15 W NRLF a soo of GIFT OF L« Ph. Bolander -.-•M^.^ •^^:r>f^v* :^-H3Efc^;ft: •"'•'Vr " i$m ^Bff..?pP.^-f«%, -. •*•:•••••, •• •/^» - • ' -i -v-fiSi3^|p ^7 -•* * .^h. ^min, ^*C- W-l'V^ •..•.,'-:«•»*-#:' (T'T . $""•-* oX , / ^, MAN UAL OP THE BOTANY OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND NOKTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. BY ASA GRAY, FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Hfcftion. SECOND ISSUE. WITH TWENTY PLATES, ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. NEW YORK: IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAEEMAN, & CO. CHICAGO : S. C. GRIGGS & CO. 1868. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN, & CO., in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. BIOLOGY LIBRARY G UNIVERSITY PRESS : WELCH, fcicELow, & Co., CAMBRIDGE, IXA7V/ G7 BIOLOGY LIBRARY TO JOHN TORREY, LL.D. ALMOST twenty years have passed since the first edition of this work was dedicated to you, — more than thirty, since, as your pupil, I began to enjoy the advantage of being associated with you in botanical pursuits, and in a lasting friendship. The flow of time has only deepened the sense of gratitude due to you from your attached friend, ASA GRAY. CAMBRIDGE, May 30, 1867. 828345 NOTE. IN the present issue many small corrections, typographical and other, have been made throughout the volume, as well as more considerable alterations on pages 479, 480, 564 ; an omission of the proper acknowl- edgment for the article on Sparganium is supplied on page 481.; and additional species, with a few more extended emendations, are given on pages 679-682. CAMBRIDGE, January 30, 1868. CONTENTS. Page EXPLANATION OF SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK « EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATION OF AUTHORS' NAMES . 9 PREFACE . . . . . . . . . .11 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS 21 FLORA. — PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS ... 33 Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants . .33 Angiospermous, Polypetalous .... 33 Monopetalous ... 202 Apetatous . . . .403 Gymnospermous Plants 468 Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants • . . 475 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. . . 653 Acrogenous Plants (Equisetaceae, Ferns, &c.) . 653 ADDENDA ............ 679 INDEX 683 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES 697 SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (D An annual plant. (D A biennial plant. ty A perennial plant. ? A mark of doubt. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. These signs are, however, very rarely employed in this volume. 1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet ; of min- utes ('), for inches ; of seconds ("), for lines, — the (English) line being the twelfth part of an inch. The dash - between two figures, as " 5 - 10," means from 5 to 10, &c. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME. Adans. = Adanson. Gmel. = Gmelin. Ait. Alton. Good. Goodenough. All Allione. Grev. Greville. Anders. Andersson. Griseb. Grisebach. Andr. Andrews. Gronov. Gronovius. Am. Arnott. Hartm. Hartmann. Aubl. Aublet. Hoffm. Hoffmann. Bart. Barton. Hook. W. J. Hooker. Bartl. Bartling. Eook.f. (filius] J. D. Hooker. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Hornem. Hornemann. Benth. Bentham. Ends. Hudson. Bernh. Bernhardi. H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, & Bieb. Bieberstein. Jdcq. Jacquin. [Kunth. Bigel. Bigelow. Juss. JUSSIEU. Boiss. Boissier. A. Juss. Adrien Jussieu. Bong. Bongard. L. or Linn. LINN^US. Borkh. Borkhausen. Lag. Lagasca. Brong. Brongniart. Lam. Lamarck. Cass. Cassini. Lamb. Lambert. Cav. Cavanilles. Ledeb. Ledebour. Chapm. Chapman. L'Her. L'Heritier. Chav. Chavannes. Lehm. Lehmann. Darlingt. Darlington. Lesqx. Lesquereux. DC. De Candolle. Lestib. Lestibudois. A. DC. Alphonse De Candolle. Lindl Lindley. Desf. Desfontaines. Lodd. Loddiges. Dew. Dewey. Lour. Loureiro. Dill. Dillenius. Mart. Martins. Desv. Desvaux. Mich. Micheli. Dougl. Douglas. Michx. Michaux (the elder). Ehrh. Ehrh art. Michx. f. F. A. Michaux (the Ell. Elliott. Mitt. Miller. [younger.) Endl. Endlicher. Mitch. Mitchell. Engdm. Engelmann. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Fisch. Fischer. Nees, Nees von Esenbeck. Gcertn. Gaertner. Nutt. Nuttall. 10 PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS. Pav. = Pavon. Steud. = Steudel. Pers. Persoon. Suttiv. Sullivant. PluL Plukenet. Thunb. Thunberg. Plum. - Plumier. Torr. Torrey. Poir. Poiret. Torr. fr Gr. Torrey and Gray. R. Br. ROBERT BROWN. Tourn. Tournefort. Raf. Rafinesque. Trautv. Trautvetter. Reichenb. Reichenbach. Trev. Treviranus. Rich. Richard. Trin. Trinius. Richards. Richardson. Tuckerm. Tuckerman. Ro&n. Roemer. Turcz. Turczaninow. Rottb. Rottboll. Vaill Vaillant Salisb. Salisbury. Vent. Ventenat. Schk. Schkuhr. VUl. Villars. Schlecht. Schlechtendal. Wahl Wahlenberg. Schrad. Schrader. Walp. Walpers. Schreb. Schreber. Walt. Walter. Schult. Schultes. Wangh. Wangenheim. Schw. or Schwein. Schweiijitz. Wedd. Weddell. Scop. Scopoli. Willd. Willdenow. Ser. Seringe. With. Withering. Soland. Solander. Wulf. Wulfen. Spreng. Sprengel. Zucc. Zuccarmi. PREFACE. THIS work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern portion of the United States, for the use of students and of practical botanists. The first edition (published in 1848) was hastily prepared to sup- ply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent twice rewritten, and the geographical range extended. The second edition, much altered, appeared in 1856. The third and fourth were merely revised upon the stereotype plates, and some pages added, especially to the latter. The Garden Botany, an Introduction to a Knowledge of the Common Cultivated Plants, which was prefixed to this fourth edition in 1863, is excluded from the present edition, and is to be incor- porated into a simpler and more elementary work, but of wider scope, designed especially for school instruction, and for those inter- ested in cultivation, — entitled Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. In the present edition it has been found also expedient to remand to a supplementary volume the Mosses and Liverworts, so carefully and generously elaborated for the previous editions of this work by my friend, WM. S. SULLIVANT, Esq. It is hoped that the Lichenes, if not all the other orders of the Lower Cryptogamia, may be added to this supplementary volume, so that our students may extend their studies into these more recondite and difficult departments of Botany.* * The following important aids, moreover, are already provided, viz. The Icones Muscmitm, or Figures and Descriptions of most of those Mosses peculiar to 12 PREFACE. Six plates, illustrating the genera of the Cyperacecz or Sedge Family, are now added to the eight which illustrate the Graminece or Grasses, and the six which illustrate the Filices or Ferns and their allies : all are from original drawings by Mr. Isaac Sprague ; and they should render the study of these families comparatively easy, even to the beginner. In other respects the changes in this edition are only in details, and such as the progress of botanical knowledge, and the longer experience of the author and his associates or correspondents in teaching, have seemed to render necessary or advisable. I am newly indebted to DR. GEORGE ENGELMANN, of St. Louis, for a revision of the account of Cuscuta and Sagittaria, &c., formerly prepared by him, and for the complete re-elaboration of the genera Callitriche, Euphorbia, Pinus, Juncus, and Isoetes. I have also to express my special acknowledgments to my friends, DR. J. W. BOBBINS, of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, who contributed the whole article on the difficult genus Potamogeton ; — to Mr. COE F. AUSTIN, of Closter, New Jersey, who furnished that on the Lemnacece ; — and to Prof. DANIEL CADY EATON, of Yale College, who has entirely re-elaborated the Ferns for the present edition. The Salicacece and the genus Carex, as is well known, were contributed to the first edition by my old friend and associate, JOHN CAREY, Esq., now of London. Deprived of his further and important assistance, I have Eastern North America which have not been heretofore figured, by WM. S. SULLI- VANT, LL. D. Imp. 8vo, with 129 copper-plates. Musci-Boreali-Americana, sive Specimina Exsiccata, etc. — A second and en- larged edition of the arranged collection of Mosses of the United States, pub- lished by Messrs. STTLLIVANT and LESQUEREUX, of which the first issue was noticed in the preface to former editions of the Manual. The present edition comprises 536 species or varieties of Mosses, and is supplied by Mr. Leo Les- quereux, of Columbus, Ohio, for $ 35 in gold, or £ 7 sterling. Lichenes Exsiccati, by Professor EDWARD TUCKERMAN, of Amherst College; — of which four vols. (small 4to) have already been issued. A small volume on the Genera of North American Lichenes is now in preparation by the same author. Nereis Boreali- Americana, — an account of the Marine Algae of the United States, by the late Professor WM. H. HARVEY, a large quarto volume with fifty colored plates, — published by the Smithsonian Institution. PREFACE. 13 myself revised these articles as well as I could, in advance of the publication of Andersson's work on the Salicacece in the forthcoming volume of De Candolle's Prodromus, and of the posthumous volume of the late Dr. Boott's Illustrations of Carex. In the latter genus, however, I have been essentially aided by WILLIAM BOOTT, Esq., of Boston, and S. T. OLNEY, Esq., of Providence, who have made the Carices a special study. To render due acknowledgments to the correspondents who have contributed to the value of the Manual by the communication of specimens, notes, and corrections, would require me to enumerate all the cultivators and numerous amateurs of botany in this country. In special instances their names will be found scattered throughout the pages of the work. The necessity of economizing space to the utmost, so as to keep the volume within the dimensions of a manual, alone has debarred me from fuller citations of the names of collectors and of particular stations of rare or local plants. For the same reason I have generally omitted synonymes, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature. There is abundant reason, I doubt not, for me to renew the re- quest that those who use this book will kindly furnish information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so that it may be made more accurate and complete hereafter, and maintain the high character which it has earned. Some explanations are needful in respect to details of typography, reference, and arrangement. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c. As is stated on the title-page, this work is intended to comprise the plants which grow spontaneously in the United States north of North Carolina and Tennessee and east of the Mississippi. A Flora of the whole national domain, upon a similar plan (the issue of which I may now hope will not be delayed many years longer), would be much too bulky and expensive for the main purpose which this Manual fulfils. 14 PREFACE. For its purpose, the present geographical limitation is, on the whole, the best, — especially since the botany of the States south of our district has been so well provided for by my friend Dr. Chap- man's Flora of the. Southern States, issued by the same publishers. The southern boundary here adopted coincides better than any other geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-tem- perate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great West- ern woodless plains, which approach our borders in Iowa and Mis- souri. Our northern boundary, being that pf the United States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as those of the deep peninsula of Canada West, will be found in this volume.* I have here endeavored to indicate, briefly and generally, the dis- trict in which each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner: 1. When the principal area of a species is southward rather than northward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boundaries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia glauca, p. 49, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is sparingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast " ; M. acuminata, " W. New York to Ohio and southward," &c. While in species of northern * For the geographical statistics of our botany, see three articles in The American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, Vol. XXII. and Vol. XXIII. 1856-57. PREFACE. 15 range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as Anemone Pennsylvan- ica, "W. New England to Illinois and northwestward." And so of Western plants ; e. g. Isopyrum biternatum, p. 44, " Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward"; Amorpha canescens, p. 130, " Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward." But this rule has not always been closely adhered to. 2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When the species is quite local or rare, the special habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii, p. 7.3, and Alyssum Lescurii, p. 72 ; Sullivantia Ohionis, p. 169, &c. Except in such cases, or when the known geographical range of a species has been recently extended, the want of space has generally demanded the omission of particular stations, which are so appropriately given in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for which there is no room in a manual like this. For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facili- tate the comparison of our American flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indi- genous to both. DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTRODUCED AND INDIGENOUS SPE- CIES. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil have to be described along with the genuine indigenous members of our flora; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific . name being printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals,* while the names of the indigenous species are in heavier, antique letter. f Moreover, the country from which they came is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the denizenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have clas- sified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the * For example, under Ranunculus, R. BULBOSUS, ACRIS, &c., p. 43. t For example, R. repens, on the same page. 1 6 PREFACE. thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species wln'ch have made themselves perfectly at home in this coun- try, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the second, those which are only locally spon- taneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in manured soil, and which, still directly or indirectly dependent upon civilized man, would probably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank with the adventive plants those weeds of cultivation which De Candolle terms plants cultivated without or against man's will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europe are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. from Eu.) " : those adventive, or less established, by the phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c. DISTINCTION OF GRADE OF VARIETIES. Vain is the attempt to draw an absolute line between varieties and species. Yet in sys- tematic works the distinction has to be made absolute, and each par- ticular form to be regarded as a species or a variety, according to the botanist's best judgment. Varieties, too, exhibit all degrees of distinctness. Such as are marked and definite enough to require names are distinguished here into two sorts, according to their grade : 1. Those which, I think, cannot be doubted to be varieties of the species they are referred to, have the name printed in small capi- tals.* These varieties make part of the common paragraph. 2. Those so distinct and peculiar that they have been, or readily may be, taken for species, and are some of them not unlikely to establish the claim : of these the name is printed in the same type as that of the species ; and they are allowed the distinction of a separate para- graph,f — except where the variety itself is the only form in the country, as in the first species of Anemone. $ * As, for instance, the three varieties of Lespedeza violacea, p. 137, viz. DIVER- GENS, SESSILIFOLIA, and ANGUSTIFOLIA. See also, under Ranunculus Flam- mula, var. INTERMEDIUS, p. 41. t As, Var. reptans, of the above-mentioned species. t A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, p. 36. PREFACE. 17 ACCENTUATION OF NAMES. As a guide to correct pronunciation of botanical names (in which great carelessness prevails), I have marked the accented syllable ; and have also (following Loudon's convenient mode) indicated what is called the long sound of the vowel by the grave (") and the short sound by the acute (') accent- mark. INDICATION OF PROMINENT CHARACTERS is made by the use of Italic type, for the leading distinctions of the orders, and for those points in the specific descriptions by which two or more species of the same division may be most readily or surely discriminated, — the latter a plan adopted from Koch's Flora Germanica. The ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a Synopsis, in small type, of the leading characters of all the genera, when more than two, under each order. In this the genera are an- alytically disposed under their proper sub-orders, tribes, or other such natural groups, of whatever rank, properly characterized ; and then, to save room, all these subordinal or tribal names and characters are left out of the body of the order, the genera following each other without a break. Whenever a genus comprises several species, pains have been taken to render important differences conspicuous, and to abridge the labor of analysis, by proper grouping, and when needed by a series of rightly subordinated divisions and subdivisions. Divisions of the highest rank, or Subgenera, have the sectional mark (§) followed by the subgeneric name.* Those less important are indicated by the § , without a name ; subsections or divisions of lower grade are marked by stars ( * ) ; their divisions, if any, by the *- , and theirs again by the -H- , &c. Having in view the needs of students rather than of learned bot- anists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way by discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and * As § 1. ATRAGENE, under Clematis, p. 35, and § 1. PULSATILLA, under Anemone, p. 36. b 18 PREFACE. by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is distinguished. ARRANGEMENT OP THE ORDERS. The Natural Orders are dis- posed in a series which nearly corresponds, in a general way, with De Candolle's arrangement (varied somewhat more in this edition, to come nearer to that adopted thus far in Bentham and Hook- er's new Genera Plantarum), beginning with the highest class and ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and far the larg- est class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral envel- opes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and separate (hypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (perigynous and epigynous) ; then fol- low those with the petals combined into a monopetalous corolla (the Monopetalous division ; and finally, those destitute of a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders ex- hibiting one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the or- gans most combined and consolidated, then to those less combined by adnation of parts, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders' in each class into natural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary stu- dent. I do not here attempt, therefore, to.group the orders naturally, but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole a natural and manageable sequence. And, by means of an artificial ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS (p. 21), I enable the student to refer readily to its proper order any of our plants, upon taking the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, and sometimes of PREFACE. 19 the fruit, and following out a series of easy steps in the analysis. This key is founded upon the most obvious distinctions which will well answer the purpose, and is so contrived as to provide for all the exceptional instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering specimens in hand. Referring to the Order which the Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive .points, — which he has chiefly to consider, — brought together and printed in italics in the first sentence of the ordinal description, and thus can verify his results. The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus, to be verified in turn by the full generic description in its place ; and the progress thence to the species, when there are several to choose from, is facilitated by the arrangement under divisions and sub- divisions, as already explained. It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascertain, first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which, even with- out the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in a cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is commonly confirmed by the numerical plan of the flower ; — then, if of the first class, the sub-class is at once determined by the pistil, whether of the ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules. If the former, then the choice between the three divisions is de- .termined by the presence or absence of the petals, and whether separate or united. Each division is subdivided by equally obvious characters, as, p. 21, first the number of stamens, then, whether the calyx is free from or connected with the surface of the ovary. And, finally, a series of successively subordinated propositions, — each set more indented upon the page than the preceding, leads to the name of the order sought for, followed by the number of the page upon which that order is described in the body of the work. 20 PREFACE. More particular instructions for the use of this book in the study of our plants are here superfluous ; as these, as well as the needful preliminary knowledge, will be acquired from the author's Introduc- tion to Structural and Systematic Botany (Botanical Text-Book), or from the simpler First Lessons in Botany, — one or the other of which must needs be previously studied, and be the inseparable companion of The Manual. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. SERIES I. PHJENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS, those producing real flowers and seeds. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Steins formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veiiaed. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives. SUBCLASS I. ANGI.O SPERMS. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and the seeds. DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla both present ; the latter of separate petals. A* Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals. 1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid Page mass on an elongated receptacle. . . . MAGNOLIACE.E, 48 Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle. Leaves opposite, entire : no stipules. . . . CALYCANTHACEJE, 162 Leaves alternate, with stipules Rosa, in ROSACES, 146 Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large top-shaped receptacle. Nelumbium, in NYMPHJEACE^E, 54 Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle. Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. . ... . ROSACES, 146 Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. MALVACEAE, 98 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Filaments much shorter than the anther : trees. . . ANONACEJE, 50 Filaments longer than the anther. Flowers dioecious : twiners with alternate leaves. MENISPERMACE^E, 51 Flowers perfect : if climbers, the leaves opposite. Leaves not peltate : petals deciduous. . . RANUNCULACE.E, 34 Leaves peltate : petals persistent. Brasenia, in NYMPH^ACE^, 54 22 ANALYTICAL KEY. Pistils more tftafl Oine, or several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. RESEDACEJE, 76 PLst'is several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis, . but separating iii fruit. MALVACEAE, 98 Pistils strictly one as to the ovary : the styles or stigmas may be severaL Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. HYPERICACE.E, 83 Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. Ovary simple, 1 -celled, with one parietal placenta. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound or dissected. RANUNCULACE^E, 34 Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACE^E, 52 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. PORTULACACE.E, 97 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentae. Calyx caducous. Juice milky or colored. . . PAPAVERACE.E, 58 Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals. . . . . , CAPPARIDACE^E, 75 Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals CISTACE^E, 80 Ovary compound, several-celled. Calyx valvate in the bud, and Persistent : stamens monadelphous : anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE, 98 Deciduous : anthers 2-celled. ' . . . TILIACE^E, 103 Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Shrubs : stamens borne on the base of the petals. CAMELLIACE^:, 103 Aquatic or marsh herbs : ovules many, On 5 placentas in the axis. . . .' SARRACENIACE^J, 57 On the 8-24 partitions NTMPH^ACE^, 54 2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary. Ovary 10-30-celled : ovules many, on the partitions : aquatic. NYMPH^ACE^, 54 Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Leaves alternate, with stipules Pomeae, in ROSACES, 146 Leaves opposite, without stipules. Philadelphus, in SAXIFRAGACE^E, 163 Leaves alternate, without stipules. . . . STYRACACE^:, 309 Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal. Fleshy plants with no true foliage : petals many. . . CACTACE^E, 184 Rough-leaved plants : petals 5 or 10 LOASACE^:, 184 Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. PORTULACACE^E, 97 B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Pistils 3 - 6, separate. Flowers dioecious. Woody vines. MENISPERMACE^E, 51 Pistil only one. Ovary one-celled : anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACE.E, 52 Ovary one-celled : anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Style and stigma one : ovules more than one. . PRIMTJLACE^), 313 Style one : stigmas 3 : sepals 2 : ovules several. PORTULACACEJE, 97 Styles 5 : ovule and seed only one. . . . PLUMBAGINACE^;, 312 Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. . . VITACE^;, 112 Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals involute. RHAMNACE.E, 113 ANALYTICAL KEY. 23 C, Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them. 1. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. the ovary wholly superior. * Ovaries 2 or more, separate. Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. ASCLEPIADACE^:, 394 Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots RUTACE^E, 109 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Tree, with pinnate leaves. . . Ailanthus, in SIMARUBACE^E, 110 Low shrub with pinnate leaves. Zanthorhiza, in RANDNCULACE^:, 34 Herbs, not fleshy RANTJNCDLACE.E, 34 Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. .... CKASSULACE^E, 171 Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx, Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). CRASSULACEJE, 171 Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils. Leaves without stipules SAXIFRAGACEJE, 163 Leaves with stipules ROSACES, 146 * * Ovaries 2-5, somewhat united at the base, separate above. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . . . . . RUTACE^J, 109 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves SAPINDACEJE, 116 Terrestrial herbs : the carpels fewer than the petals. SAXIFRAGACEJE, 163 # # * Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style. GERANIACE^, 105 # # •% * Ovary only one, and H- Simple, with one parietal placenta. LEGUMINOS^E, 123 •*- H— Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentce, styles, or stigmas. Ovary one-celled. Corolla irregular : petals 4 : stamens 6. ... FUMARIACEJE, 60 Corolla irregular : petals and stamens 5. ... VIOLACE^G, 76 Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary : shrubs or trees : stigmas 3. ANACARDIACE^:, 111 Ovules solitary or few : herbs. . . Some anomalous CRTJCIFER^J, 62 Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx. . . . CARYOPHYLLACE.E, 87 Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. LTTHRACEJE, 182 Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae. Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. HYPERICACEJE, 83 Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. DROSERACE.E, 82 Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. ... CISTACE^E, 80 Sepals and petals 4 : stamens 6. Anomalous CRUCIFER^E, 62 Sepals and petals 5 : stamens 5 or 10. Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. . PASSIFLORACE^I, 185 Ovary sessile SAXIFRAGACE.E, 163 24 ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary 2 - several-celled. Flowers irregular. Anthers opening at the top, Six or eight and 1-celled : ovary 2-celled. . . POLYGALACE.S:, 120 Ten and 2-celled : ovary 5-celled. . . Rhodora, in ERICACEAE, 286 Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubu- lar inflated or gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in LTTHRACE^E, 182 Stamens 5 - 8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled. SAPINDACEJE, 116 Ovary 5-celled. . . . Impatiens, &c. in GERANIACE^E, 105 Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as petals, Triadelphous : petals 5 HYPERICACE^J, 83 Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) : petals 4: pungent herbs CRUCIFER^;, 62 Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. . . . OLEACEJE, 400 Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . SAPINDACE^, 116 Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. ETJPHORBIACE.SJ, 430 Herbs : flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. GERANIACE^S, 105 Cells of the ovary (divided) twice as many as the styles, sepals, &c LINAGES, 104 Shrubs or trees. Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in RUTACE^EJ, 109 Leaves palmately veined : fruit 2-winged. SAPINDACE^E, 116 Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent : seeds enclosed in a pulpy ariL CELASTRACEJE, 1 15 Calyx minute : fruit a berry-like drupe. AQUIFOLIACE^E, 305 Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. ELATINACE.E, 86 Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPINDACE^J, 116 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup : leaves simple, all radical. GALACINE^, 305 Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf- lets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis in GERANIACE.E, 105 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided. ERICACEAE, 286 Styles 2-5, separate. . . . CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 87 Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. SAXIFRAGACEJB, 163 Style 1 : pod in the calyx, 1-celled at maturity. LYTHRACE^J, 182 ANALYTICAL KEY. 25 2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . . CUCURBIT ACE^J, 186 Not tendril-bearing. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled from the base. . . PORTULACACE^, 97 Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. . SAXIFRAGACE^, 163 Ovary 2 - several-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. MELASTOMACE.E, 181 Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. CELASTRACE^:, 115 Stamens inserted on the calyx, Eight or four (rarely five) : style 1. . . ONAGRACE^E, 176 Five or ten : styles 2 - 3, distinct. . . SAXIFRAGACE.-E, 163 Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crataegus, in ROSACES, 146 Stamens 2 or 8 ; style 1 : stigma 2-4-lobed : herbs. ONAGRACE^E, 176 Stamens 4 or 8 : aquatics : styles or sessile stigmas 4. HALORAGE^}, 174 Stamens 8 : styles 2 : shrub HAMAMELACE.E, 173 Stamens 4 : style and stigma 1 : chiefly shrubs. CORKAGES, 199 Stamens 5 : flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity : styles 2. UMBELLIFERJE, 187 Fruit berry -like : styles 2-5, separate, or united. ARALIACE^, 198 DIVISION n. MONOPETALOUS : calyx and corolla both present ; the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. . . . LEGUMINOS^E, 123 Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Adlumia, &c. in FUMARIACE.E, 60 Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. STTRACACE^E, 309 Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. . . POLYGALACE^E, 120 Ovary 3-many-celled. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla : style single. ERICACEAE, 286 Stamens free from the corolla : styles 5. Oxalis, in GERANIACE^E, 105 Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. Filaments monadelphous : anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. MALVACEAE, 98 Filaments 1 - 5-adelphous at base : anthers 2-celled. Calyx free from the ovary CAMELLIACE.E, 103 Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. . STYRACACE^E, 309 Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. . . EBENACE^, 307 B. Stamens ( fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Ovary 5-celled : corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACEJE, 308 Ovary 1-celled : pod several - many-seeded : style 1. . PRIMULACE^J, 313 Ovary 1-celled : utricle 1-seeded : styles 5. . . PLUMBAGINACE^J, 312 26 ANALYTICAL KEY. C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. 1. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior). Tendril-bearing herbs : anthers often united. . . CUCURBITACE^E, 186 Tendrils none. Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. Flowers in an involucrate head COMPOSITE, 215 Flowers separate, not involucrate : corolla irregular. LOBELIACE^E, 282 Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes : stipules none : juice milky. CAMPANULACE.E, 285 Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla. One to three, always fewer than lobes of the corolla. VALERIANACE.E, 213 Four or five : leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers in a dense head, with an involucre : no stipules. DIPSACE^E, 215 Flowers if in heads not involucrate. Leaves whorled and without stipules. ) BUBIACM, 208 Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. ) Leaves opposite without stipules (but some- times with appendages to the petioles imitat- ing them). CAPRIFOLIACE.E, 202 2. Ovary free from the calyx (superior). # Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 341 Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . . VERBENACE.E, 339 Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell. Ovary and pod 1 -celled, "With a free central placenta : stamens 2 : aquatics. LENTIBTJLACE^B, 317 With 2 or more, parietal very many-seeded placentae : stamens 4. OROBANCHACE^E, 322 Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Martynia, ) BIGNONIACE.E, 320 Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentas parietal. ' Ovary and pod 2-celled : placenta? in the axis. Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. SCROPHTJLARIACE.E, 324 Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the placentae : no albumen. . . . ACANTHACEJE, 338 * * Corolla somewhat irregular : stamens (with anthers) 5. Stamens free from the corolla : anthers with their cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. Azalea, in ERICACEAE, 286 Stamens inserted on the corolla. Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascutn, in SCROPHULARIACE^:, 324 Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamus, in SOLANACE^:, 380 ANALYTICAL KEY. 27 # * # Corolla regular. •i- Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ovaries 2, separate ; their Styles and stigmas also wholly separate, Dichondra, in CONVOLVULACE^E, 374 Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. Filaments distinct : pollen in ordinary grains. . . APOCYNACE^E, 392 Filaments monadelphous : pollen in masses. . . ASCLEPIADACE^E, 394 Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style. Leaves alternate. BORRAGINACE^E, 360 Leaves opposite. . . . . . . Mentha, in LABIATE, 341 Ovary one : pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. . LOGANIACE^:, 391 Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lobed, One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentae. Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. . GENTIANACE.E, 384 Leaves toothed, lobed or pinnately compound. HYDROPHYLLACE^;, 367 Two- to ten-celled. Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACE^:, 374 Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or a stipular line .... LOGANIACE.E, 391 Leaves when opposite without stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so : style 1. ERICACE^, 286 Stamens almost free from the corolla : style none. AQUIFOLIACE^E, 305 Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, Four : pod 2-celled, circumcissile. . . PLANTAGINACE.E, 310 Four : ovary 2 - 4-celled : ovules solitary. . VERBENACE^, 339 Five or rarely more. Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. . BORRAGINACE.E, 360" Fruit a few-seeded pod. Style 3-cleft : seeds small. . . . POLEMONIACE.E, 370 Style single or 2-cleft, or again 2-cleft : seeds large, only one or two in a cell. . CONVOLVULACE^E, 374 Fruit a very many-seeded pod or berry. Styles 2. ... Hydrolea, in HYDROPHYLLAGEJE, 367 Style single SOLANACE.E, 380 -»- •*- Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled ; the cells several-seeded. . . . ACANTHACE.E, 338 Ovary 2 -4-celled; the cells 1 -seeded. . . . VERBENACE^E, 339 Stamens only 2 with anthers : ovary 4-lobed. . Lycopus, in LABIATE, 342 Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-celled. Low herbs : corolla scarious, withering on the pod. PLANTAGINACEJE, 310 Herbs : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and slightly irregular. . . . Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACE^E, 324 Shrubs or trees, : corolla perfectly regular. . . . OLEACE^J, 400 28 ANALYTICAL KEY. DIVISION IQ. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A* Flowers not in catkins. 1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), Six-celled: stamens 6-12 ARISTOLOCHIACE^E, 403 Four-celled: stamens 4 Ludwigia, in ONAG RACEME, 176 One-celled, with parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, in SAXIFRAGACE^E, 163 Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), Two-celled, 2-beaked : flowers capitate : tree. . . HAMAMELACE^J, 173 Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . PODOSTEMACE^E, 429 Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx, Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, in CRASSULACE^J, 171 Three -5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, in PORTULACACE^, 97 Three-celled and 3-valved. . . Mollugo, in CARYOPHYLLACEJB, 87 Two-celled or one-celled : placentae central. Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. LYTHRACE.E, 182 Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx, Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . Glaux, in PRIMULACE^J, 313 Opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACE^J, 87 One-celled, with one parietal placenta. ) Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. }• ' ' ^KUNCULACE^, 34 2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules. * Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. . . ROSACES, 146 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Zanthoxylum, in KUTACE^, 109 Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. RANIINCULACE^EJ, 34 Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. SAURURACE^;, 427 * * Pistil one, either simple or compound. rary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled : styles 2 : stamens many. . . . HAMAMELACE^J, 173 rary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers). Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4 celled, or (Hippuris) 1 -celled. HALORAGE^E, 174 "Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1 -celled. Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in CORNACE^:, 199 Stigma terminal, with or without a style. Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. LORANTHACE^E, 426 Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. SANTALACE^G, 425 ANALYTICAL KEY. 29 Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy leaves : flowers mostly dioecious. EL^JAONACE^J, 424 Herbs : with the calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple NYCTAGINACEJE, 404 Leaves alternate, pinnate Poterium, in ROSACE^E, 146 Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. Stipules (ochreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Tree : the calyx none : flowers monoecious, in heads. PLATANACE^B, 446 Herbs : the calyx present and commonly petal-like. POLYGONACE^E, 414 Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so. Leaves whorled and dissected : style single. CERATOPHYLLACE^E, 427 Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-celled. CALLHRICHACE^E, 427 Not aquatics, herbs. Ovary 10-celled : berry 10-seeded. . . . PHYTOLACCACEJE, 405 Ovary 3- (rarely 1 - 2-) celled : juice usually milky. EUPHOKBIACE^E, 430 Ovary one-celled : juice not milky. Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple : no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . URTICACEJE, 440 Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved. Stipules not scarious ; leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. . Cannabineae, in URTICACE^E, 440 Stipules scarious. . . Illecebrese, in CARYOPHYLLACE.E, 87 Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens inserted high up on the tube of the calyx. Scleranthus, in CARYOPHYLLACE^B, 87 Stipules none : but flowers with scarious bracts. AMARANTACE^E, 4 1 1 Stipules and scarious bracts none . . CHENOPODIACE^:, 405 Shrubs or trees. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineae, in SAPINDACE^E, 11• ARACE^J, 475 netted-veined blade, petioled. ) ANALYTICAL KEY. 31 B. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not collected on a spadtx, furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like. 1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Aquatics : ovules and seeds several or numerous. HYDROCHARIDACE^E, 494 Twiners : ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. DIOSCOREACE^J, 518 Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous. Stamens only one or two : flower irregular, gynandrous. ORCHIDACE.E, 497 Stamens three. Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . BURMANNIACE.E, 496 Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. HJBMODORACE^, 514 Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise IRIDACE.E, 515 Stamens 6 : flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. AMARYLLIDACEJB, 512 2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary. Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy : the leaves equitant. H^JMODORACE^E, 514 Perianth smooth : the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, &c., in LILIACEJB, 520 3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary. Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. . . . ALISMACE.E, 490 Pistil one : anthers 1-celled : flowers dioacious. Tendril-bearing. SMILACE^E, 518 Pistil one, compound (cells or placenta? mostly 3) : anthers 2-celled. Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy : flowers not in dense heads. ' Stamens 6 (in one Smilacina 4), all alike and perfect. Scurfy-leaved epiphyte : seeds hairy- tufted. . . BROMELIACE.SJ, 515 Rush-like marsh-herbs : carpels separating closed from the axis : seed without albumen. Triglochin, in ALISMACE^E, 490 Terrestrial, not rush-like : seeds with albumen. Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. ~\ Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 col- > LILIACE^, 520 ored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in ) Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 epheme- ral deliquescent petals COMMELYNACE^E, 546 Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers. Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 unequal and ephemeral petals. .... COMMELYNACE^J, 546 Perianth tubular, 6-lobed PONTEDERIACE^E, 544 Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. Mayaca, tinder XYRIDACE^E, 547 Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. Rushes. JUNCACE-E, 536 Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like : flowers in very dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic. Flowers perfect : inner perianth of three yellow petals : perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3 : pod 1-celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placentae. XYRIDACE.E, 547 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, whitish-bearded : sta- mens 4 or 3 : pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-seeded. ERIOCAULONACE^E, 549 32 ANALYTICAL KEY. C. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by glumes, i. e. husk-like or scale- like bracts. Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . CYPERACE,®, 550 Glumes in pairs, of two sorts GRASHNE^, 602 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS : those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores instead of seeds. CLASS HI. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the. foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth at each joint of the stem. . . . . EQUISETACE^E, 653 Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on their backs or margins FILICES, 655 Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of simple leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACE.®, 672 Fructification on the branches or petioles. . . HYDROPTERIDES, 677 BOTANY OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PH^ENOGAMOUS OE FLOWEKING PLANTS. VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OB EXOGE- NOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted- veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours. SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERM^E. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 3 34 RANUNCULACE2E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) DIVISION I. POLYP^TALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals.) '• • ;- .. , . -.-" ORDER 1. RANUNCUL.ACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Herbs or woody climbers, rarely undershrubs, with a colorless acrid juice, polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogy- nous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely sin- gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few : anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none. Leaves often dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.) Synopsis of the Genera. Tribe I. CIjEMATIDEJE. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards. Petals none, or small. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seeds solitary, suspended. — Leaves all opposite. L Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs. Tribe II. ANEMONE JE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none or very small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op- posite or whorled, forming an involucre. * Seed suspended. Sepals 4 - 20. 2. Anemone. Achenia numerous, in a head, pointed or tailed, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre leaf-like and remote from the flower. 3. Hepatica. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves, and resembling a calyx. 4. Tnalictrum. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf- like, and remote from the flowers. * * Seed erect. Sepals 3-5, caducous. 6. Traut vetteria. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none. Tribe III. RANUNCULEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary. 6. Ranunculus. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect. 7. Myosurus. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended. Tribe IV. HEL.LEBORINEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the early botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2- lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. •— Leaves all alternate. * Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 8. Isopyrum. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 9. Caltha. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided. RANUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 35 10* Trollins* Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8-15 sessile. Leaves palmately divided. 11. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals deciduous. Leaves trifoliolate. 12. Helleborns. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 5, persistent, turning green with age. 13. Aquilegia. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5. * # Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded. 14. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. 15. Aconltum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals. * * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby. 16. ZantUorhiza. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in drooping compound racemes. Tribe V. COIICIFUGE^E. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Pet- als small and flat, or none. Pistils 1 - several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry. • -All the leaves alternate. 17. Hydrastia. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none. 18. Acteea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound. Petals manifest, but small. 19. Clinic if 11 ga. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8, in fruit forming dry and several-seeded pods. Leaves 2 -3-ternately compound. 1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals none, or small. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persist- ent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leafstalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. (KA^an's, a name of Dioscorides for a climb- ing plant with long and lithe branches.^ § 1. ATRAGENE, L. Some of 'the outer filaments enlarged and gradually passing into small spatulate petals : peduncles bearing single large flowers : the thin sepals widely spreading. 1. C. verticill£ris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or on sterile stems 1 - 3-toothed or lobed ; flower bluish-purple, 2' - 3' across ; tails of the fruit plumose. ( Atragene Amer- icana, Sims.) — Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and Western New England to Virginia, Wisconsin, and northwestward : rare. May. — A pair of leaves with a peduncle between them, developed in spring from each of the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name. § 2. CLEMATIS proper. Petals entirely wanting. * Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery : anthers linear. •*— Stem low, erect and mostly simple : calyx silky outside, greenish. 2. C. OChroletica, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate or sometimes 3-lobed, almost sessile, silky beneath ; tails of the fruit very plumose. — Copses, Long Island, Staten Island (Dr. Allen), Pennsylvania, and Virginia: rare. May. 36 RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) • H- •»- Stems climbing: leaves pinnate : calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent. 3. C. Vi6rna, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER,) Calyx ovate and at length bell- shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, tipped with short recurved points ; the long tails of the fruit very plumose; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2-3-lobed or entire; uppermost leaves often simple. — Rich soil, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. May -Aug. 4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyxbell-shaped ; the dull purplish sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit filiform and barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois on the Mississippi, and southward. June. 5. C. cylindrica, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin margins ; tails of the fruit silky ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire or 3 - 5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward. May - Aug. * * Flowers in panicled clusters, polygamo-dioxious : sepals thin : anthers oblong. 6. C. Virginiana, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &c., common; climbing over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading) ; the fertile succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit. 2. ANEMONE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in No. 1 resembling abortive stamens. Achenia pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo- site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from ni/6/zos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind blows.) § 1 . PULSATtLLA, Tourn. Carpels numerous in a head, with long and hairy styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis : flower large, usually with some glandular bodies like abortive stamens answering to petals, but minute or indistinct. 1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana. (PASQUE-FLOWER.) Villous with long silky hairs ; flower erect, developed before the leaves ; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; lobes of the involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shal- low cup ; sepals 5-7, purplish or whitish ( 1 ' - 1 £" long), spreading when in full anthesis. (A. Nuttalliana, DC. Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, ed. 2. P. patens, var. Wolfgangiana, Trautv.) — Prairies, Illinois (Bebb), Wisconsin (Lapham), thence northward and westward. March -April. — A span high. Tail of carpels 2' long. (Eu. Siberia.) RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 37 § 2. Carpels very numerous in a dense head, tipped with short and nearly naked styles, thickly clothed with very long and matted wool when ripe. * Low or slender plants, somewhat pubescent, always simple-stemmed, with a mostly sessile 2 -3-leaved involucre far below thejlower. 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (CAROLINA ANEMONE.) Stem 3'- 6' high from a round tuber; root-leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft; involucre 3- parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft; sepals 10-20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit oblong. — Illinois (0. Everett, J. W. Poivell, M. S. Bebfy E. Hall, T. J. Hale, &c.) and southward. May. Apparently passes into the South American A. decapetala. 3. A. parviflbra, Michx. (SMALL-FLOWERED A.) Stem 3' -12' high from a slender rootstock ; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divis- ions crenate-incised or lobed ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white ; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June. * # Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles : sepals 5-8, silky or downy beneath (4" - 6" long), oval or oblong. 4. A. multifida, DC. (MANY-CLEFT A.) Silky-hairy (6' -12' high); principal involucre 2 - 3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pe- duncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western Ver- mont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. 5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED A.) Slender (2° high), clothed with silky hairs ; flowers 2 - 6, on very long and upright naked pedun- cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish- white ; head of fruit cylindrical (!' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Illinois and northwestward. May. — Peduncles 7' -12' long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in the next. 6. A. Virginiana, L. (VIRGINIAN A.) Hairy; principal involucre 3- leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods and meadows; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high; the upright peduncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flowerstalk is leafless; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which are 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the summer. § 3. Carpels fewer, the achenia and the short slender styles merely pubescent. 7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. (PENNSYLVANIAN A.) Hairy, rather low; involucres sessile ; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and 38 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) toothed; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft; sepals 5, obovate, white (6" -9" long) ; head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular. — W. New England to Illinois and northwestward. June - Aug. 8. A. nemordsa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD A.) Low, smoothish; stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the in- volucre of 3 long-petioled trifoliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted ; a simi- lar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer than the involucre : sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple out- side; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate vernal species ; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 3. HEPATICA, Dm. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA. Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus should strictly be viewed as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. H. triloba, Chaix. (ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; common eastward ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. (Eu.) 2. H. acutiloba, DC. (SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acut- ish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale pur- ple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into the other. 4. THALiCTRUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE. Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with 2-3- jternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dio3cious. (Derivation obscure.) § 1. SYNDESMON, Hoffm. Between Thalictrum and Anemone, having all its stem-leaves in the form of an involucre at the top, and the stamens shorter than the 5-10 white and conspicuous sepals; but the stigma depressed-truncate, and the ovoid sessile carpels terete, many-angled, with deep intermediate grooves : flow- ers perfect. 1. T. anemonoides, Michx. (RuE- ANEMONE.) Glabrous; stem and slender petiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous roots ; the latter 2 - 3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2 - 3-leaved 1 - 2-ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel ; sepals oval (£' long, rarely pinkish) not early deciduous. — Woods, common, flowering in early RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 39 spring, along with and considerably resembling Anemone nemorosa. Rarely the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets. § 2. Leaves alternate along the stem: no involucre: roots fibrous : flowers compara- tively small and numerous, panided: sepals 4 or 5, usually falling early. * Flowers dioecious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles : filaments slender : stigmas elongated, linear or subulate, mostly unilateral: achenia sessile or short- stipitate, ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved. 2. T. dioicum, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Smooth and pale or glau- cous, l°-2° high; leaves all with general, petioles; lea/lets drooping, rounded and 3 - 7-lobed ; flowers purplish and greenish ; the yellowish anthers linear, mu- cronate, drooping on fine capillary filaments. — Rocky woods, &c. ; common. April, May. 3. T. purpur£scens, L. (PURPLISH M.) Taller (2° -4° high, the stem usually purplish) ; stem-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so; leaflets roundish or oblong and more or less 3-lobed, thickish, pale and usually minutely pubescent beneath, the margin mostly revolute and the veining con- spicuous; panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, &c.) greenish and pur- plish; anthers linear or oblong -linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary fila- ments which are manifestly broadened at the summit. (T. Virginianum elatius, &c., Moris. T. rugbsum, Ait. ? T. pubescens, Pursh. T. revolutum, DC.) — Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New England to Michigan, Illinois and south- ward. May, June. — Sometimes nearly glabrous throughout, often minutely pubescent, and in Var. ceriferum, C. F. Austin, mss., with the lower surface of the leaves, sepals, and mostly the fruit thickly beset with waxy atoms. Plant often grow- ing with the other, and exhaling a peculiar odor. 4. T. Corntlti, L. (TALL M.) Smoother obscurely pubescent, 4° - 8° high ; stem-leaves sessile ; leaflets nearly as in the last, but usually thinner and less revolute and veiny and the lobes more acute ; panicles very compound ; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, ob- long, blunt, the white filaments decidedly thickened upwards. (T. rugosum, Pursh., DC. T. corynellum, DC.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, com- mon, especially eastward. July- Sept. # * Flowers all perfect, corymbed ; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated under the small and short anther : stigma short and unilateral : achenia long-stipitate. 5. T. clavktum, DC. Size and appearance of No. 2, but leaves only twice ternate; flowers white and fewer; achenia 5-10, flat, somewhat crescent- shaped, tapering into the slender stipe. — Mountains of S. Virginia and south- ward. June. 5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. FALSE BUGBANE. Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and in- flated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alter- nate, and corymbose white flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) 40 RANUNCULACE^E. ( CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michx.) Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also sparingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobed ; the lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2° - 3° high. 6. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect. — Annuals or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3,. the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little frog ; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing .where frogs abound.) § 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a spot or naked pit at the base, white, or only the daw yellow: achenia marginless, transversely wrinkled: aquatic peren- nials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by threes) into capil- lary divisions : peduncles 1 -flowered. 1. R. divaricatUS, Schrank. (STIFF WATER-CROWFOOT.) Leaves all under water and sessile or nearly so, the divisions and subdivisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when withdrawn from the water. (R. circinatus, iSibthorp.) — Ponds and slow streams, northward and westward, much rarer than the next. June -Aug. (Eu.) 2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichoph^llus, Chaix. (COMMON WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil- lary divisions and subdivisions rather long and so/I, usually collapsing more or less when withdrawn from the water. — Common, especially in slow-flowing waters. June -Aug. (Eu.) Var. heteroph#Uus, DC. (FLOATING W.) Uppermost leaves floating, rounded and 3-5-lobed, the lobes wedge-shaped. (R. aquatilis, Bigel, ed. 3.) — Roxbury and Newton, near Boston, Bigelow ; but not met with for many years : was possibly introduced from Europe, where this form is common. § 2. RANUNCULUS' proper. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow). # Achenia smooth. •+- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves flliformly dissected, as in the preceding. 3. R. multifidllS, Pursh. (YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT.) Stems floating or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud, the emersed leaves with shorter and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly lobed or toothed; flower deep bright yellow, £'-!' in diameter; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak. (R. lacustris, Beck $* Tracy, and R. Purshii, Richards, both in the year 1823. R. Gmelini, DC. (1818) is an older name, belonging to a small north- ern form of the species ; but R. multifidus, Pursh, is the oldest, 1814, and apparently free for use.) E. New England to S. Penn., Illinois, and northward. May -July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 41 Var. terrdstris, which differs from the ordinary emersed forms by the stems ascending from the base and paniculately several-flowered at the summit, where the leaves are reduced to oblong or linear bracts ; no immersed dissected leaves. — Ann Arbor, Michigan, on muddy banks, Miss Clark. •*- •»- Terrestrial but growing in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so : root peren- nial : leaves all entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or linear; carpels forming a globular head. (SPEARWORT.) 4. B. alismaefblius, Geyer. (WATER PLANTAIN SPEARWORT.) Stems hollow, ascending (l°-2° high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3' - 5' long), contracted into a margined petiole which expands into a membranaceous clasping base ; petals 5-7, bright yellow, much longer than the calyx (3" -4" long) ; carpels flattened, large, pointed with a long and straight narrow subulate beak. — Common, especially northward. June - Aug. — Intermediate in appearance between R. Flammula and Lingua, and has been confounded with both, but most resembles the latter. 5. E-. Flammula, L. (SMALLER SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong- lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (!'- 2' long) ; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels flattish but turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point. — Shore of L. Ontario and northward : rare, and only a small form (var. INTERMEDIUS) met with in this country, a span high, with flowers 3" in diameter, passing into Var. r6ptans. (CREEPING S.) Small, slender, the filiform creeping stems rooting at all the joints (3'- 6' long; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (£'-!' long). — Gravelly or sandy shores and inundated banks ; very common north- ward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 6. B. oblongifblius, Ell. Stem erect or ascending, often pubescent below, slender (1° high), diffusely branched above and many-flowered ; leaves ser- rate or denticulate; the lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (£'-!£' long) ; the uppermost linear; flowers 3"- 5" broad ; petals 5, twice the length of the calyx, bright yellow ; stamens numerous; carpels minute, almost globular, tipped with a very small sessile stigma. (R. pusillus, var. Torr. fr Gr. Fl. R. Texensis, Engelm.) Wet prairies, Salem, Illinois, Bebb, and in S. States. June. 7. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6' -18' long) ; leaves entire or obscurely denticulate ; the lowest round-ovate or heart- shaped (I' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (!'- 1|' long) ; flowers very small; petals 1-5, yellowish, scarcely exceeding the calyx and the 3- 10 stamens ; carpels very turgid, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet places, S. New York and southward along the coast. June - Aug. H- -t- H- Terrestrial, with annual root, spreading by runners, glabrous: leaves all rounded and undivided but coarsely crenate : carpels in fruit forming an oblong head. 8. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Flowering stems leafless (3' -6' high), 1-7-flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, 42 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) rather fleshy, long-petioled ; petals 5 - 8 ; carpels striate on the sides. — Sandy shores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Illinois and westward : also at salt springs. June - Aug. H- H- -t- •«- Terrestrial, but often in wet places : root perennial : some or all of the leaves cleft or divided. *+ Root-leaves not divided to the very base. 9. R. rhomboideilS, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy ; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3 - 5-lobed ; the upper 3 - 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large, exceeding the calyx. (Also K. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois and northward. April, May. — Stems 3' - 6' high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 14. 10. R. abortivus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Glabrous and very smooth; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 3 _ 5-parted or divided, subsessile ; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge- form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved beak; petals shorter than the rejlexed calyx. — Shady hillsides and along brooks, common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above, the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion. Var. micranthus. Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some of them 3-parted or 3-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa- chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward. 11. R. sceleratus, L. (CURSED C.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. June - Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) 12. R. recurvatUS, Poir. (HOOKED C.) Hirsute; leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large ; the lobes broadly wedge- shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a globular head, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles; petals shorter than the rejlexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high. •»•+ +* All the leaves ternately divided to the very base, or compound, and the divisions cleft or cut: acheniajlat. a. Head of carpels oblong: petals pale, not exceeding the calyx. 13. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. (BRISTLY C.) Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. — A coarse plant, 2° - 3° high, with inconspicuous flowers. RANUNCULACE^J. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 43 b. Head of carpels globular; petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx. 14. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY C.) Low, pubescent with close- pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical leaves appear- ing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the sessile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-divided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear > stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved beak. — Rocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yellow flower 1' broad : petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale, often 6 or 7. 15. R. ripens, L. (CREEPING C.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut ; peduncles furrowed ; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c., May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large as those of No. 14, or often larger. (Eu.) 16. R. BULB6sus, L. (BULBOUS C. BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the ter- minal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; peduncles fur- rowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed calyx ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields ; very abundant only in E. New England; rare in the interior. May -July. — A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. ' (Nat. from Eu.) 17. R. ACRIS, L. (TALL C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy ; stem erect (2° -3do>p, water, and 8pao>, to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.) 1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods. New York to Wisconsin and south- ward : rare. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5 - 7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' -9' wide. 18. ACT^EA, L. BANEBERRY. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with ample 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from aKTrj, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.) 1. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Michx. (RED BANEBERRT.) Raceme ovate ; petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens ; pedicels slen- der; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. brachypetala, DC.)— Rich woods, common, especially northward. April, May. — Plant 2° high. (Eu.) 2. A. alba, Bigel. (WHITE BANEBERRY.) Taller and rather smoother than the preceding ; raceme oblong ; petals slender, mostly truncate at the end, appearing to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thickened in fruit, as large as the peduncle and red, the globular-oval berries white. (A. spicata, var. alba, Michx., and ed. 2. A. pachypoda, Ell.}— Rich woods, flowering a week or two later than the other, and more common westward and southward. — White berries rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels : but these are perhaps the result of crossing. 48 MAGNOLIACEvE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY). 19. CIMICfFUGA, L. BUGBANE. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as in Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in- fruit. — Perennials, with 2 - 3-ternately -divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away; the Siberian species being used as abugbane.) § 1. MACR6TYS, Raf. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actaea : stigma broad and flat. 1. C. racem6sa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Racemes very long ; pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. July. — Stem 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; the racemes in fruit becoming l°-3° long. § 2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3 - 8 : seeds flattened laterally, covered with chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl- shaped: stigma minute. 2. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BUGBANE.) Racemes slender, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- seeded. — Mountains of Southern Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alleghanies. Aug. -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high, more slender than the preceding. Ao6Nis AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEASANT'S EYE of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky. NIGELLA DAMASCENA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remarkable exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. P,E6xiA, the P^EONY, of which P. OFFICINALIS is familiar in gardens, forms a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. ORDER 2. MAGNOLJACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly- petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely con- volute) in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re- ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albumen fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Lirio- dendron. MAGNOLIACE^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 49 1. MAGNOLIA, L. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and long anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral ves- sels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the suc- cessive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise, and applied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.) * Leaves all scattered along the branches : leaf-buds silky. 1. M. glatica, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAT.) Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath; flower globular, white, 2' long, very fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as far west as Cumberland Co. June - Aug. — Shrub 4° - 20° high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. 2. M. acuminata, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves oblong, pointed, green and a ' little pubescent beneath ; flower oblong bell-shaped, glaucous-green tinged with yellow, 2' long ; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New York to Ohio and southward. May, June. — Tree 60 - 90 feet high. Leaves thin, 5'- 10' long. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling a small cucumber, whence the common name. 3. M. macroph^lla, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) Leaves obovate-obhng, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; flower open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at the base, petals ovate, 6' long ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Rockcastle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky and south- ward. Occasionally planted farther north. May, June. — Tree 20° - 40a high. Leaves 2|°- 3£° long. * * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like circle : leaf-buds glabrous : flowers white, slightly scented. 4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.^) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong, 4' -5' long. (M. tripetala, L.) — York and Lancaster counties, Penn. (Prof. Porter], to Vir- ginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves 1° - 3° long. Fruit rose-color, 4'- 5' long, ovoid-oblong. 5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves oblong- obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals, obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws, 4' long. (M. auriculata, Lam.) — Virginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° - 50° high. Leaves 8' - 12' long. Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in the preceding. M. CORDATA, Michx., the YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE, of Georgia, and the M. GRANDIFL6RA, L., the GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA, of the Southern States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant great flowers, and 4 50 ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) thick evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty- colored beneath), are the only remaining North American species. The former is hardy as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blossoms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size in New England, where M. macrophylla is precarious. ' 2. LIBIOD^INDRON, L. TULIP-TREE. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An- thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points to the base of the bud. (Name from \ipiov, lily or tulip, and $evdpov,tree.) 1. L. Tulipifera, L. — Eich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Illi- nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals 2' long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3' long. ORDER 3. ATVONACEJE. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly- androus. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : fila- ments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crusta- ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bark, &c. acrid-aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except one genus in the United States, viz. : 1. A S I M I ]ST A , Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAP AW. Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner. Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers solitary from the axijs of last year's leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colonists.) 1. A. triloba, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan- ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and Perm, to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the MENISPERMACEJE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 51 young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, l£' wide. Fruits 3' -4' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn. A. PARVIFL6RA, a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably does not grow so far north as Virginia. ORDER 4. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hy- pogynous, dioecious, 3 - 6-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family ; there are only three species, belonging to as many genera, 'in the United States. 1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled. 2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6 -8. Anthers 4-celled. 3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12 ; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. 1. COCCULUS, DC. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3 - 6 in the fertile flowers : style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed. Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old name, from coccum, a berry.) 1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish ; the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments ; drupe red (as large as a small pea). — Elver-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and southward. July, Aug. 2. MENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED. Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals : anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 - 4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone (putamen) takes the form of a large -crescent or a ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary panicles. (Name from [tfjvrj, moon, and o-Trep/xa, seed.) 1. M. Canad6nse, L. (CANADIAN MOONSEED.) Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams; common. June, July. Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 52 BERBERIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 3. CALYCOCARPTJM, Nutt. CUPSEED. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short: anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish- white, in long racemose panicles. (Name composed of KO.\V£, a cup, and Kapnos, fruit, from the shape of the shell.) 1. C. Lydni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken- tucky and southward. May; — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long, globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity. ORDER 5. BERBEBIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in two or more rows of 2-4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them : anthers opening by 2. valves or lids hinged at the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate. * Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded. 1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the base of each petal. Fruit a berry. 2. Canlopliyllum. Herb, with greenish flowers: petals thick, much shorter than the sepals. Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked. 3. Dipliylleia. Herb with white flowers ; petals much longer than sepals. Berry 2-4- seeded. ** Petals 6 -9. Stamens 8 -18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs. 4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 : anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod opening by a lid. 5. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12 -18 : anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Fruit a large berry. 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crusta- ceous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1 - 9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from Berbery s, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 1. B. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed!), and drooping many-flowered racemes ; petals entire ; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds in BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 53 E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : elsewhere occasionally spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves repandly toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed; racemes few-flowered; petals notched at the apex; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1). — Alleghanies of Virginia and southward : not in Canada. June. — Shrub l°-3° high. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH. Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look- ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately. compound leaf, without any common petiole (whence the name, from jcauXo?, stem, and (f>v\\ov,leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf ). Leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2-3-lobed. 1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called PAPPOOSE-ROOT.) Ledntice thalictroides, L. — Deep rich woods ; common westward. April, May. — Stems 1° - 2|° high. Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biter- nate leaf often at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, also the seeds, which are as large as peas. 3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAF. Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 : anthers oblong. Ovary oblong : style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge centrally peltate and cut-lobed, rounded, umbrella-like, radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of fit's, twice, and <£>u\Xoi', leaf.) 1. D. cym6sa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia and southward. May. — Root-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed. Berries blue. 4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. TWIN-LEAF. Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8: anthers oblong- linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed : stigma 2- lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part 54 NYMPILEACEjE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1- flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 1. 3. diph^lla, Pers.— Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south- ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad : the parts rarely in threes or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places. 5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. MAT-APPLE. MANDRAKE. Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga- cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima- layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves. Ovary ovoid : stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cav- ity of the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. (Name from TTOUS, afoot, and 0uXXov, a leaf, from a fancied resemblance of the 5 - 7-parted leaf to the foot of some web- footed animal.) 1. P. pelt&tum, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes ob- long, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7-9- lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge ; the nodding white flower from the fork nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, l'-2' long, ripe in July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and poisonous ! — Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 carpels ! ORDER 6. NYMPHJEACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sometimes only cordate leaves floating or emersed; the ovules borne on the sides or back (or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the ventral suture; the embryo enclosed in a little bag at the end of the albumen next the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Radicle hardly any : cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed plumule. — Flowers axillary, solitary. Leaves rolled inwards in vernation. Root- stocks very obscurely exogenous in structure. — Comprises a few genera, which differ so much in the flower and fruit, that, for the sake of con- venient definition, we have formerly treated as separate orders the follow- ing suborders : SUBORDER I. CABOMBEJB. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.) Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent. Stamens definite (6-18). Pistils 2 - 18, free and distinct, coriaceous and NYMPH^EACEJS. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 55 indehiscent, 1-3-seeded on the dorsal suture. — Steins slender, leafy, coated with mucilage. Flowers small. 1. Brasenia. Stamens 12 - 18 : filaments slender. Leaves all peltate. SUBORDER II. NELTJMBONE^E. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and decid- uous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immersed in the obconical re- ceptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large ; no al- bumen.— Petioles and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the cen- trally peltate leaves and the flowers large. 2. Nelumbium. Character of the Suborder. SUBORDER III. NYMPH^EACEJE PROPER. (WATER-LILY F.) Sepals 4-6, and petals numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away, either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the com- pound 8 - 30-celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many car- pels ; the numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral suture. Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit bac- cate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock. 3. Nymph EC a. Petals adnate to the ovary, large •, the stamens on its summit. 4. Nuphar. Petals, very small and stamen-like, and stamens inserted under the ovary. 1. BRASENIA, Schreber. 'WATER-SHIELD. Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18: filaments fili- form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent pods : stigma linear. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture ! — Rootstock creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.) 1. B. pelt£ta, Pursh. (Hydrope'ltis purpurea, Michx.) — Ponds and slow streams. June - Aug. — Leaves entire, 2' - 3' across. ( Also a native of Puget Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern India ! CABOMBA, the other genus of the group, occurs from N. Carolina southward. 2. NELTJMBITJM, Juss. NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN. The only genus of the suborder. (Nelvmbo is the Ceylonese name of the East Indian species, the pink-flowered N. speciosum. ) 1. "N. luteum, Willd. (YELLOW NELUMBO, or WATER CHINQUEPIN.) Corolla pale yellow: anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa- ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : intro- duced into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Near Woodstown and Sussex Co., New Jersey. Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and in the Connecticut near Lyme ; perhaps introduced there by the aborigines. June - Aug. — Leaves usually raised high out of the water, circular in outline, with the centre de- 56 NYMPHJEACE^:. (\VATER-LILY FAMILY.) pressed or cupped, l°-2° in diameter. Flower 5' -10' broad. Tubers farina- ceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphcea on a large scale. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well- formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath. 3. NYMPHS A, Tourn. WATER-NYMPH. WATER-LILY. Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer with dilated filaments. Ovary 18-30-celled, the concave summit tipped with a globular projection at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas ; these project at the margin, and are extended , 1 bear, indicating one of the distinctive characters.) 1. S. diph^llum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets; peduncles equalling the petioles; flower deep yellow (2; broad) ; stigmas 3 or 4 ;. pod oval. — Damp woods, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. May. — Foliage and flower resembling Celandine. 4. CHELIDONIUM, L. CELANDINE. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24, Style nearly none : stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel- low flowers in a pedunculate umbel ; the buds nodding. (Name from \f AiSobv, the Sivallow, because, according to Dioscorides, it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.) 60 FUMARIACEuE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 1. C. M\JUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1 -celled, 2- valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.) 1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April,. May. 6. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. HORN-POPPY. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none: stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crestless. — Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, yXavKtov, from the glaucous foliage.) 1. G. LUTEUM, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough, (6' -10' long). — Waste places S. E. New England, Maryland, and Virginia; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 9. FUMARIACEJE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, ir- regular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous ; their filaments often united ; the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1 -celled. Pod 1 -celled, either 1 -seeded' and indeliiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placentae. — Leaves usu- ally alternate, without stipules. (Slightly bitter, innocent plants.) * Pod slender : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae. 1. Adlumia. