils few or many (occasionally single). Stipules commonly united with the petiole. (ROSE FAMILY.) Ill TRIBE I. SPIRJEEJE. Pistils mostly 5, forming follicles in I ruifc : styles terminal. 2. SPIRJSA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. g. GILLENIA. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud. TRIBE II. DRYADE.K. Pistils numerous (rarely 1-2), forming seed-like achenia oi little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate in the bud. Subtribe 1. SAXGUISORBEJE. Calyx-tube constricted at the throat. Petals often wanting Stamens 4 - 15. Pistils 1 - 4, dry in fruit, enclosed in the calyx. 4. AGR1MONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Pistils 2 : style terminal. 6. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Pistil 1 : style terminal. 6. ALCIIEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1 - 4 : style lateral. Subtribe 2. CHASLERIIODE^E. Calyx open. Stamens & pistils 5 -10 : styles lateral. Fruit dry. 7. SIBBALDIA. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals. Subtribe 3. EUDRYADE^. Calyx open. Stamens and pistils few — many. Fruit of dry achenia, tipped with terminal styles. Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.) 8. DRYAS. Calyx8-9-parted. Petals 8 -9. Styles persistent, plumose. 9. GEUM. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Achenia numerous : styles persistent. 10. WALDSTE1NIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few: styles deciduous from the base. Subtribe 4. FRAGARIE^I. Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate. Stamens and pistils numer- ous : styles often lateral, deciduous Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascend- ing, inserted next the base of the style. (Radicle always superior.) 11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle dry, flat, convex, or oblong. 12. FRAGARIA Receptacle conical, enlarged and succulent in fruit, edible. Subtribe 5. DALIBARDE^. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Stamens and usually the pistils numerous : styles terminal, deciduous. Achenia mostly fleshy, or becoming little drupes Seed suspended (ovules 2, collateral : radicle superior). 13. DALIBARDA. Fruit of 5 - 10 almost dry achenia, in the bottom of the calyx. 14 RUBDS. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous achenia, aggregated on a flat- tish or elongated receptacle. TRIBE III. ROSE JE. Pistils numerous, forming achenia, inserted on the hollow recep- tacle which lines the urn-shaped and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated. 15. ROSA. Leaves pinnate : stipules cohering with the petiole. SUBORDER III. POME^E. TIIE PEAR FAMILY. Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming a pome), including and co- hering with the 2-5 ovaries. Stipules free. 16. CRAT^GUS. Carpels bony in fruit, 1-seeded. 17. PYRUS. Carpols papery or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded. 18. AMELANCIIIER. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells by a partition : cells 1- eeeded. SUBORDER I. AMYGDAL.EJE. THE ALMOND FAMILY. 1. PRUNUS, L. PLUM & CHERRY. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pen- dulous ovules. Drupe fleshy; the stone smooth and even. — Small trees or shrubs. Flowers commonly white. (The ancient classical name of the Plum.) 112 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) § 1. PRtlNTJS, Tourn. (PLUM.) — Drupe usually with a bloom, the stone flat- tened, or at least wider than thick: leaves convolute in the bitd,flced leaves and umbel-like corymbs : pods inflated and diverging when grown, 2 - ^-seeded. 1. S. oplllifolia, L. (NINE-BARK.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3- lobed and heart-shaped ; pods 3-5. — Rocky river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, with recurved branches and white flowers, succeeded by mem- branaccous purplish pods : the old bark loose and separating in thin layers. §2. SPIRAEA PROPER. — Shrubs, with simpk leaves, the stipules obsolete: pods (mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded. 2. S. corymbosa, Raf. Nearly smooth (l°-2°high); leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound. — Alleghanies of Penn., to Virginia and Kentucky. June. —Flowers white. 3. S. salicifolia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Nearly smooth (2° -3° high); leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded panicle ; pods smooth. — "Wet grounds: also cultivated. July. — Flowers white or flesh -color. (Eu.) 10* 114 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 4. S. tomcntdsa, L. (HARDHACK. STEEPLE-BUSH.) Stems and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle; pods woolly. — Low grounds ; commonest in New England. July. — Flowers rose-color. i 3. ULMARIA, Mcench. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panided cymose flowers : calyx reflexed : pods 5-8 in number, 1 - 2-seeded. 5. S. lobata, Murr. (QUEEN OP THE PRAIRIE.) Glabrous (2° -8° high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed; stipules kidney-form; panicle compound-clus- tered, on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours ! $4. ARtJNCUS, Scringe. — Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers, in slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle ; leaves thrice-pinnate ; the stipules obsolete : pods 3-5, several-seeded : pedicels reflexed in fruit. 6. S. Aruncus, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tall ; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and west- ward. June. (Eu.) S. FILIPENDULA, the DROPWORT ; S. ULMARIA, the MEADOW-SWEET of Europe ; S. HYPERICI£ 6nA (ITALIAN MAY) ; and S. 8ORBir6LiA, are com- mon in gardens. 3. GILLENIA, Mcench. INDIAN PHYSIC. Calyx narrow, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals 5, somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, 2-4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure botanist or gardener, A. Gille, or Gillenius.) 1. G. trifoliata, Mcench. (BOWMAN'S ROOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July. 2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. (AMERICAN IPECAC.) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Penn- sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 4. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY. Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing the fruit ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Achenia 2 : styles terminal. Seed suspended.— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender spiked racemes : bracts 3-cleft. (A corruption of Argemonia, of the same deri- vation as Argemone.) ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 115 1. A. Ellpatdria, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) Leaflets 5-7 with mi- nute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July -Sept. (Eu.) 2. A. parvifldra, Ait. Lea/lets crowded, 11-19, with smaller ones inter- mixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ; petals small. — Woods and glades, Pennsylvania and southwestward. July. 5. SANOU1SORBA, L. GREAT BDRNET. Calyx colored, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angled, constricted ; the lobes 4, spread- ing. Petals none. Stamens 4 ; the filaments usually enlarging upwards. Pis- tils 1 or rarely 2 : style slender, terminal : stigma pencil-form, tufted. Achenium included in the indurated 4-wingcd calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, sometimes polygamous, in close spikes or heads. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; the plants having been esteemed as vulneraries.) 1. S. Canadcnsis, L. (CANADIAN BDRNET.) Stamens much longer than the calyx ; spikes cylindrical and elongated in fruit ; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipe Hate ; stipules serrate. Ij. — Bogs and wet meadows ; chiefly northward. Aug. -OcL — A tall herb : flowers wliite, sometimes purple. POTERIUM SANGUISORBA, the COMMON BURNET of the gardens, has mo- noecious polyandrous flowers. 6. ALCIIERliLLA, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE. Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top ; limb 4-parted, with as many alternate bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1 - 4 ; the slen- der style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia included in the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelych, the Arabic name.) 1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Stems (3' -8' high) leafy ; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-clcft, pubescent ; flowers sessile in the axils, (j) — Eastern Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) A. ALPINA, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Mountains, New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it. 7. SIBBA&.DIA, L. SIBBALDIA. Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta- mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10; styles lateral. — Low arid depressed mountain perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Silbald, Prof, at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.) 1. S. procumbeiis, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; petals yellow. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, and northward. (Eu.) 116 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 8. DRY AS, L. DRYAS. Calyx flattish, 8 - 9-partcd. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum § Sio- versia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, the foliage of some species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.) 1. I>. integfl'ifolia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh ; but not since met with : therefore very doubtful. (Eu.) 9. GEUUI, L. AVENS. Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni- cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from y«vo>, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots being rather aromatic.) See addend. $ 1. GEUM PROPER. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the lower portion smooth and persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly hairy upper joint jails away : head of fruit sessile: calyx-lobes reflexed. (Flowers some- what panicled at the summit of the leafy stem.) 1. G» iillHiBiB, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender (2° high) ; root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-dividcd, lobed, or only toothed ; stipules small ; petals white (3" long), obovate or oblong, fully as long as the calyx; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy ; upper joint of the style a little hairy. Borders of woods, common. May - Aug. — Near the European G. urbanum. 2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, ineiscd ; stipules small ; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx ; re- ceptacle and ovaries glabrous. — Woods and low grounds ; common northward. — Clearly different from the last. 3. G. iBiacropliylliim, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (l°-3° high); root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and ronnd-hcart-shapfd ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the ter- minal roundish, 3-c.left, the lobes wedge-form and rounded ; petals yellow, u' longer titan (he calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked; achenia bristly :tbove. — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire : also North Illinois and northward. June. (Eu.) 4. G. StrictUllt, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high) ; root-leaves inter ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the si an -/((ices 3-5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; petals yellow, roundish, longer than the calyx ; recep- tacle domiy ; ada-nia bristly above. — Moist meadows; common, especially northward. July. (Eu.) ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117 § 2. ST YLIPUS, Raf. — Styles smooth : head of fruit conspicuously sialked in the calyx : bracllets of the calyx none : otherwise as § 1 . 5. O. verailllll, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. April -June. § 3. CARYOPIIYLlATA, Tourn. — Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading : petals erect. 6. €». rivsale, L. (WATER or PURPLE AVENS.) Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2° high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows, N. England to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Blossoms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.) $4- SIEVERSIA, Willd. — Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight : head of fru.it sessile: flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. (F lowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.) 7. G. trifloruill, Pursh. Low, softly hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as ilie oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2'), strongly plumose in fruit. — Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New York northward to Wisconsin ; rare. April -June. 8. O. reuliilflllll) Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shupcd, radiate-veined (2' -5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut- toothed and obscurely 5-7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems (8' - 18' high) 1 - 5-tiowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round- obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (^' long), spreading; styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.) Var. Peckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. July - Sept. 1O. WAXDSTEINIA, Willd. (COMAROPSIS, DC.) Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achcnia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5- lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Nainctl in honor of Francis ?;on Waldstein, a German botanist.) 1. W. fragas'ioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaf- lets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hill-sides, common northward, and southward along the Allcghanies. 118 KOSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.} 11. POTENTI L.JLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGEK. Calyx flat, deeply 5-eleft, with as many bractlets at tlic sinuses, thus appear- ing K)-cleft. Petals 4-5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers. (Name a kind of diminutive from patens, pow- erful, alluding to the reputed medicinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.) § 1. Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous. * Annuals or biennials: petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx: receptacle globular, ovoid, or even oblony in fruit. 1. P. Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above; leaves palmately 3- foliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields : common, especially northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) 2. P. parad6xa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent, branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed ; achcnia with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi. # * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx. •*- Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leajlits. 3. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (l'-3' high), tufted, villous when young, stems or scapes mostly 1-flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into 5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiuna, Oakes.) — Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species. Alpine summits of the high mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.) 4. P. Canadcnsis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.) Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles axil- lary, elongated, I -flowered ; leaflets 5, oblong or obovatc-wedgc-form, cut-toothed towards the apex. (P. sarmentosa, Mu/il.) — Var. 1. PUMILA is a dwarf, early- flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. sf MPLEX is a taller and greener state, with slender ascending steins. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Abounds among grass in dry fields, &c. April - Oct. 5. P. argentca, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending, cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, al- most pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June - Sept. (Eu.) •«- •*- Taller : leaves pinnate, of 3-9 leaflet*. 6. P. Pennsylvania, L. Stems erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky-wool- ly with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded; petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania? New Hampshire (1>1<- of Shoals, Rabbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Spraaue), and northward. July. § 2. Slyle deeply lateral, attached at or beneath the middle of the ovary : petals yellow or white, deciduous. BGSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119 * Achenia glabrous : style thickened above : receptacle conical in fruit. 7. P. argllta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (2° -4° high), brownish hair}-, clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy underneath; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish; disk thick and glandular. — llocky hills ; common northward and westward. July. •^ * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous. 8. P. Anserilia, L. (SILVER- WEED.) Herbaceous, creeping by slen- der rootiny runners ; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs interposed, oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, green and nearly smooth above, silvery- white with silky down underneath ; stipules many-cleft ; flowers solitary (yellow), on long scape-like peduncles. Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 9. P. frtiticosa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stem erect, shrubby (2° -4° high), very much branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, closely crowd- ed, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like ; flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Bog-meadows; same range as the last. June -Sept. (Eu.) 10. P. tridetitata, Ait. (MOUNTAIN CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems low (4' -6' high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several- flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at the apex : petals white ; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Rocks, on mountains ; Cape Cod, Cape Ann, and in Maine at the level of the sea ; shore of Lake Superior and northward. June. §3. Styles moderately lateral: petals (sJu»ter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy: achenia glabrous: recepta- cle hair i/, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.) 11. P. palaistris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems ascending from a creeping base (1° -2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate or oblong crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; calyx (!' broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. 1J. (Comarum palustre, L.) — Bogs, N.England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 12. FRAGARIA, Toura. STRAWBERRY. Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate-wedge- form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — The two species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.) 1. F. VirgilliiYna, Ehrhart. Achenia embedded in the deeply pitted recep- tacle,— Fields and rocky places ; common April -June. - Scapes commonly shorter than the leaves, which are of a rather coriaceous or lirm texture. Fruit roundish-ovoid. 120 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 2. F. VCSCa, L. Achenia superficial on the conical or hemispherical fruiting •••It (not .sunk in pits). — Fields and rocks, common: indigenous, especial- ly northward. — Leaves thin; the wild fruit often long and slender. (Eu.) 13. DAL.IBARDA, L. DALIBARDA. Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, . deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed- like drupes: styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstoeks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1-2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.) 1. !>• rep*»ilS, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks; common northward. June -Aug. — Leaves much like those of a stemless Violet. 14. RIJBUS, L. BRAMBLE. Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming Finall drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (Name from the Celtic rub, red.) $ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. (RASPBERRY.) # Leaves simple : flowers larye : prickles none : fruit and receptacle flat 1. R. odorsilus, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) Stem shrub' ly (3° -5° high) ; branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with alandnlar clammy hairs; leaves 3 - 5-lobcd, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro- longed; peduncles many-flowered; calyx -lobes tipped with a long narrow ap- pendage; petals roundfd, purple rose-color ; fruit ripening several reddish grains. — Rocky banks, common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad. 2. K. TVlitkttliliS, Moc.ino. (WHITE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) glandular, scarcely bristly ; leaves almost equally 5-lobcd, coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white. (R. parvifl .'>rus, Nn/t.) — Upper Michigan, and northwestward along the Lakes. Much like No. 1 ; but smaller. 3 II. CliailliElllorilS, L. (CLOUD-BERRY.) Herbaceous, low, diwcious ; stem simple, 2-3-leaved, I flowered ; leaves roumlish-kidney-form, somewhat 5- lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless; petals obovate, white; fruit of few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of trees : also Lubcck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.) # # Leaflet ft (pinnately) 3 - 5 : petals small, erect, white. •*- Srems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit offeio sejxini/' /.s- 4. R. tri llorilS, Richardson. (D\v.\i:i- RASPISKKUV.) Stems sisccnding (6'- 12' high) or trailing ; leaflets 3 (or pcdately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin smooth ; peduncle = ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 121 1 -3-flowered. — "Wooded hill-sides, Rhode Island to Perm., Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. -t-H— Stems biennial and wvuu'y, prickly : receptacle oblong: fruit hemispherical. 5. R. Strig6sus9 Michx. (WILD RED RASPBERRY.) Stems upriuht, and with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (some of them becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3- 5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-do \vny underneath; the lateral ses- sile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills ; common, especially northward. — Fruit ripening from June to Aug., finely flavored, hut more tender and watery than the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Idieus), which it too closely resembles. 6. R. occidcnt&lis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.) (j/aucous all over ; steins recurved, armed like the stalks, &c. with hooked prickles, nut bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly sen-ate, whitened- downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the pals ; fruit purple-black. — Thickets and fields, especially where the ground has en burned over. May. — Fruit ripe early in July, pleasant. ( Some curious forms are known, with fruit intermediate between this and the last.) ^ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish. (BLACKBERRY.) 7. R. villdsits, Ait. (COMMON or HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (10 -6° high), furroAved, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branrhlcts, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or IK (lately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate; the terminal one somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers raccmed, numerous, bracts short; sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. -^- Var. 1. FRONo6sus : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym- bose, with leafy bracts; petals roundish. Var. 2. HUMiFtrsus : trailing, small- er; peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c., common. May, June: the pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in si/e, aspect, and shape of the fruit. 8. R. Caaiadcnsis, L. (Low BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY.) Shrubby, cxti'iixin-Jii trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate- lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers ra- cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, Bigel, frc. ; not of Michx.) — Rocky or gravelly hills, common. May ; ripening its large and sweet fruit earlier than No. 7. 9. R. Itispidtis, L. (RUNNING SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.) Stems slender, somewhat shrubby, extensive! [>/ procumbent, beset -with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly \ flowers small. (R. obovalis, Mickr. R. sempcrvircns and R. setosus, B/'gelow.) — Low woods, common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend- ing, the sterile forming long runners. Fruit of a few large grains, red or pur- ple, sour. 11 122 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 10. R. ClincifolillS, Pursh. (SAND BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (l°-3° high), upi;'t;/it, nrnrd /rit/i stout, named prickles { brti/if/ilcts and lower surface of 'i/tis/t-tcool/y ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, thick ish, serrate above; p'-duueles 2 - 4-flo\vered ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York to Virginia and southward. .May- July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August. 11. R. trivia I is, Michx. (Low BUSH-BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby, procum- bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, newly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1-3-flow- ered ; petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May. 15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obcordatc, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and bears the numerous pistils over its inner surface. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. — . Shrub- by and prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole: stalks, foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.) * Styles cohering in a column, as long as the stamens. 1. R. SCtigcra, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climb- ing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3 — 5, orate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and calyx glandular; flowers corymbcd; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white; fruit (hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July. — A fine species, the only American climbing Rose ; the strong shoots growing 10° -20° in a season. # # Styles separate, nearly included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color, 2. R. Carolina, L. (SWAMP ROSE.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed with stout /looked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull above and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in corymbs; calyx and peduncles glandular-bristly, the former with leaf-like appendages; fruit (hip) depressed-globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds, common. June- Sept. 3. R. lucida, Ehrhart. (DWARF WILD-ROSE.) Stems (l°-2° high), armed with mm/iuil bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per- sistent ones nearly straight, slender; leaflets 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, shini)ig aboiv, sharply serrate; stipules broad; peduncles 1 -3-flowercd, and wirh the appendage*! calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed -globular, smooth when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May - July. — R. nitida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form. 4. R. bltfnda, Ait. (EARLY WILD-ROSE.) Nearly unarmed, or with scattered straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high); leaflets 5-7, oral or oblong, r////.sr, jxtl,- on both siibs and minutely do/my or hoary beneath, serrate; stipules large; f lowers 1 -.'>, the pcd'imJcs and ca/y.r-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo- • rownrd with the persistent erect and connivcnt entire calyx-loins. — KIM-US and bunks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May, June. — Petals light rose-color. KOSACK^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 123 5. R. RITBIGINsa, MitJix. C. Virginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward. 9. C. parvifolia, Ait. (DwARF THORN.) Downy ; leaves thick, <•/ tpatulate, n-utntr-ttMii/n-d (%'- \§' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length shining; flowi-rs solitary or 2-3 together, on very short peduncles; cahj.r-^ lony as thf jxld/s ; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, greenish -vellow. — • Sandy soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 17. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE. Calyx-tube urn-shnpcil, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta- mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit (pome) fleshy or berry-like ; the 2-5 car- pels of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-scedrd. — Trees or shrubs, with handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) ti (ROSE FAMILY.) 125 § ! MALUS, Tourn. — Leaves simple : cymes simple and umbel-like : fruit fleshy, (jlc.bular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. (APPLE.) 1. P. coroaiaria, L. (AMERICAN CRAB- APPLE.) Lea ves ovate, often rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at tfie base. — Glades, W. New York to Wiseorisin and southward. May. — Tree 20° high, with few, but very large, rose-colored fragrant -blossoms, and translu- cent, fragrant, greenish fruit. 2. P. afifelistifolia, Ait. (NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate, often acute at the base, mostly* toothed, glabrous; styles dis- tinct. — Glades, from Pennsylvania southward. April. P. MALUS, the APPLE-TREE, is often found in deserted fields and copses. P. COMMUNIS, the PEAR-TREE, represents the typical section of the genus. 2. ADENORACIIIS, DC. — Leaves simple, the midrib beset ivith glands along the upper side: cymes compound: styles united at the base : fruit berry -like, small. 3. P. arlmiiiolia, L. (CHOKE-BERRY.) Leaves oblong or obovate, finely serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ERYTHRO- cARPA has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 2. MBLANOCARPA is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets, common. May, June. — Shrub 2° - 10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple. §3. S(3RBUS, Tourn. — Leaves odd-pinnate: cymes compound: styles separate: fruit berry-like, small. 4. P. Americana, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, smooth ; cymes large and flat. — Swamps and mountain woods, N. England to Wiscon- sin northward, and along the Alleghanies southward. June. — A slender shrub or low tree, with white blossoms ; greatly prized in cultivation for its ornamen- tal clusters of scarlet fruit (not larger than large peas) in autumn and winter. P. AucupAiuA, Gaertn., the cultivated EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH or ROW- AN-TREE, is known by its paler, shorter, and blunt leaflets, and larger fruit. 18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Fruit (pome) berry-like, the 5 cartilaginous carpels each di- vided into 2 cells by a partition from the back; the divisions 1-seeded. — Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers in ra- cemes. (Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) 1. A. CanaclcnsiS, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May. — Variss exceedingly; the leading forms are, — Var. Bofryapilim ; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, sometime* heart-shaped at the base, pointed, very sharply serrate ; flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the calyx. (Pyrus Botryapium, Willd.) 11* 126 CALYCANTIIACK^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.) Yur. ol> 1 on gl folia; a smaller tree or shrub; leaves oblong, beneath, like the branchlet-s, white-downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter. Var. rotlliltlifolia; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the first variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered. Var. alilifolia; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly in the Western States, and westward. Var. Oligocarpa; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves, 2-4-flowm'<-ii<>lc, or the base somewhat arrow-shaped; flowers solitary or 3 together in the axils of the leaves, ses.-ilo ; style very short. ® — Low and wet places, from Massachusetts and Micliigan southward. July - Sept. 2. A. lalifoli.'l, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2' -3' long), mth a broad auricled sessile base; style mostly slender. ® — Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 2. L, If Til RUM", L. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twiee the number, in- serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled. * — Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers. (Name from Xv#poi/, blood ; perhaps from the crimson blossoms of some species.) * Stamens and petals 5 - 7 : flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of tltc, mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the interme- diate jirwcuscti : plants smooth. 1. L.. JLrssoi'iFdLiA, L. Low (6' -10' high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, ob- tuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals (pale purple) 5-6. (D — Marshes, coast of Massachusetts, &c. (Nat. from Eu. "?) 2. li. alutmil, Pursh. Tall and wand-like ; branches with margined angles ; leaves ran/ing from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the flowers ; petals (deep purple) 6. 1|. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. 3. L.. lilieare, L. Stem slender and tall, bushy at the top, tico of the amfft's margined ; Icarus lint-ar, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the upper acute and scarcely exceeding the flowers; calyx obscurely striate; petals (whitish) 6. 1J. — Brackish marshes, N. Jersey and southward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high. * * Stamens 12-14, tn-ice tin: number of the petals, half of them smut t>' we* much slinrtrr : flowcn lnrt/f, crowded and ichorlcd in (tn l/i/i-rrn/ifrd wand-like npilcc.. 4. L. Salicaria, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) Leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at the base, sometimes whorlcd in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern New England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. July. — Plant more or less downy, tall : flowers large, purple. (Eu.) 3. NESjlEA, Commcrson, Juss. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx short, broadly hell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 er ct teeth and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens 10-14, exscrtcd. Pod globose, 3 -5-celled. — Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary flowers. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 129 1 ]\T. vefi'ticillata, H. B. K. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2°- 8° ioHu1), 4 -6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge- lanceolate, rose-purple (^' long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Decodon verticillaturn, Gindin,) — Swampy grounds, common eastward. July-Sept. 4. CIJP HE A, Jacq. CUPHEA. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi- mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1-2-celled: style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — FloAvers solitary, stalked. (Namn from Kvtyus, yibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.) 1. C. viscosissilllcl, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very vis- cid-hairy, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple. — Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the pod. ORDER 43. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2 - 3-merous') flowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2 - 4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obso- lete, the petal* convolute in the bud, and, the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes. — There are two suborders, viz. : — SUBORDER I. ONAGRACE^E PROPER. Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary ; the petals (rarely want- ing) and stamens inserted on its summit. Pollen-grains connected by cob- webby threads. Style single, slender : stigma 2- 4-lobed or capitate. Pod locnlicidally 4-celled and 4-valved, or indehiscent : placentas in the axis. Seeds anatropous, no albumen. 1 EPTLOB1UM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex. 2. fENOTIIERA Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. Seeds naked, numerous. 3. GAUHA Stameus 8.. Petals 4 Calyx-tube prolonged. Pod 1-4-seeded, indehiscent 4. JUSSIJEA Stamens 8 12. Petals 4 - 6. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Pod many-seeded. 5 LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4 Petals 4, or none Calyx and pod as in No 4. G CIIIC2EA. Stamens 2. Petals 2. Calyx slightly prolonged. Pod 1 - 2-celled. 1 - 2 seeded . SUBORDER II. HALORAGE^E. Calyx-tiibe not at all prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes obsolete. Petals often none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1- 4-celled, with a solitary suspended seed in each cell. Albumen thin. — Aquatic plants, with very small axillary sessile flowers, often mono3cious or dioecious. 7. PROSERPINACA. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled. Flowers perfect. 8 MYKIOPIIYLLUM. Stamens 4 - 8. Fruit 4-nugled, 4-celled. Flowers monoecious 9 IIIPPUKIS. Stamen 1. Fruit 1- celled. Style slender. Flowers perfect. 130 ONAURACEwE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) SUBORDER I. ONAGBACE^E PROPER. 1. EPIL.6BIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers. (Name composed of eVi Ao/3ou i€»imis, L. (COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.) Erect, mostly hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped (light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly; as Var. 1. MURICA.TA, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFL6RA, with larger and more showy petals. Var. 3. PARVIFLORA, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4. CRUCilTA, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than the stamens, and smooth pods. — Common everywhere. June -Sept. 2. CE. rliombipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute; calyx-tube very slender ; pods short, cylindrical : otherwise resembling a smoothish and narrow-leaved state of No. 1. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and south-westward. 3. CE. smitata, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent; leaves oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flowers (small) axillary ; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose- color in fading) ; pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and southward, principally a dwarf state. June. § 2. Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow : pods club-shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs. 4. CE. g'la.iica, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous; leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate; pods obovoid-oblong, 4-winged, almost sessile. ]\. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May - July. — Leaves broader and flow- ers larger Than in the next. 5. €G. fruticosa, L. (SUNDROPS.) Hairy or nearly smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. 1J. — Open places, from New York southward and westward. June - Aug. — Plant 1° - 3° high, with several varieties. Corolla 1^' broad. 6. CE. ripiiria, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slen- dcr-pedicelled, scarcely 4-winged. (5) — River-banks and swamps ; Quaker Bridge, New Jersey, to Virginia and southward. 7. CE. linefsris, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves linear ; flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches, pods obovate, hoary, scarcely 4-ivinged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. — Montauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June. — Plant 1° high, bushy-branched : flowers 1 ' wide. 8. CE. clirysiliitlia, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent; leaves lan- ceolate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched at the end (orange-yelloiv), longer than the stamens ; pods all pedi veiled, oblong-club- ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE TAMIL V.) scarcely winy-anykd. @? — Banks, Oswcgo, New York, to .Michigan ami northward. July. — Stem 12' -15' high; flowers larger than in No. 9, from which it may not be distinct. 9. , dix's not appear very appropriate). 1. G. bieniliS, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3° -8° high); leaves oblong-lance- olittc, acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed, (g — Dry banks, from New York westward and southward ; common. Aug. 2. G. ftlipCS, Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; Icam liii'-dr, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen- der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slendcr-jicdlccllcd. — Open places, from Ohio westward and southward. Aug. 4. JlTSSIJSfcA, L. JUSSIJEA. Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Pod 4-G-celk-d, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous. — Herbs with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow llowu-s. (Dedicated to Barnard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany as further developed by his illustrious nephew.) 1. J. dccurrcns, DC. Glabrous; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching, winged by the de-current lanceolate leaves; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals; stamens 8; pod oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled. 1J. — Wet places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. See addend. 5. LUDWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per- sistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindri- cal, manv-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axilltliy (rarely capitate) flowers. (Named in honor of Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnseus.) ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 133 * Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers pedimcled : petals yellow, about equalling the calyx. 1. L>. alteruifolia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched (o° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; pods cubical, rounded at tiie base, wing-angled. — Swamps; common southward and near the coast. Aug. — Pods opening first by a hole at the end where the style falls off, after- wards splitting in pieces. 2. L,. liirttilla, Raf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (1°- 2° high) ; leaves ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; pods nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. # * Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers sessile : petals minute or none. 3. L,. splirerociirpa, Ell. Nearly smooth, much branched (l°-3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base; flowers solitary t without bractlcts ; petals mostly wanting ; pods globular, not longer than the calyx-lobes, very small. — Wet swamps, Massachusetts (Tewksbuiy, Greene), New York (Peeks- kill, A'. /. Browne), New Jersey, and thence southward: also Illinois. 4. Jj. polyciirpa, Short & Peter. Smooth, much branched ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends; flowers often clustered in the axils, with- out petals ; bractlets on the base of the 1-sidcd top-shaped pod, which is longer than the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. Aug. — Stem !°-3° high, sometimes with runners. 5. It. liiicf&ris, Walt. Smooth, slender (1° high), often branched, with narrow lanceolate or linear leaves ; bearing short runners with obovate leaves ; flowers solitari], usually with (i/reenish-yellow) petals ; bractlets minute ; pods elon- gated top-shaped, 4-sidcd, much longer than the calyx. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. Aug. * * * Leaver opposite, petioled: flowers sessile : petals none or small. (Isnardia, L.) 6. It. palaistris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth, low; stems pro- cumbent, rooting or floating; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender peti- ole ; calyx-lobes very short ; pods oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at the base. (Isnardia palustris, L.) — Ditches, common. July -Oct. — Petals rarely pres- ent, small and reddish when the plant grows out of water. (Eu.) •* * # * Litres opposite, sessile : flowers long-pcduncled : petals exceeding the calyx. 7. Li. arcil&ta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceo- late ; flowers solitary, yellow (£' broad); peduncles £'-!' long; pods oblong- dub-shapcd somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Eastern Virginia and south- ward. May. 6. CIRCLE A, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; lobes 2, reilexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Pod obovate, . -2-eelled, bristly with hooked hairs: cells 1 -seeded. — Low and inconspicuous perennials, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes. (Najned from Circe, the enchantress.) 134 off A GRACED. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 1. C. .Llltetiana, L. Stem, mostly pubescent (l°-2° high) ; leaves ovate, pointed, Bllffhtly toothed ; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-ccl.l<-d fruit bristly. — Mois; woodlands. July. (Eu.) 2. C» Sllpinzi, L. Low (3'-S' high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-ehaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed: bracts minute; hairs of the obovatc-oblong l-celled fruit soft and slender. — Cold woods; common northward. July. (Eu.) SUBORDER II. HAL.OKAGE JB. THE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. 7. PROSERPIWACA, L. MERMAID-WEED. Calyx -tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Low, peren- nial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the name, from proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 - 4 together. 1. I*. pSil&BSfriSf L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pecti- nate when under water ; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps. June - Aug. 2. P. pcctinacca, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl- shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast. 8. BIYRIOPIli'LLIJM, Vaffl. WATER-MILFOIL. Flowers monoecious Or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4- celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorlcd; those under water pinnatcly parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, produced above water ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from pvpios, a thousand, and uAXoi/, a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.) # Stamens 8 : petals deciduous : carpels even : leaves whorled in threes or fours. 1. !?!• S]>icatiiBii, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the floral ones or bracts; these are ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the Jlowers, which thus appear to form an interrupted leafless spike. — Deep water, common. July, Aug. (Eu.) 2. HI, verticillsYtlim, L. Floral leaves much longer than the Jlowers, pec- tinate-pinmifijid: otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.) * # Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels 1 - 2-rtdged and rotu/hencd on the back : leaves whorled in fours and Jives, the lower with capillary divisions. 3. M. heteropliylluin, Michx. Stem stout ; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely roughened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward. 4. HI. SOabrntllin, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves pinnatcly parted with few capillary divisions ; JJoral /Kins /incur (rarely scattered), /xctimtte- toothcd or cnt-scmifc- : rar/K/s Rt rough/ 2-riili/ed and roughened on the back. — Shal- low ponds, from Rhode Island and Ohio southward. LOASACEJE. (LOASA FAMILY.) 135 * * * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels even on the back : leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems. 5. UI. ctllibigimill, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral linear and sparingly toothed or entire ; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute) smooth. — Var. 1. NATANS : stems floating, prolonged. Yar. 2. CAPILLA- CEUM: stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capil- lary. Var. 3. LOi6suM : small, rooting in the mud; leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Penn., and southward, near the coast. July -Sept. 6. UI. tCliellum, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like, (3' -10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts fimall, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N. New York, New England, and northward. July. 9. HIPPIFRIS, L. MARE'S-TAIL. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove be- tween the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Peren- nial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils, perfect or polygamous. (Name from tWos, a horse, and ovpa, a tail.) L H. vulg&ris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Ponds and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward: rare. Stems simple, 1°- 2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.) ORDER 44. LOASACE^. (LOASA FAMILY.) Herbs, with a rouyli or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube ad- herent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentae, : — represented only by the genus 1. MENTZELIA, Plum. (BART^NIA, Nutt.) Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in- definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry and opening irregularly, few - many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.) 1. HI. Oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1°- 3° high), much branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled ; flowers yellow (7 ''-10" broad), opening in sunshine ; petals wedge- oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more: filaments filiform : pod small, about 9- eeeded. (1) U — Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward. 136 CACTACE.K. (CACTUS FAMILY.) ORDER 45. CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar nspccf, alolntlar^ or columnar and many-anyled, or flattened and jointed, usttalf// irifli prickles. Flowers solitary, turtle ; the sepals and petal* numerous, imbrica'fd in sev- eral rows, adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, -with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal placentae. Albumen little or none. — Represented east of the Mississippi only by 1. OP1JNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG. Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds with albumen. Cotyledons Iarp;e, folia- ceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers yellow, opening in sun- shine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.) 1. O. VlllgariS, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate-spreading, pale, with flat and broadly obovate joints ; the minute leaves ovate-sulmlate and appressed; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines; flowers sulphur- yellow ; berry nearly smooth, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from Nan- tucket, Mass, southward, usually near the coast. June. Var. ? KilliiU'Sqilii. Larger, dark green, mostly spiny, with spreading and awl-shaped leaves. 0. Rafinesquii, Engelm. — Wisconsin to Kentucky, and westward. See Addend. ORDER 46. GROSSULACE^E. (CURRANT FAMILY.) Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate and paknately-lobed leaves, a 5-lobed calyx cohering with the l-celled ovary, anf hard albumen. Styles 2, distinct or united — Leaves mostly plaited in the bud, often clustered in the axils, the small llowcrs from (lie same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. — Comprises only the genus 1. HIRES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY. Character same as of the order. (Name of Arabic origin.) 1 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (GOOSEBERRY.).— Stuns »«W/// Ixariwj thorn at the base of the !<•< if -italics ur dusters of /carts, and ofh-n tailli sw'^m/ bristly prickles : berries prickly or smooth. GROSSULACEJF, (CURRANT FAMILY.) 137 * Peduncles 1 - 3-Jloicered : leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 -5-lobed. 1. R. Cyndsbati, L. (WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves pubescent; po- dunchs slender, 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx. — Rocky woods ; common, especially northward. May. — Spines slender. Berry large, armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth. 2. R, Eiirt^Iltiiii, Michx. (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves ?omcwhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short, 1 - 2-flowcrcd, deflexed ; sta- iii! ns and 2-cIcft style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped (purplish] calyx; fruit smooth, small, pxirple, sweet. — Moist grounds, N. England to Wisconsin, com- mon. May. — Stems either smooth or 'prickly, and with very short thorns, or none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of New England, &c., and usually passes for R. trinoram, Willd., which name belongs to the next. 3. R. rotundifolium, Michx. (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves nearly smooth; peduncles slender, 1 - 3-flowercd ; stamens and 2-parted sh/la slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx ; fruit smooth, pleasant. — Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains to Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves rounded, with very short and blunt lobes. * * Racemes 5 - 9 -flowered, loose, slender, nodding. 4. R. lac lustre, Poir. (SWAMP GOOSEBERRY.) Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted, \\ ith the lobes deeply cut ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, N. England to Wisconsin and northward. June. $2. RIBESIA, Berl. (CURRANT.) — Stems neither prickly nor thorny: flowers (greenish) in racemes: berries never prickly. 5. R. p rostra til III, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly sen-ate ; racemes erect, slender ; calyx flattish ; pedicels and the (pale-red) fruit gland id ar-biistly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn. northward. May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor. 6. R. fldridlim, L. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3 - 5-lobed, doubly sen-ate ; racemes drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods ; common. May. — Much like the Black Currant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in sini-ll and liavor. Flowers large. 7. R. riibi'i&m, L. (RED CURRANT.) Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, sen-ate, downy beneath when young ; race/tics from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx flat (green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red. — Cold damp woods and bogs, New Hampshire to Wisconsin and northward. Same as the Red Currant of the gardens. (Eu.) R. AUREUM, Pursh, the BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, remarkable for the spicy fragrance of its early yellow blossoms, is cultivated for ornament, Its leaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud. 12* 138 PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) ORDER 47. PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAM.) , di ml >b if] l>y tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous stamen*, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placers tee, and as many club-shaped styles; — represented by the typical genus 1. PASSIFL.ORA, L. PASSION-FLOWER. Culyx of 5 sepals united at the base, imbricated in the bud, the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 : filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above: anthers lai'ge, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many- seeded ; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed- coat brittle, grooved. — Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, generally with stip- ules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. (Name, from passio, passion, and flos, a flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these flowers, in which they fancied a representation of the implements of the crucifixion.) 1. P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (!' broad). 1J. — Damp thickets, S. Penn. to III, and southward. July- Sept. — Fruit £' in diameter. 2. P. incarimta, L. Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-cleft ; the lobes serrate ; petiole bearing 2 glands ; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple pur- ple and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May -July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called Maypops. ORDER 48. CUCURBITACE^. (GOURD FAMILY.) Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious (often monopetalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1 - 3-cetted ovary, and the 3-5 stamens commonly more or less united by their often tor- tuous anthers as well as by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or son-' membranaceous. — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less com- bined. Stigmas 2-3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albu- men. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. (Mostly tropical or subtropical.) Synopsis. 1. SICYOS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-lobed. Fruit prickly, inde- t, 1-celled, 1 seeded. 2. F,CIIINOCYSTIS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Pod prickly, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top. 8. MELOTHKIA. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulatc, 6-cleft. Berry smooth, many-seeded. 1. SICYOS, L. ONE-SEEDED STAR-CUCUMBER. Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flatfish corolla. Stamens 3-5 all cohering Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended CUCURBITACE^E. (GOURD FAMILY.; 139 ovule : style slender : stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehisccnt, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. — Climbing annuals, with small whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, loug- peduncled. (The Greek name for the Cucumber.) 1. S. ailglllatllS, L. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped and 5-angled or lobed, the lobes pointed ; plant beset with clammy hairs. — River-banks. July- Sept. 2. E C II I N O C IT S T I S , Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE. Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Stamens 3, separable into 2 sets. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit large, ovoid, fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seedcd, the inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, obovate-oblong. — An annual, rank, and tall-climbing plant, nearly smooth, with deeply and sharply 5-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound ra- cemes often 1° long, the fruitful in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of exivoy, a hedgehog, and KIHTTIS, a bladder, from the prickly covering of the at length bladdery fruit.) 1. E. lolKuta, Torr. & Gr. (Sieyos, Mlchx. Momdrdica eehinuta, Muhl.) — Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July- Oct. — Fruit 2' long. 3. MEJLOTHRIA, L. MELOTHRIA. Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5- lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campan- ulate. Anthers 3 or 5, more or less united. Berry fleshy, filled with many flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from MfawOpov, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 1. HI. piinclllla, L. Slender, climbing ; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers few in small racemes; the fertile solitary, greenish, or yellowish; berry oval (^'-1' long), green, ty — Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug. CUCUMIS SATIVUS, the CUCUMBER; C. MELO, the MUSKMELON, C. Ci- TTUJLLUS, the WATERMELON; CUCURBITA PEPO, the PUMPKIN, C. MELO- PEPO, the ROUND SQUASH ; C. VERRUC6SA, the LONG SQUASH ; C. AURAN- TIA, the ORANGE GOURD ; and LAGENARIA VULGARIS, the BOTTLE GOURD, are the most familiar cultivated representatives of this family. ORDER 49. CRASSULACE^. (ORPINE FAMILY.) Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz. the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3-20), and the stamens the same or double their number. — Sepals persistent, more or less united at the basa 140 CRASS ULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.) Petals imbricated in the bud (rarely wanting), inserted, with the distinct stamens, on the base of the calyx. Pistils distinct (united Vdow in Pen- thoruiu), usually with a little scale at the base of each, forming pods (folli- cles) which open along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous : the straight embryo surrounded by thin albumen. Flowers usually cyniose, small. Leaves chiefly sessile. Synopsis. * Pistils entirely separate. (True Crassulaceae.) 1. TILLJEA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, distinct. 2. SEDUM. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5, distinct. Stamens 10 - 8. * * Pistils united below into a 6-celled many -seeded pod. 8. PENTIIORUM. Sepals 5. Petals commonly none. Stamens 10. Pod 6-beaked. 1. TILLJ&A, L. TILL^A. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Tilli, an early Italian botanist.) 1. T. Simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (l'-2' high); leaves linear- oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish- white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of each. (T. ascendens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nantuckct to E. Penn. July - Sept. 2. SEDUM, L. STONE-CROP. ORPINE. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded ; a little scale at the base of eaeh. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cymose or one-sided. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.) * Flowers one-sided on the spreading branches of the cyme, fqrming a sort of sjiike, mostly with 4 petals, $*c. and 8 stamens, while the central flower commonly has 5 petals, Sfc. and 10 stamens. 1. S. plllclielllllll, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' high) ; leaves lin- ear, nearly terete, scattei'ed; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals rose-purple, lanceolate. — Virgina to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 2. S. terimtlim. (TIIREE-LEAVED STONE-CROP.) Stems spreading (3' -6 high); leaves fiat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-ol>ovate, the upper scattered, oblong; cyme 3-spiked, leafy ; petals white, linear-lanceolate. Kocky woods, Penn., to Illinois and southward. May, June. Also in gardens. # # Flowers in close cymes, uniformly IQ-androns: leaves flat. 3. S. telcpliioiclcs, Miehx. (WILD ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVEK.; Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed, scattered; cyme small; prtdlt flesh-color, ovate-lan- ceolate, taper-pointed; pods tajxrh'.y into a slender style. — Dry rocks, Alle^hany Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly in New Jersey ? W. New York "J and Indiana. June. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 141 4. S. TELEPHIUM, L. (GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVIJR.) Stems erect ('2° high), stout; leaves oval, serrate, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; petals purple, oblong-lanceolate ; pods abruptly pointed tcith a short style. — Rocks and banks, escaped from cultivation, and spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. ACRE, L., the MOSSY STONE-CROP or WALL-PEPPER, of Europe, — cul- tivated for edgings, — has become spontaneous in a few places near Boston. S. IviiooioLA, a dioecious species, is indigenous in New Brunswick and northward ; and therefore may grow in Maine. 3. Pfe NT HO RUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP. Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming a 5-anglcd, 5-horned, and 5-cellcd pod, which opens by the falling oft' of the beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from TreVre, Jive, and opos, a rule or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower.) 1. P. secloides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Wet places, everywhere. July -Oct. — About 1° high, homely. SE^IPERVIVUM TECTORUM, L., is the cultivated HODSE-LEEK. ORDER 50. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with the pistils mostly fewer than the petals or divisions of the calyx (usually 2, united below and separate or separating at the top} ; and t lie petals with the (mostly 4-10) stamens inserted on the calyx, which is either free or more or less adherent to 'he 1 - 4-celled ovary. — Calyx with- ering-persistent. Petals rarely none. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous. Pods several -many-seeded. Seeds small, anatropous, with a slender embryo in fleshy albumen. — A large family, of which we have three of the suborders. SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGES. THE TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Herbs ; the petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Calyx free or partly adherent. Stipules none or adherent to the petiole. * Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, rarely 3-4-celled and beaked, or pods 2 or 3. •i- Stamens twice as many as the petals or sepals. 10, rarely 8. 1. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Seeds few, and with a loose coat. Leaves decompound. 2. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Pod or follicles many -seeded Seed-coat close. •»— •<- Stamens as many as the petals or sepals, namely 5. 8. BOYKINIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary. Seed-coat close, rough. 4. SULLIVANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary. Seeds wing-inargiu*d. * * Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae. t- Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5. 6. ILEUCHERA. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. 142 SAXIFK \. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) •»- «- Stan" my sis flit- lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10. 6. M1TKI.LA. Calyx p- : .vitli the depressed ovary. Petals .small, pinnatifid. 7. TIAi:i:U,A. Calyx nearly free from the slemler ovary. Petals entire. 8. CIIKYS.O.SPLKN1 I'M Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary Petals none. SUBORDER II. ESCALLONIE^. THE ESCALLOMA FAMILY. Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Petals usually valvate in the bud. 9. ITEA. Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Pod many-seeded. Stamens 5. SUBORDER III. HYDRANGIE2E. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY. Shrubs, with opposite simple, leaves and no stipules. 10. HYDRANGEA. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed, the tube adherent to the imperfectly 2-celled ovary. Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging 11. PJIILA DELl'II US Calyx 4 - 5-parted ; the tube adhering to the 3 5-celled ovary. Pet- als convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. Styles united below. SUBORDER.!. SAXIFRAOACE^E. TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 1. ASTILBE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Csilyx 4 -5-parted, small. Petals 4-5, spatulatc, small, withering-persistent Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost free, many ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. — Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternatcly compound ample leaves, cut-lohed and toothed leallets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disi>oscd in a compound panicle. (Name composed of d privative and OTtA/3/7, a br'njld surface, because the foliage is not shining.) 1. A. dcctflldra, Don. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets mostly heart- shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Rich woods, Alleghanies of S. \V. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating Spiriva Arum-us, but coarser, 3°-5° high. 2. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Calyx free from, or cohering with, the base of the ovary, 5-clcft or parted. Petals "), entire, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles '2. I'od lM> 2-cclled, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat, — Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, andy/vw/o, to break ; many species rooting in the cr-f'ts of ro<-ks.) # 8tem» prottrate, /«(fy: leaves opposite: calyx fnc from tin- pod. 1. S. oppositifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFKAOE.) Leaves thick and fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2" long); flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovnte, much longer than the 5-clcft free calyx. — Hocks, \Villoughby Mountain, Vermont ( \\rs ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below ivith the pod. 2. S. rivMliai'is, L. (ALPINE BROOK SAXIFRAGE.) Small; stems weak, 8 - 5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate; petals 'white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, NeAV Hampshire, Oa/ces. Very rare. (Eu.) 3. S. aizoklcs, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Low (3' -5' high), in tufts, with few or sevei'al corymbose flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate, sal iff-, fli-sluj, spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, ob'ong. — Wil- loughby Mountain, Vermont; near Oneida Lake, New York; N. Michigan; and northward. June. (Eu.) 4. S. triCUSpfdata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above; flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatidate, with 3 riyid pointed teeth at the sum- mit ; petals obocate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.) ^ * Leaves clustered at the root : scape many -flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent. 5. S. Aizdon, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatalate, with white cartilagi- nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovatc, cream-color, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Wil- loughby Mountain (Mr. Blake], and northward. — Scape 5' - 10' high. (Eu.) 6. S. Virgiifiieiisis, Michx. (EARLY SAXIFRAGE.) Low (4' -9 high) ; leares obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, erenatc- toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loose- ly panic-led ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblony obtuse (white) petals ; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward. April- June. 7. S. Peunsylviailica, L. (SWAMP SAXIFRAGE.) Large (l°-2° high); leaves oblanceolatc, obscurely toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base into a short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clus- tered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceo- late (•greenish) 8fi*ztt petals ; Jilaments aid-shaped: pods at length divergent. — Bogs, common, especially northward. May, June. — A homely species. 8. S. erossi, Prrsh. (LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves oblong or oblanceo- late, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape Blender (l°-3° high); pank-le elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender; calyx reflexedf entirely free, nearly as long as the oval ol>tuse (white) petals; jilanients club-shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn. tiylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies south- ward. June. See Addend. S. LEUCANTHEMI FOLIA, Michx., S. CAREYANA, Gray, and S. CAROLINI- A.NA, Gray, of the mountains of CaroUna, may occur in those of Virginia. 3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. BOYKINIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-cellcd and 2-beaked pod. Sta- mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Peren- nial herbs, with alternate palmatcly 5-7-lobed or cut pctiolcd leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boyicin of Georgia.) 144 BAXiruAfiACi-M-:. (s.vxiFKAr.i: FAMILY.) 1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6' -JO* high); leaves deep- ly 5-7-lobcd. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July. 4. SUL.L.IVA1VTIA, TOIT. & Gray. SULLIVAXTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the pet- als. Pud 2-ceIled, 2-bcaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks: the wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading pe- rennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth lea slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender seape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx glandular: pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished botanist who discovered the only species. 1. S. Oliioflis, Torr. & Gr. [Gray, Clitoris Bor.-Arn., pi. 6.) — Limestone dill's, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin River, Lapham. June. 5. IIEUCIIEItA, L. ALUM-ROOT. Calyx bell-shaped ; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary. f>-eleft. Pet- als 5, spatnlate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1 -celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placenta?, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and dose seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their Flowers in small du-iers disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of Ih 'in-lirr, an early German botanist.) * Flou-ei-s small, loosely jianiclcd : stamens and styles exsertcd : calyx regular. 1. II. Villosa, Miehx. Scapes (l°-3° high), petioles, and veins of the acutely 7-9-lobed leaves beneath villous with rusty hairs; calyx \\" long; jx-tals Sf>atnlafe-liiif.'(ii', about as lout/ us the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland, Kentucky, and southward, in and near the mountains. July, Aug. 2. II. AmericfillSl, L. (COMMON ALUM-ROOT.) Scapes (2° -3° high) £c. (/litndii/ar and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; calyx broad, 2" long, the si« not loiiycr t/uin its lobes. — llocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and southward. June. * # Flowers linytr: calyx (3" -4" long) more or kss ol>Hque: stamens short : panicle n n/ narrow : leaves rounded, slifjhth/ 5 - 9-lobed, 3. II. llf^pidilf Pursh. Hispid or hirsute, with long spreading hairs (or, casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; st" . r titan llic s/iatn/atc pdal*. (II. Riehardsonii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also Illinois (Dr. M,-nd) and northwestward. May- July. — Sea]>es 2°-4° high. 4. II. pllbt'SCrilS, Pursh. Snipe (l°-.'30 high), &c. r glandular above, toOt hairy, below often glabrous, a^ are usually the rounded leaves; fUMOU xlurti-T tliatt lli>- A/'S of the nilij.r and the spatulate petals. — Mouni MM. to Virginia and Kentucky. June, July. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 145 6. MITEI^IrfA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP. Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beakcd, i -celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; those on the scapes opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. (Name a diminutive from /u'rpa, a mitre, or cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.) 1. UI. dipltyila,, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5 lobcd, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill- sides in rich woods, W. N. England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — - Flowers white, in a raceme 6' -8' long. 2. ME. 11 fid si, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney -form, deeply and doubly crenate ; scape usually leajless, few-flowered, very slender (4' — 6' high). (M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.} — Deep moist woods with mosses, Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. — A delicate little plant, shooting forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish. 7. TIARELL.A, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod meinbranaceous, l- celled, 2-valved, the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminutive from riapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.) 1. T. COl'difolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-shaped, sharply lobcd and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; scape leafless (5' - 12' high) ; raceme simple ; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods ; common from Maine to Wisconsin, northward, and southward along the moun- tains. April, May. 8. CHRYSOSPJLENIUJTI, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Pod inversely heart shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-cellcd, with 2 parietal placenta?, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs, Avith tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xpvcr°s, golden, and •. Linil) of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals mostly with the point inflexed. Fruit of 2 carpels (called mericarps) cohering by tlu-ir inner fare (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis (cdr/>i>//ltore) : cadi carpel marked lengthwise with 5 /jrinuir// rihs, and often with a intermediate (.xvrom/V//-//) ones; in the Infers/ices or inter- vals between them arc commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vil/p, water, and icoriX^, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewha; cup- bhaped.) * Stems procumbent and brandling : flowers 3-5 in a sessile cluster. 1. II. Americana, L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly crenate, somewhat lobed, short-pe doled ; fruit orbicular. — Shady springy places ; com- mon northward. * * Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles, arising, with the long-petioled leaves, from the joints of creeping and rooting stems. 2. II. raminculoiflcs, L. Leaves rou/irf-re/n/on/j, 3 - 5-c/e/?, the lobes eremite; peduncles much shorter than the petioles; umbel 5- 10-flowered; ped- icels very short ; fruit orbicular, scarcely ribbed. — Penn. and southward. S. II. illtcri'lipta, Muhl. leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular cre- nate; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing clusters of few and .s/.s.s//e flou-crs interruptedly along its length ; fruit broader than long, notched at the base. — New Bedford, Massachusetts, and southward along the coast. 4. II. lllllbcllata, L. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched at the base, doubly cn-nate ; peduncle elongated (3' -9' lu.uh), bearing a intiny- flouxrcd uinM (.sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels); pedicels slender; fruit notched at the base and apex. Massachusetts and souths urd near tho coast. UJIBELLTFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 151 2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. CRANTZIA. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube in eacli interval. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydro- cotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place of leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers white. (Named for Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.) 1. €. Imeata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) Leaves somewhat club-shaped, very obtuse (l'-2' long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, form- ing a corky margin. Ij. — Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July. 3. SAIVICUL.A, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil- tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed, Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.) 1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile flowers few, scarcely pedicel led, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit, — Copses. June - Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin leaves ; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet. 2. S. IHarilamlica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile flowers numerous, un slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous, recurved. — Woods and copses, common. — Stem 2° -3° high; the leaves more rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet. 4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white braeted flowers closely sessile -^n dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) 1. E. yiiccsufdliiim, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKEROOT.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-iike, nerved, Iristly- frinqed ; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads. 1J. (E. aquaticum, L. in part; but it never grows in water.) — Dry or damp pine- barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 2. E. Virgilliiiauilll, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the invclucre cleft or spiny -toothed, longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads, (g) — Swamps, New Jersey and southward near the coast. July. 152 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 5. DA IJC US, Tourn. CARROT. Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels pcarccly flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of tlv m on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo- lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.) 1. 1>. CARC'>TA, L. (COMMON CARROT.) Stem bristly; involucre pinnnti- fid, nearly the length of the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields in certain ; July -Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbel let abortive and dark purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. POLYT^NIA, DC. POLYNESIA. Calyx 5-toothcd. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed: oil-tubes 2 in each inter- val, and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip, with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no involucres, bristly involueels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from TTO\VS, many, and rcztpui, a jiUet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 1. P. IVuttuIlii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwest- ward. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 7. HER ACL, £17 M, L. COW-PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing 2-clcft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels. Involucre deciduous : involueels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 1. II. lanfatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1-2-temately compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist rich ground; most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented plant, 4° -8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwoi-t. 8. PASTINACA, Tourn. PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the carpels minutely 5-ribbcd ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral ones distant from them and contiguous to the margin : an oil-tube in each inter- val running the whole length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none of the flowers radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pin- nat.-lv-rompound leaves. Involucre and involueels small or none. (The Latin name, from /*/>•///.<, food.) 1. P. SATlvA, L. (COMMON PARSNIP.) Steir. grooved, smooth; leaflets or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c July. (Adv. from Ku.) (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 153 9. ARC HEM OR A, DC. COWBANE. Calyx 5-toothcd. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish; the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4-6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with rather rigid leaves of'3-9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Invo- lucre nearly none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion, to Archemonis, who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.} 1. A. rigidcl, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. AMiif G UA, linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey and W. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° -5° high. 1O. TIEDEITIA^nVIA, DC. FALSE WATER-DROPWORT. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist, Prof. Tiedeniann, of Heidelberg.) 1. T. tcrctiiolia, DC. — Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug. 11. ANGELICA, L. ANGELICA. Calyx -teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing, their flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2-4 on the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout herbs, more or less aro- matic, with first temately, then once or twice pinnately or temately divided leaves, toothed and cut. ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucre, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or greenish. Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic, from its cordial and medicinal properties. ) 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley." Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut and toothed; involucels of small subulate leaflets; wings of the fruit broad. 1C — Mountains of Peiin. (Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle- ghauies. Aug. 12. ARCHAI\CtEL,ICA, Hoffm. ' ARCHANGELICA. Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer- ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which the species have been separated. 1. A. llirsitta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high), rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided ;. leaflets tliic'kislx, 154 UMBELLIFER<£. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate; involucels as long as the umbellets; pedun- cles ami fruit tiuicni/, broadly idiujal. 1J. (Angelica triquinata, Nutl.) — Dry open woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white. 2. A. atropurpui'ca, Iloifm. (GREAT ANGELICA.) Smooth; stem dark purple, my stout (4°-G° high), hollow; leaves 2-3-temately compound; the leaflets ji innate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much inflated; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, iriiujcd. y. (Angelica triquinata, Miclu-.) — Low river-banks, N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant strong-scented; a popular aromatic. 3. A. peregrina, Nutt. Stem a little downy at the summit (l°-3° high) ; leaves 2-3-ternatcly divided, the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, glabrous; involucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblong with 5 thick and corky wing-like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the others. y. — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. July. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so equally ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum. It is A. Gmelini, of N. W. America. 13. COIVIOSELtlVUilI, Fischer. HEMLOCK PARSLEY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval ; the carpels convex-flattish and narrowly 3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the intervals, and several on the inner face. — Smooth herbs, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin leaves, inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any: leaflets of the involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and ReUnum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.) 1. C. CanadcilSC, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid; fruit longer than the pedicels. 1J. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock 14. M TIIl)S A, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY. Calyx -teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each with 5 thick t-lmrply-kccled ridges : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin- nate, and white flowers. (Name from aWa>, to bum, from the acrid taste.) 1. .flE. CYN\PIUM, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate ; involucre none ; involucels 3-lcaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New England, &c. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted stem. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. LIGilSTICUIU, L. LOVAOE. Calyx-trcth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or slightly flattened on the sides; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or narrowly winged ridges : intervals and Inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren- UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 155 nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the oificiual Lovage of the gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds.) 1. Li. 8c6ticiim, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Very smooth; stem (2° high) nearly simple; leaves 2-ternate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or cut ; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear ; calyx-teeth distinct ; fruit narrowl ij oblong. — Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug. — Root acrid but aromatic. (Eu.) 2. Li. a,c£c!3ifo3iU3n, Michx. (NOXDO. ANGBLICO.) Smooth; stem (3° -6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate; leaf- lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted; calyx-teeth minute ; ribs of the si tort fmit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, "Banks of the St. Lawrence," is probably a mistake.) 16. THASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings, the lateral ones marginal : oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs, with 1 -2-ternntely divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of Thapsus.) — I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because what is apparently the same species lias the fruit either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name of Zizia for Z. intcgcrrima, DC. # Stems loosely branched, 2° — 5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints: calyx short but muni fist : corolla light yellow : leaves all temately compound. 1. T. bai'biildile, Nutt. Leaves 1- 3-ternate; leaflets ovate or lance- ovate and acute, mostly -with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 2-3-cleft or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong, § -\Q-winged (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. ~ Rivcr-lumks, W. Now York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 2. T. |>illiiat:lidllffll. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ; leaves 1 -3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifld, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong, narrmcly 8- IQ-winged (!£' long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin- natifida, Bucldcy. Thaspium Walteri, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt.) — Ban-ens of Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains. * * Stems somewhat branched; the whole plant glabrous : calyx-teeth obscure. 3. T. aiireillll, Nutt. Leaves all 1 -2-ternately dicidtd or parted (or rarely some of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong' lanceolate, very sharply cut-serrate, with a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep yellow; fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. Moist river-banks, &c., not rare. June. — Leaves of a rather firm texture. 156 UMBELLIFKIl.fi. (I'AKSLEY FAMILY.) Var. icptcriim. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wings. (Smyrnium aureum, L. Zi/.ia aurca, Koch.) — With the winged form. 4. T. trifoliatilill. Root-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ; strm-tcdns fiiiiiji/ij termite or quinute, or 3-parted ; the divisions or leaflets opa'e-lance- olate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, rn-mttdij t<»>!l/«l ; flowers deep yellow ; fruit, globose-ovoid, with 1 ) winged ridges. Rocky thickets, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare eastward. June. Var. atropurpiircillll, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Tli'»p- sia trifoliata, L. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpurcum, Nutt.) — From New York westward and southward. Var. aptcrillll. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings. (Zizia cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form. 17. ZB ZIA, DC. partly. (ZiziA § T.BNIDIA, Torr. & Gr.) Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular : carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con- spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternatcly compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins; umbels with long and slen- der rays, no involucre, and* hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named for 7. D. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.) 1. Z. integer lima, DC. — Rocky hill-sides ; not rare. May, June. 18. BUPL.EIJRUM:, Tourn. THOROUGH-WAX. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewhat twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from /3oCs, an ox, and TrXeupoi/, a rib ; it is uncertain why so called ) 1. 15. ROTUXDIFOLIUM, L. Leaves broadly ovate, pel-foliate ; involucre none; involucels of 5 large ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York, Penn., and Vir- ginia; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. DISCOPL.EITRA, DC. MOCK. BISHOP-WRED. Calyx-teeth a\vl-sbaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on the back, and '2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : inter- vals with single, oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the Icuvs finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre and involucels conspicuous. (Name from Si'ovcos, a disk, and n\€vpov, a rib.) 1. I>. capillfscea, DC. Umbel few-rayed; leaflets of the involucre 3-5-elcft; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fruit ovate in outline. — Brackish uH>Efer'KJ>I- nous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one; a single amttropons antic, hang- ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a I - 2-seeded drnpe ; embryo n«irl>j the length of the albumen, ivith large and foliaceous cotyledons. — A small family, represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous gunus, Nyss;v (Bark bitter and tonic.) CORNACEVE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 161 ]. COR TV US, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD. Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4- toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2- seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) § 1. Flowers greenish, collected in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white involucre : fruit bright red. 1. C. Canadcnsis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) Stems low and simple ( 5' -7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre ovate ; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, common northward. June. 2. C. florida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Leaves ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (!£' long) ; fruit oval. — Rocky woods ; more common southward. May, June. — Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. $ 2. Flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes: involucre none: fruit spherical. * Leaves all opposite : shrubs. 3. C. circinata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.) Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly under" neath (4' -5' broad) ; cymes flat; fruit light blue. — Copses; in rich soil. June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species. 4. C. sericea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Branches pur- plish ; the branchlt-ts, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx- teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places ; common. June. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers yellowish- white. 5. C. StolOllifera, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) Brandies, espe- cially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both sides, whitish underneath; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, nearly smooth ; fruit white or lead-color. ~— Wet banks of streams ; common, especially northward. It multiplies by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms large dense clumps, 3° - 6° high. June. 6. C. asperifolia, Michx. (ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD.) Branches brownish; the branchlcts, frc. rough-pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and owny beneath ; calyx- teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June. 7. C. Stricta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) Branches brownish or reddish, smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, flatfish ; antJiers and fruit pale blue — Swamps, &c. Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high. 14* IG2 CORN/LCE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 8. C. pailicillata, L'Hcr. (PAXICLED CORNEL.) Branches gmy, smooth ; Icacts oc ale-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but not downy; cymes convex, loose, often panic-led ; fruit ichite, depressed-globose. — Thickc'ts and river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° -8° high, very much branched, bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms. # # Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches. 9. C. altcriliiolia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED COIINEL.) Branches greenish streaked with white, alternate; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at the base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; //v//£ deep blue. — Hill- sides in copses. May, June. — Shrub or tree 8° -20° high, generally throwing its branches to one side in a Saltish top, and with broad, very open cymes. 2* NITSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR GUM-TREE. Flowers dicecieusly polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Stamens 5-12, oftcncr 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk : filaments slender : anthers short. No pistil. Pist. Fl. solitary or 2 - 8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the stam- inatc flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5 - 10, with perfect anthers, or imperfect. Style elongated, revolutc, stigmatic down one side. Ovaiy one-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone. — Trees, with entire or some- times angulate-toothcd leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the end of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph : " so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.") 1. N. iiiultifSora, Wang. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR GUM.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pnbc-s- cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2' -5' long) ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit ovoid, bluish-black (about £' long). (N. aquatica, L., at least in part; but the tree is not aquatic. N. sylvutica, Marsh. N. villosa, Wil/d, £c., &c.) — Rich soil, cither moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. April, May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat spray, like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained, and very unwcdgeablc, on account of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. 2. N. i: n i flora, Walt. (LARGE TUPELO.) Leaves oblong or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothrd, pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' -12' long) ; fertile flower solitary on a slender peduncle; fruit oblong, blue (!' or more in length). (N. denticulata, Ait. N. tomentosa and angulisans, Mi<-h.r. N. grandidentata, Mi- •/<./-. f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward April. — Wood soft : that of the roots verj light and spongy, used for corks CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 163 DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.* ORDER 55. CAPRIFOLJACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) Shrubs, or rarely lierbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine} stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 - 5-ceUed ovary, the stamens as many as (or one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. TRIBE I. LONICERE JE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender : stigma capitate. 1. LINNJ^A. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. 2. SYMl'HORICARPUS. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded. 8. LONICERA. Stamens 5- as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla Berry several-seeded. 4. D1ERVILLA. Stamens ,5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 5. TRIOSTEUM. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3 - 5-celled bony drupe. TBIBE II. SAMBTJCEJE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes. 6. SAMBUCUS. Fruit berry-like, containing 3 seed like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 7 VIBURNUM. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a c mpressed stone. Leaves simple. 1. L< I N N JE A , Gronov. LINN^EA. TWIN-FLOWER. Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the smalt dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells being empty. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, some- what hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly eremite leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnceus, who first point- * In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c. the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Composite and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The Btudent might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis pre- fixed to the volume provides for all these anomalies, and will lead the student to bho ordes whore they belong. 164 CAPRIFOLIACE.fi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) ed out its characters, and with whom tin's humble but charming plant was an especial favorite.) 1. JL. borealis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs; common northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.) 2. SYJJIPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOWBERICY. Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5- lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-pctioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of oilgLisii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when young; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, DC.) — Ohio to Wisconsin northward. 5. LJ. liirsiita, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves not glaucous, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull, broadly oval; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap- proximate whorls ; tube of the (omnge-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward. July. — A coarse, large-leaved species. § 2. XYL6STEON, Juss. — Upright bushy shrubs: leaves all distinct at the base: peduncles axillary, single, 2-bracted and 2-Jlowered at the summit ; the two berries sometimes united into one : calyx-teeth not persistent. 6. Li. ciliiita, Muhl. (FLJ-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3°- 5° high); leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts minute ; corolla funnel-form, gibbous at the base (greenish-yellow, §' l°ne)> tnc lobes almost equal ; berries separate (red). — Rocky woods; New England to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, north- ward. May. 7. !•. caerulea, L. (MOUNTAIN FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Low (l°-2° high) ; branches upright ; leaves oval, downy when young ; peduncles very short ; bracts aid-shaped, longer than the ovaries of the two flowers, which are united into one (blue) berry. (Xylosteum villosum, Michx.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Mas- &achusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and northward ; also Wisconsin. May. • — Flowers yellowish, smaller than in No. 8. (Eu.) 1G6 CAPRIFOLIACEJZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 8. It. ofrlongifolia, Muhl. (SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches upright ; A./r.s ohtnmj, downy when young, smooth when old; judni/r/ix lomj and slender; bracts almost ) loins of 'the rcynlnr corolla (3-. 5), and insi'i-ird on its tube.. — Fruit various. Seeds anntropous or amj)hitro- pous. Embryo commonly pretty largo, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169 the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders. To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants which are exactly llubiaceze except that the calyx is free from the ovary. SUBORDER I. STELLATE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY. Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. — Chiefly herbs. 1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2-seeded, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. SUBORDER II. CINCHONE^. THE CINCHONA FAMILY. Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free. * Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. •(- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 2. SPERMAGOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salTer-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open. 8. DIODTA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels. +- *- Flowers in a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 4. CEPIIALANTIIUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2- 4-eeeded. •»- •(- -i- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry. 6 MITCHELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb. * * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod. 6. OLDENLANDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidal. SUBORDER III. LOGANIEJE. THE LOGANIA FAMILY. Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the ca- lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud. 7. MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylos separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many. 8. 9PIGELIA. Corolla tubular-fuiincl-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded. 9. POLYPEEMUM. See Addend. * SUBORDER I. STELLATE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY. ^- 1. GALIU]?!, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-partcd, wheel-shaped. Sta- mens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separat- ing when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1 -seeded carpels. — Slender herbs, witli small cymosc flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots often containing a red coloring mutter. (Name from yciXa, milk, which some species arc used to curdle.) -•£ Annual : leaves about 8 in a whorl: peduncles 1 -2-jlowered, axillary, 1. O. Apm'inc, L. (CLKAVKUS. GOOSE-GI?ASS.) Stem weak and reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, taper- ing to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (l/-2' long) ; 15 170 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) flowers white; fruit (Iarr/e) bristly icith hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubt- ful if truly indigLMious in our district. (Eu.) # * Perennial: leaves 4-6 (in the last species 8) in a wliorl. •*- Peduncles axillary and terminal, few-flowered : flowers white or (jrcenish. 2. O« asprelliim, Michx. (ROUGH BEDSTRAW.) Stem weak, much bram-hrd, rungh backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3° -5° high) ; linns in n-horls of 6, or 4- 5 on tlie branelilets, oval-lanceolate, ])ointe(l, with almost ]>ii<-kly margins and midrih ; peduncles many, short, 2-3 times forked; fivit usual!;/ smooth. — Low thickets, common northward. July. — Branchlets covered with numerous but very small white flowers. 8. O. COllcilUlllin, TOIT. & Gr. Stems low, diffuse, with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in whorls of 6, linear, slia/itly pointed, veinless, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, somewhat panicled at the summit; pedicels short ; fruit smooth. — Peun. and Michigan to Kentucky. June. — Plant 6' -12' high, slender, but rather rigid, nol turning blackish in drying, like the rest. 4. O. triflclifiiis, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Stems weak, ascending (5' -20' high), branching, roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves in whorls of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough ; peduncles I -3-flowered; pedicels slender; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3; fruit smooth. — Var. 1. TINCT6RIUM : stem stouter, with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of the flower usually in fours. Var. 2. LATirdLiuM (G. obtusum, 7%eM : stem smooth, widely branched ; leaves oblong, quite rough on the midrib and margins. — Swamps; common, and very variable. June -Aug. (Eu.) 5. O. trifl 6 I'll ill, Michx. ( SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.) Stem weak, reclining or prostrate (l°-3° long), bristly-roughened backwards on the angles, shining ; leaves 6 in a wliorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with slightly roughened margins (l'-2' long) ; peduncles 3-Jlowercd,tliG flowers all pedicelled; fruit bristly with hooked hairs. — Rich woodlands, common. July. — Lobes of the greenish corolla pointed. (Eu.) •«- •«- Peduncles several- flowered : flowers dull purple or brownish (rarely cream-color) ; petals mucronate or bristle-pointed i fruit denselt/ hooked-bristly. 6. O. pilosuill, Ait. Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hnlfij ; I • fours, oval, dotted, hairy (!' long), scarcely 3-nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice 2-3-forkeait(d; fniit oh'uiKj, stroiii/ly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx- teeth. U — Kiver-lmnks, Virginia and southward. May- Oct. 2. D. tCl'CS, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent ; stem spreading (3' -9-' long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; llowers 1-3 in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2" -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided ; fruit obovate-turbi- nate, not f unwed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. © — Sandy fields, from New Jersey and Illinois southward. Aug. 4. CEPIIAL.ANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH. Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4- toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled, M-parating from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1 -seeded portions. — Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flowers white. (Name composed of Kf^aAq, a head, and avBos, a flower.) 1. C. occideiitalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate- oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules. — Wet places ; common. July - Aug. 5. MITCHEL.L.A, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY. Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- nel-form, 4-lobcd; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small and seed-like bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tastrl«-s>) dry berries, which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally in threes, fives, or sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitclidl, an early cor- respondent of Linnreus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.) 1. I?I. repcns, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees: com- mon. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. 6. OLDENLANDIA, Plum., L. BLUETS. Calyx 4- (rarely 6-)lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or nearly wheel-shaped ; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod globular, ovoid, or obcordatc, above often free and rising above the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave on the inner face. — Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. Flowers white, purple, or blue. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of Oldenland, a German phy>ieian RCBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173 and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. HOUSTONIA, made a section of this genus, was much later dedicated to Dr. Houston, an English botanist of the days of Linnicus who collected in Central America.) § 1. OLDENLANDIA, L. Corolla wheel-shaped (or funnel-form), shorter or scarcely longer t/ian the calyx-lobes : anthers short : pod wholly enclosed in and co- herent with the calyx-tube : seeds very numerous, minute and angular. (Flowers lateral or terminal.) \ . O. gloilicrata, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stems branched and spreading (2' -12' high); leaves oblong (£'-§' long); flowers in sessile clusters in the axils ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx. ® (0. uniflora, L. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell) — Wet places, S. New York to Virginia near the coast, and southward. \ 2. HOUSTONIA, L. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, with the tube longer titan the calyx-lobes: anthers linear: upper half or the summit of the pod free and projecting beyond the tube of tfie calyx: the teeth of the latter distant: seeds rather few (4 — 20) in each cell, saucer-shaped, with a ridge down the middle of the liol- lowed inner face. (Flowers of two forms, dioeciously dimorpltous ; p. 171, note.) * Corolla funnel-form, often hairy inside: stems erect: stem-leaves sessile: flowers mostly in terminal small cymes or loose clusters, publish. (Connects Houstonia and Oldenlandia.) 2. O. purpurca. Pubescent or smooth (8' -15' high); leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half free globular pod. 1J. (Houstonia purpurea, L. H. varians, Michx.) — Woodlands, W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. May - July. — Varying wonderfully, into : — Var. longifolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar- rowed at the base, 1-ribbed; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod : stems 5'- 12' high. (Houstonia longifolia, Wittd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A narrow-leaved, slender form is II. tenuifolia, Nutt. Var. ciliolfita. More tufted stems 3' -6' high; root-leaves in rosettes, thickish and ciliate; calyx-lobes as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata, Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin. 3. O. angUSti folia, Gray. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root (6' -20' high) ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, short-pedi celled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod obovoid and acute at the base, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first across the top, at length splitting through the partition. 1J. (Houstonia angus- tifolia, Michx. Hedyotis stenophyUa, Torr. fr Gray.) —Plains and banks, from Illinois southward. June - Aug. * # Corolla salver-form, mostly blue : pod flattish laterally and notched at the broad summit, or somewhat twin : plants commonly small and slender. 4. O. minima. Scabrous, at length branched and spreading (£'-3' high) ; peduncles not longer than the linear-spat ulate leaves ; pod barely I free; seeds smoothish. (T) ® (Houstonia minima, Beck.) — Dry hills, &c. Illinois and southward. March - May. 15* 174 VALERIA&ACEJC. ( VALERIAN FAMILY.) 5. O. crcrillea. (BLUETS.) Glabrous; steins erect, slender, sparingly branched (3' -5' high); leaves oblong-spatuhite (3" -4" long) ; peduncles JiU- form, l'-2£' long; pod free to the middle; seeds rough-dotted. @ (Ilousto- nia crerulea, L. Iledyotis, Hook.) — Moist and grassy places ; common. May - Aug. — A delicate little herb, producing in spring a profusion of light-blue flowers fading to white, with a yellowish eye. O. SERPYLLIF6LIA (Houstonia scrpyllifolia, Michx.) may probably be found in the high mountains of Virginia; and O. ROTUNDIFOLIA in the southeastern part of the same State. SUBORDER III. LOGANl^. THE LOGANIA FAMILY. 7. miTR^OJLA, L. MITRE- WORT. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobcd, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary free from the calyx, except at the base, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and united above ; the stigmas also united. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horned or mitrc-shapcd, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.) 1. M. peliolata., Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, peti- oled. — Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. — Plant l°-2° high. 8. SPIOEf^IA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flat- tened, separating at maturity from the base into 2 carpels, which open loculici- dally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Prof. Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century.) 1. S. ITIarihinclica, L. Stems upright, simple (6' -15' high); leaves Rcssile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike 3 - 8-flowered ; tube of the corolla 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exscrted. 1|. — Kich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June, July. — Corolla 1^' long, crimson outside, yellowish within. — A well-known officinal anthel- mintic, and a showy plant. ORDER 57. VALERIANACETE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, which has one fertile l-ovuled cell and two abortive or ent]>t>/ tnic* ; the stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, (tint inserted on it* tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, ofteu irregular, mostly 5« VALEKIANACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 175 lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasinodic.) — Repre- sented by only two genera. 1. VALERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN. Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma- tures. Corolla commonly gibbous at or above the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened sti'ong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious, or dimorphous. (Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal qualities.) # Root fibrous : leaves thin. (Stems l°-3° high.) 1. V. psmciflorcl, Michx. Smooth, slender ; root-leaves ovate, heart- shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches cf the panic-led cyme few- flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (%' long). — Woodlands, Ohio and W. Virginia, Kentucky, S. Illinois, &c. June. 2. V. sylv&tica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets ; cyme at first close, many- flowered; corolla inversely conical (3" long, rose-color). — Cedar swamps, W. Vermont and New York to Michigan, and northward. June. * Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6'- 12' long) : leaves thickish. 3. V. edulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, those of the root mostly spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow in- terrupted panicle, nearly dioecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2" long). (V. ciliata, Torr. $• Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward. June. — Root with the strong sifiell and taste of Valerian : it is cooked and eaten by the Oregon Indians. 2. FE1>IA, Grertn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE. Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Anmials and bienniuls, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobcd towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and arc so much alike in aspect, flowers, &c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have 176 DIPSACEJE. (TEASEL FAMILY.) a rather short tube to the corolla, the limh of which is nearly regular, and therefore belong to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) VALEKIAXELLA. 1. F. oLixOttiA, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader thaii long, with a corky or sjwngy mass at the back of t/ie fertile cell nearly as large as t/ie (often confluent) empty cells ; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penn. to Virginia: rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. F. Fagopfrum, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved betiveen the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior any!c, and are. much smaller than the broad and flat fertile one; flowers white. — Low grounds, from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant l°-2° high. 3. F. r:i«li{it:i, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and unequally somewhat 4-anyled; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a deep groove between them, rather nairower than the flattish fertile cell. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6' -15' high. 4. F. limbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated sterile cells wider and many times thicker than theflattish fertile one, contiguous, and when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not cili- ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sidlivant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.) 5. F. patcllaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk- like, slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave sterile cells widely diver- gent , much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it when ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high, resembling the last, but with a very different fruit. ORDER 58. DIPSACE^E. (TEASEL FAMILY.) Herbs, with opposite or ivhorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented by the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus 1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL. Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers : each flower with a 4-leavcd calyx-like in- volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achcnium). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from 8t\^ao), to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.) 1. D. syi.vi:sTni8, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chart1) tapering COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177 into a long flexible awn vr.ih a straight point. — Road-sides : rather rare. (Nat from En.) Suspected to be the original of I). FULLONUM, the cultivated FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter invo- lucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, — used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth. ORDER 59. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens inverted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesiotts). — Calyx- tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (achenium), dry, con- taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, moncecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap- shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers : the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or tex- ture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re- ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting, the receptacle is naked. — The largest order of Phaenogarnous plants, divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of which are repre- sented in the Northern United States. SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLORJE. Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutrat (with neither stamens nor pistil). The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Tubuliflnrcr, taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The numbers are those of the genera.) Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder. § 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none: corollas all tubular. * Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. •»- Pappus composed of bristles. Pappus doubl e ; the outer composed of very short, the inner of longer bristles. . No. 1. Pappus Biuiplo ; the bristles all of the same sort. 178 COMPOSITE. (C03IPOSITE FAMILY.) Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense c.uster. . No. 2. I!. :• \v-il<>\vert'd or many -flowered. l;. •((•[, tju-le (wli.-n the flowers are pulled off) bristly hairy ..... 67,68,70. KtTi-ptHcle deeply honeycomb-like. . ........ 69. Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple ..... 4. Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish. ...... 5. Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. . . . . 6, 7, 8, 20. Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. ...... 62, 63. •«- •»- Pappus composed of scales or chaff. Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . ....... 3. Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. . . ...... 45. Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers .......... 49. •*- +- +- Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth. . . . 41, 42. •*-•*-•!-«- Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. . .56. * * Flowers of two kinds in the same head. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 65, 66. Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. . . .60. Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated ....... 23, 58, 59. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . 14, 61. Pappus obsolete or none. Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre ....... 11. Achenia not exceeding the involucre ........ 29, 56, 57. * * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate. Heads dioecious ; both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary ..... 24, 59. Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . . .30, 31. J 2. Rays present ; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas. * Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.) Rays occupying several rows, ... ...... 9, 10, 14 Rays in one marginal row, and White, purple or blue, never yellow. ...... 12-16. Yellow, of the same color as the disk. Pappus double, the outer short and minute ........ 21. Pappus simple. Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. Leaves opposite ...... 64. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate ...... 19, 22. * * Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44. * * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy .......... 50. Heads 8 - 10-flowered. Receptacle naked .......... 1>. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. ..'... 48. Heads many-flowered. Jloct-ptafle naked. ........ 46,47. • » * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. •i- Receptacle naked. Arhenia flat, wing margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns. ... 16. Achenia flat, uiarginless. Pappus none. Km-i.t;u-le c-onical ...... 17. Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle ilattish. . 54. Achenia auglcd. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. . 66. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179 •i- -i- Receptacle chaffy. Buys neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Iteceptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none. . No. 61. Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if at all. . . 36-40. Receptacle flat. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41, 42. Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. Acheniii much flattened laterally, 1 - 2-awned 48. Acheaia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 63. Achenia 3 - 4-ungulur terete or laterally flattish, awnless. Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected. .... 62. Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple. Achenia obovoid Involucre a leafy cup. 32. Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 85. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. 33, 34. r pistillate and fertile : the disk-flowers staininate and sterile (pistil imperfect). Receptacle chaffy 25-28. Systematic Synopsis, TBIBE I. VERlVOKIACE^a. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu- lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly- hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. 1. VERNONIA. Heads several - many -flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap- pus of many capillary bristles. 2. ELEP1IANTOPUS. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. TRIBE II. ET/P ATORIACE^E. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu- bular; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style » thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, flattish, uniformly minutely pubescent ; the stigmatic lines indistinct. Subtribe 1. EUPATORIE.E. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow. * Pappus a row of hard scales. 8. SCLEUOLEPIS. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled. * * Pappus of slender bristles. 4. LIATRIS. Achenia many -ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corol- las red-purple, 5-lobed. 6. KUHNIA. Acheuia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corollas whitish, 5-toothed. - 6 EUPATOUIL'M. Achenia 5-angled.-^ Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the invo- lucre many or several. Receptacle of the flowers flat. 7 MIKANIA Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4. 8. CONOCLINIUM. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical. Subtribe 2. TUSSILAGINE.S. Flowers (sometimes yellow) more or less monoecious or dicecioua at least of 2 sorts in the game head. * Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless. 9. NARDOSMIA. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary. 10 TUSSILAGO. Head single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillarv. * * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy. 11. ADENOCAULON. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none. TIUBE III. ASTEROIDE^E. Heads discoid, with the Cowers all alike and tutmiar; or radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate Branches of the style in the peifcct flow- 180 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ere flat, smooth op to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly t«rmi- nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appenda#. which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle iiuked (des- titute of chaff) in all our species. Bubtribe 1 ASTERINRS. flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal onea ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base. * Kay -flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow. •*- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles : receptacle flat. 12. SERICOCARPUS Heads 12 - 15-ttowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenia short, narrowed downwards, silky. IS ASTER. I leads many flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flatfish. Pappus simple. 14, ERIGERON. Heads many -flowered. Involucre of nearly equal narrow scales, almost in one row. Achenia flattened Pappus simple, or with an outer set of minute scales. 16. PIPLOPAPPUS. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double ; the outer obs'-ure. of minute stiff bristles. «- -i- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical. 10. BOLTOMA. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short. 17. IJELLIS. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. * # Ray -flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all. 18. BRACII YCIL-ETA. Heads 8 - 10-flowered, clustered : rays 4 or 6. Pappus a row of minute bristles shorter than the achenium. 19. SOLIDAGO. Heads few - many -flowered : rays 1-16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen- der and equal capillary bristles. 20. BIGKLOV1A. Heads 3 - 4-flowered : rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple, a single row of capillary bristles. 21. CHRYSOPS1S. Heads many -flowered : rays numerous. Pappus double; the outer of very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of capillary bristles. Subtribe 2. INUL&E. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Subtribe 1. 22. INULA. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary. Subtribe 3. BACCUARIPE.E & TARCHONANTHE.S. Flowers of the head all tubular, either dioecious or monoecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in different heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flowers a very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit. 23. PLUCUEA. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary. 24. BACCHAR1S. Heads dioecious, some all pistillate, others all staminate, on different plants. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary. TRIBE IV. SENECIOKIDEJE. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internally, hairy or pencil-tufted at the apex (where the gtigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued beyond into a bristly -hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate. Subtribe 1 MELAMPODINEJ?. Flowers none of them perfect, but either staminate or pi-til- late ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless. Pappus, if any. never of bristles. • Heads containing two kinds of flowers, radiate ; the ray-flowers pistillate, the central and tubular staminate flowers liavmi: a pistil, but always sterile. Receptacle chaffy. 25. POLYMNIA. Achenia thick and tur<:iil. roundish. Pappus none. 26. CHKVSOCOM'M. Achenia '.', • one-sided 2-3-toothed chaffy crown. 27. SII.PHIU.M Acheni i vcn flat, \ung-tnarghiod, numerous in several rows : rays dcciduoun. &. PAKT1IKN ;.ia flat, slightly margined, bearing a pappus of 2 chan\ scales and the very short persistent ray -corolla. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181 * * Heads with two kinds of flowers, discoid ; pistillate flowers with a small tubular corolla. 29 IVA. Pistillate flowers 1-5 iu the margin. Achenia thickish. Pappus none. * * * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on the same plant ; the pistillate only 1-2, in a closed involucre resembling an acheniuin oi a bur ; the stamimite several, in an open cup-shaped involucre. 80 AMBROSIA. Fertile involucre (fruit) small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled. 81. XANTHIUM. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered. Subtribe 2. HELIANTHEJS. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; the rays ligulate, the disk- flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers blackish, tailless. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite. * Rays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 - 4-sided, slightly if at all flattened. ••- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup. 82. TETRAGONOTIIECA. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. •«- -i- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales. 83. ECLIPTA. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none. 84. BOKRICIIIA. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown. 85. IIELIOPSIS. Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border. * * Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none; achenia 4-augular or flattened laterally, i. e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, tho chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge. •»- Receptacle elevated, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown. 86. ECIIINACEA. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided. 87. RUDBECKIA. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided flat at the top, marginless. 88. LEPACHYS. Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined. •*- •)- Receptacle flattish or conical Pappus chaffy or awned. 89. HELIANTHUS Rays neutral. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very decid- uous chaffy scales. 40. ACTINOJIERIS. Rays neutral, or sometimes none. Achenia flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns. * * * Rays sterile, neutral : achenia obcompressed, i e flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. 41. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a crown. 42. B1DENS. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns. # * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none) : achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned. 43. VERBESINA. Rays few and small. Receptacle convex. Acheuia sometimes winged. Subtribe 3. TAGETIXE.S. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays ligulate ; the disk-flowers all perfect and fertile Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup. Pappus various. — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted •with large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil. 44 DYSODIA. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles, Subtribe 4. HELENTK.E. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perf^t. Pappus of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless. * Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed). J5 IIYMENOPAPPUS. Rays none. Receptacle flat Scales of the involucre colored 46. HE LENT (JM. Rays pistillate, 3- 6-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. 47. LEPTOl'ODA. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwise as No 46. * * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb. 48. BALDW1NIA. Rays numerous, neutral. Involucre imbricated. 182 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * * * Receptacle chaffy. 49. MARSHALL!*.. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow chaffy scales. 60. GALINSOGA. Rays 4 or 6, short, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate chaffy scales. Subtribe 6. ANTHEMIDFJE. Ileads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes infer, tile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other- wise nearly as Subtribe 4. * Receptacle chaffy, at least in part : rays ligulate. 61. MARUTA. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid, ribbed. Pappus none. 62. ANT1IKMIS. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none. 68. ACHILLEA. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined. * * Receptacle naked. 61. LEUCANTIIEMUM. Rays numerous, pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate or ribbed Pappus none. 66. MATRICAUIA. Rays pistillate or none ; then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle conicaL Pappus crown-like or none. 66. TANACETUM. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the top. Pappus a short crown. 67. ARTEMISIA. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at the top. Pappus none. Subtribe 6. GNAPHALINEJ?. Ileads all discoid, with tubular corollas ; those of the fertile flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base. Pappus of capillary bristles. Floc- culent-woolly herbs : leaves alternate. 68. GNAPIIALIUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Ileads containing both perfect and pistillate flowers Bristles of the pappus all slender. 69 ANTENNARIA. Receptacle naked, flat. Ileads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit. 60. FILAGO. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil- lary, of the outer often none. Snbtribe 7. SENECIONEJB. Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. Anthem tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked. (Scales of the involucre commonly in a single row. ) * Heads discoid, with two kinds of flowers, the outer pistillate and with filiform corollas. 61. ERECirmiTES. Pappus copious, very fine and soft. Flowers whitish. * * Heads radiate, or discoid and then with perfect flowers only. •»- Leaves alternate. 62. CACALIA. Heads 5 - many-flowered. Rays none. Flowers white or cream-color. 03. SEIS'ECIO. Heads many-flowered, with or without rays. Flowers yellow. Pappus soft •«- •*— Leaves opposite. 64. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Pappus of rough denticulate bristles. TRIBE V. CYKARE^J. Ileads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays, but not ligulate. Style thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without any appendage, often united below. (Heads large.) * Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile Pappus not plumose. 66. CENTAUREA. Achenia (Int. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral flowers commonly enlarged. 66. CNICUS. Arlu-nia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous. * * Flowers all alike in the ovoid or globular head. 67. CIRSIUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed with long and soft bristles 68. GARDUUS. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No 67. 4 v* " COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183 69. ONOPORDON. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plumose. Recep- tacle honeycombed 70. LAPP A. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Recep- tacle bristly. SUBORDER II. LIGULIFLOR^E. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- fect. — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate. * Pappus none. 71. LAMPSANA. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. * * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 72. CICIIORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-forin scales. Involucre double. 73. KRIG1A. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 bristles. CYNTIIIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of numerous long capillary bristles. * * * Pappus plumose. 76. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base. * * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. 4- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked. 76. HIERACIUM. Achenia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of the involucre unequal. 77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales of the involucre equal. See Addend. •*- •«- Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium. 78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris- tles, some of them rigid. 79. TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white. 80. PYRKIIOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny 81. LACTUCA. Achenia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white. 82. MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue. 83. SONOHUS. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow. 1. VERNOIVIA, Schrcb. IRON-WEED. Heads 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo- lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer of minute scale-like bristles; the-'inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren- nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor of Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) 1. V. Novel>oracensis, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or aivn; in some varieties merely pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river- banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 2. V. fJlSCiCllliita, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest) rounded and obtuse, without appendage — Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis- consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads mostly crowded. Very variable, and passing into No. 1. 184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2. EL,EPHA]\TOPtJS, L. ELKI-HANT'S-FOOT. Heads 3- 5-flowcrcd, clustered into a compound head : flowers perfect. Invo- lucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaHy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of ff\f(j)as, elephant, and Trots, foot.) 1. E. CaroIinianilS, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 3. SCL.ER6L.EPIS, Cass. SCLEROLEPIS. Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, in 1-2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth aquatic perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, bearing linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and terminated by a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from o-K\rjp6s, Itard, and \crrisj a scale, alluding to the pappus.) 1. S. verticillata, Cass. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug. 4. LIATRIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR. Head several -many-flowered: flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im- brionted, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia slender, tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles, which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves, and heads of handsome rose- purple flowers, spicate, racemose, or panicled-cymose, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.) $ 1 . Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish conn or tuber (which is impregnated ivith resinous matter), very leafy : leaves narrow or (jrass-like, l — 5-nerved: heads spicate or racemed: involucre toll iinbricattd: lobes of the corolla long and slender. * Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-Jlowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the Jlowers. 1. L.. t'JcgaiiS, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Ban-en soil, Vir- ginia and southward. # # Pappus very plumose : scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbri- cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like: corolla hairy within. 2. L.. squarrosa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, £c.) Often hairy (l°-3° high) ; leaves linear, elongated ; heads few (!' long) ; scales of the involucre mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 3. It. cyliliclracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6'- 18' high) : leaves linear; heads few (£'-§' long); scales of the in>\>ln<-re a/I with short and r> tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and south westward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 * ^ * Pappus not plumose to the naked eye : corolla smooth inside. 4. L.. scaiiosa, Willd. Stem stout (2° -5° high) pubescent or hoary ; leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or obovate-obloiu/, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30 - 40-flowered ; scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scar ions often colored tips or margins. — Dry sandy soil, New England to "Wisconsin, and southward. — A widely variable species: heads 1' or less in diameter. 5. L,. pilosa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered; scales of tJie top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Rare and obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of L. spicata ; but the flowers themselves as large as in No. 4. 6. Li. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3 - 5-nerved ; heads 8-12 flowered ($'- £' long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shapcd involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, oppressed, with slight margins ; achenia pubescent or smoothish. — Moist grounds, common from S. New York to "Wisconsin and southward. — Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth. 7. .L,. gTaminifdlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (l°-3°high) slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1 -nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7 — 1 2-flo wcred ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse or someivliat pointed, rigid, oppressed ; achenia hairy. — Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in Var. clilbia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 8. l<. pycilOStaeliya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish: stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike very thick and dense (G'-20' long) ; heads about 5-flowered (£' long) ; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips. — : Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward. § 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber : heads small, corymbed or pan- icled, 4-lQ-jlowered: involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate: pappu$ not plumose. 9. L.. odoratissima, Willd. (VANILLA-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed. — Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised. 10. JLi. paniClllata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Vir- ginia and southward. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass., differs from Liatris in having some chaff among the flowers ; and 0. TOMENTdsus perhaps grows in S. Virginia. 16* 18G COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 5. KiTIINIA, L. KDHNJA. Heads 10-25-flo\vered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothcd. Achcniu cylindrical, mair'-striato. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A peren- nial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and panicu- late-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.) 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south- ward. Sept. 6. EUPATORIUlfl, Tourn. THQROUGHWORT. Heads 3 - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell- shaped. Eeceptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothed. Aehcnin 5-angled. Pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.) * Heads cylindrical, 5 - 10-flowered ; the purplish scales numej-ous, closely imbri<-UEII, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves Mong -lanceolate, coarse- ly-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer than the flowers — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Vir- ginia and southward. 8. E. tcucri folium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2° -3° high); leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple- nerved, veiny, coarse/ ij toothed towards the base, the upper ones alternate ; branches of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, at length short* r than the flowers. (E. verbemxifolium, Michx.) — Low grounds, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Leaves sometimes cut into a few vciy deep teeth. 9. E. rotllliclifolilllll, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves round- ish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate- toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (l'-2' long); corymb large and dense; scales of the (5-flowered] involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, Rhode Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. 10. E. Bmb£sceilS, Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny; scales of the 7 - 8-Jhwered inrolitcre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Biyel.) — Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger. 11. E. scssilifolium, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4° -6° high), smooth, brandling ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the. sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3' -6' long) ; corymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5- (or 5- 12-?) flowered involucre, oval and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and bagks, Massachusetts to 111., and southward along the mountains. +_ H_ + Leaven opposite, clasping or united at the base, Jong and widely spreading : heads 10- 15-flowered: corymbs very compound and large. 12. E. rcsinosnm, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2° -3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4' -6' long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine ban-ens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves. 13. E. pcrfoliatum, L. (THOKOTJGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout (2° -4° high), hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the sfcm (connnte- perfoliatc), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy 188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) beneath (5' -8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds-, common, and well known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered. 4- •»- •»- •»- Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, loixj-peiiolcd: heads 12- Ib-jloicered, in compound corymbs. 14. E. ser6tiimm, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3° -6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and southward. # # # Heads 8 - 30-flotvered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one ran- : leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted : flowers white. 15. E. ageratoides, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, lonetioled, thin (4' -5' long); corymbs compound. — Kich woods and copses; common, especially northward. 16. E. ai'OIlllitiClllll, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thiekish. — Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Lower and more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads. 7. MIKANIA, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WKKI,. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Climbing perennials, with opposite com- monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.) 1. HI. SCantlenS, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat trian- gular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along streams, Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward. July - Sept. 8. CONDOMINIUM, DC. MIST-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal lincar-awl- shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical! Otherwise as in Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet- purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. (Name formed of KCOI>OP, a cone, and K\ivrj, a bed, from the conical receptacle.) 1. C. ctrlcstimini, DC. Somewhat pubescent (l°-2° high); lonvrs triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 9. NARDOSITIIA, Cass. SWEET COLTSFOOT. Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious : in the sterile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer anc copious in the fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all frojn the rootstoek, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers in a corymb. (Name from i/ap§os, spikenard, and oo/xq, odor.) 1. N. palllt:ata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white- woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5- 7-lobcd, the lobes toothed and cut. (Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Biyel.) — Swamps, Maine and Mass, to Michigan and northward: rare May. — Full-grown leaves 6' -10' broad. 1O. TTJSSILAGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT. Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucre nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong. Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori- zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) 1. T. FARFARA, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, northern parts of New England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.) 11. ADElVOCAtlEON, Hook. ADEXOCAULON. Heads 5-10-flowcred; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petiolcd leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from dSr)i>, a gland, and KauXoy, a stem). 1. A. l>iCOlor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu- lar-toothcd margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. 12. SERICOCARPIJS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER. Iliads 12-15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, apprcssed, with short and abrupt often spread- ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely py- ramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Peren- nial tufted herbs (l°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb Disk-flowers pale yellow. (Name from orypiKoy, silky, and Kapnos. fruit.) 1. S. SOlidagjfilCllS, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linLar, rigid, ob- tuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3'r long), 190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) in close clusters, few-flowered; pappus white. — Thickets, S. New England to Virginia, near the const. July. 2. S. COIiyzoideS, Noes. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblori(j-led, obeonicul (4" -6" long); pappus rusty-color. — Dry ground ; common. July. 3. S. tortifolillS, Nees. Hoary-puhcsccnt ; leaves ol>ovate or oblong-spat u- l(tti>, short (£'-!' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless; heads rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long) ; pappus white. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. Aug. GALATELLA HYSSOPIF6LIA, Nees, is omitted, because it has not been found in our district, and probably is not an American plant. 13. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf- like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia generally more or less flattened. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in § 6), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads. Kays white, purple, or blue : the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name dcrrrjp, a star, from the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers.) $ 1. BI&TIA, DC. — Involucre oboi-oid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated in several rotrs, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: rays 6-15 (white, or nearly so) : achenia slender: lower leaves larye, heart-shaped, pftio'nl, coarsely ser- rate : heads in open corymbs. 1. A* coryillbosus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat /.i;_/,!Lr; /"//vx thin, smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles; rays 6-9. — Woodlands; common, especially north- ward. July -Aug. — Plant 1°- 2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid cxtci-ior involucral scales, and thinner leaves, than the- next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent. 2. A. inacropliyllllS, L. Stem stout and rigid (2° -3° high) ; /.///•«•* thich'sh, rough, closely serrate, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4'- 10' long, 3' -6' widd), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar- gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). — Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept. — Involucre A' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the innermost much larger and thinner. i 2. CALLlASTKUM, Torr. & Gr. — Seal, -snf the inntlucre iinbrfnitid in rotes, corMct-oiis, iri/h li< rlxwio\is ^>riadintj tips: rays 12-30, >•' / nar- row (smonfhish) : jtappus of rii/id bristl,* »f uti«p/a/ thi"kn<.* W cJl tessile ; lower ours not h«trl-s/u/ptd : heads fete, larye and shoiry. (Allied to $ 1, and to Serieocarpus.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191 3. A. Kit dill a, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth, many-leaved (l°-3° high) ; leaves ol>long-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achcnia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds, Delaware to Maine and northward, near the coast. Aug. — Kays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. 4. A. surculdsilS, Michx. Stems slender (£°-l° high), from long and slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping subterranean shoots or suck- ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered ; leaves roii!/hish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate ; involucre obconical or bell-shaped (J'-^' long), the whitish and coriaceous scales with short herbaceous tips, the outer ones shorter; achcnia slightly pubescent. — Var. GRAei- LIS (A. gracilis, Nutt.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical invo- lucre successively shorter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips, resembling a Sericocarpus. — Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, £' long. — Perhaps runs into the next. 5. A. spect&bilis, Ait. Stems (l°-2° high) minutely rough and glan- dular-pubescent at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed, tapering to the base; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre liiuar- obfanq, with conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tij>s, the outermost scarcely shorter ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast, and southward. Sept. -Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus, though the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly 1' long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre ^' long and wide. $ 3. ASTER PROPER. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, ivith herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceous : rays numerous: pappus soft and nearly uniform : achenia flattened. (All flowering late in sum- mer or in autumn.) # Leaves silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronuktte : involucre imbri- cated in 3 to several rows : rays showy, pintle-violet. G. A. seraceus, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short silvery branchlcts ; scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous base, silvery; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin to Kentucky and southward. — An elegant silvery species; the large heads with 20-30 rays of £' or more in length. 7. A. concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves crowded, 06- long or lanceolate, at 'pressed, the upper reduced to little bracts; heads in a simple or compound wand-liks raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated iu several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenia silky. — Dry sandy soil, pine ban-ens of New Jersey and southward. — A handsome plant, l°-3° high, with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky and of the same hue both sides. Rays bright violet-purple. 192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) # # Luir,',- it arts not itmrt-sltapfd ; the njiper all sessile and more or less clasping by a In art-shaj.-eif <>r attrirled l>use : In ads shon-y : scales of the run rst /// conical or bell- shiipid in ml urn: rn/ii'arty imbricated in iv-reral rotrs, the outer sin-cessivfly shorter, app. '•• ons, u-hitith, with short ' >'ps : rays large, purple or blue. 8. A. pattiiis, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1°- 8° high), with widely spreading hranchos, tlic heads mostly solitary, terminating the slender branehlets ; hi res oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below the middle, all clasping by a deep awrieledJeart-ihaped base, rough, especially above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre, with spreading pointed tips; achcnia silky. — Var. riiLooiFm.irs is a form which the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin se;ireely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground, common, especially southward. Heads £' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays. 9. A. lifevis, L. Very smooth throughout ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped, base ; scales of the shoti-ohoroid or hemi- s])heriatl involucre with oppressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; adierJa smooth. A variable species, of which the two best-marked forms are : — Var. laevigfltUS. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or ob- long; involucre nearly hemispherical; the scales lanceolate or linear, with nar- row and acute green tips tapering down on the midnerve. (A. la:vi.s, L. A. bjevigatus, Wilid.) — Dry woodlands ; rather common. Var. cyiineilS. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous; leaves thicker; tho upper often oblong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base; invo- lucre naiTowed at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Iloffm., frc.) — Border of woodlands ; common, especially northward. — A very elegant species, with showy flowers. 10. A. tlirbill£l!il$, Lindl. Very smooth ; stem slender, paniculately branched ; lea MS Inncculut, , tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; in- volucre donyated-obconical or almost club-shaped (^' long) ; the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achcnia nearly smooth. — Dry bills, &c., Illinois and southwestward. * * * Lower Ixins till lu'drt-shapid and pctiohd, the upper sessile or petioltd : invo- lucre inilin'rul'd nincli as in die last division, but the hauls smaller, rcry niii.- racemose, or pa/iicled. •*- Li arts ml, re or slit/lttly serrate: heads middle-sized : rays bright-Hue. 11. A. aziircus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; haws rough; the loicer ovate-lance., date or olilon;/, heart-shaped, on long often hairy pitiuhs; the others lanceolate or lin- ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre inversely conical. — ( and prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — A handsome species: the in- volucre much as in No. 9, but much smaller, and slightly pubescent; the rays bright blue. 12. A. Slioi'tii, Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pui COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193 underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp point, all bitt the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base and on naked peti- oles; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliifs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- ward.— A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3 '-5' long. 13. A. liiidlllitUls, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, rouyhish above, downy under- neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or direct- ly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid. (A. diversifolius, Michx.) — Dry copses, common. •«— •<— Leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small : rays pale blue or nearly white. 14. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart- shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely coni- cal involucre all appressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acutish. — "Woodlands ; very common. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy underneath. Heads produced in great profusion, but quite small. 15. A. sagittifolius, Willd". Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches bearing numerous racemose heads ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; the lower heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, Lindl., which probably grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is apparently only a downy-leaved variety of" this. $: % •%. %; Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, narrow, rigid, entire : involucre imbricated in several rows : the coriaceous scales appressed and whitish at the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose : rays white. 16. A. CriCOldeS, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (l°-l£° high); the simple branchlcts or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others liiiKir-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. VILLAS us is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry •pen places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward. 17. A. llllllfiflorns, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1° high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar- gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasping at the base; scales of the invo- lucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil; common. 17 194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * *c * * # L'-ircs none of them heart -shaped ; those of the stem taper! IK/ at the base, sessile; in* ' •' the scales of unequal Umjtli, iritli short and narrow (ij'jii'ixxtd or rather loose grceniah tips : heads small or middle-sized: rays white or pale bluish-purple. •*- Heads small. (Involucre |' - y long.) 18. A. dumoSUS, L. Smooth or nearly so, raccmosely compound, the •ed heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ; scales of the closely imbricated involucre linear-epatolat/e, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. — Thickets, in dry or moist soil; common. — A variable species, l°-3° high, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely con- ical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the suc- ceeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in the next. Runs into several peculiar forms. 19. A. TradesCcinti, L. Smooth or smoothish; the numerous heads closely racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely sen-ate in the middle with fine sharp teeth; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. — Var. FRAciLis has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest, and the heads more scattered. — Moist banks, &c., very common. — Stems 2° -4° high, bushy: heads very numerous, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so. 20. A, miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched ; the brandies usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads ; leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply sen-ate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. — Thickets, fields, &c., very common, and extensively variable. — Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2'- 5') ; the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or white. •*- •*- Heads middle-sized. (Involucre ,£'-£' long.) 21. A. Simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° -6° high), much branched; the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-avd-shaped, loosely and sjxtringly imbricated. — Shady moist banks, common. — Rays pale. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. 22. A. teiauifolius, L. Nearly smooth ; stem much branched (12° -3° high) ; the heads somewhat panicled or racemed ; learcs narroirly /tdular-pi very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays rose-purple or whitish. — New Hampshire, about the White Mountains (Mr. Eddy in herb. Tucker man), L. Superior, and northward. $5. ORTIIOMKRIS, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the invohtrre regularly imbricated, t', <>/'/, a i;irinv, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearfjice of some of the vernal species.) § 1. CJENOTUS, Nutt. — Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, sccrcely longer than the pa/>]»is : ilisk-<-oroUas 4-toothed: pappus simple : annuals and biennials: head* very small, cylindrical. 1. E. Cauadeiise, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly- hairy; stem erect, wand-like (5' -5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire; those from the root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous, panicled. — Waste places ; a com- mon weed, now widely diffused over the world. July -Get. — Ligules mueh shorter than their tube, white. 2. E. divaricatllin, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3' - 6' high) ; leaves linear or awl-shaped; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1. — Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. § 2. EUERf GERON, Torr. & Gr. — Rays elongated, crowded in one or more rows: pappus simple. (Erect perennials: heads someivhat corymbed.) 3. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays (about 50) rather broadly linear, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks; common. May. 4. E. PliiladclplliCUlll, L. (FLEABANB.) Hairy ; stem leafy, cor- ymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color. (E. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground; common. June -Aug. | 3. STENACTIS, Cass. — Some of the outer bristles of the pappus short and minute, or rather chaffy: otfierwise as § 2. 5. E. glabclllim, Nutt. Stem (6' -15' high) stout, hairy above, the leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and pctiolcd; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary -hispid involucre. — Plains, St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and northward. June. § 4. PIIALACROL6MA, Cass. — Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row, conspicuous : ji'ijijms plainly double, (he outer a crown of minute cJiajfy-bristfe-form scales; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely want- ing in the ray : attnuaU and biennials. 6. E. anmium, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANB. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3° -5° high), branched, fo-.sr/ irith spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and shm-fily toothed; the loicent orate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly imolucre. (E. hetero- phyllum, ^flllll. E. strignsum, Biycl.) — Fields and waste places; a very common weed. (Nat. in Europe.) June -Aug. i> : COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199 7. E. strigosum, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corym- bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute oppressed hairs, or almost smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifulium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. ; com- mon. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. 5. ERIGERfDIUM, Torr. & Gr. — Rays about 30, in a single row, rather broad: pappus simple : achenia mostly ^-nerved : not perennial. 8. E. vcrimm, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (l°-2° high), bearing 5-12 small corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michx. Aster vernus, L.) — Low grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May. 15. DIPJLOPAPPUS, Cass. DOUBLE-BRISTLED ASTER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo- lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers yel- low; rays white or violet. (Name composed of SivrXoos, double, and TraTTzroy, pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.) 4 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated, achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike. 1. I>. liiiariifolius, Hook. Stems (6' -20' high), several from the same woody root, mostly simple, very leafy; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very rough margins. — Dry soil; common. Sept., Oct. $ 2. Rays white: heads small, corymbed: involucre shorter than the disk, imbricated in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of them thickened at the tip : leaves large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire. 2. D. limbellatllS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6° high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' -6' long) ; heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, obtusish. — Moist thickets ; common, especially north- ward. Aug. 3. D. ailiygdiilinilS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu- cre loosely imbricated, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and south- ward. Aug. — Very near the last, usually lower, rougher, and with broader and shorter leaves. 4. I>. COrnifolillS, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously point' ed at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa- chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July - Sept. 200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 16. BOL.T6NIA, L'llei. BOLTONIA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numetous, pistillate. Scales of ihe hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in '2 rows, appressed, with narrow rncmbranareous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache- nia flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-wingcd, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and fre- quently with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth horba, :-"en, with the aspect of Aster : the thickish leaves chiefly entire. II. •:;«'•< corymbose or panicled: disk yellow: rays white or purplish. (Dedi- cated to /. Bollon, an English botanist.) See Addeiid. 1. B. asteroides, L'Hcr. Leaves lanceolate; achenia broadly cval ; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams. Transylvania (/MI ft ram) and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Out. — riant usually 6° high. 2. 15. glastifolia, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending, often turned edgi'wisc by a twist; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; pappus of several short bristles and, especially in the disk, of 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich moist soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high. 17. B ELLIS, Tourn. DAISY. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but one species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true /Af/.s//, B. perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is our species. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) 1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Diffusely branched and spreading (4' -9' high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulatc-obovatc; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. ® @ — Praiiies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March- June. 18. BKA€IIlrriI/ETA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD. Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name com- peted of ftpaxvs, short, and \alrri, bristle, from the pappus.) 1. B. COrdata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills, E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or less pubescent. 19. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD. I It ads few -many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No. 1). Receptacle small, not chaffy Achenia many-iibbed, nearly terete. Pappus COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201 simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like btems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered: flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name from solido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to its reputed vulnerary quali- ties.) Flowering Aug. - Oct. See Addend. $ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the much imbricated rigid in- volucre icith abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in clusters or glomerate ra- cemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted icand-like compound spike. 1. S. squarrdsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2° -5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky wooded hills, Maine and W. Vermont to Penn., and the mountains of Virginia. § 2. VIRGAljREA; Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips: rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more or less pedicelled. * Heads in close clusters or short clustered racemes in the axils of the feather-veined leaves. (Rays 3 -6.) 2. S. biCOloa*, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle ; rays small, cream-cclor or nearly white. — Var. CONCOLOR has the rays yellow. — Dry copses and banks, common : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward. 3. S, latif olia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long); heads in very short axillary sessile clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. — Moist shaded banks, in rich soil; common northward, and along the mountains. 4. S. Cii'Sia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much branched and diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches. — Moist rich woodlands ; common. Heads rather smaller than in the last. * * llacemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and panicled, not one-sided : leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.) *- Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost. 5. S. Virgfltta, Michx. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple, wand-like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceo- late-oblong leaves, which arc gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, all thickish and smooth ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme ; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir- ginia and southward. 6. S. pllfoerilla, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and panicle very minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, ac ite, tapering to the base, smooth ish; the lowev wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very nu- 202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) mcrous, crotoded in compact erect-spreading short racemes, forming u prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; scales of tlie involucre linear-awl-shapcd, ap- I>n-M <1 ; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast. 7. S. StricUl, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3° hhh) ; Aarr.s lannulate, pointed, the lower tapering gradually into winged peti- oles, partly sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with, appressed teeth; t ninrh croicdcd and appressed in a dense wand-like, panicle; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Wis- consin and northward. Root-leaves 6'- 10' long. It flowers earlier than its allies, beginning in July. •»- •»- Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant. 8. S. Spcciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thickish, smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly sen-ate, the uppermost oblong- lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform pan- icle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong, obtuse; rays about 5, large. — Var. ANGUST\TA is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike. — Copses, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. — A very hand- some species; the lower leaves 4' -6' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms. 9. S. Virga-ailrca, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6'- 18' high) and simple ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatulate or elliptical' obovate and petioled, serrate with small appressed teeth or nearly entire ; racemes thyrsoid or simple, narrow; scales of the involucre lanceolate. or linear, acute ; rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north- ern regions. (Eu.) Var. alpilia, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York ; and shore of Lake Superior. Var. Iiii mills. Low (6' -12' high) and smooth, bearing several or nu- merous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c., are mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays 6-8, short; leaves van-ing from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and serrate. (S. humilis, Pursh, Tan. Sf Gr.) — Rocky banks, W. Vermont, Lakes Huron and Superior, and northward. At the base of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of streams, occurs a form, with the mi- nutely pubescent stout stem l°-2° high, the leaves larger and broader, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme ; the rays occasionally almost white. 10. S. tliyrsoldca, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4°high), wwd-like, pu- bescent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely ser- f's slnir/t xulient teeth, large (l'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into long and margined petioles heads large (5" -6" long), many- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203 flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2'-18' long); scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper- pointed; rays 8 - 1 0, elongated ; achenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S. leiocarpa, DC.} — Wooded sides of high mountains of Maine to New York (south to the Catskills), shore of Lake Superior, and northward. * * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, showy : leaves thick- ish, mostly feather-veined from a strong midrib. 11. S. rigfida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence; stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; the short compact clusters densely cor- ymbcd at the summit; leaves oval or oblong, the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire, veiny; thick and rigid ; heads large, about 34-flowercd; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Wisconsin and southward. 12. S. OlliOtlllSlS, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, closely sessile, the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate towards the apex, somcAvhat veiny, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous in a flat-topped compound corymb, on smooth pedicels, 1 6 - 20-flowcred ; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the rest. Heads smaller than in any other of this section, scarcely one third the size of those of No. 11. 13. S. Riddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough -pubescent ; leaves linear-lance- olate, elongated (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, condupli- cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nervcd ; heads very numerous in close clusters, aggre- gated in a spreading flat-topped compound corymb, 20 - 24-flowercd ; the rays 7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, and Illinois. — Heads larger than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading. 14. S. Hoilgiitoilii, Torr. & Gray, ined. Smooth ; stem rather low and slender (1°-1^° high); haves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined peti- oles ; heads several, crowded in a^small nearly simple corymb, 20 - 30-flowered ; the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michigan; collected in the Michigan State Survey. Aug. — Leaves smooth, but not shining, rough-margined, 3' -5- long, 1 -nerved, or the lower very obscurely 3-nerved above. Corymb minutely pubescent. Heads large, nearly £' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, mi- nutely ciliate. * * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple- nerved. «- Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obscurely veiny : heads rather large. 15. S. SCllipervireilS, L. Smooth and stout (l°-8° high); leaves fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower lanceolate oblong, obscurely triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in less 204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; brackish swamps, with thinner and elongated linear- lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, with more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy: the golden rays 8-10. «- •*- Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely slightly triple- nerved; heads middle-sized. 16. S. Clliptica, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (l°-3° high), very letijy ; 'fiijitical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above ; heads in dense apn-aaing racemes ichich are crowded in a close pyramidal ]>ani<-le. ; peduncles and achcnia strigose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, New Jersey, Carey. Rhode Island, -Olney. Sept., Oct. — Heads showy, 3" long; the rays 8-12. 17. S. neglccta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2° -3° high); leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; tJie upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elon- gated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achcnia nearly glabrous. — Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 18. S. piitllla, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves (4' -8' long) ovate, acute, sen-ate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches. — Swamps ; common. 19. S. argllta, Ait. Smooth throughout (l°-4° high) ; radical and lou-er stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharjdy serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and dilate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to "each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, nak«l, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and fiat corymb-like panicle; rays S- 12, small. — Var. 1. JUNCJSA has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or all the upper entire. — Var. 2. SCABR£LLA is somewhat roughish-pubesceiit (Wisconsin, £c.). — Copses and banks, common, especially the first variety. — Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely apprcssed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as even the root-leaves arc seldom very sharply toothed. 20. S. Mlllllcilbcrgii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stemangl«i; leaves (large and thin) oratr, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharp/// and strongly .s/.: tpnafKng, disposed in an don gat (d open panicle; rays 6-7, large. — Copsv inn; i woods, N. I lamps] :ire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender. 21. S. lilioitlos, Solander. Smooth; sf.-w d, ndn-, simple. (10'-20' high) ; lans Itinrtolutf, serrate with small appresserj teeth, narrowed at the base, the lower tapering into margined eiliate petioles, the uppermost oblong; / s/iort, rrotcdid in onf or 3-4 small one-sid(d fani'^s (.'}'- 4' long) ; heads small jiii'l ('"w-Howcri'd ; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston y.nd Provi- •K-iice), to the pine barrens of New Jersey. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205 «- H- H- Lccvea broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply seirate, copiously feather-veined; veinlets conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short. 22. S. altissima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2° -7° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes pani- cled, spreading ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays 6- 9; the disk-flowers 4-7. — Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great variety of forms : but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the lowest of the common Golden-rods. 23. S. uliiiifdlia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, elliptical -ocate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be- set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses ; common. — Too near the last ; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves. 24. S. DriimniOlldii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower sur- face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety -pubes- cent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and southwestward. «- •*- •*- -«- Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure. 25. S. pildsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with spread- ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram- idal panicle; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine ban-ens of New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 26. S. oclora, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) Smooth, or nearly so through- out; stem n!<-ndrr (2° -3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin- inir, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3 — 4, rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to Kentucky, and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor. •»- -t- •«- •*- H- Leaves grayish or hoary, thickish, feather-veined and slightly triple- nerivd, obscurely sen-ate or entire; heads middle-sized. 27. S. llClllOrjiliS, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (g°-2i° high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate- toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length re- curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, apprcssed • rays 6 -9. — Dry sterile fields; very common. In the West occur less hoary and rougher forms. ^ ^ ^ *f * Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle : leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed. •*- Scales of the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, with somewhat green- ish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining. 28. S. Sliortii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (1°- 3° high), minute- ly roughish-pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower sharply serrate 200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ibove the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; achcnia silky-pubescent. — Rocks, at the Falls of the Ohio, £e. — A handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow. 29. S. UliSSOliricnsiS, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1°- 3° high) ; Aa/vs linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly fanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very- rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate; heads and druse crowded vaccines nearly as in No. 19 ; achenia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Illinois south- ward and westward. — Heads l£"-2" long. *- -i- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaccous : raccims mostly dun- gated and numerous, forming a croicded ample panicle, (These all present inter- mediate forms, and perhaps may be reduced to one polymorphous species.) 30. S. rtlpt'StriS, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2° -3° high); /. ar,s linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire, or nearly so ; panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very sliort. — Rocky river-banks, Ken- tucky and Indiana. 31. S. Caiiadcnsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3°-G° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short. — Borders of thick- ets and fields ; very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate ; — in var. ru6cERA, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. SCABRA also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined. 32. S. scrotilia, Ait. Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4° -8° high), often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except the veins underneath, which are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low grounds; common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the heads and rays, between the last and the next. 33. S. grigtflltea, Ait. Stem stout (3° -7° high), smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex- cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent; rays rather long. — Copses and fence-rows ; common : — presenting many varieties, but with decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall. $ 3. EUTIlAMIA, Nutt. — Corymbosely much branched : heads small, sessile in little cliuten which are crowded in flat-topjyed corymbs ; the closely oppressed sva/: rays 6-20, s/tort, more numerous than the disk-Jlowers : leaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowded. 34. S. lanccolftta, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-ncrved, the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid- cylindrical, in dense corymbcd clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c. in moist soil ; common. — Stem 2° - 4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long. 3.1 S. tCJlllifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; /cares m;// narrowly Hnntr, iiiiisfli/ \-»< rnd, dulled; heads obovoid-elub-shaped, in numerous elustrrs of 2 OF 3, di-pfi>i'd in a loose corymb; rays 6-12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward ; common near the coast. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 2O. fSIGELOVSA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEX-BOD. Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular : rays none. Invo- lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — A perennial smooth herb; the slender stem (l°-2° high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bear- ing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1 - 3-nerved. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany. ) 1. B. midst ta, DC. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Sept. 21. CHUY§OPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER, Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of tke involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenia obovate or linear oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus of all the flowers double, the outer a set of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of elongated capillary bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of xpvoos, gold, and o-^tc, aspect, from the golden blossoms.) •• * Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear : achenia linear. 1. C. gramiili folia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs ; stem slender, naked above, the few heads closely corymbed ; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy soil, Delaware to Virginia, and southward. July - Oct. 2. C. f alcsl ta, Ell. Stems (4' - 10' high) very woolly ; leaves crowded, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or smooth when old, sessile ; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket, Massachusetts. Aug. * * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved ; achenia obovate, flattened. 3. C. Goss^pisia, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves oblong, obtuse, (l'-2' long); heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and southward. Aug. - Oct. ^ 4. C. TVI«iria.iia, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old smoothish ; leaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular penduncles. — Dry bar- rens, from New York and Lancaster, Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.- Oct. 5. C. Villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and vittous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves nar- rowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly -ciliate toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west- ward. .Tnl v — Sent. 208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 22. IIVUI^A, L. ELECAMPANE. Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Oth- erwise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. I. HELENIUM, L. (COMMON ELECAMPANE.) Stout (3°-5° high); leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. 1J. — Road-sides, escaped from cultivation. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Adv. from Eu.) 23. PL,i(/ul"r and mure or A'.ss heart-doped, on long petioles, toothed and cut or obscurely lobcd; fruit oval or oblong (i '-§' long), pubes- cent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually straight ImiL-s at the summit. — l>ani-yards, &c. (Nat. from Ku ) — •\!" " -|M.u,..| -,\, M| nt'fi-n larrcr frnit (•$'-'' ' COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213 which is cither glabrous, glandular, or glandular hairy, the prickles longer and the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadcnse, Mill, £c.) — River-banks, &c., com mon westward ; apparently indigenous. And tkis passes into Var. ecMiustum. (X. echinatum, Mwr.f &c.) Fruit turgid (!' long), thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in- curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an immigrant from farther south. Now scattered over the warm parts of the world. 2. X. SPINOSTJM, L. (THORNY CLOTBUR.) Hoary -pubescent ; stems slen- der, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate leaves; these taper into a short petiole, arc \vhite-dowriy beneath, often 2-3-lobed or cut; fruit (J' long) pointed with a sinyle short b'eak.— Waste places on the sca-lroard. Sept. -Nov. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) 32. TETRAGONOTIIECA, Dill. TETHAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achcnia. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and mcmbranaccous chaff between the flowers. Achenia roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb, viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of TeTpdyuvos, four-angled, and OTJKTJ^ a case, from the shape of the involucre.) 1. T. lieliaiUllOldes, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June. 33. ECL.IPTA, L. ECLIPTA. Heads many -flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers per- fect, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lan- ceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. Achcnia short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong leaves. Heads solitary, srifall. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name from e/cXeiTro), to be deficient, alluding to the absence of papptts.)T 1. E. procunibcns, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs ; stems procumbent, creeping, or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var. BRACIIYPODA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the heads. — Wet river-banks, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June- Oct. 34. BORRICIIIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per- listent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 -4-angled. Pappus a short 214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 4-toothcd crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite Hourly entire leaves, and solitary pedunclcd terminal heads of yellow flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6' -12' high); leaves spatulatc-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 35. II ELI OPS IS, Pcrs. OX-EYE. ir-ads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. lit ads showy, pcduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite, pctioled, triplc-ribcd, sen-ate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of r/Xioy > the sun, and o\^ts, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.) 1. II. lirvis, Pers. Nearly smooth (l°-4°high); leaves ovate-lanceo- late or oblong-ovate. — Var. scXBRA has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hoary. — Banks and copses ; common. Aug. 36. EC II I IV ACE A, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border — Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter- minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nervcd. Kays rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E^ti/os , the llcdyeJiog, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 1. E. purpurCct, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petiolcd ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri- cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. scrotina, DC.) rough- bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward and westward. July. — Rays 15 -20, dull purple (rarely whitish), l'-2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med- icine under the name of Black Sampson. 2. E. ailgUStifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender sircple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri- cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis- consin southwcstward. June - Aug. 37. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; tlio rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about "2 rows, spreadin • lammi , (lie short rlmtVrntH-avr, i"»i rij/id Arlimta 4-angular, Hiioutli, not margined, flat at tin- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the rays generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal. ) * Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut. 1. R. lacini&ta, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobcd leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppcr- ost undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ; tys linear (l'-2' long), drooping. — Low thickets ; common. July- Sept. * Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented. 2. R. S19B>toaiieilt6sa, Pursli. Stem branching above (3° -4° high), downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ; heads short-pcduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. =fc * * Disk broad/i/ conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3. 3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched (2° -5° high), the branches Blender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobcd, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided) ; raijs 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple disk smooth, aimed. (2) — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small, but numerous and showy. 4. R. speciosa, Wender. Roughish-hairy (1°- 2° high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ; leaves lanaolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, pet ioled, 3-5-7ierved, coarsely and niiKiHidli] toothed or incisid; involucre much shorter than the numerous elon- gated (I'-l.1,') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Diy soil, W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July. 5. R. fulgiila, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear- ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblony or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mix/li/ obtuse. ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, 1° - 3° high : the rays orange-yellow. 6. R. liirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, in meadows, of recent introduction, with grass-seed from the West. June — Aug. Coarser and less showy thau the preceding, variable in the size of the rays. 3§. I.EPACHYS, Raf. (OBELISCARIA, DC.) Heads many-flowei-ed, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar : the chaff truncate, 216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.") thickened, and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined aclienia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Verennial herbs, with alternate pinnate leavis; the grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single showy heads. Kays yellow or party-colored, large and drooping ; the disk gray- ish. (Maine, from Xnrtff, a scale, and Tra^vs, thick, referring to the thickened tips of the chair.) 1. L. piiaiifitsi, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute apprcssed hairs, slen- der (4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long). — Dry soil, from Chatauque County, New York (Sa.ii.wdl), to Wisconsin and southward. July. — The receptacle exhales an anisate odor when bruised. Aehcnia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. 39. II ELI AN Til US, L. SUNFLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre Imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed aehenia, which are neither winged nor mar- gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy-awncd scales on the principal angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and stout herbs (often exuding a resin), with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays : flowering towards autumn. (Name from ryXtos, the sun, and tivfios, a flower.} — All our wild species are perennial. # Disk convex, dark purple : leaves opposite, or the upper alternate. •+- Scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spread/in/ herbaceous tips. 1. II. ailgllStifolius, L. Stem slender (2° -6° high); leavt* long and l/iifir, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1-nerved, pale beneath; heads (small) loosely corymbed, long-peduncled. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. •»- •»- Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and oppressed, ovate or broadly lanceolate, obtuse, ciluite, destitute of herbaceous tips. (Leaves nearly all opp,. 2. H. atrorubCIlS, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2° -5° high), smooth, and naked and forking above ; /mms- thin, orate or oval, or the lowest heart-shaped (3' -6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illi- nois, and southward. .3. II. rigidllS, Desf. Sl.em stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly blanched, rou^h ; /«in-s r< n/ thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-1di» usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 large and often ! small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward. # # Disk conn.r, i/c/lnir : sea Irs of the involucre regularly imbricated and aj>,> wiilt so/iti'trhiit t/iri'i.'diiii/ and acute (but notfnlinceoi:*) tij>s : hnns chiliiiii folia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided in- to 3 sessile leaflets which are 2 - 5-parted, their divisions lance-linear ( 1 " — 3" broad), rather rigid; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July. 8. C. VCl'ticilista, L. Glabrous ; leaves divided into 3 sessile lea/lets which are 1 - 2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also in gardens. July -Sept. 9. C. pailimta, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge- shaped, deeply 3-cleft, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3; lobed. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south westward. July. * * * * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a callous tubei'de on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chajf-Uke denticu- late teeth : outer involucre about the length of the inner : rays large, coarsely 3-5- tootJied: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: heads on long naked peduncles. 10. C. auriClllata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems l°-4°higli, branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval- lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3 - 5-lobed or divided ; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, ty — Rich woods and banks, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June - Sept. 11. C. laaiccol-ata, L. Smooth or nalry (l°-2°high); stems short, tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into petioles; scales of the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate. 1\. — Rich or damp soil, Michigan to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July. Also cultivated. — Heads showy: rays 1' long. § 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color: disk yellow. 12. C. rosea, Nutt. (ROSE-FLOWERED COREOPSIS.) Stem branching, leafy, smooth (6' -20' high) ; leaves opposite, linear, entire; heads small, some- what corymbed, on short peduncles ; outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothcd ; achenia oblong, wingless; pappus an obscure crown-like border. 1J. — Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, and southward : rare. Aug. >. C. TINCT6RIA, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, is now everywhere common in gardens. 42. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD. Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre dou- ble, the outer commonly large and foliaccous. Receptacle flattish, the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the invo- lucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite vari ous leaves, and mostly yellow flcwers. (Latin bidcns, two-toothed.) * Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals ?) ]. 15. froiitlosa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TIOKS.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2° -6° high) and branching; leaves 3-5-divided; the leaflets lanceo- 19* 222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) late, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly stalked; outer leafy involucre much longer than the heiul, dilate he-low; rays none; achenia wedye-obocate, 2-awned, the mar- gins ciliati' trilh upward bristles, except uear the summit. — Moist waste places, a common coarse weed, very trouhlesome ; the aehcnia, as in the other species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of ani- mals. July -Sept. — In Western New York, Dr. Sartwell has found it with one or two small rays ! 2. IS. coat tiat a, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (l°-2° high); lidi-es lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into margined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3- dindi-d; the lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate ; rays none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) aimed, and with downwardly barbed margins. (B. tripartita, Biyel.) — A thin-leaved more petiolcd form is B. petio- lata, Nutt. — Wet grounds, New York to Illinois, and southward. 3. B. CO rim Si, L. (BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5'- 10' high); leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; /tends nodding, wit/i or without (light yellow) rays ; outer involucre longer than the head ; ache- nia wedge-obovate, 4-awncd, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — Rays, when present, smaller than in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer involucre more leaf- like. (Eu.) 4. B. clirysantliemolcles, Michx. (BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth, erect or reclining at the base (6' -30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate ; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously radiate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the golden-yellow (!' long) rays; achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins ; awns 2, 3, or 4. — Swamps ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Probably runs into No. 3. * # Achenia linear-4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit. 5. B* Beckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, smooth; sterna long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dissected into Jim capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ; heads single, short-pcduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy ((/olden-yel- low) rays ; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (£' long), bearing 4-6 stout diver- gent awns which are 1' long, barbed only towards the apex. 1J. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Massachusetts (rare) to Illinois and Wisconsin. 6. B. bipinnata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth, branched (1°- 4° high) ; leaves 1 - 3-pinnatcly parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear scales, nearly as long as the short pale yellow rays ; achenia long and slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 - 4-awned. (1) — Dry soil, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. 43. VERBESINA, L. CROTVNBEARD. Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none. Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223 • rather convex, the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrcnt on the stem. ("Name altered from Verbena.") 1. V. §iegesl>£ckia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and thin) ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate ; aehe- nia wingless. — Rich soil, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July. 2. V. Virgflilica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy- pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia narrowly winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania ? Illinois, and southward. Aug. 44. BYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD. Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep- tacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4- angled. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; the heads terminating the branches : flowers yellow. (Name oWcoSia, an ill smell, which the plants possess.) 1. 1>. clirysantliemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6' -18' high); leaves opposite, pmnately paited, the narrow lobes bristly- toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. (D — Road sides, bauks of rivers, from. Illinois southward : a common weed. Aug. -Oct. TAGETES PATULA, L., the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, belongs to the same group as the foregoing. 45. IIYUIENOPAPPUS, L'Her. HYMENOPAPPDS. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes.' Achenia top- shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from v/ijp, membrane, and TroTTTj-vy, pappus}. — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis- sected leaves, and corymbcd small heads of usually whitish flowers. 1. H. scateiOSJeus, L'ller. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young (l°-3° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy barrens, Illinois and southward. May, June. 46. IIEL.ENIUM, L. FALSE SUNFLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3 - 5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl- shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chaffy scales, the nerve extended into a bristle 224 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrcnt on the angled stem and brandies, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resinous globules. (Named after J/ilm, the wife of Mc:;elaus.) 