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals all united. Seeds crestless. 2. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. 3. Cory dalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested or arilled. * * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. 4. Fumaria. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seed crestless. 1. ADLUMIA, Kaf. CLIMBING FUMITORY. Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy- cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. FUMARIACEJS. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 61 Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit. — A climbing biennial, with thrice- pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white or purplish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.) 1. A. Cirrh6sa, Raf. — Wet woods; common westward. June -Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage, climbing by the slender young leaf- stalks over high bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places. 2. DICENTBA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu- ous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Fila- ments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and dis- sected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from dis, twice, and Kevrpov, a spur; — accidentally printed DICLYTRA in the first instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into Di- ELYTRA.) 1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Scape and slen- der-petioled leaves from a sort of granulate bulb ; lobes of the leaves linear ; ra- ceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals .minute. — Rich woods, especially westward. — A very deli- cate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers crowded together in the. form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slen- der scape, bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color. 2. D. Canad6nsis, DC. (SQUIRREL CORN.) Subterranean shoots bear- ing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow) ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, May. — Flowers greenish- white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths. 3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare ( Thomas, Sartwell), and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — Coarser-leaved than the others ; scapes 6' - 10' high. 3. CORYDALIS, Vent. CORYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist- ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in racemes. Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.) 1. C. glatica, Pursh. (PALE CORTDALIS.) Stem upright; racemes pan- icled ; spur of the purplish and yellow-tipped corolla very short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated. — Rocky places : common: 6' -2° high. May -Aug. 2. C. flavula, Raf. Corolla pale-yellow, 3" -4" long; spur very short; tips of the outer petals pointed, wing-crested on the back, longer than the inner; seeds 62 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) acutely margined, rugose-reticulated ; aril loose : otherwise as in the next. — Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. 3. C. aurea, Willd. (GOLDEN C.) Stems low or decumbent; racemes simple; corolla golden-yellow, £' long; slightly decurved spur somewhat shorter than the pedicel, not half the length of the rest of the flower; tips of outer petals blunt, crestless and naked on the back, little longer than the inner ; pods usually pendent ; seeds smooth and even, or sometimes very minutely reticulated, turgid, marginless, partly covered by the scale-shaped aril. — Rocky places, Vermont to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April- July. — Var. MICRA.NTHA, Engelm., is a state with minute spurless flowers (probably fertilized in the bud), and ascending pods, on very short pedicels. — W. Illinois and St. Louis, Riehl. (C. MONTANA, Engelm., or perhaps rather C. AUREA, var. OCCIDENTALS, Engelm., Missouri to Texas and westward, differs from the Eastern C. aurea in the often ascending spur nearly equalling the rest of the corolla and longer than the pedicel, erect or ascending pods, and seeds lenticular with acutish margin. — C. cuRVisfLiQUA, Engelm., of Southwest, differs from this in longer 4-an- gular pods ascending on very short pedicels, the acute-margined seed muricate! — C. CRYSTALLINA, Engelm., of Southwest, differs from this in the very broad but short wing on tip of outer petals, short few-seeded pod covered with crys- talline vesicles, and sharper-margined tubercular-reticulated seeds.) 4. PUMABIA, L. FUMITORY. Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, globular, 1 -seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name fromfumus, smoke.) 1. F. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh- color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 10. CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILV.) Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers : fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs form- ing a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the two marginal placentas, from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle or pouch), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceous), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lomentaceous). Seeds campylotropous, without albu- men, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways : i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz. their margins on one side ap- plied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus oQ ; CEUCIFER^:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 63 or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, thus oQ). In these cases the cotyledons are plane ; but they may be folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they are conduplicate, thus o;g). In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs : pedicels rarely bracted. — A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters of genera taken from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) I. SILIQUOS^E. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves. Tribe I. ARABIDE.3E. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium). Seeds orbicular or oval, more or less flattened. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. * Seeds small and turgid, seldom half the breadth of the turgid pod. 1. Nasturtium. Pod terete, linear, oblong or even globular. Flowers white or yellow. * * Seeds flat or flattish, scarcely narrower than the partition, except in some of No. 5. 2. Leavenworthia. Pod oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds winged : embryo straight ! Flowers white or purplish, with a yellowish base. Leaves all radical. 3. Dentaria. Pod flat, lanceolate ; the valves nerveless, opening elastically from the base. Seeds wingless, on broad seedstalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem naked below. 4. Cardamiue. . Pod flat, linear or lanceolate ; the valves nerveless, opening elastically. Seeds wingless, on slender stalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem leafy, at least below. 5. Arabia. Pod linear, elongated, flat or flattish, rarely almost terete ; the valves commonly with a prominent midrib, or veiny, not opening elastically. Flowers white, whitish, or purple. Stems leafy, at least below. 6. Barbarea. Pod linear, more or less 4-sided, the rigid valves being keeled by a promi- nent midrib. Seeds wingless. Flowers yellow. Tribe II. SISYMBRIE^E. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish, mostly oblong. Cotyle- dons incumbent, narrow, plane. 7. Ery simum. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 8. Sisymbrium. Pods terete, 4 -6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow. Tribe III. BRASSICEJE. Pod linear or oblong. Seeds globular. Cotyledons in- cumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. 9. Brassica (including SINAPIS). Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish. II. SILICULOSJG. Pod short,' a silicle or pouch, opening by valves. Tribe IV. ALYSSINEJE. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- tion, or globular. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. 1. Nasturtium. Pod terete or globular with many small seeds. 10. Draba. Pod flat, oval, oblong, or even linear, many-seeded. 11. Alyssiim. Pod flat, orbicular, 2 - 4-seeded. 12. Vesicaria. Pod globular-inflated , 4 - several-seeded. Tribe V. CAMELINEJE. Pod turgid or somewhat flattened parallel with the broad partition. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. , 13. Camelina. Pod pear-shaped, many-seeded : style slender. Flowers yellow. 14. Snbularia. Pod globular, few-seeded : style none. Flowers white. Tribe VI. LEPIDINEJE and THLASPIDE^E. Pod short; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white. 15. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. 16. Thlaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 17. Lepidium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. 18. Senebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from the little partition as two closed one-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. 64 CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTAED FAMILY.) III. LOMENTACE2E. Pod articulated, separating across into joints. Tribe VII. CAKH.INEJE. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1. 19. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded. Tribe VIII. RAPHANE^E. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe 3. 20. Rapliaiius. Pod elongated, several-seeded, transversely intercepted. 1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS. Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so. Seeds small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in No. 2). Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities.) § 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx: pods linear: leaves pinnate. 1. N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. (TRUE WATER-CRESS.) Stems spreading and rooting; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6" -8" long) ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels, ty — Brooks and ditches: escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblong, or even ovoid or globular : leaves mostly pinnatifid. * Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yellow. 2. N. SYLVESTRE, R. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending; leaves pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods (£' long) on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row ; style very short. — Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Virginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. N. Sinuktum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4" -6" long), on slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. * * Annual or biennial, rarefy perennial? with simple fibrous roots : flowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate. 4. N. sessilifldrum, Nutt. Stems. erect, rather simple; leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong ; flowers minute, nearly sessile ; pods elon- gated-oblong (5" - 6" long), thick ; style very short. — W. Illinois to Tennessee and southward. April -June. 5. N. obttlSUin, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; flowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear- oblong to short-oval ; style short. — With No. 3 and 4. 7. N. paltistre, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small floivers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet places or in shallow water ; common. June- Sept. — Flowers only l"-l£" long. Stems l°-3° high. — The typical form with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartwell). Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. HISP^DUM (N. hispid um, DC.) is a form, with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 65 § 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifid : root perennial. (Armoracia.) 7. N. lactlStre, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. 132. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1 - 3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ; pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. (N. natans, var. Americanum, Gray. Armoracia Americana, Arn.) — Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to Illinois and southwestward. July - Aug. — Near N. amphibium. 8. N. ARMORACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, ob- long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels ascending; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. ( Cochlearia Armo- racia, L.) — Roots large and long ; — a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. LEAVENWORTHIA. Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu- late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennial or hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one - few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of the late M. G. Leavenworth.) 1. L. Michauxii, Torr. — On flat rocks and barrens, S. E. Kentucky and southwestward: rare. March -May. — Scapes 2' -4' high. Petals purple, rose color, or nearly white, with a golden yellow or yellowish base, or rarely yellow throughout 1 (L. aurea, Torr.), cuneate-obcordate or emarginate; the flowers rather large for the size of the plant. 3. DENTAHIA, L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seedstalks broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, their margins somewhat infolding each other. — Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste ; the simple stems leafless below, bear- ing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.) 1. D. diph^lla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed leaflets ; petals white. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 5' - 10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. 2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of thick toothed tubers; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft; petals pink. (D. laciniata, var. <*, Torr. fr Gr.) — Northern New York (Watertown, Crawe; Utica, Paine) to Penn. : rare. May. — Seldom taller, but the leaves often smaller, than in No. 1. 3. D. heteroph^lla, Nutt. Rootstock a chain of 2 or 3 narrow-oblong and obscurely toothed tubers; stem-leaves 2 or 3, alternate (rarely opposite), divided into 5 66 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 3 lanceolate or linear-oblong somewhat toothed (sometimes incised or 2-cleft) leaflets; root-leaves of 3 rounded or cuneate-ovate incised leaflets ; petals purple. — Penn. (near Philadelphia, Dr. Diffenbaugh) and Washington (Bebb) to Kentucky and southward. April, May. 4. D. laciniata, Muhl. Rootstock as in the last ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3- parted ; the leaflets linear or lanceolate, irregularly cut or cleft into prominent nar- row teeth, the lateral ones deeply 2-lobed ; root-leaves similarly dissected; petals pale purple or nearly white. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. 5. D. multifida, Muhl. More slender and delicate than the last ; root- stock similar ; stem-leaves 3 or sometimes 2, alternate, opposite, or whorled, finely 2 - 3-ternately divided, or the subdivisions parted, into very narrowly linear lobes ; root-leaves similarly 3 - 4-ternately divided; flowers (4-7) white. — Southern Kentucky (doubtless) and southward. — This appears to pass into No. 4; and all these species except the first probably run together. , 4. CAKDAMINE, L. BITTER CRESS. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- less ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some Cress, from the cordial or cardiacal qualities.) — Runs into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other. * Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate. 1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright from a tuberif- erous base, simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oval. — Wet mead- ows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April -June. Var. purptirea, Torr. Lower (4' - 6' high), and slightly pubescent ; leaves rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil, W. New York and S. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and northward. 2. C. rotundifblia, Michx. (MOUNTAIN WATER-CRESS.) Stems branch- ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners; root fibrous; leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the style ; stigma minute ; seeds oval-oblong. — Cool shaded springs, Pennsylvania and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Leaves with just the taste of the true Water-Cress. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1. 3. C. bellidifblia, L. Dwarf (2' -3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, entire, or sometimes 3-lobed (4" long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear ; style nearly none. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains and Katahdin, Maine (/. W. Qhickering). July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the convex valves 1 -nerved. (Eu.) ' * * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers showy. 4. C. prat6nsis, L. (CUCKOOFLOWER.) Stem ascending from a short CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 67 rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7-13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked ; of the upper ones oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. May. (Eu.) * * * Root mostly biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : flowers small, white, 5. C. hirstlta, L. (SMALL BITTER CRESS.) Beset with scattered hairs, or glabrous ; stems (3'- 12' high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster of root-leaves ; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire ; pods linear, slender, erect or ascending in line with the pedicel ; style very short or almost none. (C. Pennsylvanica, MuhL ; usually taller and more leafy-stemmed than the true European C. hirsuta, the stamens always 6, and the pods less erect.) — Wet places: common. May -July. (Eu.) Var. sylvatica (C. sylvatica, Link., C. Virginica, Michx.) grows in drier places, is more slender, and has pods more erect than their ascending or spread- ing pedicels, the style evident. — Commoner southward. (Eu.) 5. ARAB IS, L. ROCK CRESS. Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less I -nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Coty- ledons accumbent. — Leaves seldom divided. Flowers white or purple. (Name from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.) § 1 . Seeds in one row in each cell, being nearly as broad as the partition. # Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base. 1 . A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual ; leaves all pinnately parted into oblong, or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of the lower leaves numerous ; flowers small, white ; pods rather broadly linear and spreading, flat ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook.) — Open grounds, Virginia ? to Illinois and southward. 2. A. lyrata, L. Root biennial ; plant mostly glabrous, except the lyrate- pinnatifid root-leaves, stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish calyx ; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading ; the seeds margin- less. — On rocks, New England to Kentucky along the mountains, Minnesota and northward. April - July. — Kadicle sometimes oblique, or even dorsal. A. THALIANA, L., resembles the last, but the root-leaves are hardly if at all lyrate, the stem more strict, flowers smaller, and the cotyledons uniformly in- cumbent ; so it is referred to Sisymbrium, p. 70. 3. A. petrsea, Lam. Root perennial, multicipital ; leaves sparingly pinna- tifid-toothed or incised, sometimes entire ; petals rose-color or nearly white ; pods shorter and less flat than in A. lyrata : otherwise similar. — Rocks, L. Superior ? Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, //. Mann. 4. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, slender (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem numerous, half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, 68 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) pods widely spreading, very slender, short-stalked ; style scarcely any ; seeds margin- less. — New York and Illinois to Virginia and Kentucky. May, June. * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with white or whitish flowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and wingless seeds. 5. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1°- 2° high); stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, partly clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 4" long) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or ascending> tipped with a distinct style. — Central Ohio (rocky banks of the Scioto, Sulli- vant), Pennsylvania (Huntingdon Co. to the Schuylkill, Porter) ; also in E. Tennessee. April, May. 6. A. hirstlta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (1° -2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.) * * # Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (l°-3° high), with small whitish flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous fiat pods (3' -4' long), and broadly winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition. 7. A. ISBVigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved- spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. ( This is also A. hetero- phylla, Nutt.) — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. 8. A. CanaddnsiS, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above; stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat, scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2" wide). — (A. falcata, Michx.) Woods and ravines ; not rare, especially westward. June - Aug. * * * # Tall and leafy-stemmed biennials or perennials, with rather showy flowers, the pink-purple petals long-clawed ; anthers sagittate and when old arcuate- recurved ; the widely spreading and rather short pods nearly terete ; seeds mar- ginless. (!ODANTHUS, Torr. fr Gray.) — Transition to Thelypodium and Streptanthus. 9. A. hesperidoides. Glabrous (1°- 3° high), often branched above; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves ovate-ob- long and ovate-lanceolate (2' -6' long), membranaceous, veiny, sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, sometimes bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes ; pods on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx. lodanthus hesperidoides, Torr. fr Gray. ) — Alluvial river-banks, Ohio, Kentucky and , southwestward. May, June. § 2. TURRlTIS, Dill. Seeds not so broad as the partition, occupying two more or less distinct rows in each cell, at least when young : strict and very leafy-stemmed biennials ; the canline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. ( Very gla- CRUCIFER2E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 69 brous in the following species, except the base of the stem and the lower or tuft of radical leaves, these mostly hirsute. ) 10. A. perfoliata, Lam. (TOWER MUSTARD.) Tall (2° -4° high); glaucous ; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire, half-clasping by the sagittate base ; petals yellowish-white, little longer than the calyx ; pods very narrow (3' long) and pedicles strictly erect. (Turritis glabra, L.) — Rocks and fields, scarce and perhaps introduced southward ; more common northward. (Eu.) 11. A. Drummondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, l°-2° high; stem- leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear and sagittate (!' -2' long) with jiarrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate ; petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx; pedicels and flat pods loosely erect, or ascending, or even spreading ; seeds wing- margined, when mature little narrower than the partition. (Turritis stricta, Graham.) — Rocky places, from the St. Lawrence in Canada East, to Lewiston (Clinton), Lake Superior, and northwestward; also " Chenango Co. New York," Northern Illinois, Vasey. — Pods 2^' -3£' long, or invar. (T. brachy- carpa, Tver. $- Gray) only l'-2' long. 6 . B A R B A R E A , R. Br. WINTER CRESS. Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Mostly biennials resembling Nasturtium ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Barbara.') 1. B. VUlgaris, R. BR. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCKET.) Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral 1-4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pin- natifid at the base ; pods erect or slightly spreading ; or in var. STRICTA, ap- pressed ; in var. ARCU\TA, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds and roadsides : apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north- ward and westward. (Eu.) 2. B. PR^COX, R. BR. (EARLY WINTER C.), with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels, — yet probably only a vari- ety of the other, — somewhat cultivated from New York southward as a winter salad, under the name of SCURVY-GRASS, — is beginning to run wild. (Eu.) 7. ERYSIMUM, L. TREACLE MUSTARD. Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a sin- gle row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incum- bent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping. (Name from f'pu'o), to draw blisters.) 1. E. cheiranthoides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely rough- ish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods small and short (7"- 12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender di- vergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.) 2. E. asperum, DC., var. Arkansanum, Nutt. (WESTERN WALL- FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, some- 70 , CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) what toothed; pods newly erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3' -4' long), ex- actly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and south westward. June, July. — Plant stout, l°-2° high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular, on very slender claws. 8. SISYMBB.IUM, L. HEDGE MUSTARD. Pod terete, flattish, or 4-6-sided; the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are annuals or biennials. 1. S. OFFICINALE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Leaves runcinate ; flowers very small, pale yellow; pods awl-shaped, close pressed to the stem, scarcely stalked. — Waste places. May - Sept. — An unsightly branched weed, 2° - 3° high. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. THALI\NA, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels. ( Arabis Thaliana, L. ; the plant resembles A. lyrata. ) — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts to Kentucky. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. S. can^SCens, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, often hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed*; flowers yellowish, very small ; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than their mostly horizontal pedicels ; seeds 2-ranked in each cell. — Penn. and New York (Lucifer Falls, Tompkins Co., J. W. Chickering) to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward. June - Aug. S. SOPHIA, L., with slender linear pods nearly erect on ascending pedicels, and one-ranked seeds is nat. from Eu. in Canada East. — S. INCISUM, Engelm., differing only in the shorter pods widely spreading on horizontal pedicels, is wild beyond the Mississippi. 9. BBASSICA (Brassica and Sinapis), Tourn. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1 -seeded beak or a rigid style ; valves 1 - 5-nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- bent, folded around the radicle. — Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of Cab- bage. Sinapis is the Greek Si'raTrt, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip. ) 1. B. SiNApf STRUM, Boissier (or SINAPIS ARVENSIS, L., the English CHAR- LOCK), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which is either empty or one-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious weed in grain-fields, from Pennsylvania and New York westward. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. B. (or SIN\PIS) ALBA. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, ascending on spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped one- seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult, and adv. from Eu.) CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 71 3. B. (or SINAPIS) NIGRA. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth (£' long), 4-cornered (the valves only 1 -nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, small- er and more pungent than in the last ; lower leaves with a large terminal lohe and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and waste places, or cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) B. CAMPESTRIS, L., in the form of the RUTABAGA and the TURNIP, some- times persists a year or two in neglected grounds. 10. DRAB A, L. WHITLOW-GRASS. Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex ; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, margin- less. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers; the pubes- cence often stellate. (Name from Spa/Sq, acrid, in allusion to the pungency of the leaves.) § 1. DRABA, DC. Petals not notched nor cleft. # Perennial or biennial, leafy-stemmed : flowers white : pods twisted when ripe. 1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusely much branched and forming many radical tufts, perennial (5' -8' high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear- lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" -5" long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, &c., Virginia to Ken- tucky River, and southward. April, May. 2. D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent, the perennial root bearing rather numerous radical tufts ; flowering stems (6' -10' high) erect and mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatulate, sparingly toothed ; racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong-lanceolate (5'- 6' long), acute, on rather short and spreading pedicels, pointed with a short but distinct style. — Rocky banks, N. Vermont and New York towards the St. Lawrence, also Akron, Ohio (Clinton), and shores of L. Huron and L. Superior. May, June. — Petals rather large. Too near some forms of the next. 3. D. incana, L. Hoary-pubescent, biennial or somewhat perennial, the radical tuft seldom branching ; leaves shorter, raceme more strict, petals smaller, and pods shorter and blunter than in the last, often pubescent, on short erect pedi- cels; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, Tuckerman, H. Mann. ; also high northward. (Eu.) * * Annual or biennial : leafy stems short : flowers white, or in No. 5 yellow : style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.) 4. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' -4' high), minutely pubescent ; stems leafy to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly ob- long or the lowest ovate (2" -4" long), few toothed or entire; flowers small; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending or spreading pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss, and southward. April. — Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none. 72 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 5. D. nemor6sa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4'- 8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ; pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely-spreading pedicels, pubes- cent (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.). — Fort Gratiot, Michi- gan, and northwestward. (Eu.) 6. D. Clineifblia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (l'-3'), at length equal- ling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; pods oblong -linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. 7. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (!'- 5' high); leaves obovate, mostly entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals usually twice the length of the calyx ; ra- ceme short or corymbose in fruit (£'-!' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy and waste fields, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, and southward. March -May. — Petals often wanting in the later racemes, especially in the Var. micrantha (D. micrantha, Nutt.), with minutely rough-hairy pods. With the other, westward, Bebb, &c. § 2. ER6PHILA, DC. Petals 2-cle/l. (Annual or biennial: flowers white.) 8. D. vdrna, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes 1'- 3' high) ; leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and roadsides. April, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada : perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 11. ALtfSSUM, Tourn. ALYSSUM. Like Vesicaria but with a flat pouch : only one or two seeds in a cell : flower? yellow or white. Filaments often toothed. (Greek name of a plant reputed to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.) They are plants of the Old World, two adventive species deserving a mere mention, and one indigenous, rare and doubtful. 1. A. MARfTiMUM, L. ( SWEET ALYSSUM), with green or slightly hoary linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. A. CALYclNUM, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular sharp-margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs in grass-land at Amherst, Mass., Tuckerman. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. A. Lesciirii. (Vesicaria? Lescurii, ed. 2.) Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems diffusely ascending from a biennial root : leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base; racemes elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the length of the hispid orbicular or broadly ovsdflat pod; seeds wing-mar- gined, 1-4 in each cell, on free stalks. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Petals golden yellow, rather large. Ambiguous between this genus and the next. CEUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 73 12. VESICARIA, Tourn. BLADDER-POD. Pouch globular or inflated, with a broad mostly orbicular partition ; the hem- ispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or several, flat. Cotyle- dons, accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica, a bladder.) 1. V. Sh6rtii, Torr. & Gray. Minutely hoary all over ; stems spreading or decumbent from an annual or biennial root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate with a tapering base, repand-toothed or nearly entire ; raceme at length elongated, with filiform diverging pedicels ; petals light yellow ; style filiform, much longer than the small globose about 4-seeded pod ; seeds marginless. — Rocky banks of Elkhorn Creek near Lexington, Kentucky (Short), and Kentucky River near Frankfort, Lesquereux. May, June. 13. CAMELINA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX. Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad partition : valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x0/101' dwarf, and \ivov, flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax. ) 1. C. SATIVA, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 14. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT. Pouch ovoid or globular, with a broad partition ; the turgid valves 1 -nerved. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e. the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white. 1. S. aquatica, L. — Margin of lakes in Maine, Nuttatt, &c. Echo Lake, Franconia, New Hampshire, Tuckerman. June, July. (Eu.) 15. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Pouch obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. — Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.) 1. C. BuRSA-PAST6Ris, Mcench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves arrow-shaped,, sessile. — Waste places; the commonest of weeds. April- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 16. THLASPI, Tourn. PENNTCRESS. Pouch orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par- tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing. Seeds 2 - 8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal. — Low plants, with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from 6\aa>, to crush, of a Cress the seeds of which were bruised and used like Mustard.) 74 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 1. T. ARVENSE, L. (FIELD P. Or MlTHRIDATE MUSTARD.) A Smooth annual, with broadly winged pod £' in diameter, several-seeded, deeply notched at top ; style minute. — Waste places, shore of Lake Huron and in Lower Canada ; also Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. LEPIDITJM, L. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS. Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent, or in No. 1 accumbent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name from XeTTi'Sioj/, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) — Ours are annuals or biennials, except the last. * Leaves all with a tapering base ; the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower and, often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid : pods orbicular or oval, with a small notch at the top: the style minute or none: stamens only 2. 1. L. Virginicum, L. (WILD PEPPERGRASS.) Cotyledons accumbent and seed minutely margined ; pod marginless or obscurely margined at the top ; petals present, except in some of the later flowers. — June- Sept. A common roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther South. 2. L. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following; pod minutely wing-margined at the fop; petals sometimes conspicuous, rarely wanting; otherwise nearly as in No. 1. — Dry places, from Northern Michigan and Illinois northward and westward. 3. L. RUDERALE, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval pods and the seeds marginless ; petals always wanting. — Roadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, &c. ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded. 4. L. CAMPESTRE, L. Minutely soft downy ; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch. — Old fields, Mass, and New York to Virginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. L. DRABA, L. Perennial, obscurely hoary; leaves oval or oblong, the upper with broad clasping auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped, wingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style. — Astoria, near New York, D. C. Eaton. (Adv. from Eu.) 18. SENEBIERA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS. Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehiscent, bnt falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded transversely. , Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Senebier, a distin- guished vegetable physiologist. ) 1. S. didyma, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, L.) — Waste places, at ports, Philadelphia to Virginia, &c. : an immigrant from farther South. CAPPARIDACEJE. (CAPER FAMILY.) 75 2. S. CoRON6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not notched at the apex, tuberded. Virginia, Pursh. Newport, Rhode Island, Bobbins, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. C A KILE, Tour.n. SEA-ROCKET. Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity ; each indehiscent, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum- bent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obovate, sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern Spates and of the Great Lakes. July - Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh ; the upper one 4 -angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 20. RAPHANUS, L. RADISH. Pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seedless and stalk-like; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical as in Cabbage, &c. — Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and 0aiVo), to appear, alluding to the rapid germination. ) 1. R. RAPHANfSTRUM, L. (WlLD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, E. New England to Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.) R. SAiivus, L., GARDEN RADISH, with pink-purple or whitish flowers, and thick knobby and pointed pods, with irregular fleshy partitions between the seeds, occasionally becomes spontaneous for a year or two. ORDER 11. CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a l-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae, and kid- ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no partition : seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferae (as in capers, the flower-buds of Capparis spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our limits only by 1. POLANISIA, Raf. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, un- equal. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glan- dular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from iro\vs, many, and avi, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON MARSH-MALLOW.) Stem erect; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe- duncles axillary, many flowered. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Perennial root thick, abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. MALVA, L. MALLOW. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer .calyx. Petals ob- cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney- shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An old Latin name, from /zaXa^?/, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.) 1. M. ROTUNDIF6LIA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) Stems procumbent from a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pubescent, even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds: common. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. M. SYLVESTRIS, L. (HiGH M.) Biennial; stem erect, branched (2° -3° high) ; leaves sharply 5 - 7-lobed ; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled- veiny. — Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. M. CRfSFA. (CURLED M.) A tall, erect annual, with round and angled toothed and crisped leaves, and small sessile flowers crowded in the axils, — spar- ingly escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. M. MOSCH\TA, L. (MusK M.) A low perennial; with the stem-leaves 5- parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or deft into linear lobes, faintly musky-scented, the flowers rose-color or white (1^' in diameter) on short pe- 100 MALVACE^:. (MALLOW FAMILY). duncles crowded on thr stem and branches, the fruit downy: has| gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. M. ALCEA, L., with the stem-leaves only once ^-parted or i-tajl, the lobes incised, large flowers like No. 4, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the involucel ovate: has escaped from gardens in Chester Co., l\nn. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. CALLIRIIHOE, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE. Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge- shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels 10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1- seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect. 1. C. triangulata, Gray. ' Hairy-pubescent ; stems nearly erect (2° high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-eleft ; flowers panicled, short-pedicel led (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpds short- pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. $* Gray. ) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. JutyiJI 2. C. alC8eoid.es, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) from a perennial root ; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender peduncles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. (Sida alcaoides, Michx.) — Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee. 4. NAP -33 A, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW. Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers dioecious; the staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers; the fertile with a short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1 -seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9 - 11 -parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from vairr], a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves.) 1. N. didica, L. (Sida dioica, Cay.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois : rare. July. 5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. FALSE MALLOW. Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the end or entire. Styles 5 or more : stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle pointing downwards, as in the former. — Flowers perfect (Name altered from Malva.} MALVACEJE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 101 1. M. anglistum, Gray. Slightly hairy; stem erect (6' -9' high) from an annual root ; leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth ; flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangu- lar sepals ; bractlets and stipules setaceous ; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, with smooth sides, at length 2-valved. Rock Island in the Mississippi, Illinois, Engelmann, Parry. Aug. 2. M. COCCineum, Gray (Sida coccinea, Pursh), a low and hoary perennial, with 5-parted or pedate leaves, and short spikes or racemes of showy pink-red flowers, the petals very much longer than th£ daJyx,; ,the car- pels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and indehiscent :• .q&qcfatlg oV tjie plains from Iowa and Minnesota westward. . • , 6. SIDA, L. SIDA. Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more, tipped with capitate stigmas : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1- seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upwards. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus. ) 1 . S. Nap&a, Cav. A smooth, tall (4° - 10° high) perennial ; leaves 5-cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, large; carpels 10, pointed. (Napa?a laevis & hermaphrodita, L.) — Rocky river-banks, Penn., York Co., &c., Porter. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown. (Cultivated in old gardens.) 2. S. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (l°-4° high) ; leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short ', flow- ers (yel/ow) rather large; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, S. Virginia and southward. May - Aug. 3. S. 8PIN6SA, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10'- 20' high), much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long- petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers (yellow) small; carpels 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. — A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. — Waste places : common southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.) 7. ABUTIIiON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW. Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in- wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) 1. A. AvicEXSuE, Gsertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall annual (4° high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf- stalks; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. — Waste places, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from India.) 4 8. MODI OLA, Moench. MODIOLA. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the 102 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Koman measure of that name.) 1. M. multifida, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3 - 5-cleft and incised ; stamens 15-20; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 9. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. KOSTELETZKYA. Po-'f 'lejJMsscc?, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. (Named after V. F. Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) ' 1'. j£ Vtrgiuica, Presl. Roughish-hairy perennial (2° -4° high) ; leaves halberd-shaped and heart-shaped ; the lower 3-lobed. (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.) — Marshes on the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. Aug. — Co- rolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender. 1O. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW. Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. Col- umn of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) * Indigenous, tall perennials (4° - 8°), flowering late in summer. 1. H. MoschetltOS, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) Leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous or slightly downy beneath ; the 1 -flowered peduncles sometimes united at the base with the petioles ; calyx not inflated ; pod and seeds smooth or nearly so. — Brackish marshes along the coast, sometimes extending up rivers far beyond the influence of salt water (as above Harrisburg, Penn.) : also Onondaga Lake, N. Y., and westward, usually within the influence of salt springs. — Corolla 5' - 6' in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye. 2. H. grandiflbrus, Michx. Leaves soft-downy loth sides, the lower broadly ovate and heart-shaped; pod very hirsute; seeds smooth; — otherwise resembling the last. — Illinois (Lawrence Co., Fritchey) and southward. 3. H. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED R.) Smooth throughout ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd-form, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed ; peduncles slender ; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. — River-banks, Penn. to Illinois and southward. — Corolla 4' - 5' in diameter, flesh-color. * * Escaped from gardens or grounds. 4. H. Tni6NUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) Alow, rather hairy annual; up- per leaves 3-partecP, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest ; fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-wing^d; corolla sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Flower-of-an-hour. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. H. SYRIACUS, L. (SHRUBBY ALTHAEA of the gardeners. ) Tall shrub, smooth ; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed ; corolla usually rose- color. — Roadsides and copses, Pennsylvania, &c. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) CAMELLIACE^E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 103 ORDER 21. TILJACEJE. (LINDEN FAMILY.) Trees (rarely herbs) , \vith the mucilaginous properties, jibrous bark, valvate calyx, $*c., of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers ^-celled; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus, 1. TILIA, L. LINDEN. BASSWOOD. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous-: filaments coher- ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5- toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1 -celled and 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart- shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves (oblique and often truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name of the genus.) 1, T. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods, May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Basswood; the name (now obso- lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. Var. pub&3Cens. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T. pubescens, Ait. ) — Common from Maryland southward and westward. 2. T. heteroph^lla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves larger, smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath. (T. alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. T. EuROpJeA, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, which is planted in and' near our cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) gave the family name to Linnceus. ORDER 22. CAMELXIACE^E. * (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules, the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both imbricated in cestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each other (monadelphous or 3- b-adelphous} and with the base of the petals. — Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3 -5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle- dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well- known CAMELLIA and the more important TEA PLANT, — represented in this country by the two following genera. * Name of same date as TERNSTR03MIACE.E, and preferable. 104 LINAGES. (FLAX FAMILY.) 1. STTJAKTIA, Catesby. STUAKTIA. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crus- taceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albu- men : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous decid- uous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-pedun- cled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Lord Bute.) 1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5 white (1'long); sepals ovate; style 1; stigma 5-toothed;- pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. (S. Malachoden- dron, L. ) — Woods, Virginia and southward. S. PENTAGYNA, L'Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of Southern Virginia. 2. GORDONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY. Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 1. G. Lasianthus, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and per- sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast. Virginia and southward. May - July. — Petals 1 £' long. ORDER 23. LJIVACE^E. (FLAX FAMILY.) Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flow- ers 4 - 6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the 5 stamens monadelphous at the base, and an S-W-seeded pod, having twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus, 1. LINUM, L. FLAX. Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com- pletely divided into two by a false partition Avhich projects from the back of the carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with- out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) * Indigenous species, glabrous, l°-3° high, with yettow flowers, in summer. 1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corym- bose spreading or recurving branches terete and even ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, GERANIACEJS. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 105 or the lower spatula te and often opposite; flowers scattered, small (barely 3" long) ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or nearly so, equalling the depressed 10-celled pod; styles distinct. — Dry woods : common. — Root apparently an- nual ; but the plant propagated by suckers from the base of the stem. 2. L. striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a creep- ing or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose short branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles decurrent from the leaves ; these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the lower ones opposite ; flowers more crowded ; sepals scarcely equalling the very small brownish pod : otherwise nearly as in No. 1. (L. oppositifolium, Engelm.) — Wet or boggy grounds, New England to Virginia and southward. — Generally con- founded with L. Virginianum (figured for it in Beichenb. Ic. Exot.), but well distinguished by Walter, except that the stem-leaves are commonly opposite up to the first branch : here described from the indications given by C. F. Austin. 3. L. sulc&tum, Kiddell, 1836. . Stem strictly erect from an annual root, and with the upright or ascending branches striate-angled or grooved ; leaves linear, acute, or the upper subulate, rather rigid ; a pair of dark glands in place of stipules : sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharp-pointed, strongly 3-nerved and (like the bracts) with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer than the ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled pod ; styles united almost to the middle. (L. Boottii, Planchon, 1848.) — Dry soils, Ehode Island to Illinois and south- westward. — Flowers and pods twice as large as in the preceding. (L. nf GIDUM, Pursh., of the Western plains, probably in Minnesota, is dwarf, glaucous, and has the styles united almost to the top.) * * Escaping from cultivation, blue-flowered, annual. 4. L. usiTATfssiMUM, L. (COMMON FLAX), is occasionally spontaneous in fields. ORDER 24. GERANIACEJE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypogynous flowers ; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice as many, and the lobes or cells (1 -few-ovuled} of the ovary as many, as the sepals, an axis of the dry fruit persisting. — Seeds without albumen, except in Oxalis. The flower of Impatiens is partly, and that of Tropas- olum still more unsymmetrical. Herbage often strong-scented, but never punctate with pellucid dots. — As a whole the order, here recombined as it was founded by Jussieu, is hard to define. Of late it has generally been broken into several small orders : the principal ones here stand as suborders, with only one or two genera to each. — TROP^OLUM, the GARDEN NASTURTIUM, occupies a position between the first and the* second suborder. SUBORDER L GERANIEJB. (GERANIUM FAMILY PROPER.) Flowers 5-merous and symmetrical; the persistent sepals imbricated and the petals usually convolute in the bud : 5 glands of the receptacle 106 GERANIACEJE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat monadelphous. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, the 5 two-ovuled carpels and the lower part of the long styles adnate to a long and beak-like prolongation of the receptacle, from which, when ripe and dry, the small and membranaceous pods are torn off, and carried away by the styles, — which, as they separate from the beak from the base upwards, are elastically recurved or revolute, the solitary seed falling out. Embryo filling the seed (no albumen) ; cotyle- dons folded together and bent down on the short radicle. — Strong- scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have somewhat irregular flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and astringent roots. 1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely. 5. The recurving bases of the styles or tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside. 2. Ei-odium. Stamens with anthers only 5. . Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, often spirally twisted. SUBORDER II. LIMNANTIIE^E. (LIMNANTHES FAMILY.) Flowers 3-merous or 5-merous, completely symmetrical and regular ; the persistent sepals ovate in the bud : glands of the receptacle alternate with the petals. Stamens distinct. No beak or prolongation of the receptacle beyond the ovary, which consists of 3 or 5 almost distinct, at length fleshy and separating, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels, united by a common style. Seeds without albumen : cotyledons very thick and fleshy, the short radicle included by their heart-shaped bases. — Tender low annuals, with pinnate alternate leaves and no stipules. — Consists of the pretty-flowered Califor- nian LIMNANTHES, and of 3. Floerkea. Sepals, minute petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6. SUBORDER III. BALS AMINES. (BALSAM FAMILY.) Flowers mostly unsymmetrical, 5-merous as to the stamens and pistil ; the sepals and petals irregular, usually unsymmetrical and of fewer pieces, imbricated in the bud, all petaloid and deciduous, the larger piece with an ample sac or spur : no glands : filaments distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5- celled pod or berry : no albumen : the straight embryo with thick cotyle- dons and a short radicle. — Tender herbs, the succulent stems gorged with a bland watery juice ; the leaves simple, mostly alternate, without stipules. 4. Impatiens. Inner or lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically into 5 valves, several-seeded. SUBORDER IV. OXALLDEJE. (SORREL FAMILY.) Flowers 5-merous, regular and symmetrical, decandrous ; the persistent sepals imbricated and the petals convolute in the bud : no glands alter- nate with the latter. Stamens often monadelphous at the base. Fruit a GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 107 5-celled loculicidal pod or a berry. Seeds 2 or few in each cell, with a straight embryo in a little fleshy albumen. — Leaves compound : juice sour. 5. Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong : the valves not falling away. Leaflets usually obcordate. 1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL. Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in No. 2), all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth inside in fruit when they separate from the axis. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. (An old Greek name, from yepavos, a crane; the long fruit- bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.) * Rootstock perennial. 1. G. macillatum, L. (WILD CRANESBILL.) Stem erect, hairy; leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; sepals slender-pointed; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (£' long). — Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow old. * * Root biennial or annual : flowers small. 2. G. Carolinianum, L. (CAROLINA C.) Stems at first erect, dif- fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-color) petals ; carpels hairy ; seeds ovoid-oblong, very minutely reticulated. — Barren soil and waste places : common. May - Aug. — Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are hardly distinguishable from 3. G. DISSECTUM, L. ( CUT-LEAVED C.) More slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to the leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the end ; seeds short-ovoid or globular, finely and strongly reticulated. — Waste grounds, scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. G. COLUMBINUM, L. (LONG-STALKED C.) Minutely hairy, with very slender decumbent stems ; leaves 5 - 7-parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels filiform and elongated; sepals awned, about equal- ling the purple petals, enlarging after flowering ; carpels glabrous ; seeds nearly as in No. 3. — Along the Susquehanna, Lancaster Co., &c., Prof. Porter. Alexandria, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. G. PusfLLUM, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed ; sepals awnless, about as long as the (purplish) petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. G. Bobertianum, L. (HERB -ROBERT.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse; strong-scented, leaves 3-divided or pedately ^-divided, the divisions twice pinna- tifid: sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; pods wrinkled ; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines: common northward. June -Oct. (Eu.) 108 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 2. EBODIUM, L'Her. STORKSBILL. The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from epcoStds, a heron.) I. E. CICUTARIUM, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading ; leaves pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 - 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several-flowered. — New York, Pennsylvania, &c. : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. FLGERKEA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID. Sepals .3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the centre : stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia. Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary pe- duncles. (Named after Flcerke, a German botanist.) 1. F. proserpinacoides, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo- late, sometimes 2 - 3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent. 4. IMPATIENS, L. BALSAM. JEWEL-WEED. Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals ap- parently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably con- sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short : filaments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united Over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled : stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. Embryo straight : albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter- nate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, as described above, which seldom ripen seeds ; — and very small ones, which are fertilized early in the bud ; their floral envelopes never expand, nor grow to their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and carried upwards on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, Touch-me-not, or Snap-weed.) 1. I. pallida, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Floivers pale-yellow, spar- ingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil ; most common northward. July - Sept. — Larger and greener than the next, with larger flowers : a spotless variety in N. Vermont and New Hamp- shire, Miss Lumbard. 2. I. flilva, Nutt* (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers orange-color, thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering into a strongly inflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places : common, especially RUTACE^E. (RUE FAMILY.) 109 southward. June -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high: the flowers loosely panicled at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopias-shaped sepal upward. — A variety is not rare with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere of Europe in the more inflexed spur and smaller petals. Spur rarely wanting. » 5. OX AL IS, L. WOOD-SORREL. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, their bases sometimes united, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, each cell opening on the back ; the valves persistent, being fixed to the central column or axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at nightfall. Several species produce (like Impatiens) small peculiar flowers, which are precociously fertilized in the bud and are particularly fruitful ; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimorphous in the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from 6£vs, sour.) * Stemless perennials : leaves and scapes a rootstock or bulb : leaflets broadly obcor- date: flowers nearly 1' broad; cells of the pod few-seeded. 1. O. Acetos611a, L. (COMMON WOOD-SORREL.) Rootstock creeping and scaly- toothed; scope \-flowered (2' -5' high); petals white with reddish veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to Penn., L. Superior and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) 2. O. Violacea, L. (VIOLET W.) Nearly smooth; bulb scaly; scapes umbellately several-flowered (5' -9' high), longer than the leaves; petals violet. — Rocky places ; most common southward. May, June. * * Stems leafy, branching : peduncles axillary : flowers small : cells several-seeded. 3. O. Stricta, L. (YELLOW W.) Annual or perennial by running sub- terranean shoots ; stems at first erect ; stipules absent ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Copses and cultivated grounds : common. May - Sept. — Varies greatly in appearance and in the size of its flowers. 4. O. CORNICULATA, L., if in this district, and truly distinct from 0. stricta, should be known by the stipules at the base of the petioles. (Eu.) ORDER 25. RUT ACE m. (RuE FAMILY.) Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands, abound- ing with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hypogynous almost always regular 3 - 5-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals (rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com- bined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a' prolongation of the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or 110 RUTACE^E. (RUE FAMILY.) straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves al- ternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old World and the Southern hemisphere ; the PROPER RUTACEJE, represented in gardens by the Rue (Ruta graveolens, L.) and Fraxinella (Dictdmnus Fraxinella, L.) chiefly herbs, but the rest are shrubs or trees. — The Au- KANTIE^E or Orange Family, recently appended to this order, has baccate fruit, seeds without albumen, and stamens sometimes almost indefinitely numerous. — Our two indigenous genera are 1. Zautlioxylum. Flowers dioecious : ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods. 2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous : ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm. 1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Golden. PRICKLY ASH. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im- bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1 -2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from t-avdos, yellow, and £v\ov, wood: therefore more properly spelled with an initial X.) 1. Z. Americanum, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE- TREE.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5, with slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks : common north- ward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. 2. Z. Carolini&num, Lam. (SOUTHERN P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flowers in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5 ; pistils 3, with short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June. — A small tree with very sharp prickles. 2. PTELEA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli- olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.) 1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit bit- ter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable. AILANTHUS GLANDUL^SUS, Desf., called TREE OF HEAVEN, — but whose blossoms, especially the staminate ones, are redolent of anything but " airs from ANACARDIACEJE. (CASHEW FAMILY.) Ill heaven," — is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is inclining to spread from seed in Pennsylvania. It belongs to the order SIMARDBACE^:, which differs from Rutaceae in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is known by its very long pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small polygamous greenish flowers in panicles, the female producing 2-5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny samaras. (Adv. from China.) ORDER 26. ANACARDIACEJE. (CASHEW FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves, and small, oflen polygamous, regular, pentandrous flowers, with a 1- celled and 1-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the bud. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Juice or exhalations often poisonous. — Represented here only by the genus 1. RHUS, L. SUMACH. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cdtinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens) usually compound. Flowers greenish- white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name of the genus.) § 1. StlMAC, DC. Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle: fruit globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth : leaves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.) 1. R. typhina, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) Branches and stalks densely velvety -hairy ; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, rarely laciniate. — Hillsides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with or- ange-colored wood*. 2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH S.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 11- 31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. A var. has laciniate leaves. 3. R,. copallina, L. (DWARF S.) Branches and stalks downy; petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaf- lets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky hills. July. — Shrub 1° - 7° high, with running roots. § 2. TOXICODENDRON, Tourn. Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles : fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored; the stone stri- ate: leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch.) 4. R. venenata, DC. (POISON S. OR DOGWOOD.) Smooth, or nearly so; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. (R. Vernix, L.} — Swamps. June. — Shrub 6° -18° high. The most poisonous species : also called Poison Elder. 5. R. Toxieoctendron, L. (Poisox IVY. POISON OAK.) Climbing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; lea/lets 3, rhombic-ovate, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed, — or else entire, then it is R. radicans, L. — Thickets, low grounds, &c. June. 112 VITACE^:. (VINE FAMILY.) § 3. LOBADIUM, Raf. Flowers polygamo-dicecious, in clustered scaly-bracted spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves : disk ^-parted, large : fruit as in § 1, but Jlatttsh: leaves 8-foliolate. (Not poisonous.) 6. B,. aromatiea, Ait. (FRAGRANT S.) Leaves pubescent when young, thickish when old ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed, the middle one wedge-shaped at the base; flowers pale yellow. — Dry rocky soil, from Vermont westward and southward. April, May. — A straggling bush ; the crushed leaves sweet-scented. ORDER 27. VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular flowers, a -minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens as many as the valvate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-celled, usually 4- seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila- ments slender : anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma : ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous. Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo- site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c., acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera. 1. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE. Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all, filled with an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com- pound thyrsus ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin name.) § 1. VITIS proper. Petals 5, cohering at the top, separating .at the base, and so the corolla usually falls off without expanding : 5 thick glands or lobes of the disk alternating with the stamens : flowers polygamous or diozcious in all the American species, exhaling a fragrance like that of Mignonette : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, ojlen variously and variably lobed. * Leaves woolly beneath, when lobed having obtuse or rounded sinuses. 1. V. Labriisca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Branchlets and young leaves very woolly ; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ; berries large. — Moist thickets : common. June. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other varieties. 2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Young leaves downy with loose cobwebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above ; fertile panicles com- pound, long and slender : berries small, black with a bloom. — Thickets : com- mon. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in Oct. * # Leaves smooth or nearly so and bright green both sides, commonly pubescent on the veins beneath, either incisely lobed or undivided. 3. V. COrdifblia, Michx. (WINTER or FROST GRAPE.) Leaves thin, RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 113 not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob- scurely 3-lobed ; panicles compound, large and loose ; berries small, blue or black with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. RIPARIA, has the leaves broader and cut-lobed. (V. riparia, Michx.) — Thickets and river-banks : com- mon. May, June. — Flowers very sweet-scented. 4. V. VUlpina, L. (MUSCADINE or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; panicles small, densely flowered ; berries large (£'-|' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, with a thick and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. — River-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. May. — Bark of stem close, not separating in strips as in the other species. Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scuppernong Grape, &c. § 2. CtSSUS, L. Petals (5 in our species] expanding before or when they fall: disk thick and broad, usually 4 - 5-lobed : flowers commonly perfect : tendrils fewer. 5. V. indivisa, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or truncate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; style slender ; berries of the size of a pea, 1 - 3-seeded. — River- banks, West Virginia, Ohio, and southward. June. 6. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather up- right ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; flowers cymose ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary ; berries black, obovate. — Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 2. AMPEL6PSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaf- lets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from «/i7reXos, a vine, and o^is, appearance. ) 1. A. quinquef61ia, Michx. — A common woody vine, in low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk- bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in October. Also called American Ivy, and still less appropriately, Woodbine. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. ORDER 28. RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some- times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals ! Drupe or pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded in- wards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2 - 5-celled ovary. 8 114 RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons, in sparing fleshy -albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some- times dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate : stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent : the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.) * Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 1. Bercliemia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 2-celled bony putamen. 2. Kluiniiius. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the 2-4 separate seed -like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute. 3. Frangula. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back: cotyledons flat, fleshy. * * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 4. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent. 1. BERCHEMIA, Necker. SUPPLE-JACK. Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and fiat, filling the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.) 1. B. voltlbilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely serrulate ; style short. — Damp soils, Virginia, and southward. June. — As- cending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the popular name. 2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some- times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing -2 - 4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. — Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or dioecious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name, from the numerous branchlets.) # Lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4. 1. R. CATHARTICUS, L. (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely serrate; fruit 3-4-seeded; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spar- ingly naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. R. lanceol&tus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on flow- ering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seeded. Hills and river-banks, Penn. (Mercersburg, Prof. Green) to Illinois, and westward. May. — Shrub tall, not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct plants, both per- fect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short in- cluded style ; the other with the pedicels oftener solitary, the style longer and exserted. CELASTRACEJE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) H5 * * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals wanting. 3. R. alnifolius, L'Her. A low shrub, leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight-veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn., Illinois, and north- ward. June. 3. PRANGULA, Tourn. ALDER-BUCKTHORN. Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane, thick. Flowers perfect; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens almost always 5. Leaves with nearly straight parallel veins. Otherwise as in Rham- nus. (Name from frango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the stems.) 1. P. Caroliniana, Gray. Thornless shrub or small tree; leaves (3' -5' long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; flowers in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-peduncled ; drupe globose, 3-seeded. — Secaucus swamp, New Jersey, Dr. Post, W. H. Leggett, and river- banks. Virginia to Kentucky and southward. June. 4. CEANOTHUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT. Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe'. Seed as in Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower- branches : calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably misspelled.) 1. C. Americanus, L. (NEW JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or ob- long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base : common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — Stems l°-3°high from a dark red root : branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters. — The leaves were used for tea during the American Revolution ; and the manu- facture has been recently revived in Pennsylvania. 2. C. ovalis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common peduncles. — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — The white flowers larger than in No. 1, more corymbed: leaves narrower, smooth, mostly acute at both ends. ORDER 29. CELiASTRACEJE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which Jills the bottom of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. — Ovules one or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropous : styles united into one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen : cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. — Represented by two genera. 116 SAPINDACE.E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 1. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET. Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod glo- bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.) 1. C. sc£ndens, L. (WAX- WORK. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.) Twin- ing shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. 2. EU6NYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or none. Pod 3-5-lobed, 3-5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-4 in each cell, enclosed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation from eu, good, and ovopa, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.) 1. E. atropurptireus, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAAHOO.) Shrub tall (6° -14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New York to Wisconsin and southward : also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles. 2. E. Americ&nus, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Shrub low, upright or straggling (2° - 5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe ; the aril scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, S. and W. New York to Illinois and south- ward. June. Var. obov&tus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower- ing stems l°-2° high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus, Nutt.) — Low or wet places : the commoner form. ORDER 30. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) Trees, shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical and often irregular Jlowers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals both imbricated in cesti- vation ; the 5-10 stamens inserted on ajleshy (perigynous or hypogynous) disk ; a 2 - ^-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more) ovules in each cell ; and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, without albumen. — A large and diverse order, the true Sapindaceae principally tropical, here represented only by the Buckeyes. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 117 SUBORDER I. STAPHYLJEACEJE. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY. Flowers (perfect) regular : stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8 in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and sti- pellate. 1. Staphylea. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled bladdery-inflated pod. SUBORDER II. SAPINDACE^E proper (including HIPPOCASTANE^E.) Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular ; the stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo curved or convolute, rarely straight : cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound. 2. JEsculiis. Calyx 6-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod. Leaves opposite, digitate. SUBORDER in. ACERINE^E. MAPLE FAMILY. Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) small, regular, but usually unsym- metrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair' of ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1 -seeded. Albumen none. Em- bryo coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple or compound. 3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound. 4. Negundo. Flowers dicecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3 - 5 leaflets. 1. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate, inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long styles lightly cohering. Pod large, membrana- ceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; the cells containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme- like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name from orauXj7, a cluster.} 1. S. trif61ia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish striped branches. 2. JESCULTTS, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals 4, sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 118 SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary 3 -celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms a seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round pale scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous faces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule 2- leaved : radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate : leaflets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus or dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils and sterile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing tree.) § 1. JESCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when young. 1. .33. HIPPOCASTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) . Corolla spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ; leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.) 2. JE. glabra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved, longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; leaflets 5. — River- banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan and Kentucky. June. — A large tree ; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flow- ers small, not showy. § 2. PA VIA, Boerhaave. Fruit smooth : petals 4, conniving ; the 2 upper smaller and longer than the others, with a small and rounded blade on a very long claw. 3. JE. flava, Ait. ( SWEET BUCKEYE.) Stamens included in the yellow corolla; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and southward. May. A large tree or a shrub. Var. purpurascens. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with flesh- color or dull purple ; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (M. discolor, Pursh.) — From West Virginia southward and westward. 4. JE. Pavia, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the co- rolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx ; leaflets glabrous or soft- downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — A shrub or small tree. 3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted. Petals either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either perigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each : styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at length separable samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo variously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.) SAPLNDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 119 * Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens 6-8. 1. A. Pennsylvknicum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate ; the short lobes taper-pointed and also serrate; racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverging wings. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and north- ward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A small and slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood and Moose- Wood. 2. A. spicatum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN M.) Leaves downy underneath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; racemes up- right, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range as No. 1 . June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps. * * Flowers umbeUate-corymbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves. 3. A. sacch&rimim, Wang. (SUGAR or ROCK M.) Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart- shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ; wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Rich woods, especially north- ward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A large and hand- some tree. Var. nigrum. (BLACK SuGAR-M.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed. ' (A. nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form, * * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and much preceding the leaves : stamens 3-6. 4. A. dasyCcirpum, Ehrhart. (WHITE or SILVER M.) Leaves very deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers (greenish-yellow) on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with large divergent wings. — River-banks ; most common southward.and westward. March- April. — A fine ornamental tree. 5. A. rtlbrum, L. (RED or SWAMP M.) Leaves 3 - 5 lobed, with acute sinuses, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, acute, the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong; flowers (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro- longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods. April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crim- son in early autumn. 4. NEGTJNDO, Moench. ASH-LEATED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER. Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4 -5. Disk none. — Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. (Name unmeaning.) 120 POLYGALACEJS. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 1. N. aceroides, Moench. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets smoothish when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. — Eiver-banks. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. April. — A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the leaves. ORDER 31. POL.YGAL,ACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4-8 diadelphous or monadel- phous stamens, their l-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink ; the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Represented in this country only by the genus 1. POL^GALA, Tourn. MILKWORT. . Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner (called wings) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy- nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the petals, free above: anthers l-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen- dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with, a caruncle, or va- riously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low -herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted leaves, and no stipules : sometimes (as in the last two species) bearing concealed flowers next the ground, which are fertilized in the closed bud. (An old name composed of TroXvs, much, and -ydXo, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing this secretion.) § 1. Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, ivhich are dis- posed to turn greenish in drying : crest of the keel (lower petal) small : flowering all summer. 1. P. Itltea, L. Low; flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate or oblong heads (|' thick,) terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves (!'