1. II. autumnalc, L. (SNEEZE-WEED.) Nearly smooth ; leaves lan- ceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular disk. Ij. — Alluvkil river-banks ; common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant l°-3° high, bitter: the forymbed heads showy. 47. L.EPTOPODA, Nutt. LEPTOPODA. Kays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Ilelenium. — In the true species (of which L. puberula and L. brevifolia may be found in S. Virginia) the steim. arc simple, naked above, like a long peduncle, -and bearing a single head (whence the name, from Aorros, slender, and TTOUS, foot) ; but the following is leafy to the top, and branched. 1. L. bracliypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem corymbed at the summit (1° -4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, dccurrent on the stem; disk globular, brownish; rays pretty large (£'-f long), yellow, or in one variety brownish- purple, sometimes with an imperfect style, ty — Damp soil, from Illinois south- ward. June - Aug. 48. BAI^DWINIA, Nutt. BALDWINIA. Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconieal or oblong silky-villous achenia. Pappus of 7-9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2° -3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, and the long naked summit terminated by 41 showy large head. Hays yellow (!' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.) 1. B. uni flora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward. Aug. 49. MARSIIAJLL.IA, Schreb. MARSHALLIA. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of ihtT involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the fl< Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pap- pus of 5 or 6 mcmbranaccous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re- sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225 1. Me lafifolici, Pursb. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, pessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. LANCEOLATA and M. AN- GUSTIFOLIA may occur in S. Virginia.) 5O: GAL.INSOGA, Euiz & Pav. GALINSOGA. Heads several-flowered, radiate; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff among the flowers, Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads : disk-flowers yellow : rays whitish. (Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.) 1. G. PAKVIFL.6RA, Cav. Smoothish (l°high); leaves ovate, acute, some- what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8-16. — Waste places; Cambridge, Mass., New York, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 51. MA BUT A, Cass. MAT-WEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus none. — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnatcly divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon reflexed; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.) 1. ]JI. COTULA, DC. (COMMON MAY-WEED.) Scales of the involucre with whitish margins. — Road-sides ; very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 52. ANTHEMIS, L. CIIAMOMILE. Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri- ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic or strong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single heads. Rays white, the disk yellow. ('Avdepis, the ancient name, given in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.) 1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN CIIAMOMILE.) Pubescent; leaflets or divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit ; chaff lanceolate, pointed, membrauaceous ; achenia crowned with a very short some- what toothed margin ; those of the ray sometimes sterile. ' ® — Fields, N. Eng- land and New York, sparingly introduced. — Much resembles the May-weed. (Adv. from Eu.) A. NOBILIS, L., the officinal CHAMOMILE, is said to be somewhat natural- ized in Delaware. 53. ACHIL.I.EA, L. YARROW. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.) 226 COMPOSITE. ^COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. A. IWillffoliiniB, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Sterna simple; leaves tvrice-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3-5-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblony ; rays 4- 5, short, white (some- times rose-color). — Fields and hills; common northward. Aug. (Ett.) 2. A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZE WORT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with apprcssed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8 -12, much longer than the involucre; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 54. L,EUCANTIIEMUUI, Tourn. OX-EYE DAIST. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and Hut involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Keceptacle flatfish, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and ray sim- ilar, striate, destitute of pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnatiu'd leaves, and large single heads terminating the stem or branches. Hays white ; disk yellow. (Name composed of Xeu/cos, white, and av8fp.ov, a flower, from the white rays.) 1. JL. VULGARE, Lam. (OX-EYE or WHITE DArtr. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; root-leaves spatulate, pctioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatih'd-toothed ; scales of the involucre with rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthcmum, L.) — Fields and meadows ; too abundant. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads : in Connecticut is a variety with short rays. (Nat. from Eu.) 55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE. FEVERFEW. Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the invo- lucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical or only convex, naked. Disk-flowers flattened or terete. Achenia angular, wingless. Pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none. — Smooth and branching herbs, with divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Kays white : disk yellow. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.) 1. M. PARTHENIUM, L. (FEVERFEW.) Leaves twice-pinnately divided; the divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed, with rays. U (Pymhrum Parthenium, Smith.) — Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. III. discoldea, DC. Low (6' -9' high) ; leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted into phort linear lobes ; heads rayless; scales of the involucre oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; pappus obsolete. (£) ©. — Illi- nois, opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon ? (Eu. ?) 56. TANACfcTUJJI, L. TANSY. Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly pistillate and 3 - 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recepta- cle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs, with 1 -2-piiniately dis- sected leaves and rather large corymbed heads. Flowers yellow. (Nana; saiil to be a corruption of aCawuria, undying, from its durable flowers.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227 1. T. VULGARE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem erect, smooth; leaves twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined petiole cut-toothed ; cor- ymb dense; pistillate flowers terete ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. CRfSFUM has the leaves more cut and crisped. 1| — Escaped from gardens, (Adv. from Eu.) 2. T. Murom' use, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (l°-3° high) ; leaves 2 - 3-pinnately dissected, the lobes oblong; heads large (j'-t wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3 - 5-cleft ; pappus toothed. Ij. — Shores of L. Huron, St. John's River, Maine, and no, th westward. 57. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD. Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na- ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow or purplisk. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek Diana.) § 1. Receptacle smooth : marginal flowers pistillate and fertile : disk-flowers sterile. 1. A. boreAJis, Pallas. Low (3' -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3 - 5-cleJl at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or linear ; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or racemed. IJ. — Shore of Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.) 2. A. Cauadeiisis, Michx. (CANADA WORMWOOD.) Smooth, or hoary with silky down (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, tho upper 3 - 7 -divided ; the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large in pani- cled racemes, ty — Shore of all the Great Lakes, arid northward. (Eu.) 3. A. caildfita, Michx. (SLENDER WORMWOOD.) Smooth (2° -5° high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 -3-pinnately divided; the divisions thread-form, spreading ; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle. — Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to New Jersey ; and in Illinois. § 2. Receptack smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect. 4. A. Ludoviciaiia, Nutt. (WESTERN MUG WORT.) Whitened-wooU ly throughout, branched (l°-5° high) ; leaves lanceolate, the lower mostly cut- toothed or pinnatifid, the upper mostly entire, the upper surface often becoming naked and smooth with age ; heads ovoid, mostly sessile, disposed in narrow leafy panicles. IJ. — Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and westward; especially the var. GNAPHAL6DES, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly both sides. 5. A. VDLG\RIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) Branches and lower sur- face of the leaves whitish-woolly ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with the lobes variously cut or entire, linear-lanceolate ; heads ovoid, in open leafy panicles. 1J. — Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. A. bi£nnis, Willd. (BIENNIAL WORMWOOD.) Smooth, simple (1° -3° high); lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes, which are 228 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) crowded in a narrow and clustered leafy panicle. @ — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and northward. Aug. § 3. Rcccptodt hairy : flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate. 7. A. AusfxTHiUM. L. (COMMON WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby, silky- hoarv; leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted ; the lobes lanceolate ; heads panicled, nod- ding.— Road-sides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv from Eu.) See AddVml. 5§. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the outer pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, vrhite or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decum-nt leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from yvdtyaXov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccosc down of the leaves.) # Achenia nearly terete : pistillate flowers occupying several rows, 1. G. deciirrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stem stout, erect (2° high), branched at the top> clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous lieads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. y. — Hill- sides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine and northward. Aug. - Sept. 2. G. polyceplialum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Stem erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, thenobovate; scales of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. © — Old h'elds and woods; common. — Plant fragrant, l°-2° high. 3. G. llligiiiOSUUl, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Diffusely branched, woolly all over (3' -6' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (annr!!) in ti rininal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales of the involucre ob- long, (i) — Low grounds, and ditches by the road-side ; introduced ? (Eu.) 4. G. pur pure It III, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Stem simple, or branched from the base, ascending (G'- 20' high), woolly; leaves oMorig-spatu- latc, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un- dernealh ; lu-ndu in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spilad at tht> wand-like summit of ihe stem ; scales of the involucre lance-oblong, tawny-white, the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Virginia, and southward. * * Achenia flattish : pistillate flowers in a single marginal row. 5. G. Siipilllim, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, acuie. ]\. — Alpiiic summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : rare. (Eu.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229 59. ANTE NN AIS I A, Gartu. EVERLASTING. Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil* late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or col- ored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single row of bristles, which in the fertile flowers are capillary, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with _ entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (So named from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennae of many insects.) 1. A. margaritficea, R. Brown. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem erect (1° -2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or rounded. — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug. 2. A. i>IaaitagiBiifolia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) S]>reading by offsets and runners, low (4'- 10' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape- like flowering stems small, lanceolate, apprcssed ; the radical obovatc or oval- spatulate, petioled, ample. 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and .narrower in the fertile plant. — Yar. MONOCEPHALA has a single larger head. (Phila- delphia, Mr. Lea.) — Sterile knolls and banks, common. March -May. GO. FILAGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones chiefly none. — Annual, low, branch- ing woolly herbs, with entire leaves and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name (vomflltim, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.) 1. F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry fields, New York to Virginia. July- Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 61. ERE CUT MIXES, Raf. FIREWEED. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis till ate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achcnia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white 230 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of a rank smell, with alternate simplo , and panicolate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some Bpedefl of Groundsel, probably called after Enchllu-.ns.) 1. E. Ilicracifolia, Raf. (FIKEWEED.) Often hairy ; stem grooved; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile ; the upper often with an auric-led clasping base. (Senecio hicracifulius, L.} — Moist woods; Common, especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the ground has been burned over; whence the popular name. July -Sept. — Plant l°-5° high, with some- what the aspect of a Sow-thistle. 62. C AC ALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil- lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) # Involucre 25 - 30-floiuercd, ivith several bracts at its base : receptacle jlat. 1. C. suaveolcms, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); li tires trfangnlar- lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Sept. * * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-Jlowercd, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. 2. C. rcnifdrmis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem (4°- 9° high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the low- est kidney-form (l°-2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, peti- oled; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, Penn. to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug. 3. C. atrfplici folia, L. (PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem tcreto (3° -6° high), and with the pahnateln reined and anr/ulate-lobed leaves glaucous; lower leaves triangular-kidncy-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhom- boid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to "Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. 4. C. tllberosa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem angled and grooved (2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves gn en both sides. thick, strongly 5 — "-nerved; the lower lance-orate or oral, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 63. SENECIO, L. GROUNDSEL. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers nil perfect and tubular, or mostly with the marginal oiu-s radiate; tin- rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United S rates, COMPOSITE (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231 with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. fNaine from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) See Addend. •* Rays none : root annual, 1. S. vuLGAnis, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Nearly smooth (6'- 12' high); leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping; heads loosely corymbed. — Waste grounds, E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Rays present : root perennial : heads corymbed. 2. S. aurciiS) L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, or fioccose-woolly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the lar- ger mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves lyre- ihaped, upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. 1. OBOV\TUS, with tho root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). — Var. 2. BALSAMIT^E, with the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. LAN- CEOL\TUS, Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and un- equally toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Hob- bins.) — Common everywhere ; the primary form in swamps. May, June. 3. §. Elli&ttii, TOIT. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, oboivite. or roundish, narroived into a short and ivingcd petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly- rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward along the mountains. May. 4. S. tomCBitosilS, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) Clothed with scarce ly deciduous hoary wool (l°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed, on slender petioles; the upper sessile; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15. — Mountains of Penn. (Pursh), Virginia and southward. May. 5. C\NUS, Hook., which too closely resembles the last, probably occurs within our Northwestern borders. 64. ARNICA, L. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achcnia spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulatc bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of the mountains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of P tar mica. ) 1. A. m61!is, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (l°-2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smooth ish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of the involucre pointed; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, &c., White Mountains of N". Hampshire and mountains «f K. Hew York: Lake Superior; Prof, M'hitnty • ftud .theucd worth westward. July. 232 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2. A. nudicailliS, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (l°-3°high); leaves tliiclcish, 3-5-nerved, ovate or olilong, all sessile, mostly entire; those of the nakid stun small and only 1 or 2 pairs; heads several, corymbed, showy. — Damp pine barrens, Virginia and southward. April, May. 65. CENTAUREA, L. STAR-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the scales margined or appcndaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron.) 1. C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-margined ; fake rays large, pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at the base. © — Road-sides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appen- dagcd, and with a stifF black fringe ; rays wanting ; pappus very short ; leaves lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-anglcd, rough. 1J. — Waste places, E. New Eng- land. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. C. CALcfTRAPA, L. (STAR THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branded ; leaves pinnuJLcly loled or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the ovoid involucre spiny ; pappus none ; flowers purple. (3) — Norfolk, Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) C. AMERIC\NA, Nutt., a showy species of the Southwestern States, — the only one which belongs to this country, — is cultivated in gardens. 66. C NIC US, Vaffl. BLESSED THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the rest, which arc all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, appresscd, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re- ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate, crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated ri^iil bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the lost in an inner row. — An annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatilid-cut leaves and largo bractcd heads. Flo\ycrs yellow. (Name from xvifa, to prick.) I. C. BEXEDfcTus, L. — Road-sides ; scarcely naturalized. (Adv. from Eu.) 67. CIRSIUrtf, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE. II -nds many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely imperfectly din-clous. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristlis or h:tirs. Aehenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Papp is of nmncr- ourt brii*il«-s united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233 Ilerbs, with sessile, alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple or cream-color. (Name from Ki'pcros, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.) * Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles. 1. C. LANCEOiAtuM, Scop. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves dccurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly with decidous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (|) — Pas- tures and road-sides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Scales of the involucre appressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy. Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above: outer scales of the involucre successively shorter, and tipped icith short prickles. 2. C. Pitclaeri, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem stout, very leafy ; leaves all p innately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divis- ions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. 1J. — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. 3. C. imduBfUllin, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, leafy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong) partly clasping, undulate-pinnatijid, with prickly lobes; flowers reddish-purple. g) — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan; thence westward. July. 4. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem grooved, haiiy, branched, leafy ; leaven all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, ichitened with close wool be- neath ; the diverging lobes 2 - 3-cleft, I i near-lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; flowers pale purple. (D — Meadows and copses; not uncommon. Aug. — Plant 3° -6° high : heads 1' or more in width. 5. C. altissim&liil, Spreng. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads: leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatijid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base pinnatifid; lobes short, Mong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purple, Ij.? — Fields and copses, Penn. to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Plant 3°- 10° high : leaves variable : the heads much as in the last. G. C. Yirginifiiiuni, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched, the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliatc with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuatc-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward. July. — Plant 1°- 3° high; the heads seldom more than half as large as in the last. Var. filipciidlilum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en- larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Illinois and southwcstward. *- •»- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose webby hairs underneath : scales of the involucre scarcely prickly-pointed. 7. C. BBlUtiCllIIl, Michx. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3° -8° high), ungled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and bearing single or few rather largo naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy abore, 20* 234 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; whitened with hose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the binceolate, acute, eut-lobed, prickly-pointed; scales of the webby and glutinous invo- lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple, ty— Swamps and low woods ; common. Aug. 8. C. imiciiliiEii, Spreng. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stout l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (l£' broad), which are some- :rluit leafy-bracted at the base ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green, somewhat hairy, pinnatijid, with short and cut very prickly -margined lobes; outer scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (2) — Dry fields, Maine to Perm., near the coast. Also Illinois and westward ; common. July. 9. C. laorridulnm, Michx. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Mem stout (l°-4° high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatijid, the short toothed and cut lobes very sjriny with yellowish prickles ; heads large (!'- l£' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whori of leaf-tike and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow, often turning purple hi fading. — Sandy fields, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. . June -Aug. * # * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed: filaments nearly smooth : heads imperfectly dioecious. 10. C. ARVEXSE, Scop. (CANADA THISTLE.) Low, branched ; roots ex- tensivcly creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinnatc-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; heads small and numerous ; flow- ers rose-purple. 1[ — Cultivated fields and pastures; common at the North : a most troublesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 6§. CARDUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE. Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. C. xfjTANS, L. (MosK THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny: heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. (2) — Fields near Harrisburg, Penn., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 69. ONOP6RDON, Vaill. COTTON THISTLE. Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. Achcnia 4-an.jlcd, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous, slender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching hrrbs, with the stems winged by the dccurrcnt base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly loaves. Heads large : flowers purple. 1. O. ACANTHI KM, L. Stern (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales ® — Road-sides. New England. (Adr. from Eu.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235 7O. L.APPA, Tourn. BURDOCK. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt and spreading awl-shaped hook -pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache- nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with very large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves, the lower surface somewhat woolly. Heads small, solitary or clustered: flowers purple, rarely white. (Name from Aa/3elz/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.) 1. JL. MA.JOR, Grcrtn. (COMMON BURDOCK.) Upper leaves ovate, the lower heart-shaped ; involucre smoothish. (Arctium Lappa, L.) — Waste places in rich soil and around dwellings. — A variety with woolly heads (L. tomentosa, Lam.), rarely with pinnatifid leaves, .is occasionally seen. (Nat. from Eu.) SUBORDER II. LiIOULIFL.OR/'E. (CICHORACE^E.) 74. L, AM PS AN A, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT. Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch- ing herbs, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely paniclcd small heads : flowers yellow. (Name from AaTmo, to purge. It should rather be Lapsana, ad written by Linnams.) 1. It. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre- shaped. (1) — Road-sides, near Boston. (Adv. from Eu.) 72. CICHORIUM, Toura. SUCCORY or CICUORY. Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) 1. C. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Road-sides ; common near the coast, especially in Mass. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 73. K.RIGIA, Schrcber. DWARF DANDELION. Heads 15- 20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows. Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris- tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani- cal collector in this country.) 236 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. K.. VirjjLBiica, Willd. Steins or scapes several, forking during the season (!'- 10' high) ; earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others narrower, often pinnatifid. — Var. DICHOTOMA is a branched and leafy summer state. — New England to Illinois and southward, mostly near the coast. April - Aug. 74. CYNTHIA, Don. CYNTHIA. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows. Achenia short, stria to. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low pe- rennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves ; the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy single heads. Flowers yellow. (Probably named after Mount CynUuis.) 1. C. Virgillica, Don. Roots fibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lance- olate-spat ulate, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged peti- oles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New York to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more. 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6' -15' high) ; leaves varying from spatulatc-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few- lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky, and southward. March -July. 75. I^E^IVTODON, L., Juss. HAWKRIT. FALL DANDELION. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract- lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from XtW, a lion, and oSous, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the submenus OronfNiA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. 1. L. AUTUMNALE, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves more or less pin- nntifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts. Meadows and road-sides; common in E. New England. Aug. - Oct. (Nat. from En. ) 76. HIEUACIUUI, Tourn. HAWKWEED. Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single TOAV of tawny fragile capil- lary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or pan icled heads of yellow flowers. (Name from iepag, a haick.) * Heads large and broad: involucre imbricated: achenia tapering touxtrds the base. 1. II. Canadi'iisc, Michx. (CANADA HAWKWEED.) Stems simple. leafy, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or Ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping. — Dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, and northward. Aug. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237 * * Heads small : involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated. 2. II. SCfalM'UBSll, Michx. (IlouGH HAWKWEED.) Stem rather stout (l°-3°high), leafy, ronnh-hairy ; tlic stiff flexuous panicle at iirst racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish pednnclts and the hoary 40- 50-llow- ereil involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; achenia columnar, not tapering at. the summit; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods ; common, especially northward. Aug. 3. II. foiagipiluni, Torr. (LOXG-BEARDED HAWKWEED.) Stem wand- like, simple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the ob- long-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves tliickly clothed with very long and upright britflis ; peduncles with the 20 - 30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly; achenia tpindie-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and west- ward. Aug. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. Bristles straight and even, as if combed, often 1' long ! 4. II. Gl'Ollovii, L. (HAIRY HAWKWEED.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20 - 30-fiowercd involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenia spindle- shaj)ed, with a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil ; common, especially south- ward. Aug. — Varies from 1°- 4° high; with small heads and almost beaked fruit, which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the smallest naked-stemmed states from the next. 5. II. veilOSUin, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked with purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not tapering above. — Var. SUBCAULESCENS has the .stem nioi-e or less leafy next the base. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common. — Plant 1° - 2° high. 6. II. pan EC IB la turn, L. (PANICLED HAWKWEED.) Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slen- der diverging peduncles, 12 - 2Q-floicered / achenia short, not tapering at the sum- mit. — Open woods ; rather common. 7*7. NABAILTJS, Cass. KATTLESNAKE-ROOT. Heads few -many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, stri- ate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious stra \v-color or brownish roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy steins arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and raccmosc-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or cream- color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably from i/o/3Aa, a liarp, in allu- sion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes present.) Species of Prenanthes, L. See Addend. 238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) # Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - \2-flowered. 1. IV. :tlhus Hook. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLKSXAKK-KOOT.) Smooth and glancotu ('1° — 4° high); stem corymbose-panicled at tin', summit: leaves annulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, 01 3-5-eleft; tlia uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12- floivered; pj>ns di-ep cinnamon-color. — Var. SERPENT\RIA is a form with deep- ly divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads |' long. 2. N. altissimus, Hook. (TALL WHITE LETTUCE.) Smooth; stem tall and slender (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and tcand-like leafy panicle ; leaves membranaceous, all petiolcd, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frecpucntly 3-5-partcd, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5-Q-JJoiceral ; pappus dirty white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods ; common, especially northward. Aug., Sept. 3. IV. Fraseri, DC. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-TIIE-EARTH.) Nearly smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del- toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 - 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper • oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur- plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8- 12-Jloin-n d ; pa/>j>us dull straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage: the var. iNTEGRiFftLius has the thick- ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New England to Virginia and southward. Sept. 4. IV. iifemis, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple. (5'- 10' high); the heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle; leaves triangular- halberd-shaped and very variously lobcd or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre (livid) 10- 13-flowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like oneSj which are triangular-ovate and appressed ; pappus dark straw-color. — Alpine summits of the"White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Marcy, New York. Aug. - Oct. 5. IV. Bortttii, DC. Sft-m simple, dicarf (& - 6' high), pubescent at the summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involncn: (livid) 10- 18-Jloivercd, of 10- 15 very obtuse pmpi r nooks, and s< n r pappus while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pa;jpus displayed in an open globular head. (Ett.) 210 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 8O. PYRRIIOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION. Heads, &e. nearly as in Taraxacum; the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, and with a villons ring at the to]) ^f the long beak. — Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy -stemmed. Heads solitary, pretty large, termi- nating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of irvpposi flame-colored, and ncnnros- ;wyym.s.) 1. P. CaroliniunilS, DC. Stem branching below (l°-2° high), leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatiiid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April -July. §1. LACTIJCA, Tourn. LETTUCE. Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo- lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. saliva; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) 1. JLi. clongata, Muhl. (WiLD LETTUCE.) Stem tall and stout (2°- 9° high, hollow) ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate and entire; the lower runcinate-pinnatilid ; heads in a long and narrow naked panicle ; achcnia oval ; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple. — Varies greatly ; the leading form smooth or nearly so, with long leaves: — the var. INTEGKI- F6LIA is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire, and the flowers yel- low or bluish (L. intcgrifolia, Biyi-l.) : — the var. SANGU^NEA is smaller, mostly hairy, and with runeinate leaves, and the flowers very variously colored (L. san- guinea, Digel.). — Rich damp soil, borders of thickets, &c. July- Sept. 82. ]?IUL,GEDIUM, Cass. FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally compressed, striatc or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick beak or neck, of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Lcafy- rtemmcd herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca. Heads racemed or panicled ; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name from undyco, to milk.) * Pappus briylit white: flowers blue. 1. 1TI. aciimillfitUHl, DC. Smooth, panicled above (3° -6° high); tft'm-friirrs omfc and ovate-lanceolate, pointid, merely tool f if -d, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole; the lowest often sinuate; heads loosely panicled. @ — Borders of thickets, New York to Illinois, and southward. — Probably only a state of the next. 1>. HI. Florid :i nil 111, DC. Nearly smooth (3°- 6° high) : Awv* all ly- r>ii,ri'iiittt; the diviv.ons sharply toothed ; heads in a loose compound pan- ir-1". (5) — Varies with the upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &e. — Rich soil, S. Penn., and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. LOBELIACEJL. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 241 # * Pappus taivny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish. 3. M. teucoph&uin, DC. Nearly smooth ; stem tall (3° -12° high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle (f) — Low grounds ; common. Aug. — Lower leaves often 1° long. M. FULCHELLUM, Nutt., of the plains of the Northwest, is to be expected in Wisconsin. 83. SO IVC II US, L. SOW-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less» imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striatc, not beaked. Pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy- Btemmed weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers. (The ancient Greek name.) * Annual : flowers pale yellow. 1. S. OLER\CEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate- pinnatifld, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre doAvny when young; ache* nia striate, wrinkled transit-sell/. — Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. ISPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves mostly undivided, conspicuously spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base round- ed; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. — Waste places, like the last, and much resembling it. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Perennial : flowers bright yellow. (Heads large.) 3. S. ARVEXSIS, L. (CORN SOW-THISTLE.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles obtuse; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenia transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey : rare. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) Cayuga Lake, &c. New York, //. B. Lord. ORDER 60. LOBEI^IACE^S. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregidar monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side : the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their fllaments and always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 : stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — A family of acrid poisonous plants, represented only by the jjenus 1. LOBELIA, L. LOBELIA. Calyx 5-clcft, \\ath a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower spread ing and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the 21 242 LOBELIACE.E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) top. Pod 2-cellcd, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or chiefly in bructcd racemes. (Dedicated to Lobe/, nn early Flemish herbalist.) # Flowers d«'i> r«l, la rye: stem xinijtte. 1. L.. cardinally L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2°-4° : smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 1 -sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds; common. July -Oct. — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy in- tensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), or even to white ! * # Floivers blue, or blue variegated with white. •»- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) : leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate: sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous deflexed auricles : flowers crowded in a long spike or dense raceme. 2. It. syphilitica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly sen-ate; flowers (nearly 1' long) pedi- celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of the corolla, the short tube hemispherical, y. — Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. — Flowers light blue, rarely white. 3. JL. ptlberilla, Miehx. Finely soft-pubescent ; leaves thickish, obtuse (!'- 2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; calyx-lobes (find unite bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. 1J. — Moist grounds, New Jersey to Ohio and southward. Aug. — Corolla bright blue, £' long. 4. Li. ItijMostciehys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme ppike-likc, long and dense; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auricles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hcmispht-rical tube. 1|. — Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 3" -4" long. •»- •*- Stems leafy, mostly simple (l°-2£° high) : leaves lanceolate or oblong-laiino- late : calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles : flowers pretty large (§'-!' long) and showy, in a loose nearly l-sided raceme: ant/iers sometimes beard- ed on the back. 5. It. glandulosa, Walt. Sparingly hairy or pubescent ; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube d Tocemed. *+ PaaieulaUfy much branched: racemes leafy : root annual or biennial. 7. L. iiiflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Somewhat pubescent (9'- 18' high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed; lobes of the calyx equalling tlu- corolla (2" -3" long), the tul>c and the inflated pod ovoid. — Dry open soil; common. July - Sept. — A virulent poison and quack mcdieiuo. CAMPA.XULACEAC. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 243 err sparingly panicled, slender : leaves entire or nearly so, the :-}>J>CT 'I bracts : root perennial or biennial. 8. I*. Spicaila, Lam. Minutely pubescent ; stem wand-like, simple (1°- 3° high) ; .-' or ktnceofafooblong ; raceme long and s/nke-like, com- monly dense. (L. Chiytoniami, Mirhx.) — Dry grounds, Massachusetts to Wis- consin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers pale blue. 9. L,. Ntlttallii, Kujm. & Sch. Stem vert/ slender (l°-2° high), minute- ly roughened, /««.s7/y simple; roof-faire* ofwale ; those of tlic stem oblong-linear; .ittcred in a small wand-like raceme; the thread-form pedicels lonrjrr t/inu tit" bnn-t. Sorter than the flower, usually with minute bractlets mar lie. base; lobes of the calyx short, awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July -Sept. Much resembles the next. 10. JL. K;il*liii, L. Stem slender, branching (4'- 18' high), smooth ; root- <:mtiiliit? ; tliosti of tin- stem linear ; raceme loose, few-flowered; pedi- cels shorter titan the linear leaf-like bracts, longer than the flower, with 2 minute bract- lets above the middle. — Damp limestone rocks and banks, W. New England to Wisconsin aloni; the Great Lakes. Also Pomi, Porter. July -Sept. •»-•*-•»-•«- Stem simple and nearli/ leafless, / <-' •• ft ut or near the bctse : flowers in a simple loose, raceme: leave* flaky t cnli/.r-tnbf. acute at the base; auricles none. 11. ii. paluddsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (l°-2^° high); //V/.-/V// but flat, scat taiii/ate or oblong-linear, den- ticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the middle. 1J. — Bogs, Delaware and southward. — Flowers £' long, light blue. 12. Lu Dort ill anna, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; scape tliif-kifih (5' - 12' high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition h-ngthwise, sessile ; lower lip of the pale-blue corolla slightly hairy. ]\. — Borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. July - Sept. — Flowers £' - §' long. Summit of the pod free from the calyx. (Eu.) ORDKFI 01. CA3IPANUL.ACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud ; the 5 xtamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be- Kt-t wilh collecting hairs above: stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 - several-celled, m.my-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented in America, in the Northern States by only two genera. 1. CAMPANULA, Toura. BELLFLOWKR. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobcd. Stamens 5, separate, the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes. — Herbs with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive of the Italian camjtana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.) 244 CAMPANULACE.fi. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) * Flowers paniclfd (or rarely solitary), long-pcduncled : pods nodding. 1. C. rotlllHlifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slcndt-r, branching (5'-12- high), 1 - 10-flowercd; root-lcaces round-heart-shaped or ovule.-, mostly toothed or crcnntu, loiig-petioled, early withering away ; stein-leaves- numerous, linear or nar- roiL'ly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from i to 2 the length of the bright-blue corolla. 1J. — Ilocky shaded hanks; common north- ward, and along the mountains. Jnly. — A delicate and pretty, but variable species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely conspicuous. Corolla £'-§' long. (Eu.) Var. lillifolia. Stems more apright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla f'-l' long. (C. linifo- lia, Lam.) — Shore of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) 2. C. apariiioitlcs, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) 6Vcm sinijile and slender, weak (8' -20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough Ixn-k- wards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the lin«tr-/radiycera, Gray. (BOX-LEAVED HUCKLEBERRY.) Very smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry woods, Per- ry County, Penn., near Bloomfield (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia. May. — Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box. *: * Leaves deciduous, entire, sjmnkled mare or less with resinous or waxy atoms. 2. G. dlliaidsa, Torr. & Gr. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-ob- long, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or glandular; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. HIRTELLA has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June. 3. O. frondosa, Torr. & Gr. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.) Smooth (3° -6° high) ; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, decid- uous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New England to Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 4. G. rcsindsa, Torr. & Gr. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched, rigid, t&ightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high); leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the. floicers, with shining resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish] small and deciduous; corolla ovoid- conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant). — Woodlands and swamps; common. May, June. — The common Huckltbsrry of the North. It sometimes occurs with white fruit. 2. VACCINIUM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical; the limb 4 -5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10 : anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4- 5-cellcd, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered,, or raccmed flowers : the corolla white or reddish. (An ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) 248 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) § 1. OXYC6CCUS, Tourn. — Ovary 4-fdkd : corolla 4-parted, tie long and nar- row divisions revolute: unifiers 8, awnless, tapering upwards into very iong t-.ibes pedicels slender. * Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever- green: pedicels erect, with the pale rose-colored flower noddiny on their summit : corolla deeply ^-parted : berries red, acid. 1. V. Oxyctfccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender (4' -9' long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (21 -3" Ion.;); pedicels 1-4, terminal; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoceus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Penn. to Wis- consin, and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, spotted when young, sel- dom sufficiently abundant to be gathered for the market. (Eu.) 2. V. ill acrocfir poll, Ait. (COMMON AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated (l°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong t ofaiM^gUacom underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, be- coming lateral ; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (0. ma- crocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north- ward. June. — Berry £' - 1 ' long. * # Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries : flowers axillary and solitary : corolla deeply 4-cleft : berries turning purjile, insipid. 3. V. crytlirocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°- 4° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. $ 2. VITIS-ID^EA, Tourn. — Ovary 4 - 5-celled : corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed: anthers 8-10, awnless : filaments hairy : flowers in short and bracted nodding ra- cemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple. 4. V. Vitis-Id&a, L. (COWBERRY.) Low (6'-10' high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under- neath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakcs), and northward. June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.) § 3. BATOD^NDRON.— Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti- tions : corolla sprrtu/iiitj-aiinpanulate, 5-lobed : anthers 2-awned on the back: fila- ments hairy : berries mawkish and scarcely edible, ripening few seeds : flowers soli- tary on slender pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a sort of leafy racemes. 5. V. stamineum, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.) Diffusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, whitish underneath, deciduous; tubes of the anthers much longer than the corolla, short-awned ; berries globular or pear-shaped, greenish. — Dry woods, Maine to Michigan, and southward. May, June. (V. AUB<'' i\., the FAUKLK-BEHUY, a tall species of this section, •••ill .-liininir oval leaves, nnth«Ts included in the white corolla, and black berries, is fouud in S. Illinois by Dr. Vasei/.) ' I (HEATH FAMILY.) 219 § 4. EUVACClNIUM. — Ocary 4-5-celled, with no trace of false partitions: co- jolla urn-shaped or globular, 4 — 5-toothed : anthers 2-awned on the back; filament! smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 -3 together : berries Hue or black : northern alpine plants, with deciduous leaves. 6. V. Ctespitdsnm, Michx. (DWARF BILBERRY.) Dwarf (3' -5' high), tufted; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth and shining, sen-ate ; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corolla oblong, slightly urn-shaped : stamens 10. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hamp- shire ; and high northward. 7. V. ialigm<5sum, L. (Boo BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4'-S' high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes- cent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; stamens chiefly 8. — Alpine tops of the high mountains of New England and New York, and northward. (Eu.) § 5. CYANOCOCCUS. — Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti- tions: corolla oblong-cylindrical or sliyhtly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10, awnless : Jilaments hairy: berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet) : floivers in clusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Northern species or proper 13luebcrries. ) 8. V. PennsylvaiiBCiim, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf (6' -15' high), smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle- pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shapcd. — Var. ANGUSTirdLiuai is a high mountain or boreal form, 3' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. angustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods ; common from Penn. far north- ward.— Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, large and sweet, ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market. 9. V. Caiia(i£iise, Kalm. (CANADA BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as No. 8. — Swamps or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward. 10. V. vacillailS, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2^° high), f/'al/'ous ; leaves obovate or oval, pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minute- ly ciliolate-serrulate or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil, common from Massachusetts and Vermont to Pennsylvania. — Branches yellow- ish-green. Berries ripening later than those of No. 8. 11. V. corymbdsuin, L. (COMMON SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall ( 5° -10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps and low thickets, everywhere common. — This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry at the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets. The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms, - - of which the last here men- 250 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) tioncd is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to bo regarded .is a species Var. Khtbrillll. Wholly or nearly glabrous throughout; leaves entire. Var. aiBlffiminft. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amcenum, Ait., &c.) Var. piillidillll. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish-glaucous, espe- cially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.) Var. atrococciim. Leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branehlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V. fusciitum, Ait.? fr Ed. I.) 3. CIIl6OENES, Salisb. CREEPING SXOWBERRY. Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 4-partcd. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8- toothed epigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovate- oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, glob- ular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-cellcd, many-seeded. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with re volute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding pe- duncles, with 2 large braetlets under the calyx. (Name from XL™VI snow, and yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) 1. C. hispidula, Ton-. & Gr. (Vaccinium hispiclulum, L. Gaulthcria serpyllifolia, Pursh. G. hispidula, Muhl.) Peat-bogs and mossy mountain woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in the Alleghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of the Boxberry, Win- tergreen, or Birch. Leaves $' long. Berries 4/ broad, bright white. SUBORDER II. EIUCIIM^. THE PROPER HEATH- FAMILY. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY. Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolutc 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included : anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drape berry-like, with 5 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of ap/croy, a bear and crrac^uATJ, a yrnpc or berry, the Greek of the popular name.) 1. A. Uva-iirsi, Sprang. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; /m?vs thick and n, ohovatc or spatulate, mitre, smooth ; fruit r IK O III E I> A , L. ( in part. ) ( Andromeda, Zenobia, Lyonia, Nutt., £ Picris, Don.) Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in tho early bud, but very early separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod glob- ular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit or middle of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnaeus for A. poli- folia, in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.) § 1. ANDROMEDA PROI'ER. — Corolla globular -urn-shaped : filaments bearded, not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted by a slender ascending awn : seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat. : flow- ers in a terminal umbel : pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts : leaves evergreen. 1. A. polifdlia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6'- 18' high) ; leaves thick, lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. — Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.) §2. POBTtFNA, Nutt. — Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and ^-angled: filaments not appendaged: anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long reflexed awn near the in' sertion : seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat : floivers in axillary and terminal racemes, ivhich are formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding the following spring : pedicels l-sided, bracted and with minute bractlets: haves thLk and evergreen. 2. A. fioi'ibftiida, Pursh. Branches bristly when young; leaves hnce- oblong, acute or pointed (2' long), pctioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanies from Virginia southward. April. — A very leafy shrub, 2° -10° high, bearing abundance of handsome flowers. 254 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) $ 3. PIERIS, Don. — Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous : filaments slender and aivl-shapc-d, appendagcd u'ith a spreading or recurved bristle on each side at or below the apex : antiiers oblong, awnlcss : sutures of the 5-angular pod with a more or less thickened line or ridge, which often falls away separately when the pod OJH-H* . turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose reticuluttd coat : flowers in umbel-like clusters variously arranged. 3. A. Marifina, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves decid- uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding, in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of the preceding year; sepals pretty large, leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. — Sandy low places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, nnd southward. May, June. — Shrub 2° -4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves. (A. Nfrh>A, Bartram, the FETTERBUSH, belongs to this group, and may grow in S. Virginia.) $ 4. LYONIA, Nutt. — Calyx 5-cleft: corolla globular, pubescent: filaments and anthers destitute of awns or appendages: pods prominently ribbed at the suture, the ribs at length separating or separable: seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and thin cellular coat: flowers small, mostly in clusters which are racemose-pan ickd : bracts minute and deciduous: leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath. 4. A. liglistriiia, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-pnnicled on branchlcts of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets, N. England along the coast to Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4°- 10° high. 11. OXYDEIVDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD. Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corol- la ovate, 5-toothcd, puberulent. Stamens 10 : anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upwards, and opening by a long chink. Pod oblong- pyramidal, 5-cellcd, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentas at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate and pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, which terminates the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage sour to the taste (whence the name, from o£vsj sour, and dtv&pov, tree). 1. O. arborcum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.)— Rich woods, from Perm, and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree 40° - GO0 high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach. 12. C LI] Til It A, L. WHITE ALDER. SWEET PEPPERBUSH. Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, inverted nnd refl>\ed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style sK nder, 3-clcft at tin- apex. Pod 3-valvcd, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Shrubs, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white llowers iu tcrmi- ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 255 nal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KXrjQpa, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resemhles in foliage.) 1. C. alaiifolia, L. Leaves wedge-obocate, sharply serrate, entire towards the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, panicled ; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° - 10° high, covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South arc varieties with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath. 2. C. acuilfiiiiafa, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree. 13. PHYL.L.6DOCE, Salisb. PHTLLODOCB. Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, septici- dally 5-valved (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath- like evergreens, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. ("A mythological name.") 1. P. taxiioSia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth; style included. (Menziesia cserulca, Smith.} — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Mount Katahdiu, Maine (Young). July • Shrub 4' - 6' high, tufted. (Eu.) 14. K. A Li MI A, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged until they begin to shed their pollen : filaments thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, and showy flowers. Pedicels bractcd. Flower-buds naked. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.) § 1 . Flowers in simple or clustered itmbel-liJce corymbs : calyx smaller tJian the pod, persistent : leaves glabrous. 1, K. lafiifolia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON- WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti- cal, tapering to each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy- pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp ^ soil, rather common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° -8° high; but in the mountains from Pcnn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-like (10° -20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, and very showy, light or deep rose-color, clammy. 2. K. aiigustifojia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL.) Leaves corn* nionly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly 256 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) oMong, obtuse, petiolcd; corymbs lateral (appearing later than lh< brunches of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depivs>ed, nc.irly smooth. — Hill-sides, common. May -July. — Shrub 2° -3° high, upright: die flowers more crimson, and two thirds smaller than in the la.-t. 3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) Branchlets 2-edaed ; leaves oppo- site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous underneath, with revolute man/ins ; corymbs terminal, few-dowered, smooth; bracts large; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ROS- MAKIMFOLIA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and mountains, from Pennsylvania northward. July. — Straggling, about 1° high. Flowers £' broad, lilac-purple. § 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter- nate and^pposite) and branches bristly-hairy. 4. K. llirSUta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4" long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south- ward. May - Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color. 15. MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA. Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraccous- nrn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, Avoody, 4-celled. 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, Avith a loose coat. — A IOAV shrub, with the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate, with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed Avith the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish- white and purplish, nodding. (Named for A. Mcnzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the species from the Nortlnvest Coast.) 1. UI. ferrugiiiea, Smith: var. globularis. Corolla rather shorter and broader perhaps than in the Oregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. Pennsyh'ania to Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves tipped with a gland. J6. AZALEA, L. FALSE HONEYSUCKLE. AZALEA. Calyx 5-partcd, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, slightly irregu- lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, Avith long exserted filmm-ms, usually declined, as Avell as the similar style : anthers short, opening by terminal pores, pointless. Pod 5-ccllcd, 5-valved, many-seeded. Se<-ds scale-like. — Upright shrubs, Avith alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, Avhich arc entire, ciliate, and murronute with a glandular point. FloAvtjrs large and shoAvy, often glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large sraly-imhri- cated terminal buds. (Name from d£a\eos, arid, — most inappropriate as ap- plied to our species, which grow in swamps.) # Flowers appearing after the In 1. A. arfoorescens, Pursh. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth loth sides, shining n> <>r, , glaucous beneath, the margins biistly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy; : ERICACE,£. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257 Stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra- grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3. 2. A. viscosa, L. (CLAMMY AZALEA. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUC- KLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obo- vate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes ; stamens moderately, the style conspicuously, exserted Var. GLAUCA has the leaves paler and often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. Var. N^TIDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to E. Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, very variable, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with rose-color. * * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. v 3. A. nudiflora, L. (PURPLE AZALEA. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Branch- lets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia, and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° - 6° high, with very showy flowers varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them exhibiting 10 or more stamens. 4. A. calcnduIJicea, Michx. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Branch- lets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. 17. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE-BAY. Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel- form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com- monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal corymbs or clusters from large scaly-bracted buds. ('Po§6dei/Spoi>, rose-tree; the ancient name.) 1. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revo- lute margins ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly in New Eng- land, New York, and Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses in the ountains of Penn. and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Leaves - 10' long, very thick. Corolla 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, green- ish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. 2. R. CatawfoieilSC, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath (3' - 5' long) ; corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple ; pedicels rusty-downy. — High summits of the Alleghanies, Virginia and south- ward. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 3. R. Lap}idiiicum, Wahl. (LAPLAND ROSE-BAY.) Dwarf, pros- 22* 258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) trntc ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted both sides (like the hranchcs) with rusty scales ; umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Alpine summits of the high mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. July. — Shrub 6' high, forming broad matted tufts ; the leaves £' long. Corolla. violet-purple. (Eu.) 18. RIIOL>6RA, Duham. RIIODORA. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip usu- ally 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower 2-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea. (Name from p68ov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.) 1. K. CanadcilSiS, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub, with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in clusters on short peduncles, rather earlier than the leaves. 19. L.EDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placenta; borne on the summit of the columella. — Low evergreen shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, the margins re volute : slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, handsome, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds, bracts caducous. (AqoW, the ancient Greek name of the Cis- tus, transferred by Linnaeus to this genus.) 1. Li. Intifolitlin, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Shrub 2° -5° high. — (L. PALUSTRE, L., grows in British America, but is not known to occur in the United States. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, uniformly 10 stamens, and oval pods.) (Eu.) 2O. LiOISELElIRIA, Dcsv. ALPINE AZALEA. Calyx 5-partcd, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-clctt regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : anthers opening length- wise. Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 -3-cellcd, many-seeded, 2 - 3-valved ; the valves 2-cleft from the apex: placentae borne on the middle of the columella. — A dwarf and prostrate evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth, with small and coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with re vo- lute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a ter- minal scaly bud ; the scales or bracts thick and persistent. Named for fjoiseleur Dekmgdiampt, a French botanist.) 1. Li. prociilllbciis, Desv.* (Azalea proeumbens, L.) — Alpine sum mils of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259 21. LEIOPIl^LLUld, Pers. SAND MYRTLE. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta- mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, £c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves often alter- nate, scarcely petiolcd* Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name from Xeioy, smooth, and $uXXoj/, foliage, in allusion to the smooth and shining leaves.) 1. L.. buxifoliiiin, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and mountain-tops in Virginia ? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' - 10' high, with the oval or oblong leaves £'-$' long. SUBORDER in. PYROLE<£. THE PYROLA FAMILY. 22. PYROLA, L. FALSE WINTERGREEN. Calyx 5-partcd, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers turned out- wards and inverted in the bud, soon erect, opening by 2 pores at the scarcely (if at all) 2-horned apex, more or less 4-celled. Style long and generally turned to one side : stigmas 5, either projecting or confluent with the ring or collar which surrounds them. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-vnlvcd from the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds mi- nute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a veiy loose cellular-reticulated coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright scaly-bracted scape. (Name a dimin- utive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage, which is not obvious.) * Stamens ascending : style declining and curved, at length longer than the petals : stigmas narrow, soon exserted beyond the ring : leaves denticulate or entire. 1. P. rotlllldiiolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA.) Leaves orbicu- lar, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; raceme elongated, many- flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spread- ing tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate nearly spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Damp or sandy woods; common, especially northward. June, July. — Scape 6' -12' high, many-braoted : flowers $' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, such as Var. INCARN\TA, with flesh-colored flowers ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Var. ASARir6LiA, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and triangular-ovate calyx-lobes of about £ the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. (P. asari- folia, Michx.} Common northward. — Var. ULIGIN6SA, with roundish-oval or somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (l'-l|' wide), and ovate acute calyx- lobes 4 the length of the reddish or purple petals ; flowers rather smaller, few or several. (P. uliginosa, Torr. $• Gr.) Cold bogs, N. New England to Wiscon- sin, and northward. (Eu.) 260 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2. P. cll:ptic«l, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obovate-oial, usually lonyer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx- lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (green- ish-white) p< tuls; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Rich woods, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward ; common. Juue. — Scape and flowers nearly as large as in No. 1. 3. P. chloriBiitlia, Swartz. (SMALL PYROLA.) Leaves small (I1 long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-jloirercd, naked (5' -8' high), calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short ; the elliptical petals converging (greenish- white) ; anther-cells pointed ; style strongly deflexed, scarcely exserted. (P. asarifolia, Biyel., $*c.) — Open woods, New England to Pennsylvania, and north- ward. June. (Eu.) # # Stamens and style straight : stigmas thick, united with the expanded ring : i. e, stigma peltate, 5-rayed. 4. P. seciinda, L. (ONE-SIDED PYROLA.) Leaves ovate, thin, longer than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, with the numerous small (greenish- white) flowers all turned to one side; calyx-lobes ovate, rery much shorter than the oblong and erect petals ; style long and cxserted. — Rich woods ; common eastward and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 3' - 6' high. (Eu.) 5. P. minor, L. (LESSER PYROLA.) Leaves roundish, slightly crenu- late, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; raceme spiked ; calyx- lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly gld)ose corolla ; style short and included. — Woods, at the base of the White Mountains, New Hamp- shire. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color. (Eu.) 23. UIONESES, Salish. OKB-FLOWERED PYROLA. Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horncd at the apex, 2-celled. Style straight, exserted : the 5 stigmas long and radiating. Valves of the pod naked. Otherwise as in Pyrola. — A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterra- nean shoots; the 1-2-bracted scape bearing a single terminal flower. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Name p.6vos, single, and »J(m, desire, probably in allusion to the handsome solitary flower.) 1. JMI« liniflora. (Pj'rola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, Pennsyl- vania to Maine, Lake Superior, and northward. June. — Plant 2' -4' high, smooth; the corolla £' broad, white or slightly rose-color. (Eu.) 24. CHI ITI A PHIL, A, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA. Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en- larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but nearly 2-cellcd, some- what 2-horncd at the apex. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed In the depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular, ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2G1 disk-shaped, the border 5-crcnate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems : the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbclled on a terminal pe- duncle. (Name from xf~LPai winter, and (£iXe<», to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz. Wintergreen.) 1. C. iimbell^ta, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4-7- flowcred. — Dry woods; common. June. — Plant 4' -10' high, leafy: petals fli'sh-color: anthers violet. (Eu.) 2. C. limcilllita, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGUEEN.) Leaves ovate- lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered. — Dry woods, most common in the Middle States. June, July. — Plant 3' - 6' high. SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPE^E. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. 25. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10 : anthers 2-celled, awncd on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short : stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes- cent herb (l°-2°high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, like those of Andromeda, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from TTTfpov, a wing, and (Tiropd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds.) 1. P. Andromeclea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic on the roots apparently of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Penn- sylvania northward and westward : rare. 26. SCH WEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP. Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobcd, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10 :. anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit awnless ; the 2 sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A low and smooth brownish plant, 3' -4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bractcd, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schtveinitz.} 1. S. odortata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland and southward : rare. April. 262 GALACiNE.fi. (GALAX FAMILY.; 27. HIONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP. Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate erect spatulate or wodgo-flhaped scale-like petals, which are gibbons or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments awl- shaped : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, opening across the top. Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-groovcd, 4-5- celled, loculicidal : the very thick placentae covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddi>h, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous r >otlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 -several-flowered ; the flow- ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of /i6i/ur<,t,', obtusely serrate, dmvny on the. midrib beneath ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Vir- ginia, Illinois, and southward. May. 6. I. lllOHticola. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3' -5' long), smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncle d ; calyx ciliate. ( Toir. I. montiina, ed. 1, not Prinos montanus, Sw.) — Damp woods, Taconio and Catskiil Mountains, New York, and Alleghanies from Penn. southward. $ 3. PIllNOS, L. — Paris of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes, those of the fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sea us, or eig'its) : nutlets smooth and even : shrubs. # Leaves deciduous : flowers in sessile dusters or solitary : fruit scarlet. 7. I. verlH'iil Ma. (BLACK ALDER. WINTEKBEERY.) Leaves obo- vate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the veins beneath ; flowers all very sliort-peduncled. (Prinos verticil latus, L.) — Low grounds ; common, especially northward. May, June. 8. I. Iiiivig'frSa. (SMOOTH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appresscd-scrrulate, shining- above, be- neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncltd. (Prinos laavigalns, Pursh.) — Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger than in No. 7, ripening earlier in the autumn. # # Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath : fntit black. (W interim, Ma m-h.) 9. I* girsbra* (INKBERRY.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, spar- ingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (£' long) of the sterile flowers 3-6-flowcred, of the fertile 1 -flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri- nos glabcr, //.) — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° -3° high. 2. NEJttOPiNTHES, llaf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. Flowers polygamo-diom'ous. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute de- ciduous teeth ; in the fertile ones obsolete. Trials 4-5, oblong-linear, widely spreading, distinct Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4- 5 bony nutlets, light red. — A ranch-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clu>t'Tcd. (Name said by the author of the genus to mean " flower with a filiform peduu- STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) 265 clo," therefore probably composed of vrjpa, a thread, novs, a foot, and a flower. ) 1. W. CaasadsSiisiS, DC. (Ilex Canadcnsis, Michx.) — Damp cold woods, from tlie niouutaius of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, &c., chiefly north- ward. May. ORDER 65. STFRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per- fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 - 5-cdled ova- ry ; the corolla of 4-8 petals, commonly more or less united at. the base ; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphoiis or poly- adelphous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - 5-celled, the cells commonly l-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the -calyx is free : the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct groups or tribes. TIUBE I. STYRACE37E. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2 - 4 times as many as the petals : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascend- ing. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate. 1. STYRAX. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 6- parted. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded. 2. HALES1A. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 -4-celled ovary, which is 2-4- vriuged mid 2 - 4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. TRIBE II. SYMPIjOCINEJE. Calyx 5 cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: an- thers short, innate Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple. 3. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx coherent Petals 5, united merely at the base. 1. STYKAX, Tourn. STORAX. Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8- partecl), large; the lobes mostly soft-downy, various in the bud. Stamens twice- as many as the lobes of the corolla : filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube : anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the per- sistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly l-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-raccmed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles. Pubescence scurfy or stellate, (fj 2rvpa£, the ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.) 1. S. gTSlilclifolaR, Ait. Leaves obovatc, acute or pointed, wliite-tomen- tose beneath (3' -6' long) ; flowers mostly in elongated racemes ; corolla (£' long) convolute-imbricated in the bud. — Light soils, Virginia and southward. April. 2. S. pMlverilletlta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovato (about 1' long), above sparingly puberutent, and scurf y-tomentose beneath ; flowers (%' long) 1-3 to- 23 266 EBENACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.) in thf arik and at the tips of the branches — Low pine barrens, Virginia (/Vx/<) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high. 3. S. American a, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (!' -3' , smooth, or Ixirt/i/ nu/ftrulutt beneath; flowers axillary or in 3-4-Jli»r>ri-d .-.• (^' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. ghibrum and S. laeve, Ell.) — Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 2. II ALGESIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL-TREE. Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4- ccllcd ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8- 16 : fila- ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla : anthers linearfoblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit Ian. dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1 -4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylin- drical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra- cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 1. II. tetrilptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged. — Banks of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Short), and southward. Fruit 1^' long. 3. SYMPI.OCOS, Jacq. § H6PEA, L. SWEET-LEAF. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu- merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal: filameni der : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-cclled and 1-secdrd. — Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name <-ni/. <.>ru-'cs 1 or 2, suspend t'tl from the summit of each cell. Se<-SPYRO§, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON. Calyx 4 - 6-lobecl. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com- monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at thabase by the thickish calyx, 4-8-cellcd, 4-8-secded. — Flowers diceciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Aios, of Jove, and irvpoy, grain.) 1. I>. Virgiiiiftna, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves ovate-oblong, smooth or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla between bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward. June. — A small tree with thickish leaves, a greenish-yellow leathery corolla, and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost. ORDER 67. SAPOTACEJE. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually in axillary clutters ; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com- monly as many a.s- the lobes of the hypoyynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4-1 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genus 1. BUM ELI A, Swartz. BUMELIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with- a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5: anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. T)vary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem- bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.) 1. 15. lycioides, Gtertn. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10°- 25° high) ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous both sides (2' -4' long); clusters densely many* flowered; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, S. Illinois and southward. May, June. 2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10° -40° high); leaves obhmy-olMvate or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (1^-' -3' long) ; clusters 6 - 12-flowered ; 268 PLANTAGINACEJS. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomcutosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo- site St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty beneath (B. oblongiibiia, Nutt.), passing towards No. 1. July. ORDER G8. PL.ANTAGINACEJE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.; Chiefly steirdess herbs, with regular ±-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and .membranaceous veinleas monopetulous corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the genus 1. P.LANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. HIBGKASS. Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, with dry membranaceous margins. Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fuga- cious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1- several ovules in each cell. Pod 2-celled, 2 - several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse line, so that the top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name of the Plantain.) $ 1. Flowers all perfect and alike: corolla glabrous, the lobes reflexed or spreading: stamens 4, with long capillary filaments : pod 2-celled, 2-18-seedtd : seeds not hol- lowed out on the inner face : perennials, with several-ribbed (broad) leaves. 1. I*. MAJOK, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth Or hairy; leaves ovate, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a chan- nelled petiole; spike cylindrical ; pod 7 - 1 Q-seeded. — Moist grounds, especially near dwellings. June -Sept. Very much varying in size. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. P. COrdata, Lam. Very glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-orate (3' -8' long), long-petiolcd, the ribs rising from the midrib; spike at length loose- ly flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy ; pod 2-4-seeded. — Along rivulets, New York to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April- June. $ 2. Flmrers all perfect and alike : corolla pubescent below : stamens 4, with long jilanicufs : puds 2-celfed and 2-seedcd, or incompletely 3- 4t -celled and 3-4-s seeds not hollowed on the face.: perennials, irith liiuar thick and fleshy leaves. 3. P. liiai'ttiina, L. (SEASIDK PLANTAIN.) Leaves flat or i; < •h.niiiclh'il, entire or rarely few-toothed, glabrous; spikes cylindrical or oblong; ovate, convex, about the length of the broadly ovale or oval scari. pals, which have, a thick keel, that of the posterior sepals crestrd. — Yar. JUN- C')i DI:S is usually more slender, the llowers often sparser, and the keel (-restless. — Salt marshes on the coa^t from New Jersey northward; the var. only north- ward. Our plant is an annual. (Eu). _ § 3. Flowers all perfect and alike; the 2 anterior icarious sepals yencmUtj united into one: corolla, stamens, ijr. as in Uie first yroup : seeds (and ovules) 2, hollowed on Hie face : leaves Jlat, lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed. PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 2GO 4. P. IANCEOLATA, L. (RlBGRASS. RlPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH PLAN- TAIN.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, slender (l°-2° high), much longer than the leaves; spike short and thick, y. — Dry fields, mostly east- ward. (Nat. from Eu.) § 4. Flowers all perfect and commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants, some with small anthers on short fdaments, others with large anthers on long -exser ted fda- ments : corolla glabrous, the broad round lobes widely spreading : seeds 2 (one in each cell), boat-shaped, deeply holloived on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow woolly or hairy leaves. 5. P. Patagoilica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked; leaves l-3-nerved; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense; sepals very obtuse, searious, with a thick centre. (Found through almost the whole length of America.) Var. gliapiialioidcs. White with silky wool; leaves varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (i'-4' long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pursh. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt.) — Dry plains, W. Wisconsin? and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and var. nuda into Var. arist&ta. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; bracts awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Miclix., £c.) — Illinois and southward. $ 5. Flowers diceciously polygamous, or of 2 sorts ; the mostly sterile ones with the usual large anthers on long capillary filaments, and the lobes of the corolla reflexed or spreading ; the truly fertile with minute anthers on short included filaments and the corolla closed over the fruit in the form of a beak: stamens 4 : pod 2-celled: seeds 1 or rarely 2 in each cell, nearly flat on the face: annuals or biennials, with rather obscurely and few-ribbed leaves. 6. P. Virgiiiica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2' -9' high); leaves oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed ; spike dense, often interrupted or loose below ; sepals ovate or oblong. (Includes many nominal species.) — Sandy grounds, Rhode Island to Illinois and southward, May-Sept.- $ 6. Flowers of 2 sorts as in % 5, but the stamens only 2, and the corolla of the truly fertile not so much closed: pod 2-celled: seeds 2-19 in each cell, not hollwced on the face : small annuals or biennials, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped and obscurely \-ribbed leaves. 7. P. pusHBla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (l'-4' high); leaves entire; flowers crowded or scattered ; pod short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract. — Dry hills, New York to Illinois, and southward. April -Aug. 8. P. lieteropliylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or den- ticulate, or some of them below 2-4-lobed or toothed ; scapes 2' -8' high, in- cluding the long and slender spike of often scattered flowers ; pod oblong-c.onoidalf 10~2S-$eeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla, Decaisne, in DC.) — Low or sandy grounds, from Maryland southward, April - June. 23* 270 PLUMBAGINACEjE. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) ORDER G9. PLUMBAGINACE^E. (LEADWOKT FAMILY.) Maritime herbs, chiefly stemless, ivith regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary one-celled, unth a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell. — The STATIC^ or MARSH-ROSE- MARY TRIBE alone is represented in our region by the genus I. STATICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY. Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2 - 3-hractcd. Calyx funnel-form, dry and mcmbranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1 -seeded, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side peren- nials, with thick and stalked leaves ; the flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (SrariK^, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on account of its astringency.) 1. S. Limdllium, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 1 -ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, pctioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (l°-2°high); spikelets 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. — Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.) Var. CarolilliiYlia (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the plant of the North- ern States, has a hollow scape, with more erect branches, at length scattered flowers, and sharper calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending northward (where it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.) ARMERIA VULOXRIS, the THRIFT of the gardens, is a native of Northern Canada as well as of Europe, but not of the United States proper. ORDER 70. PRIMUlACELffi:. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted opposite them on the tube, and a l-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many needs. — Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4-5, rarely 6-8. Style and stigma one. Si-cds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the middle, except in Tribe 4. Synopsis. TRIBB I. PRIMUL.K.flE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves or tooth. * Stemlesa : leaves all in a cluster from the root. 1. PUIMOLA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens ii: 2. ANDKOSACE. Corolla short, constricted at the throat. Stamens included. PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 271 8. DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted Stamens exserted ; filaments un ted. * * Steins leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none). 4. TRIENTALIS. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy at the summit. 5. LYS1MACIIIA. Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Stems leafy. 6. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla of 5 or 6 petals, with intermediate teeth. 7. GLAUX. Corolla none : the calyx petal-like. TUIBE II. A]YAGA:LL,IDEJE. Pod free from the calyx, opening all round by a trans, verse line, the top falling off like a lid. 8. ANAGALLIS. Corolla longer than the calyx 5-parted. Leaves opposite. 9. CENTUNC ULUS. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 6-cleft. Leaves alternate. TRIBE III. SASlOltEJE. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves. 10. SAMOLUS. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. TRIBE IV. HOTTONIE^E. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. 11. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected. 1. PRIMUJLA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP. Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.) 1. P. fariiaosa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.) Leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3 - 20-flowered involucre, SfC. covered with a white mealiness : corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes St. Clair, Huron, and northward. June, July. — Scape 3' - 10' high. (Eu.) 2. P. UliStassinica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealy ; involucre 1 — 8-flowercd ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked Lake (SartwtU) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and Vasey], Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, frc.), and northward. May. — A pretty species, 2' - 6r high. (Eu.) P. VERIS and P. VULGXRIS are the COWSLIP and PRIMROSE of Europe, from which various cultivated varieties are derived. 2. AN BROS ACE, Tourn. AKDROSACE. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves and very small solitary or umbclled flowers. (An old name, composed of av $po $, of man, and tra/cos, a shield : unmeaning. ) 1. A. OCCldeilttilis, Pursh. Smoothish; scapes diffuse (2' -4' high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile j calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. CD — on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward. 272 PRIMULACE.&. (PRIMROSE .FAMILY.) 3. DODECATIIJEO1V, L. AMERICAN COY/SLIP. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, rcflexed. Corolla with u very short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-partcd reflexcd limb ; tlic divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers lon8fKa, twelve, and $eot, gods.} 1. I>. Mefulia, L. — Kich woods, Penn. and Maryland to Wisconsin, and southwcstward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the \Vest called SHOOTING-STAR. 4. TBIENTAL.IS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. Calyx mostly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of very delicate veiny- leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the size of the plant.) 1. T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Leaves elongated-lan- ceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods; common northward, and southward in the mountains. May. 5. LYSIIttACHIA, L. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla with a very short tube, and a spreading 5-parted limb. Stamens 5 : filaments often united in a ring at the base. Pod globose, 5- 10-valved, few - many-seeded. (Parts of the flower rarely in fours or sixes.) — Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary or racemcd flowers: corolla mostly yellow. (Named in honor of King Lysimachus, or from \vais, a release from, paxVi strife.) § 1. TRIDfNIA, Raf. — Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and /(I<-)i-t/cl/oiv corolla streaked with dark lines : filaments mostly unequal, plainly iiio>Kid(-l/>hous at the l>ase, with no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : pod 5- 7v//,- only 2-5 6VM/X. 1. L. Stracta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves oppo- site or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedi- cel- in a /<>//;/ rtitrme (5' -12'), which is leafy at the base; or, in var. I-RODICTA, leafy for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds ; common. June-Ar g. — Stems 1°- 2° high, often bearing oblong or mouili- form bulblets in the axils. PRIMULACEJS. (PJJIMKOSE FAMILY.) 273 2. It. <|£fiadria~6iia, L. Somewhat hairy; -stem simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves whorh-d in fours or lives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ', flowers on long capillary pcdunelcs from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil; common. June. — A variety has the leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to bracts shorter than the peduncles. (Near New York, Washington, &c.) § 2. STEIRONEMA, Raf. — Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly dilate at t/ie base : flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves : corolla light yellow, not streaked or dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals : filaments nearly equal, scarcely monadelphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the base, in the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod 5- 10-valved, or bursting irregularly, 10 — 20-seeded. 3. Li. ciZif&ta, L. Stem erect {2° -3° high), leaves lanceolate-ovate (3* -6' long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long and fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets ; common. July. 4. JL. ratlicans, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branch- es often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on slender petioles : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks, W. Virginia (Aikin] and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last. 5. £,. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (10' -20' high); leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. IIYBRIDA is the broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L. angustifolia, Lam.), a slender branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute at both ends. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. June - Aug. 6. It. loilgif&lia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (l°-3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2' -4' long, 2" -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (§'-!' broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta, Natt.) — Wet banks, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin. July- Sept. 6. IVAUMBtlRGIA, Mcench. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx 6- (5-7-) parted. Corolla 6- (5-7-) parted almost or quite to the base ; the spreading divisions lance-linear, with a small tooth interposed between each. Filaments cxserted, distinct. Pod few-seeded. — Perennial, with a sim- ple stem, and opposite lanceolate entire leaves, which arc dotted, like the yellow flower, &c., with purplish glands. Flowers small, densely crowded in stalked spikes or close racemes, from the axils of the middle leaves. (Named for J. S. Naumburg, an early German botanist.) 1. N. tliyrsiflora, Reichenb. (Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. L. capitata, Pursh ) — Cold swamps ; common northward. June. (Eu.) 274 PRIMULACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 7. OJLAUX, L. SEA-MI LKWORI. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few- seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses- sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from -yXavKoy, sea-green.) 1. Cr. maritiiBia, L. — Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod northward. June. (Eu.) 8. ANAGALiL,IS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 : filaments bearded. Pod mem- branaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli- tary flowers on axillary peduncles. 1 A. ARVENSis, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, short- er than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, (p — Waste sandy fields. June -Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, some- times purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; whence the popular name of " Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.) 9. CENTUNCULUS, L. CHAFFWEED. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4-5 : filaments beardless. — Veiy small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2' -5' long); leaves ovate, obo- vate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the. parts mostly in fours. (C. lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (Eu.) 1O. SAMOL.US, L. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many- seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, arid small white flowers in racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name, probably same as slanlus in Celtic, the hfttling-Jierti") 1. S. Valcr&lldi, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high), leafy; leaves obovate; bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx- lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.) Var. American US. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; ra- cemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading; bractlets, flowers, and pods smaller. ( S. floribfcndus, H. B. K.) — Wet places ; common. June - Sept LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 275 11. HOTTGNIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET. Calyx 5-partcd, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5 valved ; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.) 1. H. iiiflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe- duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints ; pedicels, corolla, an- thers, and style short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and southward. June. — The singularly inflated peduncles are often as thick as one's finger. ORDER 71. LENTIBTJlACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)^ Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, and a. one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro- pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and revolute over the approximate anthers. Pod often bursting irregular- ly. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. — A small family, consisting mostly of the two following genera : — 1. TJTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT. Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, and often closing the throat. — Aquatic and im- mersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which are filled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 -few-flowered. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.) * Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large bladder's formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower dissected and capillary, bearing little bladders: rootlets few or none. 1. U. iaiflssta, Walt. (INFLATED BLADDERWORT.) Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow); the appressed* spur half the length of the corolla ; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, aiH southward, near the coast. Aug. * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed Iranching stems. which commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected leaics furnished with small 27C LEKTIBULACE^:. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) air-bladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.) •»- F hirers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme: fwlicels nodding in fruit. 2. U. Vlllgfiris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems (l°-3° long) crowded with 2-3-pinnatcly many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6; - 12' long) ; lips of the corolla closed, tlie sides reflexcd ; spur conical, stretched out towards the lower lip, shorter than it. — Ponds and slow streams; common. June -Aug. — Corolla £'-§' broad; the spur rather less broad and blunt than in the European plant. (Kit.) 3 U. minor, L. (SMALLER BLADDERWORT.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 3 - 7-flow- ered (3' - 7 high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the dtj.f .<> // /*//- ate ; spur very short, blunt, turned down, or almost none. — Shallow water, N. New York to Wisconsin, and northward. July. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. ( Eu. ) *- •*- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. tlie usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend- ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and never expanding. 4. U. claildcstina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen- der (3' -5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobcd, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. — Ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, W. New York, and New Jersey. July. — Flowers as large as in No. 7. •*-•«-•*- Flowers all alike, few (1-5) : pedicels erect in fruit. •M. Corolla ydlow : scape and pedicels filiform. 5. U. intcrmedi:*, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep- arate leafless branches; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate : .syvr conical-oblong, acute, oppressed to the lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow pools, New England to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June, July. — Leafy stems 3' - G' long. Scapes 3' -7' high. Flowers £' broad. (Eu.) 6. U. striutu, Le Conte. Leaves crowded or whorlcd on the small im- mersed stems, scccral times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing; flowers 2-5, on long pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undu- late, concave, plaited-striatc in the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, appnxtckutg and almost ((/mil/ing the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug. — Scape 8' - 12' high. Flowers £' broad, 7. U. ffiblm, L. Frapp (l'-3' (tigh),l-2^Z0icererf, at the base furnished 'with very slender short brandies, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like with scattered bladders; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly equal ; the l»>r< r with tin- sides reilexed (4" -5" lor ; tlie a/>pr" thtck and ll'int gibbo-is spur. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Illinois, : ;;': - Aug. BIGNO^IACEJS. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 277 •*-<• •*-+• Corolla violet -purple. 8 U. piirplirCcl, Walt. (PURPLE BLADDERWORT.) Leaves wliorled along the long ininiersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 2-4 (£' wide) ; spur appressed to the lower 3-lobed 2 -saccate lip of tli3 corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Scape 3' -6' high, not scaly below. * * Scape solitary, sle/ider and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the icater, commonly few or fugacious : air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or none. •»- Flower purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 9. U. resupisft&ta, Greene. Scape (2' -8' high) 2-bractcd above ; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4" - 5" long) deeply 2-parted ; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape. — Sandy margins of ponds, Maine (Mr. Chute), E. Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Aug. •i- •*- Flowers 2-10, yellow : leaves entire, rardy seen. 10. U. Slllml&ta, L. (TINT BLADDERWORT.) Stem capillary (3'- 5' high) ; pedicels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins re- curved, equally 3-lobcd, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals *in length. — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Co- rolla 3" -4" broad. 11. U. coriiuta, Michx. (HORNED BLADDERWORT.) Stem strict (£° - 1° high), 2 - 10-flowered ; pedicels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the corolla large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped, turned dijicn mtrd and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat -bogs, or sr.udy swamps ; common. June - Aug. — Flowers close together, large. 2. PINGUiCUL-A, L. BUTTERWORT. Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate. — Small and stcmless perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1 -flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 1. P. Ylilg'uriS, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and oalyx a little pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form; spur straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. July. (Eu.) ORDER 72, BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) Wood 1 1 or rarely herbaceous plant.*, monopetcdous^ didijnamous or dian- tclfh tlie oranj commonly 2-celled by the 'meeting of the two placentae off of a projection from than, many-needed : the large seeds with a flat embryo ml no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped; 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or vj u, t and n 278 BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) bell-shaped, 5- obed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, deciduous ; the low- er lobs largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family ; only two species indigenous within our limits. It includes two suborders, viz : — SUBORDER I. BIGNONIE^. THE TRUE BIGNOXIA FAMILY. Woody plants, with 1 - 2-celled and 2-valved pods, the valves separating from the partition when there is any. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends. 1. BIGNONIA. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2 TECOMA. Pod with the convex valves contrary to the partition Leaves compound. 3. CATALPA. Pod as in No. 2. Leaves simple. Fertile stamens only 2. SUBORDER II. SESAMES. THE SESAMUM FAMILY. Herbs, with the fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Seeds attached by one end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire. 4. MARTYNIA. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Fruit fleshy without and woody within, beaked. 1. BIGNONIA, Toura. BIGNONIA. Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with chiefly compound leaves, climbing by tendrils. (Named for the Abbe Bignon.) 1. B. capreolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resem- bling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois, and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a trans- verse section of the word showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6' long. Seeds with the wing l£' long. 2. TECOMA', Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothcd. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-cellcd, the partition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with compound leaves. (Abridged from tin- Mexican name.) 1. T. ravo9, a cone, and , an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.) # Erect, glabrous : leaves feather-reined : corolla rioltt-/>nr/>le. 1. HI. ringenS, L. Stem square (l°-2° high) ; leaves obloncj or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, ty — Wet places ; common. July - Sept. — Flower l'-l^'long. '2. M. nlatUS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; le like the last. — Low grounds, Con- necticut to Illinois, and southward. SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 * % Diffusely spreading: leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow. 3. M. Jailiesii, Torr. Smooth ; stems creeping at the base ; stem-leaves round or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, Mackinaw, Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small. M. LTJTEUS, with its varieties, and M. MOSCHATUS, the MUSK-PLANT, from Oregon, arc common in cultivation. 9. C O W 6 B E A , Aublet. ( CAPR ARI A, Mchx. ) Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile : anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractletcd peduncles. (Name unexplained.) 1. C. iHllIilfida, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, the divisions linear-wedge-shaped ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. (D — Sandy river- banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept 1O. HERPESTIS, Gartn. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost frequently very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched, or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed. Staim-ns 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. Low herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. (Name from (p7rr)]>osite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike crowded; cnlyx 2-lobcd, leafy -crested ; upper lip of the (pule yellow) corolla incurved, and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; jxxl ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. piillida, Pursli.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept. 25. raELAMPRUJU, Tourn. Cow- WHEAT. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the corol- la cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip: anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Pod flat- tened, oblique, 1-4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth at the base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in our species. (Name composed of /icXa?, black, and irvpos, wheat ; from the color of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.) 1. HI. Americaillim, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the lower entire; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla. (M. pratcnse, var. Americanum, Benth.) — Open woods ; common. June-Sept. — Plant 6/-12/high. Corolla- 5" long, more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple. 26! GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobcd, somewhat oblique ; the lobes almost equal, the posterior outermost in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. Stigmas 2, each 2-parted ; the di- visions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valvcd, the valves keeled: cells each ripening 5 or 6 large flat and winged seeds. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle. — A smooth and twining shrubby plant, with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate shining nearly persistent leaves, on very short petioles, and large and showy very fragrant yellow flowers, 1-5 together in the axils. ( Gelsemino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.) 1. G. semper virens, Ait. (G. nitidum, Michx.) — Kich moist soil along the coast, Virginia and southward. March. ORDER 75. ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandroits stamen*, inserted on the lube of the more or less flipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute in the bud ; fruit a 2-cclled, 4 - 1 2-seeded pod ; sewlx nmitrn- pous, without albumen, usually jlat, supported by hooked projections of the ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 297 placenta. — Flowers much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form : stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the tropics, represented in the Northern States only by two genera. 1. IHANTHERA, Gronov. WATER- WILLOW. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one lower down than the other. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted at the base into a short stalk, 4-seedcd. — Perennial herbs, growing in water, with narrow and entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name from Si's, double-, and avdr]pd, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.) 1. I>. Americana, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ; spikes ob- long, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia peduneulosa, Michx.} — Borders of streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. July - Sept.. •2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. ( RUELLI A partly, L.} Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample limb almost equally and regularly 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, didynamous : cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Pod somewhat flat- tened, and stalked at the base, 8 - 12-scedcd. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat- ing.— Perennial herbs, not aquatic, with ovate or elliptical nearly entire leaves, and large and showy blue or purple flowers, solitary, few, or clustered in the axils, with a pair of leafy bracts (whence the name, from SiVrepos, two-winged, and a/cai/$os, the Acanl/ius). 1. D. Ciliosus, Nees. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (l°-3°high); leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (l^'-2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost sessile in the axils ; tube of the corolla (!'- 1|' long) fully twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Ruellia ciliosa. Pursh. R. hybridus, Pursh., is only a Southern variety of this.) — Dry soil, Michigan to Illinois, and southward. June - Sept. 2. 1>. StrepCllS, Nees. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4°high); leaves narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' - 5' long); tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Flowers 1-5 in each axil, rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ; sometimes many and closely crowded, and mostly fruiting in the bud, the corolla small and not expanding (when it is D. micranthus, Engelm. fr Gr.). — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wis- consin, and southward. July -Sept. Dici/frTERA BRACiiiATA, Spreng. (Justicia brachiata, Pursh), probably the southern part of Virginia. 298 VERBENACEJE. (VFTtVAIN FAMILY.) ORDER 76. VERBENACEJG. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Herbs or shrub*, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and tlulyixnnous stamens, the 2 - ^-celled fruit dry or drupaceous, usually spliltinff when ripe into as many \-seeded indehiscent nutlets ; differ- ing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style there- fore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with little or no albumen ; the radielc of the straight embryo point- ing to the base of the fruit. — Mostly tropical or nearly so ; represented here only by some Vervains, a Lippia, and a Callicarpa ; to which we may still append Phryma, which has been promoted into an order (of a single species), because its ovary and fruit are 1-celled and 1-seeded, and the radicle points to the apex of the fruit. 1. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co- rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender: stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted. (The Latin name for any sacred herb : derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids. 4 1. Anthers not appendaged : erect herbs, tuith slender spikes. * Leaves undivided : root perennial. 1. V. ail|?u§tif6lia, Michx. Low (6'- T 8' high), often simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July -Sept. 2. T. liastata, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Tall (4° -6° high); leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petiokd, the lower often lobcd and sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed or panicled. (V. panicul.'.ta, Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and waste grounds, common. July -Sept. 3. V. iirticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED or WHITE VERVAIN.) Rather tall ; leaves oval or oblomj-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes very slender, at lent/fit much ilumjuiid, irith the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white. — Old fields and road-sides. 4. V. Stricta, Vent. ( HOARY VERVAIN.) Downy with soft whitish luiirs; stem nearlv simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick and very densely flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Ban-ens, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Aujr. — Flowers blue, pretty laruv. * * !.«!/•• * <-l,ft or piniKitijid, narrouvd at the base : root perennial? 5. V. OFFICINAL^, L. ( COMMON VKRVAIN.) Er«-t, IOOM-IV branched (l°-3°hlgh)j Inii'i-n /i/iiiKitijid or .'i-c/r/?, Moixj-lani'iulnti', sessile, smooth :ii>ove, the lobes cut and toothed; spikes panicled, very slender; liracts small, much VEBBEXACE.ffi. (VEBVAIN FAMILY.) 2i)9 shorter than the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Road-sides; scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. V. bracteosa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatijid or 3-ckft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple flowers. — "Waste places Wisconsin to Kentucky. Aug. § 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage. 7. V. Allbletia, L. Rather hairy, spreading or ascending; leaves obo- vate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid; spikes peduncled, flat-topped in flower ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers showy, light purple. (D — Prairies, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. July. 2. L-tPPIA, L. (ZAPANIA, JllSS.) Calyx often flattened, 2 - 4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla strongly 2-lipped : upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-cellcd, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) 1. L.. lanceol&ta, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Procumbent or creeping, roughish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; pedun- cles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers; calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. (Zapania lanceolata, & Z. nodiflora, JV. Amer. authors.) — River-banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 3. CAL.L.ICARPA, L. CALLICAEPA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : anthers opening at the apex. Style slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a small drupe, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of Ka\\oSi beauty, and xapiros, fruit.) 1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; fruits small, violet-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May -July. — Shrub 3° high. 4. PHR^MA, L. LOPSEED. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the lower shorter, 2-toothcd. Corolla 2-lippcd ; upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Fruit ob- long, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded ! Seed orthotropous. Radicle pointing upwards : cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch- ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, reflexed in fruit, and bent close against the common peduncle. Corolla purplish or pale rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.) 300 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 1. P. Lcptostacliya, L. — Rich copses, common July. — Plant 2° 3° high : leaves 3' -5' long, thin. (Also in the Himalaya Mountains !) ORDER 77. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2- lipped corolla, didynamom or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-Wee nutlets, or' achenia, surrounding the base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filed with a sin- gle erect seed. — Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Seu- tellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2- lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens, as in all the al- lied families, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, which are often aggre- gated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aro- ma of most of the plants of this large and well-known family. (More abun- dant in the Old World than the New. One third of our genera and many of the species are merely introduced plants.) Synopsis. TEIBK I. A JUGOIDE^. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobod corolli. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base. * Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted. 1. TEDCRIUM Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. 2. TUICIIOSTEMA Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique. * * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included. 3. ISANTIIUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla. THIBE II SATUREIEJE. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distant, straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled Lobes of the corolla flat and spreading Nutlets smooth or minutely roughened, fixed by the base. * Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens erect, distant. 4. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 6. LYCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. * * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked within. i- Stamens only 2, distant : no rudiments of the upper pair. 6 CUN1LA. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 6 -toothed. Corolla small. •«- •»- Stamens 4, all with anthers. 7. I1YSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-ncrved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Stamen* exserted, diverging. 8. PYCNANTHKMUM Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10- 13-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters 9. OUIOAN UM Calyx ovate-hell shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Stumeas diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts. 10 THYMUS. Calyx ovate, nodding In fruit, hairy in tlui throat, 10-13 nerve*!, 2-lipped. Stamens distant. Bracte minute. Leaves very small LABIATE. ^MIXT FAMILY.) 301 11. SATUREIA. Calys bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta- mens somewhat ascending. 12. CALAM1NTIIA. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerred, 2-lipped. Tube of the corolla straight. Stamens coimivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip. 13. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flaUish on the upper side. Tube of the corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip. •»- -i- •»- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments. 14. HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. * * * Corolla 2-lipped, with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat. Sta- mens 2 or 4, long, diverging. 15. COLLINSONIA. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the other four. TRIBE III. MOXARDE JE. Stamens 2 (sometimes with mere rudiments of the upper pair), ascending and parallel : anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets as in Tribe II. 16. SALVIA Calyx 2-lipped Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect one on the lower. 17. MONARDA. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells conflu- ent into one : connective inconspicuous. 18. BLEPIIILIA. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in No 17. TRIBE IV. IVEPETE^E. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior! ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved Nutlets as in Tribes II. and III. 19. LOPIIANTHUS. Stamens divergent ; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as- cending : anther-cells nearly parallel. 20. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length widely diverging. Calyx curved. 21. DRACOCEPIIALUM. Stamens nearly as in No. 20. Calyx straight, the upper lip or tooth commonly larger. 22. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. TRIBE V. STACIIYDEJE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the inferior (outer) pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33 Anthers usually approximate in pairs. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 5 - 10 nerved. Nutlets as m the preceding. * Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated-bell-shaped in fruit. 23. SYNANDi: A. Calyx 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely diverging from each other. 24. PIIYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Anther-cells parallel. * * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 25 BRUNELLA. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft 26. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire. * * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed •t- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla. 27. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth H- •«- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla. •H- Anthers opening transversely by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate. 28. GALEOPS1S. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. ++ ++ Anthers opening lengthwise. 29. STACIIYS Cnlyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after shed- ding the pollen often turned downward. 30. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading Nulr lets truncate and acutely 3-augled at the top. 31. LAMIUM. Calyx-teeth not spiny pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top. 302 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 32. BALLOTA. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5 - 10-teeth united at the base into a spread- ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 33. PIILOM1S. Calyx tubular, the 6 short aiid broad teeth abruptly awued. Upper lip of the corolla arched. 1. TEtiCRIUM, L. GERMANDER. Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower one much larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) 1. T. €anadciise, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.) Herbaceous, downy; stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, short-petiolcd, hoary underneath ; the floral scarcely longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-tiowered, crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike. 1J. — Low grounds; not rare. July. — Corolla pale purple, rarely white. AJUGA CHAMJSPITHYS, L., the YELLOW BUGLE of Europe, gathered in Virginia by Clayton, has not been noticed since. 2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUS CURLS. Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob- long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta- mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, curved: anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some- what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur- ple, rarely white, small. (Name composed of 6pi£-> hair, and OTT?/xa, stamen, from the capillary filaments.) 1. T. Q>> to bun* perfume, because it was used for incense.) 1. T. SERPYLLUM, L. (CHEEPING THYME.) Prostrate ; leaves green., flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — Old fields, E. New England and Pcnn. : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) T. vuLGlRis, L., is the GARDEN THYME, or STANDING THYME. 11. SATUREIA, L. SAVORY. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower nearly equally 3-cleft. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clustered in the axils, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The an- cient Latin name.) 1. S. IIORTENSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent; clusters few-flow- ered ; bracts small or none. © — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. CALAMINTHA, Mcench. CALAMINTH. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire ; the lower spreading, 3- partod, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly purplish or whitish flowers : inflorescence various. (Name composed of /eaXoy, beautiful, and p-ivQa, Mint.) § 1. CALAMlNTHA PROPER, Benth. — Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the base : clusters of flowers loose and pedunded in the axils of the leaves, and forming a raceme at the summit : bracts minute, 1. C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°- 3° high) ; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3" long) about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) $ 2. CALOMELtSSA, Benth. — Calyx nearly as § 1 : whorls few-several-flow- ercd,. sessile; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or oblong, leaflike. 2. C. glabclla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (l°-2° long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (§'-!' long, or the largest 1^-2' long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire; clusters 6- 10-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5" -6" long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. (Cunila glabella, Michx. Mi- cromeria, Benth.} — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and southward. June. Var. Nlltfctliii. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5' -9' high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile the runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2" - 5" long. (C. Nut- 308 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) tallii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr.} — Wet limestone rocks, Niagara Fulls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sullivant), and southwestward. July- Sept. — Appearing very distinct, but united by Southwestern forms, &c. i3. CLINOPODIUM, L. — Calyx more or less gibbous below: dusters sessile ana many-Jlowei-ed, crowded with awl-shaped bracts. 3. C. CLiNOr6DiUM, Bcnth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves ovate, petioled, nearly entire ; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters ; hairy bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) — Borders of thicket* and fields. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 13. MEL.ISSA, L. BALM. Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothcd, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose, one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from fji€\i(rcra, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.) 1. M. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, exhaling the odor of lemons ; the corolla white or cream-color. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 14. HE DEO 31 A, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL. Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co- rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread- ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or wanting. — Low, odorous plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 'HSvocr/xoi', an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent. ) 1. H. pulcgioicles, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branch- ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar; whorls few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile filaments tipped with a little head. ® — Open barren woods and fields ; com- mon. July - Sept. — Plant 6'- 10' high, with nearly the taste and odor of the true Pennyroyal (Mcntha Pulcgium) of Europe. 2. II. liispiclo, Pursh. Erect hairy (2' -5' high); leaves sessile, let.car, entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than the ciliate hisjiid calyx. (T) — Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southwestward. 15. COL.CINSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM. Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging : anther-cells divergent. — :LABIAT,E. (MINT FAMILY.) 309 Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Coliinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linna,ius, and who introduced this plant into England.) 1. C. CaiiadeilSiS, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth (l°-.3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, pctioled (3' -9 long); panicle loose, many-flowered; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, New England to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward. July -Sept. — Corolla f long, exhaling the odor of lemons. 16. SAL.VIA, L. SAGE. Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe- shaped, entire or barely notched; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lohcd, the middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear 1-celled (hah0-) anther, the other usually descending and bearing an im- perfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled whorls. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.) 1. S. lyrata, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low (10' -20' high), someivhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sinuato- pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubes- cent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. 1J. — Woodlands and meadows, New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. June. 2. S. urticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED SAGE.) Downy with clammy Imii-fi, 1'itfy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart- shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar; whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the lower; style bearded. 1J. — Woodlands, from Maryland south- ward.— Corolla £' long; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched. S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the well-known GARDEN SAGE. Several scarlet species from Tropical America are cultivated for ornament. 17. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 2-lipped limb; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal; the upper erect, en- tire or slightly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobcd at the apex, the lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Sta- mens 2. elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolja : anthers lin ear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Monardez, an early Spanish botanist.) 810 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) * Stamens and style exsertfd beyond the very narrow aid acute upper Up of the corol- la : root perennial. 1. M. didyma, L. (OSWEGO TEA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves petioled. ovate-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base; the lloral MM Mid the large ouk-r bracts tinned with red; calyx smooth, incur o-d, u«n/// nai\«l hi the throat ; corolla smooth, much elongated (2' long1), bright red. — Moi.-t woods by streams, N. England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the- Aileghaoiefl : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Bee-Balm). July. — Plant 2° high, with very showy flowers. 2. M. fistlllosa, L. (WiLD BEROAMOT.) Smooth ish or downy ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; the upper- most and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish); calyx slightly curved, very hairy hi the, throat; corolla purplish, rose-color or almost white, smooth or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and south- ward, principally westward. July -Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 2° - 5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last. 3. M. JBr.tfllHiriaiia, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, round- ed at the base, clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ; calyx smoothish, contracted :<', very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awnrd teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak-openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. May — July. * * Stamens not exceeding the notched upper lip of the short corolla. 4. M. plllictfcta, L. (HoRSE-MiNT.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high); leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at the base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid, awnlcss ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with pur- ple, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New York to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Very odorous and pungent. 18. BL.EPIIILIA, Rat' BLEPHILIA. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with S awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the. throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, entire ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, cxserted (the rudi- ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, £c. as in Monarda. — Pe- rennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls (Name from fi\c(j)apls, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.) 1. 15. Ciliiita, Raf. Somewhat downy; In ires utmost .sr-.s-.sv7r, oblu/>:- narrowed at the bast , whitish-downy underneath; outer brads orate, acute, col- u.ol, ciliate, as long as the calyx. (Monarda eiliata, L.) — Dry open places. LABI AT JE. (MINT FAMILY.) 311 Perm, to Kentucky and Wisconsin. July. — Plant l°-2° high, less branchcul than the next, the hairy corolla shorter. 2. 15. llil'Silta, Benth. Hairy throughout ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at the base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts lincar-atd-sltaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx. (B. nepe- toides, Raf. Monarda hirsute, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, N. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. Corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. 19. LOPHANTIIUS, Bcnth. GIANT HYSSOP. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lippcd ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes. (Name from Xo<£o£, a crest, and avdos, a flower,} 1. JL. tiepetoicles, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, some- what pointed, coarsely eremite-toothed (2' -4' long); calyx-teeth ovate, rather ob- tuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla, — Borders of woods, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Stem stout, 4°-G° high, sharply 4-anglcd. Spikes 2' -6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts. 2. JL. SCroplmlai'ii53f6BiHS, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-anglcd) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or les^ pubescent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shoiier than the purplish corolla (spikes 4' -15 long) : otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range. 3. JL. ailisutUS, Benth. (ANISE HYSSOP.) Smooth, but the ovate acute leares gfauctnu-whifa underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. — Plains, Wisconsin ? and northwestward. — Foliage with the taste and smell of anise. 20. NEPETA, L. CAT-MINT. Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the low- er spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers approximate in pairs; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. ( The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) § 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many- ftotvered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes :• upper floral leaves small and bract-like. 1. IV. CAT\RIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect branched; leaves heart- shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dot- ted with purple. — Manured and cultivated grounds, a very common weed July, Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 312 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) $ 2. GLECII6MA, L. — Leaves all al/Jcc: the axillary clusters loosely few -flowa*ed. 2. N. GLECHOMA, Bcnth. (GROUND IVY. GILL.) Creeping and trailing ; leaves petioled, round kidney-shafted, crenate, green hotli sides ; corolla thrico the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma heder.'icea, L.) — Shaded, wasfe grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. — Anthers with the cells diverging at a right angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.) 21. DRACOCEPIIAI.UM, L. DRAGON-HEAD. Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothcd; the upper tooth usually much largest. Corolla 2-lippcd ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the lower spreading, 3-clcft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An- thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafv bracts. (Name from, dpc'iKw, a < lioles. 1. S. vcrsicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, £c. partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (l°-3°high); leaves ovate or round- orate, chiefly heart-shaped, crcnate-toothed, very veiny, ruyose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra- cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Corolla f long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple- spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. 1 pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (Harper's Ferry, Aikin, Wood.) 2. S. Sax:fttiliS, Riddcll. Smoothish or slightly h airy ; stem weak, ascend- ing (6'- 18' long), often producing runners, branched ; leases orate or ovate-oblong and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely eremite-toothed (l'-2' long), thin, olrtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. June, July. — Co- rolla §' long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip. «•- •»- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or incurved upper Up, and connected ivith it : stem erect : leaves moderate /y / except in No. 6. 3. S. Cilliescens, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high), above, with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lanci'- ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves, whitish with jine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; upper lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July. — Corolla §' long. 4. S. serrfita, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous j stem rather simple (1°-3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, amm/nalc at loth ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; •'//« <>f t/ir corolla eipia! in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last, which this resembles). — AVoods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward. July. 5. S. pil<>S«l, Michx. Pubescent with spreadiiif/ hair.-i: stem nearly sim- ple (1° -3° high) ; Irai'i-s rathd' distant, cr< nate, olilony-orali', tJ>htiu\ varying to roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the b:isc and long-petioled, ihe upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-sputulate; racemes LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315 short, often branched; corolla (j'-|; long) railier narrow, the lower lip a little shorter. (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry open woods, &c., S. New York to Michigan and southward. June — Aug. 6. S. illfegrifoiia, L. Doicny all over with a minute hoari ness; stem com- monly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short -putiolcd ; raceme often brand led ; corolla (!' long) much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, &c. from Bridge water, Mass. (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. June -Aug. *= * Flowers (blue or violet, short-pedunclcd) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones. •»-- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx ; the short lips nearly equal in length, the upper lip concave. 7. S. Iiervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10' -20' high); lower leaves roundish ; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped (I' long); the upper floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; the nerve-like veins promi- nent underneath. (S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 8. S. pai'Vllia, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched and spreading; lowest leaves round-ovate; the others oi'ate. or lance-ovate, obtuse, all entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (£'-§' long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) — Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. -*~ •*— Corolla (I' - 1' long), with a slender tube : lower lip large and rather longer than the somewhat arched upper lip. 9. S. ga9ei'icu9ata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the baL-e (l'-2' long). — Wet shady places; common everywhere northward. Aug. (Eu.) * * * flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary, and often also in terminal one-sided nicemes; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like. 10. S. 1 ate ri flora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, round- ed at the base, petioled (2'-3' long). — Wet shaded places; common. Aug. — A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap. 27. MARRUBIUM, L. HOREIIOUND. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5- 10-toothed ; the teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter- aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.) 1. M. VULG\RE, L. (COMMON HOREIIOUND.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 recurved 316 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) teeth, the ulteniate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 28. G A LEO P SIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE. Calyx tulmlar-bell-shapcd, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny- tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; the upper lip ovate, arehed, entire; the lower 3-eleft, spreading; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valvcd; the inner valve of each cell bristly- fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches, »nd several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are ncarljr like the lower ones. (Name composed of ya\fn, a weasel, and cty-is, resem- blance, from some likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) 1. G. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen below the joint*, bristly -hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish, or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDiFL6itA, 3-4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — Waste places, rather common. Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. G. I.ADANUM, L. (RED HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem smooth or pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (the throat often spotted with yellow), usually much exceeding the calyx. — Chelsea Beach, near Boston, Bigelow. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 29. STACIIYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often rcflexed on the throat after flowering): anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from ord^vs, a spike). # Root annual : stems decumbent, low. 1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (WOUNDWORT.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, ob- tuse, eremite, heart-shaped at the base; axillary whorls 4-6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. — Waste places, E. Massachusetts; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Root perennial : stem erect. 2. S. palllStris, L. Stem 4-anglcd (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with «prcading or reflcxed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower ehort-pctioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart- shaped at the base, do vny or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2'-4' long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls fi-10-flowcrcd. the up- per crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317 somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — "Wet banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) — To this, for the present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them are : — Var. aspera. (S. aspera, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexcd bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio pL 1836.) More slen- der, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or trun- cate at the base, all petioled. — W. New York (Sartwdl) to Michigan and south- westward. Var. cordata. (S. cordata, Riddell, I. c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttkw.) Stem beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, o~blong, heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth some- times shorter. — Common westward and southward. 3. S. Iiyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, 01 narroidy linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered, rather distant; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the tri angu- lar-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. 1J. — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to Michigan, and southward : rather rare. July. BETONICA OFFICIN\LIS, the WOOD BETONY of Europe, — of a genus hard- ly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Spraguc in a thicket at Newton, Massachusetts. 30. JLEON1JRUS, L. MOTHERWORT. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla oblong and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its mid- dle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the values naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-anglcd. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils. (Name from Xe'wv, a lion, and oupa, tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.) 1. It. CARD!ACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall; leaves long-peti- oled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 1|. — Waste places, around dwellings, &c. July- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. It. MARRUBiAsTRUM, L. Tall, with elongated branches; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth; the tube naked within ; lower lip rather erect. © — Road-sides, Pennsylvania: rare. (Adv. from Eu.} 27* 318 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 31. L, A ML 1 17 HI , L. DEAD-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shapcd, about 5-nervcd, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched. at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap- proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex. — Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petiolcd, the middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral similar but nearly ses- sile, subtending the axillary whorled clusters of flowers. (Name from Am/iof, the titroat, in allusion to the ringcnt corolla.) See Addend. 1. Li. AMPLEXiCAtiLE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crcnate-toothed or cut, the upper ones closing ; corolla (purple) elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted ; lateral lobes truncate. (\j — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. Li. PURrtiREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate- toothed, all petioled. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.) 32. BAL.L.OTA, L. FETID HOREHOUND. Calyx nearly funnel-form, the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the co- rolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin.) 1. IS. N^QRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) More or less hairy, but green, erect ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, long- er than the tube of the purplish corolla. 1J. — Waste places, Massachusetts and Connecticut : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 33. PIIIwOMIS, L. JERUSALEM SAGE. Calyx tubular, 5 -10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx- imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl- shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tubcrosa, &c. : anther- cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow- ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of obscure derivation.) 1. P. TUBER6SA, L. Tall (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate- hoart-shaped, crcnate, petioled; the floral oblong-lanceolate; bracts awl-shaped, hairy ; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside. 1J. — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester, Prof. Hartley, Prof. Di-nry. (Adv. from Eu.) The familiar cultivated plants of this family, not mentioned above, are the SWEET BASIL (Ocymum Bctsilicnm) ; the LAVENDER (Lavdndula vera); and ifae SWEET MARJORAM (Origanum Majordiia). BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 319 ORDER 78. BORRAGINACEJG. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Chiefly rouyli-liairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a b-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply ^-lobed ovary (as in Labiatas), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex: radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im- bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers axillary, or on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme,* which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand, often bractless. (Innocent, muci- laginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of many species yielding a red dye.) A rather large family. Synopsis. TRIBE I. BORRAGEJE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in fruit ; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.) * Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets fixed by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar flat. 1. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded. » * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat Nutlets not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar broad and hollowed out. 2. LYCOPSIS. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy. 8. SYMPUYTUM. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awl-shaped. * * * Corolla naked and open, or with folds rather than scales in the throat, regular Nutleta not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar very small and flat. •i- Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud. 4. ONOSMODIUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect. 6. LITIIOSPEKMUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded. 6. ME11TENSIA. Nutlets rather fleshy, oblique. Lobes of the corolla rounded. •»— H— Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud. 7. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets hard and smooth. 1'lowers ail of them, or all but the lowest, bract- less. * * * * Corolla with 5 scales closiug the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central column or the base of the style. 8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla salver-shaped Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over. TKIBB II. HELIOTROPES. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style: the fruit separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets 10. HELIOT110PIUM. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled. 11. IIEL10PIIYTUM. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled. 1. EC1HUM, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal spreading 5-lobed border; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta- * In the descriptions we call these clusters racemes or spikes, for convenience, since they bo cloBcly imitate them. But the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts when these are present. 320 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) mcns mostly cxsertcd, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from e^is, a viper.) 1. K. VULG\RE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Rough-bristly; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, in short lateral spikes, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-purple chunking to brilliant blue (rarely pale), (g) — Road-sides and meadows : rather rare northward ; a troublesome weed in Virginia. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. L.YCOPSIS, L. BDGLOSS. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, hollowed out at the base, — Annuals. (Name from AVKOS, a wolf, and ctyts, face.) 1. L,. ARVENSIS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly (Thigh); leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy racemes ; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. SYUIPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFREY. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens in- cluded : anthers elongated. Style thread form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed by a large hollowed base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened mucilagi- nous roots ; the nodding racemes either single or in pairs. (Name from (rv/i<£eii/, to grow together, probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.) 1. S. OFFICIN\LE, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower ; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist places ; sparingly escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. ONOSITIOWIIIUI, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular or tubular- funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5 acute lobes converging or somewhat spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much " exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and si-s.-ilc ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy racemes. — Our species all belong to ONOSMODIUM PROPER, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments ; the corolla only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the re- semblance to the genus Onosina.) 1. O. Vi rgilliuillllll, DC. Clothed all over with hanJi and rigid oppressed bristles; stems rather slender (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong- BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 821 lanceolate (\'-2\' long), the lower narrowed at the base; corolla rather longer than the calyx (3'' long) ; the lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, bearded with long bristles outside; anthers oblong-arrow-shaped, on very short flattened filaments. (0. bispidum, Michx. Lithospermum Virginianum, L.I} — Banks and hill-sides, b. New England to Virginia and southward. June - Aug. 2. O. Caroliiiilmum, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.} Clothed all over with Ion;/ and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute ; corolla twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes deltoid-ovate, obtusish ; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. (0. mollc, Beclc, &c. Lithosp. Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York, Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Stouter and larger-leaved than the last, thickly clothed with less rigid but long and shaggy whitish hairs. Lobes of the corolla more or less hairy on the back, appearing slightly heart- shaped by the inflexion of the sinuses. Tliis has been confounded by some authors with No. 1 ; by others with No. 3, which it most resembles. 3. O. Bliollc, Michx. Hoary with fine and close strictly oppressed hairs; leaves oblong-orate, obtusish, soft-downy underneath ; corolla longer than the calyx, the lobes lance-ovate or triangular, acute ; anthers linear, much longer than the verti- cally dilated filaments. — Dry grounds, Illinois and southward. Corolla rathei larger than in the last ; the lobes more or less hairy along the middle. 5. L.ITHOSPERUIUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PDCCOON. Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or often spiked or racemed leafy-braeted flowers (occasionally of 2 forms as to stamens and style, as in Oldenlandia, p. 171, «Sbc.). (Name compounded of XiOos, stone, and 0-Tre'p/xa, seed, from the hard nutlets.) $ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinJded and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of evident folds or appendages. 1. Li. ARVENSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary; stems erect (6'- 12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. (J) — Sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsyl- vania and Michigan. May -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) $ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white, like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores: corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct pubescent scales in the throat. (Root perennial.) 2. L. atlgfUStifolium, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish, much branclied, erect or spreading (6'- 15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, l-nerved, corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ; nutlets more or less pitted -when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin- ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May. 322 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 3. L.. OFFICIX\LE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx; nutlets very smooth and even. — Road-sides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. L,. latifolilllll, Miehx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high), rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly tapcr-puiidi-d (even the floral ones 2'-4'long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft -pubescent beneath, the root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth or sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods, Michigan to Kentucky. June. § 3. Nutlets smooth and shining : corolla large, salver-shaped or nearly so, deep orange- yellow, somewhat pubescent outside : the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.) (Batschia, Gmel.) # Tube of the corolla, from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (espe- cially in the state with the stamens at the base of the tube), or slightly arched. 5. It. iairtuill, Lehm. (HAIRY PUCCOON.) Hispid with bristly hairs (l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; flowers dis- tinctly peduncled ; fruiting calyx (%' long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. (Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Carol iniensis, Gmel. B. Gmelini, Michx.) — Dry woods, Michigan to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and northwest- ward. April- June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla §'-1 broad. 6. L.. canescens, Lehm. (HOARY PUCCOON or ALKANET.) SojHy hairy and more or less hoary (6' -15' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close ap- pressed hairs above ; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx (3" long) lardy twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canescens, Michx.) — Open woods and plains, W. New York to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northwest- ward. May. — Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last. # * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx, and of its crose-toothed or crenulate lobes ; the appendages at the throat more projecting or arched. (Pentalo- phus, A. DC.) 7. Li. longifloriim, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (6' -18' high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than 1 he calyx (§'-!£' long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophua longiflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin westward. May, 6. M E It T 12 !\ S I A , Roth. SMOOTH LUNGWORT. Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, much longi-r than the d-.vply 5- cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appc-nd.-'. the open throat ; the spreading border 5-lobcd. Stamens protruding from the BOKRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 323 throat : filaments equalling or longer than the oblong or somewhat arrow-shaped anthers. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy Avhen fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle; the sear small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed racemes, only the lower ones leafy-bracted : pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.) $ 1 . Corolla perfectly naked in the throat ; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb slightly 5 lobed : filaments narrow, much longer than the anthers. 1. UI. Virgiiiica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP or LUNGWORT.) Very smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thin, obovate, veiny, those of the root (4' -6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, I1 long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — Allu- vial banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament. § 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb more deeply lobed : filaments shorter and broader. 2. M. maritinia, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa- pillose ; corolla bell-fnnncl-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; nutlets smooth, flattened. — Sea-coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts (Russell), Maine ? and northward. (Eu.) 3. M. panicilliatil, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (l°-2° high), loosely branched; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin; co- rolla somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the hairy calyx (£' long) ; nutlets rour/h-icrinkled when diy. (Probably also M. pilosa, DC.) — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. 7. MYOSOTIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT. Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila- ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar minute. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasion- ally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. (Name composed of /ius, mouse, and ovs, coros, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species : one popular name is MOUSE-EAR.) Calyx open in fruit, its hairs oppressed, none of them hooked nor glandular. 1. taLpalustris, With. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Stems ascending from an obi^nel^ creeping base (9' -20' high), loosely branched, smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx moderately 5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in the genuine plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. 1J. — Cultivated occasionally.— Varies into 3;M BOKRAGINACE.fi. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Rmaller-flowered forms, among which high authorities rank M. casspitos-?. ;m 1 (>vith yet more reason) the intermediate Var. lilxa. (M. laxa, Lchm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers \ or £ smaller; pedicels longer. — Wet places ; common, especially northward. May -Aug. (Eu.) * * Calyx closing, or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex. 2. HI. arveilSiS, L. Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or as- cending (6' -15' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at tht ba#e and stalked; corolla small, blue (rarely white) ; pedicels spnading in fruit and. larger than the 5-cleft equal calyx. (1) (*; (M. intermedia, Link. M M-or- pioides, var. arvensis, L.) — Fields, &c. ; not very common. (Indigenous?) May -Aug. (Eu.) 3. Jtl. verna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'- 12' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; ra<;n>y a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla reddish- BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 325 purple (rarely white, Sartwdl] ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. ® — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. C» Virgiiiicillll, L. (WiLD COMFREY.) Roughish with spreading bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2° -3° high); stem-leaves lanceolatc-ob long, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. }J. — Rich woods, Vermont to Virginia along the mountains, and westward. June. — Flowers much smaller than in the last, much larger than in the next. 3. C. Morisoiii, DC. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem hairy, very broadly branched, leafy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also tapering at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pan i- cled, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy-bracted at the base; corolla ivhite or pale blue (minute); pedicels reflexcd in fruit ; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed points. (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echinospermum, Lehm.) — Copses ; com- mon. July. — A vile weed. 1O. HEL-IOTROPIUM, Tourn. HELIOTROPE. Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the bud ; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short : stigma conical. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-cellcd ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1-seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, the small flowers in 1-sided spikes. (The ancient name, from rjXtos, the sun, and TpoTTT], a turn.) 1. H. EUROPIUM, L. Erect (6' -18' high), hoary -pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy. (1) — Waste places, Maryland, Virginia, &c. in a few places. (Adv. from Eu.) H. CURASSAVICUM, L., has been gathered at Norfolk, Virginia: probably brought in the ballast of vessels. It also grows at St. Louis. H. PERUVIANUM, L., is the well-known SWEET HELIOTROPE in cultivation. 11. IIELIOPIIYTUM, (Cham.) DC. INDIAN HELIOTROPE. Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled (i. e. 4, in pairs), and sometimes with a pair of empty false cells besides : other- wise nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name composed of 17X105, sun, and <£VTOJ>, plant.) 1. H. fxDictJM, DC. Erect, hairy; leaves pctioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-clcft, mitre-shaped, splitting into 2 halves with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell, and these at length separable atrain into 2 one-seeded and 2-celled nutlets, (fl (Heliotropium Indicum, L.) — Waste places, Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southward. Adv. from India.) BORRAGO OFFICIXALIS, L., the cultivated BORAGE, is sometimes sponta- neous in gardens. 326 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) ORDER 79. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAP FAM.) Herbs, commonly hairy, ivith mostly alternate and cut-lobed leave*, regular 5-merous and 5-androutt Jlowers, in aspect between ike foregoing and the next Oi'der; hut the ovary ovoid and entire, \-cclled, with 2 parietal ±-?nany- ovuled jdacentce. — Style 2-cleft above. Pod globular or oblong, 2-valved, 4 - many-seeded. Seeds reticulated or pitted, ainphitropons, with a small embryo in cartilaginous albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one- sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly coiled from the apex when young, and bractless, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants, of no marked properties, some of them cultivated for ornament.) See Au Synopsis. * Ovary lined with the broad and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp, •i- Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 2. NEMOPII1LA. Stamens included: anthers ovoid. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses, somewhat enlarged in fruit. H- -i- Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 3. ELLISIA. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. * * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inwards more or less 4. PIIACELIA. Corolla with its lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Calyx destitute of appendages. 1. HYDROPIIYL.L.UM, L. WATERLEAF. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the hud; tlio tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a nec- tariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennial herbs, with petioled am- ple leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of £8o>p, water, and , to love; from the place of growth they affect.) 1. N. microcalyx, Eisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems diffusely spreading (2' -8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round- ish or wcdge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter- nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves and shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute; corolla white (l£" long), longer than the calyx ; placenta} each 2-ovuled ; pod 1 -2-seeded. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila cvanescens, Darby.) — Rich moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward. April - June. N. iNsfGNis, N. MACULATA, &c. are showy Californian species, now com- mon in gardens. 3. ELLISIA, L. ELLISIA. Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corol- la bell-shaped, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobcd above ; the lobes imbricated In the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. 328 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. (wATERLEAF FAMILY.) riar-ontae (each 2-ovulcd), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum — Ddkate and branching annuals, with lobcd or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, long a correspondent of Linnoms.) 1. E. Nyctelt'a, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6' -12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear- oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- site the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-lobes triangular, tapering to a sharp point, nearly as long as the peduncle, longer than the whitish corolla, in fruit becom- ing almost £' long. — Shady places, from Pennsylvania (opposite Trenton, New Jersey, Mr. Laning) to Virginia, Illinois, and south westward. May- July. 4. PHACEL.IA, Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br.) Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shapcd, 5-lobed ; tiva lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exsertcd : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placenta? ad- herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2- 30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly animal herbs, with cither simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in one-sided racemes. (Name from (^aKeAos, a fascicle ; the flowers or racemes being often clustered.) $ 1. PHACELIA PROPER. — Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta): corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within ; the lobes entire. 1. P. bipimiatifida, Michx. Stem upright, much branched, hairy (l°-2°high); leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided; the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. 1J. ? — Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward along the moun- tains. May, Jwne. — Corolla bright blue, £' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds. Stamens bearded below . these, with the style, are cither somewhat in- cluded (P. brcvistylis, Buckley] or exserted in different individuals. § 2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolle. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC., in part.) — Seeds and ovules only 4: corolla naked within; its lobes beautifully fringe-toothed: filaments villous-bearded below: leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp- ing at the base : flowers long-pedicelled. 2. P. Piirsllii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8' -12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanced ate, acute t raceme many-Jlowered ; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla blue (about £' in diameter). Q) (P. fimbriata, Parsh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, AW/?, $-c.) — Moist wooded banks, "VV. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April- Jnne. 3. P. finibrifita, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stuns sj reading or ascending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3 -5- divided into roundish POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 32U leaflets; the upper 5-7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3-10-flow* ered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (,i' — J' broad). QL) — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May. § 3. EtlTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) — Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many, rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous folds or appendages within, its lobes entire, 4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (3' -8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5-1 5-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes ; corolla bluish or white (\' - $' broad) ; pod few-seeded. (3) — Shaded banks, Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June. 5. P. Franklinii. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6' -15' high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear: corolla blue; pod many-seeded. (1) (Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shore of Lake Superior (Prof. Jot/, $-c.); thence north- ward and westward. ORDER 80. POLEMOJVIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud, a B-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; the pod 3-cetted, S-valvecl, loculicidal,few- inany-seeded ; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of co- pious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. Flowers cymose-panicled. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.) TRIBE I. POL.EMOlVIE.aE. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with the lobes convolute in the bud. Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel, opening lengthwise. 1. POLEMONIUM. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. 2. PHLOX. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally inserted filaments. TRIBE II. DIAPENSIEJE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla with the lobes imbricated in the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers with the cells opening transversely. 3. DIAPENSIA. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line. 4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across. 1. POL.EMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN. Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped corolla ; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appen- daged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Low, branching herbs, with al- 28=* POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) ternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from xroXe/ios. war, of doubtful application.) See Addend. 1. P. reptailS, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Smooth, weak, diffusely branched (6' — 10' high) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corvmbs few-flowered ; flowers (blue) nodding ; calyx-lobes acute ; pods about 3-secdcd. 1J. — Shady river-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Smaller and much fewer-flowered than the 1*. oajRtiLEUM, which is common in gardens. 2. PHLOX, L. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly peren- nials, with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. ($Xo£, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) # Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered : peduncles and pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire. 1. P. pailiculata, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves ob- long-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx- teeth awn-pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. ACUMIN\TA (P. acuminata, Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is also sometimes rough-hairy and occasionally spotted below. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. — Common in gar- dens. Flowers pink-purple, varying to white. 2. P. macillata, L. (WiLD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2°high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle nairow, oblong, leafy below ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple (sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the pani- cle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis, Smith. — llich woods and river-banks, common from N. Penn. to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward : very common in gardens. June. # * Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base ; flowers in terminal corymbed cymes : tlie whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the corolla round and entire : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate. 3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (£°- 2° high), often from a pros- trate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduneled ; calyx-teeth acute. — Var. ovXxA, Benth., has broad leaves (P. ovata, L). Var. NfxiDA, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh.), and verges to the next — Woods, W. Penn. to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July.— Corolla 1' long; the limb 1' broad, pink-purple. POLEilONIACE^E. (POLEJIO2^JM FAMILY.) 4. P. glatoers'iaita, L. Stems slender, erect (1°-3C high) ; leaves linear- lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering- gradually to a point (3' -4' long); cymes few- flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduneled (pink or whitish) ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open woods, Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July. * * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 often erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, more or less clammy-pubescent, as well as the calyx and the oblong, lanceolate, or linear leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly peduneled: calyx deeply cleft., tlie teeth hiuar-ati'l-sliaped or setaceous. 5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1°-U° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or lance-linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender aid-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube-.-; lobes of the pink or rose-red corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Michx. P. aristata £ pilosa in part, Benth. in DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. — Leaves I' -2f long, l£"-3" wide. Var. ? Wdlteri. Stems ascending (£°-H° high), mostly simple; leaves, broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-ublong, abruptly acute or blunt (I'-l^' long, on sterile shoots often ovate); cyme compact and sessile, leaf y-bracted ; calyx-teeth rather shorter and broader; corolla purple. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Ell., Benth. in part, not of L.) — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), Virginia, and south- ward. May. — Ordinarily this appears quite distinct from the Linnajau P. pilosa, which is the P. aristata of Michaux. 6. P. ivptaDS*, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing round ish-oboi-ate smooth- ish and tliiekish leaves; flowering stems (4' -8' high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (^' long), clammy-pubescent; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth awkshaped-linear, acutish, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-pur- ple corolla round-obovate, entire. — Damp woods, Penn., Kentucky, and southward : also cultivated. May, June. — Flowers showy: tube of the corolla 1' long; limb 1' broad. 7. P. divaricf&ta, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9' — 18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1^' long), acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles slender; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire (var. Laphamii, Wood), £'-§' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May. 8. P. !>Ifi6liicsi, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.) 4. PYXIDANTIfERA, Michx. PYXIDAXTIIERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Othenvise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from niseis, a small box, and avQj}pa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.) 1. P. barblllnta, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. April, May. ORDER 81. CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAM.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular b-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals ; a b-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2- celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition be- tween the seeds, so becoming 4^-cellcd ; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - 6-seeded pod. Flowers most- ly showy : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 333 ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots: those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes. Synopsis. TRIBE I. CONVOLiVULEJE. Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons crumpled iu the seed. Ovary 2 - 3- (or falsely 4-) celled. Pod usually septifragal — Leafy plants. * Style 1. undivided. •t- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by bracts. 1. QUAMOCLTT. Stamens exserted. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a spreading border. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. 2. IPOM(EA. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, of- ten 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 3. CONVOLVULUS. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in No. 2. •i- -i- Calyx surrounded by 2 broad bracts. 4. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. * * Style 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely 3. 6. STYLISMA. Styles or their divisions simple : stigma depressed-capitate. TRIBE IT. DICHONDREJE. Pistils 2, separate. Otherwise nearly as Tribe I. 6. DICIIONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Pods 2, each 1-seeded. TRIBE III. CTJSCTJTINEJE. Embryo spiral, slender, destitutq^f cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. — Leafless parasitic twiners. 7. CUSCUTA. The only genus of the group. 1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. CYPRESS- VINE. Sepals mostly mucronate or awncd. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small spreading- border. Stamens and stylo protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowers. (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.) 1. Q» COCCINEA, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or angled; sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (!' long). (Ipomoea coccinea, L.) — River-banks, &c., Ohio, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amcr. or Ind.) Q. VULG^RIS, the cultivated CYPRESS-VINE, is becoming spontaneous in the South. 2. IPOUICEA, L. MORNING-GLORY. Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c. Stamens included. Stigma capitate, often 2 -3-lobed. Pod 2-celled, or in one group 3- celled ; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, ex L. from fy , ITTOS, a Bindweed [which it is not], and op-oios, like.) § 1. PIIARBITIS, Choisy. — Pod 3- (rarely 4-) cdkd; the cells 2-seeded. 1. I. PURPLJREA, Lam. (COMMON MOHNING-GLORY.) Stems retrorsely hairy; leaves heart-shaped, 'icuminate, entire; peduncles long umbellatcly 3-5- flowered ; calyx bristly-hai y below ; corolla fuimel-form (2 long), purple vary- 334 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) ing to white. Q) (Convolvulus purpureus, L. Pharbitis hispida, Choiay.) — Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 2. I. NIL, Koth. (MoKNiNG-GLORY.) Stems retrorsely hairy; I, aces heart- shitjxd, 3-lobccl, tlie lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 - 3-flowercd ; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue, (i) (Conv. Nil. & C. hcderaceus, L.) — Banks and near dwellings, from Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?) § 2. IPOMCEA, Cholsy. — PodZ-celled; the cells 2-seedcd. 3. I. lacilliosa, L. Rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slen- der; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or anglcd-lohcd, long-petioled ; ft« I un- cles short, 1- 3-flowercd; sepuls lance-oblong, pointed, brigtly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white) corolla; pod sparingly hairy. (l) (C. micranthus, Ridddl.) — Woods and fields, Perm, to Illinois, Virginia, and south- ward. Aug. — Corolla $' - $' long. 4. I. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTII.) Smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves regularly heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles lonc/er than the petioles ; 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white with purple in the tube. 1J. — Stndy fields and dry banks, from Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June- Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge thick root, which often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine. I. SAGITT\TA (Conv. sagittifolius, Michx.) is said by Pursh to grow in Virginia; but it has not lately been met with so far north. — I. COMMUT\TA, limn. $• Sch. (I. triconcarpa, .E7Z.) with purple flowers larger than those of No. 3, is likely to occur in S. Virginia and Kentucky. BATATAS EDULIS, Choisy (Conv. Batatas, L.), is the cultivated SWEET POTATO. 3. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED. Calyx naked at the base. Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens included. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-sccded. — Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening at dawn. (Name from convolve, to entwine.) 1. C. AKVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Stern procumbent or twining, and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; pe- duncles mostly 1-ilowered ; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (!' long) white or tinged with reddish. 1J. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a trouble- some weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. CAL.YSTEGIA, E. Br. BRACTED BINDWEED, Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts: sepals equal. Corolla bcll-funnel-fonn, the border obscurely 5-lobel or entire. Stai n-ns in- cluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Poc imperfectly 2-cellrd or 1- celled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 335 axillary 1-iiowered peduncles. (Name from KaXu|, calyx, and ore-yw, to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.) 1. C. scpium, R. Br. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly arrow-shaped or triangular-halberd-form, pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed ; peduncles 4-angled ; co- rolla white, or rose-color (l£'-2' long). (Convolvulus sepium, L.) — Var. KEPEXS (Convolvulus rcpens, L.} is more or less prostrate, the flowers tinged with pink; a form growing on gravelly shores. — Moist grounds; common. June, July. Var. pubiescens. Illinois and westward. (Eu.) 2. C. S2>itll«ll£l(Je£l, Pursh. (Low BINDWEED.) Downy; stem low and nwxtnj siitijtiv, itjirigld or ascending (6' -12' long) ; leaves oblong, with a more or less heart-shaped or auricled base, obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncles usually longer than the leaf ; corolla white (2' long). Open sandy woods and plains, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. July. 5. STYL,ISiTffA, Raf. STYLISMA. Styles 2 (rarely 3). distinct and simple, or united to above the middle: stig- mas (small) dcpresscd-ca-pitate. Otherwise as in Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Stems slender, branched, prostrate or spreading. Corolla white, somewhat downy outside. (Name compounded of orruAoy, style, and icr/ia, foundation ; per- haps because the style is divided to the base in the original species.) 1. S. evolvilloicl«;s, Choisy. Soft-pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, obtuse at both ends or obscurely heart-shaped at the base (|'-l£' long), short-petiolcd ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowcred ; bracts aid-shaped, shorter than the pedicels; styles distinct or nearly so. 1| (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. C. tri- chosanthes, Miclix. C. tenellus, Lam., frc.) — Sandy woods, Ohio, Riddell (?), Virginia, and southward. June- Sept. — Corolla 5" -8" long. 2. S. Pickcrliigii. Soft and loosely pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear, narrowed at the base, scarcely pctiolcd ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered ; bracts re- sembling the leaves, equalling the flower ; styles united to Jar above the middle. 1J. f Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.) — Sandy pine ban-ens, New Jersey (and N. Carolina). July - Sept. — Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° long. Corolla 3" - 5" long. 6. DICIIONDKA, Forst. BICUONDRA. Calyx 5-^artcd. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 - 2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. — Small creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name composed of Sty, doable, and ^ovSpos1, grain, or roundish mass; from the fruit.) 1. D. repcns, Forst. : var. Caroline' nsis, Choisy. Leaves round- kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides ; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1" - 1^" long). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.} — Moist ground, Virginia, near Nor- folk, and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere.) 336 CONVOLVUIACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 7. CtSCUTA, Toura. DODDER. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-um-shnped, bcll- shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2- celled, 4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Em- bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule ?) : germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark jf herbs and shrubs over which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of papilla; developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustcred, mostly white. (Name of uncertain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.) The following account of our species is contributed by DR. ENGELMANX. $ 1. Stigmas elongated : pod opening regularly around the base by circunicissile dehis- cence, leaving the partition be/tind. (Natives of the Old World.) 1. C. EPILINUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender ; flowers sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla globular, 5-parted, cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left surrounding the pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — In Flax-fields, where it is sometimes very injurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June. (Adv. from Eu.) § 2. Stigmas capitate : pods tndehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly. # Flowers more or less pedicelled : bracts few and distant : calyx 4 - o-deft. +- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 2. C. te 11 tii flora, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored, flowers at length pcduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven- tricose after flowering) twice the length of the obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobos of the corolla; pod depressed, mcmbranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Ccphahinthi, Enydm.) — Swamps, Illinois and westward; on Ccphalanthus and various tall herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species. 3. C. limbrosa., Beyrich. Flowers pedunclcd in umbel-like cymes ; tube of the (mostly 4-eleft) fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenafe erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes; scales minute and feio-toothedf appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonatc, of a thicker texture, brown, covered or surrounded with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Enydm.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceanothus, and other shrubs Dr herbs; from W. Virginia and Illinois southward and westward. •*- •*- Corolla bell-shajH'd, persistent at the base of the ri]M j>od. 4. C. arv£nsiS, Beyrich (iii herb. Berlin). Low ; flowers small, 5- parted, pcduncled in loose umbel-like cymes; tube of the corolla included in or little exceeding the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 337 spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ; scales ovate, fimbriate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose, thin, yellowish. (C. pentagons,, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from Virginia southward and westward to Illinois and Missouri; on smaller herbs, and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, arid quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) : with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispheri- cal one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a fleshy vcrrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa, Engelm. (Texas). 5. C. cllioi'OCcirpa, Engelm, Low, orange-colored ; flowers mostly 4- cleft, short-pedi celled, in scattered clusters ; corolla open bell-shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens as long as the lobes; scales small, apprcssed, incised; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary; pod depressed, thin, yellowish. (C. Polygon orum, Engelm.) — Low grounds on Polygonum and other herbs, in the Western States. — Flow- ers much larger than in any of the preceding species ; the ovary usually pro- truding from the tube of the corolla. 6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly 5-cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped, the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. AmericAna, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga, Engelm. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ; everywhere common both east and west, and the only species northward and east- ward : chiefly on coarser herbs, also on Rubus, Cephalanthus, and other shrubs. Aug. - Oct. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States ; the loosely-flowered ones westward and southward ; a form with 4-partcd flowers was collected in Connecticut. C. Saururi, Engelm., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley. 7. C. rostristu, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers (large) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell-shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base ; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. — Shady moist val- leys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. The flowers (2" -3" long) and fruit larger than in any other of our species. * * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts ; remains of the corolla borne on the top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lcpidanehe, Engelm.) 8. C. COHlpftCta, Juss. Stems coarse ; bracts (3 - 5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crertate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy- lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringcd, convergent, confluent at the base. C. coronata, Bei/rich., (C. corapacta, Choisij,) is the Eastern and Southern form 29 338 SOLANACE^:. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) with a smaller, slenderer, more exscrtcd corolla ; C. (Lepidanche) adprcssa, l'1)i<;i-lin., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla. Both grow almost entirely on shrubs; the first in the Alkghanies, from Pennsyl- vania southward; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes 2' in diameter. 9. C. gflonierff ta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts with reaarved-spreadivg //y.s ,- sc/m/s m-arli/ similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla ; scales large, fringed-pinnatifid; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary; the pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Ewjdm.) — Moist prairies, from Ohio and Michigan southwestward : growing mostly on tall Cora- positae. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems. ORDER 82. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, recpir lar b-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractleas pedicels ; the corolla plaited- imbricate, plaited-convolute, or infolded-valvate in the bud, and the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campy- lotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage and usually the fruits more or less narcotic, often very poisonous.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indige- nous in our district. It shades oif into Scrophulariacese, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it. Synopsis. * Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or cleft; the lobes valvate with the margins turned inwards in the bud. Anthers connivcnt. Fruit a berry. 1. SOLANUM Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. * * Corolla bell-shaped or bell-funuel-form, somewhat 5-lobed or entire, plaited in the bud. Anthers separate. Calyx enlarged and bladdery in fruit, enclosing the berry. 2 PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Berry juicy, 2-celled. 8. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3 - 5-celled. * * * Corolla funnel-form or tubular, the spreading border 5-lobed or toothed, plaited hi the bud. Anthers separate. Fruit a dry pod. i- Pod enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx, opening by a lid. 4. ITYOSCYAMUS. Corolla with a short tube, the border somewhat unequal. ••- -i- Tod opening lengthwise. Corolla elongated. 6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, more or less 4-celled, rakod. 6 NIOOTIANA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 6-cleft. Pod smooth, enclosed io the calyx, 2-celled. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 339 1. SOLlNUIU, L. NIGHTSHADE. Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-partcd or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, with the margins of the lobes indupiicate. Sta- mens exsertcd, converging around the style : filaments very short : anthers opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (raineal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. (Name of unknown derivation.) * Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly.) \. S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) /Ste7n someivhat shrubby, climbing, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with tioo ear-like lobes at the base ; flowers (purple) in small cymes; berries oval, scarlet. — Moist banks and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. NIGRUM, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Annual, low, much branched and often spreading, rough on the angles ; leaves ovate, wavy -toothed ; flowers (very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries globular, black. — Shaded grounds, and fields; common. July, Aug. — A homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.) 3. S. CaroIineilSC, L. (HORSE NETTLE.) Perennial, low (1° high) ; stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled, roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ; flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular, orange-yellow. — Sandy soil; Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June- Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.) S. MAMMOSUM, L., is not a native of our district. S. TUBER6suM, L., is the cultivated POTATO, and S. MELONGENA, L., the EGG -PLANT. LTCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM, Mill., is the TOMATO, now separated from Solanum. 2. PUTS A I, IS, L. GROUND CHERRY. Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla spreading- bcll-shaped or somewhat funnel-form, with a very short tube, marked with 5 concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding pe- duncles extra-axillary. Corolla greenish-yellow in our species, often with brownish spots in the throat. (Name, (^uoraAi's, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.) * Root annual : anthers blue or violet. 1. P. angTllata, L. Glabrous, erect, much branched (2° -3° high); leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often very sharply toothed ; corolla somewhat 5- 340 soLANACiwE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) lobed, small (3" -4" long), not spotted; calyx with broadly triangnhtr-subu4ate teeth as Ion-- as the tube, in fruit conical-ovate and sharply 5-angled (I'-l-J' long). — Light soils, not rare southward. Perhaps introduced. Var. ? Pllilaigled) : peduncles elongated and \-flowered. 5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking (£°-l° high), pale; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at the base (l^'-2' long); calyx-lobes foliaceous, spatalate-lanccolate (§'-!' long), exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes, coast of Virginia, and southward. June -Sept. 6. S. Stellf&ris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking (5' -15' high); leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyx-lobes aid-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla, — Salt marsh- es, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. — This may run into the next. 7. S. gTticilflS, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched (l°-2° high) ; the branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes and river- banks, New Jersey (Burlington, Mr. Coolei/) to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. * * Corolla 9-12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Griseb.) 8. S. Cllloroides, Pursh. Stem nearly round (l°-2° high), loosely panicled above; the peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corol- la. — Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. — One of our handsomest plants. 2. EKYTIIRJSA, Pers. CENTAURY. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with a slender tube and a 4 - 5-parted limb, which in withering twists on the pod. Anthers exscrted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single : stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose- purple or reddish flowers ; whence the name, from epvdpos, red. (All our Northern species were probably introduced from Europe, and occur only in a few localities.) I.E. CENT ATRIUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright, coryrnbosely branched above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cymes clus- tered, flat-topped, the jiowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) 344 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) corolla not twi 20 the length of the oval lotes. — Oswego, New York, near the old fort. July. — Plant 6'- 12' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. E. RAMOsfssiMA, Pers., var. PULCHELLA, Griseb. Low (2' -6' hi;;h) ; stem many times forked above and farming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval ; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlcnbcrgii, G'riseb., as to Penn. plant. Fjxacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E. Virginia: scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. E. SPICATA, Pcrs. Stem strictly upright ; the flowers sessile and spikf-d along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickering! i, Oakes.) — Sandy shore, Massachusetts (Nantucket, Oakes) and Virginia (Norfolk, liwjd). — Plant 6'- 10' high, remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers. (Nat. from Eu.?) 3. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the upper side. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, a well-known and indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last century.) 1. F. CarolineilSiS, Walt. Smooth, tall (3° -8° high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate (1° long), veiny; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their middle ; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. ]\. (|) ? — Rich dry soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root very thick and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with brown-purple dots. 4. HAL. EN I A, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow- ish or puqjlish panieled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.) 1. II. dcfleXSl, Griseb. Leafy (9' -18' high), simple or branched above; leaves 3 - 5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled ; the others oblong- lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (J) (g) ( Sw6rtia corniculata, L., partly.) GENTIANACE.fi. (GENTIAN FAMILY.; 345 — Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to N. Wisconsin, and north ward. July, August. 5. OEIVTIANA, L. GENTIAN. Calyx 4-5-clcft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentas at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cov- ering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (H. J. Clark!) — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some spe- cies medicinally.) $1. AMARELLOlDES, Torr. & Gr.— Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without crown or plaited folds, and ivith the lobes naked : anthers separate, fixed by the middle, introrse in the bud, but retrorsdy reversed after the flower opens : seeds wingless: annuals. 1. O. qMiiiquefldra, Lam. (FIVE-FLOWERED GENTIAN.) Stem rath- er slender, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasp- ing and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle- pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. OCCIDEN- rALis has linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes which are more leaf-like, and about half the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and south- ward, especially along the Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the Western States. Aug., Sept. — Corolla light purplish-blue, nearly 1' long; in the variety proportionally shorter. § 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Froel. — Corolla funnel-form, gland-bearing between the bases ofthejilaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed on the margins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somew/iat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed with little scales : annuals or biennials. 2. O. crinita, Froel. (FRINGED GENTIAN.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue corolla, the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the sum- mit; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wiscon- sin ; rather common, and sparingly beyond, both northward and southward. Sept. — Plant 1° - 2° high : the showy corolla 2' long. 3. O. detoiisa, Fries. (SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN.) Stem simple or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate- Mong, with ciliate-f ringed margins, the fringe shorter or nearly obsolete at the sum- mit ; ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin (Lapham), and northwestward. Sept. (Eu.) 346 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) $ 3. rXEUMONANTHE, Nccker. — Corolla bdl-shaped or obcanical, 5-lobed, with plaited fu ds which project into appendages in the siniws : anthers erect, fixed by the. deep soqiilate base, extrorse, often converging or cohering with each other in a riny or tube, Baikal, seeds commonly winged: perennials. # Flowers nearly sessile, clustered, rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate. •«- Anthers entirely separate : seeds wingless. 4. G. oclirolcfrca, Frail. (YELLOWISH-WHITE GENTIAN.) Stems ascending, mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in axillary clusters ; leaves oblate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppcnnost somewhat lanctolate, all narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open co- rolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appeii'i pod included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Penn. (rare) to Vir- ginia, arid common southward. Sept., Oct. •«- •»- Anthers cohering with each other more or less firmly : seeds winged. 5. O. :tll>a, MuhL Cat.! (WHITISH GENTIAN.) Stems upright, stout, very smooth ; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal clus- ter, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, infJated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice the length of the toothed appendages ; pod nearly included ; seeds broadly winged. (G. flnvida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Grimb. in part, &c.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. New York to Virginia along the Alleghanics, and west to Illinois, Wisconsin, &c. July -Sept. 6. G. Aii:i?i, Walt.) — Moist woods, S. Penn. 1 Maryland, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward, principally in the Alleghanics. Aug., Sept. GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 347 Var. lillCisris. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or lance-linear (2' — 3l long), acutish; appendages of the corolla shorter and less cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumondiithe, Amer. auth. $• ed. 1 : also G. Sapo- naria var. Froelichii. G. linearis, Fred.) — Mountain wet glades of Maryland and Penn., L. Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Portland). Aug. 8. O. pubC'rula, Michx. Sterns erect or ascending (8' -16' high), most- ly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceo- late to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (l'-2' long); flowers clustered, rarely solitary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the bell-funnel-farm open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acut- isJi and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbsei, Ell. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Corolla large for the size of the plant, l^'-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division. * * Flower solitary and terminal, pedunded, mostly bractless. 9. G. ailgustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6'- 15' high), simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-fun- nel-form, azure-blue (2' long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx- lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-toothed appendages ; the tube striped with yellowish. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and south- ward (where there is a white variety). Sept. -Nov. 6. BARTON! A, Muhl. (CENTAURELLA, Michx.) Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or foldd. Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod ! — Small annuals, or biennials, with thread-like stems, and little awl- shaped greenish scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated, in the year 1801, to the distinguished Prof. Barton, of Philadelphia.) 1. B. teaiclla, Muhl. Stems (3' -10' high) branched above; the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish : ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, E. New England to Vir- ginia and southward ; common. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri. Griseb., is only a variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute. 2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) 1 - few-flowered ; lobes of the co- tclla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 3//_4// long, larger than in No. 1. 7. OBOL.ARIA, L. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age 348 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform: the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3' -8' high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wcdge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile. (Name from o/3oXos, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.) 1. O. Yirgriuica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bar. -Am., t. .3.) — Rich soil, in woods, from New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward : rather rare. April, May. 8. MENYANTIIES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate- leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ; the flowers raccmed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from prjv, month, and avBos, a flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 1. Iff. trifoliate!, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, "Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 9. L,II?INANTHE]JIU]1I, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per- sistent. Pod few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons. (Name compounded of AI'^J/JJ, a marsh or pool, and av6fp.ov, a blotxmn, from the situations where they grow.) 1. TL. Ia.cmi6suill, Griseb. (partly). Leaves round-heart-shaped, thick- ish ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yel- lowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style none; seeds smooth and even. (Vill'irsia lacunosa, Vent. V. conlata, AY/.) — Shallow ponds, from Maine and N. New York to Virginia and southward. June -Sept. — Leaves 1'- 2' broad, entire, on petioles 4' -15' long, according to the depth of the water. L. TRACHV^I ;.i MIM of the South has roughened seeds as its name .lenotcs, and is entirely distinct. A.POCYNACE.E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 349 ORDER 84. APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) Plants icith milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite') leaves without sti- pules, reaular 5-merous and o-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and, twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and lite pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which are usually quite distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stig- mas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in our district by three genera. Synopsis. 1. AMSONIA. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments Leaves alternate 2. FORSTERONIA. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen- der Caty x glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 8. APOCYNUM. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad, and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. 1. AMSONIA, Walt. AMSONIA. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in- side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta- mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri- cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, witn alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal paniclcd cymes. (Said to be named for a Mr. Charles Amson.} 1. A. Tabcriicemontfuut, "Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla above hairy outside. (A. latifolia, Michx.} — Damp grounds, Illinois (Mead, &c.), Virginia'? and south- ward. May. A. CILIA.TA, with linear leaves, and A. SALICIFOLIA, with lanceolate leaves may be expected in Virginia and Illinois. 2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. FORSTERONIA. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, included : filaments slender : anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflcxcd tip, adher- ing to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slendcv, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr. T. F. Forstcr, an English botanist.) 1. F. difformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval- lanceolate, acuminate, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow 350 ASCLEPIADACEjE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) (EchUes difformis, Walt.) — Damp grounds, S. E. Virginia, S. Illimis, and southward. April. 3. APOCYNITM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. Calyx 5-pnrted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cieft, bearing 5 trian- gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed- stigma, and are slightly ad- herent to it by th'-ir inner face. Style none: stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2- lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo- site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of OTTO, from, and KVWV, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.) 1. A. aiidrosacmifoliuiii, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth, branched above; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly pi-i'nihd; cymes loose, si>rei»uill, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Stem and branches up- right or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect ldn-s, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. GLABEKRI- MUM, DC. Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the upper acute at both ends. — Var. PUBESCENS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, downy underneath or some- times on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, It. Br.) — Var. IIY- PERiciF6LiUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on very short petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypcricifolium, Ait.) — Kiver- banks, &c. ; common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° -3° high, much more upright than the last; the flowers scarcely half the size. These different varieties evi- dently run into one another. VfNCA M!NOR, the common PERIWINKLE, and NERIUM OLEANDER, tne OLEANDER, are common cultivated plants of this family. ORDER 85. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.; Plants with milky juice, and opposite or wJiorlcd (rarely scattered) entire leaves ; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers connected with ilic. sf if/ma, sensible properties, fyc.,just as in the last family ; from which they differ in the com- monly valcate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the slit/ma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular iiutxses, &c., as explained under the first and typical genus. ASCLEPIADACE^C. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 351 Synopsis. TIUBE I. ASCLiEPIADE^E. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy, fixed to the stigma by pairs, pendulous and vertical. 1. ASCLEl'IAS. Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Ciown of 5 hooded fieshy bod- ies (nectaries, £.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each. 2. ACEIIATES. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but without a horn inside. 8 ENSLENI A. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous bodies, flat, terminated by a 2-cleft tail or awn. TRIBE II. GONOLOBE^E. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the stigma in pairs, horizontal. 4. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. TRIBE III. PERIPL.OCE.flE. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu- lar, separately applied to the stigma. 5. PEllIPLOCA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat. 1. ASCL.EPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. Calyx 5-paricd, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply 5-pai-ted; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments united in a tube (gynostegiwm} which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by a slender pro- longation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (usually extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. Embryo large, with broad foliaeeous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots : peduncles terminal or mostly lateral and between the petioles, bear- ing simple many-flowered umbels. Leaves usually transversely veiny. (Tbe Greek name of ^Esculctfiius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) See Addend. * Pods clothed with soft spinous projections. 1. A. Coriiliti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.) Stem large and stout, somewhat branched ; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight point, spreading, contracted at the base into a short but distinct petiole, minutely velvety- downy underneath as well as the peduncles and branches ; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-purple), about one fourth the length of the very numerous pedi- cels ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short and stout claw-like horn; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woolly. (A. Sy- riaca, L., but the plant belongs to this country only.) — llich soil, fields, &c. ; common. July. — Plant 3° - 4° high ; leaves 4' - 8' long, pale. 352 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILK- WEED FAMILY). 2. A. Sllllivailtii, Engelm. Mss. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves ovate-oblong from a heart-shaped nearly sessile base ; hoods of the crown obovate, entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base on the outside, with an iucurved and flat claw-like horn; pods ovate-lanceolate, with small and scattered warty spines chiefly on the beak. — Near Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. W. Illinois, Engelrnann. July. — Resembles No. 1 in appearance, in the petals, middle ones some- times whorled; veins often purple. Peduncles 1-3, usually £' long. 6. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. Low (6'-15' high), soft- downy, especially the lower side of the ovate or lance-oblong acute slight-' oled leaves; umbels loosely 10-18-Jlowered, either sessile or peduucled; pedicels slender Q'-f long) ; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish white divisions of the corolla (wliich are tinged with purple outside). (A. lanugiuosa, Nutt. ? A. Vase Prairies and Oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vasey, Wisconsin, Lapham, ami westward. June.— Leaves 1^-3' long, fr'-H' wide, smoothish above, the upper sometimes scattered. Flowers about as large as in the next. ASCLEPIADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 353 7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (FOUK-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth (10'- 18' high), slender ; leaves ovate, or sometimes 01 ate-lanceolate, petioled, usually tape\ -pointed, the middle ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary ; divisions of the (paL pink) corolla oblong ; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills; rather common. June. — Leaves 2' -4' long, variable on the same plant, some- times all opposite, rarely with two whorls. Umbels 2-5; peduncles I'-l^' long : the flowers rather small (corolla-lobes 2^" long), but handsome. 8. A. parviflora, Pursh. (SMALL-FLOWERED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth; the steins (l°-2° high) persistent, or slightly ivoody towards the base, slender ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petioled, all opposite ; umbels somewhat panicled, pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; flowers white tinged with purplish (the buds l"long); divisions of the corolla ovate; the slender incurved horn longer than the hood. — S. Indiana, Illinois, and south- ward. July. — Coma of the seeds wanting. 9. A. Ofotusifolia, Michx. (WAVY-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Smooth and glaucous; stem simple (2° -3° high), bearing a single terminal umbel on a long naked peduncle (3'- 12' long) ; leaves ol>long or ovate-elliptical, very obtuse but mucronate (2 -5' long), sessile and partly clasping by a heart-shaped base, the margins wavy ; pedicels very numerous, elongated ; divisions of the (greenish-purple) corolla ob- long ; hoods of the crown truncate and somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn ; pods smoothish. — Sandy woods and fields : not rare. July. — Flowers large (petals 4"- 5" long). 10. A. riibra, L. (RED-FLOWERED MILKWEED.) Smooth, slender (1°- 2° high), bearing 1-3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem (on a peduncle 2' - 3' long) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, tapering to a very sharp point, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, very short-petioled ; divisions of the corolla (reddish-purple) lanceolate, acute; hoods of the crown oblong, acutish (pur- ple tinged with orange), with an awl-shaped and slightly incurved short horn ; pods smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh, ) — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July. — Leaves 2' -4' long, rough-ciliate. 11. A. paupei'Cllla, Michx. Very smooth; stem icand-like, slender (2° - 3° high), bearing 1 - several few-flowered umbels at the summit of a naked and usu- ally elongated terminal peduncle (rarely with one or two lateral ones) ; leaves linear, much elongated, slightly petioled ; divisions of the (purple) corolla linear- oblong, half the length of the pedicels; hoods of the crown (orange-yellow) spat- ulate-oblong, much longer than the awl-shaped incurved horn. — Wet pine bar- rens, New Jersey to Virginia near the coast, and southward. July, Aug. — Leaves 5' -10' long, l"-6" broad; the flowers large and showy. •*-»• ••-«• Stem paniculately branching. 12. A. incarnata, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles (2° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse at the base, distinctly petioled ; umbels many-flowered, somewhat panicled, on peduncles half the length of the leaves ; divisions of the corolla ovate, reddish- 30* 354 ASCLEPIADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) purple ; hoods of the crown (flesh-color) ovate, about the length of the ascend- ing or scjthe-form awl-shaped horns; pods veiny, smooth. — Varies with die leaves a little heart-shaped at the base, and, in viir. I'LLCIIKA, with broader and shortcr-petioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A. pulchra, Wiltd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward; the hairy variety more so southward. July, Aug. — Milky juice scanty. +- -«- Leaves alternate-scattered, or the lowest opposite : milky juice little or none. 13. A. tuberosa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Rough- ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong- lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong (greenish-orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A. decumbens, Z.) — Dry hills and fields ; common, especially south ward. July- Sept. — Plant 1°- 2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and corymbed short-peduncled umbels of very showy flowers, which are rather smaller than in No. 1 . •*-•«-•«— Leaves nearly all whorled, rarely alternate, croivded. 14. A. vcrticillata, L. (WHORLED MILKWEED.) Smooth ish ; stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hoary in lines, very leafy to the summit; leaves very narrowly linear, with revolute margins (2' -3' long, 1" wide), 3 - 6 in a whorl ; umbels small, lateral, and terminal ; divisions of the co- rolla ovate (green ish -white) ; hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped horns; pods very smooth. — Dry hills; common, especially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers small. 2. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED. Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the concave upright hoods of the crown desti- tute of a horn (whence the name, from a privative and Ktpaf, -aroc, a horn). 1. A. via'idiflora, Ell. Downy-hoary; stems low and stout, ascending; leaves varying from oval or obovate to lanceolate or almost linear, slightly peti- oled, mucronate-acute or obtuse, thick, at length smoothish ; umbels nearly sessile, densely many-flowered, globose, lateral ; divisions of the corolla oblong ; hoods of the crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, short- er than the anthers ; pods nearly smooth. (Asclepias viridiflora, Pursh. A. lanceolata, Ives. A. obovata, Ell.) — Dry hills and sandy fields; common, es- pecially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers greenish; when expanded, about the length of the pedicel. Leaves singularly variable in form. 2. A. loilgifolia, Ell. Minutely hoary or rough-hairy ; stem slender, up- right (l°-2£° high) ; leaves elongated-linear (3' -7' long, 4'-£' wide) ; und»!s ped uncled, open, many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong, several times shorter than the pedicels; hoods of the crown short and rounded, w/.W OH the tube ofjilaments; pods smooth. — Moist places, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- ward. June, July. — Flowers half as large as in the last, tinged with yellowish. A. MONOCEFIIALA and A. FAMCULATA ; see Addend. ASCLEP1ADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 355 3. ENSlilOA, Nutt. ENSLENIA. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-partcd ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobcd at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An- thers nearly as in Asclepias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo- late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi- cated to A. Ens/en, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United States early in the present century.) 1. E. iiibicia, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, W. Virginia, and south westward ; common. July -Sept. — Climbing 8° -12° high: leaves 3'- 5' wide. 4. GOJVOL.OBUS, Michx. GONOLOBCS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread- ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat- tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods turgid, i^torc or less ribbed, or armed with soft warty projections. Seeds with a silky tuft. — Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite heart-shaped leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish yellow or dingy purple flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of y&vos, an anyle, and Xo/3os, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of one species.) 1. O. Iliacropliyllus, Michx. Stems and petioles somewhat pubes- cent and hairy ; leaves round-cordate, large, very abruptly pointed ; lobes of the corolla narrow; pods ribbed-angled. — River-banks, Pcnn. ? to Kentucky, and southward. (The limits between this and G. tiliajfolius, Decaisne, appear un- satisfactory.) 2. O. llirsiitllS, Michx. Stems and petioles bristly-hairy ; leaves round- cordate or ovate-cordate, more or less hairy ; lobes of the corolla oblong ; poda armed with soft prickles. — River-banks, Penn. to S. Illinois, and southward. July. 5. PERIPEOCA, L. PERIPLOCA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat. Filaments distinct : anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma, bearded on the back : pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely di- vergent. Seeds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth oppo- site leaves, and pan icled-cymose flowers. (Name from TrepiTrAoKjJ, a coiling round, in allusion to the twining stems.) 1. P. GR-ascA, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the loose- 356 OLEACEJE. (OLIVE FAMILY.) ly-flowered cymes ; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very hairy above. — Near Rochester, £c., New York. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 86. OLEACE^. (OLIVE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a reyular 4-cleft or nearly or quite ^-petalous corol- la icJtich is valvate in the bud, sometimes apetalous; the stamens 2-4, mostly 2, and fewer than the lobes of the corolla; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 sus- pended ovules in each cell. — Seeds anatropous, with a large straight em- bryo in hard Ik'shy albumen. — A small family of which the OLIVE is the type, also represented by the LILAC (Syrinya vulyaris, S. Ptrsica, &e.), and by the ASH, which is usually apetalous. Synopsis. TRIBE I. OLiElNE^B. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with both calyx and corolla. Leaves simple, mostly entire. 1. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft. 2. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted 3. CH10NANTIIUS. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear. TRIBE II. FRAXINE.3E. Fruit dry and winged (a samara) Flowers dioecious or polyg- amous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes without a calyx Leaves odd-pinnat». 4 FRAXINUS. The only genus of the Tribe. TRIBE III. FORESTIEREJE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect, apetalous. Leaves simple. 6. FOliESTIERA. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2-4. ]. L-IGlISTRUin, Tourn. PRIVET. Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma 2-clcft. Berry spherical, 2-ccllcd, 2- 1 -seeded. — Shrubs with entire leaves on short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. (The classical name.) 1. L<. vuLoARE, L. (COMMON PRIVET or PRIM.) Leaves elliptical-lan- ceolate, smooth, thickish, deciduous ; berries black. — Used for low hedges : naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and New York. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. OJLEA, Tourn. OLIVE. Calyx short, 4-toothcd, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tube and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Fruit a drupe, with a bony stone, 2-1-secdcd. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire leaves, and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dioecious, small white flowers in panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the European Olive, 0. Earopcea.) OLKACE^:. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 357 1. O. Americana, L. (DEVIL-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth and shining (3' -6' long); fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S. Virginia, and southward. May. Tree 15° -20° high. 3. CHI ON A NT II US, L. FRINGE-TREE. Calyx 4-partcd, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, be- coming 1-cclled, 1—3 -seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles. (Name from X.L^VI snow, and etioles i-thr-ty- pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at Ike base, flatfish and 2-edyed, the edges gradually dilated into the long (lg'-2') oblanceolate or linear-Lanceolate 358 OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) wing. (F. tomentosa, Mich.r.) — With the preceding: rare west of the Alle- ghanies. — A smaller tree, furnishing less valuable timber. 3. F. \i rid is, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Glabrous throw/bout ; leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base- and serrate above, bright green both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-cd<;r<*ti,r, a French physician.) 1. F. OCliminiflfa, Poir. Glabrous; 1( avcs thin, oblong-ovate or ovate- lite, acuminate at both ends, often seimiale; drupe oblong, usually pointed. — Wet bunks, W. Illiuow and southward. April. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTH WORT FAMILY.) 359 DIVISION III. APETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS. Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or sometimes wanting altogether. o ORDER 87. AUISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTHWORT FAM.) Climbing shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx (valvate in the bud) coherent below with the ^-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded G-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style: anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy raphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. 1. AS A RUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER. Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Fruit fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. — Stemless herbs with aromatic- pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2-3 kidney-sliaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short-pcduneled flower close to the ground. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) § 1. AS ARUM PROPER. — Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the ovary : filaments slender, united only with the base of the style, much longer than the short anthers: styles united into one, which is barely Q-lobed at the summit, and with 6 radiating thick stigmas : leaves membranaceous, unspotted, on flowering stems mostly a single pair, with the peduncle between them. 1. A. CilimdcilSC, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves kidney-shaped, more or less pointed (4' -5' wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped, with the upper part of the acute lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside ; stamens awn-tipped. — Hill-sides in rich woods ; common, especially northward, and along the Alleghanies : also in Illinois. April, July. § 2. I1ETER6TROPA.— Calyx-tube somewhat inflated below and contracted at the throat, only its base coherent with the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 3-cleft, short : filaments very short or none: anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cl(>)l, each bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft: leaves fhickish, per- sistent, the upper surface often whitish-mottled, alternate on the rootstock : peduncle very short. 2. A. VirginiCllin, L. Leaves round-heart-shaped (1$' - 2' wide) ; calyx ventricose-bell-shaped ; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and southward, in and near the mountains. May. 3. A. ari folium, Michx. leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2f-4' long); calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short- pointed. — Virginia, and southward. May. pomiet 3GO NYCTAGINACE.E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 2. ARISTOL.6C II IA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT. Calyx tubular, the tube extended, variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the back of the short and fleshy 3-G-lobed or angled stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved. Seed-; ilat. — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named from its reputed medicinal properties.) § 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the, small limb obtusely 3-lobed : an f hers in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the 3 truncate lobes of the stigma) : low herbs. 1. A. Scr|)Ciit;iria, L. (VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.) Stems (8'- 15' high) branched at the base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart- shaped base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the root, short-peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagitt.'ita, Mnhl., A. hir- suta, Nutt., £c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward; not common except near the Alleghany Mountains. July. — The librous, aromatic- stimulant root is well known in medicine. § 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the slcrt limb obscurely 3-lobed : anthers in pairs under each of the 3 short and thick lubes oj the stigma : twininy shrubs : flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory axiUary buds. 2. A. Siplio, L'Hcr. (PIPE- VINE- DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) Glabrous; leaves round-kidney-shaped, slightly downy underneath ; peduncles with a clasp- ing bract; calyx (H' long) with a brown-purple, abrupt flat border. — Rich woods, Penn. to Kentucky, and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems sometimes 2' in diameter, climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8' -12' broad. 3. A. tOHK'tttosa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy; leaves round-heart-shaped, very veiny (3' -5' long) ; calyx greenish-yellow, with an oblique dark purple dosed oriflce and a rugose reflexedlimb. — Rich woods, from Southern Illinois south- ward. June. ORDER 88. NYCTAGINACEJE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) Herbs (or in (he tropics often shrubs or trees'), with mostly opposite and en- tire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-far)// which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1- l-seedcd ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; 1 -several, slender, and hypogynous; the emlri/o coiled around ,'/ jiKdti/ albumen, irilh broad foliaceous cotyledons. — Represented in our g'-r- clrns by the common FOUR-O'CLOCK, or MAUVKL OF Pi:i:r (Miral>ilis Julap;v), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla bi'«-;u^e the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitates a calyx ; — and by a single PHYTOLACCACEJE. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 361 1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. OXYBAPHUS. Flowers 1 - 5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, which enlarges, and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaptd (rose or purple) deciduous limb, which is plaited in the bud. Stamens mostly 3. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Fruit achenium- likc, several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name 6£vfid(j>ov, a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape of the involucre.) 1. O. liyctagiiieus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked (1° - 3° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate, or somewhat heart-shaped ; involucres 3 - 5-flowercd. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois south- ward and westward. June - Aug. ORDER 89. PHYTOLACCACE^. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, ivith nearly the characters of Chenopodiacea3, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit ; — represent- ed only by the typical genus 1. PIIYTOL.ACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED. Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12 carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry with a single vertical seed in each cell. Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs, with large petioled leaves, and flowers in racemes which become lateral and op- posite the leaves. (Name compounded of (frvrov, plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to the coloring matter resembling that pigment which the berries yield.) 1. P. decitmlra, L. (COMMON POKE or SCORE. GARGET. PIGEON- BERRY.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Borders of woods and moist ground; com- mon. July— Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root often 4' -6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (in early spring sometimes eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), which are at length 6°- 9° high. Calyx white : ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn. ORDER 90. CHENOPODIACE7E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with chiefly alter- nate leaves, and no stipule nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or rarely fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the l-celled ovary becoming a l-see,ded thin utricle or rarely an achenium in fruit. Embryo 31 302 CHENOPODIAGEAC. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) coilf.d into a rinrj (around the albumen, when there is an?/) or spiral. — Calyx persistent, enclosing the fruit Styles 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or innocent plants.) See Addend. Synopsis. I. CYCLOLOBE2E. Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen. TRIBE I. CHEKOPOJDIE.3E. Flowers usually all alike and perfect, or merely polyg. amous by the want of stamens in some of them. Stem not jointed. Leaves Hut Flowers in racemes, spikes, or panicles. (Fruit enclosed in the calyx.) 1. CYCLOLOMA. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal niembranaceous wing. Seed horizontal. 2. CHENO PODIUM. Calyx 3-5-clcft or parted, the lobes naked or merely Wled in fruit Seed horizontal (rarely vertical when the calyx is only 2 -3-cleft). 8. KOUB1EVA. Calyx 5-cleft, becoming closed and pod-like in fruit Utricle glandular- dotted. Seed vertical. 4. BLITUM. Calyx of 3 - 5 sepals, dry or juicy hi fruit. Utricle niembranaceous. Seed vertical. TRIBE II. SPINACIEJE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of two distinct sorts: otherwise as in Tribe I. 6. ATRIPLEX. Pair of bracts including the otherwise naked ovary and fruit flat and dilated, often united below. Radicle inferior or lateral. 6. OBIONE. Fruit-bearing bracts united. Radicle superior. TRIBE III. SAIjICORNIE^:. Flowers all alike and perfect, spiked or hi catkins. Stem jointed Leaves awl-shaped, scale-like, or none. 7. SALICORNIA. Flowers sunk in excavations of the axis. Calyx utricular. II. SPIROLOBEvE. Embryo coiled in a spiral : albumen none or little. TRIBE IV. STJ.3SDE.3E. Embryo in a flat spiral. Leaves terete and fleshy. 8. CIIENOPODINA. Calyx 6-parted, wingless and hornless. Seed horizontal. TRIBE V. SALtSOLiE^E. Embryo conical-spiral. Leaves fleshy or spinescent. 9. SALSOLA. Calyx of 6 sepals, in fruit horizontally 5- winged. Seed horizontal. 1. CYCJLOL.6MA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED. Flowers perfect, bractlcss. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly keeled, including the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and continuous horizontal searious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal, flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small paniclecl clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of KvxXte, round about, and Xo>/ia, a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.) 1. C. pliltypliylllim, Moquin. (Salsola platyphylla. Michx.) — Illi- nois, on the alluvial banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward. 2. CIIENOPODIUUI, L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED. Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-clcft, rarely 2-4-cleft or parted, with the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more CHENOPODIACE^E. (OOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 3P>3 or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed Irorizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 7 and 9), len- ticular: embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — AVeeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Name from xhvi a goose., and TTO€S, foot, in allu- sion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our speeies are all annuals (except No. 9 '?), flowering through the summer, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste plaees. § 1. CHENOPODIUM PROPER. — Smooth or mealy, never pubescent or glandular nor sweet-sceiited : embryo a complete ring. * Leaves entire: herbage green, sometimes turning purplish, no mealiness: calyx- lobes not keeled nor wholly enclosing the fruit. 1. C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Stems slender, ascending ; leaves oblong or ovate- oblong, obtuse or acutish, narrowed into a slender petiole. — A scarce garden- weed, about Boston, C. J. Sprague. Woods, near Mercersburg and Reading, Penn., Porter: the var. SPICATUM (C. acutifolium, Smith). (Xat. from Eu.) * * Leaves strongly and sharply toothed, green throughout (mealiness obscure or none), on slender petioles : calyx-lobes slightly or not at all keeled, not completely enclosing the ripe fruit (least enclosing in No. 2, most so in No. 4). 2. C. HYBKIDUM, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green ; stem widely much branched (2° -4° high) ; leaves thin (2' -8' long), somewhat trian- gular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into a few large and pointed tei-th ; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless ; the smooth calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. C. URBICUM, L. Rather pale or dull green, with erect branches (l°-3° high) ; leaves triangular, acute, coarsely many-toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed icith rounded mar- g}'nSf — Var. RUOMBIFOLIUM, Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Muhl.), is a form with the leaves more or less wedge-shaped at the base, and with longer and sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. i/?7, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in pro- cessions at festivals.) 1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, slender (2° -4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles narrow, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the latter woolly at the base. ® — Dry banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south- ward. Sept. 6. FKOGLICIIIA, Mcench. (OPLOTHECA, Natt.) Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, l>elow 2-5- crested lengthwise or tubercled and indurated in fruit, and enclosing the closed, thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1 -celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with POLYGONACE^l. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 371 opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scariotts-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A. Frdlich, a German botanist of the last century.) 1. F. FlOl'idaiia, Moquin. Stem leafless above (l°-2°high); leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx very -woolly. (T) — Illinois, in Mason and Cass Counties, Mead, T. J. Hale, E. Hall, &s. "Western Wisconsin. Aug. — Apparently indigenous : but else- wliere it is only found much farther south. GOMFURENA GLOB6SA, L., is the common GLOBE AMARANTH of the gar- dens. ORDER 92. POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate leaves, furnished with stipules in the form of sheaths (ochreae) above the swollen joints of the stem ; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a \-celled ovary bearing 2-3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embryo curved or straight- ish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre ; the radicle pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed-like fruit. Sta- mens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3-6-cleft calyx. Leaves usually entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — Our few genera all belong to the POLYGONE.E PROPER. Synopsis. * Sepals mostly 5, somewhat equal, all erect in fruit. 1. POLYGONUM. Embryo narrow, curved around one side of the albumen : cotyledons slender or flat. 2. FAGOPY11UM. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. * * Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging. 3. OXYRTA. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2 Fruit 2-winged, samara-like. 4. RUMEX. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit 3-angled, wingless, enclosed in the enlarged inner sepals. 1. POLYGON UNI, L. KNOTWEED. Calyx mostly 5-partcd ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, wither- ing or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium. Sta- mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2-3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside of the albumen and curved half-way around it ; the radicle and usually the coty- ledons slender. — Pedicels jointed. (Name composed of TroXv, many, and yow, knee, from the numerous joints.) $ I. BISTORT A, Tourn.— Calyx petal-like, deeply Deleft: stamens 8 or 9 : style* 3, slender: achenium 3-sided: stems low and simple from a woody creeping root- stock : floicers in a spike-like raceme. 1. P. viviparum, L. (ALPINE BISTORT.) Smooth, dwarf (4' -8' high), bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets 372 POLTGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) in their place); leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Ku.) § 2. AMBLY6GONON, Mcisn.— Calyx petal-like, ^-parted: stamens 1 : style 2- cleft: stigmas capitate : achenhtm lenticular (cotyledons incumbent, linear: albumen floury) : annuals : flowers crowded in linear-cylindrical terminal a>n'ked at the l>ase: valves awn-toothed : low annuals. 9. R. IliaritiinilS, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubescent, dif- fusely branched ; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioides, L.) — Sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in tbe interior. Aug., Sept. — Plant 6' -12' high; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange- colored fruiting calyx, beset with bristles which are usually longer than the width of the valves. (Eu.) $ 2. ACETOSEXLA, Tourn. — Flowers dicecious: style? adherent to the angles of the ovary: herbage acid. 10. R. ACETOSELLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low; leaves lance- halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless, in slender panicled racemes ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, not grain- bearing. 1J. — An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields. May. — The fertile panicles usually turn reddish in summer. (Nat. from Eu.) See Addenrl. RHEUM RiiAp6NTicuM is the PIE RHUBARB, so commonly cultivated for the sake of its fleshy and acid esculent leaf-stalks. ORDER 93. LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of ^ - 6 colored sepals , which are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the \-cellcd and \-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens : anthers opening by 2-4 uplifted valves. — Flowers clustered Style single. Fruit a 1 -seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very nu- merous in the tropics, represented in our district by only five species. Synopsis. * Flowers perfect : stamens 12, three of them sterile. 1. PERSEA. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of 3 stamens turned outward. * * Flowers dioecious or dioeciously polygamous : stamens 9. 2. SASSAFRAS Flowers destitute of any involucre Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved & BENZOIN. Flowers developed from a 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. 4. TETKANTIIERA. Flowers from a 2 - 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 1. PERSEA, Gsertn. ALLIGATOR PEAR. Flowers perfect, with a 6-partcd calyx, which persists at the base of the berry- like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re- CK^;. (LAU11EL FAMILY.) 879 duccd to a sort of glands : the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the two proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees, with persistent entire leaves and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.) 1. P. CavoiineilSiS, Necs. (RED BAT.) Hoary at least when young with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Caroliuensis, Cutesb. L. Borbonia, L.) — Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. May. — A small tree. 2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. " SASSAFRAS. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy (reddish) pedicel. — Trees, with spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; the latter decidu- ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled corymbcd racemes, appearing with the leaves. Buds scaly. (The popular name, of Spanish origin.) 1. S. officiiifile, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobcd, soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.} — Rich woods; common, especially eastward. April. — Tree 15° -50° high, with yellowish-green twigs. 3. BENZOIN, Nees. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner ones 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow-flovvers in almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters appearing before the leaves ; the clus- ters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4 - 6 flowers and surround- ed by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. (Named from the aroma, which has been likened to that of benzoin.) 1. 15. odoriferillll, Nees. (SPICE-BUSH. BP^NJAMIN-BUSH.) Nearly smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) — Damp woods ; rather common. March, April. 2. B. melissaefoliuill, Nees. Young branches and buds pubescent; leaves oblony, obtuse or h&irt-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few. (Laurus melissajfolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Miclix.) — Low grounds, Vir ginia and southward. April. 4. TETRANTIIERA, Jacq. TETRANTHERA. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyK ; the sterile ones with 9 stamens in 3 rows ; the anthers all introrse, 4 celled, 4-valvcd : fertile flowers 380 THYMELEACE^E. (iVIEZEKEUM FAMILY.) with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. — Drupe globular. — Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves and small flowers in axillary clustered umbels. (Name composed of rerpa, four, and dvOrjpd, anther.) 1. T. gcuiculata, Nees. (POND SPICE.) Flowers (yellow) appear- ing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag; involucres 2-4-leaved, 2 -4-flowered ; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward. April. ORDER 94. THYMELEACE^E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.; Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, free from the l-celled and \-ovuled ovary, which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed. Embryo large and almond-like : albumen little or none. — A small family, represented in North America only by a single species, of the genus 1. DIRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSE-WOOD. Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscure- ly about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form : stigma capitate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branch- lets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 in a cluster from a bud of 3 dark-hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Atp/ci;, the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnaeus to this North Ameri- can genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently grows near mountain rivulets.) 1. D. pallkstris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps; New Eng- land to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 5° high ; the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough, used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In N. New England also called Wicopy. ORDER 95. EL,jEAGNACE£2. (OLEASTER FAMILY.; Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dicecious floio- ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereuin Family by the ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing the achenium ; and from the following by the calyx-tube not co- hering with the ovary, &c. A small family, represented east of the Missis aippi solely by one species of SANTALACE.fi. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 381 1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. SHEPHURDIA. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk; the fertile with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sided. — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile in their axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep- herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 1. S. Canadensi§, Nutt. (CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA.) Leaves ellipti- cal or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red. — Rocky or gravelly banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and northward. May. — A straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high ; the branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c., covered with the rusty scales. Fruit insipid. S. ARGENTEA, Nutt., the BUFFALO-BERRY of Upper Missouri, which has narrower leaves, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet fruit, is somewhat cultivated for ornament. EL.EAGNUS ARGENTEA, Pursh, the SILVER-BERRY, may perhaps be found within our northwestern limits. ORDER 96. SANTALACE^. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4 - 5-cleft calyx valvate in the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from the base of the cell, but the (indehisceni) fruit always l-seeded. — Seed des- titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al- bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow- ing genera. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of threads. Fruit drupe- like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or root, alternate oblong and sessile leaves, and greenish- white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from Kop.r]Jiair, and avftpes, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs attached to the anthers.) 382 LORANTIIACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 1. C. UinbcIIata, Nutt. Peduncles several and c9rynl>ose-dnsteret.1 at the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube conspicuously continued be- yond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the lobes ob- lony ; style slender; fruit dry. — Dry ground; common. May, June. — Stems 8' -10' high, very leafy. Hoot forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees (as shown by Mr. Stanffer). Leaves obovate-oblong, about 1' long. 2. C. livid a, Richards. Peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the oval flaccid leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ; style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Shore of Lake Superior, and north- ward.— Leaves larger than in the last. 2. PYRUL.ARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT. Flowers dio3cious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Sterile flowers with 5 stamens on very short filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Fertile flow- ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent calyx, naked at the flat summit : disk with 5 glands : style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped, the globose cndocarp thin. Embryo small : albumen very oily. — A low straggling shrub, with alternate short-peti- oled and veiny deciduous leaves ; the small greenish flowers sessile in very short and simple terminal spikes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit, which looks like a small pear.) 1. P. Oleifcra. (P. pubera, Michx. Hamiltonia oleifera, MM.) — Rich wooded banks, mountains of Penn. and southward throughout and near the Alleghanies. May. — Leaves obovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, a little downy, or at length smooth, somewhat succulent, oily, acrid to the ta*te. Spikes ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 ' long. ORDER 97. LORANTIIACEyE. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) Shrubby p/ante icith coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre- sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly bv the Mistletoe and its near allies; which are distinguished from the f eeeding family more by their parasitic growth and habit, and by their more reduced flowers, than by essential characters : represented by 1. PIIORAI>ENDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOK. Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several under each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calvx globu- lar, 3- (rarely 2-4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma ses- sile, obtuse. Berry 1 -seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbeided in the summit of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, with jointed much branched stems, thick and firm per>istcnt leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of U, avers CERATOFHYLLACE^. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) 383 (Name composed of <£o>p, a thief, and devdpov, tree; because these plants steal their food from the trees they grow upon.) 1. P. flavescesis, Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovato or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish ; berries white. (Viscum flaveseens, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and south- ward, preferring Elms and Hickories. April. ORDER 98. SAURURACE^S. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.) Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves with stipules, and perfect flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and 3-5 more or less united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — A kind of oflshoot of the Pepper Family (tropical), and represented only by 1. SAURIJRUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL. Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with long and distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 pistils united at the base, with recurved stigmas. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — A perennial marsh herb, with heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil of a small bract, crowded in a slender wand-like and naked pedunclcd terminal spike (its appearance giving rise to the name, from pos, a lizard, and ovpd, tail). 1. S. cei'iiisus, L. — Margins of ponds, &c. ; common. June. — Spike 3' - 6' long, drooping at the end. ORDER 99. CERATOPHYLlACEjE. (HORNWORT FAM.) Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without any floral envelopes, but with an 8-12- cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple \-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filled oy a highly developed embryo with 4 cotyledons ! and a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus 1. CERATOPIIYLL-UJW, L. HORNWORT. Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache- nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread- like rather rigid divisions. (Name from Kfpas, a horn, and (pvXXov, leaf.) 1. C. »j, an ancient name of the Nettle.) 33* 390 EUniOKIilACK.K. (SPUBGH FAMILY.) * Fruit si/twth or merely pul< 1. A.. VtrjfSBBECJJ, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate., obtusely and sparsely ser- rate, long-pet iult'd ; sterile spike nitlier fow-fiowered, mostly shorter than the at+fily palrnately-defl fruiting brads. — Fields and open places ; common. July- Sept. — A homely weed, 1° — 2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often turning pur- plish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil, along with the small and •hort-peduncled sterile spike: bracts very large and leaf-like, unequally cut into 5-9 lanceolate lobes. 2. A. gracilciis. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, obscurely serrate, short-petioled, mostly obtuse ; sterile spike long and slender, much longer tJuin the cut-toothed bract. — Sandy dry soil, llhode Island to .Illinois, and common southward. — A somewhat downy plant, 6' - 12' high ; the heart-ovate fruiting bract sharply cut-toothed, or barely cleft at the sides ; the sterile spike frequently 1' long and half the length of the leaves. — Perhaps inns into the last. — Var. MONOCOCCA, lingelm., is a narrow and nearly entire-leaved form, with only one cell to the fruit, and the seed larger. Western Illinois. # * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections. 3. A. Carolilliai&a, Walt. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short; the fer- tile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut into many linear lobes. (A ostryiefolia, Riddell.) — New Jersey (Princeton, Torrey), Ohio, and southward. 4. TRAGIA, Plumier. TRAOIA. Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-partcd. Sta- mens 2 or 3 : filaments short, distinct. Pert. Fl. Calyx 5-8- (mostly 6-) parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft : stigmas 3, simple. Pod 3-cellcd, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. — Erect or climbing plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, with mostly alternate leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves (rarely axil- lary) ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Tragus.) 1. T, 11 re IIS, L Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent (1° high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to lance-linear, acute at the base, ob- tusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, sliort-petioled or sessile. — Dry ground, Virginia and southward. May -Aug. (A bad name for the species ; for the hairs are not at all stinging nor sharp. Walter's name, T. in- nocua, should supersede it.) 2. T. lirticifolia, Michx. Erect or reclining, hirsute ; leaves ovate-lanceo- late or triant/ular-ltinccolute, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-petioled. — Virginia (Pursh), and common southward. 3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute ; learcs deeply cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost loin/-/>etio/ed (pod £' broad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky (Mic/um.c), and southward. EUPHOKBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 391 , Garden. STILLINGIA. Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx a 2-cleft or crenulate little cup. Stamens 2 : filaments elongated, united at the base : anthers adnatc, turned outwards. Pert. FL Calyx 3-toothcd or cleft. Style thick : stigmas 3, diverging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seed-| ed. — Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at the base; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. StiHingfleet.) 1. S. sylvatica, L. Herbaceous (2° -3° high); leaves almost sessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry soil, Virginia and southward. June. 6. CROTOW, L. CROTON. Flowers monoecious, spiked or glomerate. Ster. FL Calyx 5-partcd, rarely 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the divisions of the calyx, mostly small, hypogynous. Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers turned inwards. Glands or lobes of the central disk as many as the calyx -lobes and opposite them. Fert. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 8-) cleft or parted. Petals often none or minute. Glands or disk as in the sterile, or none. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 2- cclled, with as many styles, which are from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3- (rarely 2-) celled and lobod, separating into as many 2-valved 1-secded carpels. — Stel- late-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented ; the sterile flowers above ; the fertile below, usually at the base of the same spike or cluster. ^Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite. (Kporcoj/, the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) — The following have been made into as many genera by Klotzsch, apparently without sufficient reason. 4 1. PILINOPHYTUM, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with the calyx ^-parted, 5 glands alternate with the petals, and 10-12 stamens on the hairy receptacle : fertile flowers with an unequally S-cleft calyx and no petals ; the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-cleft. 1. C. capitfitiim, Michx. Soft-woolly and somewhat glandular (1°- 2° high), branched ; leaves very long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong, rounded at the base, entire ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short terminal sterile spike. (1; — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. Pine barrens of New Jersey, Knieskern I July - Sept. $ 2. GEISELERIA, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with a ^-parted calyx, 4 ovate- lanceolate petals, a 4-raycd disk, and 8 stamens : fertile flowers with a 5-parted calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the 3 styles 2-cleft. 2. C. glaildulosuill, L. Rough-hairy and glandular (l°-2° high), somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on eacli side ; fertile flowers capi- tate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal. (1) — Open waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 392 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) §3. GYNAMBL6SIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) — Sterile flowers with a 5- (sometimes 3 -4-) parted calyx, and as many petals and stale-like ylands ojipo- site the latter, the stamens varying from 5 to 10 : fertile flowers with a b-partcd calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and a 2-celled ovary, crowned with 2 sessile 2-parted stii/mas; the fruit 2-seeded, or often, by abortion \-seeded. (This may perhaps rank as a genus.) 3. C. moiianth6gynuilt, Michx. Repeatedly 3-2-forked into di- verging branches, stellately pubescent ; leaves silvery-woolly beneath, ovate- elliptical or oblong, often a little heart-shaped at the base, entire, on slender petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short erect pe- duncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved pedun- cles. (J) (C. ellipticum, Nutt. Engelmannia Nuttalliana, Klotzsch. Gymim- blosis monanthogyna, Torr.) — Barrens and dry prairies, from Illinois and Kentucky southward and westward. June - Sept. 7. CROTON6PSIS, Michx. CROTONOPSIS. Flowers monoecious, axillary along the branches, and terminal, the lower fer- tile. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5 : filaments distinct, enlarged at the apex. Pert. Fl. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like scales 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulcd : stigmas 3, each 2- lobed. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded. — A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petiolcd linear or lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, &c. (Name compounded of Kporo>i>, and ctyiy, appearance, for a plant with the aspect of Croton.) 1. C. liiiearis, Michx. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Knieskern) to Vir- ginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. — Flowers sessile, small. 8. PIIYLL.ANTHUS, L. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaments united in a column, surrounded by 5-6 glands or a 5 - 6- lobed glandular disk Pert. FL Ovaiy 3-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled : styles 3, each 2-cleft : stigmas 6. Pod depressed, separating into 3 carpels, which split into 2 valves. — Leaves alternate, with small stipules. (Name composed of <£vAXoi/, leaf, and avdos, blossom, because the flowers in some species [not in ours] arc borne upon what appear like leaves.) 1. P. Caroline nsis, Walt. Annual, low and sknder, branched; leaves 2-ranked, obovate or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, one staminate, the other fertile. — Gravelly banks; E. Penn. to Illinois and southward. July - Sept. 9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl. Stamens 4, separate, surrounding the rudiment of an ovary : filaments loug-exserted, thick and flat : anthers oblong-linear. Pert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled • EMPETRACE.E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 393 Styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. Pod globular. 3-horned, 3-ceiled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seedcd carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at the base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper ones staminate, a few fertile ones at the base, unpleasantly scented : sepals greenish: filaments white (the size and thickness of the latter giving the name, from wcr^us, thick, and av8pa, used for stamen). 1. P. prociimbeilS, Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap- pi oximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. — Woods ; mountains of Kentucky, W. Virginia, and southward. March, April. KICINUS COMMENTS, the CASTOR-OIL PLANT, and Btfxus SEMPERVIRENS, the Box, arc cultivated representatives of this order. MERCURIALIS ANNUA, of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously in Boston, and in Charleston, S. Carolina. ORDER 103. EMPETRACE^2. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) Low shrubby evergreens, utith the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the stigmas, &c. of Euphorbiacese : — probably an apetalous and polygamous or direcious de- generate form of Ericacese, — comprising three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the third in Georgia, &c. 1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY. Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon- spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 6-9 seed-like nutlets ; each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete., in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and verv small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from fv, upon, and Trt'rpos, a rock.) 1. E. nlgruin, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and trailing; leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the moun- tains of New England and N. New York; L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 2. CO^EMA, Don. (BROOM-CROWRERRT.) Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (4 -5-) cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nut- lets. Seed, &c. as in the last. — Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear leaves. (Name xopr/fia, a fcroom, from the bushy aspect.) 394 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 1. C. Comvtdii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; ELM.) Buds before expansion soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, tapev-noinled, doubly serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly 396 URTICACFJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) rough downwards; branchlcts downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 7-9; fruit (§'-|' wide) with the cell pubescent. — Along streams, common from W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. March, April. — A small or middle- sized tree, with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark. * * Flowers on slender drooping peduncles or pedicels, which are jointed above the middle : fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate : leaves smooth and glabrous above, or nearly so. 2. IT. Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (AMERICAN or WHITE ELM.) Buds and branchlets glabrous; branches not corky; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2' -4' long), soft- pubescent beneath, or soon glabrous; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the margins (£' long), its sharp points in- curved and closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil ; common. April. — A large and well-known ornamental tree, with spread- ing branches and drooping branchlets. 3. IT. racemosa, Thomas. (CORKY WHITE ELM.) Bud-scales downy- ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with corky ridges; leaves nearly as in the last; flowers racemed; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger. — River-banks, W. New England, New York, and Mich- igan. April. — Wood tougher and finer-grained than in the last. 4. IT. alstta, Michx. (WINGED ELM. WHAHOO.) Bud-scales and branchlets nearly glabrous ; branches corky-winged, at least some of them ; leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (l'-2£; long), seldom oblique ; calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face, at least when young. — Virginia, Illinois, and southward. March. — Wood fine-grained, valuable. U. CAMPESTRIS, L., the ENGLISH ELM, was early introduced near Boston, &c. 2. PL.ANERA, Gmel. PLANER-TREE. Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-clcft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. Albumen none : embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms, the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J. Planer, a German botanist.) 1. P. aqilcitica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks, Kentucky (Michx.) and southward. April. 3. C^JLTIS, Toura. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY. Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed, petiolcd. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or URTICACE^;. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 397 in pairs, ped traded, appearing with the leaves; the lower usually staminate only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. (An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree is supposed to have been the food of the Lotophayi.) 1. C. occidentiilis, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) Leaves retic- ulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually con- spicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, glabrous, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so, or soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; fruit on a peduncle from once to twice the length of the petiole, reddish or yel- lowish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of tie petiole. (Also C. Audibertiana, Spach., &c.) — Woods and river-banks, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or middle-sized tree, with the aspect of an Elm, with sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. — Var. PUMILA. Low and straggling (4° -10° high) ; leaves thin when mature, and smooth, slightly acuminate. (C. pumila, Pursh.) River-banks, on rocks, from Maryland southward. — Var. CRASSirdLiA. A tall or low tree; leaves thick- er, usually serrate all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale beneath. (C. crassifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and westward. — All plainly of one species. 2. C. JTIiSSiSSippicnsiS, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed, rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit small. (C. inte- grifolia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky (and Illinois?) and south westward. — Even this probably runs into the last. SUBORDER II. ARTOCARPE^E. BREAD-FRUIT & FIG FAMILY. 4. HI OR US, Tourn. MULBERRY. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary catkin- like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, the sepals ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastically expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achenium ovate, compressed, cov- ered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice and rounded leaves : sterile spikes rather slender. (Mops a, the ancient name.) 1. M. rubra., L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often variously lobcd) ; flow- ers frequently dioecious ; fruit dark purple. — Rich woods, New England to Illi- nois and southward. May. — A small tree, ripening its sweetish blackberry- like fruit in July. 2. UI. ALBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) Leaves obliquely heart -ovate, acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneoua near houses : introduced for feeding silk- worms. (Adv. from Eu.) M. NIGRA, L., the BLACK MULBERRY of Europe, is also occasionally cul- tivated. 398 URTICACEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) BROUSSONETIA rAPYRfFERA, Vent., the PAPER MULBERRY of Japan, is often cultivated as a shade tree. ]MACL£JRA AURANTIACA, Nutt., the OSAGE ORANGE, or BOW-WOOD of Arkansas, is sparingly cultivated for hedges. SUBORDER III. URTICE^E. THE TRUE NETTLE FAMILY. 5. URTICA, Toura. NETTLE. Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in panicled racemes or spikes, or close clusters. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. FL Sepals 4, in pairs; the 2 outer much smaller, comewhat keeled, spreading; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit memlmina- ceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened aehenium. Stigma sessile, capitate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite. Flowers greenish. (The classical Latin name ; from uro, to burn.) * Flowers in branching panicled spikes, often dioecious. 1. U. gr&cilis, Ait. (TALL WILD NETTLE.) Sparingly bristly, tlenAet (2° -6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, the elowjal<>/<>/>* sjmr- inyly bristly ; spikes slender and loosely panicled. 1J. (U. proeera, Wilhl.) — Fence-rows and moist ground ; common, especially northward. July. — Total- ly distinct from the next, with slenderer and longer-pctioled leaves, smaller flow- ers, and scarcely any stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the principal veins. 2. U. DiolcA, L. (GREAT STINGING-NETTLE.) Very bristly and stint/ing (2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy >//,•••/<•/•- neath as well as the upper part of the stem; spikes much branched. 1J. — Waste places, and road-sides, chiefly eastward. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Flowers in simple capitate clusters, on peduncles shorter than the slender petioles. 3. U. URENS, L. (SMALL STINGING-NETTLE.) Leaves elliptical or orate, very coarsely and deeply serrate with spreading teeth ; jlower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose. © — Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward: scarce. Plant 8'- 12' high, sparsely beset with stinging bristles. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. U. plirpursisceiis, Nutt. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-ghaped, the upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; Jlower-clusters globular, 1 - 2 in each axil, and spiked at the summit. ® ? — Alluvial soil, in shade ; Kentucky and southward. — Stem slender, £° - 3° high, beset with scattered stinging bris- tles, as an? the petioles, &c. 6. L.APORTEA, 'Gaudich. WOOD NETTLE. Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious, rn loose cynics ; the upper widely spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile; the lower mostly sterile. >7ca!y buds with these, the sterile aments borne below the leaves. Pith continuous. (Kapua, an ancient name of the Walnut.) All flower in May, and shed their nuts in October. # Seed edible and delicious : husk of the fruit completely 4-valved (falling away in 4 separate pieces at Maturity). •+- Fruit and nut elongated-oblong ; the husk thin : bark of the trunk not shaggy. 1. C. Olivecftirillis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Nearly smooth ; leaflets 13-15, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, somewhat falcate; nut olive-shaped, with a thin shell. — River-bottoms, from Illinois southward. — A large tree; its de- licious nuts well-known. •*- •*- Fruit globular, its husk very thick : bark of old trunk shaggy, exfoliating in strips or plates : buds large and very scaly. 2. C. alba, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHAG-BARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 5, minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed;/;-////^/ globular; nut somewhat flattened, nearly pointless, with a rather thin whitish shell and a large kernel. — Rich moist woods ; common. A tall and handsome live, the old trunks very rough-barked : wood most valuable as timber, and for fuel ; while the fruit furnishes the principal hickory-nuts of the market. 3. C. Slllcata, Nutt. (THICK SHELL-BARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 7-9, obovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, downy underneath ; fruit oral, 4-rtl>l>«l abuce the middle with intervening furrows ; nut strongly pointed, slightly flattened, with a thick yellowish shell. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and Kentucky. — Nuts nearly as sweet as in the last, Heart-wood light-colored, #• * Seed sweetish, but small: valves of the husk not separating to the base : nut hard- shelled : Itark not shaggy. 4. C. toiueiltosa, Nutt. (MOCKEU-NUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY.) Leaflets 7-9, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, roughish-dtnoity un- derneath as well as the petiole ; catkins hairy ; fruit globular or ovoid, irith a thick and hard hunk, which splits almost to the base; nut somewhat G-angled, the .«.•/«// very thick and hard (light brown). Dry woods ; common, especially southward and westward. — A tall tree with resinous-scented foliage, and cracked bark on the larger trunks; the wood celebrated for its excellence as fuel. The small CUPULIFER.fi. (OAK FAMILY.) 403 . kernel is difficult of extraction from the thick and bony nut. — A var. MAXIMA., Nutt., bears fruit " as large as an apple," with an exceedingly thick husk. 5. C. microcarpa, Nutt. (SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY.) Leaflets 5- 7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath (not downy); catkins smooth ; fruit roundish-ovoid, with a thin husk : nut slightly 4-anglcd, the shell rather thin. — Moist woodlands, Penn. (N. England?) and southwestward. — Fruit only £' in diameter, shaped like that of the last; the foliage much as in the next. 6. C. gl^bra, Torr. (PIG-NUT or BIIOOM HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so ; fruit pear-shaped or roundish-obovate, thin, splitting about half-way down into 4 coriaceous valves ; nut hard and tough, with a sweetish or bitterish small kernel. (C. porcina, Nutt.) — Wood- lands; common. — A large tree, with a close bark, very tough "and valuable wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts (used as hickory withes) : the fruit and nuts of variable form. Heart- wood dark-colored. * * * Seed intensely bitter : husk thin and soft : bark smooth : buds little sea///. 7. C. eisstfsra, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT or SWAMP HICKORY.) Leaflets 7-11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; fruit globular, with ridged or promi- nent seams opening half-way down ; nut inversely heart-shaped, its shell thin and fragile. — Wet woods ; common. — A graceful tree; the timber inferior to the other Hickories. Nut-shell so fragile that it may be crushed with the hand ; the bitter kernel remarkably corrugated. ORDER 107. CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in catkins (amenti) (or capitate- clustered in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary or clustered, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled l-seeded nut. Ovary 2 - 7-celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ; but all the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Calyx adherent to the ovary, the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed with no albu- men, filled with the embryo: cotyledons very thick and fleshy: radicle short, superior. Synopsis. * Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster. 1. QUERCUS. InTolucre 1-flowered, of many imbricated small scales, forming a cup around the base of the hard and rounded nut. 2. CASTANEA. Involucre 2 - 3-flowered, forming a prickly bur enclosing 1-3 coriaceous nuts, opening at length by 4 valves. 3. FACES. Involucre 2-flo\vered, rather prickly, 4-valved, enclosing 2 sharply triangular nuts. Sterile flowers in capitate clusters. 4. CORYLUS. Involucre 1 - 2-flowered, formed of 2 - 3 confluent scales, which I ecome leafy- coriaceous, much enlarged and cut or icm at the apex, enclosing a bony nut. * * Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament. 6. CARPINUS. Involucre a separate open leaf, 2-flo\vered. Fruit a small ovoid nut. OSTRYA, Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered, enclosing the seed-like nut. 404 CUPULIFER.E. (OAK FAMILY.; 1. QUERCUS, L. 'OAK. Sterile flowers clustered in slender and naked drooping catkins, without bracts : calyx 6 - 8-parted : stamens 6 -12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-cclled and G-ovuled ovary, witli a 3- lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remain- ing underground in germination. — Flowers greenish or yellowish, the fertile ones inconspicuous. Aments several from the same scaly bud. (The classical Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in October. 4 1. Fruit ripening the first year, mostly peduncled : leaves not bristly-toothed or pointed. * Leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, all pale, whitish, or grayish-downy underneath. — WHITE OAKS. 1. ed, whitish and more or less doumy be- neath : cup hoary : acorns sweet-tasted. — CHESTNUT-OAKS. 4. Q. Priims, L. ( SWAMP CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves obovate or oltlong- obovate, coarsely and somewhat uniformly dentate with rounded teeth, downy beneath, glabrous above; cup hemispherical (either abrupt or with a small top- shaped base), thick, tubercled when old, nearly half or one third the length of CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) 405 the ovoid large acorn. — Low, alluvial grounds, &c. ; common from Penn. southward. — A fine tree; its wobd inferior to the White Oak. — Acorn fully !•' long; the cup of nearly the same diameter. Vsiv. inoziticola, Michx. (HOCK CHESTNUT-OAK.) Acorn ovoid-ob- long, 1 ;}' long. (Q. montana, Willd.) — Apparently only a form of the Swamp Chestnut-Oak, growing in rocky or hilly woodlands ; W. New England to Ohio and southward, especially along the Allcghanies. From the different soil, the timber is more valuable. (Probably belongs to No. 5). Var. discolor, Michx. ( SWAMP WHITE-OAK.) Leaves unequally and more deeply sinuate-toothed, often almost sinuate-pinnatifid, whitish-downy beneath, bright green above ; cup with the scales more pointed, the upper sometimes awned, and forming a fringed margin; acorns 1' or less long. (Q. bicolor, Wilid. ) — Low grounds ; common throughout. — A marked variety ; but prob- ably nothing more. 5. Q. Castunea, Willd. (YELLOW CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves oblony> lane ulale or oblong, acute, hoary-white and minutely downy underneath, equally and rather sharply toothed; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appressed scales; acorn ovoid or oblong, small. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. — This has the leaves shaped more like those of the Chestnut than any other, which, with the small fruit, distinguishes it from the last. Cup i' across, fine-scaled : acorns §' long. Tree middle-sized. 6. nds, &r., Maryland to Virginia and southward. — Tree 30° -40° high. Acorn £' long; the cup of the same width. 12. Q. aiigra, L. (BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK.) Leaves broadly wedge- shaped, but mostly rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, iciddy dilated and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or two lateral lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4'- 9' long); ciip top-shaped, coarse-scaly, covering half of the short ovoid acorn. (Q. fcrru- ginca, ^[i<:hx.} — Dry sandy barrens, from Long Island, New York, to Illinois, and southward. — Tree 8° -25° high. Acorn £'-§' long. Leaves occasion- ally rather deeply lobed, the lobes strongly bristle-pointed. — Under the name of Q. TRIDENTA.TA, Dr. Engelmann distinguishes a remarkable Oak. apparently a hybrid between this and Q. imbricaria. — Under this section the following re- markable forms, by some regarded as species, would be sought, viz. : — Q. LEANA, Nutt. (LEA'S OAK), of which single trees are known near Cin- cinnati, Ohio, and Augusta, Illinois (Mead), is probably a hybrid between Q. imbricaria and Q. tinctoria, or possibly Q. nigra. Q. HETEROPHYLLA, Michx. (BARTRAM OAK),rediscovered in Del aware, (tc. — apparently a hybrid between Q. Phellos and Q. tinctoria? # * * * Leaves deciduous, lobed or pinnatifid, long-pet iohd, the tips of the lobes bris- tle-pointed.— BLACK and RED OAKS. H— Mature leaves downy underneath. 13. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Dirnrf; leaves ol>ovate, wedye-shaped at the base, angularly about 5-/WW, whitened-ikwny un- derneath ; cup flattish-top-shaped ; acorn ovoid. — Sandy barrens and rocky lulls, New England to Ohio and W. Virginia. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — A straggling, crooked shrub, 3° - 8° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish. Acorns barely £' long. 14. Q. falcata, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Learns yrayish-dou-ny under- neath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed above ; the lobes prolonged, i»ostly narrow and more or less scythe-slutped, especially the terminal one, entire or spar- ingly out-toothed ; cup saucer-shaped; acorn spherical or somewhat depressed (£' long). — Dry or sandy soil, from New Jersey and Illinois southward. — A small or large tree, extremely Arariable in foliage: a variety with shorter loin* is Q. triloba, WiUd. H- -i- Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so. •M- Cup conspicuously scaly, more, or I(*s t<>{>-s/«ij>< dya>, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.) 1. F» fe'rriiffiiiea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and midrib soon nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit recurved or spreading. (F. ferrugmca and F. sylvestris, Miclix.f.) — Woods ; common, especially northward, and along the Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer and less shining than in the European Beech, most of the silky hairs early deciduous ; the lower surface then nearly smooth. 4. CORYlitJS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins ; the concave bracts and the 2-cleft calyx combined into 3-lobed scales, to the axis of which the 8 short filaments irregularly cohere : anthers 1-celled. Fertile flowers several together in lateral and terminal scaly buds. Ovary 2-cclled with 1 ovule in each : stig- mas 2, thread-like. Nut bony, ovoid, separately enclosed in a large leafy -coria- ceous involucre, which is composed of 2 or 3 united bracts tubular at the base, and lacerated above. — Shrubs flowering in early spring, before the (roundish unequally serrate) leaves appear. (The classical name, probably from *opvy, a helmet, from the involucre.) 1. C. America na, Walt. (WiLD HAZEL-NUT.) Leaees-rowxJix!-- s/Kificff, pointed, coarsely serrate ; involucre glandular-downy, irliJt a dilated fattened bun/if, about twice the length of the globular nut. — Thickets ; common. — Shrub 40 _ go jn',ri, . t]lc young twigs, &.C., downy and glandular-hairy. Nut of fine flavor, but smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hsi/.cl-nut. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BKAKKD HA/KL-XUT.) /.m/vs orate or omte-ob- lonf/, sonii-ii'/Kit Imirt-xhnped, pointed, doubly serrate; iimthtcn- mm-h />/•• alx>ve the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Banks MYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 409 of streams, &c. ; common northward and along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2°- 5° high, with slender smooth branches. 5. CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of about 12 stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx : filaments very short : anthers 1-celled, bearded at the apex. Fertile flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers, consisting of a 2-celled 2-ovulcd ovary termi- nated by 2 thread-like stigmas. Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, stalked, each with a simple, 1-sided, enlarged, open and leaf-like involuprc. — Trees with a smooth gray bark, slender buds like the Beech, and foliage resembling the Beech or Birch, appearing later than the flowers. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. C. Americ&tm, Michx. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, nearly smooth; involucral leaf 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side. — Along streams ; common. — Tree 10°- 20° high, with a ridged trunk, and very- hard whitish wood ; called, indiscriminately with the next, Iron-wood. 6. OS TRY A, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Sterile flowers nearly as in Carpinus : filaments irregularly somewhat united. Fertile flowers numerous in a short terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts ; each enclosed in a membranous sac-like involucre which enlarges and forms a bladdery closed bag in fruit, these imbricated to form a sort of strobile appear- ing like that of the Hop. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, crowned with the entire and bearded border of the calyx, forming a small and smooth nut. — Slender trees with very hard wood, brownish finely furrowed bark, and foliage, £c. nearly as in the last genus. Flowers appearing with the leaves. (The classical name.) 1. O. Virgiiaica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVKR-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly sen-ate, downy be- neath ; buds acute ; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Itich woods, not rare. April, May; the large and handsome oval-oblong hop-like fruit full grown in Aug. — Tree 20° - 40° high. ORDER 108. MYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birch Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none. 1. OTYRICA, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE. Flowers dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid cat- kins, closely imbricated ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a 35 410 BETFLACF-.E. (iilUCII FAMILY.) scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlcts. Stamens 2-8: filaments some- what united be-low. Ovary with 3 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular nut, studded with resinous grains or wax. (Mvpiicr), the ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub ; perhaps from /ivpi'£a>, to perfume.) 1. ITI. Gs\lc, L. ( SWEET GALE.) Leaves wedge-lancrolatc, serrate towards UK* apex; pale, later than the /lowers ; sterile catkins (-.lonely clustered; nuts in im- bricated heads, enclosed in the thick pointed ovate scales which coalesce with its base. — Wet borders of ponds, New England to Virginia in the mountains, Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -5° high. (Eu.) 2. 3?I. ccrifera, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.) Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shining and resinous-doited both sides, somewhat Acceding the flowers ; sterile ratkins sc •< oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base; nuts scattered and naked, raorusted with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore : also on Lake Erie. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins sessile along the last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years. 2. COMPT01VIA, Solander. SWEET FERN. Flowers moncecious; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney-heart- shaped pointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens; the fertile in globular aments, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 5 or 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales, persistent around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut : otherwise as in Myrica. — Leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing rather later than the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after //<•///;// Compton, Bishop of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.) 1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. — Sterile hills, E. New England to Virginia. Also N. Wisconsin. April, May. — Shrub, l°-2° high, with sweet-scented fern-like leaves. ORDER 109. BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) Monoecious trees or shrubs, ivith both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 under each bract, and no involucre to the naked l-cclled and \-seeded often whirjc.d. nut, which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary ; — otherwise much as in the Oak Family. 1. BE TULA, Tourn. BIRCH. Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each scale or bract of the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale and 4 stamens attached to its base : fila- ments very short: anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bract, with no separate bractlets and no calyx, each of a nak«-d ovary with 2 thread- like stigmas, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara. Seed suspended, anatropous. Cotyledons flatfish, oblong. — Outer bark usually >le in thin horizontal sheets, that of the branehlets dotted. Twigs and B1CTULACEJ5. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 411 Ieave3 often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly tliin and light. Buds sessile, scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in summer, re- maining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their golden flowers in early spring, preceding the leaves : fertile catkins oblong or cylindri- cal, lateral, protected by scales through the winter, and developed with the leaves. (The ancient Latin name.) * Trees, with the bark of the trunk wJiite externally, separable in thin sheets: petioles slender : fertile catkins cylindrical, pcdundcd, spreading or drooping. 1. B. £H»a, var. poplllifolia, Spach. (AMERICAN WHITK BIRCH.) Leaves triangular (deltoid), vert/ taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad base, smooth and shining both sides (glandular-dotted when young). (B. populi- folia, Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Penn. to Maine, near the coast. — A small and slender, very graceful tree, with chalky-white bark, much less separable into sheets than the next species ; the very long-pointed leaves on petioles of fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.) 2. B. papyracea, Ait. (PAPER BIRCH. CANOE BIRCH.) Leaves ovate, tapcr-jioinlcd, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at the base, smooth above, dull underneath ; lateral lobes of the fruit-bearing bracts short and rounded. — Woods, New England to Wisconsin, almost entirely nortlnvard, and extending far north. — A large tree, with fine-grained wood, and very tough durable bark splitting into paper-like layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins underneath, sharply and une- qually doubly serrate, 3-4 times the length of the petiole. There is a dwarf mountain variety. # %• Trees, with reddish-brown or yellowish bark : petioles short : fertile catkins ovoid- oblong, scarcely pedundtd. 3. B. Bilgra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish at both ends, whitish and (until old) downy underneath; fertile catkins oblong, somewhat peduncled, woolly ; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, Miclix. f.) — Low river-banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and south- ward.— A rather large tree, with reddish-brown bark and compact light-colored wood : leaves somewhat Alder-like, glandular-dotted, sharply doubly serrate. 4. B. excelsa, Ait. (YELLOW BIRCH.) Leaves ovate or elliptical, point- ed, narrowed (but mostly heart-shaped) at the base, smoothish, unequally serrate with coarse and very sharp teeth ; fruiting catkins ovoid-oblong, slightly hairy ; lobes of the scales nearly equal, acute, slightly diverging. — Moist woods, New England to Lake Superior, and northward. — Tree 40° -60° high, with yellowish silvery bark, thin leaves : twigs less aromatic than in the next ; the wood less valuable. 5. B. l£iita, L. (CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.) Leaves heart-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate, hairy on the veins beneath ; fruiting cal/cins elliptical, thick, somewhat hairy; lobes of the veiny scales nearly equal, obtuse, diverging. — Moist rich woods, New England to Ohio and north- ward, and southward in the mountains. — A rather large tree, with dark chest- nut-brown bark, reddish bronze-colored on the spray, much like that of the Garden Cherry, which the leaves also somewhat resemble ; the twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic : timber rose-colored, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet-work. 412 BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) * * * Shrubs, with brownish bark and rounded crenatc-toothcd leaves, ; fertile catkins very short-pedunded. 6. It. pfllllila, L. (Low BIRCH.) Erect or ascending ; leaves obovate or roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed, those of the summer branchlets downv and nearly orbicular; fruiting catkins cylindrical; the scales more or less unequally 3-lobed ; fruit broadly witiqed. (B. glandulosa, Miflix.} — Bogs, N. New England (rare), Penn., Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. — Shrub 2° -8° high, with smooth, or sometimes resinous-warty, branchlets ; the growing twigs ilowny. Leaves thickish, 1'- l£' long, paler or whitish underneath. 7. B. liana, L. (DWARF or ALPINE BIRCH.) Brandies sprcndiiifi or procumbent ; leaves orbicular, deeply crenate, smooth, reticulated-veiny under- neath ; fruitiny catkins ob/ona ; the scales nearly equally 3-cleft ;//•//// narron-/i/ winged. — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York, and high northward. — Shrub 10' -24' high, with leaves about £' wide : varying, in less frigid stations, with the larger leaves twice that size, and the branchlets often conspicuously warty with resinous dots, when it is B. rotun- difolia, Spach, and B. Littclliana, Tuckerm. (Eu.) 2. AliIHUS, Tourn. ALDER. Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 flowers under eacli scale, each flower usually with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens : fila- ments very short : anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy scales each 2-flowercd, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below, and persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with stalked leaf-buds furnished with a sin- gle scale; the (often racemed or clustered) catkins of both sorts produced at the close of summer, remaining entirely naked through the winter, and ex- panding in early spring. (The ancient Latin name.) § 1. ALNUS PROPER. — Fruit wingless. 1. A. incaiia, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY ALDER.) Leaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at, the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened and most.li/ downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fertile catkins oval ; fruit orbicular. (A. glauca, Michx.) — Shrub 8° -20°. high, forming thickets along streams; the common Alder northward from New England to Wisconsin. — Var. GLATJCA has the leaves pale, but when old quite smooth, beneath. (Ku.) 2. A. serritlata, Ait. (SMOOTH ALDER.) /,f/m.s obnmtr, ami,- nt the Ixise, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, smooth ami s. 1. S. Candida, Willd. (HOARY WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceo- late, taper-pointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and young branches covereil with a thin wefi-like wool more white and dense beneath ; stipules small, lanceo- late, toothed, about the length of the petioles ; catkins oblong-cylindrical, closely flowered ; ovary densely woolly ; style distinct ; stigmas 2-cleft ; scales oblong, obtuse. (S. incana, Miclix., not of Schrank.) — New York and New Jersey to Wisconsin, and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° - 5° high, with reddish twigs, smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub of a very white aspect in exposed situations, but greener in shade. 