- 2' long) ob- ovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey and southward, near the coast. 2. P. rambsa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spike- like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid ; minutely hairy, twice the length of the caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nutt.) — Damp pine- barrens, Delaware and southward. (The allied P. CYM6sA, Walt., which is P. graminifolia, Poir., P. attenuata, Nutt. and P. acutifolia, Torr. $- Gray, — known by its simpler cymes, stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globu- lar seeds with no caruncle, — may occur in S. Virginia.) POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 121 § 2. Annuals, with all the leaves alternate : flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes termi- nating the stem or branches, purple or rose-color^ in summer : none subterranean. * Corolla conspicuously crested on the keel: the claws of the true petals united into a long and slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings. 3. P. incarnata, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves minute and linear-awl-shaped ; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; caruncle longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward ; rather rare. * * Corolla minutely or inconspicuously crested ; the true petals not longer but mostly shorter than the wings : seed pear-shaped. 4. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong-linear; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (4" -5" thick), bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white) ; pedicels scarcely any ; wings broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod ; the 2-parted caruncle almost equalling the seed. — Sandy and moist ground : common. 5. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched ; leaves narrowly linear, small ; spikes short and dense (3" in diameter) ; the small rose-purple flowers on pedicels of about the length of the pod; wings obovate- or oval^oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the pod ; bracts deciduous with the flowers or fruits ; caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk- like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. fr Gr., excl. syn. ; not of Nutt., nor L.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Nuttall) and Delaware to Kentucky and southward. 6. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gr. (Fl. I, p. 670, excl. syn. & descr.) Resembles the last, but usually lower ; spikes more cylindrical ; flowers duller or greenish purple, on shorter pedicels ; the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after the flowers or fruits fall ; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller. (P. sanguinea, Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &c., Pluk. t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. fr Gr. FL, not of Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of Massachusetts to Kentucky and south- ward. — Spike sometimes rather loose. 7. P. Curtissii, n. sp. Slender (9' high) ; leaves, &c., as in the two pre- ceding ; flowers rose-purple, in elongated and loose racemes ; the ascending pedicels and the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice the length of the pod; bracts persistent, those of the lower and remoter flowers foliaceous ; caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at the broader end. — Near Alexandria, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss. — Most related to P. Chapmanii of Florida. § 3. Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours, sometimes in Jives : spikes terminating the stem and branches ; fl. summer and autumn. * Spikes short and thick (4" - 9" in diameter ; the axis rough with the squarrose bracts persisting after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers : crest of the keel small. 8. P. cruciata, L. Stems (3'-10' high) almost winged at the angles, with spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some- what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearly so, wings broadly deltoid- ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point, or rarely pointless ; caruncle 122 POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south- ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. 9. P. brevifblia, Nutt. Bather slender, branched above ; leaves scattered on the branches, narrower; spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mucronate. — Margin of sandy bogs, Rhode Island ( Olney), New Jersey, and southward. Too near the last. * * Spikes slender (about 2" thick), the bracts falling with the flowers, which are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel larger. 10. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6' -10' high), much branched; stem- leaves all whorled, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute ; spikes peduncled, dense, acute; wings round, clawed; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil : common. 11. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched ; lowest stem-leaves in fours, the rest scattered; spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered; wings oval; caruncle shorter; otherwise nearly as in No. 10, — of which it is probably a mere variety. — Dry soil, from New York and Pennsylvania southward. § 4. Perennial, with alternate leaves throughout, and white Jlowers in a solitary close spike : no subterranean blossoms. 12. P. Senega, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from thick and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (6' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with rough margins ; flowers almost sessile ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. Var. Iatif61ia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2' -4' long, tapering to each end. — Maryland to Kentucky. § 5. Biennials and perennials, with showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested Jlowers ; also bearing colorless and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, fertilized in the bud, on subterranean branches. 13. P. pol^gama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate ; terminal raceme many flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than the keel ; stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short runners beneath the ground ; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil ; common eastward. July. 14. P. paucif61ia, Willd. Perennial; flowering stems short (3' -4' high), rising from long and slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered : the upper leaves ovate, petioled, crowded at the summit of the stem; powers 1 -3, large, pe- duncled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed. — Woods, in light soil, especially northward, extending southward along the Al- leghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very handsome flowers, 9" long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering Winter- green, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA. LEGUMINOSJ2. (PULSE FAMILY.) 123 ORDER 32. LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 and sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly without albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e. next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in northern tem- perate regions belong to the first of the three suborders it comprises. SUBORDER I. PAPILJONACEJE. PROPER PULSE FAMILY. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla peri- gynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous, i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the wings, oblique and exterior to the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or keel, from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set in a tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1 -celled, some- times 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2 - many-celled by cross-division into joints : style simple : ovules amphitro- pous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish: radicle incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in ger- mination usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite entire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles. A. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Tribe I. GENISTE.&J. Shrubs or herbs, never climbing, with simple or palmately com- pound leaves, and peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Stamens monadelphoua : an- thers of two forma. Pod continuous. 1. Lnpinns. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Pod flat. 2. Crotalaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple. 3. Genista. Keel straight, deflexed. Pod usually flat. Leaves simple. Tribe II. TRIFOL.IE JE. Herbs, not climbing, with 3 - (rarely 5 - 7-) foliolate leaves, the veinlets of the leaflets often running into minute te"eth, and the stipules united with the base of the petiole. Peduncles axillary. Stamens diadelphous : anthers uniform. Pod small and 1- few-seeded, or coiled. 4. Trifolinm. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaeeous, 1 - 6-seeded. Petals adherent to the stamen-tube. 5. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. 6. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spifced. Pods curved or coiled, 1 - few-seeded. 124 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) Tribe III. G ALEGE^. Herbs or woody plants (twining only in No. 12), not tendril- bearing, with piunate or sometimes palmately compound leaves. Stamens diadelphous of rarely monadelphous : anthers uniform (or the 5 alternate ones sometimes smaller in No. 7). Pod continuous, at least not transversely jointed. * PSORALIEJ2. Glandular-dotted shrubs or herbs. Ovary 1-3 ovuled ; the legume small and indehiscent, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. 7. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, hah* of the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves 3 - 5-foliolate. 8. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. Leaves pinnate. 9. Petalostemon. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, monadelphous; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Leaves pinnate. 10. Amorplia. Corolla of only one petal ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaves pinnate. * * TEPHROSIE^!. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Ovary several - many-oyuled : pod flattened, several-seeded, 2-valved. Leaves pinnate. Standard large and broad. 11. Robinia. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate. 12. Wistaria. Wings free from the keel. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners -. leaflets obscurely stipellate. 13. Tephrosia. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs : leaflets not Btipellate. * * * ASTRAGALE.3E. Chiefly herbs, with pinnate leaves and axillary racemes or spikes. Pod mostly turgid or inflated. Style beardless. Standard narrow, erect. 14. Astragalus. Anthers distinctly 2-celled. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp ap- pendage. Pod turgid, with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two. 15 Oxy tropis. Keel of the corolla tipped with a point : otherwise as Astragalus. 16. Glycyrrhiza. Anthers with the two cells confluent. Pod short, few-seeded, nearly indehiscent, glandular-prickly. Tribe IV. HEDYSAREJE. Herbs, with pinnate or pinnately 1 - 3-foliolate leaves, not tendril-bearing. Anthers uniform, except in No. 21. Pod (loment) transversely 2 - sev- eral-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or sometimes reduced to one such joint. * Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. 17. JEschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- jointed : joints square. 18. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several- jointed : joints roundish. * * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. 19. Desmoclium. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete Leaflets stipellate. 20. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow- ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 21. Stylosantb.es. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Calyx deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate. Tribe V. VICIE^E. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, usually climbing, the common leafstalk continued into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. Stamens chiefly diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 2-valved, few - several-seeded. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. 22. Vicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex. 23. Lathy rus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded down the inner face. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 125 Tribe VI. PHASEOLE^E. Twining or sometimes only trailing plants (herbs in tem- perate regions), with pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or 5 - 7-) foliolate leaves, commonly stipellate. Peduncles or flowers axillary ; the pedicels usually clustered on the thickened nodes of the raceme. Anthers uniform. Pod continuous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick, and rising above ground little changed in germination, or sometimes becoming foliaceous. * Leaves pinnate. J2. Wistaria. Woody twiner : leaflets 9 -13. Keel barely incurved, obtuse. * 24. Apios. Herbaceous twiuer : leaflets 5-7. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled. * * Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow. 25. Pliaseolus. Keel strongly incurved or coiled: standard recurved-spreading. Style bearded lengthwise. 26. Cent i osema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base : keel broad, merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma. 27. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless : keel scythe-shaped. Style bearded down the inner face. 28. Amphicarpaea. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Standard erect : keel almost straight. Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flow«rs next the ground. 29. G.alactia. Calyx 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous. * * * Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow. 30. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4 - 6-parted. Pod short B. Stamens all separate. Tribe VII. SOPHORE^ and PODALYRIE^. Stamens 10, distinct; the co- rolla being truly papilionaceous. 31. Baptisia. Calyx 4 -5-lobed. Pod inflated. Herbs: leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple. 32. Cladrastis. Calyx 5-toothed. Pod very flat. Tree, with pinnate leaves. SUBORDER II. C,ESAL,PINIE^E. BRASILETTO FAMILY. Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu- lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight. * Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. 33. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. 34. Cassia. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. * * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dioecious. 35. Gymnocladus. Tree : leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its sum- mit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10. 36. Gleditschia. Trees thorny: leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short; its lobes, petals, and stamens 3-5. SUBORDER III. MIMOSE2E. MIMOSA FAMILY. Flower regular. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4 - 5-lobed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Embryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate. 37. Desmantb-us. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod smooth. . 38. Sdiranlcia. Petals united below into a pup. Stamens 8 or 10.' Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections. 126 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 1. LUPIN ITS, Tourn. LUPINE. Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe- shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter- nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric- tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately l-15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 1. L. per6nnis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Perennial, somewhat hairy ; stem erect (l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long raceme; pods very hairy. — Sandy soil : common. May, June. — Flowers showy, purplish- blue, rarely pale. 2. CROTALARIA, L. BATTLE-BOX. Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe- shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from KporaAoi/, a rattle; the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) 1. C. sagitt&lis, L. Annual, hairy (3' - 6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong- lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than the calyx. — Sandy soil, Mass, to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and south- ward. July. 3. GENISTA, L. Wo AD-WAXEN. WHIN. Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading: keel oblong, straight, deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.) 1. G. TINCT6RIA, L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with striate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. — Eastern New York and Massachusetts, especially Essex Co., where it is thor- oughly established on sterile hills. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. TRIFOLIUM, L. CLOVER. TREFOIL. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering or persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube : keel short and obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 - 6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pin- nately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the petiole. Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and. folium, a leaf.) * Flowers sessile in dense heads: corolla purple or purplish, withering away after flowering, tubular below ; the petals more or less coherent with each other. LEGCMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 127 H- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla : root annual. 1. T. ARVENSE, L. (RABBIT-FOOT or STONE CLOVER.) Silky, branch- ing (5' -10' high); leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-silky and grayish, oblong or cylindrical. — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) -•- •«- Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose- purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Short-lived perennials : flowers sweet-scented.) 2. T. PRATENSE, L. (RED C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a pale spot; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. — Fields and mead- ows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. T. MEDIUM, L. (ZIGZAG C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; lea/lets oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple, otherwise too like the last. — Dry hills, E. Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) # # Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short pedi- cels reflexed when old : corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turn- ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short. 4. T. refl6xum, L. (BUFFALO C.) Annual or biennial ; stems ascending, downy ; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate ; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3-5-seeded. — Western New York (rare) to Illinois and south- ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and keel whitish. 5. T. Stolonifemm, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-C.) Smooth, peren- nial; stems with long runners from the base; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely toothed ; heads loose ; pods 2-seeded. — Open woodlands and prairies, Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple. Probably a variety of the last 6. T. ripens, L. (WHITE C.) Smooth, perennial; the slender stems spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very long ; heads small and loose ; calyx much shorter than the white corolla ; pods about 4-seeded. — Fields and copses, everywhere. Here probably introduced, but indigenous northward. 7. T. Carolini&num, Michx. (CAROLINA C.) Somewhat pubescent small perennial, procumbent, in tufts ; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ;. stipules ovate, foliaceous ; heads small on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth lance- olate nearly equalling the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. — Nat. from Southern States in waste grounds below Philadelphia ( C. E. Smith) ; probably wild in S. Virginia. May. * * * Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old : corolla yellow, per- sistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood- shaped: annuals, fl. in summer. 7. T. AGR\RIUM, L. (YELLOW or Hop-C.) Smoothish, somewhat up- right (6'- 12' high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point (palmate) and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 128 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 8. T. PROCUMBENS, L. (Low Hop-C.) Stems spreading or ascending, pubescent (3' -6' high) ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end; the lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. — Sandy fields and roadsides, New England to Virginia. Also var. MINUS (T. minus, Relhan), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. With the other; also Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER. Flowers much as in Clover, but in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 -2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from /ic'Xt, honey, and Atoros, some leguminous plant.) 1. M. OFFICINALIS, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2° -4° high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse ; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of equal length. — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white; the standard longer than the other petals. (M. leucantha, Koch.) — In similar places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. MEDICAGO, L. MEDICK. Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in- curved, of variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut. (MrjdiKT), the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) 1. M. SATIVA, L. (LUCERNE.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. — Cultivated for green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. LUPULINA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pu- bescent, annual ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers in short spikes (yellow) ; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded. — Waste places. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. M. MACUL\TA, Willd. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procum- bent annual, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, mi- nutely toothed; peduncles 3-5-flowered; flowers yellow; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of curved prickles. — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. M. DENTICULATA, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral, deeply reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge : otherwise like the last ; in similar places, eastward. (Adv. from Eu.) 7. PSORALEA, L. PSORALEA. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c.) with glandular dots or points. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 129 Leaves mostly 3 - 5-foliolate. Flowers spited or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, \J/-o>paXeos, scurfy, from the glands or dots.) # Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 1. P. On6brychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect (3° -5° high) ; tea/lets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3' long) ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped; racemes elongated; peduncle shorter than the leaves; pods rough- ened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July. 2. P. stipulata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif- fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on rather short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls of the Ohio, Kentucky. June, July. 3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan- dular; stems erect (l°-2°high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate, taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, Ell.) — Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June. * * Leaves palmately 3 - 5-foliolate. 4. P. floribtinda, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2°- 4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young ; leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong (£'-!£' long), glandular-dotted; racemes panicled; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute ; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and south- westward. June - Sept. — Flowers 2" or 3" long. 5. P. argoph^lla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes interrupted; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, N. Wisconsin, and westward. June. — Flowers 4" - 5" long. 6. ^P. esculenta, Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout (5' -15' high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root ; leaflets 5, obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled ; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (£' long). — High plains, N. W. Wisconsin, Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c., and westward. June. The POMME BLANCHE, or POMME DE PRAIRIE, of the Voyageurs. 8. DALE A, L. DALEA. Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1-seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less glan- dular-dotted with minute stipules ; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. (Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.) 1. D. alopeCUTOides, Willd. Erect annual (l°-2° high), glabrous, except the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike ; leaves pinnate, of many linear-oblong leaflets ; corolla whitish. — Alluvial soil, Illinois and southward. July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.) 130 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 9. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread- shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Chiefly perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, al- luding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) 1. P. Violaceus, Michx. Smoothish: leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer than the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Minnesota and southward. July. 2. P. candidus, Michx. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-ob- long ; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — With No. 1. July. 3. P. villdsus, Nutt. Soft-downy or silky all over; leaflets 13-17, linear or oblong, small (4" - 5" long) ; spikes cylindrical ( 1' - 5' long), short-peduncled, soft-villous ; corolla rose-color. — N. Wisconsin (LakePepin, &c. T.J.Hale) and westward. 10. AMOBPHA, L. FALSE INDIGO. Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals en- tirely wanting !) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, monadel- phous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves ; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet O£ pur- ple ; crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, apopcfrn, wanting form, from the absence of four of the petals.) 1. A. fruticbsa, L. (FALSE INDIGO.) Rather pubescent or smoothish; leaflets 8 -12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks S. Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable. 2. A. can6scens, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) Low (l°-3° high), whitened with hoary down ; leaflets 15-25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, smoothish above with age ; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, Michigan to Wiscon- sin and southwestward. July. — Supposed to indicate lead-ore. 11. ROBtNIA, L. LOCUST-TREE. Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2- valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd- pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. (Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe. ) LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 131 1. R. Pseudaeacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST or FALSE ACACIA.) Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. — S. Penn- sylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree, and for its valuable timber : naturalized in many places. June. 2. R. viscbsa, Vent. (CLAMMY L.) Branchlets and leafstalks clammy; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous ; pod glandular-hispid. — Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like the last, a smaller tree. June. 3. R. hispida, L. (BRISTLY L. or ROSE ACACIA.) Branchlets and stalks bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. — Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ; also with smaller flowers, &c. — Mountains of Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May, June. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. 12. WISTARIA, Nutt. WISTAEIA. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens di- adelphous. Pod elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds large. — Woody twiners, climbing high, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9- 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia.) 1. W. frut^SCens, DC. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the corolla with one short auricle and an awl- shaped one as long as the claw. (W. speciosa, Nutt.) — Alluvial grounds, W. Virginia to Illinois and southward. May. — Sometimes cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese species. 13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. HOARY PEA. Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from re^pds, ash-colored or hoary.) 1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (GOAT'S HUE. CATGUT.) Silky-villous with whitish hairs when young ; stem erect and simple (l°-2° high), leafy to the top ; leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi- nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry sandy soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. 2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved; leaflets 9-15, obovate or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers few, in a loose interrupted very long- peduncled spike, reddish. — Dry soil, Delaware and southward. July. 3. T. hispidula, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute and appressed pubescence ; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently branched, 132 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) straggling ; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and oblance- olate; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2 - ^-flowered ; flowers reddish-purple. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 14. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK-VETCH. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard narrow, equal- ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Sta- mens diadelphous. Stigma minute, terminal. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone; but the connection between the two is past all guess.) § 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, not stalked in the calyx, 2-celkd, indehiscent, or tardily separable into 2 closed portions : stems low, decumbent or ascending : leaflets numerous. 1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely ap- pressed-pubescent ; leaflets narrowly oblong ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme : corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about §' in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. Upper Mis- sissippi River, thence westward and southward. May. 2. A. Mexicanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10" -12" long); calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit globular, very ob- tuse and pointless, 1' or more in diameter: otherwise like the last: the unripe fruits of both resemble green plums, — whence the popular name, — and are eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open plains, from Illinois opposite St. Louis westward and southward. 3. A. Platt6nsis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets oblong, often glabrous above ; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head, cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple ; fruit ovate, pointed, and with the calyx villous, — invar. TENNESSEENSIS (A. Tennesseensis, Gray, in Chapm. S. FL ) oblong and slightly curved, much less fleshy and thick than in the preceding. — Gravelly or sandy banks of Illinois River ( Vasey, Slosson, Bebb], thence south- ward and westward. May. § 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, more or less thin-walled, turgid, not stalked in the calyx, completely ^-celled only in No. 4. 4. A. Canad6nsis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4°high), somewhat pubes- cent ; leaflets 21 - 27, oblong ; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in long and close spikes ; pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, small, completely ^-celled. — River- banks : common from N. New York westward and southward. July - Aug. 5. A. Cobperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (l°-2° high); leaflets 11- 21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary under- neath; flowers white, rather numerous in a short spike; pods inflated-ovoid (al- most 1' long), thin-walled, one-celled, the dorsal suture slightly, the ventral more decidedly projecting inwards. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. fr Gray. Now named for LEGUMINOS^:. (PULSE FAMILY.) 133 the discoverer, the late Wm. Cooper, there being already an A. neglectus.) — Gravelly shores, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July. 6. A. dist6rtUS, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the base, smoothish ; leaflets 1 1 - 23, oblong or obovate ; flowers purplish vc violet, 10-20 in a short spike ; the standard deeply notched at the summit ; pods oblong, turgid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-celled. — Mason Co., Illinois, Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.) § 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, thin-walled, small, stalked in the calyx (stipitate), and with it more or less pubescent with fine blackish hairs, hanging on short pedicels : ra- ceme short, rather many-flowered, long-peduncled : leaflets oval or oblong. 7. A. alpinus, L. Smooth or slightly hairy ; stem diffuse, 6' to 12' high; leaflets 13-25; cwolla violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue (5" -6" long) ; pods black-hairy, oblong, deeply grooved on the back and partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, its stipe usually rather exceeding the calyx. — Rocks and banks, Northern Vermont (Willoughby Mountain', J. Blake) and Maine (Dr. Scammon, G. L. Goodale), and north- ward. June, July. (Eu.) 8. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender; leaflets 7- 11 ; corolla white (4" long) ; calyx-teeth short; pods oblong, flattish (£' long), membranaceous, almost glabrous, the base suddenly contracted into a stipe about equalling the calyx, one-celled, a thin membrane slightly projecting from the dorsal suture. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes. ) — Rocky ledges of Onion River, at Colchester, Vermont, Dr. Bobbins (1829) : the station now obliterated. May. 15. OXTTTBOPIS, DC. OXYTROPIS. Keel of the corolla tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage : other- wise as in Astragalus. Pod often partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture. — Our species, and most others, are low, nearly acaulescent pe^nnials, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules ; pinnate leaves of many leaflets ; and naked scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name indicates the peculiarity of the flower, from o£vs, sharp, and rpoTris, keel.) 1. O. campdstris, DC. Pubescent or smoothish; leaflets lanceolate or oblong : flowers yellowish or white, often tinged or tipped with purple or violet- blue ; pods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or papery texture. — Northern border of Maine, on the St. John's, near Seven Isles, G. L. Goodale, and north- ward. July. (Eu.) 2. O. Lamb^rti, Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs ; leaflets mostly linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; pods cartilaginous or firm coriaceous in texture, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lanceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture. — Dry plains, Minnesota and westward. June. 16. GLYCYRRHIZA, Tourn. LIQUOEICB. Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con- fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, com- 134 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY). pressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely de- hiscent, few-seeded. The flower, &c., otherwise as in Astragalus. — Long peren- nial root sweet (whence the name, from -yXv/cus, sweet, and /5i'£a, root) ; herbage glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules ; flowers in axillary spikes, white or bluish. 1. G. Iepid6ta, Nutt. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Tall (2° -3° high); leaf- lets 15-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled, short ; flowers whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale. — Vicinity of Buffalo, New York, on the sands of the shore, probably drifted from its native northwest regions ; but per- fectly established, G. W. Clinton. 17. -SJSCHYNOMENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT- VETCH. Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish : keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com- posed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev- eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name, from ala-xvvo^fvrj, being ashamed). 1. JE. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual ; leaflets 37-51, lin- ear ; racemes few-flowered ; pod stalked, 6 - 10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn. and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish externally. 18. HEDYSARTJM, Tourn. HEDTSARUM. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- phous, 5 & 1 . Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round- ish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs: leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of rjdvs, sweet, and apa>/ict, smell.) 1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla- brous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed pur- ple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, reticulated. — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, A. Wood, &c. St. John's River, Maine, G. L. Goodale. Also northward. 19. DESMODIUM, DC. TICK-TREFOIL. Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans- verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 135 bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from Sea-pos, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of the pods.) § 1. Pod raised on a stalk within the calyx (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straiyhtish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on the back: stamens monadelphous below: plants nearly glabrous: stems erect or ascending: raceme terminal, panicled : stipules bristle-form, deciduous. 1. D. nudifldrum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of sterile stems; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated on an ascend- ing mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods : common. 2. D. acuminatum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper- pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4' -5' long). — Rich woods. 3. D. pauci£L6mm, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8' -15' high) ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath; raceme few- flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. § 2. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe] little if not all surpassing the deeply-cleft calyx : stems long and prostrate or decumbent : racemes axillary and terminal. * Stipules conspicuous, ovate, taper-pointed, striate, persistent : racemes mostly simple. 4. D. rotundifblium, DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate; leaflets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers purple ; pods almost equally sinuate on both edges, 3 - 5-jointed ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods : rather common. Var. glabratum : almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordinary form. (Hedysarum humifusum, Muhl. in part, Bigel., &c.) — Mass., New York, &c. 5. D. OChroleilCUm, M.A.Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, decumbent ; leaf- lets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated ^beneath, the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting; racemes much elongated; corolla whitish ; pods twisted, 2 - 4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and reticulated but the margins downy. (Perhaps Muhlenberg's H. humifusum from "Carolina.") — Woodlands, Maryland ( W. M. Canby) and southward. * * Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent : racemes panicled. 6. D. humiftlSUm, Beck (as to syn.). Glabrous or nearly so, procum- bent ; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two preceding (U'-2' long) ; corolla purple; pods 2 -4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhom- boid joints minutely scabrous throughout. (Hedysarum humifusum, Muhl. Fl. Lancast. herb., ex Canby.) — Dry sandy soil (Lancaster, Penn., Muhlenberg), Salisbury, Maryland, W. M. Canby. § 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx: racemes panicled. * Stems tall (3° -5°) and erect; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed : pods of 4 — 7 unequal- sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about £' long. (Flowers rather large.) 7. D. candscens, DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides 136 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) f roughish with a close fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very adhesive. — Moist grounds, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and southward, chiefly westward. — Branches clothed with both minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather glutinous hairs. 8. D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth except the panicle ; stem straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than the petiole (3'- 5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets : common. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules f ' long. * * Stems (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small and inconspicuous : pods of 3 — 5 triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal- sided rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, % or less in length. (Flow- ers middle-sized. ) 9. D. l86Vigatuni, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout : stem straight ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); panicles minutely rough- pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward. 10. D. viridiflbrum, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit; leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. 11. D. Dill&nii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent ; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and flnely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3' long). — Open woodlands : common. 12. D. paniculatum, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender, tall ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3' -5' long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. 13. D. Strictum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2° -3° high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth (l'-2' long, £' wide) ; joints of the pod 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). — Pine woods of New .Jersey, and southward. # # * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, l^"-2^" long. ••- Stems erect: bracts before flowering conspicuous : racemes densely flowered. 14. D. Canadense, DC. Stem hairy (3° - 6° high) ; leaflets oblong-lance- olate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer than the petiole (1^-3' long); flowers showy, larger than in any other species (£'-£' l°ng)- — Dry, rich woods: common, especially northward. 15. D. sessilifdlium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high); leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the panicle long ; flowers small. — Copses, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois and southward. -«--t- Stems ascending (l°-3° high): bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated and loosely flowered: flowers small. 16. D. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer thd" the petiole. — Dry hillsides, Mass, to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. — In- termediate, as it were, between No. 17 and No. 11. LEGUMINOS^:. (PULSE FAMILY.) 137 17. D. Ciliare, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent ; leaves crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath (£'-!' long). — Dry hills and sandy fields: common, especially southward. 18. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender; leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole : otherwise resembling the preceding. (D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses : common. H--«-I- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered. 19. D. lineatum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets orbicular, smoothish (£'-!' long), much longer than the petiole; pod scarcely stalked in the calyx. — Dry soil, Maryland ( W. M. Canby), Virginia and southward. 20. LESPEDEZA, Mich.* BUSH-CLOVER. Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1 -seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. — Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts minute. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.) * Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled or clustered ; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones inter- mixed, or in subsessile little clusters. 1. L. procumbens, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, /mostly simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil : commonest southward. — The apetalous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles. 2. L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (£' long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil, S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last. 3. L. violacea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets vary- ing from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed pubes- cence; peduncles or dusters few-flowered ; pods ovate. — The principal varieties are, 1. DIVERGENS, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled flowers; this runs into, 2. SESSILIFI^RA, with the flowers principally on peduncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered; and a more distinct form is 3. ANGUSTI- F6LIA, with closely clustered flowers on straight branches, crowded leaves, and narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — Dry copses : com- mon. — Pods ripening from bcth sorts of flowers. 4. L. Sttivei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, bushy, downy; leaflets oval or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white- woolly beneath (and some- times above) ; clusters many-flowered, crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills, and sand, Plymouth, Mass, to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear- ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5. 138 LEGUMINOS^E. (PDLSE FAMILY.) # # Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream- • color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx : stems upright, wand-like (2° -4° high). 5. L. hirta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves; petioles slender; leaflets roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather loose ; pods nearly as long as the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx.) — Dry hillsides. 6. L. capitata, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short ; stems rigid, woolly ; leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; spikes or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of all in var. ANGUSTir6LiA : slender; leaflets linear; peduncles sometimes elongated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found near the coast and southward. , 21. STYLOSAJ^THES, Swartz. PENCIL-FLOWER. Calyx early deciduous ; the tube slender and stalk-like ; the limb unequally 4-5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube : standard orbicular : keel incurved. Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its upper part falling off after flower- ing, the lower part incurved or hooked, and persistent on the apex of the 1 - 2-jointed small and short reticulated pod, the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no stipels, and small, yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name composed of oru'Xos, a column, and avdos, a flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.) 1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight- veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island, New York, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Oct. 22. VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TAKE. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest longer. "Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 & 1 ) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. Style fili- form, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2 - several-seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or pedun- cles axillary. (The classical Latin name.) * Annual : flowers 1-2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple. 1. V. SATIVA, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent; stem simple ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several -seeded. — Cultivated fields and waste places ; both the common form and the var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, which has longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 139 * * Annual, slender: peduncles elongated: flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.) 2. V. TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, linear- oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; corolla whitish ; pods narrowly oblong, 4- seeded, smooth. — Waste or open places, near the coast. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. V. HiRStfTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - 6-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun- cate ; calyx-teeth equal ; corolla bluish ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. — Massa- chusetts to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Perennial: peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth unequal: pod several-seeded. 4. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent ; leaflets 20 - 24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. — Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward : rather rare. July. — Flowers blue, turning purple, 6" long, one-sided in the spike, reflexed. (Eu.) 5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-24, oblong, obtuse, scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. — River- banks, &c. May. — Flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue. 6. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate- oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4-8-flowered. — Moist soil, New York to Kentucky and northward. June. —Flowers purplish, 8" long. 23. LATHYRUS, L. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA. Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (Adtfvpoy, a leguminous plant of Theo- phrastus. ) — Our species are perennial and mostly smooth plants. 1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stem stout (1° high) ; leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate ; stipules broadly halberd-sJiaped, nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6-10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June -Aug. — Flowers large, purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also in the other species. (Eu.) 2. L. ven6sus, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° -5° high) ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen- der, half arrow-shaped, rarely larger and broader ; peduncles many-flowered ; corolla purple. — Shady banks, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 3. L. OChroleUGUS, Hook. Stem slender (l°-3° high); leaflets 3-4 pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7- 10-flowered; corolla yellowish-white, smaller than in the last. — Hillsides, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. July. 4. L. pallistris, L. (MARSH VETCHLING.) Stem slender (1°- 2° high), often winged-margined ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly ob- long, mucronate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, sharp- pointed at both ends ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; corolla blue-purple. — Moist places, N. England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.) Var. myrtifblius. Taller, climbing 2° - 4° high ; leaflets oblong or ovate- 140 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) elliptical ; upper stipules much larger : corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius, Muhl.) — W. New England to Virginia and northward, July. — Ordinarily appears quite distinct from L. palustris ; but intermediate specimens occur. 5. L. PRATENSIS, L. Low and straggling ; leaflets a single pair, narrow- lanceolate ; stipules large ; peduncles several-flowered ; corolla yellow. — Spon- taneous and abundant along the Connecticut at West Springfield, Mass., A. P. Foster. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 24. API OS, Boerhaave. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the long scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb (with some milky juice !), bearing edible tubers on underground shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, ob- scurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes. (Name from airiov, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 1. A. tuberbsa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios, L.) — Low grounds ; common. Aug. - Sept. — Flowers brown purple, or chocolate-color, violet-scented. 25. PHASEOLUS, L. KIDNEY BEAN. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or curved into a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded along the upper side : stigma oblique or lateral. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twining or prostrate herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers often clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.) * Pods scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, panicled. 1. P. perdnnis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high from a per- ennial root; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4-5-seeded. — Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. — Flow- ers purple, handsome, but small. * * Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete : flowers few in a short clustered and long-peduncled raceme. (Strophdstyles, Ell.) 2. P. diversifdlius, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough- hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong- ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy fields and banks, coast of Massachusetts and along the Great Lakes to Illinois and southward. — Corolla greenish-white, tinged with red or purple. Pod thickish. 3. P. h^lvolus, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets ovate or oblong, entire or obscurely angled ; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves. — Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. — More slender than the last : pods narrower : flowers as large and similar. LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 141 * * Pods straight and linear, fiat : peduncles short, 1 -few-flowered at the summit : flowers small : keel less incurved. 4. P. paucifibrus, Benth. Annual ; stems diffuse, but twining, slender, pubescent ; leaflets varying from oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear. (P. leiospermus, Torr. $- Gr.) — River-banks, Illinois (Mead) and southwest- ward. July - Sept. — Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent. 26. CENTBOSEMA, DC. SPURRED BUTTERFLY-PEA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the spreading standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base : keel broad. Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with the awl- shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining perennials, with 3-folidlate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from /teVrpoi/, a spur, and o-^/xa, the standard. ) 1. C. Virginianum, Benth. Bather rough with minute hairs; leaflets varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun- cles 1 -4-flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped. — Sandy woods, from Mary- land southward. July. — Corolla 1 ' long, violet. Pods straight, 4y - 5' long. 27. CLITOBIA, L. BUTTERFLY-PEA. Cajyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back : keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.) 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; peduncles short, 1 - 3-flowered. — Dry banks, E. New York to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ; the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long. 28. AMPHICABPJ3A, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT. Flowers of 2 kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed : bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals similar, almost straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia- delphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-^haped, 3 - 4-seeded ; of the lower ones commonly subterranean, obo- vate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but one large seed. — Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small, in clus- 142 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) tered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasp- ing, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from dpty, both, and Kapnos, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of pods.) 1. A. mon6ica, Nutt. Kacemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood- lands. Aug., Sept. 29. GALACTIA, P.Browne. MILK-PEA. Calyx 4-cleft ; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or de- formed).— Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish ; in summer. (Name from yaXa, -O.KTOS, milk; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is unlikely.) 1 . G. glabella, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowered ; pods somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York, New Jersey and Penn. to Virginia and southward. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple. 2. G. mollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and leaves beneath soft-downy and hoary ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered ; pods very downy. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July. 30. BHYWCHOSIA, Lour., DC. RHYNCHOSIA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or in- curved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded, short and flat, 2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnatelv 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. (Name from pvvx*os, a beak, from the shape of the keel.) 1. E.. toment6sa, Torr. &Gray. More or less downy ; leaflets roundish ; racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable : or perhaps the following are distinct species. Var. monoph^lla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' - 6' high) ; leaves mostly of one round leaflet 1' - 2' wide. (R. renifdrmis, DC.} — Virginia and southward, in dry sandy soil. — Flowers earlier than the following. Var. VOltlbilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy ; leaflets 3, roundish ; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. (R. diffdrmis, DC.) — S. Virginia and southward. Var. er6cta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets 3, oval or oblong. (R. erecta, DC.) — Maryland and southward. 31. BAPTISIA, Vent. FALSE INDIGO. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed : keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 143 Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many- seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from /3a7rri£a>, to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a poor indigo. ) 1. B. tinctbria, R. Br. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender (2° -3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets rounded wedge-obovate (I' long) ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduou» ; racemes few-flowered, terminat- ing the bushy branches ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. — Sandy dry soil : common. June- Aug. — Corolla yellow, £' long. 2. B. australis, R. Br. (BLUE FALSE-INDIGO.) Smooth, tall and stout (4° -5°); leaflets oblong- wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (1° - 2°) and many-flowered, erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, from Pennsylvania westward and southward : often cultivated. June. — Flow- ers 1' long, indigo-blue. Pods 2' - 3; long. 3. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as in the foregoing ; stipules early deciduous ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Flowers white ; the standard short. Pods 2' long. 4. B. alba, R. Br. Smooth (l°-3° high) ; the branches slender and widely spreading; petioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaflets ob- long or oblanceolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods linear- oblong (!'-!£' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. May, June. — Flowers white, 6" - 9{' long. 5. B. leucophsea, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedi- cels ; pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — Raceme often 1°, pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length. 32. CLADBASTIS, Raf. YELLOW-WOOD. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed : the distinct keel-petals and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct: filaments slender, incurved above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6- seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small and handsome tree, with yellow wood, smooth bark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7- 11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes (10" -20" long) of showy white flowers drooping from the end of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, and enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name of obscure derivation.) 1. C. tinctbria, Raf. (Virgflia lutea, Michx.f.) Rich hillsides, E. Ken- tucky and southward along the western base of the Alleghanies. May, June. 33. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller than the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-petals larger and not 144 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded- heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel- like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.) 1. C. Canadensis, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed ; pods nearly sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. March - May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller than in the European species. 34. CASSIA, L. SENNA. Sepals 5, scarcely united at the base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.) * Leaflets large: stipules deciduous : the 3 upper anthers deformed and imperfect: flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panided : herbage glabrous. 1. C. Marilandica, L. (WiLD SENNA.) Leaflets 6 -9 pairs, lanceolate- oblong, obtuse; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; pods linear, slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2' -4') ; root perennial. — Alluvial soil. July. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the ofiicinal Senna. 2. C. OCCIDENTA.LIS, L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole ; pods long-linear (5' long) with a tumid border, glabrous. — Virginia and southward. Aug. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 3. C. Obtusif61ia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slender, 6' long, curved; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio Biver, Illinois (Dr. Vasey), S. Virginia and southward. * * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules striate, persistent : a cup- shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets: anthers all perfect: flowers in small clusters above the axils: pods flat: root annual. 4. C. Chamsecrista, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Leaflets 10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base; flowers (large) on slender pedicels; anthers 10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) style slender. — Sandy fields: common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, 1° long : 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the base. 5. C. nictitans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong-linear ; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly equal; style short. — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to Illinois and south- ward. Aug. - Sept. 35. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Flowers dio3cious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Sta- LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 145 mens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves; the leaflets standing vertically. — Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. (Name from yvp.vos, naked, and K\ddos, a branch, alluding to the stout branches desti- tute of spray.) 1. G. Canad6nsis, Lam. Rich woods, along rivers, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, with several large partial leafstalks bearing 7 -13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod 6'- 10' long, 2' broad ; the seeds over £' across. Stipules wanting. 36. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST. Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Sta- mens 3-10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pin- nate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of J. G. Gleditsch, a botanist contemporary with Linnaeus.) 1. G. triacanthos, L. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY-LOCUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat ser- rate; pods linear, elongated (1°- l£° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Virginia, Illinois, and southwest- ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges. 2. G. monosp6rma, Walt. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender, mostly simple; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps, Illinois and southwestward. July. — A small tree. 37. DESMANTHUS, Willd. DESMANTHUS. Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. (Name composed of 6Voyia, a bond, and avdos, flower.) 1. D. brach^lobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (l°-4° high) ; partial petioles 6-15 pairs ; leaflets 20-30 pairs ; stamens 5 ; pods ob- long or lanfteolate, curved, scarcely 1' long, 2 - 6-seeded. (Darlingtonia brachy- loba & glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwest- ward. 38. SCHRANKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR. Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united * at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. 10 146 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Pe- rennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa) ; the procum- bent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for F. P. Schrank, a German botanist.) 1. S. uncin£ta, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia, Illinois ? and southward. June - Aug. 2. S. angUSt&ta, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined; pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the preceding. ORDER 33. ROSACE M. (ROSE FAMILY.) Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens in- serted on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the Pear tribe) united and, combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 —few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some- times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3 - 4 - 8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro- ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu- minosaB on one hand, and with Saxifragaceae on the other. SUBORDER I. AMYGDAI^E^. (ALMOND FAMILY.) Calyx entirely free from the (usually) solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal or nearly so. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit), 1 -seeded, or rarely 2- seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free, often deciduous. 1. Primus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of the calyx and petals 5. Stone of the drupe bony. SUBORDER II. ROSACEJE PROPER. • Calyx free from the ovaries (but sometimes enclosing them in its tube), mostly persistent with the fruit. Pistils few or many, distinct, occasionally single. Stipules commonly united with the petiole. Tribe I. SPIRJEEJE. Pistils mostly 5 and forming follicles in fruit -. styles terminal. Calyx without bractlets. Seeds not rarely with some albumen ! 2. Splrrea. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Petals obovate, equal, chiefly imbricated in the bud. 3. Gilleuia. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 147 Tribe II. POTERIE^}. Pistils 1-4, one-ovuled, becoming achenia, and enclosed in the urn-shaped tube of the dry persistent calyx, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Petals often wanting. 4. Poterium. Petals none. Lobes of the calyx 4, petal-like. Style terminal : stigma tufted. 5. Alchemilla. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1 - 4 : style lateral. 6. Agrimoiiia. Petals 5. Stamens 12 - 15. Pistils 2 : style terminal. Tribe III. DRYADEJE. Pistils numerous, rarely few or single, one-ovuled, becoming dry achenia ; the calyx open, not fleshy in fruit. Petals present, usually conspicuous. 7. Dry a a. Petals and calyx-lobes 8 or 9. Stamens and carpels numerous : persistent styles becoming long plumose tails in fruit. 8. Geum. Petals and calyx-lobes 5, the latter usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels numerous : persistent styles becoming long plumose or hairy, or naked and straight or jointed, tails. Radicle inferior. 9. Waldsteinia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5 ; no bractlets. Stamens numerous. Achenia 2-6: styles deciduous from the base. Radicle inferior. 10. Sibbaldia. Petals minute : stamens and achenia 5 - 10 : otherwise same as Potentilla. 11. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, and also with an alternating set of accessory lobes or bractlets. Stamens and achenia numerous 5 the latter heaped on a dry receptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or not enlarging hi fruit Radicle superior. 12. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit Tribe IV. RUBEJE. Pistils numerous or several, 2-ovuled, becoming berry-like or drupelets in fruit ; the 5-cleft calyx not bracteolate, open, persistent or withering beneath the fruit. Petals conspicuous. 13. Dalibarda. Carpels 5 - 10, in the bottom of the calyx, almost dry. 14. Rubus. Carpels numerous, heaped on the receptacle. Tribe V. ROSE^E. Pistils numerous, one-ovuled, becoming achenia, contained in the urn-shaped or globular and almost closed fleshy tube of the calyx, or hip : no bractlete. Petals conspicuous. 15. Rosa. Character of the Tribe. SUBORDER III. POlflE^E. (PEAR FAMILY.) Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit, including and combined with the 2-5 ovaries (forming & pome}. Stipules free. # Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2 - 5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled. 16. Crataegus. Pome drupe-like, with 1 - 5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny. 17. Pyrus. Pome containing 2-6 papery or cartilaginous carpels. * Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled. 18. Amelanchier. Pome usually of 5 carpels •, each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a projection from its back : otherwise as Pyrus. 1. PR UNITS, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, &c. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped or tubular-obconical, decidu- ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Ovary solitary, with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone. — Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) § 1. PRUNUS & C&RASUS, Tourn. Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or somewhat rugged : flowers (usually white] from separate lateral scaly buds in early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves ; the pedicels few or several in simple umbel-like clusters. — The PLUMS of the Old World have the leaves 148 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) convolute in the bud, the fruit with a bloom ; its stone oblong, flattened or flattish and acute at both ends : but our wild Plums are like CHERRIES in having the leaves folded before expansion, little or no bloom, and some of them in the thicker or globular stone, thus confounding the distinctions. 1. P. Americana, Marshall. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM.) Leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel- low, orange, or red, £' - §' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, the flattened stone with broader margins : pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin. — Woodlands and river-banks : common. — Tree thorny, 8° -20° high. 2. P. maritima, Wang. (BEACH PLUM.) Low and straggling (2°- 5°) ; leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath; pedicels short, pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (£'- 1' in diameter) ; the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast, with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmaea, Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Maine to Virginia; the variety, New Jersey and southward. 3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny (8' -15' high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous; fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (£'-§' in diameter) ; the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Mary- land to Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward. 4. P. SPINOSA, L. (SLOE. BLACK THORN.) Branches thorny; leaves obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels gla- brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge. — Var. INSIT^TIA (BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, L.) — Roadsides and waste places, New England, to Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. P. ptimila, L. (DWARF CHERRY.) Smooth, depressed, and trailing (6' — 18' high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red, without bloom ; stone ovoid, marginless, of the size of a large pea. — Rocks or sandy banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, ana south to Virginia along the mountains. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. (WiLD RED CHERRY.) Leaves oblong-lanceo- late, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ; flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. — Rocky woods : common, especially northward. May. — Tree 20° - 30° high, with light red-brown bark. § 2. PADUS, Mill. (CHERRY.) Drupe small, globose, without bloom', the stone turgid-ovate, marginless : flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spring. 7. P. Virginiana, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ; racemes ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 149 short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson ; stone smooth. — River-banks : common, especially northward. May. — A tall shrub, seldom a tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till per- fectly ripe. (P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of several authors. ) 8. P. ser6tina, Ehrhart. (WILD BLACK CHERRY.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — Woods : common. June. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, furnishing valuable timber to the cabinet-maker : also abounding eastward as a shrub. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. 2. SPI11.2EA, L. MEADOW-SWEET. Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals '5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud (except in No. 6). Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 2-12, several- (2- 15-) seeded. — Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the parts are 4 instead of 5. (Name probably from airfipda), to wind, alluding to the fit- ness of the plants to be formed into garlands.) § 1. PHYSOCARPOS, Camb. (NEILLIA, Don.) Shrubs with simple pal- mately-lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs : pods inflated and diverging when grown, 2 — ^-seeded : seeds pretty large, roundish, bitter, with a thick crustaceous seed-coat, and rather copious albumen ! 1. S. opulifblia, L. (NINE-BARK.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and heart-shaped ; pods 2-5. — Rocky river-banks, especially westward. June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, with long recurved branches, and white flowers, suc- ceeded by membranaceous purplish pods : the old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers. § 2. SPIRAEA proper. Shrubs, with simple leaves ; the stipules obsolete : pods (mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded: seeds mostly linear and with a thin or loose coat and no albumen, in this and the following sections. 2. S. corymbbsa, Raf. Nearly smooth (l°-2° high); leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex; corymbs large, flat, several times compound; flowers white. — Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A form of S. betulaefolia, Pallas. 3. S. salicifblia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Nearly smooth (2° - 3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded panicle, white or flesh-color ; pods smooth. — Wet or low grounds : also culti- vated. July. (Eu.) 4. S. tomentbsa, L. (HARDBACK. STEEPLE-BUSH.) Stems and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle ; pods woolly. — Low grounds : commonest in New England. July. — Flowers rose-color, rarely white. § 3. ULMARIA, Moench. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panickd cymose flowers: cglyx reflexed : pods 5 -8 in number, 1 - 2-seeded. 5. S. lobata, Murr. ( QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE.) Glabrous (2° - 8° high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed ; stipules kidney-form ; panicle compound-clustered, 150 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and Prairies, Penn. to Michigan, Illi- nois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours ! . The bruised foliage exhales the odor of Sweet Birch. § 4. ARtlNCUS, Seringe. Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers,- in many slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle: leaves thrice-pinnate: stipules obsolete: pods 3-5, several-seeded: pedicels reflexed in fruit. 6. S. Aruncus, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tall ; leaflets thin, lance- olate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and westward. Near Baltimore, P. V. Leroy. June. (Eu.) 3. GILLENIAi Moench. INDIAN PHYSIC. Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed; teeth erect. Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at first lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close coriaceous coat, and some albumen. — Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-fo- liolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure Ger- man botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.) 1. G. trifoliata, Moench. (BOWMAN'S ROOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July. 2. G. Stipulacea, Nutt. (AMERICAN IPECAC,) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Penn- sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 4. POTERIUM, L. (including SANGUISORBA.) BURNET. Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent ; the 4 broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1 -3 : the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achenium (commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx- tube. Seed suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or di- oecious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name Trorrjptov, a drinking- cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medici- nal drink.) 1. P. Canad6nse. (CANADIAN BURNET.) Stamens 4, long-exserted, club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike ; stem 3° - 6° high, leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, ob- tuse, heart-shaped at the base, as if stipellate ; stipules serrate. ( Sanguisorba Canadensis, L., and former edition.) — Bogs and wet meadows; chiefly north- ward. Aug. - Oct. BOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 151 5. ALCHEMIIiLA, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE. Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat ; limb 4-parted with as many alternate accessory lobes outside. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1 - 4 ; the slender style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia in- cluded in the tuBe of the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name. ) 1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Small annual (3' -8' high), leafy ; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-cleft, pubescent ; flow- ers sessile in the axils. — Eastern and Central Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) A. ALphfA, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Moun- tains, New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it. 6. AGBIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY. Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenia ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slen- der spiked racemes : bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Argemonia, of the same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.) 1. A. Eupatbria, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) Leaflets 5-7 with minute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Borders of woods : common. July - Sept. (Eu.) 2. A. parviflbra, Ait. (SMALL-FLOWERED A.) leaflets crowded, II- 19, with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ; petals small. —Woods and glades, S. New York ( C. F. Austin) to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July. 7. DRYAS, L. DRYAS. Calyx open, flattish, 8 - 9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum '§ Sieversia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, the foliage of the original species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.) 1. D. integrif61ia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh ; not since met with : but it grows in Lower Canada. (Eu.) 8. GEUM, L. AVENS. Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni- cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from yeu'w, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots being rather aromatic.) 152 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) § 1 . GEUM proper. Styles jointed and bent near the middle ; the lower portion persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly somewhat hairy upper joint falls away: head of fruit sessile in the calyx: calyx-lobes reflexed. (Flowers somewhat panicled at the summit of a leafy stem: achenia in our species glabrous or nearly so below, more or less bristly at the top or along the base of the style.) * Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong : stipules small. 1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or so/lly pubescent ; stem slender (2° high) ; root-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only toothed ; petals about the length of the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute. — Bor- ders of woods, &c. : common. May - Aug. — Too near the European G. urba- num ; probably a white or whitish-flowered form of it. 2. G. Virgini£num, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem ;• lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit glabrous or nearly so. — Borders of woods and low grounds: common. June - Aug. ~ Heads of fruit larger than in the preceding, on stouter hirsute peduncles. * # Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly obovate, exceeding the calyx: stipules larger and all deeply cut. 3. G. macroph^llum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1°- 3° high); root- leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle of the fruit nearly naked. — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, also North- ern Michigan, Illinois, and northwestward. June. (Eu.) 4. G. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high); root-leaves inter- ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3 - 5, rhom- bic-ovate or oblong, acute ; receptacle of fruit downy. — Moist meadows : common, especially northward. July, Aug. (Eu.) § 3. STYLIPUS, Raf. Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the calyx: bractlets of the calyx none: otherwise nearly as § 1. 5. G. v6rnum, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent ; stems ascending, few- leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; recep- tacle smooth. (Stylipus vernus, Raf.) — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Ken- tucky. April - June. § 3. CARYOPHYLlATA, Tourn. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the up- per joint plumose: flowers large: calyx erect or spreading: petals erect. 6. G. rivale, L. (WATER, or PURPLE AVENS.) Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked in the calyx. — Bogs and wet meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. — Blos- soms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.) ' ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 153 §4. SIEVERSIA, Willd. Style not jointed, wkdly persistent and straight : head of fruit sessile : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.) 7. G. triflbrum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed ; flowers '3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals: styles very long (2'), strongly plumose in fruit — Rocks, N. New Hampshire and N. New York to Wisconsin and westward : rare. April -June. 8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish {root-leaves rounded- kidney-shaped, radiate-veined (2' - 5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5 - 7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems (8' -18' high) 1-5-flowered; bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (£' long), spreading; styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.) Var. P6ckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. July - Sept. 9. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (COMAROPSIS, DC.) Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5- lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.) 1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hillsides, common north- ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. 10. SIBBALDIA, L. SIBBALDIA. Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta- mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10: styles lateral. — Low and depressed mountain perennials, — in fact only reduced Potentillas. (Dedicated to Dr. Robert Sibbald, Prof, at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.) 1. S. prociimbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; petals yellow. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.) 11. POTENTILLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear- ing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles lat- eral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with 154 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers : their parts rarely in fours. (Name a kind of diminutive from potens, powerful, alluding to the reputed medi- cinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.) § 1 . Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous. # Annuals or biennials : petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx : receptacle globular, ovoid, or even oblong in fruit. 1. P. Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above; leaves palmately 3- foliolale; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields: common, especially northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) 2. P. paradoxa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent, branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed; achenia with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi. Shore of L. Ontario, J. A. Paine ; probably an immigrant from the West. # * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx. i— Low : leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets. 3. P. frigida, Vffl. Dwarf (l'-3' high), tufted, vittous when young, stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into 5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiana, OaTces.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire (Bobbins, Tuckennan, &c.). July. — Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species. (Eu.) 4. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.) Low or dwarf, silky -hairy ; stems decumbent, prostrate, or at length creeping ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered; leaflets 5, obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed towards the apex. — Dry soil. April -July: producing summer runners (P. sarmentosa, Muhl.). Var. simplex, Torr. & Gr. Less hairy and greener, larger, the ascending stems (l°-2° long, seldom if ever creeping) from a thicker and harder caudex: leaflets obovate-oblong, sometimes almost glabrous. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Meadows or moister soil. May- Sept. — Usually appearing distinct. 5. P. argentea, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending, panicu- lately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June- Sept. (Eu.) •»- H- Leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 leaflets. 6. P. Pennsylvania, L. Stems erect (5'- 1 8' high), hairy or woolly ; cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky or downy with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded; petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania'? New Hamp- shire (Isle of Shoals, Robbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague), N. Wis- consin, and northwestward. July -Aug. § 2. Style deeply lateral : petals yellow or white, deciduous. * Achenia glabrous: style thickened upwards: receptacle conical, in fruit. 7. P. arguta, Pursh. S tern erect and stout (1°- 4° high,) brownish-hairy, clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy EOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 155 underneath ; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish ; disk thick and glandular. — Rocky hills : common northward and westward. July. * * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous. 8. P. Anserina, L. (SILVER- WEED.) Herbaceous, creeping with slender runners; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 9- 19, with minute pairs interposed, oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, mostly green and nearly smooth above, silvery-white with silky down underneath; stipules many-cleft; flowers solitary (yellow), on long scape-like peduncles. — Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 9. P. fruticbsa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stem erect, shrubby (2° - 4° high), very much branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, closely crowded, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath; stipules scale-like ; flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Wet grounds: common north- wards. June- Sept. (Eu.) 10. P. tridentata, Ait. (THREE-TOOTHED C.) Stenofelow (4'- 6' high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at the apex ; petals white; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Coast of New England, from Cape Cod, and mountain-tops from the Alleghanies, northward : also shores of the upper Great Lakes. June. §3. /Styles moderately lateral: petals (shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and JUaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy : achenia glabrous : recep- tacle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.) 