2. S. tristls, Ait. (DWARF GRAY WILLOW.) Leaves almost sessile, wedge-lanceolate, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on both sides, the * I am indebted to JOHN CARET, Esq., for the entire elaboration of this difficult family. (In this second edition I have merely made slight additions respecting the range of some species j and have reduced the Balm of Gilead to a variety of Populus balsamifera.) 35=* 414 SALICACE^E. (BILLOW FAMILY.) upper side becoming nearly smooth at maturity ; stipules minute, hair?/, very early deciduous ; catkins globular when young, loosely -flowered ; ovary with a long tapering beak, clothed with silvery hairs; style short; stigmas '2-lobed. — New England to Wisconsin, and southward. — Shrub l°-l£° high, much branched: leaves thick, 1^' long. Stipules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. A vari- ety occurs with very small and rigid contorted leaves. 3. S. llllllliliS, Marshall. (Low BUSH WILLOW.) Leaves petioled, lan- ceolate or obovatc-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly downy above, more thickly so, or sometimes grayish-woolly, beneath ; stipules small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger and lunar with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the peti- oles; catkins often recurved; ovary hairy; style distinct; stigmas 2-cleft. (S. Muhlenbcrgiana, Barratt. S. conifera, Muhl.) — Borders of fields and road- sides; common. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, varying much in size and appearance. The small forms are at times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2, but the leaves are longer, less firm in texture, and generally stipulate ; the larger forms, with leaves 3' -5' long and $'-!' broad, resemble those of the two next species, but retain more or less down on the under surface at maturity. — The species of this and the following section often bear cone-like excrescences on the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occasioned by the punc- ture of insects. «- •*- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed with long glossy hairs : leaves more or less serrate, smooth and shilling above, glaucous beneath and at length smooth. — Shrubs or small trees. 4. S. discolor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, entire at the base and apex ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins erect ; scales very hairy, oblanceolate, somewliat acute; ovary densely silky. (S. scnsitiva, Barratt ?) — Low meadows and river-banks ; common. — A large shrub or small tree, 8° -15° high. The young leaves are commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules in the vigorous shoots equalling the petiole, more often small and inconspicuous. Young catkins l£' long, glossy, blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2^'. 5. S. criocephala, Michx. (SILKY-HEADED WILLOW.) Leaves ob- long-oval, acute, rounded or tapering at base, sparingly and irregularly toothed ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins densely flowered, thickly covered with long shin- ing hairs ; scales of the sterile ones round-obovate, obtuse; ovary conspicuously stalked, downy. ( S. prinoides, Pursh ? S. crassa, Barratt.} — Low meadows and swamps. — Closely resembles the last ; but the aments are more compact and silky, and the scales rounder. # # Ovary stalked, silky-gray, shining : catkins ovoid or cylindrical, with a few small leaf -like bracts at the base : leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath, drying black: stipules varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very decid- uous. — Shrubs. 6. S. sericca, Marshall. (SILKY-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy above, grayish underneath with short silky hairs; sterile catkins small; the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obo- SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 415 vate, as lone; as the stalk of the densely-silky ovoid ovary ; stigma 2-lcbed, nearly sessile. (S. grisea, Willd.} — Sandy river-banks; not rare. — Shrub 4° -10° high. Fertile catkins in flower f, at length 1^', long; the ovaries not spreading or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile. 7. S. pct.iolfs.ris, Smith. (PETIOLED WILLOAV.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth above, slightly silky beneath when young, at length smooth and glau- cous ; fertile catkins ovoid-cylindrical, loosely /lowered, scales very hairy, obovate, scarcely as long as the stalk of the silky tapering ovary; style short but distinct; stigma 2-cltft. (S. rosmarinifolia, and S. fuscata, Pursh?) — Same situations as the last, which this shrub resembles in some respects ; but the mature leaves are not silky beneath, and dry less black : the scales are not so dark, and are clothed with longer white hair. Sterile catkins like the last ; but the fertile shorter and broader, the pods (at length merely downy) spreading and showing the stalks. *= * * Ovary sessile, woolly or silky : catkins bracted at the base : leaves not drying black. — Small trees. •»- Filaments united to the top, appearing like a single stamen. 8. S. PURptiREA, L. (PURPLE WILLOW.) Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the lower somewhat opposite, smooth, minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins cylindrical ; scales round and concave, very black ; stigmas nearly sessile. (S. Lam- bertiu'ina, Pursh.) — Low grounds. Reco'gnized at once in the sterile plant by the united filaments giving to the flowers a monandrous appearance. The twigs are polished, and of an ashy-olive color. (Adv. from Eu.) •*- H- Filaments separate. 9. S, VIMINALIS, L. (BASKET OSIER.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long and taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crcnate, white and satiny beneath; catkins cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with long silky hair ; ovary long and narrow ; styles elon- gated ; stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species for basket-work. Leaves 3' -6' long, of a beautiful lustre beneath. — S. Smith- iuna, Willd., another species of this section, differing principally in the some- what broader leaves, has also been introduced, and is occasionally met with. (Adv. from Eu.) $ 2. Catkins lateral, with 4-5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with or before the leaves in May or June : inner membrane of the scales of the flowering buds sepa- rating from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes elevated on the apex of the bursting catkins: ovary stalked, smooth (under a lens minutely granular, ivith occasionally a few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. 10. S. cordiata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or heart-shaped at base, taper-pointed, sharply toothed, smooth, paler beneath ; stipules kidney-shaped or ovate, toothed, ojlen large and conspicuous, of the length of the (when young downy) petiole, or sometimes small and almost entire ; catkins appearing with the leaves, leafy at Vase, cylindri- cal, the fertile elongating in fruit ; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. — Var. RfoiDA has the leaves large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the lowest are somewhat elongated. (S. rigida, Mnhl. S. Torreyana, Barratt, which has leaves of a deeper green beneafh, appears to belong here.) — Var. YRICOIDES has narrower leaves, neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base, 416 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) (S. myricoides, Muhl.) — Inundated banks of rivers and low meadows; com- mon.— Shrub 2° -6° high: the first var. larger, or a small tree 6° -15° high, with leaves 4' -6' long. Fruiting catkins 2' -3' in length. 11. S. aiigustiita, Pursh. (NARROW-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lan- ceolate, acute, tony and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth and scarcely glaucous beneath ; stipules half-heart-shaped ; catkins large, appearing before the leaves; ovary tapering into a long style. — New York to Wisconsin and southwe«t- ward. — Catkins resembling those of No. 4 in size and aspect; but the c varies are quite smooth and very white. $ 3. Catkins lateral, with a few leafy bracts at the base, appearing with the leaves in May or Jane : ovary stalked, silky : stamens 2 : scales persistent. 12. S. rostra ta, Richardson. (LONG-BEAKED WILLOW.) Leaves obhng or obovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy abovQ, prominently ciii/nl, softly hairy and glaucous beneath ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical, the fertile becoming loose in fruit ; pods tapering into a long beak, on stalks longer than the yellow lanceolate scales. — Borders of woods and meadows, New England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. — A shrub or small tree, 4° -15° high, with soft velvety leaves, somewhat variable in form. A transformation of the anthers into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species, and occa- sionally in some others. 13. S. pliylicifolia, L. (SMOOTH MOUNTAIN- WILLOW.) Leaves lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or obtuse at each end, remotely and minutely repand-toothed, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath ,• fertile catkins ovoid ; ovary ovoid-conic, very short-stalked ; style elongated; stalk of (lie mature pods about twice the length of the gland ; scales black, sparingly clothed wilh long white hairs. — Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Moun- tains, New Hampshire, Oakes, Tuckerman, &c. — A low spreading shrub, with leaves of a coriaceous texture when old. (Eu.) $ 4. Catkins peditncled (long and loose), borne on the summit of lateral leafy branches of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less hairy, falling before the pods are ripe : filaments slightly united, Jiairy below. — Shrubs and trees, with the branches very brittle at the base. # Ovary sessile, smooth : stamens 2. 14. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo- late, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially beneath ; stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var. VITELL!NA has yellow or light red branches; leaves shorter and broader. (R vitcllina, Smith fr Boi-rer. S. Pameachiana, Barratt.} — Var. cacRfrLEA has the K-;i\ es nearly smooth at maturity, and greatly resembles the next species. (S. cffirulca, Smith.) — A familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50°- 80°. (Adv. from Eu.) * # Ovary stalked, smooth : stamens 2-6. 15. §. FRAGILIS, L. (BRITTLE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with inflexed teeth -. Stipules half-heart-shaped ; stamens commonly 2.- Var. DECtoiENS has dark SALIC A-CE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 417 brov ii buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse. (8. decipiens, lloffm ) — Var. RUSSELLIANA has the leaves long and bright, strongly serrate ; the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual shoots, silky-downy towards autumn; stipules large and taper-pointed. (S. Russell i- ana, Smith.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches ; culti- vated for basket-work. (Adv. from Eu.) 16. S. laigra. Marshall. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narroidy lanceolate, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and midrib) and green on both sides; stipules small, deciduous; glands of the sterile flowers 2, large and deeply 2-3 cleft ; stamens 4-6, often but 3 in the upper scales. (S. amb'gua, Pursh.) — Var. FALCATA has the leaves elongated, scythe- shapcd, and the stipules large, broadly lunar, reflexed. (S. falcata, Pursh. S. Purshiana, Spreng. S. ligustrina, Michx. f.) — Tree 15° -25° high, with a rough black bark ; frequent on the margins of streams, especially southward. 17. S. litcidu, Muhl. (SHINING WILLOW.) Leaves ovate-oblong or Ian- ceolatk and narrate with a long tapering point, smooth and sldniny on both sides, ser- rate; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens commonly 5. — Overflowed banks of streams; rather common. — A beautiful species, sometimes flowering at the height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12° -15°. S. BABYLONICA, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW), belongs to this section, and is much cultivated for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United States. — There is also a remarkable variety of it with curled or annular leaves (S. annulciris, Forbes), known in gardens as the KING-LEAVED or Hoor WIL- LOW. * * * Ovary stalked, hairy : stamens 2. 18. S. longifdlm, Muhl. (LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves linear- lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length nearly smooth ; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed ; scaly hairs at the base often glandular-toothed at the top in the sterile catkins ; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes deeply 2-3-cleft; in the fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas very large, sessile. — New England and Penn. to Kentucky and northward. — Varying in height from 2° - 20° ; the stems and branches often prostrate, root- ing extensively in sandy river-banks. § 5. Catkins pedunded, borne on the lateral (or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches of the season, appearing in June : stipules deciduous or none : scales persistent. — Small shrubs, with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or prostrate branches. 19. S. pedicellaris, Pursh. (STALK-FRUITED WILLOW.) Leaves elliptic-obovate, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, relic- ula.td>i reined and rather glaucous beneath; fertile catkins loose and few-flow- ered ; ovary smooth, on a stalk twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish-yellow scale ; stamens 2. — Cold swamps, New England to Wisconsin and northward. — An upright shrub, l°-3° high, with leaves 1'- l£; long, somewhat coriaceous when mature. Catkins |' long : pods reddish-green, veined with purple. 418 SALICACF.^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 20 S. TDVa-lTrsi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY WILLOW.) Leaves elliptical ami pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strong- id, smooth and shining above, rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly lateral, oblong-cylindrical; ovary smooth, stalked ; style distinct; atumcn single; sw/A.s iilildiiaolate, entire, black, covered with long silky hairs. (S. Cutltri, TucL'i r- man.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adi- rondack Mountains, New York. — A very small, almost prostrate shrub, known at once by the monandrous flowers. (S. retusa, L., with which this species lias been confounded, is a plant of the Southern Alps, having the catkins issuing from the terminal buds, with smooth, notched scales, and two stamens.) 21. S. repeilS, L. (CREEPING WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, when young obovate and obtuse, irregularly repand-toothed, smooth and above, covered beneath when young with long and shining deciduous hairs, at maturity smooth and glaucous; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silky, stalked ; style very distinct ; stamens 2 - 3 ; gland sometimes double ; scales obovate, obtuse, clothed with long hairs. (S. fusca, Smith.) —Moist alpine ravines of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. — Whole plant, when young, of a glossy, satiny lustre ; the leaves at length becoming quite smooth, with a white and prominent midrib, and slightly elevated veins. (Eu.) 22. S. Iierbacea, L. (HERB-LIKE WILLOW.) Leaves roundish-oval, heart-shaped, notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated veins ; catkins issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary ses- sile, smooth; scales smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the stems seldom rising above an inch or two from the ground. (Eu.) 2. POPULOUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN. Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8 - 30, or more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with usually broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches. Buds invested with imbricated scales, covered with resinous varnish. Amcnts long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The ancient name, called Arbor Populi, because it was used to decorate the public walks, or on account of the constant agitation of the leaves by every impulse.) 1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Leaves ronndish- henrt-shapcd, with a short sharp point, and tffiuH somewhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with downy margins; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. — Woods ; common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with smooth green- ish-white bark. SUilk of the leaf long, slender, and laterally compressed, which accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slightest breeze. 2. P. graildidciltikta, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Leave* roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides; scales cut into 5-0 Ki/i'i/l dirixions, slightly fringed. — Woods, New England to Pcnn., and northward. — A rather larger tree than the last, with a sinoothish gray bark. SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 419 3. P. lietcropliylla, L. (DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR.) Branches round ; leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W. New England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40° -60° high, with large, usu- ally quite blunt leaves; the sinus, when heart-shaped,. closed by the overlapping lobes which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk. 4. P. inoaiillfera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.) Young brandies slightly angled, becoming round ; leaves broadly deltoid, with spread- ing prominent nerves, slujlttly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, ser- rate with cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very long ; scales lacerate- fringed, not hairy ; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated and very large. — Margins of lakes 'and streams, New England to Illinois and southward, especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards ; the vig- orous brandies decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted being round, with smaller foliage. (P. Canadensis, Michx, f. P. Isevigata, Willd.) 5. P. aiigulala, Ait. (ANGLED COTTOX-WOOD.) Branches acutely angular or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or nth obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree large as the last, and like it bearing very large and heart- shaped leaves (7' -8' in length and breadth) on young plants and suckers: on full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and commonly without the sinus. 6. P. I>*i3sam;fera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Branches round ; leaves orate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta- mens very numerous. — N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished with a fragrant resinous matter. Var. c&lldicans. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole commonly hairy. (P. candicans, Ait.) — N. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky : rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation. P. NIGRA, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Flora, without any mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, under the name of P. Hudsonica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson Kiver, above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulifolia by Pursh, who further added as its station, " about Lake Ontario." The tree was probably an introduced form of the European P. nigra, and was latterly so considered by the younger Michaux himself. A few of these trees are still found in the neigh- borhood of Hoboken, New Jersey. P. DILAT\TA, Ait., the well-known pyramidal LOMBARD Y POPLAR, has been extensively introduced as an ornamental tree, and is found in the vicinity of all old settlements. P. ALBA, L., the ABELE or WHITE POPLAR of the Old World, is occasion- ally planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more commoa than is desirable. 420 CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.) Subclass II. GYMNOSPERIVLE. Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or entirely wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fer- tilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. ORDER 111. CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly with awl-shaped or needle- shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers in cufkhix. tlextifnte of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al- bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.) An important and rather large Order ; comprising the three following Suborders : — SUBORDER I. ABIETINE^. THE PROPER PINE FAMILY. Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the form of scales in the axil of a bract ; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned downward. Buds scaly. 1. PINUS. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent. 2. ABIES. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent 8. LARIX. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar, deciduous. SUBORDER IT. CUPHESSINE/E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY. Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear- ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form- ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked. * Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity. 4. TIIUJA. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely im- bricated on the flattened branches. 6. CUPRESSUS. Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a globular woody coue. Speeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shajiod. 6 TAXODIUM Fruit of several thickened aud rather shield-shaped scales united in a globu- lar woody cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. # * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening. 7. JUNIPERUS. Fruit composed of 3-6 coalescent 1 -3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy. SUBORDER III. TAXINE^E. THE YEW FAMILY. Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut- like or drupe-like seed. Ovary entirely wanting. Buds s,-aly. 8 TAXUS. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which formf a berry-like cup arouud the nut-like seed. CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 421 SUBORDER I. ABIETINE^E. THE PROPER PINE FAMILY. 1. FINDS, Tourn. PINE. Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins spiked, consisting of numerous stamens inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective : anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains. Fertile catkins terminal, solitary or aggregated., consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in the axil of a deciduous bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. IT nut a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe' and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale, and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and fragile wing. Cotyledons 3 - 12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle- shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, the thin scarious bud-scales sheath- ing the base of the cluster. Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones commonly maturing in the autumn of the second year. (The classical Latin name.) 4 1. Leaves 2 or 3 (very rarely 4) in a sheath, mostly rigid: bark rough: scales of the cones woody, thickened at the end and mostly spiny-tipped. •% Leaves in twos, in No. 5 occasionally some in threes. 1. P. Banksifuia, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) Lmr.-s short (!' long), oblique, divergent; cones ovate-conical, usually curved, smooth, the scales pointless. (P. rupestris, Michx.f.) — Rocky banks, N. Maine, N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling shrub or low tree (5° - 20° high) ; the rigid leaves concave-grooved above ; the irregular or curved cones l^'-2' long. 2. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Leaves rather short (!•}' '- 2!f' long) ; cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped iritli a prominent and straight awl-shaptd prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with spreading or drooping branchlets : young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 3. P. puiigens, Michx. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves stout and rigid, rather short (2.y long), crowded; cones ovate (3^' long), the scales annul w>lh a strong hooked spine (£' long). — Blue Ridge, Virginia, west of Charlottes* ville ( Curtis), and southward. Also, mountains of Peun., Prof. Porter, &c. 4. P. resillOSa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves from long sheaths, semicylin- drical, elongated (5' -6' long), dark green; cones ovoid-conical ; the scales point- less. (P. rubra, Michx.f.) — Dry woods, Maine to Penn., Wisconsin, arid north- ward.— Tree 50° -80° high, with reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact wood, but usually less resinous than in No. 6. Cones about 2' long, sometimes aggregated in large and close clusters. — Wrongly called Norway Pine. 5. P. mitis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) Leaves in pairs or mostly in threes from long sheaths, channelled, slender (3' -5' long) ; cones ovoid or oblong- conical (barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a ruinate and weak prickle. (P. 422 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.; variabilis, Pursh.) — Diy or sandy soil, W. New England? and New Jersey to Wisconsin, and common southward. — Tree 50° -60° high, straight, producing a durahic, fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c. Leaves more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green. * * Leaves in threes (very rarely some in fours). 6. P. rigicla, Miller. (PITCH PINE.) Leaves rigid (3' -5' long) dark green, flattish,//-ow very short sheaths ; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (!' -3£' long), often in clusters ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or spare rocky soil, Maine to W. New York and southward ; common. — Tree 30° -70° high, with very rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with resin (a variety sometimes called Yellow Pine furnishes much less resinous tim- ber).— P. serotina, Michx. is a form with ovate or almost globular cones. 7. P. TK?da, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves long (6'- 10'), rigid, with elongated sheaths, light green; cones oblong (3' -5' long); the scales tipped with a short incurved spine. — Barren light soil, Virginia and south- ward ; common. — Tree 50° - 100° high. § 2. Leaves 5 in a sheath, soft and slender : scales of the cones neither prickly-pointed nor thickened at the end: bark smooth. 8. P. StrofollS, L. (WHITE PINE.) Leaves very slender, rather glau- cous, the sheaths deciduous ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, a little curved (4' -6' long). — Cool and damp woods ; common northward, extending south- ward in the Allcghanies, but rare in those of Virginia. — The White Pine (called in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often 120° -160° in a single straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable for its soft and light white or yellowish wood, which in large trunks is nearly free from resin. 2. ABIES, Tourn. SPRUCE. FIR. Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered towards the end of the branch- lets. Scales of the strobiles thin and flat, not at all thickened at the apex, nor with a prickly point. Seeds with a persistent wing. — Leaves all foliaceous and scattered, short, frequently 2-ranked. Otherwise nearly as in Piuus. (The classical Latin name.) § 1. Cones erect, lateral ; the scales and the more or less projecting bracts fall 'in;/ from the axis at maturity : sterile catkins clustered : anther-cells opening by a trtnisccrse laceration : leaves flat, becoming ^-ranked, whitened underneath, obtuse or notched at the apex. (ABIES, Pliny, alS21lll<*a, Marshall. (BALSAM Fin.) Leaves narrowly linear ; corns cylintlrictif, large, violet-colored; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, slightly projecting, oppressed. — Cold damp woods and swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A sleixler tier, of little value as timber, when young very handsome, but short-lived. Leaves 1' or less in length, narrower and lighter ^rcen above than those of the European l-'ir ; the cones 3' -4' long, 1' broad, the scales very broad and rounded. Also called Cnnndn Kaham or nn-of-Gi/rhyl!uni, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) Lea.-es mostly 2, divided into 3 eHi]>tic(d-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix often dioecious, club-s^Laj)ed, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the summit. (Arum triphyllum, Ij.) — Rich woods; common. May. — Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed. 2. A. I>rac6ntium, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.) Leaf usually solitary, pedal fly divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaf- lets ; spadix cu/drot/t/nous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along streams. May. — COITUS clustered. Petiole l°-2° long, much longer than the oeduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point. 2. PEL,TAr¥I>RA, Raf. ARROW ARUM. Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spudix throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1 -celled at the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous ovules at the base : stig- ma nearly sessile. Berries distinct, 1-3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, somewhat amphitropous, with the micropyle superior, the base empty, the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo, the plu- mule superior, and no albumen. — A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scapes from the root of thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe and the sterile portion of the spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the fleshy base firmly enclosing the globular cluster of green berries. (Name com- posed of TreXrr;, a taiyct, and dvfjp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.) 1. P. Virgiillicsi, Raf. (Arum Virginicum, L. Lecontia, Torr Rens- selajria, Beck.) — Swampy borders of ponds and streams; common. June. — Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous conn-like embryo, nearly as in Symplocarpus.) 3. C A Li Li A, L. WATER ARUM. Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect ; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender ; 428 ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) anthers 2-cclled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 5-6 erect anatro- pous ovules : stigma sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe, and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a creeping thiekish rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petiolcd leaves, and solitary seapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.) 1. C. palustris, L. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin and common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) 4. SYMPL.OCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAOJS. Spathe hoodcd-shell-fonn, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit, Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers which are thickly crowded and their (1 -celled or abortively 2-ccllcd) ovaries immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments : anthers cxtrorse, 2-cclled, opening length wise. Style 4-angled : stigma minute. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, en- closing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large globular and fleshy conn-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the end next the base of the ovary : albumen none. — Perennial herbs, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a thick descending rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the nearly sessile spathes. (Name from oi>/i7rXo/r sore eyes.) 1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the rlindrical (yellowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. June •It appears to be truly indigenous northward. (Eu.) ORDER 113. TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) Marsh herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious fl,owers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary taper- ing into a slender style and usually an elongated 1 -sided stigma. Fruit nut- like when ripe, 1 -seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous : embryo straight in copious albumen. — Comprises only the two following genera. 1. TYPIIA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL FLAG. wers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with simple hairs, and insert- ed directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root- stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. (Name from rl^os, a fen, alluding to the place of growth.) 1. T. latifolia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL or REED-MACE.) Leaves near- ly flat ; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate or continuous.— Borders of ponds, £c. July. (Eu.) 2. T. aiBjfiBStifolia, L. (NARROW-LEAVED or SMALL CAT-TAIL.) leaves channelled towards the base, nairowly linear ; staminate and pistillate parts of 'the spike usually separated by an interval. — In similar places Avith the last; a rarer and smaller plant; probably a mere variety of it. (Eu.) 2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED. Flowers collected in separate dense spherical heads, scattered along the sum- mit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or for- LEMNACE.E. (DUCKWEED FAMILI.) tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3-6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit nut-like when mature. — Koots fibrous. Stems sim- ple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. (Name from tmapyavov, a Jillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.) * Inflorescence mostly branched, with numerous heads, the 1 -3 lower fertile, the rest sterile: stigmas often 2. linear, much longer than the style: stems stout, erect (2°- 3° high) : leaves erect (£'- $' wide), flat and merely keeled, the base triangular with concave sides : fruit sessile. 1. S. ciirycarpiim, n. sp. Engelm. Fruit many-angled (3F- 4" long), with a broad and depressed or refuse summit (2|" wide), abruptly and slightly tipjvd in the centre ; head globose, 1' wide when ripe. — Borders of ponds, &c., com- mon northward and especially westward. June - Sept. 2. S. raisiosiim, Hudson. Fruit somewhat triangular, wit\ the summit hemispherical and pointed, smaller than in the last. — Same situations, northward and eastward. July -Sept. (Eu.) * # Inflorescence mostly simple : stigma single : stem slender. 3. S. Simplex, Hudson. Fertile and sterile heads each 3 or 4, the latter or some of them mostly peduncled (£'-§' broad) ; fruit abruptly contracted at. the summit into a slender beak as long as itself; stigma linear; leaves triangular at the base with flat sides (6'- 18' long). (S. Americanum, Null.) — Along streams and pools; common northward and eastward. (Eu.) 4. S. natailS, L., var. aflTiilC, Fries. Heads few, the fertile 1-3; stig- ma short ; fruit oblong, slender-beaked as in No. 3, also attenuate into a stalk-like base; leaves very long and flaccid, floating. (S. affine, Schnitzlein.) In ponds and slow streams, New England, New York, and northward. — This may be the S. angustifolium of Michaux, as is generally thought; but Fries assigns that to the next. (Eu.) 5. S. ailgHStifolilllll, Michx. Small and slender; fruit more triangu- lar, scarcely beaked, short-pointed, not contracted at the base ; leaves long and nar- row (l£"-2" wide) and floating when growing in water, scarcely surpassing the stems in dwarf states growing nearly out of water (5' - 8' high). — New England to Wisconsin and northward. — Fruiting heads only 2|"-3" in diameter. (Eu.) ORDER 114. L.EMNACE7E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) Minute steml ess plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and foliage, being merely a flat frond, producing few monoecious flowers from a chink at the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from under- neath : ovules erect from the base of the cell. Fruit a I- 7-seedaJ utricle. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — A little group of plants, of peculiar mode of growth, in character mostly intermediate between the Arum Family and the following, to one or the other of which it may bo joined. — The Linnacan genus Lemna lias been divided into three genera, (answering to the following sections,) possibly with sufficient reasons ; but it is not worth while to adopt them here, since the flowers and fruit are rarely met with. NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 431 1. JLEITIIVA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT. Flowers appearing from a cleft in the edge of the frond, three together burst- ing through a thin and membranous urn-shaped spathe ; two of them consisting of single stamens (one developed rather earlier than the other), with thread-like filaments and 2-celled anthers ; the other a 1-celled ovary forming a utriele in fruit: stigma funnel-form : ovules anatropous or half-anatropous. — Hoot with a sheath-like appendage on its extremity. Fronds laterally proliferous by a sort of budding, and producing little bulbets which sink to the bottom of the water in autumn but rise to develop on the surface in spring.. (An old Greek name, of uncertain meaning.) § 1. LEMXA, Schleiden. — Root single : filaments filiform : ovule solitary. 1. L<. triSSilCct, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, den- ticulate at the tip (i'-f long), proliferous from the side, so as to form crosses; " ovule half anatropous." — Ponds ; not rare : but the floAvers little known. (En.) 2. J^. isxiaaoi*, L. Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish (about 2" long), often grouped ; "ovule half-anatropoits ; sec-d horizontal" — Very common, man- tling stagnant waters : not yet found in flower in this country. (Eu.) 3. £,. perpeisilla, Torr. Fronds obovate, thin (l"-H"long), single or grouped ; ovule anatropous ; seed erect, striate. — Statcn Island, New York ( Tor- ra/), and doubtless common elsewhere. August. § 2. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. — Roots several in a cluster from each frond: fda- ments of the stamens narrowed below : ovules 2. 4. It. polyrrhiza, L. Fronds roundish-obovate (3" -4" long), thick, rather convex beneath. — Ponds and pools. Sometimes found in flower. (Eu.) §3. TELMATOPIIACE, Schleiden. — Roots single: .filaments of the stamens enlarged in the middle: ovules and seeds 2-7, anatropous : albumen little. 5. I,,, giblm, L. Fronds obovate, nearly flat above, tumid and spongy under- ncalh (hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore seldom found connected (3" -4" long). — Ponds; rather rare. Not here seen in flower. (Eu.) ORDER 115. IVAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules loitliin the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous mono -dice- clous or perfect flowers, which are naked or ivith a free merely scale-like calyx; the ovaries solitary or 2-4 and distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Seed without al- bumen, filled by the large embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowers usu- ally bursting from a spathe, sometimes on a spadix. Synopsis. * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandroug. 1. NAIAS. Pistils solitary and naked : stigmas 2-1 2. ZANNICIIELLIA. Pistils about 4 from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath. 432 NAIAD ACE^:. (FOND WE ED FAMILY.) 3. ZOSTERA. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in 2 rows on one side of a linear spadlx enclosed in a leaf. Stigmas 2. * # Flowers perfect. 4. RUPPIA Flowers naked on aspadix: each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries which are raised on long stalks in fruit. 6. POTAMOGETON. Flowers and fruit spiked. Sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 1. 1. Nil AS, L. NAIAD. Flowers dioecious (or sometimes monoecious), axillary, solitary and sessile; the sterile consisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe : anther at first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile llowers coii>isting of a single ovary tapering into a short style : stigmas 2-4, awl- shaped : ovule erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and separable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, th<>. radicular end downwards. — Slender branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with opposite linear leaves, somewhat crowded into whorls, sessile and dilated at the base. Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the axils. (Nai'ap, water-nymph ; an ill-chosen name for these insignificant water-weeds; from their place of growth.) 1 . N. flexiliS, Ilostk. Leaves membranaceous, spreading, very narrowly linear, entire, or sparingly very minutely denticulate (under a lens) ; stigmas usually 3-4. (N. Canadensis, Michx. Caulinia flexilis, Willd.) — Ponds and glow streams ; common. July -Sept. (Eu.) N. M!NOR (Caulinia fragilis, Willd.), with the more rigid and recurved frag- ile leaves rather strongly toothed, is not identified in this country. 2. ZANRICIIEJLL.IA, Micheli. HORNED POND WEED. Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil: the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4- celled anther; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup- shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coikd up. — Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with very slender stems, op- posite or alternate long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing1 membranous stipules. (Named in honor of Zannichdli, a Venetian botanist.) 1. Z. pnliistris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is llat- tteh, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back (not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile, or, in var. PEDUNCUJ,\T.V, loth the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. — Ponds and slow streams ; rather rare. July. (Eu.) 3. ZOSTERA, L. GRASS-WRACK. EKL-GRASS. Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which i,- hid- den in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile ilo . NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 433 ing of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, and containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen : the fertile of single ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl- shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : stigmas 2, long and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle- don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing wholly under water, with a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves (whence the name, from ^oaor^p, a band). 1. Z. imil'iim, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-ncrved. — Common in bays along the coast; in water of 5° -15° deep. Aug. (Eu.) 4. RIJPPIA, L. DITCH-GRASS. Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, naked (entirely desti- tute of floral envelopes), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate anther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous suspended ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering; the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-fonn peduncle. Em- bryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyledon. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like forking stems, slender and almost capillary alternate leaves with a dilated sheathing base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to Rappias, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th century. ) 1. K. limr^tifiiia, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely erect; fruiting peduncles capillary (£'-!' long). — Shallow bays, along the whole coast : chiefly a narrowly leaved variety with strouglv pointed fruit, ap- proaching R. rostellata, Koch. June -Aug. (Eu.) 5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. POXDWEED. Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, nearly sessile, opposite the sepals : anthers 2-cclled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short style. Nutlets drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed. Seed curved or cochleate ; the radicular end of the embryo pointing downwards. — Herbs of fresh or barely brackish ponds and streams, with jointed creeping and root- ing stems, and 2-ranked pellucid leaves, which are usually alternate or imper- fectly opposite ; the upper sometimes dilated, of a firmer texture, ani floating. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of Trora/ios, a river, and yeirajp, a neighbor, from their place of growth.) 37 434 NATADACE.E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) § 1. Stipules untied with the sheathing base of (he leaf, scarious: leaves all imwerscd and similar, alternate, grass-Hie : stigma terminal: seed hooked-cur ct var- Americjiimm. Leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the 5-9-nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2° long); carpels 15-20, obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit. 1J. (A. trivial is and parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and marshy places; common. July, Aug. (Eu.) 4. ECIIINODORUS, Richard, Engclmann. Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more. Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming ribbed achenia in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit intermediate between the preceding genus and the following. (Name from e'^tfooSf/y, prickly, or from fXlvosi and Sopos, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovaiy, which is in most species armod with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.) For the elaboration of this and the next genus I am indebted to DK. ENGEL- 1. E. piirvulllS, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or sjKitulate, acute (£'-!£' long, including the petiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous; scapes (!'- 3' high) bearing a 2 - 8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stamens 9; gtylet much shorter than the ovary ; achenia beakless, many-ribbed, (l) — Margin of shallow ponds, Michigan to Illinois and westward. — Flower 3" broad. 2. E. rostratllS, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved (l'-3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing a branched panicle of proliferous umbels; stamens 12; styles lomjer than the ovary; achenia beaked, many-ribbed, (l) (Alisma rostrata, Nutt.) — Low river- bottoms, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5" wide. Head of fruit ovoid, 3'' wide. 3. E. rildicailS, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truncatcly broadly heart- shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad and long, long-petiolcd) ; stems or scapes prostrate, creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; stamens about 21; styles shorter than the ovary; achenia short-beaked, ribbed, the keeled back denticulate. 1J. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, W. Illinois and southward. — Flowers about 1' in diameter. 5. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD. Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in No. 2. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical head on a globular receptacle, in fruit fonning flat membranaceous winged achenia. — Marsh or aquatic, chiefly perennial herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots ; the scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved, and destitute of any proper blade : when present the blade is arrow-shaped or lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlcts as in Alisma. Flowers (produced all summer) mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts ; the sterile above. (Name from sayitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.) ALISMACEjE. ( WATER- PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 439 # Filaments slender awl-shaped, longer than the anthers : scape simple 01 branched. 1. S. falcata, Pursh. Scape 1°~5° high, with several of the lower whorls fertile; bracts ovate or orbicular; pedicels slender, the fertile recurved in fruit ; Jllaments hairy ; achenia obocate-falcate, pointed with a short incurved beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, all with a tapering base, thick (6' -18' long, and on a long and stout petiole), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib. (S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward. — Known at once by its coriaceous and large, thick-ribbed, never sagittate leaves, &c. 2. S. varMMflis, Engelm. Scape (|°- 4° high) 12-angled, with one or more of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers about half the lemjth of the sterile ones ; petals with white claws ; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia obovate, with a long and curved bta/c of £ or £ its length ; leaves very various, mostly sagittate. (S. sagittifolia, Amer. anth., frc. The European species has the fertile pedicels only J or £ the length of the sterile, the claws of the petals purple-tinged, the filaments not longer than the anthers ; the achenia almost orbicular, very broadly winged, and short-beaked.) — In water or wet places; very common. — Excessively variable in size and foliage : the folloAving are the leading forms. Yar. OBTFJSA (S. obtusa, Willd.) is large, dioecious ; the broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, £°- 1° long. — Var. LATirdLiA (S. latifolia, Willd.) is large, monoecious, with broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var. DiVERSiFftLiA, with some leaves ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. SAGiTTiF6uA is the or- dinary form, with narrowly halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves (including S. hastata, Pursh ) . — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA has the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes, and a larger more horizontally beaked fruit. — Var. GRA- CILIS (S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and lobes. See Addend. * * Filaments very short, with a very broad glandular base: scape commonly simple. 3. S. Iictcropliylla, Pursh. Scape weak, at length mostly procum- bent ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; the lowest whorl of fertile flowers, which are almost sessile ; the sterile flowers on long pedicels ; achenia narrowly obovate, long- beaked. — Hather common, at least southward, and nearly as variable in foliage as the last. Var. ELL^PTICA has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long and 5' wide), either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. nfciDA (S. rigida, Pursh) has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both ends. — Var. ANGUSTIF^LIA has nearly linear leaves. — Var. FL^JITAXS has narrowly linear and delicate floating leaves. 4. S. Simplex, Pursh. Scape very slender, erect (3' -20' high), the lower whorls fertile ; bracts triangular, rather obtuse, the upper ones connate ; pedicels all slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length ; achenia small, obovate, nar- rowly winged, bcakless ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, rarely sagittate. (S. acutifolia, Pursh, &c.) — Rather common, especially southward. — Flowers much smaller than in any of the foregoing. 5. S. pusilla, Nutt. Dwarf; scape (l'-3' high) shorter than the linear or awl-shaped entire leaves (their proper blade obscure and obtuse or none) ; rs only 2 — 9, on slender pedicels the fertile recurved after flowering, stamens flowers o 440 HYDKOCHARIDACE^E. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) 7-9; ovaries short-pointed (ripe fruit not seen). (Alisma subuluta, Pursfi.) — Low shores, near Philadelphia, &c. — Apparently distinct frcm dwarf forms of the hist; but needs further investigation. S. N\TANS, Miehx., apparently the only remaining good species in the Unit- ed. States, is only found farther south. ORDER 117. HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (FROG'S-BIT FAM.) Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, ir/tich in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the l-Q-celled orary, Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascend- ing, without albumen : embryo straight. Synopsis. TRIBE I. STRATIOTIDEJE. Ovary 6 - 9-celled : stigmas 6 - 9. 1. LIMNOBIUM. Filaments unequally united into a solid column in the staminate flowers : anthers 6 - 12, linear. TRIBE II VA L.L.IS1VERIE JE. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae : stigmas 8. 2. ANACHARIS. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers long and thread- form ; its lobes 6. 3. VALLISNERIA. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the elongated ovary ; its lobes 3. 1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT. Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9- celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-settled berry in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules orthotro- pous, Tor/-.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, prolif- erous by runners, with long-pctiolcd and round-heart-shaped leaves, which are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile flowers rather small ; the fertile larger : peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white ? (Name from Xt/xj/oj3toff, living in pools.) 1. L.. Sptingia, Richard. (ITydrocharis, Bosc. H. cordifolia, Nntt.) — Braddock's Bay (Monroe County, N. Y.), Lake Ontario, Dr. Bradly, Dr. Sart- wdl. Illinois, Vasey, and in the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves l'-2' loug, faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle of the sterile flower about 3' long, thread-like; of the fertile, only 1 ', stout. HYDEOCIIARIDACE.E. (FROG's-BIT FAMILY.) 441 2. A IV AC II A HIS, Rich. (UD6RA, Nutt.) WATER-WEED. Flowers polygamo-diceciou*, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular 2-cleft axillary sputhe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short and monadelphous at the base, or none ; anthers 9, oval. Fertile flowers either pis- tillate or apparently perfect: perianth extended into an extremely long and capillary tube ; the limb 6-paited ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate, spreading. Stamens 3-G, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong almost sessile anthers. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2- lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender herbs, growing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid arid veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Val- lisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx-tube, varying in length according to the depth of the water. (Name formed of di>, throughout, and adapts, without charms, being rather homely water- weeds.) 1. A. CsHiaclensiS, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, obscurely and minutely serrulate ; stigmas more or less 2-lobed. (Elodea Canadensis, Michx. Udora Canadensis, Nutt. Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babingion), Nuttallii, and Canadensis (perhaps also Chilensis), and also Apalanthe Schweinitzii, Planchon.) — Slow streams and ponds ; common. July. (Eu. ?) 3. VAL,L,I§]VERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS.. EEL-GRASS. Flowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne on a very short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth (calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube. coherent with the 1 -celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ; also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous scattered over the walls, orthotropous ! Fruit elongated, cylin- drical, berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves, growing entirely under water. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom of the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves spontaneously break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface at this time : afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4 feet long according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally and draw the ovary under water to ripen. (Named in honor of Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) 1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (l°-2° 442 BURMANNIACEJE. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted- veined. — Com- mon in slow rivers, &c. August. (Eu.) ORDER 118. BURMANJVIACE^E. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) S?nall annual herbs, often uith minute and scale-like leaves, or those of the root grass-Wee ; the flowers perfect, with a Q-cleft corolla-like perianth, the tube of which adheres to the l-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 and dis- tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds very minute. — A small chiefly tropical family, of which only one plant is found within our borders. 1. BURMANNIA, L. (TRIPTERELLA, Michx.) Ovary 3-cclled, with the thick placentas in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. Style slender: stigma capitate-3-lobcd. Pod often 3-wingcd. (Named for J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.) 1. B. biflora, L. Stem low and slender (2' -4' high), 2-flowered at the summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2" -3" long) bright blue, 3-winged. (Tripterella carulea, MicJix.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward. ORDER 119. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) Herbs, distinguished by their irregular floioers, 6-merous perianth adherent tG the l-celled ovary with 3 parietal placenta?, gynandrous stamens (only 1 or 2), and pollen cohering in waxy or mealy masses. Fruit a l-celled 3-valved pod, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Peri- anth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals}, of which the upper or pos- terior one, but by the twisting of the ovary or stalk commonly appearing the lower or anterior, differs more or less in shape or direction from the others, is often spurred or appendaged, and is called the Up. Opposite this, in the axis of the flower, is the column, which is composed of a single stamen (or in Cypripedium of 2 fertile stamens) entirely coherent and confluent with the style, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated. — Perennial herbs, often tuber-bearing, or with tuberous or thickened roots. Leaves parallel-nerved. Flowers commonly showy and singular in shape, either spiked, racemed, or solitary, bracted. A large family, but sparingly represented in the United States. Synopsis. I. Anther only one. TBTBB I. OPHRYDEJE. ADther (of 2 separate cells) entirely a.lnate to the face of the etigma, erect. Pollen cohering into a great number of coar.«e ^r.-iins. which are all fast- ened by elastic and cobwebby tissue into one large mass, with a stalk that connects il with a f^U'd of the stigma. (Flower riugeut, the lip with a spur beneath.) ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 443 1. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Gland* of the stigma, to which the base of the stalks of the 2 pollen-masses cohere, contained in a common little pouch formed of a fold or hood of the stigma '2. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel : glands naked. o. PLATAr\TTIIEUA. Anther-cells diverging, widely separated at the base: glands naked. TRIBE II. NEOTTIEJE. Anther dorsal (attached to the back of the column), erect, parallel with the stigma ; the 2 cells approximate. Pollen rather loose and powdery, or elastically cohering 4 GOODYERA. Lip entire, free from the column, strap-pointed. Pollen-masses elastic. 6 SPIRANTIfES. Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, ascending, embracing the column. 6 LTSTEEA. Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex. •> TRIBE HI. ARETHTTSEjE, MALA XTOK^ES, Ac. Anther terminal (attached to the apex of the column, or near it), and like a lid over the stigma, at length deciduous. * Pollen in loose or powdery grains, forming 2 or 4 delicate masses. 7- ARETIIUSA. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4. 8 POGONIA Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2. 9. CALOPOGON. Lip bearded, stalked, free : column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses 4. * * Pollen in smooth and finally waxy masses, -i- Pollen-masses attached by elastic stalks, or in No. 10 sessile 10. CALYPSO. Lip inflated and sac-like, notched at the apex and 2-pointed underneath the notch. Column winged and petal-like Pollen-masses 4. Stem 1-flowered. 11. TIPULARIA Lip short and flat, with a long and thread-like spur beneath. Column mar- gined. Pollen-masses 4. Raceme many-flowered. 12. BLETIA. Lip hooded, spurless. Column not margined. Pollen-masses 8. •*- -i- Pollen-masses without any stalks or connecting tissue. •H- Plants green and with leaves. ( Sepals spreading: lip flat and spurless. 13 MICROSTYLIS. Lip arrow-shaped or heart-shaped. Column minute, round. 14. LIPAR1S. Lip entire, dilated. Column elongated, margined at the apex. •H- -H- Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only : sepals and petals conniving. 15. CORALLORH1ZA. Lip with a spur or projection at the base adherent to the ovary. An- ther-cells oblique. APLEOTRUM. Lip spurless, free, raised on a claw. II. Anthers two. TBIBE IV. C YPRIPEDIEJE. The 2 anthers those of the lateral stamens : the third or upper stamen (which is the one which bears the anther hi the rest of the order) here forming a petal-like sterile appendage to the column. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip a large and inflated sac, somewhat slipper-form. 1. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS. Flower ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them, or all but the 2 lower sepals, converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned downwards, coalescing with the base of the colamn, spurred at the base under- neath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to the 2 glands of the stigma, contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold. Flowers showy, in a spike. ('Op^is, the ancient name.) 1. O. spectiifoilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, 444 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3 - 5' long) and a few-flowerod 4-angled scape (4'-7f high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate ; sepals and petals all vaulted, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white. — On hills in rich woods, New England to Kentucky and (especially) northward. May. 2. GYIttNADENIA, R. Brown. NAKED-GLAND ORCHIS. Flower as in Orchis. Anther-cells parallel ; the approximate glands naked (whence the name, from yv/ii/o's, naked, and adrjv, gland}. 1. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem slender (6' -12' high), with a single oblong or oblanccolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above ; spike 6 - \2-flowered, oblong ; lip wedye-oblony, truncate and with 3 short t, < th at the apex ; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer than the ovary. — Wet woods ; rather common, especially northwards. July. — Root of few fleshy fibres. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green. 2. G. flava, Lindl. Stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and bract-like ; spike densely many- flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; lip ovate, a little crenate or wavy-maryined, shorter than the awl-shaped depending spur. — Wet pine bar- rens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. July. — Root of very fleshy fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. Flowers orange-yellow, closely set. (Or- chis flava & integra, Nutt. Habenaria Elliottii, Beck.) 3. PL.ATANTHERA, 'Richard. FALSE ORCHIS. Flower as in Orchis, &c. (lateral sepals spreading, except in No. 5) ; but the anther-cells diverging below, and the 2 naked glands widely separated (whence the name, from TrAurvs, wide, and dvQnpd, for anther). § 1. Scape I -I cared at the base : spur not exceeding the Up : root of thick fibres. 1. P. Obtusftta, Lindl. (DWARF ORCHIS.) Leaf obovate, obtuse; spike loosely 5-10-Howered; upper sepal broad and rounded; petals bluntly triangular ; lip linear, entire, bearing 2 small tubercles at the base, about the length of the curving spur. — Cold peat-bogs and high mountains, Maine to N. New York and L. Superior. June. — Scape 5' -8' high. Flowers ty long. (Eu.) 9. P. rotundifolia, Lindl. (SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Lmf round-ovate or orbicular (2' -3' wide); spike several-flowered; lip 3-/WW, larp-r than the ovate petals and sepals, the middle lobe larger and inversely heart- shaped. — Along the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick (Mr. i'cictefstn, Torr. (BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS.) Loiver leaves obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-3 times the length of the small green flowers; spike loose; sepals and linear-lanceolate petals erect; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and minutely 2 — 3-toothcd at the tip, mare than twice the length of the sac-like somewhat 2-lobed spur. — Damp woods ; common northward. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high, 6 - 12-flowercd. (Eu. ?) 6. P. liypcrborca, Lindl. (NORTHERN GREEN ORCHIS.) Stem very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, erect ; spike densely many-flowered ; lower bracts lance- olate, longer than the (greenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, as long as the obtuse spur. (P. Iluronensis, Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold woods; common northward. June, July. — Stem 6' — 2° high, strict : crowded spike of small flowers 2'- 1° long. Lip as long as the sepals, obtusish, entire, not dilated at the base. (Eu. ?) 7. P. (lilatata, Lindl. (NORTHERN WHITE ORCHIS.) Leaves lanceo- late or linear, erect ; spike wand-like, densely or rather loosely-flowered ; bracts linear-lanceolate, inpstly shorter than the (white or whitish) flowers ; petals linear- lanceolate ; lip linear-lanceolate from a rhomboid-dilated base, rather obtuse, about the length of the obtuse spur. — Cold peat-bogs, &c. ; common northward. June, July. — Usually more slender tban the last, but often as tall, and too nearly related to it. 8. P. fUYva, Gray. (YELLOWISH ORCHIS.) Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong- Itnnolate; the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; lip oblong, obtuse or barely notched at the apex, furnished ivith a tooth on each side near the base and a small protuberance on the palate, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the club-shaped spur. (Orchis flava, L. ! 0. virescens, fuccscens, herbiola, and bidentata, of authors.) — Wet places; common. June -Aug. — Stem 10' -20' high; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated and often loose, with the upper bracts shorter than the flowers ; which are quite small, dull greenish-yellow, drying brownish. § 4. Stem leafy : lip fringed along the sides, undivided, shorter than the spur : ovary taper-beaked: root a duster of thick and fleshy fibres. 9. P. cristata, Lindl. (CKESTED ORCHIS.) Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated ; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length 446 OKCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) of tiie crou-ded (yellow) flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, ere- nate ; ///; oi-alc, with a lacerate/ringed mart/ hi, scarcely shorter than the slender ob- tuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary. — Bogs, Penn. (Pursh) to Virginia and southward. — Flowers one quarter the size of the next. 10. P. cilifsris, Lindl. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCIIIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; tlie upper passing into pointed brads, which are shorter than (he long-biased on tries ; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered ; Jhwcrs bright orange-yellow; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex ; Up oblong, about half the length of the spur, furnished with a very luiuj and copious capillary fringe. — Bogs and wet places; scarce at the North j common southward. July, Aug. — Our handsomest species, l£°-2° high, with a short spike of very showy flowers ; the lip £' long, the conspicuous fringe fully y long on each side. 11. P. blcplltiriglottis, Lindl. (WHITE FKINGED-ORCIIIS.) Leaves, &c. as in the last ; flowers white ; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the apex ; lip oblong or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins usually shorter than the disk, one third the length of the spur. — Var. HOLOPETALA (P. holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of ponds, with No. 10, or commonly taking its place in the North. July. — A foot high, the flow- ers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last. § 5. Stem leafy : lip 3-parted, shorter than the somewhat club-shaped long spur, nar- rowed at the base into a claw : roots clustered and fleshy-thickened. * Flowers ivhite or greenish. 12. P. leucoph&a, Nutt. (WESTERN ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large dull white) flowers; spike elongated, loose; petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed; divisions of the. lip broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-deft to the middle into a threadlike fringe; spur longer than the ovary. — Moist meadows, Central Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high; the spike at length 1° long. Lip about 3' wide. 13. P. Iiiccra, Gray. (RAGGED ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceo- late ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the lip narrmr, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes; spur about the length of the ovary. (O. psycodes, MM., &c., not of L. O. laccra, Micli.r.) — Bogs and moist thickets ; rather common. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high : bracts shorter or longer than the pale yellowish-green flowers. * * Flowers purple. 14. P. psycdcles, Gray. (SMALL PUR-PLE FRINGED-ORCIIIS.) Leaves oblong, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; raceme, cylindrical, dnisely niuinj-flowered ; I wer sepals round-oval, ol>tusc ; prtalx w(donite. or >•/«//- uUite, denticulate aliore ; divisions of the spreading lip broadly W( dire-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe. (O. psycodes, L. ! O. finihriatn, 7N//>7/, /Jii/doto. O. incisu and O. li-s;i, Mnhl. in Willd.) — Moist meadows and alluvial banks; common. July, Aug. — Stem 2° high. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in • . ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 4.47 a spike 4r-7' long, small, but very handsome, fragrant: lip short-stalked, barely £' broad and not so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones. 15. P. filiibrifita, Lindl. (LARGE PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or ra- ceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed down the sides ; divisions of the pendent large lip fan-shaped, many-cleft into a long capillary fringe. (0. fimbriata, Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. Fl., &c. O. grandi- flora, Biijdoic.) — Wet meadows, &c., New England to Penn., and (chiefly) northeastward. June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple), and 3 or 4 times larger than those of No. 14 ; the more ample dilated lip |' to 1' broad, with a deeper and nearly capillary crowded fringe, different-shaped petals, &c. 16. P. peramrciia, Gray. (GREAT PURPLE ORCHIS.) Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow- ered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobcd. (P. tissa, Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to Obio, Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers large and showy, violet-purple ; the lip paler and very ample, 1' long: its divisions minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along die terminal edge, but not fringed. 4. OOOI>YERA, R. Brown. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. Flower ringent ; lateral sepals not oblique at the base, including the saccate sessile base of the lip, which is free from the small straight column, without callosities, and contracted at the apex into a pointed and channelled recurved termination. Anther attached to the back near the summit of the column. Pollen-masses 2, consisting of angular grains loosely cohering by a manifest web. — Root of thick fibres from a fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves next the ground. Scape, spike, and the green- ish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyer, an early English botanist.) G. repcns, R. Brown. Small (5' -8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, lore or less reticulated with white (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose l-sidcd spike; lip inflated, the apex ovate and obtuse; stigma distinctly 2- toothed. — Rich woods, under evergreens ; common northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Intermediate forms apparently occur between this and the next. (Eu.) 2. O. pufoescens, R. Brown. Leaves ovate, conspicuously reticulated and blotched with white (2' long) ; flowers numerous in a crowded spike, not \-sidcd; lip inflated, and with an abrupt ovate apex ; stigma rounded at the summit. — Rich woods ; rather common, especially southward. July, Aug — Scape 8' -12' high. 448 ORCHIDACEuE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 5. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIKS' Tr.i. Flower somewhat ringcnt ; the lateral sepals rather oblique at the base and somewhat decurrent on the ovary, covering the base of the lip ; the upper one cohering with the petals; all usually erect. Lip oblong, concave and embracing the wingless column below, furnished with 2 callosities next the base, contracted into a short claw below them or sessile, the spreading apex more or less dilated. Column arching, obliquely short-stalked, the ovate stigma usually with a short-pointed and at length 2-cleft beak. Anther attached to the back of the column. Pollen-masses 2, club-shaped or obovate, fixed to the stigma by a gland, deeply 2-cleft from the broader end (and in S. gracilis again 2-cleft) into tender lamellae which are more or less iurolled when young, bearing the powdery pollen-grains. — Roots clustered-tuberous. Stems naked, or leafy below. Flowers small, white, bent horizontal, in a close usually spi- rally twisted spike (whence the name, from mrfipa, a coil or curl, and tivQog, blossom). # Scape naked, barely bracted below .' leaves all at or near the ground, early disap- pearing : flowers all one-sided. 1. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Scape very slender (8' -15' high), smooth; spike slender, so twisted as to throw the flowers as they expand all into a single (straightish or usually spiral) row; bracts ovate, pointed, not longer than the pods, to which they are closely appressed ; lip spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy- crisped at the rounded summit (not lobed), the callosities at the base conspicu- ous, incurved; leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pctioled (l'-2 long), thin. (Also S. Beckii, Lindl., as to the Northern plant.) — Hilly woods and sandy plains: common. July, Aug. — Perianth and lip \' — i1 long, of a delicate pearly texture : the calli at first oval, bearded at the base inside, at length elongating and recurved. * * Scape or stem leafy towards the base : flowers not unilateral. 2. S. latifolia, Torr. in Lindl. Low (4' -9' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a sheathing base ; spike oblong, rather dense, more or less twist- ed ; bracts lanceolate, acutish, the lower as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, very obtuse, wavy-crisped at the apex, 5-7-nerved below, and with 2 oblong adnato callosities at the base. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. Fl., not of Lindl. S. aestivalis, Oakes, cat.) — Moist banks, N. New York, W. New England, and northward; not rare. June. — Leaves chiefly towards the base of the stem, 2'-4' long and about £' wide, thickish; above are one or two small leaf-like bracts. Flowers white with the lip yellowish, larger than in No. 1, much small- er than in No. 3 ; the sepals minutely glandular-pubescent, as well as the axis of the spike. — I find nothing to distinguish it from S. asstivalis except that the flowers are a trifle smaller, and the bracts less acute. 3. S. Cermia, Richard. Root-leaves lineur-lunciolntc, rlomjatxl, those of the stem similar but smaller, passing into bracts; spike dense, minutely pubescent; bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed, as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, furnished with two minute callosities at the base, constricted above the middle, rounded at the summit, wavy-crisped. — Wet grassy places ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Stem ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 449 8' -2° high, the root leaves 4' -12' long. Spike thick, 3' -5' long, seldom twisted. Flowers white or cream-color, fragrant ; the perianth about 5" long. — The large states seem to pass into S. odorata, Nutt. 6. LISTER A, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobetl or 2-cleft. Column wingless : stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, ovate, pollen powdeiy, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.) * Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed: plants delicate, 4' -8' high.) 1. It, cord. fata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped (2'"!' long) ; raceme almost smooth, flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not long- er than the ovary : lip linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side at the base, 2-cleft to the middle. — Damp cold woods ; from Penn. northward. June, July. (Eu.) 2. L. austral is, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender ; flowers very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, ^-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous. — Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June. * * Column longer, arching or straightish. 3. It. COiivallarioides, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and some- times a little heart-shaped (!'-!£' long) ; raceme loose, pubescent ; flowers on slender pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1 -toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread- ing sepals, purplish, £' long. (Epipactis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Damp mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., N. New Eng- land, Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high. 7. ARETHtlSA, Gronov. ARETHUSA. Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recui'ved-spread- ing towards the summit, bearded inside. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells : pollen-masses powdery -granular, 2 in each cell. — A beautiful low hei'b, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated by a single large rose-purple and sweet-scented flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding from the uppermost after flowering. (Dedicated to the Nymph Ar&husa.) 1. A tmltoosa, L. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wisconsin, and north- : rai-e. May. — Flower l'-2' long, very handsome. 38* 450 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 8. POGONIA, Juss. POGONIA. Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobcd, Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. — Stem 1-5- leaved. (Ilcoycoi/tas, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) $ 1. POGONIA PROPER. — Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pink-purple. 1. P. OplliogloSSOldes, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6' -9' high) bearing one clasping oval or lanceolate leaf near the middle, and a smaller similar bract next the solitary flower; lip spatulate, beard-crested and fringed. — Bogs; common. June, July. — Flower handsome, 1' long, pale purple, rarely 2 or 3. 2. P. pcndllla, Lindl. Stem (3' - 6' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 or 4 alternate ovate-clasping small leaves, and nearly as many drooping flowers on axillary pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, but not crested. (Triphora, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods, from N. New Eng- land southward and westward: rare. Aug., Sept. — Flowers whitish, tinged with pink, 1' long; sepals and petals erect. § 2. ODON&CTIS, Raf. — Sepals linear, much longer than the erect petals: Up 3-lobed, the middle lobe crested : flowers dingy purple. 3. P. vcrticill&ta, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6' -12' high) bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-obovate pointed sessile leaves at the summit, 1- flowered; sepals erect (I' -2' long). — Damp woods, New England to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward : scarce. June. 4. P. divaricata, R. Br. Stem (2° high) bearing one lanceolate leaf in the middle, and a leafy bract next the single flower ; sepals widely spreading (2f- 2£' long). — Wet pine-barrens, Virginia and southward. May. 9. CAL.OPOGON, R. Brown. CALOPOGON. Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the upper or inner side ! Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, distinct. Lip rather spreading, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen-masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains. — Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute. (Name composed of 5iyI5;i, Nutt. Leafless; scape (1°- 2° high) beset with purplish scales, the lower ones sheathing ; flowers racemcd, brownish-purple ; lip not sac- cate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward. 13. MICROSTYL.IS, Nutt. ADEER'S-MOUTH. Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lrp auricled or halberd-shaped at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the lid-like anther between 452 ORCHIDACE.E. (OltCHIS FAMILY.) them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 iu each cell), cohering by pairs at the aju'x, waxy, without any stalks or elastic connecting tissue. — Little herbs from solid bulbs, producing simple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of/UKpos, little, and oruXi's, a column or .s////e. ) 1. 1?I. IllOllOpbyllOS, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf solitary, sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; raceme spihul, hn w- ish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals. (Malaxis Correana, Barton.) — Bogs and wet meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. (Eu.) 15. CORAL.L.ORIIIZA, Holler. CORAL-ROOT. Flower ringcnt ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the lateral ascending and the upper arching: lip spreading above, with 2 projecting ridges or lamellae on the face below, slightly adherent at the base to the 2-edged Btraightish column, and often more or less extended into a protuberance or short spur coalcsccnt with the summit of the ovary. Anther 2-lipped, terminal and lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft -waxy or powdery, free. — Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim- ple scape, furnished with sheaths in plaoe of leaves, and bearing small and dull- colored flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of Kc^uXXtoi/. coral, and pi{a, root.) * Lip 3-lol>ed (the m ddlc lobe very much largest) and irith 2 distinct lamclhc or plaited on th ; face , wfritish, usually spotted or mottled ivith crimson. OECHIDACK^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453 1. C. iiiBafstja, "R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish o:r yellowish (5' -9' high)? 5- 12-flowered ; lip somewhat hastately 3-/obed above the base, the lamella; thick and rather short; spur none; pod oval or elliptical (3* -4" long). {C. vcrna, Nutt.) — Swamps and damp woods, throughout; but scarce. May, June. (Eu.) 2. C. isililtifiora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9'- 18' high), 10-30-flowered; lip deeply 3-lobed at the base; the middle lobe very wavy, re- curved, the lamella? occupying a great pai't of its length ; spur a manifest protu- berance; pod oblong (I'-f long). — Dry rich woods; common, especially northward. July -Sept. — Flower much larger than in the last: sepals and petals 3" -4" long. Lip not at all lobed (mostly purplish, but unspotted) ; the lamellae consisting of short and tooth-like processes near the base. 3. C. odontorluza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6' -16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; flowers small, on rather slender pedicels ; Up (2" -3" long) obovate or ovate with a short narrowed base, flattish, with the margin wavy and obscurely denticulate ; spur ob- solete ; pod oval (3"- 5" long). (C. Wistariana, Conrad, is merely a larger form.) — Rich woods, W. New England and New York to Michigan and south- ward ; common. May -Aug. — Flowers intermediate in size between No. 1 and No. 2. There is a small tooth, more or less evident, on each side, where the base of the lip and the wing-like margin of the column join. 4. C. Ulaerffei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6' -16' high), bearing 15- 20 hiwje flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval, very obtuse, rath- er fleshy (purple), 3-nerved, perfectly entire, concave, the margins incurved, the sessile base obscurely auricled and with 1-3 short lamella} ; spur none at all ; pod ovoid (7' long). — Woods, along Lakes Huron and Superior (Mackinaw, C. G. LoritKj, Jr., Whitney, &c., West Canada, W. F. Macrae.) — Sepals and petals 6" -8" long, conspicuously 3-nerved ; but this cannot be C. striata, Limit., which is said to have a 3-lobed and acute lip, &c. -Flowers the largest of the genus. 16. APL.ECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE. Sepals and petals much as in the last. Lip with a short claw, free, 3-lobed, the palate 3-ridged ; no trace of a spur. Anther slightly below the apex of the cylindrical straightish column : pollen-masses 4. — Scape and raceme as in Co- rallorhiza, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths, springing in May from the side of a thick globular solid bulb or corm (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which also produces from its apex, late in the preceding summer, a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petiolcd, green leaf, lasting through the winter. (Genus too near the last"? The name composed of a privative and TrXjjKrpoi/, a spur, from the total want of the latter.) 1. A. liycniale, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould : rare. — Solid bulbs of- ton 1' in diameter, one produced annually on a slender stalk, along with fibrous 454 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) roots, generally lasting until the fourth year before it shrivels, so thai 2-3 or more are found, horizontally connected. Scape 1° high. Flowers dingy green- ish-brown and purple; the lip whiti>h and speckled, nearly £' long. 1 7. CYPRI TEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. " Sepals spreading ; the 2 anterior distinct, or commonly united into one under the lip. Petals similar but usually narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated sac, somewhat slipper-shaped. Column short, 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes bearing a 2-cclled anther under each of them, the middle lobe (sterile stamen) dilated and petal-like, thickish, incurved. Pollen pulpy or waxy. Stigma terminal, obscurely 3-lobed. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. (Name composed of Kinrpts, Venus, and TroSioi/, a sock or buskin, i. e. Venus' 8 Also called MOCCASON-FLOWER. § 1 . Stem leafy, 1 - 3-flowered : sepals and the linear wavy-twisted petals longer than the Up, pointed, greenish shaded with purplish-brown ; the 2 anterior sepals united into one quite or nearly to the tip. 1. C. pllbeSCClIS, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.) Se- pals elongated-lanceolate ; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above, pale yellow ; sterile stamen (appendage of the column) triangular. — Bogs and damp low woods; common northward and westward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as are the broadly oval acute leaves. Flower scentless. Lip 1^'- 2' long. 2. €. parviflorum, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.) SijHtls ovate or 6vate4anceolate ; lip fattish from above, bright yellow: sterile sta- men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Rich low woods ; rather common. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flower fragrant: perianth more brown- purple than the last : lower sepal often narrower than the upper, frequently cleft at the apex. Lip | ' - 1 ' long. 3. C. c:iii•• ; divisions of the perianth hairy and gmnish outside, yellow within. — Meadows and open woods; common. June- Aug. mEMOD GRACED. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 457 ORDER 121. H.ZEMODORACEJE. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3 - 6-androus regular, flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the G-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the ^-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ; the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en- closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded. Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family.* Synopsis. Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous. 1. LACIINANTIIES. Stamens 3, exserted : anthers versatile. Leaves equitaut. * * Ovary free except the base : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous. 2. LOPIIIOLA. Stamens 6, inserted near the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves equitant. 3. ALETRIS. Stamens 6, inserted in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed perianth. Leaves flat. 1. E.ACHNANTHES, Ell. KED-ROOT. Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. {Stamens 3^ opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. — Herb with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence the name, from \a^yr], wool, and av6o, i'tifiiiiiiir long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern States, unil barely coming within the limits of this work. IKIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 459 ORDER 123. IRIDACE^E. (Ims FAMILY.) Herbs, with er/nitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irreyular perfect flow- ers ; the divisions of the G-clcft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3~celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphous stamens wi'h extrorae anthers. — Flowers from a 2-leaved spathe, usually showy and ephemeral. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite with the cells of the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous: embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, &c. mostly acrid. — A rather small family, here represented by only two genera. 1. IRIS, L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Perianth 6-cleft ; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the 3 inner smaller and erect. Stamens distinct, placed before the outer divisions of the perianth, and under the 3 petal-like stigmas. Pod 3 - 6-angled. Seeds de- pressed-flattened.— Perennials with creeping and often tuberous rootstocks, sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers. ('Ipis, the rainbow deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied colors of the blossoms.) See Addend. * Stems leafy (l°-3° hiy/i), often branching: rootstocks thick: flowers cresttess, the inner divisions (petals) much smaller than Hie outer. 1. I. vet'SfiCOlor, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on one side; leaves s word-si taped (|; wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places; common. May, June. — Flowers blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base, and veined with purple. 2. I. VirgBtiic«l, L. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem very slender, terete; bares narrowly linear (^ wide); ovary 3-angled, and each side deeply 2-groovcd ; pod triangular, acute at both ends. (I. prismatica, Parsh. I. gm- cilis, B'ujd.} — Marshes, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. June. — Flower much smaller than in the last. •* * Low, almost stemless, 1 - 3-flowered : divisions of the light blue-purple perianth nearly equal : rootstocks slender, and here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping and tufted. 3. I. veriia., L. (DWARF IRIS.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau- cous, the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which are all beardless and crestless ; pod triangular. — Wooded hill-sides, Virginia, Kentueky, and southward. April. 4. I. criStfita, Ait. (CRESTED DWARF IRIS.) Leaves lanceolate (3'- 5' long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the thread-like tube of the perianth, which is 2' long and considerably exceeds the divis- ions ; the outer ones crested, but beardless ; pod sharply triangular. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentueky, and southward. May. 5. I. lacustris, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) Tube of the perianth rather shorter than the divisions (yellowish, g'-f long), dilated upicards, not exceeding 460 DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.) ihc sparhe : otherwise much as in the last. — Gravelly shores ^f Lakes Huron and Michigan. May. I. rf/MiLA, L., the DWARF IRIS of the Old World, and I. GERMAXICA, L., the common FLOWER-DE-LUCE (i. e. Fleur-de-Lis), are familiar in gardens. 2. SISYRiNCHIinW, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS. Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadclphous. Stigmas involute-thread-like. Pod globular-3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low slender perennials, with h'hrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch- ing 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers from a 2 -leaved spathe. (Name composed of trvs, a hog, and puyxos, snout, from a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up.) 1. S. Bcrinildmiia, L. Scape winged, naked, or 1 - 2-lcaved ; leaves narrow and grass-like ; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost equal, shorter than the flowers.) — Var. ANCEPS (S. anceps, Car.) has a broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than the flowers. — Var. MUCRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and narrowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed, unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. But there arc various intermediate forms. — Moist meadows, &c., among grass ; common everywhere. June -Aug. — Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whit- ish, 4-6 opening in succession. THE CROCUS, the CORN-FLAG (GLAD!OLUS), the BLACKBERRY LILY (PAR- DAsTiius CIIINENSIS), and the TIGER-FLOWER (TIGIUDIA PAVONIA), are common cultivated plants of the family. ORDER 124. DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.) Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or and ribbed and netted -veined petioled leaves, small dioecious Q-androus and regular Jlowers, with the Q-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile plant to the ^-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod. Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly Dy the genus 1. DIOSCOBEA, Plumier. YAM. Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base of the divisions of the G-parted perianth. Pod 3-eelled, 3-winged, loculicidally 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist. Dioscorid<-s.) 1 D. villosa, L. (WiLD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy under- SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 461 neath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9-11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish- yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes. — Thickets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — A slender vine, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods £' long. — A bad name, for the plant is never villous, and often nearly smooth. ORDER 125. SMIL.AC.E/E. (SMIL AX FAMILY.) Herbs, or climbing shrubby plants, with ribbed and conspicuously netted- veiny leaves, regular 6-10-androus flowers with the 6-10-leaved perianth free from the 3 - b-celled (rarely 1 - 2-celled) ovary ; the styles or sessile stig- mas as many and distinct. Anthers introrse. Fruit a few - several-seeded berry. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. — A group with no known and clear marks of distinction from the next : as here received it comprises two marked suborders, viz.: — See Addend. SUBORDER I. EUS MILAGES. THE TRUE SMILAX FAMILY. Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the 6 divisions of the perianth all alike. Anthers 1-celled (2-locellate). Styles nearly wanting: stigmas 1-3. Seeds orthotropous, pendulous. — Chiefly shrubby and alternate-leaved. 1. SMILAX. Perianth of 6 distinct and similar divisions. Ovules solitary, rarely 2 in each cell. SUBORDER II. TKILLIACE^. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY. Flowers perfect, terminal : the sepals and petals usually different in col- or. Anthers 2-cclled. Styles manifest. Seeds anatropous, several in each cell. Herbs : leaves whorled. 2. TRILLIUM. Sepals 3, green, persistent. Petals 3. Flower single. 3. MEDEOLA. Sepals and petals 3, colored alike, deciduous. Flowers umbelled. SUBORDER I. EUSMILACEJG. THE TRUE SMILAX FAMILY. 1. SlfllLiAX, Tourn. GREENBRIEB. CATBRIER. Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 (rarely 5 or 7) equal spreading sepals (greenish or yellowish), deciduous. Ster. FL Stamens as many as the sepals, and at their base : filaments linear : anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base. Pert, FL Filaments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile. Berry globular, 1-3-cellcd, 1-6-secded. Seeds orthotropous, sus- pended, globular. Albumen horny. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often evergreen and prickly, climbing by a pair of tendrils on the petioles, with yel- lowish-green stems, variously shaped simple leaves, and small flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) t § 1. SMILAX PROPER. — Stems ivoody, often prickly : ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. (All our species are glabrous.) 39* 4C2 8J1ILACE2E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) * Leaves ovate or roundish, $-c., 7itost of then roundish or hart-shaped at the base, 5 - 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous. •+- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles: leaves thicfcish, inclining to be evergreen, at feast southward, green both sides. 1. S. Wsilteri, Pursh. Branches somewhat angled, prickly or unarmed ; leaves ovate and somewhat heart-s/iaj)ed (3' -4^' long) ; berries red. (S. China, Walt.) — S. New Jersey, and southward. July. 2. S. rotundifolia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER.) Stem armed with 8f attired prickles, as well as the terete branches; branch lets more or less 4- angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom. (S. radii- ca, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thickets; com- mon, especially southward. June. — Plant yellowish-green, often high-climbing. — Passes into var. QUADKANO CLARIS; the branches, and especially the branch- lets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, Muld.) — Penn., to Illinois, and southward. -t- -»- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole : leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom. 3. S. glailca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branch- lets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcor- date, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above as well as the branchlets when young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S. Sarsaparilla, L., in part, but not as to syn. Bauhin, whence the name was taken. S. caduca, Willd., &c. S. spinulosa, Smith? Torr. fl.) — Dry thickets, £c., S. New York to Kentucky and southward. July. 4. S. t;iiimois, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch- lots sparsely armed with short rigid prickles ; leaves varying from round-heart- shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal- berd-shaped - 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins often somewhat bristly-eiliatc or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata, Wilhl., S. panduratus, Pursh, &c., are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to Illi- nois, and (chiefly) southward. July. «-•»-•»- Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample (3'- 5' long), thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly .*>. 5. S» llispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing hi^h) below densely In-set with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Pcnn. and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles l£'-2' long. Sepals lau- ccolatc, almost 3" long. 6. S. Psciiclo-Clllllll, L. Eootstock tuberous; stems and branches un- armed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the braneWefs ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, lx coining firm in texture,; peduncles flat (!£' -3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, and southward. July. SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 4G3 # * Leaves varying from oblong -lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, 3 - 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils ; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels ; the umbels sometimes paniclcd; branches terete, unarmed. 7. S. Isa,u€£o9a\tsi, L. Leaves thin, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong ; berries red. — S. E. Virginia and southward. June. 8. 8. SsiaBB'fiiolia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear (2^-' — 5' long) ; berries black, mostly 1-seeded. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug. $ 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. — Stem herbaceous, not prickly: ovules mostly in pairs in each cell : haves long-petioled, membranaceous, mucronate-tipped : benies bluish-black with a bloom. 9. §. hei'l>i\cea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem erect and recurving, or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 — 9-nerved, smooth j tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3' -4' long, or often 6' - 8', and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowered. — Var. PULVERULENTA (S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.) has the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath. A shorter peduncled state of this is S. lasioneuron, Hook. — Moist meadows and river-banks ; common.. June. — Stem 3° - 6° long. Leaves very variable : petioles l'-3' long. Flowers exhaling the stench of carrion. Seeds 6. 10. S. taiNLitifoiiO,, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart- halberd-shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tam- noides, Pursh.. not of L.) — Pine ban-ens, New Jersey to Virginia and south- ward. — Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering to the apex. Berry (always?) 2-3-seeded. SUBORDER H TRILL-IACE^E. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY. 2. T KI ILLrflUUI, L. THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. Flower perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments. Styles (or rather stigmas) awl-shaped or slender, spreading or re- curved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Berry often 6-sided, ovate, 3-cellcd (purple). Seeds horizontal, several in each cell. — Low peren- nial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a veiy short and abrupt tuber-like rootstock, naked below, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample and commonly broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. (Name from trilix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rarely met with in some species, especially in Nos. 5 and 7, with the calyx and sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the flower increased in number. '"' 1. Flower sessile and involucrate by the 3 leaves, erect ; petals varying from spat uJ ate to lanceolate, 1' — 2' long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent: steins mostly two from (he same bud. 464 'SMILACFJE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 1. T. Sc'SSile, L. Leaves also sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched or spotted ; y s /VV pi-tah erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying to greenish). — Moist woods, Penu. to Wisconsin, and southward. April, May. — Stem 4' - 12' high. 2. T. recur vat mil, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, oi-at< , oblong, or obovate ; sepals rejlexed, petals pointed at both ends, unyuiculate, dark purple. — Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. $ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle : petals withering away soon after blossoming. * Short peduncle recurved under the leaves : rootstocks clustered, barring 2-3 st>-ms. 3. T. ce I'll mini, L. (NODDING TRILLIUM or WAKE-ROBIN.) Leaves broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile ; petals white, oblong-ovate, j;oint(-d, re- curved, wavy, rather longer than the sepals. — Moist woods, N. Kngland to Vir- ginia, Kentucky, and southward ; common eastward. May. — Petals :{'-!' long. # # Peduncle erect or at length nodding : rootstocks bearing a single stern. •»- Leaves sessile, abruptly taper-pointed. 4. T. ercctiilll, L. (PURPLE TRILLIUM. BIRTIIROOT.) Leaves dilat- ed-rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long, very abruptly pointed ; petals ovate, acutinh, dark dull purple, spreading, little longer than the sepals (I'-l^' long). (T. rhomboideum, var. atropUrpureum, Michx.) — Rich woods ; common northward, especially westward, and along the Alleghanies. May. — Peduncle l'-3' long, at length inclined. Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish ; ovary mostly dull-purple. (T. pendulum, Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form, especially from New York westward. 5. T. graiiclifloruin, Salisb. (LARGE WHITE TRILLIUM.) Leaves rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, more taper-pointed, barely sessile ; petals d>o- vate, spreading from an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals (2' -2£' long), white, changing with age to rose-color. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and northward. June. — Flower on a peduncle 2' - 3' long, very handsome. •«- •*- Leaves petioled, rounded at the base. 6. T. nivale, Riddcll. (DWARF WHITE TRILLIUM.) Small (2' -3' high) ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oval-lanceolate, obtuse, rather wavy, white, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. — Rich woods, Ohio to Wiscon- sin. April. — Leaves l'-2', and petals 1', long. Styles long and thread-like. 7. T. erytlirocarpuni, Michx. (PAINTED TRILLIUM.) Leuves omtr, ~ taper-pointed ; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, irhite painted with purple stripes at the base, almost twice the length of the sepals, shorter than the peduncle. (T. pictum, Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New- England to Lake Superior and northward, and southward in the higher Alle- ghanies through Virginia. May, June. 3. UIEDEOi' : sepals t;neii in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from guldens into meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.) (LILY FAMILY.) 469 8. SCIL.L.A, L. SQUILL. Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous ; the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, 3- valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb : the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted. (The ancient name.) 1. S. Fraseri. (EASTERN QUAMASH. WILD HYACINTH.) Leaves long and linear, keeled; raceme elongated; bracts solitary, longer than the pedicels ; stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, the cells several-seeded. (Phalangium esculentum, Natt. in part. Scilla esculcnta, Ker. Camassia Fraseri, Torr. mss.) — Moist prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. May. — Bulb onion-like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high. Sepals widely spreading, pale blue. 3-nerved, ^' long. (I do not discern suffi- cient characters for the genus Camassia.) 9. AL,L,IUUI, L. ONION. GARLIC. Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very base, 1 -nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent: the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread- like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs ; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb : flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblcts ; spathe 1 - 2-valvcd. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.) # Ovules and seeds only one in each cell : leaves broad and flat, appearing in early spring, and dying before the flowers are developed. 1. A. tric6ccum, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (9' high), bear- ing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves lance-oblong (5' -9' long, l'-2' wide) ; scapes 1° high from clustered pointed bulbs (2' long) ; sepals oblong (white), equalling the simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed. — Rich cool woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alle- ghanics. July. * * Ovules and seeds mostly 2 in each cell : ovary crested with 6 teeth at the summit : leaves long and narrow. •*- Umbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods. 2. A. ccrnituin, Roth. (WiLD ONION.) Scape naked, angular (1°- 2° high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping many-flowered umbel; leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, W. New York to Wis- consin and southward. Aug. 3. A. Stclliitlirsi, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel ; leaves flat ; sepals equalling the stamens : otherwise resembling the last, but usu- ally not so tall ; the pod more crested. — Rocky slopes, Illinois (Enydmann}, arid northwestward. 470 LILIACEjE. ^LILY FAMILY.) 4. A. SclHEllOpl'iiSUIll, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked, or leafy at the base (i°-l° high) bearing a globular capitate umb.l of many rose-purple flow- ers; sei)als lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilai- ments; Inins , Kalm. (WiLD MEADOW GARLIC.) Scape leafy only at the base (1° high); leaves narrowly linear, Jlattish ; umbel few-flowered; jiluHtcnt* simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows, &c. May, June. — Flowers pale rose-color, pedicelied ; or a head of bulbs in their place. # # * Ovules several in each cell ; leaves long and linear. (Nothoscordum, Kunlh.) 7. A» Stiiiituill, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate on the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (C'-12' long) ; filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which are white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4-7 in each cell. — Prairies and open woods, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. May. A. TRIFLORUM, Raf., from the mountains of Penn., is wholly obscure. A. SAxlvusi, the GARDEN GARLIC, A. PORRUM, the LEEK, and A. CEP A, the ONION, are well-known cultivated species. 10. LLIITftE, L. LILY. Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous ; the 6 sta- mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, versatile. Style elon- gated, somewhat club-shaped: stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, containing numer- ous flat (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. — Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy- flowers. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek Xeipiov.) # Floiccrs erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed beloiu into claws. 1. L.. Pliilaclclpliiciiiii, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILY.) LeaierrilllUS, Michx. Stems l°-3° high, from a creeping root- stock ; leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point ; panicle pyramidal, many-flowered ; perianth nearly free ; the sepals (£' long) ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the short claw-like base. — Grassy low grounds, S. Virginia (Pursh) and southward. July. 2. Z. gl aliens, Nutt. Stem about l°-3° high from a coated bulb; leaves flat ; panicle simple, mostly few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the i76 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) base of the ovary, the thin ovate or ohovate sepals marked with a large obco,-date viand. (Anticlea glauca, Kunth.) — Banks of the St. Lawrence, New York, to N. Illinois and northward : rare. July. # * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.) 3. Z. leiinailthoides. Stem l°-4° high from a somewhat bulbous base, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers small (4" in diameter) and nu- merous, in a few crowded panic-led racemes ; perianth free, the obovatc sepal.'} with a yellowish glandular discoloration on the contracted base. (Amianthium leimanthoides, Gray.) — Low grounds, pine-barrens of New Jersey (Durand, Knieskern), Virginia, and southward. July. 6. STENANTIIIUM, Gray (under Veratrura). Flowers polygamous or perfect. Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the short stamens. Pods, &c. nearly as in Veratrum. Seeds nearly wing- less.— Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base, long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle. (Name composed of oTfvos, narrow, and av6os, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.) 1. S. angUStifolilllll, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers small (\' long), white, very short-pcdicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged termi- nal one, and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pnrsh. Helonias graminea, Bot. Mag.} — Grassy prairies and low meadows, Penn. to Illinois, Virginia, and southward toward the mountains. July. — Stem slender, 2°-6° high. 7. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORE. Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as in Melan- thium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, and ra- cemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers. (Name compounded of vere, truly, and ater, black.) 1. V. vi ride, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE.) Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2° -4° high); leaves broadly oval, pointed, sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes spreading, perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low grounds ; common. June. (Too near V. album of Europe.) 2. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), s/nrhif/li/ leafy below, naked above; AY//V.S- scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into shmtJihin peti- oles, varying from oval to lanceolate; panicle very long and loose, the terminal raceme wand-like, the lateral ones slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the ^MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 477 flowers; sepals dingy-green, oblanccolate or spatulate ( 2 J"- 3" long, those of the sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium nionoicum, Walt. Leimanthium monoicum, Gray.] — llich woods, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. 3. V. Wo6dii, Bobbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedi- cels (l^"-3" long) shorter than thejloicers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3;'- 4j" long) dingy green turning brownish purple wit/tin: otherwise much as in the last, of which it may prove to be a variety ; but the flowers are mostly double the size, the panicle stouter, &c. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly bar- rens, Green Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. July. 8. AM1ANTHIUM, Gray. FLY-POISON. Flowers perfect. Pei-ianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like (white) sepals oval or obovate, sessile, not gland-bearing. Filaments capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers (as in all the foregoing) kidney- shaped or heart-shaped, becoming 1-celled, and shield-shaped after opening. Styles thread-like. Pods, &c. nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds wingless, ob- long or linear, with a loose coat, 1 -4 in each cell. — Glabrous plants, with sim- ple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, feAV-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From a/uai/roj, unspotted, and avdos, flower ; a name made with more regard to euphony than to correctness of construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.) 1. A. lllliscaetoxiciim, Gray. (FLY-POISON.) Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse (^' to 1' wide), as long as the scape; raceme simple, oblong 01 cylindrical ; pod abruptly 3-horned ; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. ( He- lonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Open woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. June, July. 9. XEROPHiTL-LtUHI, Michx. XEROPUYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval, distinct, sessile, not glandular, at length withering, about the length of the awl- shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod globular-3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculicidal ; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined. — Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, l°-4° high, from a bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, 1° or more long, 1; wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid (whence the name, from £r?po?, arid, and (£uAAoi/, leaf). 1. X. aspliotlcloidcs, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X. setifolium, Michx. Helonias, L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey, Virginia 7 and southward. (Also UQ Oregon and California.) June. 478 MELANTHACE.E. ^COLCIIICUM FAMILY.)* 10. II EL 6 XI AS, L. HELOXIAS. Flowers perfect, Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong (purplish turning greenish) sepals, persistent, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-cdled, roundish-oval, blue. Styles revolute, stignwtic down the inner side. Pod ob- cordatcly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smoolh perennial, with many oblanceolatc or oblong-spatulate flat leaves, from a tuber- ous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked scape (l°-2° high), sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name probably from eAos, a swamp ; the place of growth.) 1. II. bullata, L. (II. latifolia, Michx.) — Wet places, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia : rare. May. 11. CIIAM^ELIRIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT. Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals, withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Hclonias : fertile flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobcd, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3- valvcd from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, conspicuously winged at each end. — A smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (hitter) thick and abrupt tuberous rootstoek, terminated by a long and wand-like spiked raceme (4' - 9' long) of small bractless flowers ; the fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. (Name composed of xa/*ai, on the ground, and \dpiov, lily ; of no obvious appli- cation.) 1. C. luteiiiil. (BLAZING-STAR.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum lutcum, L. Helonias lutea, Ait. II. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. June. 12. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL. Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bractcd involucre underneath. Peri- anth more or less spreading ; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or obovatc, sessile. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or somewhat introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 3- partiblc or scpticidal ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender pcivn- nials, mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple scape-like stems leafy only at the base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-rankcd, equitant, linear. (Named after Mr. Tofield, an English botanist of the last cen- tury.)— The two following compose the subgenus TRlANTHA, Nutt. : pedi- cels mostly in threes ; the flowering proceeding from the apex downwards ; seeds tail-pointed at both ends. 1. T. gllltiiiosn, Willd. Stem (6' -16' high) and pedicels very yhilinmu with dark t/lunik ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June. jUNCACE.fi. (RUSH FAMILY.) 479 2. T. pufoens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with mi- nute glands; leaves longer and narrower. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir- ginia and southward. July. T. PALUSTRIS, Hudson, a Northern species of both hemispheres, grows on Isle Royale and the north shore of Lake Superior ; but has not yet been found on the United States side. ORDER 128. JTJNCACE7E. (RUSH FAMILY.; Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems, and a regular persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with introrse anthers, and a I- 3-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 3 - many-seeded pod. Style single. Seed anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the base of the albumen. — Rushes, with the flowers liliaceous in structure, but grass-like in aspect and texture (excepting the ambiguous Narthecium). Synopsis. * Stigma entire. Perianth partly colored (yellowish). 1. NARTHECIUM. Filaments woolly. Pod many-seeded. Seeds long-tailed at both ends. * * Stigmas 3, thread-like, hairy. Sepals glume-like. 2. LUZULA. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy. a JUNCUS. Pod 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded. 1. NARTIIEClUItl, Moehring. BOG-ASPHODEL. Sepals linear-lanceolate (yellowish). Filaments 6, woolly: anthers linear. Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style terminated by a single stigma, 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appcndagcd at each end with a bristle-form tail of great length. — Rootstock creeping, bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple stem or scape (6'- 10' high), terminated by a simple raceme. (Name from vap6r)K.iov, a rod, or box for fragrant ointments; application uncer- tain.) 1. N. Aiiiericsiimiii, Ker. Pedicels of the dense raceme bearing a bractlet below the middle. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey. June. 2. L.IJZUL.A, DC. WOOD-RUSH. Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. — Perennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked-crowded or um- belled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian lucciola, a glowworm.) * Flowers loosely Jong-peduncled, unibelled or corymbed. 1. Li. pildsa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy; peduncles umbelled, sim- ple, chiefly 1 -flowered ; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds tipped with a curved appendage. — Woods and banks; common northward. May. — Plant 6' -9' high. (Eu.) 2. L,. parviflora, Desv., var. melanoc;irpa. Nearly smooth ; leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedieels drooping ; sepals pointed. 480 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed brown pod. (L. melano- carpa. Desv.) — Mountains, Maine, W. Massachusetts, N. New York, and north- ward. July. — Stems 1°- 3° high, scattered. (En.) # * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6' - 12' high.) 3. Li. campcstris, DC. Leaves flat, linear ; spikes 4 -12, somewhat um- belled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ; sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appen- dage at the base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.) 4. It. arcilfita, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear ; spikes 3 - 5, on unequal often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fririged ; sepals taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appcndagcd. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) 5. It. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear ; floiccrs in sessile clusters, funning a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle- pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds merely with a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L racemosa, Desv.? according to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu./ 3. JIJNCUS, L. RUSH. BOG-RUSH. Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Pod 3- cellcd (often imperfectly so at maturity), loculicidal, many-seeded. — Chiefly perennials, with pithy steins, and cymose, panicled, or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, usually produced all summer. (The classical name, from jitngo, to join, alluding to their use for bands.) # Scapes naked and simple from malted running rootstocks, many of them barren, furnished with short leajless sheaths at the base : flowers in a sessile ci/mose • produced from the side of the scape above the middle, 6-androus (except in No. 1 ) : seeds not appendaged. 1. J. e fills US, L. (COMMON or SOFT RUSH.) Scape soft and pliant (2° -4° high), finely striated; panicle diffusely much-branched (sometimes closely crowded), many-flowered; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the obovate very obtuse and pointless pod; stamens 3 or 6. — Marshy ground; everywhere. (Eu.) 2. J. filiformiS, L. Scape slender (l°-2° high), pliant; panicle few- flowered, simple; sepals green, lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the very obtusc but short-pointed pod. (J. setaceus, Torr. Fl.) — Wet banks and shores, N. New England to Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 3. J. BaltlCUS, Willd. Scape riijid (2° -4° high), from a very strong rootstock ; pit nick, ascending, loose, dark chestnut-colored ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, the 3 outer sharp-pointed, as long as the elliptical rather triangular pod. — Sandy shores of New England and of the Great Lakes ; thence northward (Eu.) # # Scapes, frc. as in the preceding, but some of the sheaths at the base latf-biarijig ; the leaves terete, knotless, like the continuation of the scape alwvc the panicle : sta- mens 6. JL'NCACEJE. (RUSH FAMILY.) 481 4. J". SCtficeilS, Rostk. Scape slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle loose, rather simple, turning light chestnut-color ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, especially the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate mucronate-pointed pod. — Penn., Vir- ginia, and southward, near the coast. 5. J. ISlcirttiBfims, Lam. Scape stout and rigid (2° -5° high), the apex pungent; panicle compound, erect, loose; the flowers clustered in small heads; sepals lanceolate, the- outer acute, as long as the elliptical short-pointed pod. (J. acutus, MuhL, £c.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh), Virginia, and southward. (Eu.) * •* * Stems lea f -bear ing : leaves terete, or flattened laterally (equitant), knotted by cross partitions internally : ct/tne or panicle terminal: flowers in heads or small clus- ters (very liable to a monstrosity, from the bite of insects making them appear as if viviparous) : pod more or less I -celled. •i— Stamens 3. 6. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem stout (l°-3° high) and terete, as are the leaves; panicle rather simple, bearing several (5-18) pale green densely many-flow- ered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed, especially the outer, as long as the oblong triangular taper-pointed pod ; seeds barely pointed at each end, tail/ess. (J. polycephalus, Michx. (excl. var. a1?). J. echinatus, MuhL J. nodosus, var. multiflorus, Torr.) — Wet borders of streams, &c. ; rather common. — Rootstock thickish, creeping. Remarkable for its bur-like green heads, usually £' in diameter. 7. J. paracloXUS, E. Meyer. Stem rather stout (l°-2^0 high), terete; leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound ; the numerous greenish heads globular, many- (8 - 15-) flowered ; sepals lanceolate, somewhat a\vl-pointed, rigid, shorter than the oblong-triangular abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds con- spictiousty tailed at both ends ! ( J. polyccphalus, Darlinrjt., Torr. Fl. N. Y. excl. var. 3, & syn. J. fratcrnus, Kunth. J. sylvaticus, Pursh.) — Wet places ; com- mon.— Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller, than in the foregoing. Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends into a tail longer than the oblong body of the seed. 8. J. dcbiiiS. Stems weak and slender (l°-2° long), flattened, as are the slender leaves ; panicle decompound, loose, widely spreading ; the numerous pale green heads 4-8-flowered; sepals lanceolate, acute, herbaceous, shorter than the oblong pod ; seeds tailless, minutely and barely pointed at each end. (J. subverticilla- tus, Miild., not of Wulf. J. pallcscens, Meyer, as to N. American plant. J. polycephalus, var. "? depauperatu.s, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Wet swamps; common, especially southward and westward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent or floating and rooting : branches of the cymose panicle slender and diverging. Heads 2'' long. Pods pale, sometimes twice the length of the calyx when ripe — This, which is pretty clearly the J. acuminatus of Kunth, is perhaps the plant of Michaux ; but the next is the species taken for J. acuminatus by American authors. 9. J. stcnininfUllS, Michx. Stem erect (10' -15' high), terete, leaves slender, nearly terete ; panicle with rather slightly spreading branches, bearing few or ma.-iy 3 - S-flou^rred chestnut-colored heads : sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 41 482 JUNCACE^. (liUSlI FAMILY.) very acute, one third or one half the length of the prismatic, triangular r.i ruptly acute pod ; mi-da tail-pointed at both ends. (J. sylvatieus, Mi'/tl. J. Can- adensis, Guy.) — Peat-bogs, and sandy borders of ponds. — Pods turning deep chestnut-brown. Tails shorter than the body of the seed. •*- ••- Stamens 6. (Heads chestnut-colored: the pods becoming blackish or brown, and shining: seeds tailless, but sometimes short-pointed .) — Var. PKLOcAiu'US (J. pelocarpus, E. M\ijcer part of the rays of the open umbel: rootstocks slender, creeping extensively, and bearing small nut-like tubers. 13. C. rotutidus, L., var. Hydra. (NUT-GRASS.) Culm slender (£°- 1-g-0 high), longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, about equalling the involucre; the few rays each bearing 4 - 9 dark chestnut- purple 1 2 - 40-flowercd acute spikes ; scales ovate, close!// oppressed, nerveless except on the green keel. (C. Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy fields, Virginia and south- ward : probably an immigrant from farther south. Excessively troublesome to planters. (Eu.) 14. C. phyeieatodCS, Muhl. Culm (1°- 2^° high) equalling the leaves; umbel often compound, 4- 7 -rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12-30-flowercd ; scales oblong, nar- rowly scarious-margincd, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; aehenium oblong. (C. repens, Ell.} — Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to Michigan, Illi- nois, and common southward. Aug. — Tubers small, at the end of very slender rootstocks : by these the plant multiplies rapidly, and becomes a pest. •*-•*-•»- Spikes flattish, rather loosely floivered, greenish, lance-linear, capitate-clus- tered (except in No. 15) ; the convex ovate scales many-nerved, only § or 4- longer than the triangular aehenium: culms tufted from hard tuberiferous rootstocks. 15. C. ScllWC'illUzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (1°- 2° high) ; leaves linear; umbel simple, 4-8-rai/ed; fpikes crowded at the upper part of the mostly elongated ray,-:, erect, loosely 6 - 9-flowcrcd, a bristly bract at the base of each ; scales a u:l -pointed, scarcely longer than the ovate aehenium ;. joints of the axi* narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores, &c., Lake Ontario, New York, to Illinois, and northwestward. Aug. — Spikes y -# long: the scales large ill proportion. 494 CYFERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 16. C. OrsYyii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6'- 12' high) ; leaves nearly bristle-si taped, channelled; umbel simple, 4-G-rayed; spikes 5-10 in a loose head, spread! inj, 5 - 7-flowercd, the joints of the axis winyed ; scalar n itlx r ubtum , ish-chestnut-color; achenium obovatc, minutely pointed. — Barren sandy soil, llhode Island to New Jersey, near the coast. Aug. (Approaches the next.) 17. €. CliculllliS, Viihl. Culm slender, wiry, often reelincd (8' -15' high ) ; leaves linear ( 1 " - 2" wide) ; spikes numerous and clunf- ml in out- sessile dense head, or in 1 - 3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 - 10- flowered ; joints of the axis naked ; scales blunt, greenish ; achenium obovate, short-pointed. (C. mu- riscoide.i, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward. An-. I 4. MARf SOUS, Vahl. — Style 3-cle/l : the achenium triamjnlur : stamens 3 spikes 1 -feic-Jiowcred, scarcely flattened ; the 2 lower scales short and empty : oth- erwise as in § 3. 18. C. oviiSfaris, Torr. Smooth; culm sharply triangular (6' -12' high); umbel 1-6-raycd; spikes in globular dense heads, 2-4-jlotwed, short and thick: joints of the axis winged ; scales ovate, blunt, greenish ; achenium obovoid. y. (Kyllingia, Afic/ix.) — Sandy soil, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. -Oct. — Heads barely £' in diameter, of 50-100 spikes. 19. C. TOtrofr&CtUS, Torr. Culm minutely doimy like the leaves, rough on the obtusish angles (l°-3°high); umbel many-rayed; spikes slender, mat* tfiaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the elongated rays, soon reflcxed, \-1-flowered in the middle; scales usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate, the uppermost involute-awl-sliaped ; achenium linear. 1J. (Scirpus retrofractus, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Spikes £' long, 50-100 in a head, greenish. 2. KYLLINGIA, L. KYLLINGIA. Spikes of 3-4 two-ranked scales, 1 -l£-flowered; the 2 lower scales minuto and empty, as in Cypcrus§4, otherwise as in Cyperus $ 1 (viz. style 2-cleft; achenium lenticular) : but the numerous spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads. Involucre about 3-lcaved. (Named after Kylliiig, a Danish botanist.) 1. K. pilillila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (4" broad); spikes strictly 1-flowcrcd; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on tlve keel; stamens 2; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Culms 2' -9' high. 3. DUL,iCIHUM, Richard. DULICHIUM. Spikes many- (6 -10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary solitary pnluwles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves. Scales 2-ranked, lanceolate. Perianth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamen' 3. Stylo 2-cleft above. Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the Ic.ng persist- ent style. —A perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed unri leafy to the summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The oi a Greek island; its application unexplained.) CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.} 495 1. I>. spatluiceum, Pers. — Borders of ponds; common. July- Scpt. 4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. HEMICARPHA. Spikes many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral cluster, sessile. Scales regularly imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single be- hind the flower, very thin, finally often adhering to or wrapped around the ob- long or obovoid pointless naked achenium. Perianth none. Stamen i. Style 2-cleft. — Little tufted annuals resembling Scirpus, except as to the .minute inner scale, which is readily overlooked ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at the base. (Name from ijpi, half, and nap^os, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet on one side of the flower.) 1. IS. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf (!'- 4' high); involucre 1 -leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute leaf; spikes 2-3 (2" long); scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point (Scirpus subsquarrosus, Mahl.) — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers; not rare, often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July. — Var. DRUMMONDII (H. Drum- raondii, Nees) is a form with single and pale or greenish heads. — Illinois and southward. 5. EL-EOCHARIS, R. Brown. SPIKE-RUSH. Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many - several-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in many, rarely in 2 or 3, ranks. Perianth of 3- 12 (com- monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta- mens 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is jointed with the apex of the lenticular or obtusely triangular achenium. — Leaf- less, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creeping rootstocks. (Name from eXos, a marsh, and x^P^i to dtliyht in ; being marsh plants.) 4 1. LIMN6CHLOA, Nees. — Scales of the dense and terete many-flowered spike papery-coriaceous and rounded, ivith a scarious margin, pale : style 3-cleft : actie~ nium doubly convex, about equalling the bristles. * Culms large and stout, often thicker than the cylindrical spike: scales faintly many- striatc, a/id densely imbricated so as usually to form (jive) distinct s/tiral rotes : BJieaths at the base often nearly leaf-bearing. (LlMNOGHLOA proper.) 1. E. eQllisetoicles, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many cross partitions (2° high, thick as a goosequill) ; achenium smooth, crowned with a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, Rhode Island (Olneu], Michigan (Houfjhton} , Delaware, and southward. — Spike 1' or more long. 2. E. qiiadrangllliita, R. Brown. Culm even, sharply 4-angled (2°- 4° high) ; achenium finely reticulated, crowned with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. — Penn., Michigan, and southward. * * Culms slender : spike ovate or oblong : scales with a midrib. 3. E. tllbercilldsa, R. Brown. Culms striatc (8'- 12' high) ; bristles strongly barbed downward ; achenium triangular, ribbed and minutely reticulattsd, 496 CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) surmounted by a flattish cap-shaped tubercle as large as itm-lf. — Wet sandv Massachusetts, along tlie coast, to Virginia and southward. § 2. ELEOCIIARIS PROPER. — Scales of the terete several -many-jlutKered spike membranaceous, and with a midrib or nerce, iinbrira/td in iitorr. than three ranks. * Aclienium lenticular (smooth) : style 2-cleft, in No. 4 commonly 3-clefl : spike dense, many-flowered : culnu rather slender, spongy. (ELEOGEM :s, .\ 4. E. obtiisn, Sehultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8'- 14' high) from fibrous roots; spike gfobose-oroid and with age oblong, obtuse (dull brown); the sf«l slriaii-(/n>ur<-d, iciry, erect (L°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike ovoid-lanceoktte, (n'nt< , 12- ZQ-flowend; scales ovate, obtuse, rather rigid (light brown) ; achenium smooth, obovate-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 4 -G bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney], Fenn V. , New York (Sarticdl), and Michigan. — Allied to S. multicaulis of Ku. 8. E. intermedia, Schultcs. Culms capillary, wiry, striute-gr. densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (G1- tpike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely lQ-18-Jloivered (2" -3" long); seal ibtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; acheiuum .smooth, obovoid with (SEDGE FAMILY.) 497 a narrowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, whicli nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. rcclinata, Kunth!) — Wet slopes ; com- mon northward, and west to Illinois. -M- -t-v Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium and fragile, or none. 9. E. Si'BlHiS, Schultcs. Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angular (1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acutish, 20 - 30-fiowered (3" long) ; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green keel ; urhenium obovate, roughened with close and fine projecting dots, crowned with a small depressed tubercle; bristles 2-3, half the length of the achenium, or wanting. (E. elliptica, Kunth !) — Wet meadows and bogs; common. 10. E. COfiilprcssa, Sullivant. Culms fiat, strongly striate, slender, erect (l£° hiy:h) ; spike ovate-oblong, 20 - 30-fiowcred (4" long); scales lanceolate- ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and summit; the style 2-cleft; achenium obovate-pcar-shaped, obtusely 3-angled, obscurely wrinkled-pitted, crowned ivith a small globular-conical tubercle; bristles none (rarely a single rudi- ment).— Wet places, N. New York, Ohio, and Illinois. — Culms tufted on run- ning rootstocks, I1' broad, strikingly flat, spirally twisted in drying. 11. E. fllClailOCarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9' -18' high) ; spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered (3" -6" long) ; scales roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brownish with broad scarious margins ; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit entirely covered like a lid by the Jlatly depressed tubercle, which is raised in the cen tre into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the (soon blackish) achenium, fragile, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, Massachu- setts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. Scales closely many-ranked, as in the first division of § 2. 12. E. triCOStata, Torr. Culms fiattish, thread-like (1°- 2° high) ; spike cylindrical-oblong, densely many-flowered (6"-9" long), thickish; scales ovate, very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3 prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute tubercle; bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knitskern], and southward. •*- -i- Spike lance-linear, scarcely broader than the sharply triangular culm: scales Jew-ranked, greenish, finely several-nerved on the keeled back. 13. E. Kol»l>ilisii, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather stout, erect (8' -2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems, like fine leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely truncate ; scales of the pointed spike 3 - 9, convolute-clasping, lanceolate, obtuse, with scarious mar- gins ; achenium oblong-obovate, 3-angular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the 6 downwardly-barbed strong bristles, tipped with a flattened awl- shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire (Rd>bin$),to New Jersey, C. E. Smith, &c. — Spike varying from £' to 1' long, by 1" wide ; the long scales being rather remote and sheath-like. § 3. CILETOCYPERUS, Nees. — Scales of the compressed few - several- fioieered spike membranaceous, 2 - 3-ranked : bristles 3 - 6, fragile or fugacious : style 3-cleft : achenium triangular or somewhat terete : cul/ns small and capillary. 42* 498 CYrKKACKJE. (SKPGK FAMILY.) * Achenium ot>scnreh/ tr'ntngnlar, HMmjpribbtd on the sides. 14. E. acicvilfiriS, R. Brown. Culms finely capillary (2' -8' long), more or less 4-angular; spike 3-9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish with purple sides) ; achenium obovate-oblong, tumid, with 3 ribbed angles and 2-3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely stri- ate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular. (S. trichodes, Muld., &c.) — Muddy places, and margins of brooks; common. (Eu.) * * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides. 15. E. pygni&a, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (!'- 2' high) ; spike ovate, 3 - 8-Jlowercd ; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather acute; achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a minute tubercle; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. pusillus, Void.? 'Chaetocyperus polymorphous, Nces?) — Brackish marshes and river-banks, as far as salt water reaches. 16. E. Illicrocurpa, var.? filicillmiS, Torr. " Culms capillary or thread-like, wiry, 4-angular (3' -4' high) ; spikes oblong, often proliferous, 15-25- flowered; bristles nearly as long as the obovate-oblong (obtusely triangular) nut without the tubercle; scales dark chestnut-color." — Wet places, in the pine bun-ens of New Jersey, Tarrey. 6. SCIRPUS, L. BULRUSH. CLUB-RUSH. Spikes many - several-flowered, terete, single or mostly clustered, and sub- tended by one or more involucral leaves, often appearing lateral from the exten- sion of an involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly imbricated all round in several ranks. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous, or leaving a persistent jointless base as a tip or point to the lenticular or trian- gular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base ; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Perennials, except No. 8. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) See Addend. § 1. SCIRPUS PROPER. — Bristles rigid, not exserted, mostly barbed downwards. # Spike single, terminal, with an empty scale or bract at its base equalling or ovfrtop- ping it,few-flowend: culms slender, jointless, leaf-bearing only at the base (style 3-clcjl : ac/H ninin triangular, smooth). 1. S. C&BSpitOSllS, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base, in compact turfy tufts (3'-10' high); the upper sheath prolonged into a short aicl-s/irreyi, Olney. Culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender (2° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2-3, more than half the length of the culm, tri- angular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, ovate-oblong, acute, distinct, sessile, long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mucronate ; style 3-clefl ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular obovate very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucronatus, Pursh ? Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, New England to Michigan. July, Aug. — (S. mucronatus, L., should it be found in the country, will be known by its leafless sheaths, conglomerate head of many spikes, stout involucral leaf bent to one side, &c.) •«— •«- Culm terete, naked. 7. S. lacustris, L. (BULRUSH.) Culm large, cylindrical, gradually tapering at the apex (3° -8° high), the sheath bearing a small linear-awl-shaped leaf or none; spikes ovate-oblong, numerous, in a compound umbel-like panicle turned to one side, rusty-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate ; bristles 4- 6 ; achenium 500 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) obovate, mucronate, plano-convex. — Our plant appears constantly to have a 2- cleft style, and the scales often a little downy on the back, and is S. validus, Vahl. & S. acutus, Muhl. — Fresh-water ponds and lakes; common. July. — Culm as thick a* the finger at the base, tipped with an erect and pointed involucral leaf, which is shorter or longer than the panicle. (Eu.) 8. S. di'bilis, Pursh. Culms slender (6' -12' high), striate, tufted, from fibrous roots, leafless, or 1-leaved at the base ; spikes ovate, few (I -8) in a sessile duster, appearing deeply lateral by the prolongation of the 1-leaved involucre ; scales round-ovate (greenish-yellow) ; style 2-3-cleft; bristles 4-6, longer than the obovate plano-convex or lenticular shining minutely dotted achenium, or rarely obsolete. ® — Low banks of streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, Illi- nois, and southward. Aug. # # # Spikes clustered and mostly umbelled, plainly terminal, many-flowered: involu- cre leafy : culm leafy, triangular, and with closed joints below (style 3-cleft). t- Sca'es of the large spikes awl-pointed, lacerate-3-clefl at the apex. 9. S. maritimus, L. (SEA CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, linear, as long as the stout culm (l°-3° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal; spikes few -several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty brown) spikes ; achenium obovate- orbicular, much compressed, flat on one side, convex or olttuse-anglcd on the other, mi- nutely pointed, shining, longer than the 1 -6 unequal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) bristles. — Var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michx. (S. robustus, Pursh.) is a larger form, with very thick oblong or cylindrical heads, becoming !'-!£' long, and the longer leaf of the involucre often 1° long. — Salt marshes ; common on the coast, and near salt springs (Salina, New York), &c. Aug. — Heads beset with the spreading or recurved short awns which abruptly tip the scales. (Eu.) 10. S. Iliiviistilis. (RIVER CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, broadly linear ($' or more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very long involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated, recur ved-spreading, bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; acheni- um obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely- equalling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. marit., var. ? fluviatilis, Torr., excl. syn. EU.) — Borders of lakes and large streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and Illinois. July, Aug. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° - 4° high. Leaves rough- ish on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest l°-2° long. Principal rays of the umbel 3'-4; long, sheathed at the base. Heads |' to 1 4' long, paler and duller than in No. 9 ; the scales less lacerate and A le awns less recurved ; the fruit larger and very different. •»- •+- Scales of the small compound-umbelled and clustered heads mucronate-tipped. 11. S. SylvAticUS, L. Culm leafy (2° -5° high); leaves broadly linear, flat, rough on the edges ; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular ; the numerous spikes clustered (3-10 together) in dense heads, ovoid, dark lead-colored or olive- green turning brownish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed their whole Irnglh, straight, scarcely longer than the convex-triangular achenium. — Low grounds, N. New England and northward. — Var. ATR^VIRENS (S. atroviivns, Mn/il.) is a form with the spikes (10-30 together) conglomerate into denser larger heads. — Wet CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 501 meadows, &c., New England to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and north- ward. July. (Eu.) 12. S. polypliyllus, Yahl. Culm, umbel, &c. as in the last; spikes clustered in heads of 3 - 8, ovoid, becoming cylindrical with age, yellowish-brown ; bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the length of the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. brunneus, MuhL] — Swamps and shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. July. — Intermediate in character between the last and the next. §2. TRICHOPHORUM, Richard. — Bristles capillary, tortuous and entangled, naked, not barbed, much longer than the (triangular] achenium, when old projecting beyond the rusty-colored scales. (Leaves, involucre, Sfc. as in the last species.) 13. S. liiiefitllS, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3°high); leaves lineai', flat, rather broad, rough on the margins ; umbels terminal and axillary, loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a 1 - 3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the ovate green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed. — Low grounds, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 14. S. Eridpfioriini, Michx. (WOOL-GRASS.) Culm nearly terete, very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the invo- lucre 3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length drooping ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedi- celled, woolly at maturity ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer than the pointless scales; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L.) — Var. CYPER!- NDS (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all the spike conglomerate in small heads. Var. LAXUS (S. Eriophorum, Kunth} has the heads scattered, the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms occur, and the umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps ; common northward and southward. July -Sept. 7. ERIOPIIORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in several ranks. Peri- anth woolly, of numerous (rarely 6) flat and delicate hair-like bristles much longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky or cotton-like usually white tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style (3-cleft) and achenium as in Scirpus. Pe- rennials. (Name from epioi/, wool or cotton, and <£opa, bearing.) * Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white ; spike single : small, involucre none. 1. E« alpiillllil, I/. Culms slender, many in a row from a running rootstock (6' -10' high), scabrous, naked: sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — Cold peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and far northwaid. May, June. (Eu.) * Bristles very numerous, long, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit. -t— Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none : wool silvery white. 2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the 502 CYPF.RACK.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) base, and with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, tri- angular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at matu- rity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. June. (Eu.) •*- ••- Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate. 3. E. Virgillicum, L. Culm rigid (2° -4° high); leaves narrowly linear, elongated, flat ; spikes crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty vr copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs and low meadows ; common. July, Aug. 4. E. polystfidiyon, L. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), ohscurcly triangu- lar ; leaves linear, fiat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; inrolucrc 2-3-/caved; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon- gated in fruit; achenium obovate ; wool white, very straight (!' long or more). — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIUM (E. angustifolium, Roth, and European botanists, not of American, and the original E. polystachyon of L.) has smooth peduncles. — Var. LATirftLiUM (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Torr., $~c.) has rough peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common in bogs, especially northward, and often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, indicating that the species should probably be left as Linnaeus founded it. June, July. (Eu.) 5. E. gr&cile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular; leaves slender, channelled-triangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale- like, mostly l-leaved; peduncles rough or roughish-pubesccnt ; achenium ellipti- cal-linear. (E. triquetrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs, New England to Illinois, and northward. July, Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, when mature the copious white wool £' to f ' long. Scales brownish, several-nerved, or in our plant, var. PAUCINERVIUM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-color, and about 3-nerved. (Eu.) 8. FIUIBRiSTYLIS, Vahl. (Species of SCIRPUS, L.) Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all floriferous, regularly im- bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, £c.) none. Stamens 1 -3. Style 2-3-eleft, with a thickened bulbous base, which is deciduous (except in No. 4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the involucre 2-3-lcavcd. (Name compounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, the style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) $ 1. FIMBRISTYLIS PROPER. — Style 2-cleJl, mostly fiat and ciliate on the margins, falling away with the bulbous base from the lenticular achenium ; scales of the many-fiowered spike very closely imbricated. 1. F. spadlcea, Vahl. Culms (l°-2i° high) naked above, rwd, as are the ihmttl-form convolute-channelled leaves, smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" thick); stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium minutely striate and dotted. 1J. (F. cyHndrira, I 'aid.) — Salt marshes along the coast, Now York to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 503 2. F. MX si* Vahl. Culms slender (2' -12' high), weak, grooved and flat- tish ; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy ; spikes ovate, acute (3" long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium G-S-ribbcd on each side, and with finer cross lines, (i) (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides, Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July- Sept. $ 2. TRIC1IEL6STYLIS, Lestib. — Style 3-cleft: achenium triangular: other- wise nearly as in § 1. 3. F. autKiiliialiS, Rcem. & Schult. Low (3' -9' high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes ob- long, acute (l"-2" long) single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo- late, mucronate ; stamens 1—3. (j) (Scirpus autumnalis, L.) — Low grounds, Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct. § 3. ONC6STYLIS, Martins. — Style 3-cleft, slender, its small bulb more or less persistent on the apex of the triangular achenium. 4. F. capillaris. Low, densely tufted (3' -9' high); culm and leaves nearly capillary, the latter all from the base, short ; umbel compound or pani- cled; spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2; achenium minutely wrinkled, very obtuse. (3) (Scirpus, L.) — Sandy fields, &c., common, especially south- ward. Aug. - Sept. 9. FUIKENA, Rottboll. UMBRELLA-GRASS. Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, awncd below the apex, all florifcrous. Peri- anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped pctaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually with as many alternate small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms obtusely angu- lar. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.) 1. F. squarrosa, Michx. Stem (1°- 2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (^' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread- ing awns of the scales ; perianth-scales ovate, awn -pointed, the interposed bris- tles minute. — Var. ptmiLA, Torr. is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with 2-6 spikes ; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. 1J. — Sandy wet places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward; also Michigan; northward mostly the small variety. Aug. 1O. PSIL.OCARYA, Torr. BALD-RUSH. Spikes ovoid, terete, many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Scales imbri- cated in several ranks ; the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens usu- ally 2. Style 2-cleft. Achenium doubly convex, more or less wrinkled trans- versely, crowned with the persistent tubercle or dilated base of the style. — Culms leafy ; the spikes in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from i/aXcy, bare, and xapva, nut, alluding to the absence of bristles.) 1. P. SCirpoides, Torr. Spikes 20 - 30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored ; achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword- 504 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) shaped persistent style, and somewhat margined; culm 4' -9' high: leaves flat. (D — Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. July. 11. DIC'HKOIVIEN A, Richard. DICHROMENA. Spikes terete, flattened, aggregated in a terminal leafy involucrate head, many-flowered; some of the flowers imperfect. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Achcnium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from Si's, double, and xpw/za, color). 1. I>. Icucoceplmlal, Michx. Culm triangular ; leaves narrow ; invo- lucre 5-7-leaved; achenium truncate, not margined. 1J. — Damp pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. August. 12. CERATOSCIIOBNUS, Nees. HORNED RUSH. Spikes spindle-shaped, producing 1 perfect and 1 to 4 staminate flowers. Scales few and loosely imbricated ; the lower ones empty. Perianth of 5 - 6 rigid or cartilaginous flattened bristles, which are somewhat dilated or united at the base. Stamens 3. Style simple, entirely hardening in fruit into a long and slender awl-shaped upwardly roughened beak with a narrow base, much ex- serted, and several times longer than the flat and smooth obovate achenium. — Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, and large spikes clustered in simple or compound terminal and axillary cymes. (Name composed of Kt'pas, a horn, and (r^olvoSi a rush.) 1. C. CDF IliClllilta, Nees. Cymes decompound, diffuse ; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. August. — Culm 3° -6° high. Leaves £' wide. Fruit with the taper beak 1' long. 2. C. macrostacliya, Gray. Cymes somewhat simple, small, the spikes closely clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achenium. — Borders of ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and rare southward. (Some states occur intermediate between this and the last.) 13. RIIYNCIIOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK RUSH. Spikes ovate, few - several-flowered ; the lower of the loosely imbricated scales empty, the uppermost usually with imperfect flowers. Perianth of 6 (ot rarely more) bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular or globular, crowned with the dilated and persistent base of the style (tubercle). — Perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, cymes, or heads : flowering in summer. (Name composed of puy^oy. a snout, and crrropa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.) # Achenium transversely wrinkled, more or less flattened, bristles upwardly denticulate. 1. It. cyillOSa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear ($' wide); cymes corymbose ; the spikes crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505 length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical, tubercle. — Low grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 2. B. Torreysina, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicclled; achenium oblong-obo- vate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical tubercle. — Swamps ; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. 3. B. illCXg>:illSct, Valil. Culm triangular, slender; leaves narrowly lin- ear ; spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong, half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-sub- ulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. * * Achenium smooth and even, lenticular. •*- Bristles of the perianth denticulate or barbed upwards. 4. K. fuSCSl, lluim. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled; spikes ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1-3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium obovate, half the length of the bristles, about the length of the triangular-sword- shaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds, New Jersey to New Hampshire : rare. July. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (Eu.) 5. B. gr:i£t lentil, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2-4 small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles, about the length of the flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high. •*- •*- Bristles denticulate or barbed dowmcards (in No. 9 both ways). 6. B. Sllfoa, Valil. Leaves almost bristle-form; spikes (whitish) several in a corymbed cluster, lanceolate ; achenium ovoid, narrowed at the base, shorter than the 9-11 bristles, a little longer than the slender beak-like tubercle ; stamens usually only 2. — Bogs; common eastward (both north and south) and northward. — Culm slender, 12' -20' high. {Eu.) 7. B. capilirscc«l, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong-lanceolate (pale chestnut-color, J' long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about half the lenc/th of the 6 stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate- beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Pennsylvania to New York and Michigan. — Culm G'-9' high, slender. 8. B. K.liie§k£l'Blii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short ; spikes nu- merous, crowded in 4: -6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (chestnut-color, scarcely 1" long) ; achenium obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the 6 bristles, twice the length of the triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on bog iron-ore banks exclusively (Kmeakern), and southward; rare. — Culms tufted, 6' -18' high, slender. 9. B. gJOHaet'ilta, Vahl. Leaves linear, jiat ; spikes numerous in distant dusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong (chestnut-brown) ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly barbed bristles. — Low grounds, Maine to Kentucky, and southward. — Culm l°-2° high. — A state with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, Cray. 43 506 CYl'ERACE.E. (sKI)GE FAMILY.) 10. R. ccplaaklutlza, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear , flat, L very numerous, cruiald in 2-3 or more dense, (jhjbnlar hntds which arc distant (and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; acheniuni orbicular-obovate, mar- gined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the length of the stout bristles, which are barbed either downwards or upward*. — Sandy svamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm stout, 2° -3° high : the fruit, £c. larger than in the last, of which very probably it is only a marked variety. 14. CLADIUM, P. Browne. Twio-Rusn. Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or impeifect flower; the terminal flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2 -3-cleft, decid- uous. Aeheiiium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, without any proper tubercle. — Perennials, with the aspect of Khynchos-pora. (Name from xXciSos, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the brandling styles of some species.) 1. C. liiariscoiclcs, Torr. Culm obscurely triangular (l°-2° high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined ; cymes small ; the spikes clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2-4 peduncles; style 3-cleft. (Schoenus, MuhL] — Bogs, New England to N. Illinois, and northward. July. 15. SCLERIA, L. Nux-Kusn. Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usually intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achcnium globular, stony, bony, or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none — Perennials, with triangular leafy culms. (Name ovcA^pia, hardness, from the bony or crustaceous fruit.) K= Achenium smooth and polished : its base surrounded by an obscurity triangular crus- taceous ring or disk : stamens 3. 1. S. triglomerftta, Miehx. Culm (2° -3° high) and broadly linear leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters, the lower peduncled; achcnium ovoid-globular, slightly pointed (2" broad). — Low grounds, Vermont to Wisconsin, &c. ; common southward. July. # # Achenium reticulated, seated on a flatfish disk of 3 conspicuous and ovate-lwi- ceolate entire scale-like lol)es: stamens 2. 2. S. rcticul:*tris, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or short-pcd uncled ; ache- niiim (/lubnlur, d<-cj>ly pi!t,d IK tin en the re;/u/ar reticulations, not hairy. — Sandy swamps, Kastern Massachusetts to Xew Jersey, Virginia, and southward : rare. August. 3. S. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high) ; loaves linear; clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping; arJienium globular, pitted and someirhrit sf>im/li/ marked with minutil// httiri/ irrinklfs. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward, near the coast. Too like the last. CYPEUACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507 * # # Achemnm warty-roughened, bat shining and ichite : disk a narrow ring sup- porting 6 minute rounded tubercles, in pairs : stamens 3. 4. S. psiisciillora, Mulil. Somewhat downy or smoothish; culms slen- der (9* -18' high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered, the lower lateral ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate. — Swamps and hills, S. and W. New England, TV. New York, and southward. July. * * * * Disk none: uclicninm white, rough with minute tubercles: stamens 1-2. 5. S. verticil 1 r» I a. Muhl. Smooth; culms simple and slender (6'- 10' high), terminated by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile clusters; bracts minute; leaves linear; acheninm globular (small). — Swamps, Yates County, New York (Sartwell), Michigan (Cooley), Pennsylvania (MuMenberg)t Ohio (Lesquereux), and southward. June. 16. €AREX, L. SEDGE.* Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monoecious), either home together in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very rarely on distinct plants (dicccious). Scales of the spikes 1 -flowered, equally imbricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflat- ed sac (composed of two inner scales (bractlets) united at their margins), form- ing a rounded or angular bladdery fruit (perigynium) , contracted towards the apex, enclosing the lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular achenium, which is crowned with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) base of the style. Stigmas 2-3, long, projecting from the orifice of the pcrigynium. — Perennial herbs, chiefly flowering in April or May, frequently growing in wet places, often * Contributed by Jonx CAKET, Esq , with the subjoined explanatory note. " In arranging the Carices for your work, I have had constantly in view the species compre- hended within your geographical range, and have framed the sections and subsections with es- pecial reference to these, without regard to other excluded species belonging, in many cases, to the same groups, but exhibiting peculiarities which would require the combining characters to be modified or changed Indeed, most of my subsections would, in a monograph of the genus, require to stand as distinct sections, with appropriate subdivisions I have thought it an as- BV tance to the student to give a leading name to the principal groups, and in some cases have a (opted those already suggested by different authors ; but as I am uncertain whether the char- acters on which I rely are in accordance with their views, I have cited no authorities under such subsections. I have endeavored to bring the allied groups (as I understand them) as nearly together as I could ; but this, of course, is not always practicable in any lineal arrange- ment. It might, however, have been done with much greater satisfaction on a larger and more comprehensive scale. I have retained the small artificial group Psyllophorae, from its manifest convenience, but should not have done so in a more philosophical work. Upon the whole, I am inclined to hope that the present will at least possess this one advantage over the hitherto more artificial arrangement in general use, — that a student, when acquainted with one species of a group, will be enabled to recognize the co-species for himself, whilst a merely artificial enumeration must at times place very incongruous forms in juxtaposition. Any increased difficulty, if such there be, in commencing the study of this vast and intricate genus upon principles of natural classification, will be amply repaid by the more accurate knowledge of structure thus obtained, than by a reliance merely on the loose external characters derived from the number and position of the spikes I shall be well satisfied if my attempt shall be an assistance to others in doing far better, hereafter." Ed. 1. — The additions and alterations la the present edition are mainly from notes obligingly furnished by Mr. Carey. 508 CYPERACE^E. (3EDOE FAMILY.) in dense tufts. Culms triangular, bcaiing the spikes in the axils of green and leaf-like or scale-like bracts ; commonly with thin membranaceous sheaths at the- base which enclose more or less of the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, usually rough on the margins and keel. (A classical name, of obscure signifi- cation ; derived by some from careo, to want, the upper spikes being mostly sterile ; and by others from Kctpu, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves.) ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS. A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-like __ (This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial, and combines species having no real natural affinity.) — PSYLLOPIIOOS, Loisel i 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staniinate flowers at its base. No. 1-3. 2. Spike androgynous, staniinate at the summit. No 4-7. B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer- tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. - PIIYLLOSTAC1I YS, Torr. & Gr. No. 8 -10. C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessile, forming compact, or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or de- compound spikes. Stigmas 2 — V1GNEA, Beauv. j 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 11 - 1&. 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No 14 28. 8. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at i he base No. 29-41. D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper- most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile) or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 3 (or only 2 in No. 42-49 and 58). — CAKEX PROPER. * Perigyuia with merely a minute or short point, not prolonged into a beak. $ 1. Perigynia not inflated (slightly so in No. 51), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a minute straight point ; glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or tinged with purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1 - 3, or the terminal spike androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No 42-57. 2. Perigyuia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless or with a straight or oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex- cept sometimes in No. 62) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No. 58 - 71. 3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 70 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile. No 72, 73. 4 Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green and leaf-like (except in No. 74). No 74 - 81 6. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal spike all staminate, or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green pro- longation. No. 82, 83. * * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged. 0 Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a memhramv- ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice Bracts short : culms mostly low and slender ; leaves all radical, long and narrow Staminate spike solitary. No 84-90. 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short )>e.ak terminating in an enMre or slightly notched orifice- I'.rarts long and leaf-like: culms till and leafy. Stamiriatu eplk* solitary (in No 91 pistillate at the summit) : fertile spikes em t (except in No. 91), No. 91 -93. CTPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509 Q 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small inembranaceous teeth Stammate spike solitary : fertile spikes all on slender and pendulous stalks. No. 94 - 97. 9. I'erigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak, terminating in 2 distinct mernbranacecus teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity. Staininate spike solitary. No. 98 - 101. 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough or woolly, with an abrupt straight beak. Staminate spikes usually 2 or more No. 102 - 105. 11 Perigynia moderately Inflated, smooth (except No. 109), conspicuously many-nerved, with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes 1- 5 No. 106 - 112 12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2- toothed beak Staminate spike solitary. No. 113 - 120. 13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab- rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread- ing or deflexed. Terminal spike staininate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex. No. 121, 122. 14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, nerved (except No 132), shining and straw-colored at maturity, with a tapering and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikes 2-3. No. 123-132 A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale- like. — PSYLLOPHOR^K, LoiSCl. $ 1. Spike dioecious, or the fertile merely with a few staminate flowers at the base. # Stigmas 2 : leaves all radical, bristle- form. 1. C. gy liberates, Wormskiold. Culm and leaves smooth, or minutely rough at the top ; barren spike linear ; fertile spike ovoid, loosely flowered ; peri- gynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous obtusely 2-toothed apex, nar- rowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, spreading horizontally at maturity, longer than the acute or acutish scale. (C. dioica, ed. 1, not of L.) — Swamps, Wayne County, New York (Sartwell), to Michigan and northward. (Eu.) 2. C. exiliS, Dew. Culm rough ; spike rarely all staminate and filiform, but commonly fertile with a few staminate flowers at the base, densely flowered, occasionally with 1-2 very small additional fertile spikes below the sterile flowers ; pcrigynia ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, with a few flue nerves only on the convex side, serrulate on the margin, 2-toothed at the apex, spreading, rather longer than the acute scales. — Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the coast : also borders of mountain lakes, Essex County, New York. # * Stigmas 3 : leaves flat. 3. O« SCirpoidea> Michx. Spike narrowly cylindrical ; perhjynia ovoid t with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about the length of the pointed ciliate scale. (C. Wormskioldiana, Hornem. C. Michauxii, Schw.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and N.Hampshire (Oakes, <-ak ; achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass., W. New York, and southwestward. 9. C. Steiiclelii, Kunth. Sterile Jlowers 10-15, rather loosely imbricated into a linear (apparently distinct) spike; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth, with a long and abrupt rough beak: achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very minutely dotted; stigmas doumy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hill-sides, N. New York to Illinois and Kentucky. 10. C. Biickii, Boott. Sterile flower's 3, inconspicuous; perigynia 2-4, loose, globosc-ocoid with a conical beak, smooth throughout ; achenium globose-pyrifonn, scarcely dotted; stigmas smooth. — Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom, Prof. \Vhitnty), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. — Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous, than in the last two. C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessile, forming a compact or more or less interrupted sometimes panic- ulate-compound or decompound inflorescence : stigmas 2 : achenium lenticular. — VIGN^A, Beativ. $ 1. Spikes approximated! with the s(aminat<> and pistillate Jfowers variously situ- ated; perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak ; CYPiciiACEJi. (SEDGE IPA.MILY.) 511 bracts light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter than the (at maturity) brown and chaffy-looking spikes. — SiCcXx^E. 11. C. bl'OUloUtoS, Sehk. Spikes 4-6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sorm of the central ones wholly fertile ; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a taper- ing point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale; style jointed at the base. — Swamps, &c. ; common. — A slender species, occasionally dioecious. 12. C. Siccfstcl, Dew. Spikes 4 - 8, ellipsoid, the uppermcst, and commonly 1-3 of the lowest, fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently all staminate ; peri- gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the length of the scale; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer. C. Lid- doni, ed. 1, not of Boott.) — Sandy plains, New England to Illinois, and north- westward. 13. C. Sartwcllii, Dew. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper chief- ly stai innate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, the margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft on the outer side ; scale ovate, pointed, about the length of the perigynium. — Seneca County, New York (Sari- well), to Illinois. — Too near C. intermedia of Eu. § 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. * Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly-margined beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity: spikes decompound, paniculate : scales light brown, with white membrana- ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short bristly prolongation. — PANICUL\T.E. 14. C. teretiuscilla, Good. Spikes with very short appressed branches, forming a slender crowded spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, short-stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart- shaped base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovoid- pyriform, obtusely triangular. ( C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl.) — Swamps ; common, especially northward. (Eu.) Var. iiiiijor, Koch. Spikes more panicled ; perigynia rather narrower. (C. paniculata, var. minor, ed. 1. C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.) — Bogs and low grounds, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 15. C. clccomposita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous dense- ly-crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia obovate, un~ equally biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each sidr, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decora- posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Penn., Illinois, and south- westward. * * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short 2- toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, with nu- merous small imj densely-flowered heads : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with the green keel prolonged into a rough point : bracts short and resembling them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle- shaped, and much ex- ceeding the culm. — 512 CYrr.i?ACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 1C. C. Vll I pi no i flea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less interrupted, of 8-10 crowded clusters (l£'-2£' long); perigynia ovate from a broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity (C. multi- flora, MnlJ. C. bracteosa and C. polymorpha, ScJtw. C. microsperma, Wald ) — Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering arid more strongly serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew.) — Low meadows; very common. — Varies ex- ceedingly in the size and shape of the perigynium and beak. * * * Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, mcmbranaceous, with a thick ami spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, distinct- ly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 20 and 21), widely spreading and yellow at maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decompound : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point : bracts bristle-shaped, shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — VULP!N^E. 17. C. crus-c6rvi, Slmttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the lower brandies long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts often 2-toot/ted at the base; perigynia attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate btise into a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base. (C. sicaeformis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, often somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves $' wide. 18. €• Stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower ones dis- tinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak tapering from a truncate base, much exceeding the scale; style not tumid at the base. (C. vul- pinoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Swamps and low grounds; common. 19. C. Ylilpiiia, L. Spikes numerous, aggregated into a cylindrical and dense (or at times elongated and somewhat interrupted) compound spike; peri- gynia compressed, tapering from a broadly-ovate base into a beak not much longer than the scale; achenium oval; style tumid at the base. — Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky. — A tall, robust species, 3° -4° high, with wide leaves and a remarkably thick rough culm. It is very like the last, from which it chiefly differs in the more compressed and wider base and shorter beaks of the perigynia. — The forma with interrupted spikes have also a general resemblance to No. 22 ; which, how- ever, is distinguished by the margined and nerveless perigynia. (Eu.) 20. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-10 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, very obscurely nerved, ovate from a broad trun- cate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; acheniun, iyri- form; base of the style not tumid. (C. ccphalophora, var. maxima, Dr of the style not tumid. — Fields, Massachusetts (in- troduced?), Ohio, and Kentucky; rare. — Spikes im»tlv looser than in the last, tie perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering brak. (Eu.) I CYPF.RACE.fi. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513 # * # * Pcrif/ijnia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem- branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26) 2-toothcfl beak, spreading and green at maturity : scales of the fertile spikes tawny or white : bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. — MUHLE\BERGI\*M3. 22. C. SpargaBlioidcS, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, ovoid; the upper ones ag- gregated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly -ovate, nerveless, rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale j achenium roundish-ovate ; style short, tumid at the base. — Var. CEPHALOiDSA is a reduced state, with 4-6 rather smaller spikes, closely aggregated into an oblong head; resembling No. 23 in general appearance. (C. cephalophora, var. cepha- loidea, & C. cephaloidea, Dew.) — Low rich grounds; not rare: the var. in fields and hedges. — A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves; some- times with 1-2 short branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound spike (probably C. divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough). 23. C. CCphaI6phora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregat- ed in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3 — 4 indistinct nerves on the outer side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and style as in the last. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.} — Woods and fields ; common. 24. C. Mlllileilbergii, Schk. Spikes 5-7, closely approximate, forming an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently nerved on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium or- bicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields ; rather common, especially south- ward.— Plant 12' -18' high, pale green, commonly with a bract at the base of each spike. 25. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others all distinct, and the lowest often remote; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each spike), narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice as long as the broad/y ovate obtuse scale. — Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 - 4-flow- cred spikes. (Var. RADIATA, Dew. C. neglecta, Tuckerman.) — Moist woods and meadows ; common. 26. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, all approximate, the 1-2 lowest distinct but not remote; perigynia (about 5-7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lan- ceolate, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr , Gyp.) — Copses and moist meadows ; less common than the last, from which it is distinguished by the smaller .approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales, and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth margin and beak of the perigynium. * $: * * $: Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture, prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achenium conformed to the peri- gynium, crowned with the short thick style : bracts like the scales (brown), the lowest with a prolonged point: rootstock creeping. — CHORDORHIZ.K. 27 C. Cliordorlliza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root- stock(4'-9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap- t>14 CYl'EUACEJE. ^SEDGE FAMILY.) pressed leaves; .//.-/.« aggrrgafi-d into an oroid head; perigynia ovate, a little longer tlum tlie scale. — Cold pent-bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and north- ward. (Eu.) 28. C. tont'Ila, Selik. Spikes 2-4, very small, remote, with commonly 2 fert He flowers ; pcrigynia ovate, twice as long as the scale. (C. loliacea, Sc/i/c. 8ii/>]>., not of L. C. clisperma, Dew. C. graeilis, ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold swamps, New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender spe- cies, 6' -12' high, with long grassy leaves, growing in tufts. (Eu.) § 3. Spikes pistillate above, st a minute at the base. * Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming whitish or silvery : scales white and membranaceous ; the bracts resembling them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — CANESCENTES. i- Perigynia somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerwd, irilh a smooth or mi- nutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly note/ted at the apex. 29. C. trispcrma, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertile flowers, remote, the lowest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous slender nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on mountains, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. — lle- sembling the last, but with larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, l°-2°long. 30. C. tenilifldra, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated; perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold swamps, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 31. C. cancsceilS, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about 12 - 20-Jlowered) , the 2-3 upper approximated, the rest all distinct and the lower- most remote; perigynia ovate, about the length of the pointed scale. (C. curta, Good. C. Ilichardi, AficJuc.) — Marshes and wet meadows ; common, especially northward. (Eu.) Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller and roundish 6 - 1 5-flowercd spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and often tawny) at maturity : perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var. sphaerostachya, ed. 1. C. tenella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries. C. Gebhardi, Iloppe. C. sphasrostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun- tains, and high northward. (Eu.) «- •«- Perigynia thickened only at the base, obscurely nerved on the outer side, tapering into a rough 2-toothed beak. 32. C. Deweyaiia, Schw. Spikes about 4 ; the 2 uppermost approxi- mate, the others listinct, the lowest long-bractcd ; perigynia oblong-lan&olute, rather longer than the sharply pointed or awned scale. — Copses, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. See Addend. * * Spikes ovoid or obovoid. more or less clustered; perigynia concave-convex, com- pressed, man/intd or tcin;/f a ranee to the spiffs. t- Sterile spikidt«1 ori/icc, broader and much shorter t/uin tin:, lanceolate jioiuft ast of Ma-v-ae'uu-ictls (Grccn<\ \\r. JBoott), an 1 far northward. (Eu.) 50. C. IlliiritilllSl, Vahl. Steiile and lertile sj>i/coint, glau- cous-green when young, becoming cream-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes spotted with purple (stigmas only 2 in No. 58) : pistillate scales dark-brown with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves mostly radical, more or less glaUCOUS.) PANfCK-S. 58. C. aurea, Nutt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia oltouate or pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate acute scale ; stigmas 2 ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyriformis, Schw.) — Wet grassy banks, especially on limestone ; New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender, delicate species, 4' -8' high, with long grassy leaves, and (tracts exceeding the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex. 59. C. livi«la, Willd. Fertile spikes -1 -2, rarely with a third near the base of the culm, 10- 1 ^-flowered ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, with faint pellucid uerrtuse or mncronate scale; achcnium somewhat stipitate ; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent : otherwise nearly as the last, but a smaller plant (1°-U° high). — Saddle Mountain, W. Massachusetts (/A//vy). Pokono Mountain, Penn. (Darlington <^ Totcnsmd), and along the Allcghanies to Virginia and southward. § 3. Pt-figi/niit iritfiont a beak, hairy (in No. 73 becoming smooth at maturity), slightly injl.i'.cd, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a miuute CYPKRACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523 abrupt straight point: bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete sheaths, the lowest exceeding the culm : pistillate scales tawny or white : spikes 2-4, erect, the uppermost androgynous, pistillate at the apex and club-s. \apcd ; the rest all fer- tile. VlKESCEXTES. 72. C. vil'iSCesBS, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks ; peri- gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer tiian the ovate awned scale ; leaves and sheaths hair//. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hill-sides, New England to Mic-higru, and southward. — Culms rough and slender, l°-2° high; fertile spikes j' - 1 ' long. 73. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes oroid, nearly sessile, closely approximate; perigynia broad/y obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at matu- rity, rather longer than the pointed scale ; sheaths very hairy, leaves more or less so. (C. hirsuta, Willd, C. viridula, Schw. $- Torr., not of Michx.) — Varies with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and the leaves nearly smooth. (C. hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. $• Torr.) — Woods and meadows; rather com- mon ; the smoother form southward. — Culm 12' - 18' high. Spikes |' - §' long. § 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi- nating in a short entire rather obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at maturity: pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white : staminate spike solitary : pistillate spikes 2-5, few-fiowered, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base of the culm. * Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheathing bracts (except sometimes the lowest), shorter than the spikes, or not much exceeding them : perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end : culms numerous, diffuse and in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very broad, finely and closely nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLANTAofNE^E. 74. C. platltaginca, Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5 - 8-flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the lowest greenish at the apex. (C. latifolia, Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hill-sides in rich soil, New Eng- land to Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward in the Alleghanies. 75. C. Careyana, Torr. Fertile spikes 2 - 3, ovoid or oblong, about 3 - 5- flowered, bracts green, the upper about equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat exceeding them; perigynia large (2" -2^" in length); leaves dark green. — In similar situations with the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare. 76. C. platypliylla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, filiform, loosely 3-4-fiow- ered; bracts as in the last ; perigynia small ; culms slender ; leaves pale or whitish- green. — In similar situations with No. 74, and with the same range. # # Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate : fertile spikes 2 - 4, all on fili- form exserted stalks, ivith long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves, the upper- most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DIGITALES. 77. C. retrOCIirva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3 - 8- jlowercd, on long drooping stalks: leaves glaucous, 3-4 litifs icide, wtili 3 f.u. 524 CYi'ERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) nerves. — Copses and hill-sides, New England to "W. New York and Pennsyl- vania.— Very closely approaching the next; perhaps only a variety cf it. 78. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile sjiihs lii«-(u--i>t,U>nr/t lucscly G - 9-Jlou-< n d, on long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping; A uns and // -, dnik green; pcrigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. fr Torr., not of Schk. C. Vanvleekii, Schw.) — Copses and hill-sides, New England to Michi- gan, and southward. — A low species, 6'- 12' high, growing in tufts, with numer- ous culms and long grassy leaves. * # # Sterile spike short, linear ; fertile sjrikes 2-4, erect; the 1-2 uppermost commonly near the hase of the sterile, on an included stalk ; the rest on ex- serted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the /((ires; the uppermost exceeding the erect culm : periyynia with obtuse angles, about the length of the scale. — OLIGOCAKP.E. 79. C« IsixsiSorn, Lam. Fertile tpikes slender, loosely Jlowered on a ziqzag rhachis ; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end. (C. aneeps, Willd. $- cd. 1.) — Var. STRiATULA has the spikes oblong, more densely flowered, and the perigynia obovoid with a shorter point. (C. striatuhi, Michx. C. conoidea, ^fuld., not of Schk. C. bland a, Dew.} — Var. PATULIF6LIA, Dew., has the radical leaves very broad (l;- !£'), many-nerved, with a rather longer point. (C. plantaginea, Schk.t notofZ/aw.) — Open woods and copses; common. — A very variable speciwu, as to the breadth of the leaves and length of the spikes ; the culms are usually flattened or 2-edged above. An intermediate form occurs, with the broad leaves and slender spikes of var. patulifolia, but having the obovoid shortly pointed fruit of var. striatula, differing in the latter respect from the plant figured as C. plantaginea by Schkuhr. 80. C. Oligocarpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-Jlowercd ; the jmnt of the perigynium sliglitly oblique, not recurved ; style very short, thickened towards the base ; leaves rough only on the edge, sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.) — Woods, Connecticut to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 8' -12 long; the fertile spikes £'-£' in length. 81. C. HitctlCOCkiana, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3 - ^-flowered; sheaths and ripper side of the leaves roughly pubescent. — Woods, New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm l°-2° high, stouter -than the last, with very scabrous sheaths. The fruit is also larger (2^" long) ; but in other respects the plants are similar. $ 5. Perigyjiia without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrous, with ii minute obliquely bent white and mcmbranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or irit/i eri<;ynia ovoid-triangular, attenuated at the base, with a shoi't beak and ntillate at the summit) : culms tall and lilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex; fertile spikes u:ith loose alternate flowers, on a someivhat zigzag rheichis ; perigynia ob- long. tii/>ering at each end, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scale. (C. tennis, Radge. C. flexuosa, MM.) — Moist meadows, N. New England to Pennsylvania, and southwestward. * * Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless, or very obscurely nerved in No. 97 ; bracts erect, shorter than the culm. — FLEXILES. 96. C. eapillJiB'is, L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, with about 6 alter nate flowers ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slight ly serrulate bflaces, W. New York, Lake Superior, and northward. $ 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerred, smooth, tapering into a rath- er rough bail:, with two distinct membranaceous teeth (obscure in No. 101), becoming taicny or yd low at maturity (or in No. 98 more or less spotted with purple): achenium obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base: staminato spike solitary, stalked (sessile in No. 101). — FiAv/i;. * Pcrigynia erect : bracts with long sheaths, not exceeding the culm. OS. C. l£BVigfcta, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, remote, on exserted nodding stalks; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than the light-brown pointed and awned scale ; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.) — Massjvhusetts (Tewksbury ? B. D. Greene). Introduced"? (Eu.) 99. C. fulva, Good. Fertile spikes 2 -3, oblong or ovoid, erect, remote, the lowest on an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown scnrcel u pointed awnlcss scale; culm rough. (C. binervis, Dew., not of Smith.) — Pond at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene. (Eu.) * # Perigynia spreading or reflexed, longer than the scale : bracts with short sheathst much exceeding the smooth culm. (Staminate spike often pistillate at the apex or towards the centre; fertile spikes erect.) 100. C. llfeva, L. Fertile spikes 2-4, roundish-ovoid, compactly flowered, the upper approximated, the lowest remote on a short exserted stalk ; bractt syireading or n-flexed; perigynia tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a nar- row curved beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. — Wet meadows, ete- pecially northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6' -15' high, with spikes £'-§' in length. (Specimens, appearing to be merely small forms of this spe- cies, have been referred by Prof. Dewey to C. lepidoearpa, Tausch ; but they by no means accord, nor does his character, either with the description, or with au- thentic specimens of Kunze.) (Eu.) 101. C. (Eclcri, Ehrh. Sterile spike commonly sessile ; fertile 2-4, oblong- ovoid, closely aggregated, or the lowest rather remote, on very short stalks, densely flowered, sometimes Staminate at the apex ; leaves and bracts rigidly gytiia oroid, iril/i a short and rather abrupt minuhli/ notch-d b«ik, spreading horixon- tally at maturity. (C. viridula, Afichx., not of Schtv. $* Torr. C. irrcgularis, Schw.) — Wet rocks, especially on limestone, New England to 111., Lake Su- perior, and northward. — Resembles the last; but the fertile spikes and perigy- nia. are much smaller, and the beak of the latter is more abrupt, shorter, and straight. (Eu.) f 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, rough or woolly, with an abrupt straight beak : bracts leaf-like, with short sheaths : scales dark- purple or brown. "' (SEDGE FAMILY.) 529 * Perigynia of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, with 2 short and diverging mem- branaccous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth culm : staminate, spikes 2-3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and sessile: fertile spikes 1-2, usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short stalks. — LANUGIN^S^. 102. C. fiiif&rmis, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, the upper often staminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, densely woolly, obscurely nerved, the orifice tvarcely prolonged into a beak terminating in 2 slightly hairy teeth ; leaves and bracts narrow and involute; culm very slender. — Peat-bogs, New England to Perm., Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 103. C. iamigindsa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; perigy- nia ovoid, roughly hairy, conspicuously nerved, with a short but distinct beak termi- nating in 2 very hairy sharp teeth ; leaves and bracts flat. (C. peliita, Mufd.) — Swamps and wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, and northward. — Ex- tremely like the last, from which it differs in the commonly longer fertile spikes, stouter culm, flat leaves, and especially in the distinct flattish and hairy beak of the perigynium, with longer and sharper teeth. This species has often the fruit in a diseased state, when it becomes more inflated, of an orange color, and has au abortive achenium. * * Perigynia thin, downy, or roughly dotted, the beak terminating in a thin and warious oblique orifice, either entire or slightly notched: bracts rigidly erect, short- er than the sharply triangular rough culm. — ScARi6s^E. 104. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical, shortly stalked ; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes staminate at the apex ; perigynia ocoid, downy, with a slightly oblique beak termi- nated by a thin membranaceous notched orifice, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale ; leaves fiat, shorter than the stout and rigid culm. — Sandy soils, growing in tufts, New England to Penn. and southward ; rather rare. — Resembling the two last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the membranaceous beak of the fruit, which is red at the base and while and transparent at the ori- fice ; and the style is twisted within the perigynium. 105. C. polyiltorptia, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper- most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the base ; fertile spike solitary, or rarely 2, remote, oblong-cylindrical, sometimes staminate at the apex, erect, on partly exserted stalks ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 8 — 10-nerved, very minutely roughened with granular dots, the slightly-bent beak tapering to the entire (reddish) orifice, longer than the ovate scarcely-pointed purple scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. $• ed. 1. C. striata, Torr. N. Y. FL, not of Michx.) — Varies, with the fertile spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate and very distant on the rhachis. — Upland meadows, E. Mass, to Penn/and W. New York. — Culm rather slender, much taller (12'- 18') than the rigid leaves. Though a somewhat variable plant, it is readily distinguished from the next, with which it has been confounded, by the characters here given, .especially by the entire, membranaceous orifice of the fruit. Perigynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth (except in No. 109), with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid mom or less spreading teeth : 45 530 CYPERACE.K. (SEDGE FAMILY.) bracts long and leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, much exceeding Uie culm (about equal to it in No. 106) : staminate spikes 1-5 # Perigynia with a very short and thick hick, and with short and thick slightly spreading t«th. — LACUSI B 106. C. Strifftta, Michx. (not of ed. 1.) Sterile spikes 2-3, the upper- most stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, on very short stalks ; peri- gynia ovoid, abruptly contracted into a slightly serrulate beak, longer than the point- ed purple scale. (C. polymorpha, ed. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Vir- ginia, and southward. 107. C. lactistris, Willd. Sterile spikes 2-5, the uppermost stalked; fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, stout, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the low- est on a short stalk ; perigynia oblong, but little exceeding the lanceolate awned scale; culm sharply triangular, rough; sheaths very short, smooth. (C. riparia, MuhL, not of Curtis.) — Swamps and borders of lakes and rivers; common. — A robust species, 3° - 5° high, with leaves £' - §' wide. * # Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak, and long widely spreading or recur wd sharp and spine-like teeth. — ARISTA.T.E. •*- Staminate spikes 2-5, some occasionally bearing a few fertile flowers. 108. C. arista ta, R. Brown. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindrical, erect, re- mote, the lower on partly exserted short stalks ; perigynia tapering from an ovoid base into a deeply 2 forked beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned scale culm smooth; sheaths and under surface of the leaves pubescent. (C. atherodcs Sprang.) — Lake shores and river-banks, N. New York to Michigan, and north- westward. — Culm 2° - 3° high : leaves 2" *- 3" wide. Fertile spikes 2' - 3' long often rather loosely flowered towards the base. 109. C. tricllOCarpa, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 3, oblong-cylindrical, erect, remote, one of them sometimes staminate at the apex, the lower on exserted stalks, rather loosely flowered towards the base; perigynia very hairy, shaped as the last, longer than the ovate taper-pointed light-brown scale ; culm sharply triangular, smooth except near the top, sheaths and under surface of the leaves smooth. (C. striata, ed. 1, not of Michx.) — Marshes and lakes; common, es- pecially northward. •»- •*- Staminate spike solitary, with a filiform bract, occasionally bearing a few fertile flowers towards the apex or base : fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, dense- ly flowered, on long exserted and at length drooping stalks : perigynia widely spreading, reflexed at maturity. 110. C. comdsa, Boott. Fertile spikes large (l|'-2$' long, and £'-§' wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid- triungiilar base into a long deeply 2 forked beak, the sharp elongated to th tcidrly spread- ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lanceolate with a long bristle-shaped awn shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. fiuvata, KIL, not of Lapeyr. C. Pscudo-Cyperus, Schir. fr Ton:, !>»r., Ar., in part, not of L.) — Wet places; rather common. — A robust species '2°-3° high, formerly con- founded with the next, which it greatly resembles; but it differs especially in the larger fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and w.dely-spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance. CTPEKACK2E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531 111. C. Pseildo-Cyperus, L. Fertile spikes (l|'-2i' long, and about | wide) sometimes slightly compound at the base; perigynia shaped as the last species, but with a shorter beak, and shorter lean spreading teeth ; scale about the length of the mature fruit. — Border of lakes and in bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. — Somewhat smaller than the last speeies in all its parts. (Eu.) 112. C. Ulirikta, Dew. Fertile spikes about 2, long-cylindrical, rather dense, somewhat erect ; perigynia ovate-conical, with a long 2-forked beak, ribbed, glabrous, about the length of the ovate bristle-pointed or long-awned scale ; culm (about 2° high) rough. — Shore of Lake Ontario, in" Monroe County, New York, Dr. Bradley. (Having no specimen, the character is taken from Dewey's description in Wood's Bot. The Georgian plant referred to it is to be ex- cluded.) § 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, with a long taper- ing 2-toothtd beak: bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm: scales tawny or white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — LUFULINJE. *= Bracks with very short or obsolete sheatlis. 113. C. liystriciafia, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile flowers at the base or apex.} fertile spikes 2 - 4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flow- ered, the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length nodding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awncd scale. — A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform stalk, 4' - 6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn, is C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet mead"ows ; common. — Plant pale or yellowish green, with fertile spikes f to 1^' long. Distinguished from No. Ill by the more inflated, less diverging fruit, its beak longer and the teeth shorter; and from No. 114 by the smaller nodding spikes, many-nerved perigynium, and the longer and smooth teeth of the beak. 114. C. tCBltaclllata, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylin- drical, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost sessile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak with short minutely serrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. (C. rostrata, Mu1d.t not of Michx.) — Wet meadows ; very common. 115. C. illtuiliesceiis, Budge. Fertile spikes 1-3, ovoid, loosely few- (5-8-) floivered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly exserted peduncle ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 15-20- nerved base into a long beak, slightly rough towards the apex. (C. folliculata, Schk., Michx., not of L.) — Wet meadows and swamps ; very common. — Culm slender, about 18' high, with the fertile spikes crowded compactly together: perigynia 6" -7" long. 116. C. Orayiiy Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single), globose, densdy- (15-30-) flowered, separate and distinct, on snort exserted peduncles ; perigynia spreading and dc flexed, tapering from an ovoid 25 - 30-nerved base into a long smooth and shining beak. — Low meadows on the banks of the Mohawk and of 532 CYPKRACI-M:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Wood Creek, New York. Also in Ohio and S. Illinois. — Culm robust, 3° high : perigynia £' in length. — Flowers in July, a month later than the last. * * Bracts conspicuously sheathing, 117. C. iblliClllfitSl, L. Staminatc spike small, short-stalked, or often sessile ; fertile spikes 3 — 4, ovoid, very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an oblong base, rather exceeding the ovate white hng-awned scale. (C. xanthophysa, Wahl.) — Teat-bogs, New ICngland to Pennv and northward, and sparingly southward. — A robust plant, 2° -4° high, of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous bracts, and leaves £' wide. 118. C. 1'QStratcl, Michx. Stain in ate spike small, nearly sessile ; fertile Sji/Lcs 1 -3, commonly 2, roundish-ovoid, the lower rather distant on a short tx- serted peduncle; perigynia erect or somewhat spreading, tapering from an oblong slightly inflated base into a long slender beak twice the. length of the blunt light- brown scale. (C. xanthophysa, var. nana and minor, Dew.) — Cold bogs, moun- tains of N. New York, New Hampshire, and northward. — Resembles the last; but smaller in all its parts, rigidly erect, and with narrow leaves. 119. C. SUblllata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included peduncles loosely few- (4 - 8-) flowered, commonly with a few staminate flowers at the apex; perigynia, aid-shaped, strongly reflexed at maturity; the orifice of the long slender beak furnished with 2 sharp and rigidly dejlexed teeth. (C. Collinsii, Nutt. C. Michauxii, Dew.) — Cedar swamps, New Jersey to Rhode Island (Olney) near the coast, and far northward : rare. 120. C. lllpuliiia, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, ' oMony-ovoid, erect, the up- per approximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks ; periyynia erect, taper- •ing from the ovoid very injlated base into a conical slightly serrulate beak, much longer than the lanceolate awncd scale. — Var. FOLYSTACHYA, Schw. & Torn (C. lupiniformis, Sartwell), has 4-5 longer cylindrical fertile spikes, the lowest remote on a long peduncle ; and the perigynia more distinctly serrulate on the angles of the beak. — Swamps and wet meadows; common. — A coarse robust species, with very thick spikes 2' -3' in length; the leaves and long leafy bracts 3-4 lines wide, very rough on the margin. § 13. Periyynia much inflated, dbovoid or obconic, few-nerved, smooth, with an ex- tremely abrupt and very long slightly roughened beak, terminated by 2 distinct rather short membranaeeous teeth, tawny -brown or straw-colored at maturity, spreading horizontally, or the lower deflexed : bracts leaf-like, much exceed- ing the culm. — SQUARR6s^E. # Spikes 1 - 3, mostly solitary, very rarely 4-5, all of them principally pistillate, with more or less staminate flowers at the base: sheaths of the upper bracts obsolete. 121. C\ SQliarrosa, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very thick, rigidly erect, on short stalks; perigynia longer than the lamvoiate pointed scales, which an- nearly concealed by the densely-crowded bases of the mature fruit. (C. tvphina, Michx.)— Low meadows and copse.-, 8. New England to Illinois and southward. — Remarkable for its dens-.-ly-tlo vvrred, short and thick sj)ik« s, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of the perigynia give a bris- tly appearam <;. CTPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533 * # Spiken 4 - 7 ; the terminal one entirely staminate, small and linear, or with some fertile flowers at the apex : the rest all pistillate : bracts very long, sheathing. 122. C. §teia«le|&is, Torr. Fertile spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the upper approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exsertcd stalks, all erect, very densely flowered ; pcrigynia shorter than the long awn-like scales. (C. Frankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, W. Penn. ? and Virginia to Illinoi^, and southwcstward. — Somewhat resembling the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a still more bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales : occasionally all are fertile, the uppermost having no staminate flowers. $ 14. Perigynia much inflated, nerved (nerveless in No. 132), smooth and shining t becoming straiv-colored at maturity, icith a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, with very short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously sheathing in No. 123), much exceeding the culm (except in No. 132) : scales brown or tawny : staminate spikes 2-5 rarely 1, stalked. — VESICARI^E. 123. C. ret rorsa, Sch w. Sterile spikes 1 - 3, the uppermost occasionally with a few fertile flower?, the rest more or less pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 4 — 5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in- cluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more of the others) often bearing 1-2 short branches at the base; perigynia crowded, spreading and at length rejlexed, strongly (few-) nerved, tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a conspicuously toothed leak much longer than the lanceolate scale. (C. reversa, Spreng.) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth : leaves and bracts 3" -4" wide, much exceeding the spikes, which are I'-l^' long. 124. C. gigl&llteel, Rudge. Sterile spikes several (3-5); pcrigynia hori- zontally spreading and less tumid than in No. 120 : otherwise very like it, but a still larger plant. — Swamps, along rivers, from the Ohio (near Louisville, Ken- tucky, Short) southward. 125. C. Sell weinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower often pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 3-4, cylindrical, somewhat drooping, densely flowered, often staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather compound at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia erect, oblong- ovoid, few-nerved, tapering into a long and smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer than the lanceolate long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New Jersey, W. New York, and northward; not common. — Culm 10' -15' high, smooth: bracts and leaves 2" -3" wide, smooth except the margins, much exceeding the culm : fertile spikes (!£' to 2^' long, rather narrow) and the whole plant turning straw-color. 126. C. VCSlef&ria,, L. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, oblong or cylindrical, stout, approximate, the upper sessile, the lower on a short rough stalk; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 17 -nerved at base, 10-nervcd above, with a short tapering beak longer and broader than the pointed or long-tapering awnless scale ; culm sharply angled and rough ; leaves and bracts green, equal- ling or rather louger than the culm. — N. New England? and northward. — 45* 534 CTPERACK.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Distinguished from the next by the shorter fertile spikes, on rough stalks, and by *Jie more oblong perigynium, many-nerved at the base. (F,u.) 127. C. IIlOBiilc, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; fertile spikes mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, long-cylindrical, remote, on smooth stalks, the lowest often nodding and loosely flowered ; periyynia roundish-ovoid, about 1 0-nerved, with a short tapering beak terminating in an oblique orifiee, much longei and broader than the taper-pointed awnless scale; culm slender, sharply angled and rough ; leaves and bracts green, longer than the culm. (C. bullata, var. cylin- dracea, & C. vesicaria, var. cylindraeea, Dew.) — Bogs, New England to Ken- tucky, and northward. — Less robust than the last. 128. C. ampullacca, Good. Sterile and fertile spikes 2-3, most fre- quently 2 of each, oblony or long-cylindrical, remote, sessile, or the lower on short and smooth sometimes nodding stalks, the lowest loosely flowered at the base ; perigynia rotmdish-ovoid, about 17-nerved at the base and 10-nervcd at the apex, abruptly contracted into a short cylindrical beak ; scales lanceolate, ami/ess, or the upper with a rough awn shorter than the perigynium ; culm slender, obtusely angled, smooth ; leaves and bracts glaucous, often involute, longer than the culm. — Var. UTRICULATA. Staminate spikes 3-4; fertile usually 3; perigynia oblong- elliptical, tapering ; scales lanceolate, tapering, terminated (especially the lowest) by a long rough awn ; culm stout, spongy at the base, smooth or rough towards the summit; leaves and bracts glaucous, wide and much longer than the culm. (C. utriculata, Boott.) — In swamps; common northward, and from Arctic Ameri- ca to the Pacific. — Differs from the last two in the smooth obtuse-angled culm, glaucous leaves, and particularly by the awned scale. The var. is the prevailing form in the United States, and is a larger and stouter plant ; but the more ellip- tical fruit, and awned lower scales, do not appear sufficiently constant to sepa- rate it specifically. (Eu.) 129. C. cylindrica, Schw. Sterile spikes about 2; fertile spikes 2-3, commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks, the lowest often nodding; perigynia thin and transparent, much inflated, oblong- ovoid, obliquely erect, tapering into a rather abrupt long-cylindrical smooth beak, much longer and broader than the ovate pointed or rough-awned scale ; bracts very long and, like the narrow leaves, rough and exceeding the rough culm. (C. bullata, Amer. auth., not of Schk. C. Tuckermani, Dew., Boott.) — Swamps, W. New York to Kentucky, and northward. — Differs from the next principally in the more numerous and longer fertile spikes, and the larger, more inflated and membranaceous ascending fruit, with smooth beaks. 130. C. 1>ltllatcl, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile sjnkcs most frequently wily one, sometimes 2, approximated, ol)hng or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short $niooth ttaUcs; periggnia spreading, ovoid, tapering into a long-cylindrical rough beak, much wider and longer than the obtusely-pointed lanceolate aimless scale; bracts and leaves IUUTOW, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm. (C. cylindrica, Tuckr-mimi, Torr. N. Y. FL (exel. syn.), not of Schw.) — Wet meadows; not rare, especially southward. — Well distinguished from the last by the short and .-tout, commonly solitary fertile spike, which has a squarrose ap- pearance at maturity from the widely-spreading fruit; its beak minutely (but distinctly) serrulate. See Addend. GRAMIXEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 535 131. C. olig-OSpersBia, Miehx. Sterile spikes 1-2, slender; fertile spikes 1-2, short, ovoid, few-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer than the ovate awnless scale ; culm very slender ; leaves and bracts linear, at length involute. (C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Borders of lakes and ponds, especially on mountains, New England, N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. 132. C. longirdstris, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 2-3, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length drooping stalks, loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly contracted into a very long and narrow beak, which is rough on the margin, oblique and 2- cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the lanceolate light-colored or white scale. (C. Sprengelii, Dew.) — Shady rocks, N. New England to Wis- consin, and northward. — Though agreeing with the species of this section in the numerous staminate spikes and the long-beaked fruit, this plant is perhaps aa nearly allied to No. 97. ORDER 134. GRAMINE-ZE. (GRASS FAMILY.) Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2- ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the hypoyynous flowers imbricated, witli ^-ranked glumes or bracts : the outer pair (glumes proper, calyx, L.) subtending the spikelet of one or several flow- ers ; the inner pair (palece, outer perianth, R. Br.) enclosing each partic- ular flower, which is usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynoua scales (squamulce, Juss., corolla, Micheli, lodiculce, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6, commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells distinct. Styles mostly 2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, form- ing a seed-like grain (caryopxis) in fruit. Embryo small, on the outside and at the base of the floury albumen. — Roots fibrous. Sheath of the leaves usually more or less extended above the base of the blade into a scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Inner (upper) palea usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, therefore probably consisting of two united. — A vast and most important family, as it furnishes the cereal grains, and the principal food of cattle, &c. Synopsis. TRIBE I. POACEJE, R. Brown. Spikelets 1 - many-flowered, when more than on»- flowered centripetal in development ; the lowest flowers first developing, the uppermost^ if any, imperfect or abortive, the rest all alike in the spikelet (perfect, or occasionally monoecious or dioecious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several flowers less perfect than the upper (viz. stammute only in Arrhenatherum and Phrag- mites, neutral in Uniola, Ctenium, &c.). Subtribe 1. ORIZE.®. Spikelets 1-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious. Glumes abortive or wanting! Inner paleoe 3-nerved ! Squamulfe 2 Stamens 1-6. 1. LEERSIA. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless palese 2. ZIZANIA. Flowers monoecious. 1'aleae convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flowers. 536 GiiA?,i!xi:^:. (GRASS FAMILY.) Subtribe 2. AQROSTIDE^I. Spikclcts 1-flowered, perfect, occasionally with the rndiment cr abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or the panicle sometimes contracted into a cylindrical spike or head. Stamens 1-3. * PnLKOiT>EJ5. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat her- baceous, as well as the paleae. Squarnulre 2. Grain free. Inlloresccuce densely spiked. 3. ALOPECURUS Glumes united at the base. Lower paleu awned, the upper wanting. 4. PULEUM. Glumes distinct. Palcae 2, the lower truncate and awnless. * * TRUE AGROSTIDE.S;. Glumes equal, or often unequal, concave or keeled, inembranaceous. Palea> inembranacpons (except in part of No. 12). Squamuloe 2. Grain free Inflorescence psinieled, open, or often contracted (glomerate), but not strictly spiked. *- Glumes and paleae neither awned, bristle-bearing, nor inucronate, nuked. Flower sessile in the glumes, naked at the base ; the lower paleu 1-nerved. Fruit deciduous 6. V1LFA ft.-ed adherent to the closely investing pericarp, forming a caryopsis, or true gralu, as in most Grasses. Panicle spiked or contracted. & SPOROBOLUS. Seed loose in the pericarp (utricle) Panicle spiked or diffuse. *- •»- Glumes or the (3 - 6-nerved) lower palea awned, bristle-pointed, or mucrocate (except in some species of Agrostis) Flower raised on a more or less evident stalk (callus) in the glumes, naked, or barely hairy, at the base. 7. AGROSTIS,. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very thin blunt pale.-e. Lower palea pointless, commonly awned on the back ; the upper sometimes wanting. Panicle open. 8. POLYPOGON. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the palese, the lower of wl.ich is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3 Panicle contracted. 9. CINNA. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling, and the upper slightly exceeding, the similar paleae. Stamen 1. Paleae raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless, the lower one short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper 1-nerved. 10. MUHLKNHKIIGIA. Lower glume mostly smaller. Paleae chiefly hairy-bearded at the li.^c, Mie tip of the lower one mucronate-pointed or awned. Stamens 3. 11. BRAC1IYELYTRUM Lower glume nearly obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower pale® long-awned from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slen- der naked pedicel of an abortive second flower. Stamens 2. ••- -4- t- Glumes and paleae not bristle-pointed. Flower hairy-tufted at the base. 12. CALAMAGUOSTJS Lower palea mostly awned on the back, shorter than the glumes. « * * STIPES. Paleae coriaceous, or indurated in fruit, commonly shorter than the membra- naceous glumes, on a rigid callus ; the lower involute, terete, closely enclosing the upper and the grain, mostly 1-3-awned at the apex Squamulse mostly 3. Inflorescence racemose or panicled : spikelets usually large, the flower deciduous from the persistent glumes. 18. ORYZOPSIS. Awn simple, straight, deciduous from the palea, or sometimes wanting. 14. STIPA. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus pointed at the base. 15. AKISTIDA. Awn triple. Upper palea small. Callus pointed at the base. * * * * Palea coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by the student who overlooked the pair of rudimentary flowers in No 55, and was not acquaints 1 with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 56 and 57. 66. PHALAK1S. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palea. 60. MILHIM. Spikelets dorwilly flattish, not jointed with the pedicels : flowers all alike. 67. AMPIIK'AKPi'M. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle separating by a joint without ripening grain. Bnbtribe 3 CHLORIDES. Spikelets (rarely 1-flowered, usually) 2 - several-flowered, with one or more of the upper flowers imperfect, disposed in one-sided spikes ! Glumes persist- ent, the upper one looking outward. Rhachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually rucuuu>d or digitate. Stamens 2 or a * Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. 68. PASPALUM might be looked for here, having to all rtpiiennn.o' merely 1-flowered sj D Vj. SI'AKT. INA. SpikeJets imbricated 2-ranked, flat, crowded iu alternate spikes. GRAMINI'LE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 537 * * Spikelets imperfectly several-flowered, but only one perfect flower, and thi.s intermediate! the one or two below it, and as many above, neutral. 17. CTEN1UM. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spike. * * * Spikelets with one perfect flower below and one or more neutral ones or rudiments abovo. 18. BOUTELOUA. Lower palea 3-cleft and pointed or 3-awued at the apex. Spikes dense. 19. GYMNOPOGON. Lower palea and the rudiment 1-awned. Spikes filiform, raceuied. 20. CYNODON. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate. Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhachis, bearded, Paleae convex, not laterally compressed Glumes and paleae membranaceous. 24. T1UCUSP1S. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered. Lower palea hairy -fringed on the 3 nerves, one or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts. 25. DUPONTIA. Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered. Lower palea scarious, entire and awnless. •H- -H- Rhachis of the spikelet and base of the flower not bearded. If Lower palea 1-pointed. awned, or acute, the nerves when present running into the point. 2C. DIARRIIENA. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palea coriaceous, convex -boat-shaped. Stamens 2. Pericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely few- flowered. 27. DACTYL1S. Glumes (rather long) and lower palea awn-pointed, herbaceous, compressed- keeled. Panicle contracted in one-sided clusters. 28. KCELEUIA. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palea inembranaceous, keeled, acute or mucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like. H IT Lower palea awuless and pointless, blunt (except one Glyceria), the nerves parallel. a. Glumes extremely dissimilar, 1J 3-flowered. 29. EATONIA. Lower glume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flowers. b. Glumes alike, but often unequal in size. 30. MELICA. Lower palea flattish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, hard- ening on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping some deformed sterile flowers 81. GLYCE1UA. Lower palea convex or rounded on the back, 5 - 7-nerved, scarious at the tip. Spikelets many-flowered ; the flowers commonly deciduous at maturity by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints. 82. BR1ZOPYRUM. Lower palea laterally compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid, rather coriaceous, smooth, faintly many-nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered. 33. POA. Lower palea laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceous, scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : the upper palea not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened 3-1. E11AG110STIS. Lower palea 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on the rhachis. Spikelets flat -i- -"- Grain adherent to the upper palea 35. BRIZA. Lower palea rounded and very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel to the glumes, becoming ventricose, broadly scarious-margined. Spikelets compressed, somewhat heart-shaped. cJG. FESTUCA. Lower palea convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few- nerved. Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal. •*>38 on.vMiNF^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 37. BROMUS. Lower palea convex or keeled on the back, mostly awned or bristle-beurinj: ' c- low the 2-cleft tip, 5 - 9-nerved. Styles j-ub terminal. * * Culms herbaceous, often tall and reed-like. Lowest flower sterile. Grain free. N iOLA. Spikclets very flat ; the one or more lowest flower? neutral, of a single empty pnlca Flowers strongly compressed keeled, crowded, coriaceous. 39. PHRAG M J TE8. Spikelets strongly silky -bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the low- est flower staminate or neutral. Paleae menibranaceous. * * * Culms woody, suffruticose or arborescent. 40. ARUNDINARIA. Spikelets flattened, loosely 5-14-flowered : the jointed rhachis naked. Bubtribe 5. HOKDEINE^E. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming a Bpikt . Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. — Otherwise as in the preceding subtribo .* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, 1- flowered. Spikes often several. 41. LEPTURUS. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the slender rhachis. * * Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, several-flowered. Spike solitary. 42. LOLTUM. Glume 1, external : spikelets placed edgewise on the rhachis. 43. TRITICUM. Glumes 2, transverse (right and left) ; spikelets placed flatwise on the rhachlfi. * * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis. Spike solitary. •i- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikeleta 44. HORDE UM. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile. 45. ELYMUS Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, all perfect and similar. «- H- Glumes none or 1 - 2 awn-like rudiments. 40. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint. Snbtribe 6. AVENE*;. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, pamcled ; the rhachis or base of tha flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers. Low- er palea bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex (hi No. 48 between the teeth) ; the upper 2-nerved Stamens 3. * Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost merely rudimentary. «- Lower palea truncate or obtuse, its summit mostly denticulate or eroded. 47. AIRA. Awn on the back or near the base of the palea, bent or straight. •»- +- Lower palea cleft at the apex into 2 acute or sharp-pointed teeth. ** Awn borne between the sharp or awn-pointed teeth ; proceeding from 3 middle nerve*. 48. DANTIIONIA. Lower palea rounded on the back ; the awn flat, spindly twisted. +•* -H- Awn below the apex or dorsal, proceeding from the midnerve only. 48. TRISETUM. Lower palea compressed-keeled. Awn mostly bent or flexuous. 50. AVENA. Lower palea rounded on the back. Awn mostly twisted or bent.. * * One of the flowers staminate only. f>l. ARRHENATHERUM. Lower flower stamiuate ; the perfect one commonly awnless ; the uppermost a rudiment : otherwise as No. 50. fj2. HOLCUS. Lower flower perfect, awnless; the upper staminate and awned: rudiment none. TRIBE II. PHAI^ARIDE^E, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered : the upper- most or middle (terminal) flower perfect; the two lower (one on each side) imperfect, either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment. Subtribe 1. AMHOXAMIIE.S. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, of 1 or 2 paleuo ; the perfect one awnless and diandrous. Upper palea 1 -nerved. 5-°. IIIKItOCIiLOA Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 paleae. 54. ANT110X ANTHUM. Latmil flowers neutral, each of a single awned palea. Subtribe 2. PUALARIDK/I: I'l-opor Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment on each side of the fertile one ; which is awuless and triandrous. 55. PHALAHIS. < Mimics hoat-shap. <1. keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertile flower, which is somewhat flattened laterally. GHAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 539 TEIEE III. PANICE^E. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower always imperfect, cither staminate or neutral ; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty valve (placed next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (terminal) flower (placed next the upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer side of the grain ! (next the lower valve of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or heniigarnous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and per- fect, from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palea of the neutral flower, sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.) Bnbtribe 1. PASPALE.E, Griseb. Glumes and sterile paleae herbaceous or membranaceous : paleae of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless, not keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes. * Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered from the suppression of the lower glume ; the sin- gle neutral palea of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.) 66. M1LITJM. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle. 67. AMPIIIOARPUM. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts ; one in a terminal pan- icle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles. 68. PASPALUM. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one sided spikes or spiked racemes. * * Spikelets manifestly l£ - 2 flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often neu- tral), the lower glume being present. 69. PANICUM. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower glume small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral. 60. SETAK1A. Spikelets spiked-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary bristles : otherwise as in Panicum. 61. CENCHHUS. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny globular bur-like invo- lucre. Subtribe 2. SACCHARE.E. Fertile paleae membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner and more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the tip. Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile (heterogamous). * Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike. 62. TRIPSACUM. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint: pistillate single in each joint : glumes indurated. * * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower : low- er palea of the perfect flower awned. 63. ERIANTHUS. Both spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, involucrate with a silky tuft : otherwise as No 64. &i. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets 2 at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them sessile and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary. 66 SORGHUM. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or sometimes reduced to mere pedicels. 1. L.EEBSIA, Solander. FALSE RICE. WHITE GRASS. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, flat, crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short pedicels. Glumes wanting. Pale* chartaceous, much flattened laterally, boat-shaped, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses : the flat leaves, sheaths, &c., rough upwards (especially in No. 1), being clothed with very minute hooked prickles, (Named after Leers, a German botanist.) 540 GPvAMiNK^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) * Spikelets narrowly dttong, rather loosely crowded. 1. JL. oryzoaclcs, Swartz. (RiCE CUT-GRASS.) Panicle tlijfu&dy brn often sheathed at the base; spikelets fiat, rather spreading in flower (2£"-3' long); stamens 3 ; paleee strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish). — Wet places; com- mon. (Eu.) 2. L,. Virgiilica, Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) Panide simple: the spike- Ids closely oppressed on the slender branches around which they are partly curved (!£'' long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; paleae sparingly ciliate (greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept. * # Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (2i"-3" long), 3. L«. lenticularis, Michx. (FLY-CATCH GRASS.) Smoothish ; pani- cle simple ; pale* very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ; .stamens 2. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. OKYZA SAT!VA, the RICE-PLANT, is allied to this genus. 2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WATER or INDIAN RICE. Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1 -flowered spikelets in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary, and forming a little cup. Paleai herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile spikelets, the lower tipped with a straight awn in the fertile ones. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form. — Large and often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous, (Adopted from Zi£dviov, the ancient name of some wild grain.) 1. Z. aqii'.stECJi, L. (INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS.) Lower branches of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the upper erect, pistillate ; pedicels strongly club-shaped; lower paleee, long-awmd, rough; styles distinct; grain linear, slender. © (Z. clavulosa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water; common, especially northwestward. Aug. — Culms 3°- 9° high. Leaves flat, 2° -3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain £' long ; gathered for food by the Northwestern Indians. 2. Z* milifaceil, Michx. Panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate and pis- tillate fiowers intermixed; awns short; styles united ; grain ovate, ty — Penn. 1 Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute. 3. AL.OPECIJRUS. L. FOXTAIL GRASS. Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and ko-'li d, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palea, which is awncd on the back below the middle : upper palca wanting ! Stamens 3. Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Panicle contracted into a cylindrical and soft dense spike. (Name from dXo>7r/7£, fox, ar,d ovpa, tail, the popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.) 1. A. I'KAir.ssis, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2° high); p(d,n ojintlUng lite ncntc nncs ; airn , .c* rt-.-d more, tlum half its length, twisttd : upper, leaf much shorter than its inilaii-d slu-uh. 1J. — Meadov pastures of E. New England and New York. May. (Nat. from Eu.) GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 541 2. A.» GENICULATUS, L. (FLOATING FOXTAIL.) Culm ascending, beut at the lower joints ; palea rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near its base cttd projecting half its length bet/ond it ; anthers linear; upper leaf as long as its sheath. 1J. — Moist meadows : rare. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. A. siristiilfatlis, Michx. (WiLD WATER-FOXTAIL.) Glaucous; culm decumbent below, at length bent and ascending ; palea rather longer tftan the obtuse glumes, scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just beiow its mid- dle ; anthers oblong. 1J. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet meadows ; common, especially northward. June -August. Spike more slender and paler than in the last. (Eu.) 4. PHI. BUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GKASS. Palese both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope- curus. — Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name, probably of tho Cat-tail.) 1. P. PRATENSE, L. (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New England and New York.) Spike cylindrical, elongated ; glumes ciliate on the back, tipped with a bristle less than half their length. 1J. — Meadows, &c. ; very valuable for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. P. al pill U HI, L. Spike ovate-oblong; glumes strongly ciliate-fringed on the back, tipped with a rough awn-like bristle about their own length, ty — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) See Addend. 5. VIL.FA, Adans., Beauv. RUSH-GRASS, Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1 -nerved or nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in the glumes. Palese 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (membrana- ceo-chartaceous ) and usually longer than they, naked, neither awned nor mu- cronate; the lower 1 -nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3. Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous. — Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat ; their sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. (Name unexplained.) 1. V. iaS|>ei*:i, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high); low- est leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and thread-like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly enclosing the con- tracted panicle ; pal&e. much longer than the unequal glumes ; grain oval or oblong. (Agrostis aspera, Michx. A clandestina & A. involuta, Muhl. A. longifolia, Ton.} — Sandy fields and dry hills ; not rare, especially southward. Sept. — Spikeiets 2" -3" long. Palea} rough above, smooth or hairy below, of greatly varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one half to twice longer than the lower, or elso obtuse and equalled, or even considerably exceeded, by the lower ! 2. V. VclgillSBflorcl, Torr. Root annual ; culms slender (6 -12' high), ascending ; leaves in volute-awl-shaped (!' - 4f long) ; panicles simple and spiked, 542 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) the lateral anil often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; polecesv about ifie length of the marly egual glumes ; only one third Icntror Han the lineal1 grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Mnld., not of L. Crypsis Yirg., Nntt.) — Barren and sandy dry fields, New England to Illinois, and common southward. Sept. 3. V. Virgillica, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted, slender (5' -12' long), often procumbent, branched ; leaves co'nrolute ; paleaa rather shorter than the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Sandy sea-shore, Virginia (Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more numer- ous than in the last. See Addend. 6. SPORO BOLUS," 11. Brown. DROP-SEED GRASS. Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers nearly as in Vilfa; the paleae longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3 Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed, deciduous (whence the name, from tnropd, seed, and /SaAXoo, to cast forth). * Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal, open. 1. S. jifmceilS, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongat- ed; culm (l°-2°high) naked ahove, hearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the ripper equalling, the nearly equal palece. 1J. (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets 1" - 2 long, shining. 2. S. Iictcr61cpis. Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as long as the culm [l°- 2°), which is naked above; panicle very loose; glumes very unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some- what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal palece. 1|. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, N. New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullirunt), stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam- eter), shining, thick and coriaceous ! 3. S. cryptiilldms. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading branches hairy in the ^axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of the lower one, as long as the nearly equal palese ; sheaths strongly bearded at the throat. U 1 ( Agr. £ Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy soil, Buffalo, New York, to Illinois, and south and westward. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oakes. Aug. — Culm 2° -3° high. Panicle lead-color: spikelets small. * # Glumes almost equal, shorter than the broad palefe : panicle racemose-elongated, open, thr pedicels capillary : sheaths naked at the throat : spikelets not wifrcqiuntfy 2-flowercd. (Colpodium ?) 4. S. COmprcSSUS, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top ; culms tufted, stout, very flat ; sheaths flattened, much longer than the-internoder ; leavt^ narrow, conduplicatc-channellcd ; gl nines aeutish, about one third shorter than the obtuse palece. l| (Agrostls compressa, Tbrr. Vilfa, Trin.)- Bogs in the pine ham-ns of New Jersey. Sept. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high. Panicle 8' - 12' long : spikelets 1" long, purplish. GKAMINKJE. (GKASS FAMILY.) 543 5. S« SerotiiailS. Smooth; culms very slender, flattish (8' -15' high), few-leaved ; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much cxsertcd, the dif- fuse capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the paleae. (T) 1 (Agr. & Vilfa scrotina, Torr. V. tenera, Trin. Poa ? uni- flora, MM. P. modesta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, E. New England to New Jersey and Michigan. Sept. — A very delicate grass; the spikelets, &c. smaller than in the last. 7. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS. Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the paleae, pointless. Paleas very thin, pointless, naked ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, and frequently awned on the back, the upper often minute or wanting. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free. — Culms usually tufted, slender. (Name from aypos, a field, the place of growth.) § 1. TRICHtolUM, Michx. — Upper pdea abortive, minute, or none. 1. A. data, Trin. (TALLER THIN-GRASS.) Culms firm or stout (2° -3° high) ; leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2"-3" long) ; spike- lets crowded on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle (l£" long) ; lower palea awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal glumes ; the upper wanting. 1J. (A. Schweinitzii, Trin. ? A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa. Trich. elatum, Pursh.) — Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October. 2. A. pereiinailS, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) Culms slender, erect from a decumbent base (l°-2° high); leaves flat (the upper 4' -6' long, l"-2" wide ) ; panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, the branches short, divided and floiDer-bearing from or below the middle ; lower palea awnless (rarely short- awn od), shorter than the unequal glumes; the upper minute or obsolete. Ij. ( Cornucopias perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans, Ell. T. decumbcns, Michx. T. scabrum, MuM., not Agr. scabra, Willd. Agr. anomala, Willd.) — Damp shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets, &c. as in No. 3, into which it appears to vary. 3. A. SCabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culms very slender, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1' -3' long, less than 1" wide); panicle very loose and divergent, pur/ilis/i, the long capillary branches flower-bearing at and near the apex ; lower palea awnless or occasionally *hort-r than the ^alxt'., of which the lower is \-nerved and aitir .-/// awnless ; the upper strongly 2-ku-lcd : rudiment wanting : panicle open and loose. 5. CJ« lH'CvipiliS. Brandies of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capillary (purplish) ; glumes ovate, muoronatc ; the upper slightly, the lower nearly one half, shorter than the palece, which are above twice the length of the hairs and bristly-beard- ed along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine barrens of New Jersey; rare. Sept. — Culm slender, 3° -4° high: leaves nearly flat. 6. C. loilgifolia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running rootstocks ; leavts rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread- like point; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; ylumr* funrfultitc, the upper as long as the similar palcoe, the lower £ shorter ; the copious haira more than half (he length of the naked palc(e. — Sands, Illinois, Michigan, and north- westward. Spikelcts I1 long. Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool. § 3. AMM6PHILA, Host. — Glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal similar palece, scarious-chartaccous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled: lower palm 5- nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip; the tipper 2-kttltd: rudiment present and plumose above : squantulce lanceolate, much longer than the ovary: panicle spiked-contracted : spikelets large, (£' long). 7. C. aren&ria, Roth. (SEA SAND-REED.) Culm rigid (2° -3° high) from stout running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5' -9 long) ; hairs only $ the length of the pa- le®. (Arundo, L. Psamma, Beam:.) — Sandy beaches, New Jersey to Maine, and northward ; also Lakes Michigan and Superior. Aug. (Eu.) 13. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE. Spikclets 1-flowercd nearly terete. Glumes herbacco-membranaccous, sev- eral-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus. Lower palea cori- aceous, at length involute so as closely to enclose the upper (of the same length) and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn. jointed on its apex. Stamens 3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Styles sometimes united : stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of 3pv£a, rice, and ttyts, likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.) * * Styles distinct, short : culm leafyto the summit : callus glabrous. 1. O. mclmiOCiirpSl, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, flat; sheaths bearded in the throat ; panicle simple or sparingly branched, the branches divergent; spikclets loosely racemed ; awn thrice the length of the blackish palece (nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. PiptalluTiim nigrum, Terr.) — Rocky woods ; not rare. Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° high. * * Styles united below, slender: culms tuft id, naked above : callus beardtd. 2. O. aspcrifolia, Michx. Culms (9'- 18' high) clothed with sheaths bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the loin/ and rigid linear leaf GHA:,iii!siwE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 549 from the base; panicle very simple and raceme-like, few-flowered j awn 2-3 times the length of the rather hairy whitish paleee. (Urachne, Trin.) — Hill-sides, &e., in rich woods; common northward. May. — Leaves concave, keelless, rough-edged, pale underneath, lasting through the winter. Squamulaj lanceo- late, almost as long as the inner palca \ 3. O. CaBiad£nsi§, Torn Culms slender (G'-15' high), the lowest sheaths leaf-bearing; leaves involute-thread-shaped; panicle contracted (l'-2' long), the branches usually in pairs ; paleae pubescent, whitish; awn short and very ili'ciduous, or wanting. (0. parviflora, Nutt. Stipajuneea, Michx. S. Can- adensis, Poir. Milium pungens, Torr. Urachne brcvicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky hills and dry plains, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward; rare. May. — Glumes l"-2'' long, sometimes purplish. — Through the species, or perhaps variety, Uraclme micrantha, Trin., this genus is strictly connected with Stipa. 14. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS. Spikelets 1 -flowered, terete : the flower falling away at maturity, with the con- spicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed stalk (callus), from the mem- branaceous glumes. Lower palea coriaceous, cylindrical-involute, closely em- bracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex (naked in our species). Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose panicle. (Name from orvnr}, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appear- ance of the feathery awns of the original species.) * Callus or base of the flower short and blunt ; glumes pointless. 1. S. Richard so nil, Link. Culm (1^°- 2° high) and leaves slender ; panicle loose (4' -5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly equal, oblong, acutish (2^" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong lower palea, which bears a tortuous or geniculate awn 6" - 8" long. — Pleasant Mountain, near Scbago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague ; and northwestward. (Flowers rather smaller than in Richardson's plant, as described by Trinius and Ruprceht.) #* Callus or base of the flower pungenlly pointed : at maturity villous-bcardcd : lower palca slender and minutely bearded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed. 2. S. aveiii&cea, L. (BLACK OAT-GRASS.) Culm slender (l°-2° hiirh) ; leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open; palece blackish, nearly as lonq as ilic a! most equal glumes (about 4" long), the awn bent above, twisted below (2' — 3' long). — Dry or sandy woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. July. 3. S. spsirtea, Trin., not of Hook. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culm rather stout (l£°-3° high) ; panicle contracted ; palew linear, $'-!' long (including the long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed greenish glumes ; the twisted strong awn 3^-7' long, pubescent below, rough above. (S. juncea, Pttrsh?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. MichL- gah northwestward. 550 GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 15. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPIE-AWNED GRASS. Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palea tipped with three awns ; the upper palea much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branch- ing : leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panic-led racemes or spikes. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry- soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower towards the end of summer. * Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the palea. •*- Aims very unequal; the 2 lateral merely short erect bristles, scarcely I or I the length of the horizontal at length recurved middle one: root annual: culms tufted, much branched throughout, low (5'- 18' high) : racemes short and spike-like. 1. A. exceeding the flower, which bears a middle awn of about its own length. — Com- mon in old fields, &c., especially southward. 2. A. ramoSlSSinm, Engelm. mss. Culms diffuse ; spiked raceme sim- ple and loosely flowered; glumes f — |' long, 3 - 5-nerved, about equalling the flower, the soon recurved middle awn I' long. — Dry prairies of Illinois (Kngel- mann), and Kentucky (herb. Micltaux). — Glumes short-awned ; the lower 4-5- nerved; the inner and longer one 3-nerved, 2-cleft at the tip. Lateral awns of the palea only l£" - 2" long. Ligulc truncate, bearded. •*- •*- Awns unequal but similar ; the 2 lateral about half the length of the horizontally bent middle one: root annual: culms branched only towards the base, naked above, bearing a long and slender spiked raceme or virgate panicle. 3. A. graciliS, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6' -18' high); flower as long as the glumes (2£" -3" long) ; lateral awns a.s Ion;/ as the palea, the middle one £'-§'long. — Sand, E. Massachusetts and New Jersey to Illinois, and south- ward. •*- •«- •*- Awns nearly equal, divergently spreading : root perennial. ++ Culms simple or nearly so (l°-2° high), terminated by a long and strict virgate many-flowered spiked panicle from 6' to 18' in length. 4. A. Stricta, Michx. Leaves soon involute-filiform, rigid, downy or gla- brous; lower palea smooth, 3" -4" long, the equally spreading awns %' long, or the lateral rather shorter. — Virginia and southward. 5. A. purpurascens, Poir. Leaves glabrous, less rigid ; hirer palea rough or minutely serrulate-hispid on the keel and the slender lateral nerves, 4"- 5" long; the divaricate middle awri 1' long, the lateral a little shorter and at first erect. (A. racemosa, Muhl A. Geyeriuna, Stead.) — Massachusetts to Michigan, Illinois, and southward; common. •w- •»-*• Culms branching behiu (1°- 1.'° high), the Iranchfs naked above and racemotekj or paniculately sm •/• naked, and T>a>ya>v, a beard, alluding to the reduc- tion of the abortive flower to a bare awn.) 47 554 GRAMINiwE. (G11A3S FAMILY.) 1. €r. filCCllldSHS, Bcauv. Culms clustered from a short rootstouk (1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes flower-bearing to the base (5' -8' long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk, equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the length of the £\vn of the fer- tile llower. 11 (Anthopogon lepturoides, Null.) — Sandy pine ban-ens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. 2. G. brcvif'olitlS, Trin. Filiform spikes fang-pcduncled, i. e. flover-bear- iwj only above the middle; lower palea ciliate near the base, short-awncd; awn of t/ie abortive floicer obsolete or minute ; glumes acute. 1J. (Anthopogon brevifo- lius & h'liformis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward. aO. C^NODOjy, Richard. BERMUDA GRASS. SCUTCH-GRASS. Spikelets I -flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicellcd rudiment of a second flower, imbrieate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the spikes usually digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless, rather unequal. Paleai pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped. Stamens 3. — Low ditfusely-brancjied and extensively creeping perennials, with short flattish leaves. (Name composed of KVCDI>, a dog, and odovs, a tooth.) 1. C. DACTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3-5; paleae smooth, longer than the blunt rudiment. — Penn. and southward; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.) 21. DACTYI^OCTENIUM, Willd. EGYPTIAN GRASS. Spikelets several-flawered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on one side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number, digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled, membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palea strongly keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, contain- ing a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Culms diffuse, often creeping at the base. (Name compounded of SaKrvXos, finger, and urtviov, a little comb, alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.) 1. I>. -ZEGYPTlACUM, Willd. Spikes 4- 5; leaves ciliate at the base. ® (Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields and y,ards, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?) 22. EL,EU§iftE, Grcrtn. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS. Spikelets 2-6-flowcrcd, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate- spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes membra- naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Paleae awnless and pointless ; the lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) con- taining a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, and flowers much as in Poa. (Name from 'EXeuo-iV, the town where Ceres, the god- dess of harvests; was worshipped.) 1. E. INDICA, Gterli. (DOG'S-TAIL or WIRE GRASS.) Culms ascend- ing, flatten.'.!; spikes 2-5 (2' long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly southward. (Nat. from Ind.l) GRA3IINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 555 23. I. Alliericfma, Boanv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river- banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. August. 27. DACTYL.IS, L. COCK'S-FOOT or ORCHARD GRASS. Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching dense panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough- ciliate on the keel; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point; the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance- oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name SaxruXty, a finger's breadth, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.) 1. !>• GLOMER\TA, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly linear; branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. — Fields and yards, especially in shade. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 28. KCGL.ERIA, Pers. KOSLISRIA. Spikelets 3 - 7-flowercd, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle. Glumes and lower palea mcmbranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved, barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed : the former moder- ately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelct. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Tufted Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms ; the sheaths often downy. (Named for Prof. Kohler, an early writer on Grasses.) 1. K. Crist ft ta, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at the base ; spikelcts 2- 4-flowered; lower palea acute or mucronate; leaves flat, the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. GRAciLis, with a long and narrow spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, Null.) — Dry hills, Penn. to Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.) 29. E A T 6 N I A , Raf. (REBOVJLEA, Kunth, not of Eaddi.) Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, nu- merous in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the 47* 558 GKAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMIL T.)T flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palea ob- long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shapcd, nuked, cliartaeeous ; the upper very thin and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen- der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikclets. (Named for Amos Ealon, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the United States, which was for a long time the only general work commonly available for students in this country, and of several other popular treatises.) 1. E. obtlisfitcl. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted, the spikelcts much crowded on the short erect branches ; upper qlume rounded-obovatet truncate-obtuse, rough on the back ; the flowers lance-oblong. (Aira obtusata, Alichx. A. truncata, Afuhl. Kceleria truncata, Torr. K. paniculata, JYi/M. Re- boulca gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, ed. 1. Eatonia purpurascens, Ruf. ?) — Dry soil, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July. 2. E. Peillisylvaillica. Panicle long and slender, loose, the racemose branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ; the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. (Kceleria Pennsylvania, DC. Aira mollis, Afu/il. Reboulea Pennsylvanica, ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6' -8' long, with the aspect of China (var. MAJOR, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower palea minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows ; common. 3O. IVIEL.ICA, L. MELIC-GRASS. Spikelets 2 - 5-flowered ; the 1-3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con- volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palese papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age; the lower rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. — Leaves flat and soft. Pani- cle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided. (An old name, from /neXt, honey.) 1. M. miltica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palea naked, gla- brous but minutely scabrous on the nerves. 1|. (M. glabra, Michx. M. spcciosa, Muld.) — Var. GiAiJRA (M. glabra, Pursh.) has the panicle often few-flowered and rather simple, the lower palea very blunt. — Var. DIFF^SA (M. diffusa, Pursh) is taller, 2^° -4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani- cle ; the lower palea commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich soil, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 31. GL«YCERIA, R. Brown, Trin. MANNA-GRASS. Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and unequal 1 -3-nerved memhranaeeous glumes behind. Palea1 na' minutely roughish ; the upper %-tootked : stamens 3: suuamuUt unilateral or united: liyule lony : culm flattened, ascending from a rooting base. (Glycerin, R. Brown.) 7. O. flllitans, R. Brown. Spikelets 7-13-flowcred ; lower palea' Mono, obtuse, or the scarious tip aeutish, entire «or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather longer than the blunt upper one. (G. plicata, Frits.) — Shallow water; com- mon, especially northward. June - Aug. — Culm thickish, 1° - 5° long. Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1° long : the simple branches appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.) .8. G. aciltiflora, Torr. Spikelets 5-12-flowered, few and scattered; lower pal (a oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the U/IJHT one. — Wet places, Penn. to New England ; rather rare. June. — Resembles the last; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (£' long) and less nerved. $ 2. IIELE(3CHLOA, Fries. (Sclcrochloa, ed. 1.) — Lower palea inconspicuously or obsoltte.li/ 5-nerved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose: grain hardly grooved : saline species : panicle contracted with age. 9. O. maritillia, Wahl. (SEA SPEAR-GRASS.) Sterile shoots procum- bent runner-like; flowering culms erect (1°-1^0 high); branches of the panicle solitary or in pairs ; spikelets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowered ; lower palea round- ed at the summit, slightly pubescent towards the base ; leaves somewhat invo- lute; ligule elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea-coast; not rare. (Eu.) 10. O. d is tans, Wahl. Culms genicnlate at the base, ascending, des- titute of running shoots; branches of the panicle 3-5 in a half whorl, spreading; spikelets 3 - G-flowered ; lower palea truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat; ligule short. (P. fasciculata, Torr. P. distans, L. P. arenaria, Retz.) — Salt marsh- es along the coast. — Probably only a form of the last. (Eu.) 32. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. SPIKE-GRASS. Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly many-nerved. Lower palea rather coriaceous, flattcned-boat-shaped, indistinctly - many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers mostly dioecious, pretty largo. Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded of Briza (No. 35), and Trvpos, wheat.) 1. It. SpiCtttlim, Hook. Culms tufted, from creeping rootstorks (9'- 18' high); spike oblong, flattened (L' long); spikelets ovate or oblong, 5- 10- flowered ; flowers smooth and naked ; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, L. Poa Mirhauxii, Kunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas; the sterile smaller and somewhat rounded on the back. GRA3IIXEvE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 561 33. FOA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. SPEAR-GRASS. Spikclets ovate, or lance-ovate, compressed, several- (2 -10-) flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. Low- er palea membranacco-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, compressed- keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with soft hairs or long and crisped cobweb-like wool ; upper palea mcmbranaceous, 2-toothed. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — Culms tufted. Leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. (An ancient Greek name for Grass.) * Root annual : branches of the short panicle single or in pairs. 1. P. ail mm, L. (Low SPEAR-GRASS.) Culms spreading or decum- bent (3' -8' long), flattened; panicle often 1-sided; spikelets crowded, very short-pcdicelled, 3 - 7 -flowered ; lower palea delicately more or less hairy on the nerves below. — Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if real- ly indigenous here. April -Oct. (Eu.) * * Root perennial : culms tufted, often stoloniferous at the base. •»- Branches of the simple panicle mostly solitary or in pairs, short but slender, smooth, bearing single or few purplish spikelets. (Alpine.) 2. P. liiiXti, Hyenke. Culms upright (4' -9' high) ; panicle nodding, often racemose-contracted ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered ; lower palea obscurely- nerved, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves below ; leaves narrow ; ligules elongated. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York, and high northward. (The nearly related P. alpina is found in Canada, and may occur within our borders.) (Eu.) •t- -i- Branches of the very loose panicle long and capillary, mostly in pairs or in tln-c.cs, naked below (more or less scabrous) : spikelets few or widely scattered, pretty large (3" -4" long, pale-green, sometimes purple-tinged), loosely 3 - 5-floivered : culm jiattish (l°-2° high), plant soft and smooth, flowering in spring. +-t- Flowers (oblong) obtuse, as also the larger glume : panicle diffuse : lower palea rather conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous btlow the middle on the keel and marginal nerves. 3. P. brevifdSicl, Mubl. Culm stoloniferous from the base, 2-3-leaved, the upper leaves very short (^' — 2' long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate-tipped; brandies of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; lower palea rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at the base. (P. pungens, Nutt., cxcl. syn. Ell. P. cuspidata, Barton. The older and also more appropriate name is here restored.) — Rocky or hilly woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly westward. April, May. — Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves. 4. P. flexildsa, Muhl. Culm slender (not stoloniferous?); its leaves all I/near (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed ; panicle very effuse (its branches 2' -4' long to the spikelets or first ramification) ; lower palea prominently nerved, no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. campyle, Schult.) — Dry woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. -May. — Wrongly con- founded with the last, though near it. P. autumnalis is an inappropriate name, and there is now no obstacle to restoring the earlier published and unobjection- able (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa. 562 GRAMIMWE. (GRASS FAMILY.) «•* •*+ Flowers (oblong-lanceolate) and both glumes acute: p.midc nanoiv. 5. P. a I SOClcS. Leaves nuhcr narrowly linear, acute, the uppermost (2^'-4' long) often sheathing the base of the panicle, the capillary branches of which are appresscd when young, and mostly in threes or fours ; spikelets 3- flowered (pale green, soft) ; lower palea very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous. (P. nemoralis, Torr. $• cd 1 : but wholly different from the European species of that name.) — Woods, on hill-sides, New England to Wisconsin. May, June. •*-•+-•»- Branches of the rather narrow but loose long-pedunckd panicle in threes or Jives, or rarely in pairs, short or shortish, above bearing scattered and rather fi.-w spikdels ; these barely 2" long, pale green, rather loosely 2 - ^-flowered : flowers (oblong} and glumes obtuse ; loict-r pnltu scared -mrm/ a little hairy on the keel, otherwise glabrous; lii//<(!/'<; /.>• i,,<>r<' or It si n/yin-nmd on the secondary branches; spikuii>- strongly 3-, the ii{>pir 5-mrm/.) 4. B. Kulmii. (WiLD CHESS.) Panicle simple, small (3'-4; Ion-), the spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 12-flowered, densely (GRASS FAMILY.) 567 silky all over ; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong floorer ; lower palea 7-9-nerved, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (l£°- 3° high) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus, Maid. B. purgans, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Dry woodlands and open places; com- mon northward. June, July. — This is preserved in the herbarium of Linnaeus under the name of B. ciliatus, though it is not the plant he has described ; thence has arisen much confusion. §2. SCHED6NORUS, Beauv., Fries. — Lower palea somewhat convex, but keeled on the back_, laterally more or less compressed, at least above : Jlowers soon separating from each other : lower glume 1- the upper 3-nerved. 5. B. cilif&tllS; L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7 -12-flowered; flowers lanceolate, tipped with an awn half to three fourths their length ; lower palea silky with appressed hairs near the margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back (B. Canadensis, Michx. B. pubescens, Muhl.) ; — or, in var. PTJR- GANS (B. purgans, L.!), clothed all over with very short and fine appressed hairs. 1J. — Kiver-banks and moist woodlands; rather common. July, Aug. — Culm 3° -4° high, with the large leaves (;£'-£' wide) smooth or somewhat hairy ; the sheaths in the larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top. — Variable as to the pubescence, &c., and comprising several forms, including both the Linnsean species ; for which the present name is preferable to the inap- plicable purgans, which was taken from Feuille's South American species. — In a large- flowered form, two obscure additional nerres appear in the upper glume. 6. IS. STERILIS, L. Panicle very loose, the slender and nearly simple branches drooping ; spikelets of about 6 rather distant and 7-nerved rouyhish linear-awl- shapcd long-awned Jlowers; leaves rather hairy. ® — Penn Yan, New York, Sartwett. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 38. UN1OL.A, L. SPIKE-GRASS. Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palea. Glumes lance- olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly later- ally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, en- closing the much smaller compressed 2-keelcd upper one and the free laterally flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad leaves and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant, a diminutive of unio, unity.) * Spikelets large (%' - 2' long), ovate or oblong, 9 - 3Q:flowered: panicle open. 1. U. paiiicillifita, L. Leaves narrow when drv,, convolute; spikelets ovate, short-])i die,' -lied ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; the fertile with 3 stamens ; culm and panicle elongated (4° -8° high). — Sand-hills on the sea-shore, S. Virginia and southward. 2. U. latifolia, Michx. Leaves broad and flat (§'-!' wide); spikelets at length oblong, hanging on long pedicels ; flowers acute, ciliate on the keel, all but 568 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hill-sides, S. Perm, to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high : panicle loose. * # fyrikclcts small: panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect flowen long-pointed. 3. U. gniCiliS, Michx. Spikdits sltor(-]>cdia-IUd (2" -3" long), broadly wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - Q-flowered : the flowers ovate and divergent- ly beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to Vir- ginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender. 39. PIIRAGUIITES, Trin. REED. Spikelets 3 - 7-flowercd ; tfic flowers rather distant, silky-villous at tl^ir base, and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except the lowest, which is cither neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very unequal. Paleaj membranaceous, slender; the lower narrowly awl-shaped, thrice the length of the upper. Squarnulai 2, large. Styles long. Grain free. — Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. ($payp.iTT]s, growing in hedges, which this aquatic Grass docs not.) 1. P. CO ill III finis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding ; spikelets 3-5-flow- ered ; flowers equalling the wool. ( Arundo, L.) — Edges of ponds and swamps ; common northward. Sept. — Looks like Broom-corn at a distance, 5° -12° high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.) 40. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. CANE Spikelets flattened, 5- 14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger. Palese herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back, not keeled, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamulao 3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. — Arborescent or shrubby Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in panicles or racemes ; the flowers polygamous, viz. perfect and staminate. (Name formed from arundo, a reed.) 1. A. macrospernia, Michx. Spikelets (l£'-3' long) rather few in a simple panicle, sometimes solitary on a slender peduncle ; leaves linear-lanceo- late, pubescent beneath : — in the SMALL CANE — Saline soil, Ohio, Illinois, and .westward. — Too near H. maritimum of Europe. Culm 4' -10' high. H. DfsTicnuM, L., is the cultivated TWO-ROWED BARLEY. H. VULG\RB, L., is the common FOUR- (or Six-) ROWED BARLEY ; the lateral spikelets being also fertile, probably as a consequence of long-continued cultivation. SECALE CEREALE, L., the HYE, is a well-known cultivated grain of this grc up, nearly allied to the Wheat in botanical character. 45. EL.YMUS, L. LYME-GRASS. WILD EYE. Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each 1 - 7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, 2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Palea} coriaceous ; the lower rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the involving paleae (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from e'Xua, to roll up). * Glumes and lower paleaz rigid, both or only the latter awned : spikdets 1-5- fhwered : perennials, with slender culms and rather harsh foliage. 1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick (3' long), on a short peduncle usually included in the sheath ; spikelets 2-3 together, 2 - 3-flow- ered, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the rough and thickened strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks; not rare. Aug. — Culm stout, 2° -3° high: leaves broadly linear, rough. 2. E. CanadcilSiS, L. Spike rather luu* , curi'iiu/ (f>' -9' long), on an cxscrted peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 - 5 long-awned rough or rough- hairy flowers ; the lance-awl-sh' long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; awn about twice the length of the palea. y. — Dry places; common. June. (Eu.) 2. A. caespitosa, L. Culms in close tufts (2° -4° high); leaves flcut, iijiear ; panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long); awn barely equalling the palea. 1|. — Shores of lakes and streams ; not rare northward. June, July. (Eu. ) 672 GRAMINKyE. (OKASS FAMILY.) § 2. VAHLC-DEA, Fries. — ( Humes more Ixjul-sfta/xd, lonyer than (lie jL lower palea of a Jinn or coriaceous texture, nerveless, the truncate-obtuse lift mostly entire ; the awn borne at or above the middle : yrain grooved, JlattisJi, fiee. 3. A. atl'Oplirpurea, Wahl. Culms 8'-15' high, weak; loaves flat or rather wide ; panicle of few spreading brunches ; awn stout, twiee the length of the paleae. 1J. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of N. Ne\v York. August. (Eu.) 48. I> A NTH ONI A, DC. WILD OAT-GRASS. Lower palca (oblong or ovate, roundcd-cylindraceous, 7 -9-ncrved) bearing between the sharp-pointed or awn-iike teeth of the tip an awn composed of tiie 3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. (Named lor Dant/toine, a French botanist.) 1. D. Spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted (l°-2°high); leaves short, nar- row and soon involute ; sheaths bearded at the throat; panicle simple, raceme- like (2' long) ; the few spikelets appressed, 7 -flowered ; lower palea broadly ovate, loosely hairy on the back, much longer than its lance-awl-shaped teeth. 1J. — Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July. 49. TRISETUM, Pcreoon. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle ; the lower palea compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes, bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointcd apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and $>ta, a bristle) : other- wise nearly as in Avena. 1. T. Sllbspicatlllll, Beauv., var. molle. Minutely soft-downy ; pani- cle dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2; - 3' long) ; glumes about the length of the 2 -3 smooth flower?; awn diverging, much exscrted. (Avena mollis, Michx.) y. — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward; rare. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.) 2. X. pallistrt?, Torr. Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5' long), loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the 2 smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of the rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointcd tip, while the lower one is commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. 1J. (Avena palustris, Alichx. Aira pullcns, Mnhl.) — Low grounds, S. New York to Illinois, and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° -3° high : leaves flat, short. Spike- lets yellowish-white, tinged with green. . 50. AVENA, L. OAT. Spikelets 2 -many-flowered, pnniHcd : the flowers horbaoco-chartaoeous, or becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes; the uppermost imperfect. Lower palea rounded on the back, mostly 5-11- nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the Ni-:.ffi. (GRASS FAMILY.) 573 acutely 2-c>ft tip proceeding from the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy, free, but invested by the upper palea. (The classical Latin name.) § 1. AVENASTRUM, Koch. — Spikelets rather small, several-flowered; the flowers remotish : glumes I- and 3-nerued ; lower palea about 7 -nerved : root perennial. 1. A. Strifita, Michx. Culms tufted, slender (l°-2°high); leaves nar- row; panicle simple, loose, drooping with age ; the few 3 - 5-flowered spikeleta on rough capillary peclicek;, much longer than the very unequal purple glumes; lower palea with a short bearded tuft at the base, much longer than the ciliate- fringed upper one (£' long), bearing a long straightish awn just below the taper- ing very sharply cuspidate 2-clef't tip. (Trisctum purpurascens, Ton.) — Rocky, shaded hills, N. New England, New York, and northward. June. $ 2. AIRCJPSIS, Desv., Fries. — Spikelets very small, of 2 closely approximate flowers, and with no rudiment of a third: glumes 1-nerved: lower palea obscurely 3-5-nerved: root annual. (Forms a genus intermediate between Aira and Avena, here appended to the latter for convenience.) 2. A. PR^COX, Bcauv. Dwarf (3' -4' high), tufted; leaves short, bristle- shaped; branches of the small oblong panicle appressed; awn from below the middle of the flower. (Aira praicox, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Vir- ginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) See Addend. A. SATIVA, L., the COMMON OAT, belongs to the section with annual roots, and long, 7 - 9-nerved glumes. 51. ARRIIENATHERUItt, Beauv. OAT-GRASS. Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower; the middle flower perfect, with its lower palea barely bristle-pointed from- near the tip ; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the mid- dle of the back (whence the name, from npp'f/f, masculine, and d$jjp, awn) : — otherwise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification. 1. A. AVEN\CEUM, Bcauv. Leaves broad, flat ; panicle elongated (8'- 10' long) ; glumes scarious, very unequal. 1J. (Avena elatior, L.) — Meadows and lots ; scarce : absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May- July. (Nat. from Eu.) 52. 1IOL.CUS, L. (partly). MEADOW SOFT-GRASS. Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels ; the boat-shaped mcmbranaeeous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re- motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, but its papery or thin-coriaceous lower palea awnless and pointless ; the upper flower staminate only, otherwise similar, but bearing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain free, scarcely grooved. (An ancient name, from oXxos, draught, of obscure application. ) 1. H. LAN\TUS, L. (VELVET-GRASS.) Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong (l'-4' long) ; upper glume mucronate-awned under the apex ; awn of tiie stam- inate flower recurved. 1|. — Moist meadows ; scarce. June. (Nat. from Eu.) GRAMIXIWE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 53. HIER6CHL.OA, Gmclin. HOLY-GRASS. Spikelets plainly 3-flowered, oi)en-panicle(l ; the flowers all with 2 palrse the two lower (lateral) flowers staminate onlv, .'j-amlroiis, sessile, often awned on the middle of the buck or near the tip; the uppermost (middle) one perfect, short- pcdicellcd, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awulrss. Glumes equalling or exceeding the spikelet, scarious ; palea! ehartaeeous. — Leaves linear or lan- ceolate, flat. (Name composed of icpos, sacred, and p(Xoa, yrass ; these sweet- scented Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North of Europe.) 1. II. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2'-:V long); peduncles smooth; staminatc flowers with the lower palea mueronate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip ; rootstock creeping. U. (Iloleus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, Mass. to Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly near the coast and along the Lakes. May, — Culm l°-2° high, with short lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color; the sterile flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at the tip. (Eu.) 2. II. alpilia. Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (l'-2' long); one of the staminatc flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other long-awncd from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow. 1J. — Alpine mountain-tops, New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.) 54. A W T II O X A W T II U ill , L. SWEET-SCKXTED VERNAL-GRASS. Spikelets spiked-panicled, 3-flowcrcd ; but the lateral flowers neutral, consist- ing merely of one palea which is hairy on the outside and awried on the back : the central (terminal) flower perfect, of 2 awnless ehartaeeous palea;, 2-androu9. Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long as the flowers, twice the length of the lower. Squamulaj none. Grain ovate, adherent to the enclos- ing palea3. (Name compounded of avdos, flower, and ai/$o>j/, of flowers. Z-.) 1. A. ODOR\TUM, L. Spikelets spreading (brownish or tinged with green) ; one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its base, the other short- awned below the tip. j| — Meadows, pastures, £c. ; very sweet-scented in dry- ing. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.) 55. PIIALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS. Spikelets crowded in a dense or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudiments of a flower, one on each side, at the base of the perfect one, which is flatfish, awnless, of 2 shining paleiu, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and often win-ed- keelcd glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3. — Leaves broad, flat. ( The an- cient name, from t^aXos, shiniw/, alluding cither to the paleiu or the grain.) 1. P. arillldiBiaCCa. L. (RKKD CANAKY-GKASS.) Panieic moiv or less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; I//IXIHS f/vW, *.•••, with ilat- fcened pointed tips ; rudimentary flowers hairy, i the length of the fertile one. 1| GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575 (P. Americana Ton-., not of Ell. Digraphis arandinacea, Trin.) — Wet grounds ; very common northward. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3" - 5" wide. — The RIBBOX-GRASS of the gardens is a state of this species, with variegated leaves. (Eu.) 2. P. CAXARIEXSIS, L. (CANARY-GRASS.) Panicle spiked, oval ; glumes wing-keeled ,• rudimentary flowers smooth, half the length of the perfect one. Q) — Waste places, New York and New England: sparingly cultivated. July -Sept. — It yields the Canary-seed. (Adv. from Eu.) 56. M 1 1L I U Ifl , MILLET-GRASS. Spikdets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con- sisting of 2 equal memhranaceous convex and awnlcss glumes, including a sin- gle coriaceous awnless flower : but theoretically the lower glume is wanting, while an empty single palea of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palea of the terete fertile flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-pltimose. Grain not grooved, enclosed in the palene, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet (which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thou- sand, because of its fertility.) 1. UJ. efT&iSmil, L. Smooth (3°-6° liigh) ; leaves broad and flat, thin , panicle spreading (6' -9' long) ; flower ovoid-oblong. 1J. — Cold woods; com- mon northward. June. (Eu.) 57. AMPIIICARPTJUI, Kunth. (MILIUM, Pursh.) Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1-flowered, of two kinds ; one kind in a strict terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that the rudiment of the lower glume is ordinarily discernible, quite deciduous from the joint, commonly without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect: the other kind solitary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (which are more or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the others, perfect and fertile, subterranean ; the enwrapping glume and similar empty palea many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain ovoid, terete, not grooved, in the radical flowers very large (2" -3" long), the embryo next the lower palea. Neutral palea somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile flower. — Leaves lanceolate, flat, copious on the lower part of the culm, clothed like the sheaths with spreading bristly hairs (Name from apfyiKapiros, doubly fruit-bearing.) 1. A. Plkrsllii, Kunth. (Milium ampbicarpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy pine barrens, New Jersey. Sept. • 58. PASPAL.UM, L. PASPALUM. Spikelets spiked or somewhat raoemed in 2-4 rows on one side of a flattened or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano- convex, awuless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other 576 GRAMINEjE. (GJIASS FAMILY.) hand, differing from Panieum merely in the want of the lower glume; which, however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and empty palea few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. — (Said to have been a Greek name for Millet.) # Spikes rery numerous in a spiked raceme ; their t/tin and m< inbranaceous or folia- ceous r/iac/iis broader than the spikelcts, and keeled or boat-shaded. 1. P. fluitailS, Kunth. Glabrous; steins procumbent below and rooting in the mud or floating; leaves lanceolate; rhachis (1" wide) projecting beyond the small slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the back. (1) (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Virginia, S.Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Oct. See Addend. * # Spikes one or few ; the rhachis narrower than tJte spikelets. H- Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular : spikes one terminal, and often 1 — 5 lateral. 2. P. SCtiiceillll, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°- 2° long), slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs; spikes very slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ; spikelets (^" wide) narrowly 2-rowed. ]\. (Also P. debile and P. ciliatifolium, Michx.) — Sandy fields, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Illinois, and southward. August. 3. P. lifeve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (l°-3° high) ; the pretty large and long leaves with the flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ; spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon- gated naked peduncle, spreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at their base; spikelels broadly 2-rowed (over 1" wide), ]\. 1 — Moist soil, S. New England to Kentucky, and southward. August, — Either glabrous or sometimes the lower sheaths, &c. very hairy. •»- •»- Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at. the summit of the naked peduncle. 4. P. disticlllllll, L. (JOINT-GRASS.) Nearly glabrous, rather glau- cous ; culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base ; leaves linear- lanceolate (2' -3' long) ; spikes short and closely-flowered (i'-2' long), our «/u>rl- p< divided, the other sessile; rhachis flat on the back ; spiktlctn ovate, slightly pointed (barely l-£" long). 1J. (P. notatum, Fluegge, frc.) — Wet fields, Virginia and southward. July - Sept. 5. P. Digitfil'ia, Poir. Culms ascending (l°-2£° high) from a creeping base; leaves lanceolate (3' -6' long, $'-£ wide); spikes sender and rather sparsely flowered (l'-4' long), conjugate, both Kssile at the apex of the slender peduncle ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2'' long). (Milium paspalodes, Ell.) — Vir- ginia (Pursh), and southward. 59. PANICUItt, L. PANIC-GKASS. Spikelcts panidcd, vaccmcd, or sometimes spik«-d, not involucrato, l£-2- flowered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely want- ing), membranaceo-herbaeeous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577 flower either neutral or staminate, of one palea which closely resembles the up- per glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed, coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless, enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Seta- ria Italica), thought to come from/>a?us, bread ; some species furnishing a kind of bread-corn.) $ 1. DIGITARIA, Scop. — Spikelets crowded 2 - 3 together in simple and mostly 1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless : lower flower neutral, of a single palea : lower glume minute, sometimes^bsolete or want' ing: root annual : plant often purplish. * Spikes erect; the rhachis flliform, nearly terete. 1. P. filiforme, L. Culms very slender (l°-2° high), upright; lower sheaths hairy ; spikes 2-8, alternate and approximated, filiform ; spikelets ob- long, acute (g" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower almost wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey along the coast, Illi- nois, and southward. Aug. * * Spikes spreading ; the rhachisflat and thin. 2. P. GL\BRUM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect (5' -12' long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate ; spikelets ovoid (about 1" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want- ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places ; common southward, and not rare northward : in some places appearing as if indigenous, but probably an intro- duced plant. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. P. SANGUIN\LE, L. (COMMON CRAB-GRASS. FlNGER-GRASS.) ClllmS erect or spreading (l°-2°high); leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy; spikes 4 - 15, spreading, digitate ; spikelets oblong (1^-" long) ; upper glume half the length of the flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds, and yards ; common. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. PANICUM PROPER. — Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless. # Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually pointed spikelets short-pedi celled, excepting No. 7. •*- Sterile flower neutral, •fullt/ twice the length of the lower glume : spikelets small (not more than 1" or l£" long). *+ Neutral flower consisting of 2 palece. 4. P. anccps, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather broadly linear (1°- 2° long, 4" -5" wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyram- idal ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 7 -nerved', neutral flower £ longer than the perfect one. U — Wet soil, pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Allied to the next : spikelets and brandies of the panicle longer. 5. P. agrostoicies, Spreng. Culms fattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram- idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread- ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume 5-nerved, longer than the 49 578 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) neutral flower, which exceeds the perfect one. (P. agrostidiforme, Lam. f P. multifiorum, Poir.) — Wet meadows, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois, nnd southward. Aug. ••-*• •«-*• Neutral flower consisting of a single pqlea. 6. P. prolifcruin, Lam. Smooth throughout ; culms thickened, succulent, branched and geniculate, ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ; ligule ciliate; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender primary branches at length spreading; spikelets oppressed, lance-oval, acute (pale green), lower glume broad, i to ^ the length of the upper; neutral flower little longer than the perfect one. ® — Brackish marshes and meadows; common along the coast from Massachusetts southward : also along the Ohio and Mis- sissippi. Aug. 7. P. CZlpilliire, L. Culm upright, often branched at the base and form- ing a tuft; leaves (large) and especially the flattened sheaths very hirsute; panicle pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose (6' -12' long), the slender straight branches somewhat reflexcd when old ; spikelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong- ovoid and pointed; lower glume half the length of the neutral palea, which is longer than the ovoid-oblong obtuse perfect flower. (^ — Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. Aug., Sept. 8. P, autumn ale, Bosc ! Culm ascending, very slender (1° high), branch ing below ; leaves small ( 1' - 2' long, linear-lanceolate) and upper sheaths glabrous ; panicle as in depauperate states of the last, but glabrous, except the strongly bearded main axils, its capillary much elongated divisions mostly simple and bearing solitary spindle-shaped spiktlets; lower glume minute ; perfect flower nar- rowly oblong or lance-oblong, acute, nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish up- per glume and the neutral palea. U ? (P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. ?) — Sand- hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead), and southward. — This well-marked spe- cies is either rare, or has been generally overlooked. +- •»- Sterile flower staminate, of 2 palece ; lower glume littk or ^ shorter : spihlcts large (iy-2%" long). 9. P. Virgatlini, L. Very smooth ; culms upright (3° -5° high) ; leaves very long, flat; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at laif/th spreading or drooping ; spikelets scattered, ovaj, pointed ; glumes and sterile palcre pointed, usually purplish. 1J. — Moist sandy soil; common, espe- cially southward. Aug. 10. P. a mil rum, Ell. Nearly smooth, rigid ; culms (l£° high) sheathed to the top ; leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed, very smooth ; spikelets ovate, pointed (pale) ; lower glume little shorter than the sterile flow- er. 1|. — Sandy shores, Connecticut (Barratt, Robbins), Virginia, and south- ward. Aug., Sept. * * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short. *- Lou-cr (s7, r/7, ) flower farmed of 2 palece (the, ttpjw one icarlous and so> small and imimsplcuous), neutral, except in No. II t and occasionally in Xu. it. where it is staminate. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 579 *+ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, ivith 9-15 principal nerves. 11. P. latifolium, L. (excl. syn. Sloane, &c.) Culm (l°-2° high), smooth; the joints and the orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly hairs ; leaves broadly obloity-lanceclate from a heart-clasping base (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 1 1 - 1 5-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spreading; spikelets obocate, \^" long, downy; low- er glume ovate, not half the length of the many-nerved upper one ; sterile flower often (but not always) with 3 stamens. 1J. (P. Waited, Poir.) — Moist thick- ets ; common. June - Aug. 12. P. clamlcstiamsil, L. Culm rigid (1°- 3° high), very leafy to the top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough with papilla' bearing vert/ stiff and spreading bristly hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed; lateral panicles and usually also the terminal panicle more, or less enclosed in the sheaths, or, in var. PEDUNCULA- TUM (P. pedunculatum, Torr.}, with the terminal one at length long-peduncled : — otherwise resembling No. 11 ; but the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth; the lower flower (always?) neutral. — Low thickets and river-banks; rather com- mon. July -Sept. 13. P. microc&rpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11; the broadly lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less point- ed, not dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the up- per surface roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many- flowered, narrowly oblong (3' - 7' long) ; spikelets about £" long, ovoid, smooth or srnoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. 1J. (P. multiflorum, Ell. ? not of Poir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. 14. P. xantliopliysillll, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near the base (9' -15' high); sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4' -6' long by ^' wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the margins, strongly 9-ll-nerved; panicle long-peduncled, simple, contracted, the ap- pressed branches bearing few roundish-obovate spikelets (about l£" long) ; lower glume ovate, acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-ntrved upper one. 1|. — Dry and sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward; rare. June. — Plant yellowish-green : spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes staminate. 15. P. viscidmiB, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the sheaths, with reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring bdow each joint ; leaves likewise velvety all over, lanceolate (^' ivide), 11 - I3-nerved ; panicles spreading, the lateral ones included; spikchls obovate, 1" or l£" long, downy; the roundish lower glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Damp soil, S. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 16. P. paiicifloruni, Ell.? Culms upright, at length much branched and reclining (1 ° - 2° long), roughish ; leaves lanceolate (3f - 5' long by £' - £' wide), rather faintly 9 -nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next tho 580 GRAXINE<£. (GRASS FAMILY.) base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similar hairs; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-ol>ovate haiiy or smoothish spikelets about l£" long ; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the length of the upper one. (P. leucoblepharis, Trin. ?) — "Wet meadows and copses, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July. — Distin- guished by its much larger spikelcts, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect, from any form of the next. It has probably been described under several names, some of them earlier than Elliott's. •*-«• •*-*• Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves. 17. P. , to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.) 1. T. dactyl oides, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the sum- mit (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; some- times, var. MONOSTXciiYUM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, Con- necticut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, thence west to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Culm 4° - 7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one of our largest and most remarkable Grasses. It is sometimes used for fodder at the South, where better is not to be had. 63. ERIANTIIUS, Michx. WOOLLY BEARD-GRASS. Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them sessile, the other pedicelled; otherwise both alike; with the lower flower neu- tral, of one membranaceous palea ; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline paleaj, which are thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membranaceous glumes, the lower awncd from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like Grasses, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from fptov, wool, and avdos, flower). 1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culm (4° - 6° high) woolly-bearded at the joints; panicle contracted; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the straight awn ; or at length contorted ; stamens 2. 1J. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey, Illinois, and southward : rare. Sept., Oct. 2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded ,-it. the upper Joints ; panicle rather open ; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. 1J. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583 64. AreRROPOCJON, L. BEARD-GRASS. Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed; one of them pedicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige : the other sessile, with the lower flower neutral and of a single palea ; the upper perfect and fertile, of 2 thin and hyaline paleie shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse and mostly rigid perennial Grasses, with lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate ; the rhachis huiry or plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or stami- nate flowers also (whence the name, composed of avTjp, aVSpoj, man, and Trcbycoi/, beard). # Sterile spikelet staminate (stamens 3), awnless: spikes digitate. 1. A. furcfttus, Muhl. Culms (4° high) and leaves nearly smooth, bearing 3-5 straight and rather rigid hairy spikes together at the naked summit (or fewer on lateral branches) ; spikelets approximated, roughish-downy ; awn bent. — Sterile soil ; common. Sept. # * Sterile spikelet neutral, reduced to a small pointed glume raised on a long bearded pedicel ; the fertile 2 - 3-androus, bearing a slender mostly bent or twisted aim : culms paniculate-branched. 2. A. SCOpfsrins, Michx. Culms slender (2° -4° high), with many pa- niculate branches ; the lower sheaths and the narrow leaves hairy ; spikes mostly single, terminating the short branches, peduncled, very loose, slender (2' long, often purple), sparsely silky with dull white hairs; the zigzag rhachis hairy along the edges ; pairs of spikelets rather distant. — Sterile or open sandy soil ; common. July -Sept. 3. A. argenteilS, Ell. Culms rather slender (about 3° high) ; spikes in pairs, on a peduncle exceeding the sheaths, dense, very silky with long white hairs (l£'-2' long) ; rudimentary flower much shorter than the hairs -of its pedicel. — Sten'le soil, Virginia, Illinois ? and southward. Sept., Oct. — Spikes much denser, and the flowers larger and more silky, than in the next ; which it con- siderably resembles. # =* * Sterile pikelet abortive, reduced to a mere awn-like plumose pedicel, or bearing distinct rudiment of a flower : the fertile l-androus, and bearing a straight slender awn : spikes clustered, lateral and terminal, partly enclosed in the flattened bract- like sheaths; the slender rhachis, $'c, clothed with copioui very long and silky (white) hairs. 4. A. VirginicilS, L. Culm flattish below, slender, sparingly short- branched above (3° high) ; sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant appressed clusters, weak and soft (I1 long). — Sandy soil ; Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. Sept. 5. A. macroftrus, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), bushy-branched at the summit, loaded with numerous spikes forming dense leafy dusters; sheaths rough, the upper hairy. — Low grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast and southward. Sept., Oct. 584 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 65. SORGHUM, Pers. BROOM CORN. Spikelcts 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open panicle, the lateral ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels ; only the middle or ter- minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnlcss : other- wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (The Asiatic name of a cultivated species.) 1. S. nutailS. (INDIAN GRASS. WOOD-GRASS.) Culm simple (3°- 5° high), terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, rather crowded (6' -12' long); the perfect spikclcts at length drooping (light russet-brown and shining), clothed, especially towards the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ; the sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy pedicel, 1J. (Andropogon nutans, Z/.) — Dry soil; common, especially south- ward, where it exhibits several more or less marked varieties. Aug. S. VULG\RE, Pcrs., the INDIAN MILLET, has several cultivated varieties or races, such as the GUINEA-CORN and BROOM-CORN. ZEA MATS, the INDIAN CORN, is a well-known Paniceous Grass. SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM, L., the SUGAR-CASE, is a tropical Grass, closely allied to Erianthus, p. 582. EQUISETACE^. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 585 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers (stamens and pistils), and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of homogeneous structure (called spores), in which there is no embryo, or piantlet anterior to germination. CLASS III. ACROGENS. Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with dis- tinct foliage. ORDER 135. EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.; Leafless plants, with rusk-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run- ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or spike, ivhich is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore' cases underneath. — Comprises solely the genus 1. EQUISETUUI, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING EUSH. (Tab. 14.) Spore-cases (sporangia, thecce) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1 -celled, opening down the inner side and dis- charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4 thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments (elaters), which roll up closely around them when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems striate-grooved, rigid, the hard cuticle abounding in silex, hollow, and also with an outer circle of smaller air-cavities corresponding with the grooves ; the joints closed and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which surrounds the base of the inter- node above, and is split into teeth corresponding in number and position with the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata always occupying the principal grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like the stem, but without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from equiis} horse, and seta, bristle. ) 586 EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILT.) * Stems annual (not surviving the winter) : fructification in spring (April and May). (Stomata irregularly scattered over the whole surface of the grooves.) •*- Fertile stems different from the sterile ones, earlier, brownish. *+ Fertile stems never branching, decaying early after fructification : the sterile stems bearing simple branches. .1. E. arvcnse, L. Sterile stems smoothish, 12- 14-furrowcd, and produc- ing ascenLling sharply 4- (or 3 - 5-) c ngled long branches, with 4 herbaceous lanceolate pointed teeth; sheaths of the fertile stems (8' -15' high) remote, large and loose. — Damp places ; common. (Eu.) 2. E. Cbumcilin, Schrcber. Sterile stems very -smooth, ivory-white, about 30-furrowcd, the rough usually 4-anglcd branches again grooved on the angles, and with awl-shaped fragile teeth ; sheaths of the fertile steins crowded, deeply toothed. (E. fluviatile, Smith.) — Shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. — Fertile stems 1° or more high, stout; the sterile 2° -5°. (Eu.) ** •*-*• Fertile stems remaining and producing herbaceous branches after fructification. 3. E. prsiteilSC, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems bearing whorls of simple straight branches ; sheaths of the stem split into separate ovate- lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed : otherwise much like the next; in its simple branches resembling No. 1, but narrower in general outline, and blunt. (E. umbrosum, Willd. E. Drummondii, Hook.) — Michigan (Cooley, frc.) and northward. (Eu.) 4. E. sylVittiCUUl, L. Sterile and fertile stems about 12-furrowed, bearing whorls of compound racemed branches ; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather blunt membranous more or less united teeth ; those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent teeth. — Wet shady places ; common northward. (Eu.) •»- ••- Fertile and sterile stems similar and contemporaneous, both herbaceous, or all the stems fertile, fruiting in summer, producing mostly simple branches from the n/>pcr or middle joints, or sometimes quite naked. 5. E. limosiim, L. Stems tall (2° -3° high), smooth, slightly many- furrowed, usually producing upright simple branches after fructification ; sheaths appressed, with 10-22 (commonly a-bout 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth. (E. uliginosum, Muhl.} — In shallow water; rather common. — Air- cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. (Near this is the European E. PALtJSTKE, with a strongly grooved roughish stem, large air- cavities under the grooves, and pale 6 - 9-toothed sheaths ; also attributed to this country by Pursh, probably incorrectly.) (Eu.) * # Stems perennial, bearing fructification in summer, lasting over the next winter and longer, mostly rough (the cuticle abounding in silcx), simple or rarely branded. (Stomala in regular rows, in our species l-rowed on each side of the groove.) -*- Stems large, most/// single : sheaths appressed. (Probably all forms of No. 8.) 6. E. ISCVigiTitlini, Braun. Stems l£°-4° high; the ridges convex, ob- tuse, smooth or minntcty rough with minute tubercles; shmlhs /