11. P. palustris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems ascending from a creeping perennial base (l°-2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5 - 7 lanceolate or oblong crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath ; flowers somewhat cymose ; calyx (!' broad) dark purple inside ; petals purple. (Comarum palustre, L.) — Cool bogs, New England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June - Aug. (Eu.) 12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY. Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.) 1. P. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck ; calyx becoming erect after flower- ing and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified ; kajlets of a flrm or coriaceous texture. (F. Canadensis, Michx.) — Moist or rich wood- lands, fields, &c.— In the true F. Virginiana, the hairs of the scapes, and es- pecially of the pedicels, are silky and oppressed. It is the original of the Vir- ginian Scarlet strawberries. Var. Illino6nsis (F. Grayana, Vilmorin, F. Illinoensis & F. lowensis, 156 ROS^CE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) Prince) is a coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct species, the flowers more inclined to be polygamo-dicecious, the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading, as in F. elatior and F. collina, which it seems to represent in this country. — Common in richer soil, from W. New York to Illinois and be- yond the Rocky Mountains. The supposed original of Hovey's Seedling, Bos- ton Pine, and other cultivated varieties. 2. F. v6sca, L. Aclienia superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits) ; calyx remaining spreading or reflexed ; hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed ; leaflets thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky places : common; certainly indigenous northward. (Eu.) 3. P. INDICA, L. (or Duchesnea fragarioides, Smith), — which differs from the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bract- lets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and insipid fruit, — has sparingly estab- lished itself in copses around Philadelphia (Charles E. Smith, &c.), and in the Southern States. (Adv. from Ind.) 13. DALIBARDA, L. DALIBARDA. Calyx deeply 5 - 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5- 10, becoming nearly dry seed- like drupes : styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or roots tocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnaeus.) 1. D. r&pens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks : common northward. June - Aug. — In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet. 14. BUB TJS, Tourn. BRAMBLE. Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming small drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman name, kindred with ruber, red.) § 1. RASPBERRY. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off" whole from the dry receptacle when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. * Leaves simple : flowers large: prickles none: fruit and receptacle flat and broad. 1. K. odor&tus, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) Stem shrubby (3° -5° high); branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs; leaves 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro- longed ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap- pendage; petals rounded, purple rose-color; fruit reddish. — Dells, &c. : common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad. 2. R. Nutk&nus, Mocino. (WHITE F.) Glandular, scarcely bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals oval, white. (R. parviflbrus, Nutt.) — Upper Michigan, and westward. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 157 3. R. Chamsemdrus, L. (CLOUD-BERRY.) Herbaceous, low, dioecious; stem simple, 2-3-leaveJ, l-flowered ; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5- lobed, serrate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ; fniit of few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of trees : also on the coast at Lubeck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.) # # Leajlets (pinnately) 3 — 5 : petals small, erect, white. •»- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few separate grains. 4. R. triflbrus, Richardson. (DWARF RASPBERRY.) Stems ascending (6' -12' high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth ; peduncle 1 - 3-flowered. — Wooded hillsides, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. •<- •<— Stems biennial and woody, prickly : receptacle oblong : fruit hemispherical. 5. R. strigbsus, Michx. (WILD RED RASPBERRY.) Stems upright, and with the stalks, &c. beset with, stiff" straight bristles (or a few becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath; the lateral ones sessile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills : com- mon everywhere, especially northward. June, July. — Fruit ripening all sum- mer, more tender than that of the Garden or European Raspberry (R. IDJEUS), which it too closely resembles. 6. R. OCCidentalis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.) Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c., with hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened- downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the sepals ; fruit purple-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July. — Very- common northward, especially where ground has been burned over. § 2. BLACKBERRY. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy prolonged receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish. 1. R. vil!6sus, Ait. (COMMON or HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (1°- 6° high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branch- lets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate; the terminal ones somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; flowers racemed, numerous, bracts short ; sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. — Var. 1 . FROND6sus : smoother and much less glandular ; flowers more corym- 'bose, with leafy bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2-. HUMirtrsus : trailing, smaller ; peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c. : common. May, June : the pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size, aspect, and shape of the fruit ; — the varieties connecting with 8. R. Canad^nsis, L. (Low BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY.) Shrubby, extensively trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate- lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers ra- cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, BigeL, fyc. ; not of Michx.} — Rocky hills and copses : common. May ; ripening its excellent fruit earlier than No. 7. 158 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 9. R. hispidus, L. (RUNNING SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.) Stems slender, scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly ; flowers small. (R. obovalis, Michx. R. sempervirens and R. setosus, Bigelow.} — Low woods : common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend- ing ; sterile ones forming long runners. Fruit of few grains, red or purple, sour. 10. R. cuneifblius, Pursh. (SAND BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (l°-3° high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3 - 5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above ; peduncles 2 -4-flowered ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York, Penn. and southward. May - July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August. 11. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low BTTSH-BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby, procum- bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered; petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May. 15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE. • Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. — Shrubby and. prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole : stalks, foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.) * Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens. 1. R. setigera, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climbing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ; fruit (hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, W. New York (indigenous?) to Wisconsin and southwestward : also cultivated. July. — The only Ameri- can climbing rose, or with united protruding styles : strong shoots growing 10° -20° in a season. * * Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color. 2. R. Carolina, L. (SWAMP ROSE.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed toith stout hooked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull above and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in corymbs ; peduncles and calyx (with leaf-like appendages) glandular-bristly; fruit (hip) depressed- globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds : common. June - Sept. 3. R. Ihcida, Ehrhart. (DWARF WILD-ROSE.) Stems (l°-2°high), armed with unequal bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per- sistent ones nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceo/ate, shining above, sharply serrate ; stipules broad ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, and with the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May- July. — R. mtida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 159 4. R. blanda, Ait. (EARLY WiLr>RosE.) Nearly unarmed, or with scattered straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high) ; leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong, obtuse, pale on' both sides and minutely downy or hoary beneath, serrate; stipules large ; flowers 1—3, the peduncles and calyx-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo- bose, crowned with the persistent erect and connivent entire calyx-lobes. — Rocks and banks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May, June. — Petals light rose-color. 5. R. RUBIGIN6SA, L. ( SWEET-BRIER.) Climbing high; prickles numer- ous, the larger ones strong and hooked, the smaller awl-shaped ; leaflets doubly serrate, rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with fragrant russet glands beneath; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the mostly persistent calyx-lobes. — Roadsides and thickets. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. R. MICRANTHA, Smith. (SMALLER-FL. S.) Prickles uniform and hooked ; fruit elliptical and ovate ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; flowers smaller : otherwise as the last : a mere variety of it. — E. New England to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 16. CRATJEGUS, L. HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, tne limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many, or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1-5 bony 1-seeded stones. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from (cparos, strength, on ac- count of the hardness of the wood.) * Corymbs many-Jlowered. •t- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas], bright red: flowers small : calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous (except No. 1 ) and glandless. 1. C. PYRACANTHA, Pers. (EVERGREEN THORN.) Leaves evergreen, shin- ing (!' long), oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, crenulate; the short petioles and young branchlets pubescent ; corymbs small. — Shrub, spontaneous at Wash- ington, and near Philadelphia, Zsaac Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. C. spathulata, Michx. Leaves thickish, shining, but deciduous, spatu- late or oblanceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. — Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high. 3. C. cordata, Ait. (WASHINGTON THORN.) Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender petiole, variously 3 - 5-cleft or cut, serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June. — Trunk 15° -25° high. •*-•*- Fruit small (k1 — J' long), ovoid, deep red: flowers rather large : styles 1-3. 4. C. OXTACANTHA, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth ; leaves obovate, cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base ; calyx not glandular. May. — More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. C. apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young ; leaves roundish, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pinnately 5-7 '-cleft, the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate ; petioles slender ; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and southward. March, April. 160 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) •*- •*- •*- Fruit large (£'-§' long), red: flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped), or 4-5 (when the fruit is globular) : stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, frc. often beset with 6. C. COCCinea, L. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.) Glabrous throughout; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed, usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy tinge (I' broad) ; fruit bright coral-red, ovoid (£' broad), scarcely edible. — Thickets and rocky banks : common. May. — A low tree. 7. C. tomentdsa, L. (BLACK or PEAR THORN.) Downy or vittous- pubescent at least when young on the peduncles, calyx, and lower side of the leaves ; leaves thickish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, the upper surface more or less furrowed along the veins; flowers large (often 1, broad), white ; fruit scarlet or orange, large (§'-!' broad), globular or somewhat pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets : common. May, June. — A tall shrub or low tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked. Var. pyrifblia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon glabrous, smooth above, and shining often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright- colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifolia, Ait.) Var. punctata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a longer tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, villous-pubescent when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more strongly im- pressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath ; fruit globose, usually dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jacq.) Var. m611is. Leaves rounded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, soft- downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed and cut; fruit often downy, dull red. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, var. ? mollis. Torr. $* Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and southwestward. 8. C. Crus-galli, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) Glabrous; leaves thick, shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (J' broad). — Thickets. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark-green leaves very shining above, and slender thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges. * Corymbs simple, few- (1 - 6-) flowered : calyx, bracts, frc. glandular. 9. C. flava, Ait. (SUMMER HAW.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous; leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed into a glandular petiole, unequally toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth glandular; styles 4 - 5 ; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish (£' - §' broad). — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree 15° -20° high, with rather large flowers, 2 - 6 in a corymb. Var. pubdscens. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves thick- ish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elliptica, Ait. C. glandu- losa, Michx. C. Virginica, Lodd. ) — Virginia and southward. 10. C. parvifdlia, Ait. (DWARF THORN.) Downy ; leaves thick, obovate- spatulate, crenate-toothed (£' - 1£' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 161 shining ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 together on very short peduncles ; calyx-lobes as long as the petals ; styles 5 ; fruit globular or pear-shaped, yellowish. — Sandy soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 17. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta- mens numerous. Styles 2 - 5. Pome fleshy or berry-like ; the 2 - 5 carpels or cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) § 1. MALUS, Tourn. (APPLE.) Leaves simple: cymes simple and umbel-like: pome fleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. 1. P. COronaria, L. (AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves ovate, often rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at the base. — Glades, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree 20' high, with large, rose-colored, fragrant blossoms, few in the corymb, and fragrant, greenish fruit. 2. P. angustifblia, Ait. (NARROW-LEAVED C.) Leaves oblong or lance- olate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles distinct. — Glades, from Pennsylvania southward. April. — Perhaps a variety of No. 1. § 2. ADEN6RHACHIS, DC. Leaves simple, the mid-rib glandular along the up- per side : cymes compound : styles united at the base : fruit berry-like, small. 3. P. arbutifdlia, L. (CHOKE-BERRY.) Leaves oblong or obovate, finely serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1 . ERYTHROC ARPA, has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 2. ME- LANOCARPA, is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets: common. May, June. — Shrub 2° - 1 0° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple. § 3. S6RBUS, Tourn. Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leaflets: cymes compound : styles separate : pome berry-like, small. 4. P. Americana, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Nearly glabrous or soon becoming so ; leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper -pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, bright green ; cymes large and flat ; berries globose, not larger than peas ; leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous. — Swamps and mountain-woods, Maine to Penn. and Michigan, and southward along the whole length of the Alleghanies. June. (P. microcarpa, DC.) — Tree or tall shrub, with leaflets rather shining above and scarcely pale underneath, the rhachis and petiole reddish and elongated : prized in cultivation for the autumnal clusters of bright-red berries. 5. P. sambucif61ia, Cham. & Schlecht. Leaflets oblong, oval, or lance- ovate, mostly obtuse or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with more spreading teeth, often pale beneath ; cymes smaller ; flowers and berries larger, the latter (4" broad) when young ov6"id, at length globose ; leaf-buds sparingly hairy: otherwise nearly as the preceding. (Sorbus aucuparia, var. /3. Michx.) — Along the northern frontiers of the United States, northward and westward to the Pacific, &c. Perhaps passes into No. 4 : it is sometimes cultivated for it, and nearly connects it with 11 162 CALYCANTHACE^. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.) P. AucupARiA, Gasrtn., the EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN ASH or ROWAN-TREE, the one more commonly planted in grounds : it has paler, oblong, and obtuse leaflets, their lower surface downy, larger globose berries, and blunter and tomentose leaf-buds. 18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled ; but a projection grows from the back of each, and forms a false partition ; the berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen) : partitions cartilaginous. — Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers in racemes. (Amdancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) 1. A. Canad6nsis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May. — Varies exceedingly ; the leading forms are, — Var. Botryapium. ; a tree 10° - 30° high, nearly or soon glabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped to the base, pointed, very sharply serrate ; flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the calyx. (Pyrus Botryapiurfi, Willd.) Var. oblongifdlia ; a smaller tree or shrub ; leaves oblong, beneath, like the branchlets white downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter. Var. rotundifblia ; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the first variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered. Var. alnifblia ; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly in the Western States and westward. Var. oligocarpa; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves, and 2-4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the calyx. — Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward. ORDER 34. CAL,YCAIVTHACE^E. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.) Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute : the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus 1. CALYCANTHUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET- SCENTED SHRUB. Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored like the petals ; which are similar, in mart y rows, thickish, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling those of the Hose; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenia. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 163 — The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic ; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawber- ries. (Name composed of /ca\v£, a cup or calyx, and avQos, flower, from the closed cup which contains the pistils.) 1. C. fl6ridus, L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath. — Virginia1? and southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug. 2. C. ISBVig&tUS, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides^or rather pale beneath ; flow- ers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (Prof. Porter), and southward along the Alleghanies. May - Aug. 3. C. glailCUS, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspicu- ously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, large (4' - 7' long) ; probably a variety of the preceding. — Virginia ? near the mountains and southward.. May -Aug. ORDER 35. SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosaceae by hav- ing copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no stipules when the leaves are alternate ; the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adher- ent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost al- ways inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous. — A large family, to which Parnassia, formerly associated with Drosera, is commonly referred, — now made to include Eibes also. Tribe I. GROSSULARIEJE. Shrubs, with alternate and palmately veined and lobed leaves : stipules none or united with the base of the petiole. Calyx-tube coherent with the one-celled ovary, which has 2 parietal placentae and forms a many-seeded berry. Seed-coat externally gelatinous. Embryo minute at the base of the hard albumen. 1. Ribes. Character of the tribe. Stamens and small petals 5. Tribe II. ESCAL.L.O1VIEJE. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and simple pinnately veined leaves, and no stipules. Ovary 2 - 5-celled. 2. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal pod. Tribe III. IIYDR ANGIE^E. Shrubs or trees, with opposite simple leaves, and no stipules. Ovary 2 - 5-celled ; the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit (in the fol- lowing) a many -seeded pod . 3. Hydrangea. Lobes of the calyx minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 or 10. 4. Pb.iladelph.us. Lobes of the calyx and petals conspicuous 5 the former valvate, the latter convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. Tribe IV. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs, without stipules, except perhaps a membranous dilatation of the base of the petiole. Petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Fruit dry, capsular or follicular. * A cluster of sterile or gland-tipped filaments at the base of each petal. Stigmas 3 or 4, situ- ated directly over as many parietal placentae ! 5. Parnassia. Sepals, petals, and proper stamens 5. Peduncle a scape or scape-like, 1- flowered. « 164 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) * * No sterile stamens or bodies resembling them. *- Pod 2-3-celled and 2- 3-beaked, or of as many distinct follicles. 6. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous. Stamens twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound. 7. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. 8. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close. 9. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined. •*- — Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae. ++ Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5. 10. Hencliera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. •t-t- -M- Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10. 11. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifld. 12. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. 13. Clirysospleuium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. 1. BIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY. Calyx 5-lobed, often colored ; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placenta and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx ; the surface of the numerous seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Em- bryo minute at the base of hard albumen. — Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except in one species), often clustered in the axils ; the small flowers from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (An Arabic name, properly belonging to a species of Rheum. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted for the genus.) § 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn, (GOOSEBERRY.) Stems mostly bearing thorns at the base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly prickles: berries prickly or smooth. (Our species are indiscriminately called WILD GOOSEBERRY: the flowers greenish.) * Peduncles 1 - 3-Jlowered : leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed. 1. B. Cynosbati, L. Leaves pubescent ; peduncles slender, 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and undivided styty not longer than the broad calyx. — Rocky woods : com- mon, especially northward. May. — Spines small or obsolete. Berry large, armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth. 2. B. hirt^llum, Michx. Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short, 1 - 2-flowered, deflexed ; stamens and 2-cleJl style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped calyx ; fruit smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds, New Eng- land to Illinois, common. May. — Stems either smooth or prickly, and with very short thorns, or none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of New England, &c., and usually passes for R. triflorum, Willd., which name be- longs to the next. 3. B. rotundif61ium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy ; peduncles slen- der, 1 - 3-flowered ; stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylin- drical calyx ; fruit smooth, pleasant. — Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains to Virginia, &c. June. SAXIFRAGACE^:. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 165 * # Racemes 4 - 9-flowered, slender, nodding. 4. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, New England to Wisconsin and northward ; south to Pennsylvania. June. § 2. RIBESIA, Berl. (CURRANT.) Stems neither prickly nor thorny: flowers (greenish) in racemes: berries never prickly. 5. R. prostratum, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined ; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate ; racemes erect, slender ; calyx flattish ; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandular- bristly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn. northward. May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor. 6. R. fl6ridum, L. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3 - 5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods : common. May. — Much like the Black Currant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in smell and flavor. Flowers large, whitish. 7. R. rtlbrum, L. (RED CURRANT.) Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx flat (green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red ; on our wild plant apt to turn upwards in the drooping raceme : the veins of the leaves are whitish beneath (whence the name R. albinervium, Michx.) : but apparently not distinct from the garden Red Currant of the Old World. — Cold bogs and damp woods, New Hampshire to Minnesota and northward. May, June. (Eu.) R. AUREUM, Pursh, the BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, remarkable for the spicy fragrance of its yellow blossoms*in early spring, is widely culti- vated for ornament. Its leaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud. 2. ITEA, L. ITEA. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded. — Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without stip- ules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.) 1. I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely ser- rate ; seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward, near the coast. June. 3. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. HYDRANGEA. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4 - 5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 - 10, slender. Pod crowned with the 2 diverging stvles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, 166 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from t>5a>p, water, and oyyos, a vase.) 1. H. arbor^scens, L. (WILD HYDRANGEA'.) Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides ; cymes flat. — Rocky banks, N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July. — Flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden Hydrangea. 4. PHILAD^LPHUS, L. MOCK GRANGE or SYRINGA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread- ing; persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top. Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentae projecting from the axis, pen- dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. ( An ancient name, applied by Linnaaus to this genus for no obvious reason.) 1. P. inoddrus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging branches, pure white, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the tube. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Var. grandifl6rus. Somewhat pubescent ; flowers larger ; calyx-lobes longer and taper-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains. May - July. — A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches : often cultivated. P. CORON\RIUS, L., the common MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA of the gar- dens, with cream-colored, odorous flowers, in full clusters, the crushed foliage with the odor and taste of cucumbers, — has sometimes escaped from grounds. 5. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals : filaments persistent : anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1 -celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentas on their middle. Seeds very nu- merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any albumen. Embryo straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus : called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides. ) In former edition placed between Droseraceae and Hypericacea?. 1. P. parvifl6ra, DC. Petals sessile, little longer than the calyx; sterile filaments about 5 in each set, slender ; leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at the base. — N. W. shore of L. Michigan (White-Fish Bay, Wisconsin, Henry Gillman), SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 167 and westward. July. — More slender than the next, and the flower only half the size. 2. P. palllstris, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few- veined ; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender ; leaves heart-shaped. — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3'- 10' high. Flower nearly 1' broad. (Eu.) 3. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length of the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping. Stalk 9' - 2° high. Flower 1 ' - 1 £' broad. 4. P. asarifblia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the base ; sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped : otherwise as in the foregoing. — High Alleghanies of Virginia and southward. 6. ASTILBE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-5, spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost free, many-ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. — Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of a privative and oriA/377, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining. ) 1. A. decandra, Don. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets mostly heart- shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Kich woods, Alleghanies of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating Spiraea Aruncus, but coarser, 3° - 5° high. 7. SAXtFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2.' Pod 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) * Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy: leaves opposite : calyx free from the pod. 1. S. oppositifblia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2" long) ; flowers solitary, large ; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx. — Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, and northward. (Eu.) * * Stems ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below with the pod. 2. S. rivularis,L. (ALPINE BROOK-S.) Small; stems weak, 3-5- flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lance- 168 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) olate ; petals white, orate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hamp- shire (Oakes, &c.) : rare. (Eu.) 3. S. aizoides, L. (YELLOW MOCNTAIN-S.) Low (3' -5' high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy, distantly spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ; near Oneida Lake, New York ; N. Michigan ; and north- ward. June. (Eu.) 4. S. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above; flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the sum- mit ; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.) # # # Leaves clustered at the root : scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent. H- Petals all alike. 5. S. Aiz6on, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagi- nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont (Mr. Blake), and northward. — Scape 5'- 10' high. (Eu.) 6. S. Virgini6nsis, Michx. (EARLY S.) Low (4' -9' high); leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks : com- mon, especially northward. April - June. 7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (SWAMP S.) Large (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4' - 8' long), narrowed at the base into a short and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small petals ; fllaments awl-shaped : pods at length divergent. — Bogs : common, es- pecially northward. May, June. — A homely species. 8. S. er6sa, Pursh. (LETTUCE S.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape slender (l°-3°high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender ; calyx re- flexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals ; filaments club- shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn- sylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolfe), and throughout the Alleghanies, south- ward. June. •t— •*— Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow spots near the base : leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate ; calyx free and 9. S. Ieucanthemif61ia, Lapeyrouse, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed or cut, tapering into a petiole; scapes (5' -18' high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme ; petals lanceolate ; the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots ; the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots. — Salt Pond Mountain, Virginia ( Wm. M. Canby), and southward in the Alleghanies. 10. S. Stellaris, L., var. comdsa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or less toothed ; scape (4' - 5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle ; many SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 169 or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves ; petals all lanceo- late and tapering into the claw. — Mount Katahdin, Maine (Rev. J. Blake) and high northward. (Eu.) 8. BOYKINIA, Nutt. BOYKINIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked pod. Sta- mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5-7- lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boykin of Georgia.) 1. B. aconitifblia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6' -20' high); leaves deeply 5 - 7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July. 9. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. SCLLIVANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading per- ennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, .raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx glandular : pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryolo- gist who discovered the only species.) 1. S. Ohibnis, Torr. & Gr. (Gray, CUoris Bor.-Am., pi 6.)— Limestone cliffs, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin River, Lapham. June. 10. HEITCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT. Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet- als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1 -celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist of the beginning of the 18th century.) * Flowers small, loosely panicled : stamens and styles exserted : calyx regular. 1. H. villdsa, Michx. Scapes (l°-3°high), petioles, and veins of the acutely 7-9-lobed leaves beneath villous with rusty hairs; calyx l£" long ; petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon- twisted. — Rocks, Maryland, Kentucky and southward, in and near the mountains. Aug. - Sept. 2. H. Americana, L. (COMMON ALUM-BOOT.) Scapes (2° -3° high), &c. glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs ; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth ; calyx broad, 2" long, the spatulate petals not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and southward. June. 170 SAXIFRAGACE^:. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) * # Flowers larger: calyx (3" -4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short: panicle very narrow : leaves rounded, slightly 5 - 9-lobed. 3. H. hispida, Pursh. Hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc- casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals. (H. Richardson ii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May- July. — Scapes 2° -4° high. 4. H. pubdscens, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high) and petioles granular- pubescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — Rich woods, Lancaster, Penn. to Virginia and Kentucky, along the mountains. June, July. 11. MI TELL A, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP. Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinuatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; those on the scapes, opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. (Name a diminutive from /niVpa, a mitre or cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.) 1 • M. diph^lla, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5- lobed, toothed, those on the many-Jlowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill- sides in rich woods : commo'n, especially westward and northward. May. — Flowers white, in a raceme 6' - 8' long. 2. M. liuda, L. Small and slender ; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply and doubly crenate ; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4' -6' high). (M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.) — Deep moist woods in moss, Maine to Penn., III., and northward. May - July. — A delicate little plant, sending forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish. 12. TJARELLA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved ; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminutive from Tiapu, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.) 1. T. cordifblia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart- shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; scape leafless (5' -12' high); raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods: common northward, and southward along the mountains. April, May. 13. CHRYSOSPLENIXJM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. CRASSULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 171 Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xputroy, golden, and vX- \ov, a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.) HALORAGE^E. ( WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 175 * Stamens 8 : petals deciduous: carpels even: leaves whorled in threes or fours. 1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except \h& floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike. — Deep water: common. (Eu.). 2. M. verticillatum, L. Floral leaves much longer than t/te flowers, pec- tinate-pinnatifid: otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.) # * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels 1 - 2-ridged and roughened on the back: leaves whorled in fours and Jives, the lower with capillary divisions. 3. M. heteroph^llum, Michx. Stem stout ; floral leaves ovate and lance- olate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely rough- ened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward. 4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves pinnately parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate- toothed or cut-serrate: carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back. — Shallow ponds, from S. New England and Ohio southward. * * * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels even on the back: leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting Qn the flowering stems. 5. M. ambiguum, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect', fruit (minute) smooth. — Var. 1. NATANS : stems floating, prolonged. Var. 2. CAPILLA.CEUM : stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. 3. LiM6suM : small, rooting in the mud ; leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southward, near the coast. 6. M. tenelllim, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like, (3' -10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts small, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N. New York, New England, and northward. 2. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED. Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta- mens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut- like. — Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the name, from proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the axils, Eolitary or 3-4 together, in summer. 1. P. pallistris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate when under water ; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps : not rare. 2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl- shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast. 9. HIPPUBIS, L. MARE'S.TAIL. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit 176 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from ITTTTOS, a horse, and ovpd, a tail.) . 1. H. vulgaris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Ponds and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward : rare. Stems simple, 1°- 2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.) ORDER 39. ONAGRACE.12. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2-3- or 5 - Q-merous) perfect and sym- metrical flowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2-4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete ; the petals convolute in the bud, some- times wanting; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen- der : stigma 2 - 4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cob- webby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen. * Parts of the flower in twos. 1. Circrca. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded, bristly. * * Parts of the flowers in fours or more. •«- Fruit dry and indehiscent, mostly becoming 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. 2. Gaura. Petals 4. Stamens 8 and with the long style turned downwards. •*- •*- Fruit a many -seeded pod, usually loculicidal. 3. Epilobium. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex. 4. fEuotliera. Stamens 8 and petals 4 on the prolonged calyx-tube. Seeds naked. 5. Ju§sirca. Stamens 8 -12. Petals 4 -6. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. 6. Ludwlgia. Stamens 4. Petals 4 or more. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. 1 . CIRC .33 A , Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit inde- hiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1-2-celled: cells 1-seeded. — Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.) 1. C. Llltetiana, L. Taller (1°- 2° high); leaves ovate, slightly toothed ; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly. — Very common. (Eu.) 2. C. alpina, L. Low (3' -8' high), smooth and weak,- leaves heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong \-celled fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods ; common northward. July. (Eu.) 2. GAURA, L. GAURA. Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely 3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like ap- pendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3 - 4-ribbed or angled, inde- ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 177 hisccnt or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1 -4-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in wand-like spikes or racemes ; in our species quite small (so that the name, from yavpos, superb, does not seem appropriate). 1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3° -8° high); leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed, downy. — Dry banks, from New York westward and southward : common. Aug. 2. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; leaves limar, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen- der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slender pedicelled. — Open places, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. 3. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HEKB. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Pet- als 4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of CTTI Xo/3oO lav, viz. a violet on a pod.) * Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws, entire: stamens and style turned downwards : stigma of 4 long lobes : leaves scattered. 1. E. angustifdlium, L. (GREAT WILLOW-HERB.) Stem simple, tall (4° -7°) ; leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared land : common northward. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.) * * Flowers rather large, regular : petals obcordate : stamens and style erect : stigma of 4 long linear lobes : leaves mostly opposite. 2. E. HiRstiTUM, L. Soft-hairy, branching (3° -5° high); leaves lance- oblong, serrulate ; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme ; petals rose-purple, 6" long. — Spontaneous in waste grounds, New Bedford, Mass. ( T. A. Greene) and Roxbury (D. Murray) ; and in a ravine near Albany, New York (C. H. Peck).' (Nat. from Eu.) * * Flowers small, corymbed or panicled: petals (mostly notched at the end), sta- mens, and style erect : stigma club-shaped, nearly entire : lower leaves opposite, entire or denticulate. 3. E. alpinum, L. Low (2' -6' high), nearly glabrous; stems ascending from a stoloniferous base, simple ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ; petals purple ; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.) Var. majus, Wahl. Taller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed, pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill. E. origanifolium, Lam.) — With the typical form : also upper Wisconsin and Michigan. (Eu.) 4. E. paltistre, L., var. lineare. Erect and slender (l°-2° high), branched above, minutely hoary -pubescent ; stem roundish ; leaves narrowly lanceo- late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals purplish or white; pods hoary. (E. lineare, M uhl. E. squamatum, Nutt.) — Bogs, N. 12 178 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. There is also a small an simple 1 -few-flowered form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter leaves (E. oliganthum, Michx.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of New Hampshire, and northward. This is E. nutans, Sommerf. & E. lineare, Fries, but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.) 5. E. m611e, Torr. Soft-downy all over, strictly erect (1°- 2£° high), at length branching; leaves crowded; linear-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti- oled; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Rhofle Island and Pennsylvania to Michigan, and northward. Sept. 6. E. color atum, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so; stem roundish, not angled, much branched (1° -3° high), many-flowered ; leaves lanceolate or ovate- oblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually pur- ple-veined; flower-buds erect; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (l|"-2" long). — Wet places : common. July - Sept. 4. (ENOTHERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear and versatile. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from olvos, wine, and 6fjpa, a hunt or eager pursuit, given to some plant the roots of which were eaten to provoke a relish for wine.) § 1. Tube of the calyx filiform or cylindrical and much prolonged beyond the ovary : stamens nearly equal : anthers linear : stigma of 4 JUifortn or linear divergent lobes. # Annuals or biennials : flowers nocturnal, odorous, yellow, withering the next day : pods fusiform or cylindrical, closely sessile. 1. (E. biennis, L. (COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.) Erect, mostly hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal rather leafy spike ; calyx -tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped (light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly ; as Var. 1. MURICATA, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFI^RA, with larger and more showy petals. Var. 3. PARVIFL6RA, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4. CRUCIATA, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than the stamens, and smooth pods. Var. 5. OAKESIANA (CE. Oakesiana, Bobbins), with a minute and wholly appressed pubescence, or almost glabrous : otherwise as Var. 3. — Fields and waste places : very common. June- Sept. 2. CE. rhombip6tala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute ; calyx-tube very slender, extended an inch longer than the short cylindrical ovary : otherwise resembling a smoothish or rather hoary narrow-leaved state of No. 1 . — Sandy soil, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. July -Sept. 3. (E. sinuata, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flow- ers (small) axillary; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-color in fading); pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and south- ward, principally a dwarf state. June. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 179 # * Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow : pods dub- shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs. 4. CE. glauca, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous; leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate ; pods obo void-oblong, 4-wingtd, almost sessile ; root perennial. — Moun- tains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May -July. — Leaves broader and flowers larger than in the next. 5. CE. fruticdsa, L. '(SUNDROPS.) Hairy or nearly smooth (l°-3° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4- winged, longer than the pedicels ; root perennial. — Open places, S. New England to Illinois, and southward. June - Aug. — Corolla l£' broad. 6. CE. riparia, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slen- der-pediceUed, scarcely 4-winged; root biennial. — River-banks and swamps, Qua- ker Bridge, New Jersey, to Virginia and southward. 7. CE. linearis, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent ; leaves linear ; flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches ; pods ob- ovate, hoary, scarcely 4-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. — Mon- tauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June, July. — Plant 1° high, bushy-branched : flowers 1 ' wide. 8. (E. chrysantha, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent ; leaves lance- olate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched at the end (orange-yellow), longer than the stamens : pods all pedicelled, oblong-club- shaped, scarcely wing-angled; root biennial? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to Wisconsin and northward. July. — Stem 12'- 15' high ; flowers larger than in No. 9, from which it may not be distinct. 9. CE. pumila, L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse ; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate (pale yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club- shaped, strongly wing-angled ; root perennial or biennial ? — Dry fields : com- mon northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Stems mostly simple, 5' -12' high : the corolla £' broad. § 2. Tube of the calyx funnel-form, strongly 4-nerved, and shorter than the cylindrical ovary, its lobes keeled with the midrib: filaments opposite the petals shorter: an- thers oblong, versatile : stigma disk-shaped, almost entire : flowers opening in sun- shine or daylight. 10. CE. serrulata, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the base ; leaves lance-linear, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or toothed ; flow- ers axillary mostly small ; petals yellow, obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer than the stamens ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, Wis- consin (Lesquereux, T. J Hale], and westward. 5. JUSSIJEA, L. JUSSIJSA. Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-9. Stamens twice as many as the petals. 180 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Pod 4 - 6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous. — Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany, as further developed by his illustrious nephew.) 1. J. deciirrens, DC. Stem erect (l°-2° high), branching, winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; pod oblong- club-shaped, wing-angled. — Wet places, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. 2. J. ripens, L. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong, ta- pering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and obovate petals 5; pod cylindrical, with a tapering base. — In water, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. Also nat. near Philadelphia. 6. LUDWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx- tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually persist- ent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked, — Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely capitate) flowers, produced through summer and autumn. (Named in honor of Christian G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Lin- naeus.) # Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so. •»- Flowers pedunded in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4" - 8" long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx. 1. L. alternifblia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched (3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends ; pods cubical, rounded at the base, wing -angled. — Swamps : common, especially near the coast. — Pods opening first by a hole where the style falls off, afterwards splitting in pieces. 2. L. hirt611a, Raf. Hairy all over; stems nearly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; pods nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. — Fascicled roots often tuberous-thickened. •t— •*- Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered or crowded) in the axils, with very small greenish petals (in No. 5) or mostly none: leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect stems (l°-3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creeping sterile shoots or stolons are often produced from the base of the stem, these are thickly beset with shorter obocate or spatulate leaves. ( Our species gla- brous, except No. 3.) 3. L. sphserocarpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at the base ; those of the runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate ; bractlets minute, obsolete, or none ; pods globular or depressed (sometimes acute at the base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2" long). — Water or wet swamps, E. Mass., S. New York, New Jersey, Penn., and southward. — Bark of lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened. 4. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends ; those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire ; bractlets linear- MELASTOMACE^E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 181 awl-shaped, and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped pod, which is longer than the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan to Illinois, Ken- tucky, and southward. 5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those of the short runners obovate ; minute petals usually present ; bractlets minute at the base of the elongated top-shaped 4 -sided pod, which is 3" long and much longer than the calyx-lobes. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. 6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate- lanceolate, much tapering at the base, or even petioled; bractlets very minute at the base of the cylindrical pod, which is 3" long, and several times exceeds the calyx-lobes. — Mound City, S. Illinois, Dr. Vasey, and southward. * * Leaves all opposite: stems creeping or floating. 7. L. pallistris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth: leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the plant grows out of water ; calyx-lobes very short ; pods oblong, 4-sided, not ta- pering at the base, sessile in the axils (2" long). (Isnardia palustris, L.) — Ditches : common. (Eu.) 8. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate, nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yellow, exceeding the calyx (3" long) ; pods oblong-clubrshaped, somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Eastern Virginia and southward. ORDER 40. HIEL,ASTO]IIACEjE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) Plants with opposite 3 - 7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-Primrose Family. — All tropical, except the genus 1. RHEXlA, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTF. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in- serted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 - 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large showy cymose flowers-; in summer; the petals falling early. (Name from pr)£is, a rupture, applied to this genus for no obvious reason. ) # Anthers linear, curbed, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the filament above its base : flowers cymose, peduncled. 1. R. Virginica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval- lanceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, E. Massachusetts to Penn., Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. 2. R. Mariana, L. Stems cylindrical ,- leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. 182 LYTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) * * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur : flowers few, sessile. 3. R. cili6sa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward. ORDER 41. I0poi/, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 1. M. p6ndula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry oval, green. — Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug. ORDER 46. UMBEL,L,IFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in- serted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolon- gation of the axis (carpophore') : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the inter- stices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittce), which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly com- pound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base : rarely with true stipules. Umbels usually compound ; when the secondary ones are termed umbellets : each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (that under the umbel is the involucre; that of the umbellet, involucel). — In many the flowers are dichogamous, i. e. the styles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop, — an arrangement for cross-fertilization. — A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties ; the flowers much alike in all, 188 UMBELLIFERwE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) — therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c., which likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore difficult for the young student. I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out). * Umbels or heads simple or irregularly compound, sometimes proliferous (i. e. one from the summit of another). 1. Hydrocotyle. Fruit smooth, orbicular or shield-shaped, flattened laterally. Leaves- with an orbicular or roundish blade. 2. Crantzia. Fruit smooth, globular, corky. Leaves are thread-shaped or awl-shaped petioles, with no true blade. 3. Sanicula. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles, globular. Flowers polygamous, capitate in the umbellets. 4. Eryngium. Fruit clothed with appressed scales or tubercles, top-shaped. Flowers perfect, in dense heads. * * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays regularly bearing umbellets. *- Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat. 5. D aucus. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs. *- •*- Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on th& back, and single-winged or margined at the junc- tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure). 6. Polyteenia, Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back. 7. Heracleum. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back : lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant. 8. Pastinaca. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones perfect, not radiant. 9. Archemora. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant j the 2 lateral ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 10. Tiedemannia. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical, hollow, with some cross partitions. *- *- •*- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge, each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back. 11. Angelica. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval. Seed not loose. 12. Archangelica. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil- tubes in each interval adhering to the loose seed. 13. Conioselinum. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins. *- H- *- H- Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or only slightly so, the cross-section nearly orbicular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs. 14. JEtlinsa. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single oil-tubes in the intervals. 15. Ligusticiim. Fruit elliptical : carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with several oil-tubes in each interval. 16. Thaspium. Fruit elliptical or ovoid: carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single oil-tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple. «- -K- *_ +- +- Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless. 17. Ztzia. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 6-ribbed : oil- tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound. 18. Bupleurum. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong: the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed. Leaves all simple. 19. Discopleura. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid : the lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions. UMBELLIFER^:. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 189 20. Cicuta. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin : the carpels strongly and equally 5- ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate. 21. Slum. Flowers white. Fruit ovate or globular : the carpels 5-ribbed. Leaves all simply pinnate. 22. Cry ptotreuia. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular. II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins invo- lute, so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.) 23. C'luvrophy Hum. Fruit linear or oblong, narrowed or beaked at the apex. 24. Osmorrhiza. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly. 25. Coninm. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides : ribs prominent, wavy. 26. Eulophus. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs. III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar. 27. Erigenia. Fruit twin : carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets few-flowered. 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin : oil-tubes none. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from vdap, water, and KorvXr), a fiat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.) * Peduncles much shorter than the petioles : pedicels short or none : leaves not peltate. 1. H. repanda, Pers. Petioles (2'-9/long) and peduncles (l'-2'long) clustered "on the creeping stems or runners ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped with a shal- low open sinus, repand-toothed, thickish ; flowers 2 - 4 in a head or cluster, with a conspicuous 2-leaved involucre ; ripe fruit ribbed, reticulated between the ribs. — Maryland ( W. M. Cariby) and southward. — Probably a variety of H. Asiatica, L. 2. H. ranunculoides, L. -Petioles (2' - 9' long) and peduncles (£'-!' long, in fruit reflexed) from long commonly floating creeping stems ; leaves or- bicular or kidney-form, 3 - 1 -cleft, the lobes broad and crenate ; flowers 5 - 10 in a capitate umbel; fruit smooth, scarcely ribbed. — Pennsylvania to Virginia, and southward. 3. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, branching, spreading and creeping ; leaves rounded kidney-form, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, thin, very smooth and shining, short-petioled ; the few-flowered umbels of minute flowers in their axils almost sessile. — Shady damp places : common northward. * * Peduncles scape-like, as long as the slender petioles, all from slender runners or rootstocks creeping in the mud: leaves orbicular, centrally peltate, simply or doubly crenate : fruit sharp-margined. 4. H. umbellata, L. Umbel many-flowered and simple or sometimes proliferous (2 or 3, above one another) ; pedicels slender l£"-3" long); fruit 190 TJMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) notched at base and apex. — Massachusetts on the coast, to Penn. (on the Juni- ata River, Prof. Porter), and southward. — Petioles and peduncles 3' -8" high : leaves 1'- 2' wide. Var. ? ambigua. Umbels 3 - 4 ; pedicels only once or twice the length of the fruit. — Maryland, W. M. Canby. Intermediate between H. umbellata and H. vulgaris : differs from the next by the distinctly pedicelled fruit. 5. H. interriipta, Muhl. Umbels or rather little heads few-flowered, proliferous and forming an interrupted spike ; pedicels scarcely any, the broadly margined fruit acutish at the base. — Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, along the coast. — Usually smaller than No. 4. 2. CBANTZIA, Nutt. CRANTZIA. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval. — Minute perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydrocotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place of leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers white. (Named for Prof. Henry John Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.) 1. C. lineata, Nutt. Leaves somewhat club-shaped, very obtuse (l'-2' long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, forming a corky margin. — Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July. 3. SANICTJIiA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes. — Perennial rather tall herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal. ) 1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit. — Copses. June -Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin leaves ; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet. 2. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves all 5-7-parted; sterile flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous, recurved. — Woods and copses : common. — Stem 2° -3° high ; the leaves more rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet. 4. ERTTNGIUM, Tourn. ERTNGO. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 191 1. E. yuccsefblium, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKE- ROOT.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-like, nerved, bristly-fringed; leaf- lets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads ; root perennial. (E. aquaticum, L., in part, but never aquatic.) — Dry or damp pine-barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July, Aug. 2. E. Virginianum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed, longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads ; root biennial. — Swamps, New Jersey and southward near the coast. July. 5. DAITCUS, Tourn. CARROT. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly 'ribs, two of them on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones, each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo- lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.) 1 . D. CAR6TA, L. ( COMMON CARROT. ) Stem bristly ; involucre pinnati- fid, equalling the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields. July -Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark-purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. POLYTJENIA, DC. POLTT^NIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky margin, the1 impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each interval, and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb (2° -3° high), resembling a Parsnip, with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no invo- lucres, brfstly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from TroXus, many, and raivia, ajillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 1. P. Nuttallii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Southwestward. May. 7. HERACLETJM, L. COW-PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing 2-cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels. Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 - 2-ternately compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist rich ground : most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented plant, 4° - 8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwort. 8. PASTINACA, Tourn. PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the carpels minutely 5-ribbed ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral 192 UMBELLIFER^:. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) ones distant from them and near the margin : an oil-tube in each interval, of the length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none of the flowers radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pinnately-compound leaves. Involucre and involucels small or none. (The Latin name, frompastus, food.) 1. P. SATIVA, L. (COMMON PARSNIP.) Stem grooved, smooth; leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 9. ABCHBMORA, DC. COWBANE. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish j the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4 - 6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with rather rigid leaves of 3 - 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Involucre nearly none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to Archemorus, who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.) 1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. AMBfouA, linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey and W. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 10. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. FALSE WATER-DROPWORT. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single-winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic 'herb, with a hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the distinguished anat- omist the late Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg. ) 1. T. teretifblia, DC. 'Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug. 11. ANGELICA, L. ANGELICA. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing ; their flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2 - 4 on the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout perennial herbs, more or less aromatic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or ternately divided leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucre, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or greenish. Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic from its cor- dial and medicinal properties.) 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut and toothed ; involucels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad. — Mountains of Pennsylvania (Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle- ghanies. Aug. UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 193 12. ARCHANG^ILICA, Hoffm. ARCHANGELICA. Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer- ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which the species have been separated, with hardly sufficient reason. 1. A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high), rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickish, ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate ; involucels as long as the umbellets ; pedun- cles and fruit downy, broadly winged. (Angelica triquinata, Nutt.} — Dry open woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white. 2. A. atropurp urea, Hoffm. (GREAT ANGELICA.) Smooth ; stem dark purple, very stout (4° -6° high), hollow; leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound; the leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much inflated ; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, winged. (Angelica triquinata, Michx.} — Low river-banks, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant strong-scented. 3. A. Gmelini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit (l°-3° high) ; leaves 2 - 3-ternately divided ; the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, glabrous ; in- volucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblong with 5 thick and corky wing- like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the others. (A. pere- grina, Nutt., & ed. 2.) — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. July. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so equally ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum. 13. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. HEMLOCK-PARSLEY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval : the carpels convex -flattish and narrowly 3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes in the substance of the pericarp, 1 - 3 in each of the intervals, and several on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin leaves, inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of the involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and Selinum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.) 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid ; fruit longer than the pedicels. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward through the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock. 14. JETHUSA, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose; the carpels each with 5 thick sharply-keeled ridges: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous herbs, with 2 -3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin- nate, and white flowers. (Name from aWio, to burn, from the acrid taste.) 1. JE. CYNA.PIUM, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate ; involucre none : involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New England to Penn. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted stem. (Adv. from Eu.) 13 194 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 15. LIGTJSTICUM, L. LOVAGE. Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or slightly flattened on the sides; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or narrowly winged ridges : intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren- nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds.) 1. L. Sc6ticum, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Very smooth ; stem (2° high), simple ; leaves 2-ternate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or cut ; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear ; calyx-teeth distinct ; fruit narrowly oblong. — Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug. — (Eu.) 2. L. actaeifdlium, Michx. (NONDO. ANGELICO.) Smooth ; stem (39 - 6° high) branched above ; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf- lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted ; calyx-teeth mi- nute ; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, "Banks of the St. Lawrence," is probably a mistake.) 16. THASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings, the lateral ones marginal: oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs, with 1 -2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the isMnd of Thap- sus.) I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because the same species has fruit either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name of Zizia for Z. integerrima, DC. * Stems loosely branched, 2° — 5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints: calyx short but manifest : corolla light yellow : leaves all ternately compound. 1. T. barbin6de, Nutt. Leaves 1- 3-ternate; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate and acute, mostly with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 2 -3-cleft or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong, 6-10-winged (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. — River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 2. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ; leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong, narrowly 8-W-winged (!£' long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin- natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walter!, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt.) — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains. # * Stems somewhat branched ; the whole plant glabrous : calyx-teeth obscure. 3. T. atireum, Nutt. Leaves all 1 - 2-teryately divided or parted (or rarely some of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong- UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 195 lanceolate, very sharply cut-serrate, with a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep yellow ; fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. — Moist river-banks, &c. June. Var. apterum. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wings. (Smyrnium aureum, L. Zizia aurea, Koch.) — With the winged form. 4. T. trifoliatum. Root-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or 3-parted; the divisions or leaflets ovate- lanceolate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed; flowers deep yellow ; fruit globose-ovoid, with 10 winged ridges. — Rocky thickets, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : rare eastward. June. Var. atropurpiireum, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap- sia trifoliata, L. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpureum, Nutt.) — From New York westward and southward. Var. apterum. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings. (Zizia, cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form. 17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (ZiziA § T^N^DIA, Torr. & Gr.) Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular : carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con- spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins ; umbels with long and slen- der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named for /. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.) 1. Z. integerrima, DC. — Rocky hillsides : not rare. May, June. 18. BUPIiEURUM, Tourn. THOROUGH-WAX. Calyx-teelh obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewhat twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes.. Plants with simple entire leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from /Sous, an ox, and TrAevpdy, a rib.) 1. B. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; involucre none; in- volucels of 5 ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York to Virginia: rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. DISCOPLEUBA, DC. MOCK BISHOP-WEED. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. 'Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : in- tervals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre and involucels conspicuous. (Name from SIOTCOJ, a disk, and n\evp6v, a rib.) 1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbel few-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre 3 - 5- cleft; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fruit ovate in outline. — Brackish swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July - Oct. Var. ? COStata, DC. Larger; rays and divisions of the involucre numer- ous ; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois ( Vasey) and southwestward. 2. D. Wuttallii, DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre entire and shorter ; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and southward, 196 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 2O. ClCUTA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit subglobose, a little contracted at the sides, the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in the notches. Involucre few-leaved : involucels many-leaved. Flowers white ; in summer. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) 1. C. maculata, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. MUSQUASH ROOT. BEA- VER-Poiso\.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps : common. Aug. — Plant 3' - 6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison. 2. C. bulbifera, L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper axils bearing clustered bulblets. — Swamps : common northward : seldom fruiting. 21. SIUM, L. WATER-PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth small or none. Fruit oblong, ovate or globular, flattish or con- tracted at the sides ; the carpels with 5 mostly strong ribs : intervals with 1 - • several oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with sharp- angled or grooved stems, simply pinnate leaves, and serrate or incised leaflets, or the immersed leaves more compound. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white; in summer. (Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water.) * Pericarp thin between the strong projecting ribs : lateral ribs marginal. 1. S. lineare, Michx. Tall (2° -4°); leaflets linear, lanceolate, or oblong- lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, very sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth none or obsolete ; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather wings ; oil-tubes 1 -3 in the very narrow intervals. (S. cicutaefolium, Gmelin, of Siberia is prob- ably the same, and if so, the older name.) — In water or wet places : common. S. LATirdLiUM, L., of Europe (for which broad-leaved forms m our plant have been mistaken), if ever found in this country, will be known by its blunt or less tapering leaves, slender calyx-teeth, and much less projecting or wing- like ribs to the more oval fruit. 2. S. Cars6nii, Durand, ined. Smaller (1°- 2° high), branched ; leaflets 3-7, thin, varying from linear to oblong, acute, sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth none or obsolete ; fruit ovoid-globnlar, with strong filiform ribs, the broad inter- vals with 1-3 conspicuous oil-tubes. — Wet banks of streams, or in flowing water (when the submersed or floating leaflets are very thin, sometimes reduced to the terminal one, ovate or oblong, and usually laciniate-toothed or dissected : in this state it was doubtfully referred to Helosciadium nodiflorum, Koch, in addend, to ed. 2). — Pennsylvania, around the Pocono Mountain, Prof. Traitt Green, Prof. T. C. Porter, Dr. Carson. Connecticut, Prof. D. C. Eaton. * # Ribs inconspicuous or confluent in the thick texture of the pericarp, concealing the numerous oil-tubes, the lateral ones not quite marginal. (Be'rula, Koch.) 2. S. angustifblium, L. Low (9' -20' high); leaflets varying from oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft or even pinnatifid ; peduncles short ; fruit ovate ; calyx-teeth scarcely any. — Wet places, Massachusetts (M. A. Cuitis in herb Durand), Michigan, Illinois (Dr. lrasey), and westward. (Eu.) UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 197 22. CRYPTOT.SJNIA, DC. HONEWORT. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides; the carpels equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and one under each rib. Seed slightly concave^on the inner face. — A perennial smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, the umbels and umbellets with very unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name composed of icpvirros, hidden, and raii/ia, a fillet, from the concealed oil-tubes.) 1. C. Canad6nsis, DC. — Thickets: common. June -Sept. — Plant 2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed. 23. CH^ROPHYLLUM, L. CHERVIL. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed or short-beaked, con- tracted at the sides ; the carpels 5-ribbed, at least at the apex : inner face of the seed deeply grooved lengthwise : intervals usually with single oil-tubes. — Chiefly annuals or biennials : leaves ternately decompound ; the leaflets lobed or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involucels many-leaved. Flowers chiefly white. (Name from xaipa, to gladden, and c^uAXoi/, a leaf, alluding to the agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage. ) 1. C. proCTimbens, Lam. Stems slender (6' -18'), spreading, a little hairy ; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile or peduncled) ; fruit narrowly oblong, with conspicuous narrow ribs, not beaked. — Moist copses, New Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June. 2. C. SATIVUM, Lam. (GARDEN CHERVIL.) Taller; lobes of the leaves ovate and pinnatifid ; fruit oblong-linear, ribless, but tapering into a ribbed beak shorter than the seed. (Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffm.) — Rarely seen in gardens (as a sweet herb), but thoroughTy^s^hlaiieous in fields and copses near Lancaster, Penn., Prof. T. C. Porter. (Nat. from Eu.) 24. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels with sharp upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a deep longitudinal channel : oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick sweet-aro- matic roots, and large 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets ovate, pinnatifid-toothed. Involucre and involucels few-Jeaved. Flowers white. (Name from 0071,77, a scent, and pifa, a root, from the anise-like flavor of the latter.) 1. O. longistylis, DC. (SJIOOTHER SWEET CICELY.) Styles slender, nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short- pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods : commonest north- ward. May, June. — Plant 3° high, branching : stem reddish. 2. O. brevistylis, DC. (HAIRY SWEET CICELY.) Styles conical and not longer than the breadth of the ovary; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit; leaf- lets downy-hairy, taper-pointed, pinnatifid-cut. — Common : root less sweet. 25. CONIUM, L. POISON HEMLOCK. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5 prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep nar* 198 ARALIACE^. (GINSENG FAMILY.) row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound leaves. Involucre and involucels 3 - 5-leaved, the latter 1 -sided. Flowers white. (Kaveiov, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.) 1. C. MACULATUM, L. Smooffi; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati- fid: involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A large branching herb : the pale green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised. A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.) 26. EULOPHUS, Nutt. EULOPHUS. Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ; the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A slen- der, smooth perennial : leaves 2-ternately divided into narrow linear leaflets. In- volucre scarcely any : involucels bristle-form. Flowers white. (Name from ev, well, and Aoos, a crest, not well applied to a plant with no crest at all. ) 1. E. Americ&nus, Nutt. -r- Darby plains, hear Columbus, Ohio (Sulli' vant), Illinois, and southwestward. July. — Root a cluster of small tubers. 27. ERIGENIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin ; the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name from rjpiyfvrjs, born in the spring.) 1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Penn. to Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3' - 9' high. ORDER 47. ARAOACE^E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with muck the same characters as Umbelliferse, but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few - several-celled drupe. (Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.) — Represented here only by the genus 1. ARAL I A, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA. Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short and united. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure.) CORNACE^. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 199 § 1. ARALTA, L. Flowers monoxiously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually in corymbs or panicles : styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5 : stems herbaceous or woody: ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate. * Umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle : leaves very large, quinately or pinnately decomjbund, 1. A. spin6sa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB.) Shrub, or a low tree ; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale be- neath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward : common in cultivation. July, August. 2. A. racembsa, L. (SPIKENARD.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched; leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy ; umbels racemose ; styles united. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its spicy-aromatic large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the leafstalks. * * Umbels 2 — 7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody. 3. A. hispida, Michx. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.) Stem (l°-2° high), bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; leaves twice pinnate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky places : common northward, and southward along the mountains. June. 4. A. nudicaulis, L. (WiLD SARSAPARILLA.) Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; with the same range as No. 3. May, June. — The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are employed as a substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalk 1° high, § 2. GINSENG, Decaisne & Planchon. (Panax, L.) Flowers diceciously poly- gamous: styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fruit 2 or 3 : stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves (or per- haps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), and a single umbel on a slender naked peduncle. 5. A. quinquef61ia. (GINSENG.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often forked (4' -9' long, aromatic); stem 1° high; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red. (Pa- nax quinquefolium, L. ) — Rich and cool woods : becoming rare. July. 6. A. trif61ia. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) Root or tuber globular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4' - 8' high ; leaf- lets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods : common northward. April, May. HEDERA HELIX, the European IVY, is almost the only other representative of this family in the northern temperate zone. ORDER 48. CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous}, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, the calyx-tube coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals (yalvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigy- nous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one ; a single anatropous ovule hang- 200 CORXACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) ing from the top of the cell ; the fruit a I-2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly the length of the albumen, with large and foliaceous cotyledons. — A small family represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa. (Bark bitter and tonic.) 1. CORNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD. Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4- toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2- seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) § 1. Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red. 1. C. Canadensis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) Stems low and simple (5' -7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre ovate ; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods : common northward. June. 2. C. florida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Leaves ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (!£' long) ; fruit oval. — Rocky woods: more common southward. May, June. — Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. § 2. Flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes : involucre none : fruit spherical. * Leaves all opposite : shrubs. 3. C. circinata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.) Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly beneath (2' -5' broad); cymes fiat', fruit light blue. — Copses ; in rich soil. June. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species. 4. C. sericea. L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Branches purplish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places: common. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high. 5. C. Stolonifera, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) Branches, especially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth; leaves ovate, rounded at. the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth; fruit white or lead-color. — Wet places : common, especially northward. Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3° - 6° high. June. 6. C. asperifblia, Michx. (ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD.) Branches broivnish ; the branchlets, Sfc. rough-pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and downy beneath; calyx- teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June. 7. C. stricta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) Branches brownish or reddish, smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous, CORNACE^E. .(DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 201 of nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, flattish', anthers and fruit pale blue. — Swamps, Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high. 8. C. paniculata, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) Branches gray, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but not downy; cymes convex, loose, often panicled; fruit white, depressed-globose. — Thickets and river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high, very much branched, bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms. * * Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches. 9. C. alternifblia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL.) Branches green- ish streaked with white, alternate ; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at the base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; fruit deep blue on reddish stalks. — Hillsides in copses. May, June. — Shrub or tree 8° - 20° high, with flattish top, and very open, broad cymes. 2. NYSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR-GUM TREE. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk : filaments slender : anthers short. No pistil Pist. Fl. solitary, or 2 - 8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short re- pand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, decidu- ous, or often wanting. Stamens 5-10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1 -celled and 1 -seeded stone. — Trees with entire or sometimes angulate- toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the end of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph : "so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.") 1. N. multiflbra, Wang. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR GUM. ) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes- cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2' - 5' long) ; fertile flowers 3 - 8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit ovoid, bluish-black (about $ long). (N. sylvatica, Marsh. N. villosa, Willd, &c.) — Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. April, May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat spray, like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained and very unwedgeable, on account of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. 2. N. uniflora, Walt. (LARGE TUPELO.) Leaves oblong or ovate, some- times slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' - 12' long) ; fertile flower solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit oblong, blue (!' or more in length). (N. den- ticulata, Ait. N. tomentbsa, and angulisans, Michx. N. grand identata, Michx. f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. April. - «- Wood soft: that of the roots very light and spongy, used "for corks. 202 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) DIVISION n. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.* ORDER 49. CAPRIFOUACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 - 5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (or one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded. Seeds an- atropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Tribe I. LiONICERE.33. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender : stigma capitate. 1. Ldiimea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 2. Symplioricarpus. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 3. Lionicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile. 4. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender. 5. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Tribe II. SAMBUCEJE. Coralla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes. 6. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like containing the small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 1. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple. 1. LINNJEA, Gronov. LINN^A. TWIN-FLOWER. Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little ever- green, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Co- rolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnaeus, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a special favorite.) 1. L. bore&lis, Gronov. — Moist mossy 'woods and cold bogs: common northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.) * In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite sep- arate. In Compositae and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis prefixed to the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead the student to the proper order. CAPRIFOLIACEJS. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 203 2. SYMPHORICARPTTS, Dill. SNOWBERRT. Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4 - 5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2- seeded. Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short- petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of (ru/i<£ope ghanies. Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains of New Hampshire. 37. A. nemoralis, Ait Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leaves small |1'- 1^' long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins ; scales ©f the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing Into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of New Hampshire ; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept. 38. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus- tered (6' -15' high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1-3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long); heads smaff, wt a flat corymb ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short ; rays white (2" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Illinois and Wisconsin along: the Great Lakes, and northward. Aug. 236 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) § 6. OXYTRIP6LIUM, DC. Scales of the involucre imbricated, without herba- ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft and capillary : achenia striate. 39. A. fl.exu.6sus, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6"- 20' high) ; the branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many rows, ovate-lanceolate with awl-shaped points; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept. 40. A. linif61i.US, L. Annual; stem much branched (6' -24' high), the branches bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be- yond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, Michx.) Salt marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. Aug. -Oct. 41. A. angUStUS, Torr. & Gr. (Tripolium angustum, Lindl. T. frondo- sum, Nutt. Also in Siberia, Conyza Altaica, DC., and Brachyactis ciliata, Ledeb.) An annual species related to the last, but with broader leaves, very- many minute rays, and more copious pappus : comes from the northwest to near the borders of Wisconsin. 14. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE. Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and little imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenia flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed heads. Disk yellow ; ray white or purple. (Name from rjp, spring, and yepav, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearance of some of the ver- nal species.) § 1. CJEN6TUS, Nutt. Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus : pappus simple : chiefly annuals and biennials. 1. E. Canadense, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like (3° - 5° high) ; leaves linear, mostly entire ; those from the root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled. — Waste places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July -Oct. — Ligules much shorter than their tube, white. (Nat. in Eu. &c.) 2. E. divaricatum, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3' -6' high); leaves linear or awl -shaped ; heads loosely corymbed ; rays purple : otherwise like No. 1 . — Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 3. E. acre, L. Sparsely hairy or smoothish ; stem erect (10' -20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire ; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4 "-5" long) ; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pap- pus. — Shores of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins, Prof. Porter, &c.), and northwest- ward. (Eu.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237 § 2. EUERtGERON, Torr. & Gr. Bays elongated, crowded in one or more rows: pappus simple. (Erect perennials: heads somewhat corymbed, middle-sized.) 4. E. bellidifdlium, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing offsets from the base : stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks : common. May. 5. E. Philad61phicum, L. (COMMON FLEABANE.) Hairy ; stem leafy, corymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob- long ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh- color. (E. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground : common. June -Aug. § 3. STENACTIS, Cass. Outermost bristles of the pappus short and minute, or rather chaffy, forming an external series : otherwise as § 2. 6. E. glab611um, Nutt. Stem (6' -15' high) stout, hairy above, the leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre. — Plains N. Wiscon- sin, and westward. June. § 4. PHALACROL6MA, Cass. Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row, con- spicuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute chaffy -bristle-form scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely wanting in the ray : annuals and biennials. 7. E. annuum, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3° -5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. (E. hetero- phyllum, Muhl. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste places : a very com- mon weed. June -Aug. (Nat. in Eu.) 8. E. Strigdsum, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corym- bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest ob- long or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifblium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. : com- mon. June - Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. — Var. DISCOLDEUM, Robbins, has the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and adjacent parts of Connecticut and Rhode Island, Dr. Robbins. § 5. ERIGERtDIUM, Torr. & Gr. Rays about 30, in a single row, rather broad : pappus simple : achenia mostly 4-nerved : root perennial. 9. E. v6rnum, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1°- 2° high), bearing 5-12 small corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michx. Aster vernus, L.) — Low grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May. 238 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 15. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. DOUBLE-BRISTLED ASTER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo- lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1 -nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers yellow ; rays white or violet. (Name composed of dtTrXoos, double, and TraTnroff, pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.) $ 1. Rays violet, showy : head solitary, pretty large : involucre much imbricated : achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike. 1. D. Iinariif61ius, Hook. Stems (6'- 20' high) several from the same woody root, mostly simple, very leafy ; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly 1 -nerved, smooth, rough-margined. — Dry soil: common. Sept., Oct. § 2. Rays white : heads small, corymbed : involucre shorter than the disk, imbricated in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of them thickened at the tip : leaves rather large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire, 2. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6° high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' -6' long); leads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre rather •close, obtusfeh. — Moist thickets: common, especially northward. Aug. 3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu- cre loose, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and southward. Aug. — Too near the last ; but lower, rougher, and with broader and shorter leaves. 4. D. COrnif61iU8, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — "Woodlands, E. Massa- chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July - Sept. 16. BOLT6NIA, L'Her. BOLTONIA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the Tiemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache- nia very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and usually 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster : the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal : disk yellow : rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.) # Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed. 1 . B. asteroides, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate ; achenia broadly oval ; pap- pus of few minute bristles and no awns. —Moist places along streams. Penn- sylvania (Bartram), and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Oct. — Plant usually 6° high. ' COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239 2. B. glastif61ia, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending ; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; pappus of several sbort bristles and 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept., Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high. * * Heads small, panicled on the slender branches. 3. B. diSusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; pappus of several very short bris- tles and 2 short awns. — Prairies near Centralia, Illinois ( Vasey), and southwest- ward. Aug. - Oct. 17. E ELLIS, Tourn. DAISY. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Ache- nia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy, B, perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) 1. B. integrifblia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Annual or biennial, diffusely branched (4f-9' high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. — Prairies and banks, Kentucky and south westward. March- June. 18. BRACHYCHJETA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD. Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name com- posed of /Spa^us, short, and xai/ bristle, from the pappus.) 1. B. COrdata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills, E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or less pubescent. 19. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD. Heads few - many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No. 1 ). Recep- tacle small, not chaffy. Achenia many-ribbed, nearly terete. Pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clus- tered : flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name from so- lido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flow- ering in autumn. § 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound 1. S. squarr6sa, Muhl. Stem stout (2° -5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, 240 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ' serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vermont to Pennsylvania, and the mountains of Virginia : rather rare. § 2. VIRGAtlREA, Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips: rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more or less pedicelled. * Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves. 2. S. bicolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; dusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; rays small, cream-color or nearly white. — Var. CONCOLOR has the rays yellow. — Dry copses and banks : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward. 3. S. Iatif61ia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long) ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. — Moist shaded banks : common northward, and along the mountains. 4. S. C£fesia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches. — Moist rich woodlands : common. * * Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and panicled, not one-sided: leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.) •*- Heads small: leaves nearly entire, except the lowerwost. 5. S. virgata, Michx. Very smooth throughout ; stem strict and simple, wand- like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-ob- long thickish leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 6. S/ pub^rula, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and pan- icle minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, smoothish ; the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed ; heads very numerous and crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast. 7. S. Stricta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged* petioles, partly sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales of the involucre linear- oblong, obtuse ; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wis- consin, and northward. Root-leaves 6' -10' long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July. -»- H— Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant. 8. S. specibsa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thickish, smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong- lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 241 crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or fLyniform pan- icle ; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy ; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong, obtuse ; rays about 5, large. — Var. ANGUST\TA is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike. — Copses, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A very handsome species; the lower leaves 4' -6' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms. 9. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy ; stem strict, simple, (1°- 3° high) ; leaves small (^'-2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-cilio- late; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated: scales of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer ones loose and spreading, more or less fol.iaceous, — especially in var. 8QUARRUL68A, Torr. & Gr. — S. W. Illinois (Dr. Engelmann), and southward. — The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled. 10. S. Virga-atirea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6' - 18' high) and simple ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatulate orelliptical- obovate and petioled, serrate with small oppressed teeth or nearly entire ; racemes rhyrsoid or simple, narrow ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ; rays 8 - 12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north- ern regions; perhaps including several. (Eu.) Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number) ; leaves thick- ish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York ; and shore of Lake Superior. Var htimilis. Low (6'- 12' high) and smooth, bearing several or numer- ous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c., are mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays 6-8, short ; leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and serrate. (S. humilis, Pursh, Torr. $• Gr.) — Kocky banks, W. Vermont, and along the Great Lakes northward. Also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter! Great Falls of the Potomac, Virginia, Dr. Bobbins! — At the base of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of streams, occurs a form, with the minutely pubescent stout stem l°-2° high, the leaves larger and broader, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme ; the rays occasionally almost white. 11. S. thyTSOidea, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4° high), wand-like, pubes- cent near the summit, simple; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large (l'-4'long), all but the uppermost abruptly con- tracted into long and margined petioles ; heads large (5" - 6" long), many-flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2'- 18' long) ; scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed ; rays 8 - 10, elongated ; achenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S. leiocarpa, DC.) — Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to New York (south to the Catskills), shore of Lake Superior, and northward. — Very near an European form of S. Virga-aurea. 16 242 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose : * leaves mostly with a strong midrib. 12. S. rigida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence; stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; corymb dense; leaves oval or oblong, copi- ously feather-veined, thick and rigid ; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; heads large, about 34-flowered ; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to N. Wisconsin and southward. 13. S. Ohioensis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout ; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, fiat, entire, obscurely feather- veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate towards the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16 -20-flowered ; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the rest. 14. S. Ridd&lii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance- olate, elongated (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, condupli- cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nerved; heads very numerous, clustered, 20-24-flow- ered; the rays 7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and Illinois. — Heads larger than in the last, 2"- 3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading. 15. S. Hough tbnii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rather low and slender (l°-2° high) ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, fiat, entire, tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles ; heads few or several, 20 - 30-flowered ; the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michi- gan ; collected in the Michigan State Survey. Swamps at West Bergen, Gen- esee Co., New York, J. A. Paine, &c. July, Aug. — Leaves rough-margined, 2' -5' long, 2" -4" wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly £' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse. # # # # Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved. •»- Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, oltscurdy veiny : heads rather large. 16. S. Semp6rvirens, L. Smooth and stout (1° - 6° high) ; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. • — Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy : the golden rays 8-10. •*- •«— Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather -veined, or rarely slightly triple- nerved: heads middle-sized. 17. S. elliptica, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (l°-3° high) , very leafy ; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above ; heads in dense spreading ra- cemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and achenia stri- gose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass, to New Jer- sey and southward. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the rays 8-12. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213 1 8. S. neg!6cta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem stout (2° - 3° high) ; leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire; the lower ocatc-lanceolute or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achenia nearly glabrous. — bwamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ^ the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 19. S. patula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves (4' -8' long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches. — Swamps : common. 20. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth throughout (l°-4° high); radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire ; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and fiat corymb-like panicle : rays 8-12, small. — Var. 1. JUNCEA has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or all the upper entire. — Var. 2. SCABRELLA is somewhat roughish-pubescent ( Wis- consin, &c.). — Copses and banks : common, especially the first variety. — Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as even the root-leaves are seldom much toothed. 21. S. Muhlenb^rgii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser- rate, pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle ; rays 6-7, large. — Copses and moist woods, New Hampshire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender. 22. S. linoides, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' -20' high) ; leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narrowed at the base, the lower tapering into margined ciliate petioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes shoi-t, crowded in one or 3-4 small one-sided panicles (3' -4' long) ; heads small and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston and Provi- dence), to the pine barrens of New Jersey. t- • -t- -«- Leaves broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply serrate, copiously feather-veined and conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short. 23. S. altissima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2' -7' high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or olilong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes panicled, spreading; scales of the involucre linear; rays 6-9 ; the disk-flowers 4-7. — Borders of fields and copses : very common, presenting a great variety of forms : but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the lowest of the common Golden-rods. It flowers early. Aug. - Sept. 24. S. Ulmifblia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be- set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses : common. — Too near the last ; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves. 244 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 25. S. Dmmmdndii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower surface of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the in- volucre oblong, obtuse ; rays 4 or 5. — Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and south westward. +- H_ +- H_ Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure. 26. S. pilbsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with spread- in, the ancient name of a plant which produced some gum-resin, perhaps assafoetida, was transferred by Linnaeus to this American genus.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 249 * Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root very large and thick). 1. S. laeiniktum, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) Rough-bristly throughout; stem stout (3° -6° high), leafy to the top; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base ; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (l'-2' broad), somewhat racemed; scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wiscon- sin, thence southward and westward. July. — Lower and root-leaves vertical, 12' -30' long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present their edges north and south ; hence called Compass-Plant. 2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) Stem smooth, slender (4° -10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads, leafless except towards the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1° - 2° long, on slender petioles) ; scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenia narrowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed. — Var. piNNAxfriDUM has the leaves deeply cut or pin- natifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio and Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. July - Sept. # # Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy: leaves undivided (not large). 3. S. trifoli£tlim, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4°- 6° high), branched above; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosely panicled ; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. — Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug. 4. S. AsteriSGUS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the lower in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely tootlied, rarely entire, rough-hairy; heads nearly solitary (large); achenia obovate, winged, 2-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 5. S. integrifolium, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2° -4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3; - 5' long) ; heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled ; achenia broadly winged, deeply notched. — Var. L&VE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. * * * Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6'- 15' long). 6. S. perfoli&tum, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched above (4° - 8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases ; heads corymbose ; achenia winged and vari- ously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south- ward : common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July. 28. PABTHilNIUM, L. PARTHENIUM. Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil- 250 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo- lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slen- der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from irapBevos, virgin.) 1. P. integrifdlium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (l°-3° high); leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3' -6' long) cut-lobed be- low the middle ; heads many in a very dense flat corymb. — Dry soil, Maryland to Wisconsin and southward. June -Aug. 29. I V A , L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB. Heads several-flowered, not radiate ; the pistillate fertile and the staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a small tubular or no corolla ; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. Pappus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small greenish-white heads of flowers ; in summer and au- tumn. (Name of unknown derivation.) § 1. Fertile flowers with a small tabular corolla: involucre simple (heads nodding in the axils of leaf -I ike bracts, forming spikes or racemes). 1. I. frilt6scens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3° -8° high); leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. 2. I. ciliata, Willd. Annual (2° -8° high), rough and hairy ; leaves ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles ; heads in dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales of the in- volucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois southward. § 2. EUPHR6SYNE, DC. Fertile flowers 5, in the axils of as many thin mem- branaceous scales of the involucre, which loosely enwrap the achenia, their corolla a mere rudimentary ring or none. 3. I. xanthiifblia, Nutt. Annual., tall, roughish ; leaves nearly all oppo- site, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed ; heads small, crowded in spikes or clusters disposed in axillary and terminal panicles ; bracts inconspicuous. — N. W. Wis- consin (T. J. Hale), and northwestward. 30. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED. Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, composed of 7-12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stain- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251 inate flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost sepa- rate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achenium, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only ; the elongated branches of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid : pappus none. — Homely and coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers, produced throughout late summer and autumn : our species are all annuals. ( 'A/i/Spoo-t'a, the food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for these miserable weeds.) § 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre with its truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, re- curved, biistly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled. 1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy ( 1°- 3° high), very leafy ; leaves alter- nate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each side near the base. — Prairies of Illinois and southward. § 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular. * Leaves opposite, only once lobed : sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side. 2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem stout (4° -12° high), rough- hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceolate and serrate ; petioles margined ; fruit obovate, 5 - 6-ribbed and tubercled. — Var. INTEGRIF6LIA is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, un- divided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks : common. # # Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid. 3. A. artemisisefblia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BIT- TER-WEED.) Much branched (l°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ; leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo- void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. — Waste places everywhere. — An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves ; rarely the spikes bear all fertile heads. 4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2° -5° high), rough and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tubercles or with very small ones, pubescent. (A. coronopifolia, Torr. $* Gr.) — Prairies and plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and south westward. 31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBTJR. Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile in- volucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slen- der thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat, destitute of pappus. — Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves ; flowering in summer and autumn. (Name from £dvdos, yellow, in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield.) 252 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. X. Strumkrium, L. ( COMMON COCKLEBUR.) Rough; stems unarmed; leaves dilated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles, toothed and cut or obscurely lobed; fruit oval or oblong (£'-§' long), pubescent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) — Varies into forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (f- 1' long), which is either glabrous, glandular, or glandular-hairy, the prickles longer and the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., £c.) — River-banks, &c., common west- ward ; apparently indigenous. And this passes into Var. echinktum. {X. echinatum, Murr., &c.) Fruit turgid (!' long), thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in- curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an immigrant from farther south. Now widely scattered over the warmer parts of the world. 2. X. SPINOSUM, L. (SPINY CLOTBUR.) Hoary-pubescent ; stems slender, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often 2- 3-lobed or cut; fruit (J' long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places on the sea-board and along rivers, southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) % 32. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. TETRAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb, viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yel- low flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of rerpaywfos, four- angled, and 0f)KT], a case, from the shape of the involucre.) 1. T. helianthoides, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June. 33. ECLiPTA, L. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10- 12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. Achenia short, 3 - 4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name from cKXetVo), to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.) 1. E. procumbens, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs; stems procumbent, creeping, or ascending ; leaves oblong'lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate ; peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var. BRACHYPODA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the heads. — COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 253 Wet river-banks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. June - Oct. — All belong to a wide-spread and variable species of the warmer regions, the oldest specific name of which is E. ALBA. 34. BORRiCHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per- sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3- 4-angled. Pappus a short 4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 1. B. frut^scens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'- 12' high) ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of ^Xtos, the sun, and etyas, appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.) 1. H. laevis, Pers. Nearly smooth (l°-4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate. — Var. SCABRA has roughish foliage, and the involucre some- what hoary. — Banks and copses : common. Aug. 36. ECHINACEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical ; the lanceolate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Ache- nia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent : disk 'purplish. (Name formed from 'E^ti/oy, the Hedgehog, or Sea- urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 1. E. purptirea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowest ovafe, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows ; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serdtina, DC.) rough-bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), l'-2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson. — Probably varies into 2. E. angUStif61ia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri- cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains from Illinois and Wis- consin southwestrward. June -Aug. 254 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) £7. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar ; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the rays generally long, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linna?us at Upsal.) * Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut. 1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5 - 7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper- most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ; rays linear ( I' - 2' long), drooping. — Low thickets : common. July - Sept. * * Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted: receptacle sweet-scented. 2. R. SUbtomentbsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high), downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ; heads short-peduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. # # * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3. 3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2° -5° high), the branches slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pin- nately parted or undivided) ; rays 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple disk smooth, owned. — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small, but numerous and showy. 4. R. specidsa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1°- 2° high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 - 5-nerved coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numer- ous elongated (l'-l|') rays ; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil, W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July. 5. R. ffclgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear- ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Pennsyl- vania to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, l°-3° high : the rays orange- yellow. Nearly approaches the next. 6. R. hirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (l°-2°high), naked above, bearing single large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, as a weed in meadows, of recent introduction, with clover-seed from the West. June- Aug. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 255 38. LEPACHYS, Raf. (OBELISCARIA, DC.) Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar : the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenia. Pappus none or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves ; the grooved stems or branches naked above, terminated by single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping ; the disk grayish. (Name from XeTn's, a scale, and iraxvs, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff. ) 1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender (4° high), branching ; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute ; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long).— Dry soil, W. New York (Dr. Sartwdl), to Wisconsin and southward. July. — The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. 39. HELIANTHTJS, L. SUNFLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar- gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays ; flowering to- wards autumn. (Named from 17X105, the sun, and avdos, a flower.} § 1. Root annual : leaves alternate : receptacle fiat : disk brownish. 1. H. ANNUUS, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple- ribbed, ovate or the lower heart-shaped ; heads in cult, plant very broad, and rays many. — Escaped from cult, into waste grounds. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) § 2. Root perennial, the creeping rootstocks sometimes tuberous-thickened or tuberiferous. * Disk convex, dark purple: leaves mainly opposite: heads small, except No. 4. 2. H. angUStifbliuS, L. , Stem slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1-nerved ; heads loosely corymbed, long-ped uncled ; scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading her- baceous tips. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. 3. H. atrbmbens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2° -5° high), smooth, and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, ovate or oval, or the lowest heart- shaped (3' -6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, regularly imbri- cated, appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. 4. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ; heads nearly solitary, pretty large ; scales .of the involucre ovate or lance-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 large and often several small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward. 256 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) # # Disk convex, yellow: scales of tlie involucre regularly imbricated and oppressed, with somewhat spreading and acute (but not foliaceous) tips : leaves chiefly opposite. 5. H. laetiflbrus, Pers. Stout and rough (3° - 4° high), branching above j haves oval-lanceolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper- pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed, on naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Leaves almost as thick as in H. rigidus. Rays showy, l'-2' long. 6. H. OCCidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy; stem slender, simple, naked above (l°-3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved, obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles ; the upper small and remote, entire ; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 7. H. Cin^reus, var. Sullivantii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close rough- ish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a nar- rowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles slender ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli- vant. Stem 2° - 3° high, bearing few heads, as large as those of the next. 8. H. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy, to the top (2° — 4° high) ; leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base, pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under- neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and Prairies, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. # * * Heads very small (about 4" broad) : scales of the involucre few, shorter than the yellow disk, irregularly imbricated, oppressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips : rays 5-8, slender : leaves all but the. uppermost opposite. 9. H. microc6phalus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3° -8° high), with numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; pe- duncles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. — Thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. 10. H. Isevigatus, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm Springs of Virginia, and southward. # * * * Heads middle-sized or large : scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated, loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer. H— Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed. 11. H. gigant&US, L. Stem hairy or rough (3° -10° high), branched above ; leaves, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. AMBIGUUS has most of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No. 14. _ LOW thickets and swamps : common. Heads somewhat corymbed : the pale yellow rays 15-20. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 257 12. H. gTOSSe-serratUS, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, at least below (5° - 10° high) ; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper- pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petioled, hoary- doicny beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. — Dry plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward. — Probably runs into the last. 13. H. tomentOSUS, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5'- 12' long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath ; scales of the involucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy ; the chaff and tips of the disk-flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays 12-16 about 1' long.) — Rich woods, Illinois ? Virginia and southward along the mountains. •«- •*- Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed. 14. H. Strumbsus, L. Stem (3° -4° high) smooth below; leaves ovate- lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate with small oppressed tt-eth, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and naked or mi- nutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate with spread- ing tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. MOLLIS has the leaves softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses . common, especially westward. 15. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3'- 6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales of the involucre lanceolate from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk; rays 8-12. — Thickets and barrens : common. — Disk 6" wide ; rays 1 ' long. 16. H. hirsiltUS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1°- 2° high), bristly-hairy ; leaves more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about 12. — Dry plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. — Runs into the last. 17. H. tracheliif61ius, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smooth/'sh or rouyhish- pubescent both sides, contracted into short petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed- ing the disk; rays 12-15. — Copses, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Probably runs into the next. 18. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (3° -6° high), smooth below; leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, abruptly contracted into marginal petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate- linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk ; rays about 10. — Var. FROND6sus has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or changing to leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams: common, especially northward. (H. multiflorus, L., may be a cultivated state of this.) 19. H. doronicoldes, Lam. Stem stout (5°- 9° high), branching, rough- hairy above ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, strongly triple-veined \ rough above, smoothish or downy underneath, the lower often heart-shaped and on 17 258 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, scarcely exceeding the disk ; rays 12- 15. — River-bottoms, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. — A coarse species, with ample leaves (the lower often 1° long) ; the upper ones frequently alternate; rootstock thickening into elongated tubers. This is probably the original of 20. H. TUBER6sus, L., the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the Italians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusa- lem], which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from gardens into fence-rows, &c. in some places. 40. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. ACTINOMERIS. Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch- ing perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from OKTI'S, a ray, and //.epi'y, a part ; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.) 1. A. squarrbsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4° -8° high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reftexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broadly winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York (Sartwell) to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 2. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hairy (l°-3° high), widely winged by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rays 8-15, regular ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns ; receptacle conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July. 41. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flat, obcompressed (i. e. parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with op- posite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from Kopiff, a bug, and ox/as, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) §2. Branches of the style truncate : ray a rose-color: disk yellow : root perennial. 1. C. rdsea, Nutt. Stem branching, leafy, smooth (6'- 20' high) ; leaves opposite, linear, entire ; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles ; outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothed ; achenia oblong, wingless > pappus an obscure crown-like border. — Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massa- chusetts, to New Jersey, and southward : rare. Aug. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 259 § 3. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow or partly brown : branches of the style tipped with a pointed or acute appendage. # Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a callous tubercle on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chajf-like denticulate teeth : outer involucre about the length of the inner : rays large, coarsely 3-5- toothed: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: heads on long naked pedun- cles : root in our wild species perennial. 2. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems l°-4° high, branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval- lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3 - 5-lobed or divided; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. — Eich woods and banks, Virginia to Illinois and southward. June - Sept. 3. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy ( 1° - 2° high) ; stems short, tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire (or the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes), lanceolate, sessile, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into petioles; scales of the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate. — Rich or damp soil, Michigan and Illinois to Virginia, and southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. — Heads showy : rays 1 ' long. C. TINCT6RIA, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, a common garden biennial or annual, is becoming spontaneous in a few places. # # Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely ^-toothed at the summit: scales of the outer involucre narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at the base : rays mostly entire and acute : leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3- divided, therefore appearing as ifwhorled: perennial (1° — 3° high). 4. C. Senif61ia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft-pubes- cent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July. Var. stellata, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower. (C. stel- lata, Nutt.) — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 5. C. delphinifdlia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 2 -5-parfed, their divisions lance-linear (!" — 3" broad), rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July. 6. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 1 - 2-pi nnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also cultivated in old gardens, but not showy. July - Sept. 7. C. palm at a, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, deeply 3-c/efl, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward. July. # # # Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than the inner, all united at the base : rays obtuse, entire : leaves opposite, petioled, 3 - 5-divided: perennial. 8. C. tripteris, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4° - 9° high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. ( Chrysoste'mma, 260 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Less.} — Penn. to Michigan, Illinois and southward. Aug. - Sept. — Heads ex- haling the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning brownish. * * # # Achenia wingless, flat, 2-awned, 2-toothed, or rarely truncate, l-nerved or ridged on each face : scales of the outer involucre leafy, rejlexed or spreading : leaves opposite, petioled, generally pinnately or ternately compound, the leaves or leaflets serrate : biennials or annuals, with the aspect of Bidens, intermediate be- tween that genus and Coreopsis; — and certain ambiguous (hybridized?) speci- mens, with the awns barbed some upwards and some downwards, connect the two. H- Rays conspicuous, golden-yellow. 9. C. aristbsa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately 5- 7-divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads panicled- corymbose; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia obovate, often ob- scurely wing-margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging awns as long as the achenium itself. — Swamps, Ohio to Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwestward. Aug. - Oct. — Var. MtrriCA has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns. — W. Illinois and southwestward, where a form (C. involucrata, Nutt.) occurs with the bracts of the outer involucre more leafy, numerous, and hirsute. Mr. Fritchey sends, from near St. Louis, specimens with short awns and their barbs either spreading or retrorse, and others with long awns retrorsely barbed, — perhaps hybrids with some Bidens. 10. C. trichosp^rma, Michx. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWER.) Smooth, branched ; leaves short-petioled, 5 - 7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut- toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled- corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear, smooth or minutely appressed-hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast. Also Buffalo, New York (G. W. Clinton), and Illinois ( Vasey), where forms with shorter achenia approach the Southern C. aurea. Aug. - Oct. •*— •»— Rays none, or rarely small and inconspicuous: outer involucre of few (usually 3-5) loose leafy bracts commonly surpassing the heads: achenia minutely ap- pressed-pubescent : plants glabrous, l°-3° high. 11. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gr. Diffusely branched; leaves ternately di- vided, slender-petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ; heads 2" -3" long; achenia linear-wedge-shaped (2" -3" long), bearing a pair of short and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla. — Wet banks and swamps, Delaware ( W. M. Canby) to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July. Anomalous specimens, from near Philadelphia (A. H. Smith, &c.), growing with Bidens frondosa, differ from small forms of that only in the less rigid and upturned barbs of the awns. 12. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Pan iculately branched ; leaves undivided, lan- ceolate, coarsely toothed, taper-pointed, and the base tapering into a slender pet- iole; heads 6"- 10" long; achenia nearly subulate tapering downwards, bearing a pair of very slender upwardly roughened awns surpassing the corolla (4" long), but shorter than the achenium, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns. — Shores of Delaware River, near Philadelphia, and in Delaware, Nuttall, Durand, A. H. Smith, W. M. Canby. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 261 42. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD. Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish ; the chaff decidu- ous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.) * Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals ?) 1. B. frondbsa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2° -6° high) and branching; leaves 3 - 5-divided ; the leaflets mostly stalked, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed ; outer leafy involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below ; rays none or few and very small ; achenia wedge-obovate, 2-awned, the margins ciliate with upwardly-turned bristles, except near the summit. — Moist waste places : a coarse troublesome weed, the achenia, as in the other species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of animals. July - Oct. 2. B. connata, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (l°-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into mar- gined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3-divided, their lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse ; rays none ; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate. (B. tripartita, Bigel.) — A thin-leaved more petioled form is B. petiolata, Nutt. — E. New Eng- land to Illinois, and southward. — Var. COM6SA is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with more numerous and leafy bracts. — Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. Aug. -Oct. 3. B. cernua, L. (SMALLER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5'- 10' high); leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays: outer involucre longer than the head; achenia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places, Virginia to Wisconsin, and northward. July - Sept. — Rays, when present, smaller than in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.) 4. B. Chrysanthemoides, Michx. (LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth, erect, or reclining at the base (6' -30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate ; outer involucre mostly shorter than the showy golden-yellow (!' long) rays; achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins.; awns 2, 3, or 4. — Swamps : common. Aug.' - Oct. — Northward it runs into No. 3. * * Achenia linear or awl-shaped, 4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit. 5. B. B6ckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth ; stems long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dis- sected into fine capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ; heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (j' long), bearing 4- 6 stout divergent awns which are an inch long and barbed only towards the 262 . COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) apex. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Massachusetts to N. Jersey, Illinois, and northward. Aug. - Oct. 6. B. bipinnata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth annual, branched ; leaves 1- 3-pinnately parted, petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear scales equalling the short pale yellow rays ; achenia slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3-4-awned. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward. 43. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD. Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none. Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle rather convex; the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs ; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent on the stem. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.") 1. V. Siegesb^ckia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; flowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate; achenia wingless. — Kich soil, S. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July. 2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy- pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia narrowly winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania ? Illinois, and southward. Aug. 44. DYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD. Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep- tacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4- angled. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in TAGETES, the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, which belongs to the same group) ; the heads terminating the branches : flow- ers yellow. (Name 8vcra>dia, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.) 1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6' -18' high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly- toothed or cut ; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Roadsides, and banks of rivers, from Illinois southward : a common weed ; now migrating east- ward, established at Buffalo, N. Y., G. W. Clinton. Aug. - Oct. 45. HYMENOPAPPTJS, L'Her. HYMENOPAPPUS. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes. Achenia top- shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vfirjv, membrane, and TraTTTTVff, pappus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis- sected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 263 i. H. SCabioseeilS, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young (l°-3° high) ; leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy barrens, Illinois and southward. May, June. 45 £. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt. ACTINELLA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-lobed at the apex or 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenia top-shaped, densely silky- villous. Pappus of 5 or more ovate or lance- olate very thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow leaves, dotted or sprin- kled with resinous atoms as in the next genus ; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked peduncles ; flowers yellow. — Natives of the Western plains, &c., and barely entering our borders. (Name a diminutive of Actinea, from a/my, ray.) 1. A. scaposa, Nutt., var. glabra. Tufted; leaves crowded on the summit of woolly rootstocks, linear or somewhat spatulate, thickish, sparingly silky-hairy, becoming glabrous ; scape (3' -9' high) and involucre more woolly, the scales ovate and obtuse ; chaffy scales of the pappus ovate, awnless. — Joliet, Illinois, on an Indian mound (Dr. Scammon, W. Boott), and westward. 46. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3 - 5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resin- ous globules. (Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.) 1. H. autumnale, L. (SNEEZE-WEED.) Nearly smooth, perennial ; leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular-disk. — Alluvial river- banks : common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant l°-3° high, bitter: the corymbed heads showy. 47. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. LEPTOPODA. Rays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Helenium. — In the true species (of which L. puberula and L. brevifolia may be found in S. Virginia) the stems are simple, and naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head (whence the name, from XCTTTOS, slender, and irovs,foot) ; but the following is leafy to the top, and branched ; and were better restored to Helenium. 1. L. brachtfpoda, Torr. & Gr. Stem corymbed at the summit (l°-4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, decurrent on the stem; disk globular, brown- ish; rays (£'-§' long) yellow, or in one variety brownish-purple, sometimes with an imperfect style. — Damp soil, from Illinois southward. June - Aug. 264: COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 48. BALDWINIA, Nutt. BALDWINIA. Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenia. Pappus of 7 - 9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2° -3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, and the long naked summit terminated by a showy large head. Rays yellow (!' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.) 1. B. uniflbra, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward. Aug. 49. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. MARSHALLIA. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the flow- ers. Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re- sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustrum Americanum, one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) 1. M. latifblia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. LANCEOLATA and M. AN- GUSTIFOLIA may occur in S. Virginia.) 50. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pav. GALINSO^A. Heads several-flowered, radiate ; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads ; disk-flowers yellow ; rays whitish. (Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.) 1. G. PARVIFL6RA, Cav. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, some- what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8 - 16. — Waste places, especially eastward ; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 51. MA RUT A, Cass. MAT-WEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus none, — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnately divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 265 reflexed ; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown. — The genus not distinct enough from the next.) 1. M. COTULA, DC. (COMMON MAY- WEED.) Scales of the involucre with whitish margins. (Anthemis Cotula, L.) — Roadsides: very common. {Nat. from Eu.) . 52. ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE. Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri- ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic or strong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single heads. Rays in ours white ; the disk yellow. ('Ai/0e/zi's, the ancient name, given in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.) 1. A. ARVENSIS,' L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) Pubescent annual or biennial, resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed ; pappus a minute border. — Waste places : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. A. NOBILIS, L. (GARDEN CHAMOMILE.) More downy and perennial, pleasantly strong-scented ; sterile shoots depressed or creeping ; leaves very finely dissected ; chaff of the receptacle blunt ; pappus none. — Established near Lewiston, Delaware, Nuttall. (Adv. from Eu.) 53. ACHILLEA, L. t YARROW. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. ( So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.) 1. A. Millefblium, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems simple ; leaves twice.-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft, crowded ; corymb compound, flat- topped ; involucre oblong; rays 4 - 5, short, white (some- times rose-color). — Fields and hills : common northward. Aug. (Eu.) 2. A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth ; corymb loose ; rays 8-12, much longer than the involucre ; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 54. LETJCANTHEMTJM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed, pin- natifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white : disk yellow. (Name composed of \CVKOS, white, and avdepov, a flower, from the white rays.) 1. L. VULG\RE, Lam. ( OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head ; root- leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut orpinnatifid-toothed ; scales of the involucre with rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucan- themum, L. — Fields and meadows : too abundant. June, July. A pernicious 266 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) weed, with large and showy heads : in Connecticut is a variety with inconspicu- ous rays. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. L. PARTHENIUM, Godron. (FEVERFEW.) Tall, branched, leafy ; leaves twice-pinnately divided ; the divisions ovate, cut ; heads corymbed, rather small. (Matricaria Parthenium, L. Pyrethrum Parthenium, Smith.) — Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 55. MATBICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE. Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involu- cre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, na- ked. Achenia angular, wingless. Pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none. — Smooth and brandling herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with di- vided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Kays white or none : disk yellow. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.) 1. M. INOD6RA, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform lobes ; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays ; pappus a short crown or border. — (Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. Verrill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. discoidea, DC. Low (6' -9' high); leaves 2 - 3-pinnately parted into short linear lobes ; heads rayless, short-peduncled ; scales of the involucre oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; pappus obsolete. — Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. Probably an immigrant from Oregon, now extending eastward : also established in N. Europe. July - Sept. 56. TANACETUM, L. TANSY. Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly pistillate and 3 - 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recep- tacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pap- pus a short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1 - 3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow ; in summer. (Name said to be a corruption of aQavaala, undying, from its durable flowers.) 1. T. VULG\RE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem (2° -4° high) smooth; leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. cni SPUM has the leaves more cut and crisped. — Escaped from gardens to .roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. T. Huron6nse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (l°-3° high); lobes of the leaves oblong ; heads large (£'-§' wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3 - 5-cleft ; pappus toothed. — St. John's River, Maine ( G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward. 57. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD. Heads discoid, few -many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 267 ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes ; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek Diana.) § 1 . Receptacle smooth : marginal flowers pistillate and fertile : disk-flowers perfect but sterile : root perennial, except in No. 4. 1 . A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Tall (3° - 5°), somewhat woody at base, slightly hoary or glabrous ; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft ; heads small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks of streams, S. W. Illinois (Dr. Vasey, Dr. Mead) and westward. 2. A. borealis, Pallas. Low (3' -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3 - b-defl at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or linear; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or racemed. — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 3. A. Canad&nsis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (l°-2° high ) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3 — 7-divided ; the divisions linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in panicled racemes. — Shore of all the Great Lakes, &c., and northward. (Eu.) 4. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2° -5° high) ; upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 -3-pinnately divided ; the divisions thread-form, diverging ; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle ; root biennial. — Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to Virginia ; also Michigan and Illinois. § 2. Receptacle smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect. * Tall (l°-5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool: heads small, ovoid, crowded in leafy panicles. 5. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (WESTERN MUG WORT.) Whitened woolly throughout ; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid ; heads larger than in the next, mostly sessile in narrow panicles. — Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and southwestward ; especially the var. GNAPHAL6DES, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly both sides. 6. A. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON MUG WORT.) Leaves mostly glabrous and green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divi- sions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate ; heads small in open panicles. — Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Less branched (l°-3°) biennial or annual, glabrous: heads densely clustered. 7. A. biennis, Willd. (BIENNIAL WORMWOOD.) Lower leaves twice- pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio to Illinois, and northwestward ; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, &c. § 3. Receptacle hairy ; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate: heads nodding. 8. A. AesfNTHiUM, L. (COMMON WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby (2°- 4° high), silky-hoary ; leaves 2 - 3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate ; heads hemi- spherical, panicled. — Koadsides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 268 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 9. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6' -20' high), in tufts, slightly woody at the base, white-silky ; leave? pinnately parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions narrow- linear ; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, Falls of St. Anthony, Wisconsin (L. Lesquereux, T. J. Hale], Lake Superior, and northwestward. 68. GNAPHAIiIUM, L. CUDWEED. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the outer pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from yvd(f>a\ov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.) § 1. Achenia terete: pistillate flowers in several rows : bristles of pappus distinct. 1. G. deciirrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stout, erect (2° high) peren- nial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. — Hillsides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine, Michigan, and northward. 2. G. polycephalum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Erect, woolly annual (l'-2' high), fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undu- late margins, not decurrtnt, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few. — Old fields and woods : common. 3. G. uligindsum, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Diffusely branched, woolly annual (3' -6' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves. — Low grounds by the roadside; common eastward and northward : perhaps introduced. (Eu.) § 2. GAMOCH^ETA, Weddell. Achenia and flowers as § 1 : bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together. 4. G. purptireum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Annual, simple or branched from the base, ascending (6' -20' high), woolly ; leaves oblong-spatu- late, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un- derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like summit of the stem : scales of the involucre tawny, the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Virginia, and southward. § 3. HOMALOTHECA, DC. Achenia flattened: pistillate flowers in a single marginal row : bristles of the pappus distinct and falling separately, as in § 1 . 5. G. supinum, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted perennial (2' high) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, acute. — Alpine summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : very rare. (Eu.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 269 59. ANTENNARIA, Gartn. EVERLASTING. Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil- late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennce of certain insects.) 1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. (PEARLY EVERLASTING. Stem erect (l°-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy ; leaves linear- lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect stami- nate flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or rounded. — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug. 2. A. plantaginif61ia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) Spreading by 'offsets and runners, low (4' -10' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape- like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval- spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant. — Var. MONOCEPHALA is an occasional state, with a single larger head. — Sterile knolls and banks : common. March- May. 60. FIL A GO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none. — Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name fromJUum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.) 1. F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry fields, New York to Virginia. July - Oct. (Nat. from Eu. ) 61. ERECHTHITES, Raf. . FIREWEED. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis- tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs. —Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species' of Groundsel, probably called after Erechiheus.) 270 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. E. hieracifblia, Raf. (FIRE WEED.) Often hairy; stem grooved (l°-5° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile; the upper with an auricled clasping base. (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) — Moist woods : common, especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the ground has been burned over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. 62. CACALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil- lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) # Involucre 25 - 30 flowered, with several bracts at its base : receptacle flat. 1. C. Sliav6olens, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); leaves triangular- lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky : rare. Sept. # * Involucre 5-leaved and ^-flowered, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. 2. C. reniformis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem (4° -9° high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form (l°-2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, peti- oled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, New Jersey to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug. 3. C. atriplicif61ia, L. (PALE INDIAN P.) Stem terete (3° -6° high), and with the palmately veined and angulate-lobed leaves glaucous; lower leaves triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. 4. C. tuberbsa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN?.) Stem angled and grooved (2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5 - 7 '-nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 63. SENECIO, L. GROUNDSEL. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly with radiate marginal ones ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus. ) * Root annnal or in No. 3 biennial : heads several or many in a corymb : herbage COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 271 1. S. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Low, corymbosely branched ; leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping; rays none. — Waste grounds. July- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. S. lobatUS, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Kather.tall; leaves somewhat fleshy, mostly It/rate 'or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, vari- able; heads small in a naked corymb; rays about 12, conspicuous. — Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. April- July. 3. S. palustris, Hook. Biennial, loosely woolly when young ; stem stout, 6' -3° high; leaves oblong- lanceolate, irregularly toothed or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base ; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow ; pappus copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, N. W-. Wisconsin ( T. J. Hale) and northward. June. (Eu.) * # Root perennial : heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb. 4. S. aiireus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, or floccose-woolly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatind, sessile or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. 1. OBOVATUS, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). — Var. 2. BALSAMIT^E, with root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. LANCEOLATUS, Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and unequally toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. ( Cedar swamps, Vermont, Robbins. ) — Common everywhere : the primary form in swamps. May, June. 5. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, obovate or roundish, narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly- rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward along the mountains. May. 6. S. toment6sus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous hoary wool (l°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate toothed, on slender petioles ; the upper sessile ; corymb flat- topped ; rays 12 -15. — Moun- tains of Pennsylvania (Pursh), Maryland, and southward. May. — S. CANUS, Hook., which too closely resembles smaller forms of this, probably occurs within the northern borders of Wisconsin. * * # Root perennial : heads large and mostly solitary. 7. S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becom- ing glabrous ; stem stout, 6'- 12' high, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base ; heads 1 - 4, over an inch in diameter ; rays 20 or more, large. — Grand Manan Island off Maine (Prof. Verrill) and northward. 64. ARNICA, L. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. 272 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Achenia slender or spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-dcnticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains and cold northern regions,, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of Ptarnrica.) 1. A. mollis, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (l°-2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of the involucre pointed ; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, mountains of New Hampshire and N. New York, shores of Lake Superior, and northwest- ward. July. 2. A. nudicatllis, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (1° -3° high) ; leaves ihickish, 3 - 5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the rootr those of the naked stem small and only one or two pairs ; heads several, corymbed, showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May. 65. CENTAUBEA, L. STAR-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger and as it were radiate, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron.) 1. C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe- margined ; false rays large ; pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at the base; root annual. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appen- daged, and with a stiff black fringe; rays wanting; pappus very short; leaves lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angled, rough ; root perennial. — Waste places, E. New England. Aug. —Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. C. CALcfTRAPA, L. (STAR THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched ; leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual. — Norfolk, Virginia, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 66. CNICUS, Vaill. BLESSED THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, appressed, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re- ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate, crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner row. —An annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid-cut leaves and large bracted heads. Flowers yellow. (Name from KI/I'^W, to prick.) 1. C. BENEDICTS, L. — Roadsides, southward : rare, scarcely naturalized. (Adv. fromEu.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 273 67. CIBSIUM, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — Herbs, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large, ter- minal. Flowers reddish-purple, occasionally yellowish, white, or cream-color; in summer. (Name from Kipcros, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.) * Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles: root biennial. 1. C. LANCEOL!TUM, Scop. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; flowers purple. — Pastures and roadsides, eveiy where, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Scales of the involucre oppressed; the inner ones not prickly: filaments hairy. H- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above: outer scales of the involucre successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles. 2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, perennial, low ; stem stout, very leafy ; leaves all pinnatdy parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divisions, with revolute margins ; flowers cream-color. — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. 3. C. undul£tum, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, biennial, low and stout, leafy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undulate-pinnatifid, with prickly lobes ; flowers reddish-purple. — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan ; thence westward. 4. C. discolor, Spreng. Biennial; stem grooved, hairy, branched, tall, leafy ; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, whitened with close wool beneath; the diverging lobes 2-3-clefl, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointed : flowers pale purple, rarely white. — Meadows and copses. 5. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem downy, branching (3° -10° high), leafy quite to the heads: leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly ; those from the base pinnatifid ; and their lobes short, oblong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purple. — Fields and copses, Penn. to Illinois and southward. 6. C. Virgini£num, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched (l°-3° high) ; the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, en- tire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the involucre scarcely prickly ; heads small ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward. Var. filipdndulum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en- larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Prairies of S. Illinois and south- westward. 18 274 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) •*- •*— Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath : scales of the involucre scarcely prickly-pointed : heads large. 7. C. mtlticum, Michx. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3° -8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and bearing single or few rather large naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed; scales of the webby and glutinous invo- lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate ; flowers purple ; root per- ennial. — Swamps and low woods : common. 8. C. pumilum, Spreng. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stout (l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (!£' broad), which are some- what leafy-bracted at the base ; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes ; outer scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2' long) ; root biennial. — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast, Illinois and westward : common. 9. C. horridulum, Michx. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (l°-4° high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; heads (I'-l^' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl of leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow or purple. — Sandy fields, Massachu- setts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. * * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed: filaments nearly smooth : heads imperfectly dioecious, small and numerous. 10. C. ARVENSE, Scop. (CANADA THISTLE.) Perennial, the roots exten- sively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple. — Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides : common at the North ; a most troublesome weed, ex- tremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.) 68. CARDTJTJS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE. Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. C. NtjTANS, L. (MusK THISTLE.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. — Fields near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 69. ONOPORDON, Vaill. COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. Achenia 4-angled, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous, slender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large : flowers purple. (The an- cient Greek name of the plant.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 275 1. O. ACANTHIUM, L. Stem (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton- woolly ; scales linear-awl-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places : rather rare. July - Sept. (Adv. fromEu.) 70. LAPP A, Toura. BURDOCK. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular ; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Keceptacle bristly. Ache- nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weed, with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads : flowers purple, rarely white. (Name from XajSeii/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.) 1. L. OFFICINA.LIS, Allioni. — Waste places and around dwellings, in ma- nured soil. — The var. MAJOR (COMMON BURDOCK) has the involucre smoothish ; leaves loosely whitish-cottony beneath or becoming smooth, the upper ovate, lower heart-shaped. — Var. TOMENT6SA has the involucre cottony, and is rare. — Var. MINOR has smaller heads with smooth involucre, and smaller smoothish leaves, often tapering at the base ; occasionally cut-toothed or laciniate-lobed. (Uxbridge, Mass., Dr. Bobbins.) July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) SUBORDER II. LIGULTFL.OR^;. (CICHORACE.E.) 71. LAMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT. Heads 8- 12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch- ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads : flowers yellow. (The Aa/n/x-aVi/ of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.) 1. L. coMMtiNis, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre- shaped. — Roadsides, near Boston, Buffalo, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 72. CICHORIUM, Toura. SUCCORY or CICHORY. Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue or varying to purple, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) 1. C. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides : common near the coast, especially in E. Mass. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 73. KBIGIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION. Heads 1 5 - 20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows. Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 276 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris- tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani- cal collector in this country.) 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (l'-10' high) ; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid. — Var. DICHOTOMA is a branched and leafy summer state. — New England to Illinois and southward. April - Aug. 74. CYNTHIA, Don. CYNTHIA. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows. Achcnia short, striate. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low per- ennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves ; the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy single heads. Flowers yellow. (Perhaps named after Mount Cynthus.) 1. C. Virginiea, Don. Roots fibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lan- ceolate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New York to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more. 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6' -15' high) ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. March- July. 75. LB6NTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT. FALL DANDELION. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract- lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from Xe'coi/, a lion, and 68ovs, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus OroRfNiA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. 1. L. AUTUMNALE, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts. — Meadows and roadsides : common in E. New Eng- land. July - Oct. ( Nat. from Eu. ) 76. TBbXIMON, Nutt. TROXIMON. Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo- late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, 10-ribbed, not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards the base. — Perennial herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and a simple naked scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from Tpo>£o/uai, to eat, first applied to some plant with an edible root, like Salsify.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 277 1. T. CUSpid&tum, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp- pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin, N. Illinois, and westward. April, May. 77. HIEBACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. Heads 12 -many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers ; in summer and early autumn. (Name from lepa£, a hawk.) * Heads large and broad : involucre imbricated : achenia tapering towards the base. 1. H. Canadense, Michx. (CANADA HAWKWEED.) Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high) ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate- oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the upper- most slightly clasping. — Dry woods, northward. * # Heads small : involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated. 2. H. SCabrum, Michx. (ROUGH H.) Stem rather stout (l°-3° high), leafy, rough-hairy ; the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose ; the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40 - 50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not tapering at the summit ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods ; common. 3. H. longipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED H.) Stem wand-like, sim- ple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo- late or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles (often 1' long) ; peduncles and 20 - 30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly ; ache- nia spindle-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. 4. H. Gron6vii, L. (HAIRY H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle ; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20 - 30- flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenia spindle-shaped, with a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward. — Varies from l°-4° high. The small heads and almost beaked fruit distinguish the largest forms from No. 2, and small naked-stemmed states from the next. 5. H. ven6sum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape (l°-2° high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not tapering upwards. — Var. SUBCAULESCENS has the stem more or less leafy next the base. — Dry plains and pine woods : common. 6. H. paniculatum, L. (PANICLED H.) Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads in a loose panicle (very small), on slender and 278 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) diverging peduncles, 12 - 20-flowered ; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. — Open woods : rather common. 78. NAB AL ITS, Cass. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia short, linear-ob- long, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw- color or brownish and rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, often tinged with purple ; in late summer and autumn. (Name probably from va/3Xa, a harp, in allusion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes present.) Species of Prenanthes, L, * Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - 20-Jlowered. 1. N. £lbus, Hook. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth and glaucous (2° -4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit: leaves angu- late or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, or 3-5-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8- \2-flowered; pappus deep cinnamon-color. — Var. SERPENTARIA is a form with deeply divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil : common, especially northward. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads 6" long. 2. N. altissimus, Hook. (TALL W.) Smooth; stem tall and slender (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle: leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft ; in- volucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5-§-flowered; pappus dirty white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods : common northward. 3. N. Fr£seri, DC. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly smooth ; stem corymbose-panickd at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del- toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3- 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur- plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8 - 1 2-flowered : pappus dull straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage : the var. iNTEGRirdLius has the thick- ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New England to Virginia and southward. 4. N. n&nus, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5'- 10' high) ; the heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle ; leaves triangular- halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre (livid) 10- 13-Jlowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones, which are triangular-ovate and appressed ; pappus straw-color. — Alpine summits, White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Adirondacks, N. New York. 5. N. Bo6ttii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5'- 6' high), pubescent at the summit ; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 279 ing into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10 -18 flowered, of 10 -15 very ob- tuse proper scales, and several linear and loose exteiior ones nearly half the length of the former ; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. 6. N. virgatus, DC. (SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, slightly glaucous; stem simple (2° -4° high), prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (l|°-2° long) ; heads clustei'ed and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnati- fid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8- 12 flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. * * Involucre 12 - 40-flowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles. 7. N. racembsUS, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), smooth, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid,) the upper 'partly clasping; heads in clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle ; involucre about 12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Illinois and northward. Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. — Flowers flesh-color. 8. N. asper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -4° high), rough- pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads (mostly erect) in small clusters disposed in a long and narrow compound raceme: involucre 12- \\-fiowered; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color. 9. N. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-panicled branches; leaves large (6" -12 long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; involucre 20 - 40floivered ; pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. — Involucre black- ish ; flowers cream-color. 79. LY GO DBS MI A, Don. LYGODESMIA. Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre more elongated, and the achenia long and slender, tapering at the summit. Pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of Ai/yos, a twig for wickerwork, and SF 07x0?, a bond, from the twiggy or rush-like stems.) 1. L. jlincea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower leaves lance-linear, 1 ' - 2' long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute ; heads 5-flowered. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale, and westward. July. 80. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. CHONDRILLA. Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at the base. Achenia terete, several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak. Pappus of copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like 280 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.) 1. C. JUNCEA, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (l°-3° high) ; root-leaves runcinate ; stem-leaves few and small, linear ; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6" -8" long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant near Alexandria, Virginia, M. J. Bebb, A.H. Curtiss; perhaps of recent intro- duction. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 81. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION. Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty- color, and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak of the achenium. — Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy below. Heads soli- tary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of irvppos, flame-colored, and namros^ pappus.) 1. P. Carolini&nilS, DC. S tern branching (l°- 2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April- July. 82. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION. Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia terete, oblong, ribbed, and roughened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, bearing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennials or biennials, producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender naked hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name from rapacro-o), to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.) 1. T. Dens-le6nis, Desf. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at first pubescent ; outer involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere : prob- ably indigenous in the North. April - Sept. — After blossoming, the inner invo- lucre closes, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming ; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.) 83. LAC TUG A, Tourn. LETTUCE. Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo- lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads ; the flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) 1. L. Canad6nsis, L. (WILD LETTUCE.) Biennial, mostly tall ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate and entire ; heads about 20- flowered ; achenia oval, rather longer than the beak, minutely rugose transversely and roughish, one-ribbed on each face. The typical form (L. elongata, MM , COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 281 and Ed. 2) is tall, with a thick and hollow very leafy stem (4° -9° high), smooth or nearly so ; leaves long, most of them runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads very numer- ous, in a long and narrow naked panicle ; flowers mostly, pale yellow. — Rich and damp soil, borders of fields or thickets : common, especially northward. — The following are perhaps to be restored as species : — Var. integrif61ia, Torr. & Gr. (L. integrifolia, Bigel ) Stem 3° - 6° high ; leaves all undivided, either entire or sharply denticulate ; panicle more open ; flowers pale yellow, cream-color, or purple. — Open and dry or sterile soil, E. New England near the coast to Illinois and southward. Var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gr. (L. sanguinea, Bigel.) Lower and less stout (2° -5° high); leaves all runcinate-pinnatifid, the midrib beneath and lower part of the stem often sparsely bristly-hairy ; heads fewer, in a loose open panicle ; flowers yellow-purple, reddish with or without a yellow centre, or rarely white. — Open dry ground, Eastern New England to New Jersey, Illinois, and southward. 2. L. SCARED-LA, L. (PRICKLY LETTUCE.) Annual or biennial; stem •""' below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the sagit- tate-clasping oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves ; panicle narrow ; heads small, few-flowered ; achenia striate. — Waste grounds and road- sides, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) 84. MULGEDIUM, Cass. FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally com- pressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick (or in No. I slender) beak or neck of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca ; ours glabrous or nearly so. Heads racemed or panicled; the flowers chiefly blue ; in summer. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.) * Pappus bright white : flowers blue. 1. M. pulch.611um, Nutt. Perennial, pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1°- 2° high ; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runci- nate-pinnatifid ; heads few and large, racemose, erect ; scales of the conical-cylin- draceous involucre lanceolate, imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks ; the peduncles scaly- bracted; achenia tapering into a slender beak, almost as in Lactuca. — Upper Michigan (Prof. Porter, &c.), probably in N. W. Wisconsin: common on the plains westward. 2. M. acuminatum, DC. Tall biennial (3° -6° high), with many small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, barely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate ; achenia with a very short beak. — Borders of thickets, New York to Illinois, and southward. — Probably only an entire-leaved state of the next. 3. M. Ploridanum, DC. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping base ; panicle larger : otherwise as No. 2. — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 282 LOBELIACE.fi. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) *• # Pappus tawny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish. 4. M. leucophsBUm, DC. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3° -12° high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided and sometimes clasping ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle. — Low grounds : rather common. 85. SONCHUS, L. SOW-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy- stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbel- late heads of yellow flowers ; produced in summer and autumn. ( The ancient Greek name.) * Annual ( 1° - 5° high) : flowers pale yellow. 1. S. OLERACEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate- pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; ache- nia striate, also wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. ASPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED S.) Stem-leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded ; achenia margined, 3- nerved on each side, smooth. — With and like the last. (Nat from Eu.) * * Perennial, with creeping rootstocks : flowers bright yellow, in large heads. 3. S. ARVENSIS, L. (FiELDS.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans- versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, &c., New England and New York : becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.) ORDER 54. LOBELIACE^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous n-lobed corolla; the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always ly their anthers. — Calyx- tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 : stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — Acrid poisonous plants (rather to be regarded as a part of the next order), represented only by the genus 1. LOBELIA, L. LOBELIA. Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes ; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi- cated to Matthias De I'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.) LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 283 * Flowers deep red, large : stem simple. 1. L. cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2°-4° high), smooth- ish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided ; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds : common. — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color ! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), or even to white ! # * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white. •*- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) from a perennial root ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate : sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous dejlexed auricles : flowers crowded in a long spike or dense raceme. 2. L. syphilitic^, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1'long) pedi- celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of the corolla, the short tube hemispherical. — Low grounds: common. — Flowers light blue, rarely white. 3. L. puberula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse (!'- 2' long), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1 -sided; calyx-lobes (and ovate bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. — Moist grounds, New Jersey to Illinois and southward. — Corolla bright blue, £' long. 4. L. leptbstachys, A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, denticulate, ob- long-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme spike- like, long and dense ; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auri- cles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. — Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. — Corolla 3" - 4" long. i- 4- Stems leafy, mostly simple (I '-2% 'high) from a perennial root : leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate: calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles: flowers pretty large (§'-!' long] and showy, in a loose nearly l-sided raceme: anthers sometimes bearded on the back. 5. L. glandulosa, Walt. Sparingly pubescent : leaves, bracts, and usu- ally the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. — Moist places, Virginia and southward. 6. L. amcena, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves and bracts usually glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. — Shady moist places, Virginia and southward. •t— H— H— Stems leafy : calyx with no auricles or appendages at the sinuses : flowers small i1 -%' long, racemed: roots slender, annual or biennial, or perhaps some- times perennial. ** More or less pubescent, at least below : leaves oblong or ovate : stems angled or striate : racemes spike-like : corolla pale blue. 7. L. inflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Stems paniculately much branched from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (9'- 18' high) ; leaves ovate or oblong, toothed, gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which ex- ceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers, calyx-tube ovoid, the pod inflated. — Dry open fields: common. — Corolla only 1^"- 2" long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine. 284 LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 8. L. Spicata, Lam. Stem slender, strict and simple (l°-3° high) from a biennial or perhaps perennial root, below and the barely denticulate leaves mi- nutely pubescent ; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts ; raceme long and naked, mostly dense and many- flowered ; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical. (L. Claytoniana, Michx. L. pallida, Muhl.) — Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil : rather common, at least southward and westward. — A slender and smaller flowered variety (beginning to blossom in June) grows in swamps at Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter. — Corolla ordinarily 4" long. •M- •»-*• Glabrous or nearly so : leaves small, linear or lanceolate, only those from the root obovate or spatulate, the uppermost reduced to setaceous bracts, all entire or barely denticulate : stems very slender, simple or becoming paniculately branched above : racemes loosely sever at -flowered. 9. L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Sch. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), terete; pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very minute bractlets near the base ; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in fruit, the globular pod half free ; corolla pale blue, barely 3" long. — Sandy swamps, from Long Island, New Jersey, and the adjacent lower borders of Pennsylvania, southward. 10. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4' -18' high) minutely angled; pedicels filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle ; calyx-tube top-shaped or obo- void with an acute base, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, smooth, covering the whole pod ; corolla bright light blue, 4"- 5" long. — Wet limestone rocks and banks, Northern New England to Wisconsin and northward along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, and through New York southward to Lancaster, Penn. (Prof. Porter). 11. L. Canbyi, n. sp. Stem strict (l°-2°high), minutely angled ; pedi- cels shorter than the bracts and mostly shorter than the flower, minutely roughened under a lens ; bractlets none ; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at the base, and only half the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-den- ticulate along the margins), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod ; corolla deep blue (fully 5" long), more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, pine barrens of New Jersey, especially at Quaker Bridge, Wm. M. Canby, C. E. Smith, &c. (Also South Carolina, M. A. Curtis.) Aug., Sept. — Leaves 1', rarely l£' long, numerous, gradually diminishing in size up to the raceme, the largest 2" wide. Pod nearly 3" long. •»-•*-•*-•*- Stem simple from a perennial root, and nearly leafless, except at or near the base : flowers in a simple loose raceme, light blue : leaves fleshy : calyx-tube acute at the base, top-shaped: auricles none. 12. L. palud6sa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (l°-2£° high) ; leaves thickish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the middle ; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, be- coming hemispherical in fruit. — Wet bogs, Delaware (Nuttall) and southward. — Corolla 5" -6" long. CAMPANULACEJ2. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 285 13. L. Dortmanna, L. (WATER LOBE LI A.) Very smooth; scape thick- ish (5'- 12' high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise, sessile ; lower lip of the corolla slightly hairy ; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer. — In the gravelly borders of ponds, N. Penn. to New England, and northward. — Corolla 6" - 8" long. (Eu.) ORDER 55. CAfllPANUlACE.^. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be- set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 - several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented in America, and in the Northern States by only two genera. 1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate ; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers ; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.) * Indigenous species, perennials, except No. 2 and No. 4. •*- Flowers loosely panicled (or rarely solitary), long-peduncled : pods nodding. 1. C. rotundif61ia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5' -12' high), 1 - 10-flowered ; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from J to f the length of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6" -9" long). — Rocky shaded banks : com- mon northward, and along the mountains. — A delicate and pretty, but variable species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.) Var. Iinif61ia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla f '- 1' long. (C. linifo- lia, Lam.) — Shores of the Great Lakes, and northwestward. (Eu.) 2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8' -20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backwards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla. (C. erinoides, MM.) — Bogs and wet meadows, among high grass. — Plant with somewhat the habit of a Galium ; the corolla barely 4" long. 3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°- 3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sliarply toothed; 286 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyx-lobes awl- shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (of 3" long) ; style protruded. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. H- •«- Flowers numerous and nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike: corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed: pods erect. 4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Stem mostly simple (3°- 6° high ) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2£' - 6' long) ; the slender style protruded and curved. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and south- ward. — Spike 1° - 2° long. Corolla light blue, 1' broad. Root annual. # European species escaped from gardens into roadsides ; both perennials. 5. C. GLOMERA.TA, L. (CLUSTERED B. ) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head ; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1' long. — Danvers, Mass., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. C. RAPUNCULoiDES, L. Smoothish, slender, erect ; stem-leaves ovate- lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped ; flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes ; corolla oblong, 1' long. — E. Mas- sachusetts ; and Richfield Springs, New York, G. W. Clinton. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. SPECTJLARIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. Calyx 5- (or 3 -4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa- rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. — Low annuals ; the earlier flowers in the American species (§ TRIODALLUS, Raf. ) minute and fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their im- perfect corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common European species.) 1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3' - 20' high) ; leaves round- ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils ; the upper or later ones only with a conspicuous and expanding (purple-blue) corolla ; pod oblong, opening rather below the middle. — Sterile open ground : common. May - Aug. ORDER 56. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) Shrubs , sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so : the stamens as many or twice as many as the 4 - 5-lobed or 4 - 5-petalled corolla, free from but inserted with it : anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged or open- ing by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3) : style 1 : ovary 3-lQ-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains, except in Sub- order 4. Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the charac- ters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows : — ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 287 SUBORDER I. VACCINIE JE. WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry- like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds. 1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 8-10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 8 or 10 small seed -like nutlets. 2. Vacciiiium. Berry 4 - 5-celled (or imperfectly 8 - 10-celled by false partitions), many- seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. 3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. SUBORDER II. EKICINE JE. PROPER HEATH FAMILY. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or sometimes poly- petalous, hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees. Tribe I. ARBUTEJE. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 4. Arctostapliylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5 - 10-seeded. Tribe II. ANDROMEDE^E. Fruit a loculicidal pod. Corolla deciduous. * Anthers upright in the bud. Corolla monopetalous. •i- Anther-cells opening through their whole length ; not appendaged. 5. Epigrca. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. •*- *- Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped. ++ Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit. 6. Gaul theria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the small pod. Anthers 4-awned at the top. •M- ++ Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. 7. Leucothoe. Calyx imbricated hi the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. 8. Cassandra. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. 9. Cassiope. Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Pod globular-ovoid, 4- 5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. 10. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta. 11. Oxydendrum. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. * * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud. Corolla of 5 separate petals. 12. Clethra. Sepals 5 Stamens 10: anther-cells opening by a terminal hole or chink. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved. Tribe III. ERICEJE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious after flowering. 13. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted Pod opening septicidally. Tribe IV. RHODOREJE. Fruit a septicidal pod. Corolla deciduous. * Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. *- Flowers not from scaly bu<1s 5 the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 14. Phyllodoce. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like. 15. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear. 4- «- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous. 16 Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous. 17. Azalea. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Leaves deciduous. 288 ERICACE^:. (HEATH FAMILY.) 18. Rhododendron. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen. 19. Khotlora. Corolla irregular, two petals nearly separate. Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous. 20. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5-10. Leaves evergreen. * * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent. 21. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. 22. Leiophy llum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. SUBORDER III. PYROLE^E. PYROLA FAMILY. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud. Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous and broad-leaved evergreens. 23. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges. 24. Moneses. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid- dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. 25. Chimaphila. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments dilated in the middle : anthers 2-horned. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and orbicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPE^E. INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root- parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech- drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3. * Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-celled. 26. P terospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed : anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 27. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed : anthers opening at the top. * * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals -. calyx imperfect or bract-like. 28. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. HUCKLEBERRY, Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : an- thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry -like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with res- inous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.) * Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-dotted. 1. G. brach^cera, Gray. (BOX-HUCKLEBERRY.) Very smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile ; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry Woods, Perry Co., Pennsyl- vania, near Bloomfield (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia. May. — Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box. * * Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or Jess with resinous or waxy atoms. 2. G. dumbsa, Torr. & Gr. ( DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (l°-5° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate- ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 289 oblong, mncronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or glandular; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. -HIRTELLA has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine to Penn. and Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June. 3. G. frondbsa, Torr. &Gr. (BLUB TANGLE. DANGLEBERRT.) Smooth (3° -6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New Eng- land to Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 4. G. resindsa, Torr. & Gr. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high); leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining res- inous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous; corolla ovoid-coni- cal, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white). — Woodlands and swamps: common (except southwestward towards the Mississippi). May, June. — The common Huckle- berry of the North. 2. VACClNIUM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10: anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separate and prolonged up- wards into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers : the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) § 1. OXYC6CCUS, Tourn. Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the long narrow divisions revolute: anthers 8, awnless, tapering above into very long tubes: pedi- cels slender. * Stems very slender, creeping or trailing : leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever- green : pedicels erect, with the pale rose-colored Jlower nodding on their summit : corolla deeply 4-parted: berries red, acid. 1. V. Oxycoccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender (4'- 9' long) ; leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2" -3'' long) ; pedicels 1-4, terminal ; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Pennsylvania to "Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, often speckled with white when young; seldom gathered for the market. (Eu.) 2. V. macrocarpon, Ait. (LARGE or AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated (l°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending ; leaves oblong, obtuse, glaucous underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, becoming lateral; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pers. ) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north- ward, but scarcely westward. June. — Berry £' - 1' long. 19 290 ERICACE^:. (HEATH FAMILY.) # # Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Bluberries : flowers axillary and solitai-y : corolla deeply 4-cleft: berries turning purple, insipid. 3. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (l°-4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. § 2. VITIS-ID^EA, Tourn. Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed: anthers 8-10, awnless : filaments hairy : flowers in short and bracted nodding racemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple. 4. V. Vitis-Idsea, L. (COWBERRY.) Low (6' -10' high) ; branches erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath ; co- rolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.) § 3. PICROC6CCUS, Nutt. Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions : ber- ries greenish, hardly edible, ripening few seeds: corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed: anthers 10, extended into very long much exserted tubes, 2-awnedon the back: flow- ers on slender pedicels, singly in the axils of the upper leaves or leaf-like bracts, forming leafy racemes, not articulated: leaves thin, deciduous. 5. V. Stamineum, L. (DEERBERRT. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.) Dif- fusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath ; corolla greenish-white or purplish ; berries globular or pear-shaped, large, greenish, mawkish. — Dry woods, Maine to Michigan and southward, mainly eastward. May, June. §4. BATODENDRON, Nutt. Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions : berries black: corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10, included, conspicu- ously 2-awned on the back, and extended into slender tubes : filaments hairy : flow- ers on slender pedicels singly in the axils of coriaceous shining leaves, or racemed at the end of the branches, articulated just below the ovary! 6. V. arb6reum, Marshall. (FARKLE-BERRY.) Tall (8° -15° high), smoothish; leaves oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green and shining above, at the South evergreen ; corolla white ; berries mealy, insipid, ripening late. — Dry ground, Makanda, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), proba- bly also in Virginia, and southward. June. § 5. EUVACCf NIUM. Ovary 4 - 5-celled, with no trace of false partitions : corolla urn-shaped or globular, 4 -5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back: filaments smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or 3 together: berries blue or black, edible: northern or alpine plants, with deciduous leaves. * Parts of the flower mostly in fours: stamens 8. 7. V. Uligin6sum, L. (Boa BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4' -18' high), tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. — Alpine tops of the high mountains of New England and New York, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 291 * * Parts of the flower in Jives: stamens 10: leaves membranaceous : flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding. 8. V. C8espit6sum, Michx. Dwarf (3' -5' high), tufted; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate; corolla oblong, slightly urn- shaped ; berries blue. — Alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire ; and high northward. 9. V. OValifblium, Smith. Straggling, 3° -10° high; leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth ; corolla ovoid; berries blue. — Peat-bogs, Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Bobbins (and far west- ward). May. 10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1°- 4° high; branchlets some- what angled ; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth ; border of the calyx almost entire ; corolla depressed- globular, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid. — Woods and bluffs, Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Bobbins. (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd ; and northwestward.) May, June. — Pedicels 3" -6" long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit. § 6. CYANOCOCCUS. Ovary more or less completely W-celled by false partitions : corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10, awnless: filaments hairy : berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet) : flowers in clusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Northern species or proper Blueberries.) 11. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf (6'- 15' high), smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib under- neath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Var ANGUSTIF6LIUM is a high mountain or boreal form, 3' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. an- gustifolium, Ait. ) — Dry hills and woods : common from Pennsylvania and N. Illinois far northward. — Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, large and sweet, ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckle- berry in the market. 12. V. Canad6nse, Kalm. (CANADA BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as the last, into which it seems to pass. — Swamps or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward. 13. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2£° high), glabrous ; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra- ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil, New England to Virginia and N. Illinois. — Branches yellowish-green. Berries ripening later than those of No. 11. 14. V. corymb6sum, L. (COMMON or SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall (5° -10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps and low thickets : everywhere common, except southwestward. — This yields 292 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets. The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms : the last of those here mentioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to be regarded as a species. Var. glabrum, is wholly or nearly glabrous throughout ; the leaves entire. Var. amcenum, has the leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amcenum, Ait., &c.) Var. pallidum, has the leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.) Var. atrocbccum, has the leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V. fuscatum, Ait. ? & Ed. 1.) 3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 4-parted. Co- rolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed epigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovate-oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from xl<*>vi snow> and yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) 1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gr. — Peat-bogs, and mossy mountain woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in the Alleghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Birch. Leaves 3" -4" long. Berries 3" broad, bright white. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY. Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included : anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry -like, with 5-10 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of apx-ros, a bear, and aTcufrvXr), a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.) 1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing ; leaves thick and ever- green, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, Z-. ) — Rocks and bare hills, New Jersey to Wisconsin and northward. May. (Eu.) 2. A. alpina, Spreng. (ALPINE BEARBERRY.) Dwarf, tufted and de- pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ; fruit black. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Eu.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 293 5. EPIGJEA, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS. Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Pod depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with ever- green and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender peti- oles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of eVi, upon, and yrj, the earth, from the trailing growth.) 1. E. repens, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines: common in many places, especially eastward. — Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England called MAYFLOWER. 6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN. Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in- cluded : anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry ! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers : pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to "Dr. Gaulihier" of Quebec; Linn. Amcen. Acad. 3, p. 15. The true orthography, as ascertained by Prof. Brunet from the old records in Quebec, is Gaultier ; so that the orthography of the genus, if changed at all, should be GAULTIERA.) 1. G. proctunbens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascend- ing, leafy at the summit (3' -5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens especially northward, and southward along the Allegha- nies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the interior of the country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. Eastward it is called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter espe- cially so), also Boxberry. 7. LEUCOTHOE, Don. LEUCOTHOB. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: an- thers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick- ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placenta? borne on the summit of the short columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.) 294 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) § 1. LEUCOTHOE proper. Anthers awnless ; the cells sometimes obscurely 2- pointed: stigma depressed-capitate, 5-rayed: racemes sessile (dense), produced at the time of flowering from scaly buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shining per- sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they : bracts persistent : bractlets at the base of the short pedicels. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, wing-like.) 1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very sfiort petioles ;. sepals broadly ovate. (Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low country, and southward. Feb. - April. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 2. L. Catesb5poi>, tree). 1. O. arbbreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Rich woods, from Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree 15° -40° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach. 12. CLETHRA, L. WHITE ALDER. SWEET PEPPERBUSH. Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-ob- long petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, in- verted and reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KX^pa, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 297 1. C. alnif61ia, L. Leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire towards the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, panicled ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath. 2. C. acuminata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely ser- rate (5' -7' long), pale beneath ; racemes solitary, drooping ; bracts longer than the flowers : filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the* Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. July. — A tali shrub or small tree. 13. CALLUNA, Salisb. HEATHER. Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta- mens 8, distinct : anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Pod 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved. — Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from /caXXui/co, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.) 1. C. VUlgaris, Salisb. (C. Atlantica, Seemann, Jour. Bot. 4, p. 305, t. 53. Erica vulgaris, L.) — Low grounds, Tewksbury, Massachusetts (Jackson Dawson, &c., a small patch) ; border of forest on Cape Elizabeth, Maine (Mr. Pickard, from Dr. Wood) ; also Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland ; mostly local. (See various articles in Amer. Jour. Sci.) July, Aug. (Eu.) 14. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. PHYLLODOCE. Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 10 : anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled pe- duncles at the summit of the branches. (" A mythological name.") 1. P. taxifblia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth; style included. (Menziesia caerulea, Smith.) — Alpine summits of the moun- tains of New Hampshire and Maine, and northward. July. (Eu.) 15. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged ; filaments long and thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Ever- green mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, 298 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnasus who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo. ) § 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs: pedicels from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts : calyx smaller than the pod, per- sistent : leaves glabrous. 1. K. latifdlia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON- WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti- cal, tapering to each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy- pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, rather common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° - 8° high ; but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree- like (10° -20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white, clammy. 2. K. angU.Stif.61ia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL.) Leaves com- monly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; pedicels recurved in fruit. — Hillsides : common. May, June. — Shrub 2° - 3° high : the flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last. 3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) Branchlets 2-edged: leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with recolute margins ; corymbs termi- nal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ROSMARI- NiFdLiA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and moun- tains, from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high. Flowers %' broad, lilac-purple. § 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter- nate and opposite] and branches bristly-hairy. 4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4" long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south- ward. May -Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color. 16. MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA. Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : an- ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A low shrub ; the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish- white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the species from the Northwest Coast.) 1. M. ferruginea, Smith, var. globularis. Corolla rather shorter and broader than in the Qregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. Pennsyl- vania to Virginia, &c. (Also beyond Lake Superior.) June. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 299 17. AZALEA, L. FALSE HONEYSUCKLE. AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu- lar ; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually declined, as well as the similar style : anthers short, opening by terminal pores, pointless. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which are entire, ciliate, and mucronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large scaly-imbri- cated terminal buds. (Name from d£aAe'os, arid, — most inappropriate as ap- plied to our species, which grow in swamps.) # Flowers appearing after the leaves. 1. A. arborescens, Pursh. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy ; stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra- grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3. 2. A. visedsa, L. (CLAMMY A. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves $ calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes ; stamens and especially the style exserted. — Var. GLAticA has the leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough- hairy. — Var. Nf TIDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with rose-color. * * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 3. A. nudifl6ra, L. (PURPLE A. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Branchlets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short ; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular; stamens and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Illinois, and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° -6° high ; the showy flowers varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens. 4. A. calendulacea, Michx. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Branchlets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy ; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous ; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. 18. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE-BAY. Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel- form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com- monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with evergreen entire alternate leaves, and ample showy flowers, in compact terminal 300 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) corymbs or clusters, from large scaly-bracted buds. ('PoSoSei'Spoi', rose-tree ; the ancient name.) 1. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or \ance- oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins ; pedicels viscid ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly from Maine to Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses through the mountainous parts of Pennsylvania and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6°- 20° high. Leaves 4' -10' long, very thick. Corolla an inch broad, pale rose- color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. 2. R. Catawbi^nse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale "beneath (3' -5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 3. R. Lapponicum, Wahl. (LAPLAND KOSE-BAT.) Dwarf, prostrate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few- flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. July. — Shrub 6' high, in broad tufts : leaves £' long. Corolla violet-purple. (Eu.) 19. RHODORA, Duhamel. RHODORA. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip usually 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower two-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea. (Name from podov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.) 1 . R. Canadensis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub, with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in umbel-like clusters, on short peduncles, appearing rather earlier than the leaves. 20. LED TIM, L. LABRADOR TEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placentae borne on the summit of the columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute : herbage slightly fra- grant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds : bracts or scales thin and caducous. (ArjSov, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus. ) 1. L. latifdlium, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Shrub 2° -5° high. (L. PALUSTRE, L., grows in British America. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, uniformly 10 stamens, and oval pods.) (Eu.) (HEATH FAMILY.) 301 21. LOISELEUBIA, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft reg- ular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : anthers opening lengthwise. Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 - 3-celled, many-seeded, 2 - 3-valved ; the valves 2- cleft from the apex : placentae borne on the middle of the columella. — A small depressed evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2 - 5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud ; the scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loiseleur Delongchamps, a French botanist.) 1. L. prOGTimbens, Desv. ( Azalea procumbens, L.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.) 22. LEIOPHYLLTJM, Pers. SAND MYRTLE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta- mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2 -3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes al- ternate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of Xeios, smooth, and W, single, and fjvts, delight, from the pretty and solitary flower.) 1 . M. unifldra. (Pyrola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, from Penn. and New England northward. June. — A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves (6" -9" long), clustered at the ascending apex of creep- ing subterranean shoots; the 1 -2-bracted scape (2' -4' high) bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6" wide. (Eu.) 25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA. Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en- larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspic- uously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular, disk- shaped, the border 5-crenate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems : the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal pe- duncle. (Name from ^ei/ua, winter, and <£iXeo>, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz. Winterqreen.) 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leaves wedge- lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted ; peduncles 4 - 7-flowered. — Dry woods : common. June. — Plant 4'- 10' high, leafy : petals flesh-color : anthers violet. (Eu.) 2, C. maculata, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white ; peduncles 1-5-flowered. — Dry woods: most common in the Middle States. June, July. — Plant 3' - 6' high. 26. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10: anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short: stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes- 304 ERICACE.E. (HEATH FAMILY.) cent root-parasitic herb (l°-2°high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, resembling those of Andromeda, in a long bracted ra- ceme. (Name from wrepov, a wing, and triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. — Bare hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward. 3. DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-parted reflexed liinb ; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu- crate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender peduncles. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name fancifully assumed from 8o>8eKa, twelve, and 0eoi, gods.) 1. D. Meadia, L. — Rich woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Wiscon- sin, and south westward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the West called SHOOTING-STAR. 4. TRIENTALIS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.) 1. T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Leaves elongated-lanceo- late, tapering to both ends ; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods : common northward, and southward in the mountains. May. PRIMULACE.E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 315 5. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx 5- (rarely 6-7-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- (or 6 -7-) parted, or even of as many separate petals. Stamens as many. Pod globose, 5-10- valved, few -many-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with mostly yellow flowers, either axillary or in a terminal raceme. (Named in honor of King Lysimachus, or from Au'cris, a release from, fta^?;, strife.) § 1. NATJMBtJRGIA, Moench. Leaves opposite, sessile, minutely glandular-dotted : parts of the flower not rarely 6, sometimes 7 ; the narrow petals almost or quite distinct, and with an interposed small tooth, sprinkled with purplish dots : filaments slender, distinct, equal : anthers short : pod few-seeded. 1. L. thyrsifl6ra, L. (TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.) Smooth; stem simple (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves reduced to scales, the rest lanceolate, the axils of one or two pairs of the middle ones bearing a short-peduncled head-like or spike- like cluster of light yellow small flowers ; divisions of the corolla lance-linear. (Naumburgia thyrsiflora, Reichenb., and Ed. 2.) — Cold wet swamps, from Penn. northward. June, July. (Eu.) § 2. TRID YNIA, Raf. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted : calyx and golden-yellow corolla streaked with dark lines : filaments mostly unequal, plainly monadelphous at the base, with no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : pod 5- valved, ripening only 2-5 seeds. 2. L. stricta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5'- 12'), which is leafy at the bas"e ; or, in var. PRODUCTA, leafy for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds : com- mon. June- Aug. — Stems l°-2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils. 3. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (l°-2° high); leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flow- ers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil : common. June. — A variety has the leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to bracts shorter than the peduncles. Near New York, Washington, &c. § 3. STEIRONEMA, Raf. Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly ciliate at the base : flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves : corolla light yellow, not streaked nor dotted; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals : fllaments nearly equal, scarcely monadelphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the base in the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod 5-10- valved, or bursting irregularly, 10-20-seeded. 4. L. ciliata, L. Stem erect (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (3' -6' long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long and fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets : common. July. 5. L. radicans, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on slen- 316 PRIMULACEuE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) der petioles : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks, West Virginia (Aikin) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last. 6. L. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (10'- 20' high) ; leaves lanceolate, va- rying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. HYBRIDA is merely the broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUSTir6LiA (L. angustifolia, Lam.) is a slender branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or'linear, and acute at both ends. — Low grounds : not uncommon, especially westward and south- ward. June - Aug. 7. L. longifdlia, Pursh. Stem ererf, 4-angled, slender (1°- 3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2' -4' long, 2" -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revo- lute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (8" -9" broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoliita, Nutt.) — Moist soil, Western New York and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Illinois. July -Sept. § 4. Introduced European species of true Lysimachia. 8. L. NUMMUIARIA, L. (MONEYWORT.) Smooth; stems trailing and creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx- lobes and the stamens ; filaments slightly monadelphous at the base. — Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. July -Sept. 6. GLAUX, L. SEA-MILKWORT. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few- seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses- sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from yXavKos, sea-green.) 1. G. maritima, L. — Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod north- ward. Also beyond the Mississippi northwestward. June. (Eu.) 7. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5: filaments bearded. Pod membranaceous, circumcissile, the top falling, off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from dvd, again, and crydXAa>, to delight in.) 1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands. — Waste sandy fields. June - Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather; whence the English popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.) LENTIBTJLACE^:. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 317 8. CENTUNCULUS, L. CHAFFWEED. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5 : filaments beardless. — Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1 . C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2' - 5' long) ; leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. lan- ceolatus, Michx.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (Eu.) 9 . S A M O LIT S , L. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.") 1. S. Valerandi, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high), leafy; leaves obovate; bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx- lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.) Var. Americanus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers, and pods smaller. (S. floribundus, H. B. K.) — Wet places : common. June- Sept. 10. HOTTONIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5-valved; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Notion, a botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.) , 1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe- duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one's finger) ; pedicels short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and southward. June - Aug. ORDER 65. UENTIBUlACEJE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluenlly) one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro- pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary 318 LENTIBULACE^. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and with a prominent palate. Pod often bursting irregularly. Scapes 1- few-flowered. — Consists mostly of the two following genera: — 1. UTB-ICULABIA, L. BLADDERWORT. Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat. Anthers convergent. — Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which are filled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few- flowered ; usually flowering all summer. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.) * Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower leaves dissected and capillary, bearing little bladders: rootlets few or none. 1. IT. inflata, Walt. (INFLATED BLADDERWORT.) Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow) ; the appressed spur half the length of the corolla; styk distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. * * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching stems, which commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected leaves furnished with small air-bladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.) •*- Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme: pedicels nodding in fruit. 2. U. vulgaris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems (1°- 3° long) crowded with 2-3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6' -12' long) ; corolla closed (6"- 9" broad, the sides reflexed ; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt in the European and the high northern plant ; in the common Var. AMERICANA (U. macrorhiza, LeConte), less thick and rather acute. — Common in ponds and slow streams. (Eu.) 3. IT. minor, L. (SMALLER B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like im- mersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short ; scapes weak, 2 - 8-flowered (3' - 7' high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate ; spur very short and blunt, or almost none. — Shallow water, Rhode Island to Illinois and north- ward. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu. ) •i- 1- Flowers of 2 sorts; viz. the usual sort (3 - 7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend- ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and never expanding. 4. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen- der (3' -5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. — Ponds, E. New England, W. New York, and New Jersey. LENTIBULACEJE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 319 •4- i- ••- Flowers all alike, few (1-5): pedicels erect in fruit. •++ Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels filiform : spur ascending or horizontal. 5. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid ; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep- arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; spur conical-oblong, acute, oppressed to the very broad (6" - 8") lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow pools, New England and New Jersey to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. — Leafy stems 3' - 6' long. Scapes 3' - 7' high. (Eu.) 6. U. Striata, LeConte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im- mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing; flowers 2-5 (6" broad), on long pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded; the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine bar- rens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. — Scape 8'- 12' high. 7. U. biflbra, Lam. Scape (2' -5' high) l-3-flowered, at the base bear- ing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and numerous bladders ; spur oblong, equalling the lower lip ; seeds scale-shaped ; other- wise resembles the next. — Shallow water, Illinois ana southward. 8. U. gibba, L. Scape (l'-3'high), l-2-Jtowered, at the base furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like leaves and scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly equal; the lower with the sides reflexed (4" -5" long), exceeding the very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Virginia to Massachusetts, N. New York and N. Illinois. •w- •*•+ Corolla violet-purple. 9. U. purptirea, Walt. ? Leaves whorled along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders ; flowers 2-4 (6" wide) ; spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla and about half its length. (U. saccata, LeConte.) — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, and southward. — Scape 3' - 6' high, not scaly below. * * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water, commonly few or fugacious: air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or -t- Flower purple, solitary: leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 10. U. resupinata, Greene. Scape (2' -8' high) 2-bracted above; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4" - 5" long) deeply 2-parted ; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape. — Sandy margins of pends, E. Maine to Rhode Island. H- •*- Flowers 2-10, (chiefly) yelloiv: leaves entire, rarely seen. 11. U. COrntlta, Michx. Stem strict (3'-l° high), 2-10-flowered; ped- icels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the corolla large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped, turned downward and outward, 320 BIGNONIACE.-E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps : common both northward and southward. — Flowers close together, large. 12. U. SUbul&ta, L. Stem capillary (3' -5' high); pedicels capillary; lower lip of the corolla fiat or with its margins recurved, equally 3-hbed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight, oppressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Corolla 2" - 4" broad. U. — Walter characterizes his U. purpurea as with "fioribus parvis." Elliott mentions that he once saw, near Savannah, a small terrestrial species, like U. subulata, but purple-flowered, which he took for Walter's plant. Mr. J. A. Paine, Jr. found in the pine barrens of New Jersey, in Sept., 1866, a few minute specimens of this sort, with " faint pink-purple corolla, not larger than a pin's head." It is left for further investigation. 2. PINGUiCULA, L. BUTTERWORT. Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate. — Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1 -flowered scapes, aud broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 1. P. vulg£ris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. July. (Eu.) ORDER 66. BIONONIACEJE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian- drous, with the ovary commonly ^-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentae or of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a Jlat embryo and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous ; the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or pos- terior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family : to which are ap- pended several outlying groups, such as the PEDALINE^E, represented by Martynia, &c. * Woody plants, with dry pods. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends. 1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing. 2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils. 3. Catalpa. Pod as in No. 2. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees : leaves simple. * * Herbs. Fruit fleshy outside, woody within. Seeds attached by one end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire. 4. Martynia. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Corolla bell-shaped, 6-lobed. Fruit beaked. BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 321 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. BIGNONIA. Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating in a ten- dril . ( Named for the Abbt Bignon. ) 1. B. capreolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Kich soil, Virginia to S. Illinois and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a transverse sec- tion of the wood showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6' long. Seeds with the wing l£' long. 2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with compound leaves. (Abridged from the Mexican name.) 1. T. radicans, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Climbing by rootlets; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; sta- mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form corolla. (Bignonia radi- cans, L.) — Kich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated farther north. July - Sept. — Corolla 2' - 3' long, orange and scarlet, showy. 3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.) 1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy be- neath ; flowers in open compound panicles. — S. Illinois ? and southward. Cul- tivated in the Northern States : a well-known ornamental tree, with large leaves, and showy flowers, which are white, slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with purple and yellow in the throat, appearing in July. Pods hanging till the next spring, often 1° long. 4. MABTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT. Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Pod fleshy, the flesh at length falling away in 2 valves ; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two partitions or placentae, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and co- hering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wing- 21 322 OROBANCHACE.E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) less, with a thickened and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy- pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor : stems thickish : leaves simple, rounded. Flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. John Martyn, of Cambridge.) 1. M. probOSCidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or un- dulate, the upper alternate ; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yel- low and purple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. — Banks of the Mississippi in S. Illinois (probably indigenous) and southwestward. Also common in gardens. July - Oct. ORDER 67. OROBANCHACEJE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites) monopetalous, didyna- mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placenta? ; pod very many- seeded : seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx persistent, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering ; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low- er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved ; the valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu- merous, minute, anatropous, the minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. — Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked. * Flowers of two sorts : stems branching. 1. Epipliejf us. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. * * Flowers all alike and perfect : stems mostly simple. 2. Conopliolls. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and split on the lower side. Sta- mens protruded. Corolla 2-lipped. 3. Pheliprea. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and regularly 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. 4. Apliyllon. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla with the border almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod : the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capi- tate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placenta? on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of eVi', upon, and (prj-yos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree. ) 1. E. Virgini&na, Bart. (E. Americanus, Nutt.) — Common under Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. - Oct. — Corolla of the upper (ster- ile) flowers whitish and purple, 6" - 8'' long, curved, 4-toothed. OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 323 2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg- ularly 4 - 5-toothed calyx ; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu- lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, notched at the summit ; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Pod with 4 placentae, a pair on the middle of each valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers ; the lower covering each other in regular order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from K&VOS, a cone, and , an ape, on account of the gaping corolla. ) * Erect from a perennial root, glabrous: leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple. 1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1°- 2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal. — Wet places : common. July- Sept. — Flower 1'- 1£' long, rarely white. 2. M. alatUS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles ; leaves oblong- ovate, tapering into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Connecti- cut to Illinois, and southward. * * Diffusely spreading : leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow. 3. M. Jamdsii, Torr. Smooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at the base ; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 329 calyx ovate, inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, N. Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small, little larger than in the cultivated M. MOSCHATUS or MUSK-PLANT. 9. CONOBEA, Aublet. (CAPRARIA, Michx.) Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile : anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Name unex- plained.) I. C. multifida, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent, annual; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge- shaped ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward ; also adventive below Philadelphia. July - Sept. 10. HERP33STIS, Gasrtn. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. — Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer: ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from epirrjarTrjs, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.) * Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched: leaves many-nerved. 1 . H. rotundifblia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping ; leaves round-olovate, half clasping (£'-!' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx, the upper sepal ovate. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. 2. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base ; leaves ovate, clasping; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward. — Aromatic when bruised. # * Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-cleJt, the upper lip being 2-parted: calyx 2- bracted: stamens almost equal: leaves nearly nerveless. 3. H. Monniera, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping ; leaves obovate or wedge-shaped. — Maryland and southward along the coast. 11. GRATIOLA, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the co- rolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennials, some appar- ently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of supposed excellent medicinal properties.) § 1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth. 330 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) * Sterile filaments minute or none: corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish. 1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4' -6' high); leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly toothed ; peduncles almost equal- ling the leaves (£' '- 1' long) ; pod ovoid (2" long). — Very common. 2. G. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5' -10' high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong, toothed ; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3") globular pod. — N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward. * * Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (^'-1' long). 3. G. viscbsa, Schweinitz. Clammy -pubescent or glandular ; leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla whitish, yellow within. — Kentucky and southward. 4. G. atirea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (£' long). — Sandy swamps, N. Vermont and New Hampshire to Virginia, and southward, § 2. Anthers with no broad connective ; the cells vertical : hairy plants, with erect rigid and more simple stems, from an apparently annual root: sterile filaments tipped with a head. 5. G. pi!6sa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (£' long) ; flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Low ground, Camden Co., New Jersey ( C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), Maryland, and southward. 12. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (LINDEENIA, Muhl.) Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth- like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from iXvs, mud, or mire, and civQoSi flower.) 1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched, dif- fusely spreading (4' -8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping. (Capraria gratioloides, L. Lin- dernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Muhl. ) — Wet places : common. 13. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Including HEMIANTHUS, Nutt.) Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the up- per lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1 -lipped, the upper lip obsolete ; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short fila- ment with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage : anthers 2-celled, didymous. No sterile filaments. Style short, its apex or the stigma 2-lobed. Pod glob- ular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several - many-seeded. — Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute SCROPHULARIACE^:. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 331 white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usu- ally one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of ptKpos, small, and avde p.ov^ flower. ) — The section HEMIANTHUS (from rjp.i, half, and avdos, flower) includes the species like ours, of which there are several dis- covered by C. Wright in Cuba, having the upper lip of the corolla very short or obsolete, and mostly slender or subulate stigmas. 1. M. Nuttallii. (Hemianthus micranthemoides, Nutt.) Branches as- cending, l'-2' high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped ; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones ; appen- dage of the stamens nearly as long as the tilament itself; stigmas subulate. — Tidal muddy bands of the Delaware River, and southward. Aug. - Oct. 14. LIMOSELLA, L. MUDWORT. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4 : anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, with- out ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1 -flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a diminutive of limus, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.) 1. L. aquatica, L. : var. tenuif61ia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nutt. L. subulata, Ives.) — In brackish tidal mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug., Sept. —Plant l'-2' high. (Eu.) 15. SYNTHYBIS, Benth. SYNTHYKIS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 -4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther- cells not confluent into one. Style slender : stigma simple. Pod flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering below with the columella. — Per- ennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract- like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of crui>, together, and 6vpis, a little door ; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.) 1. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart- shaped; raceme spiked, dense (5' -12'); corolla not longer than the calyx, usually 2-3-parted. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapham. Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; but occasionally 3-parted, with the upper lip notched or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than the others. 332 SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted : anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : stigma single. Pod flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few -many- seeded. — Chiefly herbs : leaves mostly opposite or whorled : flowers blue, flesh- color, or white. (Derivation doubtful ; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.) § 1 . Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves : racemes terminal, dense, spiked : bracts very small : tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the calyx ; both sometimes 5-cleft. (Leptandra, Nutt.) 1. V. Virginica, L. (CULVER'S-ROOT. 'CULVER'S PHYSIC.) Smooth or rather downy ; stem simple, straight (2° -6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ; stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward : often cultivated. July, Aug. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. § 2. Perennials with opposite usually serrate leaves : flowers in axillary mostly oppo- site racemes : corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue) : pod notched, many-seeded. 2. V. Anagallis, L. (WATER SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart- shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2' - 3' long) ; pedicels spread- ing ; pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward : rare eastward. June- Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.) 3. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth, decumbent at the base, then erect (8' -15' high) ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; the slender pedicels spreading; pod turgid. (V. Beccabiinga, Amer. authors.} — Brooks and ditches : common. June - Aug. § 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves opposite : racemes axillary, from alternate or sometimes opposite axils : corolla wheel-shaped: pod strongly flattened, several-seeded. 4. V. SCUtellata, L. (MARSH SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, slender and weak (6'- 12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or 2, very slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didy- mous. — Bogs : common northward. June- Aug. (Eu.) 5. V. officinalis, L. (COMMON SPEEDWELL.) Pubescent; stem pros- trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob- tuse, se>~rate ; racemes densely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; pod obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods. July. (Eu.) § 4. Leaves opposite : flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the stem-leaves: corolla wheel-shaped: pods flat, several-seeded. # Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying). 6. V. alpina, L. Stem branched from the base, -erect, simple (2(-6' high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed; nearly sessile; SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 333 raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded ; pod obovate, notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.) 7. V. serpyllifdlia, L. (THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches ascending and simple (2' - 4' high) ; leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme loose ; pod rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Roadsides and fields : common : introduced and indigenous. May -July. — Corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.) # * Annuals or biennials: floral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowers appear to be axillary and solitary : corolla shorter than the calyx. 8. V. peregrina, L. (NECKWEED, PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Nearly smooth, erect (4' -9' high), branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers ; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many- seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds: common: appearing like an intro- duced weed. April - June. 9. V. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched (3' -8' high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds : rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) § 5. Annuals or biennials (prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves opposite (all peti- oled), the upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their axils : corolla wheel-shaped: pod flat: seeds cup-shaped. Rare or local immigrants, and only near the coast, from Massachusetts to Virginia. 10. V. AGRESTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, cre- nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun- cles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu- lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. V. BUXBAUMII, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut- toothed (§'-!' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly ^' wide, blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit ; pod obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 1 6 - 24-seeded. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. V. HEDER^r6LiA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3 - 7 '-toothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some- what heart-shaped; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-4-seeded. — Shaded places. April -June. (Adv. from Eu.) 17. BTJCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS. Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb : the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs : anthers one- celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.) 334 SCOPHULARIACEuE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-2° high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire; spike inter- rupted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla. — Plains, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. June- Aug. 18. SEYMERIA, Pursh. SETMERIA. Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the gen- eral aspect and character of Gerardia : leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interrupt- edly racemed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.) 1. S. macroph^lla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather pubescent (4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lan- ceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ; style short, dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward. July. 19. GERARDIA, L. GERARDIA. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di- dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells parallel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flat- tened at the apex. Pod globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branch- ing herbs (more or less root-parasitic) : stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alter- nate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow ; in late summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde. ) § 1. GERARDIA proper. Calyx-teeth short : corolla purple or rose-cofor : anthers all alike, nearly pointless : leaves linear, entire. ( Our species are all branching annuals. They still need revision, in connection with those of the Southern States. ) * Peduncles shorter or moderately longer than the calyx: stem ere«t. 1. G. purpiirea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (8' -20' high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches ; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined; flowers large (!' long), bright purple, often downy; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, shorter than the tube. — Low grounds, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, mostly towards the coast. 2. G. maritima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE G.) Low (4' -12' high), with shorter branches ; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the short calyx-teeth ; corolla £' long. — Salt marshes along the coast. 3. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (l°-2° high); leaves long and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which has SCROPHULARIACE^:. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 335 lanceolate acute.teeth nearly as long as the tube; corolla larger than in No. 1. — Damp grounds, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. * # Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely branched, slender (8' - 20' high) : corolla light purple, 5" - 7" long. 4. G. tenu.if.61ia, Vahl. (SLENDER G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ; pod globular, not exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods : common. 5. G. setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth. (G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. § 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf. Calyx 5-deft, the lobes often toothed: corolla yellow; the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments : anthers all alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base : leaves rather large, all of them or only the lower pinnatifid or toothed. (Perennials.) 6. G. flava, L. partly. ( DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Pubescent with a fine close down ; stem (3° -4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; peduncles very short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods, especially in the Middle States. — Corolla 1^' long. 7. G. quercifblia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Smooth and glaucous (3° - 6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, the lance-linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. — Rich woods, especially southward. — Corolla 2' long. 8. G. integrif 61ia, Gray. Smooth, not glaucous ; stem ( 1 ° - 2° high ) mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; peduncles shorter than the. calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, var. ? integrifolia, Benth.) — Woods and barrens, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. — Corolla 1' long. 9. G. grandifl6ra, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (3°- 4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid; pedun- cles rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes. (Dasystoma Drummondii, Benth.) — Oak openings, Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois (Vasey) and southward. — Intermediate between G. flava and the next. 10. G. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°- 3° high, very leafy) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the lobes cut and toothed; peduncles longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes. — Dry copses : common. § 3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes unequal: corolla pur- ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens: anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller. (Annuals ?) 11. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9'- 20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils (!' long). — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. 336 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILT.) 20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED-GUP. Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in- cluded in the calyx ; its upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens ; the lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther- cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves ; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yel- low or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.) 1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy biennial or annual ; stem simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem incised ; the floral 3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit (rarely yellow) ; calyx almost equally 2- cleft, the lobes nearly entire, about the length of the pale yellow corolla. (Euchroma cbccinea, Nutt.) — Sandy low grounds : not uncommon. May- Aug. 2. C. pallida, Kunth. Smooth or sparingly hairy perennial ; at the sum- mit woolly ; leaves often incised ; the floral oblong or obovate, whitish, rarely tinged with purple; calyx deft more deeply in front, the divisions 2-cleft, the ovate- oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whitish corolla. (C. septentrionalis, Lindl.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green Mountains, Vermont, Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. (Eu.) 3. C. sessiliflbra, Pursh. Hairy and low perennial (6' -9' high); leaves mostly 3-cleft, with narrow diverging lobes ; the floral broader, not colored: spike many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions deeply %-cleft, shorter than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla ; which has the lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, about half the length of the upper. — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long. 21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED. Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip : an- ther-cells equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many- seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat- — A perennial minutely pu- bescent upright herb (l°-2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into nar- row bracts. Pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.) 1. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, Cape Cod at Sandwich (B. D. Greene), near Albany, New York, pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward near the coast. May - July. 22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. ETEBRIGHT. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely arched, 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 337 lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Name eix^pao-ta, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.) 1. E. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellow- ish, or bluish) corolla notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), Lake Superior, and northward. A dwarf variety, l'-5' high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.) 23. RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE. Calyx membrana,ceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur- nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. Sta- mens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. — Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves ; the lower oblong or linear ; the upper lanceolate, toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ; the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one- sided spike. (Name composed of ptV, a snout, and avdos, a flower, from the beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus. ) 1. R. Crista-galli, L. (COMMON YELLOW-RATTLE.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence the popular name). — Plymouth, Mass, (probably introduced), White Mountains, N. Hampshire (Tuckerman), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 24. PEDICTJIiARIS, Tourn. LOTJSEWOKT. Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-loT>ed ; the lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Pod ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from pediculus, a louse; of no obvious application.) 1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.) Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5' -12' high); leaves scattered; the lowest pin- nately parted; the others half-pinnatifid ; spike short and dense; calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex ; pod flat, somewhat sword-shaped. — Copses and banks : common. May - July. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (l°-3° high), nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat ; pod ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. pallida, Pursh.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept. 22 338 ACANTIIACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 25. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. COW-WHEAT. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the co- rolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the equal cells minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Pod flattened, oblique, 1 - 4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth at the base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in our species. (Name composed of p.e\as, black, and Trupos, wheat ; from the color of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.) 1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the lower entire ; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla, (M. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth.) — Open woods: common. June -Sept. — Plant 6' -12' high. Corolla 5" long, more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple. ORDER 69. ACANTHACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous sta- mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4- 12-) seeded pod ; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and sup- ported by hooked projections of the placentae. — Flowers commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form: stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Seed with albumen in Elytraria of the Southern States, according to Dr. Feay. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world : represented in gardens by THUNBERGIA, which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks (retinacula) ; in the Northern States by only two indigenous genera. 1. DIANTHERA, Gronov. WATER-WILLOW. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted at the base into a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of 8i's, double, and dvdrjpd, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.) 1. D. Americana, L. . Leaves linear-lattceolate, elongated; spikes ob- long, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia pedunculosa, Michx. Rhytiglossa, Nees.) — Borders of streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 339 2. RUlSIiIjIA, L. (DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees, & Ed. 2.) Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample border almost equally and regularly 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included, di- dynamous : cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Pod narrow, in our species (of the section DIPTERACANTHUS) somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8-12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet under the microscope exhibiting innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials, with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, John Ruelle.) 1 . R. Cilibsa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs ( 1° - 3° high) ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (l'-2f long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost sessile in the axils ; tube of the corolla ( 1' - 1£' long) fully twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nees.) — Dry soil, Mich- igan to Illinois, and southward. June - Sept. 2. R,. str^pens, L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4° high); leaves narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' - 5' long) ; tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. (Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees.) — Flowers 1 - 5 in each axil, rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ; sometimes many and closely crowded, then mostly fruiting in the bud, (when it is D. micranthus, Engelm. $- Gr.}.— Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. July - Sept ORDER 70. VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2 -^-celled (in Phryma 1 -celled) fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded inde- hiscent nutlets ; differing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly rep- resented in cool regions. Tribe I. VERBEXE.E. Ovary 2- 4-celled, and with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell : radicle inferior. 1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. 2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets. 3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets. Tribe II. PHRYME^E. Ovary 1 -celled : ovule erect, orthotropous : radicle superior. 4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achenium. 1. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co- rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. 34:0 VERBENACE.^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender : stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted; produced all summer. (The Latin name for any sacred herb : derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids. § 1. Anthers not appendaged: erect herbs, with slender spikes. # Leaves undivided : root perennial. 1. V. angustifdlia, Michx. Low. (6'-18' high), often simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry soil, Amherst, Mass., to Wisconsin and southward : rare northward. 2. V. hastata, L. (BLUB VERVAIN.) Tall (4° -6° high); leaves lance- olate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobedand sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely Jlowered, corymbed or panicled. (V. paniculata, Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and waste grounds : common. At the north probably immigrant from the south. 3. V. urticifblia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED or WHITE V.) Rather tall; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes very slender, at length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white. — Old fields and roadsides : apparently immigrant. 4. V. stricta, Vent. (HOARY V.) Downy with soft whitish hairs; stem nearly simple (1° - 2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick and very densely flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Barrens, Ohio to Wiscon- sin, and southward. — Flowers blue, pretty large. # * Leaves cleft or pinnatijid, narrowed at the base : root perennial ? 5. V. OFFICINALIS, L. (EUROPEAN V.) Erect, loosely branched (1° -3° high) ; leaves pinnatijid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed ; spikes panicled, very slender ; bracts small, much shorter than the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Roadsides; chiefly south- ward: scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. V. bractedsa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy; leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-c/eft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small pur- ple flowers. — Waste places, Wisconsin to Kentucky and southward. § 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage. 7. V. Aublfctia, L. Annual, rather hairy, spreading or ascending ; leaves obovate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid ; spikes peduncled, flat-topped in flower ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers showy, light purple. — Prairies and rocks, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. 2. LIPPIA, L. (ZAPANIA, Juss.) Calyx short, often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped: up- per lip notched; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) 341 1. L. lanceol&ta, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Procumbent or creeping, rough- ish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; peduncles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers ; calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Illi- nois and southward. July- Sept. 3. CALLICARPA, L. CALLICARPA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : anthers opening at the apex. Style slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of /cuAAos, beauty, and Kapnos, fruit.) 1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; fruits vio- let-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May - July. 4. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded ! Seed orthotropous. Radicle pointing upwards : cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A peren- nial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, reflexed in fruit, and bent close against the axis. . Corolla purplish or pale rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.) 1. P. LeptOSt£chya, L. — Woods and copses : common. July. — Plant (2«> -3° high) : leaves 3' -5' long, thin. ORDER 71. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2- lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenia, surrounding the base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a sin- gle erect seed. — Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scutellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly .in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of this large and well-known family. (More abundant in the Old World than the New. One third of our genera and many of the species are merely introduced plants.) 342 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) Tribe I. A.TUGOIDE7E. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobed corolla. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base. * Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted. 1. Teucrium. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. 2. Tricliostema. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique. * # Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included. 3. Isauthus. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla. Tribe II. SATUREIE^E. Stamens 4, the inferior pah- longer, or only 2, distant, straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled. Lobes of the corolla flat and spreading. * Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant. 4. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 5. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. * * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked (not bearded) within. -i- Stamens only 2, distant : no rudiments of the upper pair. 6. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small. •i- 1- Stamens 4, all with anthers. 7. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Sta- mens exserted, diverging. 8. Py cnanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10 - 13-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters. 9. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Sta- mens diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts. 10. Tliymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in the throat, 10 - 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very small. 11. Satureia. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta- mens somewhat ascending. 12. Calamtntha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip. 13. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flattish on the upper side. Tube of the corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip. •)- •»- •»- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments. 14. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. * * * Corolla 2-lipped and with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat. 15. Collinsonia. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped. Lower lobe of the co- rolla much larger than the other four. Stamens 2 or 4, long, diverging. Tribe III. I»ION ARDE^E. Stamens 2 (sometimes also with mere rudiments of the upper pair), ascending and parallel : anthers either apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped. 16. Sal via. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a 'long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower. 17. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells con- fluent into one ; the connective inconspicuous. 18. Blephilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the preceding. Tribe IV. NEPETEJE. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior ! ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave 9r arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. 19. Lopb.anth.u8. Stamens divergent ; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as- cending : anther-cells nearly parallel. 20. Nepeta. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length widely diverging. Calyx more or less curved. LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 343 21. Dracocephalum. Stamens nearly as in the preceding. Calyx straight, the upper lip or upper tooth commonly larger. 22. Cedroiiella. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. Tribe V. STACHYDE^E. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel; the inferior (outer) pair long-er than the superior, except in No. 33. Anthers usually approximate in pairs. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 5 - 10-nerved. * Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated -bell-shaped in fruit. 23. Synaiiclra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely divergent. 24. Physogtegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther-cells parallel. * * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 25. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. 26. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lip» entire. * * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed. •*- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla. 27. Marrutoium. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, and with 6 or 10 awl-shaped teeth. •»- -t- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla. •H- Anthers opening transversely by two unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate. 28. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny -pointed. •H- -H- Anthers opening lengthwise. 29. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after shedding the pollen often turned downward. 30. Leon urns. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nut- lets truncate and acutely 3-angled at the top. 31. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top. 32. Ball ota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5-10 teeth united at the base into a spread- ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 33. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched. 1. TEUCRIUM, L. GERMANDER. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower one much larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : anther-cells confluent.' (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) 1. T. Canad&ise, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.) Her- baceous perennial, downy ; stem erect (l°-3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, hoary underneath; the floral scarcely" longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike. — Low grounds : not rare. July - Sept. — Corolla pale purple, rarely white. 2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE CURLS. Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob- long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta- mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, curved : anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some- what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, 344 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur- ple, rarely white, small ; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of Qpl£, hair, and OTJ//ua, stamen, from the capillary filaments.) 1. T. dich6tomum, L. (BASTARD PENNYROYAL.) Leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields, New England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. — Stamens £' long. Corolla blue : a pink variety near Hartford, Conn., C. H. Olmstead. 2. T. lineare, Nutt. Leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. — More slender and less forked than the last. ' 3 . ISANTHUS, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly en- tire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1-3- flowered peduncles. (Name from «ros, equal, and avdos, flower, referring to the almost regular corolla. ) 1. I. CSeruleus, Michx. — Gravelly banks and fields, Maine to Illinois, and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long. 4. M^NTHA, L. MINT. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous perennial herbs, with the sjnall flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axil- lary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes ; produced in summer ; of two sorts as to the length of the stamens in most species. Corolla pale purple or whitish. (Mivdrj of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fablefl to have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.) # Inflorescence terminal, forming narrow 'spikes : leaves sessile or nearly so. 1. M. ROTUNDIF6LIA, L. (ROUND-LEAVED MINT.) Soft-hairy or downy ; leaves round-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed. — Wet places, Maine, J. Blake, New Jersey and Penn., Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. vfRiDis, L. (SPEARMINT.) Nearly smooth ; leaves oblong- or ovate- lanceolate, unequally serrate. — Wet places : common. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Inflorescence mostly terminal, forming interrupted spikes or heads: leaves petioled. 3. M. PIPER|TA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute ; spikes loose. — Var. SUBHIRSUTA, Benth., has the petioles, veins of the leaves, &c. rather hairy. — Low grounds/ and along brooks : less naturalized than the last ; and like it multiplying rapidly by running under-ground shoots. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. M. AQITATICA, L. (WATER MINT.) Pubescent or smoothish ; leaves ovate or round-ovate; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and oblong head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx and LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) 345 usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hairy downwards. — Muddy shores, Nanticoke River, Delaware, W. M. Canby. — Var. GLABRATA, Benth., a nearly smooth form, differing from Peppermint in the rounder leaves and spike of 2 or 3 rounded heads (M. citrata, Ehrh.). — Litchfield, Connecti- cut, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Inflorescence axillary, the globular whorls or clusters all in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost axils not flowei'-bearing : leaves more or less petioled, toothed. ( The species apparently run together.) 5. M. SAT!VA, L. (WHORLED MINT.) Stem hairy downwards ; leaves ovate ; calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender teeth. Intermediate between the last and the next, apparently runs into both. — River-banks, N. Jersey &Penn., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. M. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader. — Moist fields: rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 7. M. Canadensis, L. (WILD MINT.) Leaves varying from ovate-oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth rather short ; hairs on the stem when present not conspicuously reflexed. The com- moner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal. — Var. GLABRATA, Benth. (M. borealis, Michx.) is smoothish, "the scent pleas- anter, more like that of Monarda." (Prof. Porter.) — Shady wet places, New England to Kentucky and northward. 5. LYCOPUS, L. WATER HOREHOUND. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins. — Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of \VKOS, a wolf, and novsjfoot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.) 1. L. Virginicus, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6' -18' high), producing long and slender runners from the base ; leaves oblong or ovate- lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places: common, especially northward. — Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very small flowers. — The depauperate, few-flowered form, often tuberiferous at base (L. uniflorus, Michx., and L. pumilus, Vahl), Lake Superior and northward. Plant very bitter. 2. L. EUTOpJBUS, L. Stem sharply 4-angled(l°- 3° high); leaves ovate- oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, usually more or less petioled ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx-teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or glandular-roughened at the top) equal- ling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.) — Includes several nominal species (the sterile filaments variable) ; among them in our district is Var. sessilif61ius. Nearly smooth, producing slender leafy runners from the decumbent base ; leaves oblong-ovate, closely sessile or almost clasping, re- 346 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) motely toothed ; sterile filaments minute and slender. — Atsion Creek, New Jer- sey, W. M. Canby. — Nearest the var. parvifolius, Miguel, from Japan : proba- bly L. rubellus, Mcench, is a closely related form. Var. integrifdlius. Stems often producing slender runners ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius, Nutt.), much acu- minate at both ends (2' -4' long), slender-petioled, sharply serrate. — Common westward. Var. sinuatus. (L. sinuatus, Bentk. L. exaltatus & L. sinuatus, Eli.) Much branched, smooth or smoothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed to pinnatifid ; sterile filaments mostly with a globular or spatulate tip. — Com- mon in wet grounds. 6. CUNILA, L. DITTANY. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2- lipped; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant : no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.) 1. C. Mariana, L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosely much branched (1° high) ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (!' long) ; cymes peduncled ; calyx striate. — Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and south ward. July -Sept 7. HYSSOPUS, L. HYSSOP. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — A peren- nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) 1. H. OFFICINALIS, L. — Roadsides, &c., sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 8. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair rather longer : anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright hefbs, with a pun- gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above; the floral leaves often whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips mostly dotted with purple Fl. summer and early autumn. — Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name com- posed of TTVKVOS, dense, and avQepov, a blossom, from the dense inflorescence.) LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) 347 * Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla : flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads : leaves rigid, slightly petioled. 1. P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (l°-2°high); leaves ovate-oblong and obleng-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate (l'-2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward. Var. hyssopifblium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth. ) — Virginia and southward. * * Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which, with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs : flowers in dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit : leaves membranaceous, petioled. (Species 2-5 incline to run together.) 2. P. Tlillia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely soft-downy, only the floral ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next ; .cymes dense ; bracts much surpassing the flowers, their long awn-like points and the awn-pointed calyx- teeth bearded with long loose hairs. — Dry ground, mountains of Virginia and southward. 3. P. incanum, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened both sides; cymes open ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx- teeth, more or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 2° -4° high, the taste intermediate between that of Penny- royal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable. 4. P. Clinopodioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely toothed, short-petioled, not whitened; the upper surface often smooth, the lower as well as the stem downy ; cymes contracted ; bracts and calyx-teeth short-subu- late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses, S. New York to Pennsylvania. Connects No. 3 with No. 5. * * # Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed : flowers crowded in loose heads or dense clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils; the bracts shorter than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile. 5. P. Torrfeyi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent ; stem strict and nearly simple (2° -3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York to Pennsylvania. — Intermediate in aspect between No. 4 and No. 8. 6. P. pil6sum, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs, much branched above; leaves- lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower ovate-lan- ceolate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and with the bracts hoary-hairy. — Dry hills and plains, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. 7. P. mtlticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming almost smooth, corymbosely much branched ( 1° - 2|° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate- lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green when old ; the floral ones, bracts, and triangular or ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a 348 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) fine dose down. (Brachystemum verticillatum, Michx.) — Dry hills, Maine to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Flowers in very dense clusters ; the outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed, the others pointless. * * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fas- cicled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts rigid, closely oppressed, shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla very short: leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils. 8. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high) ; leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; heads downy ; calyx-teeth short and triangular. — Dry thickets : not rare. 9. P. Iinif61ium, Pursh, Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pun- gently pointed. — S. New England to Illinois, and southward. # # # # * Calyx equally 5-toothed : flowers collected in few and solitary large and globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of the metoibranaceous petioled leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-bearded. 10. P. mont£num, Michx. Stem (l°-3° high) and ovate- or oblong- lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous ; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer- most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. — Flavor warm and pleas- ant. Foliage and heads resembling Monarda. 9. ORIGANUM, L. WILD MARJORAM. v Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, said to be composed of opos, a mountain, and ydvosi delight.) 1 . O. VULG ARE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit ; leaves peti- oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Dry banks : scarce. June - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. THYMUS, L. THYME. Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat ; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ; the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low per- ennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 6va>, to burn perfume, because it was used for incense.) 1. T. SERPYLLUM, L. (CREEPING THYME.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — Old fields, Eastern New England to Pennsylvania: rare. (Adv. from Eu.) The GARDEN THYME is T. VULGARIS, L. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 349 11. SATUREIA, L. SAVOEY. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clus- tered, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. S. HORTENSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent annual ; clusters few- flowered ; bracts small or none. — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) % 12. CALAMINTHA, Moench. CALAMINTH. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascend- ing; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly pur- plish or whitish flowers ; produced all summer: inflorescence various. (Name composed of fcaXds, beautiful, and pivBa, Mint. ) § 1. CALAMlNTHA, Mcench. Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the base : clusters of flowers loose and peduncled in the axils of the leaves, and forming a raceme at the summit : bracts minute. 1. C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°- 3° high) ; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3" long) about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. CALOMELfSSA, Benth. Calyx nearly as § 1 : whorh few - several-flow- ered, sessile ; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or oblong, leaf-like. 2. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth ; stems diffuse or spreading (1° -2° long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (8" -2' long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire ; clusters 6-10-flowered ; corolla (pur- plish, 5" - 6" long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. ( Cunila glabella, Michx. Micromeria, Benth. ) — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and southward. Var. Nuttallii, Gray. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5' -9' high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2" - 5" long. (C. Nuttallii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr. ) — Wet limestone rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sullivant), and southwestward. — Appearing very distinct, but united by southwestern specimens. § 3. CLINOPODIUM, L. Calyx more or less gibbous below: clusters sessile and many-flowered, dense, crowded with awl-shaped bracts. 3. C. Clinopbdium, Benth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high); leaves ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) — Borders of thickets and fields. Naturalized extensively : but apparently also indigenous about the upper Great Lakes and elsewhere. (Eu.) 350 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 13. MELISSA, L. BALM. Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose, one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from p.rj\i(rtra, a bee ; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.) 1. M. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching; leaves bjoadly ovate, crenate- toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly white. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) 14. HEDEOMA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL. Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co- rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread- ing, 3-cleft Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or wanting. — Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from *H8t;der/Lioi>, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) 1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branch- ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, dscurely serrate, the floral similar ; whorls few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile filaments tipped with a little head. — Open barren woods and fields. — The taste and odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. 2. H. hispida, Pursh. Erect, hairy (2' -5' high); leaves sessile, linear, entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers; corolla scarcely longer than the ciliate hispid calyx. — Dry hills, W. Illinois and westward. 15. COLLINSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM. Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the up- per pair shorter), much exserted, diverging : anther-cells divergent. — Strong- scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedi- cels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collin- son, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linna3us, who intro- duced it into England.) 1. C. Canadensis, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth (l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -6' long); panicle loose; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods : common. July - Sept — Corolla 8" - 9" long, lemon-scented. 16. SAL VI A, L. SAGE. Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe- shaped, entire or barely notched ; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, the LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 351 middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear 1 -celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending bears an imperfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salvo, to save, in allu- sion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.) 1. S. lyrata, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low perennial (10' -20' high), somewhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sin- uate-pirinatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubescent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. — Woodlands and meadows, New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 2. S. urticifblia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED SAGE.) Downy with clammy hairs, leafy ; -leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar ; whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the lower; style bearded. — Woodlands, from Maryland southward. — Corolla 4" long ; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched. 17. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 2-lipped limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, entire or slightly notched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers linear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Monardes, author of many tracts upon medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in the latter half of the 16th century.) * Stamens and style exserted beyond the narrow acute upper lip of the corolla : root per- ennial: leaves lance-ovate or oblong, with a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base. 1. M. didyma, L. (OSWEGO TEA.) Somewhat hairy (2° high); leaves petioled, pointed ; the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth (2' long), bright red. showy. — Moist woods by streams, New England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the Alleghanies : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Bee-Balm}. July, Aug. 2. M. fistulosa, L. (WILD BERGAMOT.) Smoothish or downy; leaves petioled; the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ; calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat ; corolla purplish, rose-color, or almost white, smooth or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward, especially westward. July - Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 2° - 5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last. 352 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 3. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath ; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, pur- plish ; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak- openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. May - July. # * Stamens not exceeding the upper lip of the short corolla: annuals or biennials. 4. M. punctata, L. (HORSE-MINT.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high); leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at the base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid, awnless ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with purple, notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New York to Illinois and southward. July - Sept. — Very odorous and pungent. 18. BLEPHILIA, Baf. BLEPHILIA. Calyx ovoid- tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, entire ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi- ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, &c. as in Monarda. — Peren- nial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls ; in summer. (Name from jSXe Copt's, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth. ) 1. B. Ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy (l°-29high); leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts ovate, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx ; corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry open places, Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin. 2. B. hirstlta, Benth. Hairy throughout ; leaves long-petiokd, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at the base ; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx ; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. (B. nepetoides, Raf. Monarda hir- suta, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, E. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. 19. LOPHANTHTJS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with peti- oled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes ; in summer. (Name from Xd<£os, a crest, and avQos, a flower.} LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 353 1. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2' -4' long) ; calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. — Stem stout, 4° - 6° high, sharply 4-angled. Spikes 2' - 6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts. 2. L. SCrophularisefdlius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes- cent; calyx4eeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4' - 15' long) : otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range. 3. L. anisatus, Benth. (ANISE Hrssop.) Smooth, but the oVate acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. — Plains, Wisconsin and northwestward. — Foliage with the scent of anise. 20. N^PETA, L. CAT-MINT. Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta- mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers ap- proximate in pairs ; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) § 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes : upper floral leaves small and bract-like. 1. N. CATARIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart- shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, dotted with purple. — Near dwellings : a very common weed. July - Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) § 2. GLECH6MA, L. Leaves all alike : the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered. 2. N. GLECH6MA, Benth. (GROUND IVY. GILL.) Creeping and trail- ing ; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) — Damp waste grounds near dwellings. May - Aug. — Anther-cells diverging at a right angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.) 21. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. DRAGON-HEAD. Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An- thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from dpaKwi/, a dragon, and Ke^aXiy, head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the original species.) 1. D. parvifldrum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8;- 20' high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded in a terminal head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling 23 354 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) the bluish small slender corolla. — Rocky places, from St. Lawrence Co., New York, to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, northward. May - Aug. 22. CEDRONELLA, Moench. CEDRONELLA. Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed ; the lower 3- cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers. (Name a diminutive of Ktbpiov, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves of the original species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) 1 . C. COrdata, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few- flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy inside ( 1 £' long) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) — Low shady banks, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. June. 23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. SYNANDRA. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 4-toothed ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ; the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending : filaments hairy : anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the two upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with each other (whence the name ; from vvv, together, and dvrjp, for anther). 1. S. grandifl6ra, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south- ward. June. — A perennial ? hairy herb, 1 ° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin ; the floral sessile, gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla l£' long, yellowish- white. 24. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell- shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel- form with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, nearly entire ; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate ; the cells parallel. — Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and ses- sile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from (fivcra, a bladder, and ore'y?;, a covering.) 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Corolla 1' or more long, gaping, the upper lip slightly arching ; calyx-tube oblong- or obconical-bell-shaped. (Dracoceph- alum Virginianum, L.) — Wet banks, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July - Sept. — Varies from l°-4° high, stout or slender; the leaves from oblong-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very sharply toothed to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded or scattered. LABIATJS.- (MINT FAMILY.) 355 25. BRTJNiELLA, Tourn. (Prunella, L.) SELF-HEAL. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flat- tened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the up- per lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-clef't. Corolla ascending, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexed- spreading, 3-cleft ; its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, crenulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flow- ered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membrana- ceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy. 2. B. vulg£ris, L. (COMMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves ovate- oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; corolla (violet or flesh- color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields: common. June -Sept. (Eu.) 26. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP. Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall- ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bit- ter perennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flow- ers; in summer: the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, often 1 -sided. (Name from scutdla, a dish, in allusion to the form of the ap- pendage to the fruiting calyx.) # Flowers (blue) in terminal (single or panicled) racemes; the floral leaves, except the lower ones, being small, and reduced to bracts. •*- Lips short, nearly equal in length, the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as long as the straightish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles. 1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c. partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (1° — 3° high) ; leaves ovate or round- ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra- cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. — Corolla 9". long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple- spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. 1 pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller 356 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (The latter from Harper's Ferry, Dr. Aikin, according to Wood.) 2. S. saxatilis, Riddell. Smoothish or slightly hairy ; stem weak, ascend- ing (6' - 18' long), often producing runners, branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (l'-2' long), thin, obtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. — Corolla 8" long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip. -<- -t- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or in- curved upper Up, and connected with it: stem erect: leaves moderately petiolcd, except in No. 6. , 3. S. canescens, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high) above, with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance- ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish with fine so/I down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and southward. — Corolla 8" long. 4. S. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple (1° — 3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla equal in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last, which this resembles). — Woods, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. 5. S. pi!6sa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple (1° -3° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to round- ish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes short, often branched ; corolla (6"- 8" long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter. (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry ground, S. New York to Michigan and southward. 6. S. integrif61ia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stem com- monly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (!' long) much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, from Bridgewater, Mass. (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. * * Flowers (blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones. -t- Corolla (2" -3" long] seldom thrice the length of the calyx ; the short lips nearly equal in length, the upper lip concave. 7. S. nervdsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10' -20' high) ; lower leaves roundish; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped (!' long) ; the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; nerve-like veins prominent beneath. (S. gracilis, Ntitt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois and southward. 8. S. parvula, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3f -6' high), branched and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (6" -8" long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) — Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 357 •»- •«- Corolla (8" -9" long), with a slender tube: lower Up large and rather longer than the somewhat arched upper lip : stem simple. 9. S. galericulata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the base ( 1' - 2' long). — Wet shady places : common northward. (Eu.) * * * Flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary and often also in terminal one-sided racemes,' the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like. 10. S. lateriflbra, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at the base, petioled (2'- 3' long).-:- Wet shaded places : common. — A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap. 27. MABBUBIUM, L. HOREHOUND. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter- aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.) 1. M. VULGARE, L. (COMMON HOREHOUND.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 28. GALEOPSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny- tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire ; the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell bristly- fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches, and several — many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaAf'i;, a weasel, and ttyis, resemblance, from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) 1. G. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx ; or, in var. GRANDIFL6RA, 3-4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — Waste places : rather common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. G. LADANUM, L. (RED H.) Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong- lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the throat often spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx. — Eastern New England : rare. Aug. (Adv. fromEu.) 358 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 29. STACHYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering) : anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from crra^us, a spike). Flowering in summer. * Root annual: stems decumbent, low. 1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (WOUND WORT.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse, crenate, heart-shaped at the base ; axillary whorls 4 - 6-flowered, distant ; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. : — Waste places, E. Massachusetts : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Root perennial : stem erect. 2. S. pallistris, L. Stem 4-angled (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart- shaped at the base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the up- per crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid ; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. (Eu.) — To this, for the present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them are : — Var. aspera. (S. aspera, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio pi. 1836.) More slender, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate- lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at the base, a/,1 petioled. — W. New York to Michigan and south westward. Var. cor data. (S. cordata, Riddell, L c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttlew.) Stem beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong, heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth sometimes shorter. — Common westward and southward. 3. S. hyssopifblia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, or narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered, rather distant ; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangular- awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to Vir- ginia ; also Michigan, Illinois and southward. BETONICA OFFICINALIS, the WOOD BETONT of Europe, — of a genus hardly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton, Massachusetts. LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) , 359 30, IiEONUKUS, L. MOTHERWORT. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla ob- long and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its middle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils ; in summer. (Name from Aeeoi/, a lion, and ovpa, tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.) 1. L. CARDIACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall perennial; leaves long-petioled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. — Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. L. MARRUBIASTRUM, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches ; stem- leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx- teeth; the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect. — Roadsides, Pennsyl- vania : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 31. LAMIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar- rowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4. ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap- proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex. — Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled clusters of flowers ; produced from spring to autumn. (Name from Acu/xos, the throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.) # Annuals or biennials, low: flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads. 1. L. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; lateral lobes truncate. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. L. PURPUREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate- toothed, all petiole d. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Perennial, taller : flowers larger, in several axillary whorls. 3. L. ALBUM, L. Hairy ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth very slender, spreading ; corolla white, the tube curved upwards, obliquely con- tracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside ; lateral lobes of lower lip bearing a long slender tooth. — Waste ground near Boston, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.) 32. BALLOTA, L. FETID HOREHOTTND. Calyx ncnrly funnel-form ; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spread- ing regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of 360 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin. ) 1. B. NIGRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) More or less hairy, but green, erect ; the root perennial ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many -flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, Mas- sachusetts and Connecticut: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 33. PH LO MIS, L. JERUSALEM SAGE. Calyx tubular, 5-10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx- imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl- shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &c. : anther- cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow- ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of olscure derivation.) 1. P. TUBER6SA, L. Tall perennial (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, crenate, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl- shaped, hairy ; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside. — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 72. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Chiefly rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a ^-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed ovary (as in Labi'atse), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex : radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im- bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, muci- laginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.) Tribe I. BORR AGE^E. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in fruit ; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.) * Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets erect 1. Ecliiuiu. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded. * * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, erect ; the scar broad. 2. L«ycopsis. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy. 3. Sy mphy turn. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awl-shaped. * * * Corolla open, with folds rather than scales in the throat. Nutlets smooth, erect ; scar email. *- Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud. 4. Oiiosmodium. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect. 5. Ldtliospermum. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded. BORRAGINACEJS. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 361 6. Merteiisia. Nutlets fleshy, fixed by the inner angle. Lobes of the corolla rounded. •*- +• Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud. 7. Myosotis. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all or most of them bractless. * * * * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central column or the base of the style, often recumbent. 8. Ecliinospermum. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets elect, prickly on the margin. 9. Cy uoglostfum. Corolla funnel-form. .Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over. Tribe II. HELIOTROPES. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style : the fruit separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets. 10. Heliotropium. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled. 11. Heliophy turn. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled, i. e. 4 in 2 pairs and sometimes a pair of empty false cells. 1. ECHIUM, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS. Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal spreading 5-lobed border ; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta- mens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from e^is, a viper.) 1. E. VULGARE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Hough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish- purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows : rather rare northward ; but a troublesome weed in cultivated fields in Virginia. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. LYCOPSIS, L. BUGLOSS. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. Sta- mens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed- out base. — Annuals. (Name from AUKOS, a wolf, and otyi$,face.} 1. L. ARVENSIS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly (l°high); leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. STTMPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFREY. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included : anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin. — Coarse peren- nial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots ; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Name from trv/x^eti/, to grow together, proba- bly in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.) 1. S. OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON COMFRE^.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower ; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist places ; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 362 BORRAGINACK^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 4. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular- ftmnei-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5 acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with ob- long and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer. — Our species all belong to true ONOSMODIUM, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments ; the corolla only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the resemblance to the genus Onosma, which means ass-smell. ) 1. O. Virgini£num, DC. Clothed all ova* with harsh and rigid oppressed short bristles ; stems rather slender (l°-2°high); leaves narrowly oblong, or ob- long-lanceolate (l'-2£' long), the lower narrowed at the base; lobes of the nar- row corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. (O. hispidum, Miclix. Lithospe'rmum Virginianum, L. !) — Banks and hillsides, S. New England to Virginia and southward. 2. O. Caroliniknum, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.) Shaggy all ovef with long and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leaves ovate-lance- olate or oblong-lanceolate, acute ; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular or triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside. (0. molle, Beck, &c. Lithosper- mum Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. — Perhaps passes into the next. 3. O. m611e, Michx. Hoary with finer and soft mostly appressed hairs ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, strongly ribbed, lobes of the rather narrow corolla triangu- lar and sharp-pointed, thickly hirsute outside. — Dry grounds, Ohio to Illinois and southward. 5. LITHOSPEBMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON. Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fbld or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe ; the spreading limb 5-cleft ; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by. the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile leaves ; the flowers solitary ^nd as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted : sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed of At'tfos, stone, and o-Treppa, seed, from the hard nutlets.) § 1 . Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull : throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages. 1. L. ARVENSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary annual or biennial; stems erect (6' -^2' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. — Sandy banks and roadsides. May- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) BORUAGINACEJi. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 363 § 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores: corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct pubescent scales in the throat. (Hoot perennial.) 2. L. angUStifblium, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish, much branched, erect or spreading (6' -15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, \-nerved; corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ; nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin- ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May. 3. L. OFFICINXLE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above, erect (l° — 2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla exceeding the calyx ; nutlets very smooth and even. — Roadsides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. L. Iatif61ium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high), rough; leavef ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2' -4' long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth or sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods, "W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and southwestward. June. § 3. BATSCHIA, Gmelin. Nutlets smooth and shining : corolla large, salver-shaped or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent outside, the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye. ) * Tube of the corolla from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (especially when the stamens are at the base of the tube), or slightly arched. 5. L. hirtum, Lehm. (HAIRY PUCCOON.) Hispid with bristly hairs (1° -2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; flowers dis- tinctly pedunded; fruiting calyx (£'long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. (Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Caroliniensis, Gmel. B. Gmelini, Mich.) — Dry woods, New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and westward. April- June. — Flowers crowded, showy: limb of the corolla §'-!' broad. 6. L. canescens, Lehm. (HOARY PCCCOON or ALKANET.) Soflly hairy and more or less hoary (6;- 15' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs above; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx (3" long) barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canescens, Michx.) -. — Open woods and plains, New York to Kentucky and northwestward. May. — Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last. # # Tube of the corolla 2—4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed or crenulate lobes, the appendages more projecting. (Pentalophus, A. DC.) 7. L. longiflbrum, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (6'- 18 high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than the calyx (8"- li' long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus lon- giflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin west- ward. May. 364 , BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 6. MERTENSIA, Roth. SMOOTH LUNGWORT. Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle ; the scar small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted : pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.) § 1. Corolla perfectly naked in the throat; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb almost entire : Jitaments sknder, protruding, much longer than the antheYs. 1. M- Virginica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP or LUNGWORT.) Very smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves obovate, veiny, those of the root (4'- 6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white ; lobes of the disk one on each side of the ovary. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — Alluvial banks, W. New York to Wis- consin, Virginia, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament. § 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb b-lobed. 2. M. maritima, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous ; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa- pillose ; corolla bell-funnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; fila- ments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets flattened. — Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward : scarce. June- Aug. (Eu.) 3. M. paniculata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (l°-2° high), loosely branched ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla (6" long) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx ; filaments broader and shorter than the anthers. — Shore of L. Superior and northward and westward. July. 7. MYOSOTIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT. Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or -5-cleft calyx ; the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila- ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked (so called) racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straight- ened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of pits, mouse, and ovsj O>TOS, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species : one popular name is MOUSE-EAR.) * Calyx open in fruit, its hairs oppressed, none of them hooked nor glandular. 1. M. pallistris, Withering. (TnuE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Perennial; stems ascending from an oblique creeping base (9'- 20' high), loosely branched, BORRAGIXACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 3G5 smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; calyx moderately 5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in the genuine plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. — Nat. from Eu. near Boston, escaping from gardens. — Varies into smaller-flowered forms, among which high authorities rank M. ca3spitosa, and (with yet more reason) the intermediate Var. laxa. (M. laxa, Lekm.) Creeping base of the stem short ; flowers a third or half smaller ; pedicels longer. — Wet places, northward. (Eu.) * * Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex: corolla small: root annual or biennial. 2. M. arvdnsis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend- ing (6'- 15' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; racemes naked at the base and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white ; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx. (M. intermedia, Link. M. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L.) — Fields, &c. : not very common, perhaps not indigenous. (Eu.) 3. M. v6rna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'- 12' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes leafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fruit erect and oppressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx. (M. inflexa, Engelm.) — Dry hills : rather common. May - July. 4. M. VERsfcoLOR, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at the base ; racemes loose, mostly naked at the base ; flowers almost sessile ; corolla pale yel- }ow changing to blue or violet ; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft. — Fields, Delaware, W. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.) 8. ECHINOSPERMTJM, Swartz. STICKSEED. Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow- ers in bracted (so called) racemes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of e^ti/os, a hedgehog, and oWp/xa, seed.) 1. E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (l°-2°high); the short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double row of prickles at the margins, and rough-tubercled on the back. — Waste places : common. (Nat. from Eu.) > 2. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Nutlets with a single marginal row of stout prickles, and granulate-roughened on the back : otherwise much like the last. (E. patulum, Hook.) — St. Paul's, Minnesota, and on the plains westward. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. HOTJND'S-TONGUE. Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx ; the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; the lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nut- 366 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) lets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) ra- cemes naked above, usually bracted at the base. Fl. all summer. (Name from KUOOI/, a dog, and yXwacra, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) 1. C. OFFICINA.LE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TONGUE.) Biennial; clothed with short soft hairs, Itafy, panicled above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome weed ; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. C. Virginicum, L. (WiLD COMFREY.) Perennial; rouyhish with spreading bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-lea ved (2° -3° high) ; stem-leaves lance- olate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes feutyind corymbed, raised on a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly con- vex. — Rich woods : rather common, especially westward. — Flowers interme- diate in size between the other two. 3. C. Moris6ni, DC. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Biennial; stem hairy, very broadly branched, leafy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also tapering at the base, thin; minutely downy underneath and roughish above; racemes panicled, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy-bracted at the base ; flowers very small; corolla white or pale blue (minute) ; pedicels reflexed in fruit; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed points. (Myosotis Virgmica, L. Echino- spermum, Lehm.) — Copses : a common and vile weed. 10. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. HELIOTROPE. Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the bud; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short: stigma conical, or capitate. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4- celled ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1 -seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, the small flowers in one-sided spikes ; in summer. (The ancient name, from 77X10?, the sun, and rpoTrrj, a turn.) 1. H. EUROPIUM, L. Erect annual (6' - 18' high), hoary-pubescent ; leaves oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy. — Waste places, southward : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. H. Curass&vicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous ; stems ascend- ing; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless ; spikes in pairs. — Sandy shores, Norfolk, Virginia, S. W. Illinois, and southward. 11. HELl6PHYTTJM, Cham., DC. INDIAN HELIOTROPE. Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled, i. e. 4, in pairs, and sometimes a pair of empty false cells besides : otherwise nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name, rjXtos, sun, and (pvrov, plant. ) 1. H. INDICUM, DC. Erect and hairy annual ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliotropium Indi- cum, L.) — Waste places, S. Illinois, and southward. (Adv. from India.) HYDROPHYLLACE^:. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 367 ORDER 73. HYDROPHYLL-ACEJE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary entire and l-celled with 2 parietal 4 - many-ovuled placentae, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placenta in .the axis; style 2-cleft or 2 separate styles ; fruit a 2-valved 4 - many-seeded pod. — Seeds mostly retic- ulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants of no marked properties, some cultivated for ornament.) Tribe I. HYDROPHYLL.EJE. Ovary and pod l-celled. Seeds amphitropous, pitted or reticulated, and with cartilaginous albumen. Leaves usually cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft * Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants these are only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp. 1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 2. Nemophila. Stamens included : anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses. 3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. * * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inwards more or less. 4. Pliacelia. Coralla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages Tribe II. H YDROLEJE. Ovary and pod 2-celled, the placentas often projecting from the axis far into the cells. Seeds anatropous : albumeu fleshy. Leaves undivided. 5. Ilytlrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped. Styles 2 Leaves entire. 1. HYDBOPHYLLUM, L. WATERLEAF. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a necta- riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less bearded : anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of v8a>p, water, and (j)v\\ov, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.) # Calyx with minute if any appendages: rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed. 1. H. macroph^llum, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatijid; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very long; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky, shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leaves 1° long ; flowers crowded in a globular cluster. 2. H. Virginicum, L. Smooihish (l°-2°high); leaves pinnately divided ; the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-cilia te. — Damp woods. June - Aug. 368 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 3. H. Canad6nse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves palmately 5-7- lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; those from the root sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles much shorter than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods, W. New England to the mountains of Virginia and northward. June - Aug. — Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles : leaves 3' - 5' broad. * * Calyx with a small reflexed appendaye in each sinus: stamens sometimes not exserted (probably two forms of flowers y as in some Borraginacece, $*c.). 4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; cymes rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. — Open woods. New York to Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward, dune, July. 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. NEMOPHILA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta- mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentae (bearing each 2-12 ovules),' pod, and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered pedun- cles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of vepos, a grove, and (/uXe'o>, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals. 1. N. micrdcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems diffusely spreading (2' - 8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate ; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx ; placentae each 2-ovuled ; pod 1 - 2-seeded. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, Darby.) — Moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward. April -June. 3. ELLISIA, L. ELLISIA. Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above ; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hy- drophyllum.— Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a dis- tinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnaeus.) 1. E. Nyct&lea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6' -12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear- oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- site the leaves-, 1 -flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate lanceolate, pointed, about the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit becoming nearly £' long) ; pod pendulous. — Shady damp places, W. New Jersey and E. Pennsyl- vania to Virginia. May -July. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 369 2. E. ambigua, Nutt. Later peduncles sometimes 2- 3-flowered; corolla rather more bell-shaped, the upper part of tube 5-angular : otherwise like the preceding, of which it is probably a variety. — Illinois and westward. 4. PHACELIA, Juss. ( Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br. ) Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open- bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placenta? ad- herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2 - 30 on each placenta, ) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flow- ers in one-sided raceme-like clusters. (Name from <£a'/ceXos, a fascicle.) § 1. PHACELIA. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta) : corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within, the lobes entire. 1. P. bipinnatiflda, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, much branched, hairy (1° - 2° high) ; leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. — Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, 6" broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below ; these, with the style, are either some- what included (P. brevistylis, Bucklry) or exserted in different individuals. § 2. COSMANTHUS. ( Cosmanthus, Nolte. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC., in part.) Seeds and ovules only 4: corolla naked within ; its lobes beautifully fringe-toothed: filaments villous-bearded below: leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp- ing at the base: flowers long-pedicelled : annuals or spring biennials. 2. P. Piirshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched (8' - 12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, 06/0^ or lanceolate, acute ; raceme many- flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white (about ^' in diameter). (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte, Sf-c.) — Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. April - June. 3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or as- cending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3 -5-divided into roundish leaf- lets; the upper 5 -7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3-W-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (3' -4" broad). — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May. § 3. EUTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many, rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous folds or appendages within, its lobes entire. (Ours are annuals or biennials.) 4. P. parviflbra, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (T-8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes ; lacemes solitary, loosely 5 -15 flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times 24 370 POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish-white (3" -4" broad) ; pod few-seeded. — Shaded banks, S. Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June. 5. P. Pranklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6' -15' high), rather stout ; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod many-seeded. (Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shores of Lake Superior, especially on Isle Royale ; thence northward and westward. 5. HYDRbliEA, L. HTDROLEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at the base. Styles 2, distinct. Pod globular, 2-celled, and the cells often partly divided into 2 by the projection of the many-seeded pla- centas, thin-walled, 2 - 4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate- ribbed. — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from v8o>p, water), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers. 1. H. afiinis, n. sp. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creep- ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole ; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters ; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose pod. — Banks of the Ohio in S. Illinois, Dr. Vasey (and of the Missisippi at Memphis, A. Fendler: also E. Texas, C. Wright: in addenda to ed. 2, referred to H. quadrivalvis, Walt., of the Southeastern States, from which it is dis- tinguished by the smoothness and the broader sepals. ORDER 74. POL-EMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal,few- many-seeded ; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.) Tribe I. POLEMONIE JE. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla convolute in the bud. Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel, opening length- wise. Flowers cymose-panicled or clustered. 1. Polemonium. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. 2. Phlox. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally inserted filaments. Tribe II. DIAPENSIEJE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla imbricated in the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers opening transversely. 3. Diupeiisia. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line. 4. Pyxidauthera. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across. POLEMONIACE^l. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 371 1. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN. Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla: filaments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from TrdXe/zos, war, of doubtful application.) 1. P. r^ptans, L. Smooth throughout; stems weak and spreading (6'- 10' high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; lobes of the calyx rather shorter than the tube ; stamens and style not protruding beyond the corolla, which is light blue,. about £' wide; pods about 3-seeded. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. 2. P. csertlleum, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Stem erect (l°-3° high); leaflets 9-21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue corolla, which is nearly 1 ' broad ; pod several-seeded. — Swamps, about the sources of the Susquehanna, New York: East of-Charlottesville, Schoharie Co., Dr.E. C. Howe. Elk Creek, near Delhi, Delaware Co., B. D. Gilbert. Head of Little Lakes, Warren, Herkimer Co., G. W. Clinton. Warren Co., New Jersey, A. P. Garber. Wild far northwestward. July. (Eu.) 2. PHLOX, L. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with (sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only) a sin- gle seed in each cell. — Perennials (except a few Southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. ($Ao£, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of the species are cultivated in gardens. # Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered : peduncles and pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire. '( Very common in gardens.) 1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves oblong- lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample, pyramidal-cory mbed ; calyx-teeth awn- pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. ACUMIN\TA (P. acuminata, Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is some- times rough-hairy and spotted below. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. — Flowers pink-purple varying to white. 2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2° high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad 372 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed; corolla purple (sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the panicle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis, Smith. — Rich woods and river-banks, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June. * * Stems ascending or upright, often from a dtcumbent base: flowers in terminal co- rymbed cymes : the whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the corolla round and entire : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate. 3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (£°-2° high), often from a pros- trate base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled ; calyx-teeth acute. — Var. ovlxA, Benth., has broader leaves (P. ovata, L.). — Var. NfriDA, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh), and verges to the next. — Woods, W. Pennsylvania to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Corolla I ' long ; the limb 1 ' broad, pink-purple. 4. P. glab6rrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°- 3° high) ; leaves linear- lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3' -4' long) ; cymes few-flow- ered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); calyx-teeth sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open woods, Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July. # # # Stems ascending (or in No. 5 erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, more or less clammy-pubescent, as well as the calyx and the oblong, lanceolate, or linear leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly pedicelled : calyx deeply cleft, the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous. 5. P. pildsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1° - 1£° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Michx. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jersey to 'Wisconsin and south- ward. May, June. — Leaves 1 ' - 2|' long, 1" - 3" wide. 6. P. prociimbens, Lehm. Stems ascending (£°-l£° high), mostly simple ; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (£'- 1^' long, on sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy- bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight ; lobes of.the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. pilosa, W^alt., Michx., Ell., Benth. in part, not L. P. pilosa, var. ? Walteri, Ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapm-m. P. procumbens, Lehm. is a small form.) — Dry hills and barrens, Kentucky, Virginia, and southward. May, June. 7. P. r^ptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth- ish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4' -8' high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (£' long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx- teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. — Damp woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 373- southward. May, June. — Flowers showy: tube of the corolla an inch long; the limb nearly as broad. 8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9'- 18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (!£' long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; peduncles slen- der ; calyx- teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube ; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire (var. Laphamii, Wood), %' - %' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May. 9. P. biflda, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' - 8' high) ; leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (£'-1^' long, 1|" wide) ; flowers few, on slender pe- duncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cfeJl to or below the middle (4" long), equalling the tube, the divis- ions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May. # * * # Stems creeping and tufted in broad mats, the short flowering slioots ascending, glandular-pubescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled. 10. P. subulata, L. (GROUND or Moss PINK.) Depressed, in broad mats; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3" -6" long); cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. (P. setacea, L.) — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to Michigan and southward. April, May. — Common in cultivation. 3. DIAPENSIA, L. DIAPENSIA. Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short : anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi- nous ; the cejls few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat- ulate mostly opposite leaves> terminated by a scape-like 1 -flowered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (%' wide). (Ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnaeus to this plant.) 1. D. Lapponica, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.) 4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from TTU£I'S, a small box, and av6r)pa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.) 1 . P. barbulata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey and south- ward. April, May. 374 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) ORDER 75. CONVOl,VUL,ACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, ivith alter- nate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals ; a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2- celled (rarely %-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming ^-celled ; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2-6-seeded pod. Flowers mostly showy, on axillary peduncles : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edi- ble farinaceous roots : those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes. Tribe I. CONVOLVULE^. Leafy plants, mostly twiners. Ovary 2-4-celled. Pod usually septifragal. Embryo with broad and leaf-like cotyledons, crumpled in the seed. * Style single and undivided. •«- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by leafy bracts. 1. Quamoclit. Stamens and style exserted. Corolla salver-shaped or nearly so. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. 2. Ipomcea. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, often 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-ceUed •, the cells 2-seeded. 3. Convolvulus. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in Ipomoea. •«- •*- Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of broad leafy bracts. 4. Caly stegia. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. * * Style single and 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely more. Prostrate or spreading herbs. 5. Bonamia. Styles 2 and undivided, or a single one 2-cleft : stigmas capitate. 6. E volvulus. Styles 2, and each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse. Tribe II. DICHONDRE£3. Creeping plants. Ovaries as well as styles 2 or more. Embryo, &c. as in the preceding tribe. 7. Dichondra. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft Pistils 2, one-seeded. Tribe III. CUSCUTINE^. Leafless parasitic twiners. Embryo spiral, slender, desti- tute of cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. Parts of the flower rarely in fours ! 8. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group. 1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. CYPRESS-VINE. Sepals mostly mucronate or awned. Corolla cylindrical-tubul-ar, with a small spreading border, not twisted in the bud. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowers ; in summer. (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.) 1. Q. cocciNEA, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or an- gled; sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1'long). (Ipomoea coccinea, L.) — River-banks, &c., Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amcr. or Ind.) 2. Q. VULG\RIS, Choisy. (CYPRESS- VINE.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes ; peduncles 1 -flowered; corolla nar- row, scarlet-red, and a white variety. — Sparingly escaped from gardens south- ward. (Adv. from India.) CONVOLVTJLACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 375 2. IPOMCEA, L. MORNING-GLORY. Calyx nailed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., twisted in the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate, often 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2-celled, or in one group 3-celled; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, according to Linnaus, from tx//s tTros, a Bindweed [which it is not], and O/ACHOS, like.) § 1. PHARBITIS, Choisy. Pod 3- (rarely 4-) celled; the cells 2-seeded. 1. I. puRptiREA, Lam. (COMMON MORNING-GLORY.) Annual ; stems re- trorsely hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long umbellately 3 - 5-flowered ; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2' long), purple, varying to white. (Convolvulus purpureus, L. Pharbitis hispida, Choisy.) — Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 2. I. NIL, Roth. ( SMALLER M. ) Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 -3 -flow- ered ; calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale blue ( 1 ' - 1£; long). (Conv. Nil. & C. hederaceus, L.) — Banks and near dwellings, from Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.?) § 2. IPOMCEA, Choisy. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded. 3. I. Iacun6sa, L. Annual ; rather smooth ; stem twining and creeping, slender ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed ; peduncles short, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-cUiate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, £'-J'long) corolla. (C. micranthus, Riddell.) — Woods and fields, Penn. to Illinois and southward. Aug. 4. I. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves regularly heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; 1 - 5-flowered ; sepnls smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white with purple in the tube. — Sandy fields and banks, from Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June - Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine. 3. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED. Calyx naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stamens included. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled ; the cells 2- seeded. — Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) 1. C. ARVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twin- ing, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9" long) white or tinged with reddish. — Fields, near the coast : likely to become a troublesome weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. CALYSTEGIA, R. Br. BRACTED BINDWEED. Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal. Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobed or entire. Stamens in- 376 CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) eluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled or 1- celled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles; fl. in summer. (Name from KciXi/£, calyx, and a-Teyo), to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.) 1. C. sepium, R. Br. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed ; peduncles 4-angled ; corolla white, or in the American plant more commonly light rose-color ( l£' - 2' long) : the typical form glabrous through- out. (Convolvulus sepium, and C. repens, L.) — Varies greatly, often slightly ^ pubescent : Var. PDBESCENS is a downy form, in the young state approaching the next. ( C. Catesbyana, Pursh. ) — Common, especially along the moist banks of streams. (Eu.) 2. C. spithamsea, Pursh. Downy; stem low and mostly simple,, upright or ascending (6' -12' long) ; leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auri- cled base ; corolla white (2' long). — Dry, mostly sandy ground : not rare. 5. BONAMIA, Thouars. (Breweria, R. Br. & Stylisma, Raf. ) Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below : stig- mas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs (or in warmer regions sometimes shrubby) ; flowers small ; in summer : corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Francis Bonamy, author of a Flora of Nantes.) 1. B. humistr&ta, Gray. (Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 337.) Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart- shaped base to linear, mucronate ; peduncles 1 - 7-flowered ; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so ; corolla white ; JUaments hairy ; styles united at the base. (Convolvulus humistratus, Walt., who well distinguishes this from the next. Stylisma evolvuloides, Chois., in part. S. humistrata, Chapm.) — Dry pine barrens, Virginia (probably not in Ohio), and southward. 2. B. aquatica, Gray. Minutely soft-downy and somewhat hoary; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple ; filaments smooth ; styles separate almost to the base : otherwise nearly as in the last. ( Conv. aquaticus, Walt. Stylisma aquatica, Chapm.) — Margin of ponds, S. Virginia? and southward. 3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish ; leaves very nar- rowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile ; pe- duncles 1 - 3-flowered ; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers ; sepals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (which are united far 'above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Stylisma Pickeringii, Ed. 2.) — Rather dry sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey and southward. — Stems l°-3° long : leaves 1 ' - 1 £' long. Corolla 4" - 5" broad. 6. EVOLVULUS, L. EVOLVULUS. Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost wheel-shaped. Styles 2, each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled ; the cells CONVOLVULACE^l. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 377 2-seeded. — Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining (hence the name^from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus). 1 . E. arg^nteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, silky- villous all over ; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lower oblong-spatulate and short-petioled, about %' long ; flowers almost sessile in the axils ; corolla purple, 3" broad. — Potosi lead-mines, Missouri, probably also on the Illinois side of the Mississippi : common westward. 7. DICHONDRA, Forst. DICHONDEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1- 2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. — Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered'bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yel- lowish or white. (Name composed of bis, double, and ^d^Spos, roundish mass ; from the fruit.) 1. D. ripens, Forst. : var. Carolin6nsis, Choisy. Leaves round-kid- ney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (!"- l£" long). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Norfolk, and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere.) 8. CltSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell- shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled: styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyle- dons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule) : ger- mination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of papillae developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white ; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name of un- certain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.) The following account of our species is contributed by DR. ENGELMANN, whose monograph of the whole genus is published in Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science. § 1. Stigmas elongated : pod opening regularly around the tjase by circumcissile dehis- cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.) 1. C. EpfLiNUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender, low, flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla 5-parted, short-cylin- drical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left sur- rounding the pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very in- jurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June (Adv. from Eu.) 378 CONVOLVULACEuE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) § 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly. * Flowers more or less pedicelled : the scaly bracts few artf distant: calyx 4-o-cleft. •t- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 2. C. tenuiflbra, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored ; flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven- tricose after flowering) twice the length of its obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cephalanthi, Engelm.) — Swamps, New Jersey to Illinois and westward; on Cephalanthus and other shrubs, and on various tall herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species. 3. C. infl^xa, Engelm. Flowers peduncled, in umbel-like cymes, 1" long; tube of the mostly 4-cleJt fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and ininutdy crenate erect inflextd lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute and few -toothed, appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown, its top covered with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm. C. umbrbsa, Beyrich, and Ed. 2.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceano- thus, and other shrubs or herbs ; from Western Virginia and Illinois southward and westward. 4. C. decdra, Chois., altered by Engelm. Flowers larger than in No. 3, from 1-J" to nearly 2" long, loosely paniculate, broadly campanulate; corolla 5- clejl ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute ; the scales large, broadly oval ; pod envel- oped by the remains of the corolla. (C. /ndecora, Chois. C. neuropetala, Engelm. C. pulcherrima, Scheele.) — Wet prairies, S. W. Illinois and southward ; on va- rious shrubs and herbs. — The name changed by Dr. Engelmann, because this is not a homely but the handsomest of our species. -i- •»- Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the ripe pod. 5. C. arvdnsis, Beyrich. Low; flowers small, 5-parted, peduncled in loose umbel-like cymes ; tube of the corolla included in or little exceeding the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ; scales ovate, fim- briate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose, thin, yellowish. (C. pentagona, Engdm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from S. New York (C. F. Austin) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward ; on smaller herbs, and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) : with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispherical one, var. calyciua (Texas) : with a fleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa, Engelm. (Texas.) 6. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored; flowers mostly 4- cleft, about 1" long, short-pedicelled, in scattered clusters; corolla open bell- shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens as long as the lobes ; scales small, appressed, incised, sometimes almost want- ing ; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary ; pod depressed, thin, greenish-yellow. (C. polygonorum, Engdm.) — Low grounds, on Polygonum CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 379 and other herbs, Delaware to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — The large ovary fills the shallow tube of the^corolla. 7. C. Gron6vii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers mostly 5- cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped, the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the base; pod globose, umbonate, brown. ( C. Americana, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga, Engelm. C. umbrbsa, Torr.) —Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ; everywhere common both east and west, and the principal species northward and eastward : chiefly on coarser herbs and low shrubs. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States; the loosely-flowered ones westward and southward ; a form with 4-parted flowers was collected in Connecticut. C. Saururi, Engelm., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley. 8. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers (2" -3" long) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell- shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base ; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. — Shady valleys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. Flowers and fruit larger than in any other of our species. * * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts: remains of the corolla borne on the top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engelm. ) 9. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, oppressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy- lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base. C. coronata, Beyrich (C. compacta, Choisy) is the Eastern and Southern form, with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla. C. (Lepidanche) adpressa, Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla. Both grow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first from N. New York, and New Jersey southward ; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes fully 2' in diameter. 10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla ; scales large, fringed-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary ; the pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Engelm.) — Moist prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward : growing commonly on tall Com- positce. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close mat- ted coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems. 380 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) ORDER 76. SOLiANACE^S. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu- lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the corolla imbri- cate, convolute, or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited ; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentas in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scro- phulariaceae, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it. * Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed ; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned inwards in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry. 1. Solatium. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. * * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate. *- Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery -inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding. 2. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled. 3. 1\ icandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3 - 5-celled. *- •*- Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base. 4. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled. * H- t- H- Fruit a pod. 5. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular. 6. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form. 7. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pod enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled. 1. SO LAN TIM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE. Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4-10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted : filaments very short : anthers converging around the style : opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in the warmer regions, including the POTATO (S. TUBER6suM) and the EGG- PLANT (S. MELONGENA); while the TOMATO (LYCOPERSICUM ESCDLENTUM) is hardly of a distinct genus. (Name of unknown derivation.) # Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly, smooth or nearly so.) 1. S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) Stein shrubby, scarcely climbing ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes at the base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red. — Moist banks and around dwellings. June -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. N!GRUM, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Annual, low, much branched and often spreading, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed ; flowers SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 381 (very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries globular, black. — Shaded grounds and fields : common. July - Sept. — A homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.) # # Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.) 3. S. Carolin6nse, L. (HORSE-NETTLE.) Perennial, low (1° high); stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled, roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ; flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular, orange-yellow. — Sandy soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June- Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.) 2. PHY SALTS, L. GROUND CHERRY. Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5 - 10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1 -flowered nodding pe- duncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name, <£uo-aXts, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.) * Root annual: anthers tinged with blue or violet : stems 1° -3° high. •*- Corolla white, large. 1 . P. gr andiflbr a, Hook. Clammy -pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla l'-2' wide when expanded, almost entire, and with a woolly ring in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by the berry. — Upper Michigan, shore of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins, &c.) and northward, springing up in new clearings. •H- -i- Corolla pale or greenish-yellow, small or smallish. 2. P. Philad&Lphica, Lam. Almost glabrous, erect ; leaves ovate or ob- Jong-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed ; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7" -10" broad; calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth. — Rich grounds, not rare, especially southward : also cult. 3. P. angulata, L. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, much branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed ; peduncles fili- form ; corolla unspotted, very small (3" - 6" broad when expanded) ; fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, but at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry. — Cult, and waste grounds. 4. P. pub6sc6IlS, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy (rarely smoothish) dif- fusely much branched or at length decumbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, angu- late- or repand-toothed ; corolla spotted with brown-purple in the centre, 5" -6" broad when expanded, obscurely 5 -10-toothed ; fruiting calyx ovate from a truncate or impressed base, pointed, sharply 5-angled, loosely enclosing the yellow or greenish berry. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Michx. in part.) — Low grounds : common, especially southward and westward. 382 SOLANACEJ2. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) # * Root perennial: stems mostly from slender creeping rootstocks, usually low (6'- 20' high) : anthers yellow ; fruiting calyx loosely inflated, 5-angled, much larger than the berry. •*- Wild species : corolla greenish-yellow and commonly brown or purplish in the centre, the border 5-angled or barely 5 - 10-toothed, 6" - 12" broad. 5. P. viscbsa, L. Clammy -pubescent, diffusely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire ; corolla dark brown in the centre; fruiting calyx ovate, barely concave or truncate at base, sharply 5- angled ; berry orange or reddish, glutinous. (P. heterophylla, Nees. P. nyc- taginea, & P. viscido-pubescens, Dunal?) — Light or sandy soil : common. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Minutely hirsute-pubescent (not clammy), or nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate and tapering at the base, entire or sparingly repand-toothed ; corolla merely darker or purplish-veiny in the centre ; fruiting calyx conical or globular-ovate, pointed, and with an im- pressed base ; berry red. — Var. LANCEOLATA ; the narrower-leaved and pubes- cent form (5'- 15' high), especially the state with a hairy calyx. (P. lauceolata, Michx. P. maritima, M. A. Curtis.) — Dry, often sandy soil, from Pennsyl- vania southward and westward, even northwestward to the Winipeg valley. — Fruiting calyx I'-l^' long. Shape of calyx-lobes very variable. •«- •«- Introduced : corolla greenish-white, unspotted, 5-lobed. 7. P. ALKEKENGI, L. (STRAWBERRY TOMATO.) More or less pubes- cent ; sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-ovate, pointed ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped ; fruiting calyx broadly ovate, turning red ; the berry bright red, pleasant. — Cult, and waste grounds, eastward. (Cult. & Adv. from Eu.) 3. NICANDBA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — An annual smooth herb (2° -3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poetNican- der of Colophon.) 1. N. PHYSALO^DES, Gsertn. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Peru.) 4. L'STCIUM, L. MATRIMONY- VINE. Calyx 3- 5-toothed or cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender : stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, Lycia.) 1. L. VULGA.RE, Dunal. (COMMON M.) Shrub with long sarmentose re- curved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; corolla short funnel-form, greenish- SOLANACEvE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 383 purple ; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes ; berry oval, orange-red. (L. Barbarum, L., in part.) — About dwellings ; and escaped into waste grounds in Pennsylvania, &c. June- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. HYOSCYAMTJS, Town. HENBANE. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en- closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of vs, voy, a hog, and Kvapos, a bean; said by JElian to be poisonous to swine.) 1. H. N!GER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasp- ing, sinuate-toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; co- rolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN- WEED. THORN-APPLE. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5 - 10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentae projected from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placentae as if on the middle of these false partitions'. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.) 1. D. STRAMONIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM or THORN APPLE.) Annual, glabrous ; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled ; stem green ; corolla white (3' long), the border with 5 teeth. — Waste grounds : a well-known weed. (Adv. from Asia.) 2. D. TATULA, L. (PURPLE T.) Mostly taller ; stem purple; corolla pak violet-purple. Thought to be specifically distinct from the last, on account of the behavior of the cross-breeds. (Adv. from trop. Amer. ?) 7. NICOTIANA, L. TOBACCO. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu- ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2- celled, 2 - 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or pamcled flowers. (Named after John Nicol, who was thought to have introduced the Tobacco (N. TABACUM, L.) into Europe.) 1. N. RUSTICA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded. — Old fields, from New York westward and south- ward • a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 384 GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) ORDER 77. GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular Jlowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im- bricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placenta, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded pod. — Flowers solitary or cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.) Tribe I. GENTIANEJE. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud (with the sinuses mostly plaited), or in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always opposite or whorled, en- tire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, with a cellular coat ; in Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds covering the whole face of the pericarp ! * Style distinct and slender, deciduous. 1. Sabbatia. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-12-parted : anthers at length recurved. 2. Ery tlirsea. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft : anthers soon spiral. * * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent : anthers straight. 3. Fra sera. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped 5 a fringed glandular spot on each lobe. 4. Hal en ia. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, bell-shaped, and 4 - 5-spurred at the base. 5. Gentiana. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, not spurred. 6. Bartonia. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, bell-shaped -. no plaits. Calyx 4-parted. 7. Obolaria. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed, with no plaits, the lobes imbricated in the bud ! Calyx 2-leaved. Tribe II. MENYANTHE.3E. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edges turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony. 8. Menynutb.es. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 9. Limnaiithemum. Corolla naked or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded. 1. SABBATIA, Adans. AMERICAN CENTAURY. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel- shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers soon recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. — Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers ; in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sabbati, an early Italian botanist. ) * Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 - 7 -parted. ••- Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying: cymes corymbed, many-flowered. 1. S. paniCUlata, Pursh. Stem brachiateJy much-branched (l°-2° high), rather terete, but angled with 4 sharp lines ; leaves linear or the loivtr oblong, ob- tuse, \-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ; calyx-lobes linear-thread-form, much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 2. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gr. Stem simple (l°-3° high) bearing a flat- topped cyme ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in GENTIANACEuE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 385 No. 1. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine bar- rens, from New Jersey southward. •*- •*- Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye: stem erect, \o _3O JiigJi^ pyramidally many-Jlowered : branches opposite: peduncles short. 3. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few- flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx -lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia (Indi- ana, Wood), and southward. — Corolla rather smaller, and its lobes narrower than in the next. 4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4- winged-angled, much branched above (l°-2£° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla. — Dry ground, New York to Illinois and southward. Corolla l£' wide ; the lobes obovate. •«-•«-•*- Corolla rose-purple or white : stems (5' - 20' high) slender, loosely and often alternately branched, or merely forked, terete or scarcely 4-angled : peduncles elon- gated and I -flowered. 5. S. calycdsa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale ; leaves oblong or lance-ob- long, narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes foliaceous, spatufate-lanceolate (§'-!' long), exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes, E. Virginia, and southward. 6. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla. — Salt marshes, Massachu- setts to Virginia, and southward. Too near the next. 7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched; the branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes, Nantucket (Oakes), banks of lower Delaware "River (Mr. Cooley,Mr. Diffenbaugh), and southward. * * Corolla 9-12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Grisebach.) 8. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem (l°-2° high), loosely panicled above; the peduncles, slender, 1 -flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. — Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. — One of our handsomest plants. 2. EBYTHKJEA, Pers. CENTAURT. Calyx 4- 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with a slender tube and a 4 - 5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single : stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, from eputfpoff, red) ; in summer. All our Northern species were probably intro- duced, and occur in few localities. 1. E. CENT AtRiUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright, corymbosely branched above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cymes clus- 25 386 , GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) tered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. — Oswego, New York. — Plant 6' - 1 2' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu. ) 2. E. RAMOSfssiMA, Pers., VET. PDLCHELLA, Griseb. Low (2' -6' high); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval ; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbe'rgii, Griseb., as to Penn. plant. Exacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E. Virginia : scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. E. spicATA, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6'- 10' high) ; the flowers ses- sile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickeringii, Oakes.) — Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Oakes, and Norfolk, Vir- ginia, Rugel. — Remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers. (Nat. fromEu.1?) 3. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style persist- ent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4 - 14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, an indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last century.) 1. P. Carolin6nsis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3° -8° high) ; leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py- ramidal, loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their middle ; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Root very thick and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown- purple dots. 4. HA LENT A, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow- ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.) 1. H. defl£xa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9'- 18' high), sim- ple or branched above ; leaves 3 - 5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled ; the others oblong-lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (Swertia corniculata, GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 387 L., partly.) — Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to Wisconsin, and northward. July, August. 5. GENTIANA, L. GENTIAN. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none : stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover- ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (First shown by Prof. H. J. Clark !) — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.) § 1. AMARELLOlDES, Torr. & Gr. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked: anthers separate, Jixed by the middle, introrse in the bud, but reflexed after the flower opens : seeds wing- less: annuals. 1. G. quinquefl6ra, Lam. (FIVE-FLOWERED G.) Stem rather slen- der, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. OCCIDENTALIS has linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes, more leaf-like, about half the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the Western States. — Corolla nearly 1' long ; in the variety proportionally shorter. § 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Froel. Corolla funnel-form, gland-bearing between the bases of the filaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed on the margins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed with little scales: annuals or biennials. 2. G. crinita, Froel. (FRINGED G.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue corolla, the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit ; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wisconsin : rather common. — Plant l°-2° high : the showy corolla 2' long. 3. G. detonsa, Fries. (SMALLER FRINGED G.) Stem simple or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit ; ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Illinois and north- westward. Passes into the last. (Eu.) § 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Necker. Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-lobed, with plaited folds which project into appendages in the sinuses : anthers erect, 388 GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) fixed by the deep sagittate base, extrorse, often cohering with each other in a ring or tube: pod stalked: perennials, mostly autumn-flowering, * Flowers nearly sessile, clustered or rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate. •»- Seeds wingless : anthers unconnected. 4. G. ochroletica, Froel. (YELLOWISH- WHITE G.) Stems ascending, mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in ax- illary clusters ; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest -broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear, un- equal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; pod included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Pennsylvania (rare) to Virginia, and common southward. -»- •»- Seeds winged : anthers connivent and usually more or cohering. 5. G. alba, Muhl. Cat. ! (WHITISH G.) Stems upright, stout, and very smooth ; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal cluster, sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart- shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflex ed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellow- ish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice the length of the toothed appendages ; pod nearly included ; seeds broadly winged. (G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Grisebach, in part.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. New York to Virginia along the Alleghanies, and west to Illinois and Lake Superior. Begins to flower in July, far earlier than the two next. 6. G. Andrews!!, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Stems upright, smooth ; flow- ers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed, rough-margined ; calyx- lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the inflated club-shaped and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe- toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out of the persistent corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Fred., not of L.) — Moist and rich soil: common, especially northward. — Corolla an inch or more in length, striped inside, the folds whitish; occasionally pure white throughout. 7. G. Saponaria, L. ( So APWORT G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the axils ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, oblong, or lanceulate-obovate, with rough margins, narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged. (G. Cates- baei, Walt.) — Moist woods, New Jersey and S. Penn. to Virginia, Illinois, and southward : flowering late. GENTIANACE^l. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 389 Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or lance-linear (2' -3' long), acutish ; appendages of the corolla shorter and less cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumonanthe, Amer. auth., Sf Ed. 1. G. linearis, Fred.) — Mountain wet glades of Maryland and Penn., to Lake Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Port- land) : beginning to blossom at midsummer. — Seems to pass on one side into G. Saponaria, on the other into G. Pneumonanthe of Europe. 8. G. pub6rula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8'- 1 6' high), mostly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (l'-2'long) ; flowers clustered, rarely soli- tary ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the bell -funnel-form oj>en bright-blw corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acutish and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbifei, Ell G. Saponaria, var. puberula, Ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Flowering near the end of summer. Corolla large for the size of the plant, 1^-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division. # * Flowers 1-3, pedunded : seeds wingless : anthers separate. 9. G. angustif61ia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6' - 15' high) ; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open-funnel-form, azure- blue, also a greenish and white variety (2' long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut- toothed appendages. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and southward. 6. BARTONIA, Muhl. ( CENTAURELLA, Michx. ) Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials (3' - 10' high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated, in the year 1801, to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.) 1. B. tendlla, Muhl. Stems branched above; the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, New England to Wisconsin and south- ward. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri, Grisebach, is a variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute. 2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem 1 - few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the caJyx ; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 3" - 4" long, larger than in No. 1. 7. OBOLARIA, L. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- lar-bell-shaped, Avithering-persistent, 4-cleft ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age 390 GENTIANACKE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform : the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3' - 8' high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile ; in spring. (Name from o/3oXos, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.) 1. O. Virginica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am., t. 3.) — Rich soil, in woods, from New Jersey to Illinois, and southward : rather rare. 8. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate- leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (l°high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from \u\v, month, and avQos, a flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 1 . M. trif oliata, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 9. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per- sistent. Pod few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons : flowering all summer. (Name compounded of At'/uiry, a marsh or pool, and avOepov, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.) 1. L. lacunbsum, Grisebach (partly). Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped (!'- 2' broad), thickish ; petioles filiform ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; seeds smooth and even. (Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. V. cordata, Ell.) — Shallow water, from Maine and N. New York to Virginia and southward. 2. L. trachysp6rmum, Gray. Leaves larger (2' -6' broad), and rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted beneath ; petioles stouter ; seeds g/andular-rouyhened. (Menyanthes trachysperma, Michx.) — Ponds, Maryland ( W. M. Canby] and southward. LOGANIACE^E. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) 391 ORDER 78. L.OGANIACEJE. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4 - 5-merous 4-5- androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx: a connecting group between Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae (from all which they are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceae, from which they differ in their free ovary : our representatives of the family are all most related to the Rubiaceae, to which, indeed, they have been appended. * Woody twiners : leaves evergreen. 1. Gelseuiium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender •. stigmas 4. * * Herbs. 2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud. 3. Splgelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle. 4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-ldbed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma. 1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. Stigmas 2, each 2-parted ; the divisions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened con- trary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle. — Smooth and twining shrubby plants with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute stipules, and showy yellow flowers, of two sorts as 10 relative length of stamens and style. ( Gdse- mino, the Italian name of the Jessamine. ) 1. G. semp6rvirens, Ait. (YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South.) Stem climbing high ; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent ; flowers in short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright yellow corolla !'-!£' long); pod flat, pointed. — Low grounds, Eastern Vir- ginia and southward. March, April. 2. POLYPREMUM, L. POLYPREMUM. Calyx 4-parted ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat ; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short : anthers globular. Style 1, very short : stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat- tened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl- shaped leaves, connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line ; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from iro\v7rpffj.vos, many-stemmed. ) 1. P. proctimbens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Maryland and southward; also adventivc at Philadelphia. June -Oct. 392 APOCYNACEuE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 3. SPIGELIA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flat- tened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the pair of leaves united by means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigdius, who wrote On botany at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and was perhaps ^the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.) 1. S. Marilandica, L. (MARYLAND PINK-ROOT.) Stems simple and erect from a perennial root (6' -18' high) ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; spike simple or forked, short ; tube of the corolla 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. — Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward: not common northward. June, July. — Corolla 1^' long, red outside, yell&w within. — A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant. 4. MITREOLA, L. MITREWORT. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and united above ; the stigmas also united into one. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, 6' - 2° high, with small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.) 1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong- lanceolate, petioled. — Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. 2. M. sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray, with thickish sessile and roundish leaves, probably occurs as far north as Virginia. ORDER 79. APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and n-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitro- pous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle, and among wild plants by three genera : — APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 393 1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments. Leaves alternate. 2. Forsteronla. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen- der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. 1. AMSONIA, Walt. AMSONIA. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in- side, especially at the throat ; the»limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta- mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri- cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a Mr. Charles Amson. ) 1. A. Tabern8emont£na, Walt. Loosely somewhat pubescent or hairy when young, or soon glabrous ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous. — Low grounds, Illinois, Virginia 1 and southward. May, June. 2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. FORSTERONIA. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included : filaments slender : an- thers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip, adhering to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English botanist.) 1. F. difformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval- lanceolate, pointed, thin ; calyx-lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow. — Damp grounds, Virginia, S. Illinois, and southward. April. 3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 trian- gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad- herent to it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2- lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo- site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of V7ro,from, and KVG>I/, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.) 1. A. androsaemifdlium, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth, branched above; branches divergently forking; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled; 394 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, 4" broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the orate pointed divisions of the calyx. — Varies, with the leaves downy underneath. — Borders of thickets : common northward. June, July. — Pods 3' - 4' long, pendent. 2. A. cannabinum, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Stem and branches upright or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. GLABERRIMUM, DC. Entirely smooth ; leaves oblong or oblong'-fanceolate, on short but manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the uppermost mostly acute at both ends. — Var. PUBESCENS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, soft-downy underneath or sometimes on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. HYPERICIF6LIUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base .and on very short petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.) — River-banks, &c. : common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° - 3° high, much more upright than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the size. ORDER 80. ASCL-EFIADACE^J. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible properties, Sj-c.,just as in the last family ; fram which they differ in the com- monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c., as explained under the first and typical genus. Tribe I. ASCLEPIADE^. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy, fixed to the stigma in pairs by a gland, hanging vertically. 1. Asclepias. Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bod- ies (nectaries, L.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each. 2. Acerates. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but without a horn inside. 3. Ensleiiia. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-cleft tail or awn. 4. Viiicetoxlcum. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10- lobed ring or disk. Tribe II. CiONOLOBE^E. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the stigma in pairs, horizontal. 5. Gonolobus. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Tribe III. FERIPLOCE^E. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu- lar, separately applied to the stigma. 6. Periploca. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awiied scales in the throat. 1, ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 395 an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments united in a tube which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell con- taining a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous pol- len-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolon- gation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma, extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles. Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy mass which takes the place of stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots : peduncles terminal or lateral and be- tween the petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels : flowering in summer. (The Greek name of ^Esculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) * Leaves opposite (or some of them in No. 5-7 in threes or fours.) H- Stem simple or nearly so, leafy to the top, and bearing lateral umbels as well as a terminal one : leaves ovate or oblong : Jlowers whitish, pinkish, or dull purple. •»-»• Polls beset with so/I spinous projections : Jlowers 6" - 9'' long when open, greenish- purple, numerous in dense umbels. 1. A. Corntlti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.) Stem tall and stout; leaves oval-oblong (4' -8' long), contracted at base into a short petiole, pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, &c. ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short and stout claw-like horn ; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woolly. (A. Syriaca, L., but the plant belongs to this country only.) — Rich ground, everywhere. 2. A. Sulliv^ntii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate- oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile ; hoods obovate, entire, ob- tusely 2-eared at the base outside; flowers larger (9' long) and more purple than in the preceding ; pods obscurely soft-spiny, chiefly on the beak, ovate-lanceolate. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant) to Illinois. •*•+ Pods even, not warty-roughened, mostly glabrous. 3. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem (3° -5° high) smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-petioltd,. smooth or slightly downy underneath (5' -8' long); lateral umbels several ; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender ( 1 ' - 3' long), equalling the peduncle, many times longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of the (green- ish) corolla; hoods of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point ; pods minutely downy. — Moist copses ; flowering early in summer. — Flower 6' long. 4. A. purpur&scens, L. (PURPLE M.) Stem rather slender (1°- 3° high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velcety- downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the base into a short petiole ; pedicels 396 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate- ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods of the crown oblong, abruptly narrowed above ; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point. (A. amuena, L., Michx.) — Borders of woods, &c., New England to Illinois and southward. — Flowers 6" long. 5. A. variegata, L. (VARIEGATED M.) Nearly glabrous (l°-2°high) ; leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles ; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; divisions of the corolla ovate (white) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn semilunar with a horizontal point ; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L., in part. A. hybrida, Michx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers. Leaves 4-5 pairs, the middle ones sometimes whorled. 6. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne in DC. Low (6' -18' high), soft-downy, es- pecially the lower surface of the ovate or lanctolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves; umbels loosely 10 - 18-flowered, either sessile or peduncled ; pedicels slen- der ; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white divisions of the corolla (which are tinged with purple outside) ; pods downy. (A. lanuginosa, Ed. 1, probably not of Nutt. A. Vaseyi, Carey). — Prairies and oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vasey, Wis- consin, Lapham, and northwestward. June. — Leaves l§-'-3' long, smoothish above, the upper sometimes scattered ; the middle rarely in threes. Flower 4" -5" long. 7. A. quadrifblia, Jacq. (FOUR-LEAVED M.) Nearly smooth; stem slender (l°-2°high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually owe or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper- pointed petioled leaves (2' -4' long); pedicels slender; divisions of the (pale pink) corolla oblong ; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick ; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills : not very common. June. — Flowers 4" long. •»- -*- Stem branching, leafy to the top, bearing lateral as well as terminal leaves petioled : flowers small (3" long) : pods smooth and glabrous. 8. A. perdnnis, Walt. Nearly glabrous; stems (l°-2° high) persistent or somewhat woody at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather slender-pe doled ; flowers white, small ; the small hoods of the crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn ; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma! (A. parviflora, Pursh, and Ed. 2.) — Low grounds, S. Indiana, Illinois, and southward. 9. A. incarnata, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so, in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles (2° -3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base ; flowers rose-purple ; hoods of the crown scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn. — Var. PI^LCHRA has broader and shorter-petioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A. pulchra, Willd. ) — Wet grounds ; the smooth form very common northward ; the hairy variety more so southward. — Milky juice scanty. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 397 •«-•«- H~ Stem perfectly simple, producing only a single conspicuously -pedunded termi- nal umbel of dull-colored largish (6" long) flowers : hoods and lobes of the co- rolla broad : pods smooth : whole plant glabrous, or nearly so, and pale or glau- cous : leaves closely sessile, transversely veiny. 10. A. obtU.sif.61ia, Michx. Stem tall (2° -3° high) ; leaves wavy, oblong with a heart-shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (2^' -5' long) ; peduncle 3' -12' long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods of the crown truncate and somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn. — Sandy woods and fields : not rare, especially southward. 11. A. Meadii, Torr. (in Ed. 2, addend.) Stem slender (l°-2° high) ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, not wavy, obtuse or acutish (l£'-2^' long) ; peduncle only twice the length of the upper leaves ; pedicels rather short ; corolla green- ish-white ; hoods of the crown rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn ; pod unknown. — Augusta, Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead. Clinton, Iowa, Dr. Vasey. June. •*-•«--«-•»- Stem simple or mostly so (2° -4° high), bearing 2-5 panicled umbels on a naked terminal peduncle, and sometimes single axillary ones : flowers pink-red, rather large (over 6" long) : crown conspicuously elevated above the base of the corolla : pods smooth : whole plant glabrous or nearly so. 12. A. rtlbra, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2f-6' long, ^'-2^' wide), bright green ; umbels many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla and hoods of the crown oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender. (A. lauri- folia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Wet pine-barrens, &c., New Jersey and Penn. to Virginia and southward. 13. A. paup6rcula, Michx. Stem slender (2° -4° high); leaves elon- gated lanceolate or linear (5' -10' long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled; umbels 5 - 12-flowered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong ; the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn. — Wet pine-bar- rens on the coast, New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. * * Leaves scattered, or some opposite : milky juice little or none : flowers orange-red. 14. A. tuberdsa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Rough- ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong- lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish- orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A. deciim- bens, L.) — Dry hills and fields: common, especially southward. — Plant 1°- 2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and corymbed short- peduncled umbels of showy flowers. * * * Leaves nearly all whorled, rarely alternate, crowded: flowers white, small. 15. A. verticillata, L. (WHORLED M.) Smoothish; stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit ; leaves very narrowly linear, with re volute margins (2' -3' long, 1" wide), 3-6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and terminal; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white): 398 ASCLEPIADACE2E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw- shaped horns ; pods smooth. — Dry hills : common, especially southward. 2. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED. Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the hoods of the crown destitute of a horn (whence the name, from a privative and nepas, -aroy, a horn). — Flowers green- ish. Leaves varying from opposite to irregularly alternate, short-petioled or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. § 1. Divisions of ike. corolla reflexed, oblong : hoods of the crown erect and concave : umbels compactly many-flowend : pods not muricate, slender. * Crown not elevated; its hoods oblong, nearly equalling the anthers. 1. A. viridifl6ra, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish ; stems as- cending (l°-2° high) ; leaves varying from oval to linear, thick (l^'-4' long), umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose ; flower (when the corolla is re- flexed) nearly £' long, short-pedicelled. — Dry soil : common, especially south- ward. July - Sept. 2. A. lanuginbsa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled ; flowers not larger than in the next ; pedicels slender. (Probably Asclepias lanuginosa, Nutt. : cer- tainly A. Nuttalliana, Torr. Acerates monocephala, Lapham, in Ed. 2, addend.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. July. # # Crown short-stalked, i. e. elevated above the base of the corolla ; its hoods oval, strongly concave, and decidedly shorter than the tips of the anthers. 3. A. longifolia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem erect (1° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves mostly alternate-scattered, linear (3'-7' long) ; umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels ; flowers 3" long when expanded. — Moist prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- ward. July - Oct. § 2. ANANTHERIX, Nutt. Divisions of the corolla ascending or barely spread- ing : hoods of the crown widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition : umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered: pods oblong or ovate, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections. 4. A. paniculata, Decaisne. Almost glabrous; stems short (l°high); leaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, l'-2' wide; umbels several in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (!' in diameter), green, with a purplish crown. — Prairies, Illinois ( Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June. 3. ENSLENIA, Nutt. ENSLENIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An- thers nearly as in Asclepias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo- late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, ASCLEFIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 399 smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi- cated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United States early in the present century.) 1. E. alb i da, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward : com- mon. July - Sept. — Climbing 8° - 12° high : leaves 3' - 5' wide. 4. VINCETOXICUM, Mcench. VINCETOXICUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, disk-like, 5 - 10-lobed, simple. Anthers smooth, pods and seeds much as in Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name composed of Vinca, the Periwinkle, and toxicum, poison.) 1. V. KIGRUM, Mo3nch. ( BLACK V.) More or less twining, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves. — Cambridge, Mass., &c. : a weed escap- ing from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. GONOLOBUS, Michx. GONOLOBUS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread- ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat- tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart- shaped leaves, and corymbose-um belled greenish or dark purple flowers, on pe- duncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of yavos, an angle, and Xo/3os, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of some species.) 1 . G. Isevis, Michx. Nearly glabrous, or the stems and petioles sparingly hirsute and finely puberulent ; calyx and corolla glabrous, the latter tapering-con- ical in the bud, the expanded divisions lanceolate, yellowish-green ; pods ribbed, smooth. ( Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Periploca late-scandens, Clayt. G. macrophyllus, Michx., also Decaisne, excl. syn. Jacq. & Bot. Mag. G. tilisefo- lius, Decaisne. ) — River-banks, Virginia, to Illinois and southward. July. 2. G. Obliquus, R. Br. Stems, petioles and often the ribs of the leaves beneath hirsute with spreading viscid hairs ; calyx and corolla pubescent or puberu- lent outside, the latter narrow-conical-oblong in the bud, its divisions ligulate- linear or lanceolate, obtuse, dark dull crimson-purple within ; pods copiously muri- cate, ribless. (Cynanchum obliquum, Jacq., 1786. C. discolor, Sims, Bot. Mag. Gonolobus hirsutus, Ed. 2, &c. G. discolor, R. fr S. G. macrophyllus, Decaisne in part. ) — River-banks, Penn. to Virginia. Aug., Sept. — Lobes of the corolla nearly 6" long. Pod 5' long. 3. G. hirsutus, Michx. (Apdcynumhirsutum. Pluk. ; perhaps Periploca Carolinensis, DHL, and P. late-scandens fl. ferrugineo, Clayt. ; Vincetoxicum acanthocarpos, Walt. ; and clearly Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq.) Known from the last by its short-ovate flower-buds, and the oval or oblong divisions of the purple corolla (only about 3" long) ; perhaps occurs in S. E. Virginia. 400 OLEACE2E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 6. PERIPLOCA, L. PERIPLOCA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat. Filaments distinct : anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma, bearded on the back : pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely divergent. Seeds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth opposite leaves, and panicled-cymose flowers. (Name from nepinXoKr), a coiling round, in allusion to the twining stems.) 1 . P. GR^CA, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the loosely- flowered cymes; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very hairy above. — Near Rochester, &c., New York. Probably hardly established. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 81. OLJEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a k-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular ^-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3 or 4) ; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. — Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or with- out albumen. — The Olive is the type of the true Oleaceas, to which be- longs the LILAC (STRING A), &c. ; while the JESSAMINE (JASMINUM) represents another division of the order. Tribe I. OLEINE^E. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with both calyx and corolla ; the latter valvate in the bud. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple, mostly entire. 1. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft 2. Olea. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted. 3. Chionanthus. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear. Tribe II. FRAXINE.33. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dioecious or polygamous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes also without a calyx. Ovules suspended. Leaves odd-pinnate. 4. Fraxinus. The only genus of the Tribe. Tribe III. FORESTIEREjE. Fruit a.drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect, apetalous. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple. 5. Forestiera. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkia-like bud. Stamens 2-4. 1. LIGTJSTBUM, Tourn. PRIVET. Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma 2-cleft. Berry spherical, 2-celled, 2-1-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves on short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. (The clas- sical name.) 1. L. VULG\RE, L. (COMMON PRIVET or PRIM.) Leaves elliptical- lanceolate, very smooth, thickish, deciduous ; berries black. — Used for low hedges : naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and Pennsylvania. June. (Nat. from Eu.) OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 401 2. 6 LEA, Tourn. OLIVE. Calyx short, 4-toothed, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tube and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Drupe with a bony stone, 2-1- seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire leaves, and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dioecious small white flowers, in panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the Olive, O. EUROP^A.) 1. O. Americana, L. (DEVIL-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth and shining (3' -6' long) ; fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S. Virginia, and southward. May. — Tree 1 5° - 20° high. 3. CHIONANTHTJS, L. FRINGE-TREE. Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1 -celled, 1 -3-seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from \ia>v, snow, and avdos, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.) 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers on slender pedicels; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6" -8" long). — River- banks, S. Pennsylvania and southward: very ornamental in cultivation. June. — Petals 1' long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5-6 in number. 4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH. Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dioecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base, or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1 - 2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at the apex, 1-2- seeded. Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with peti- oled pinnate leaves of 3-15 either toothed or entire leaflets; the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The clas- sical Latin name, thought to be derived from vrov, plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter resembling that pigment which the berries yield.) 1. P. decandra, L. (COMMON POKE or SCORE. GARGET. PIGEON- BEERY.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Low grounds. July -Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often 4' -6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (which are in early spring sometimes eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), at length 6° -9° high. Calyx white: ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn. ORDER 85. CHENOPODIACEAE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, of homely aspfct, more or less succulent, with mostly alter- nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with, the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium. Embryo coiled into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else condupli- cate, or spiral. — Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants : several are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.) 406 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) * Embryo coiled into a ring around copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny nor fleshy. "- Flowers all alike and perfect,' or merely polygamous by the want of stamens in some of them, clustered or panicled. . Calyx obvious. Seed-coat crustaceous. 1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membrana- ceous wing. Seed horizontal. 2. Chenopodium. Calyx 3 - 5-cleft or parted, the lobes naked or merely keeled in fruit. Seed horizontal, rarely vertical. 3. Blitum. Calyx of 3 - 5 sepals, mostly juicy or fleshy in fruit. Seed vertical. -«- •*-• Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of 2 distinct sorts ; the staminate with a regular calyx, clustered, the clusters mostly spiked. 4. A triplex. Fertile flowers without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed bracts. .»- H- t- Flowers all perfect and alike, single in the axil of bracts, naked or 1-sepalled. ft. Corispermum. Fruit oval, flattened -. pericarp adherent to the seed. Leaves linear. * * Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate : no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed : leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect. 6 Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like. * * * Embryo coiled into a spiral : albumen mostly none. (Leaves alternate.) 7. Suseda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent. 8. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent. 1. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED. Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal, flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small panicled clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of KVK\Q>, round about, and Ao>/ia, a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit. ) 1. C. platyph^-llum, Moquin. ( Salsola platyphylla,lf/cfo:.) — Illinois, on sandy banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward. 2. CHENOPODIUM, L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED. Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, rarely 2 - 4-cleft or parted, with the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 3, 7 - 9), lenticu- lar ; the coat crustaceous : embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from XT/I/, a goose, and TTOVS, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (ex- cept the last two), flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places. ' § 1. Smooth or mealy, never glandular nor sweet-scented: embryo a complete ring. 1. C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Low, often spreading, green and wholly destitute of mealiness throughout ; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles ; flowers very small, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the fruit ; seed obtuse-edged. — In and around Boston : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 407 2. C. ALBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Erect (1°- 3° high), mealy and pale, sometimes green and the mealiness obscure ; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even linear, acute, all or only the lower •more or less anyulate-t oothed ; clusters spiked-panicled, mostly dense; seed with acute or bluntish margins. — Common, especially in cult, ground : extremely variable. — The genuine C. album is considerably whitish-mealy, at least the inflorescence, which is dense ; the calyx with strongly keeled lobes, and com- pletely enclosing the fruit. A green form with somewhat entire leaves and less dense inflorescence is C. viride, L. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. BOSCIANUM. Loosely branched, more slender, the mealiness obscure or slight and only on the inflorescence, which is laxer, the flowers smaller ; calyx incompletely covering the fruit, its lobes moderately or slightly if at all keeled ; leaves inclined to be entire. (C. Boscianum, Moquin. C. Berlandieri, Moquin, an intermediate form. C. polyspermum, var. spicatum, Ed. 2.) — More shady places, Pennsylvania and southward. In some forms appears as if a distinct species ; seemingly indigenous southwestward. 3. C. GLATJCUM, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Low (5'- 12{ high), spreading, glaucous-mealy, leaves sinuately pinnatijid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale green above ; clusters spiked, small ; calyx-lobes not at all keeled ; 'seed sharp- edged, often vertical. — Streets of towns : rather scarce. Brackish borders of Onondaga Lake. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. C. URBICUM, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of meali- ness, with erect branches (l°-3° high) ; leaves triangular, acute, coarsely and sharply many-toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed with rounded margirts. — Var. RHOMBir6LiUM, Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Muhl.}, is a form with the leaves more or less wedge- shaped at the base, and with longer and sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. C. MURALE, L. Resembles No. 4, but less erect, loosely branched (l°-l£° high) ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ; seed sharp-edged. — Boston to Illinois : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. C. HTBRIDUM, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green throughout; stem widely much branched (2° -4° high); leaves thin (2' -8' long), somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into afew large andpointed teeth ; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless ; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled ; seed sharp- edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (AMBRINA, Moquin, in part.) Not mealy, but more or less viscid-glandular and pleasant-aromatic : seed frequently vertical, obtuse-edged: embryo forming only two thirds or three quarters of a ring. 7. C. B6TRYS, L. (JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERAXIUM.) Glan- dular-pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender -petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate pin- natifid; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless; fruit not perfectly enclosed. — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 408 CHENOPODIACEJS. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 8. C. AMBROSioiDES, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Smoothish ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper taper- ing to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit perfectly enclosed in the calyx. — Waste places : common, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) — Passes into Var. ANTHELMfNTicuM. (WoRMSEED.) Root perennial (?) ; leaves more strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid ; spikes mostly leafless. (C. anthelmmticum, L.) — Common in waste places southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) 9. C. MULTLFIDUM, L. Glandular-pubcrulent, diffusely branched; leaves once or twice pinnatifld, pale ; flowers small in axillary clusters ; calyx only 5- cleft, compressed and completely closed over the glandular-dotted utricle ; seed always vertical. (Roubieva multifida, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Waste places, City of New York (the station now seemingly extinct), and Philadelphia. Introduced in ballast from South America, not permanently established. \ 3. BLITUM, Tourn. ELITE. Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3-5-parted, becoming fleshy or berry-like in fruit ; the genus also made to include some with calyx unchanged in fruit. Stamens 1 - 5 : filaments filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, com- pressed-globular ; the embryo coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. — Herbs, with petioled triangular or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate-toothed leaves. (The ancient Greek and Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.) § 1. MOROCARPUS, Mcench. Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : flowers in axillary heads, the upper ones often spiked : calyx in fruit commonly becoming fleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle. 1. B. maritimum, Nutt. (COAST ELITE.) Stem angled, much branched ; leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear- lanceolate; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2-4, rather fleshy ; stamen 1 ; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New Jersey to Mas- sachusetts: salt springs, at Syracuse, New York (G. W. Clinton), and north- westward. Probably a variety of B. rubrum of Eu. 2. B. capitatum, L. (STRAWBERRY ELITE.) Stem ascending, branch- ing; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd -shaped, sinuate-toothed ; clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless ; stamens 1 -5 ; calyx berry- like in fruit ; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow margin. — Dry rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. June. — The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clus- ters look like Strawberries. (Eu.) §2. AGATH6PHYTON, Moquin. Somewhat mealy : root perennial : flowers in clusters crowded in a terminal spike : calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half- naked fruit. Intermediate between Blitum and Chenopodium. 3. B. BONUS-HENRICUS, Reichenbach. ( GOOD-KING-HENRY.) Leaves triangular-halberd-form; stamens 5. (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, L.) — Around dwellings : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) CHENOPODIACE^l. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 409 4. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. ORACHE. Flowers moncecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopo- dium, only sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; the fertile flowers consisting simply of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous (ovate or halberd-shaped) bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. In one section, to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are also some fertile flowers with a calyx, like those of Chenopodium, but without stamens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with triangular or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered flowers ; in summer and autumn. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.) 1. A. patula, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, annual, scurfy, green or rather hoary, branching; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petioled, varying from triangular and halberd-form to lance-linear; fruiting bracts ovate-trian- gular or rhombic, entire or 1 - 2-toothed below, united to near the middle, their flat faces either even or sparingly warty -muricate ; radicle inferior or some- what ascending. •*- The two extreme forms are, Var. HASTA.TA (A. hastata, L.), with the leaves nearly all triangular-halberd-shaped, entire or sparingly toothed. — Var. LITTORALIS (A. littoralis, L.), with lanceolate or linear mostly entire leaves. — Salt marshes, brackish river-banks, &c., Virginia to Maine, and spar- ingly on the Great Lakes, and northward. The plant on the shore is more scurfy and hoary ; more inland, sometimes far from saline soil, it is greener and thinner-leaved. *(Eu.) 2. A. arenaria, Nutt. Silvery-mealy annual, diffusely spreading ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly wedge- shaped, united, 2 - 3-toothed at the summit, and with a few prickly points on the sides; radicle superior. (Obione arenaria, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy beaches, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. 5. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Juss. BUG-SEED. Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axil of the upper leaves reduced to bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a caryopsis, i. e. the thin pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a cen- tral albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1 -nerved leaves. (Name formed of Kopis, a bug, and o-Tre'p/tta, seed.} 1. C. hyssopifblium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, scarious-margined ; fruit wing-margined. — Sandy beaches of the Great Lakes from Buffalo, a recent immigrant ( G. W. Clinton), Chicago (Dr. Scammon, &c.), to Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 6. SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE. Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small and 410 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at base. Seed vertical. Embryo thick, conduplicate : no albumen. — Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn ; saline plants with horn-like branches. ) § 1 . Annuals : spikes very thick and fleshy : flowers and seeds deeply immersed. 1. S. herbacea, L. Erect or at length spreading (6' -12' high), green ; scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the joints of stem or elongated spike ; middle flower much higher than the lateral ones ; seed oval or oblong. — Salt marshes of the coast and interior salt springs. Aug. — Oct. (Eu.) 2. S. Virginica, L. (pi. Clayt.) Erect, less branched, naked below (2' -9' high), turning red in age; spike shorter and thicker; scales mucronate- pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry ; middle flower little higher than the lateral ones ; seed round-oval. (S. mucronata, Lagasca? 1818, Bigelow, and •Ed. 2.) — Salt marshes, coast of Virginia to Maine. Sept., Oct. (Eu. ?) § 2. Perennial. : spikes less thick, and flowers less immersed; middle one hardly higher. 3. S. fruticbsa, L., var. ambigua. (S. ambigua, Michx.) Numerous tufted stems (3' -12' long) decumbent or ascending from a hard and rather woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored ; the cylindri- cal joints rather strongly notched at the end ; seed round-oyal. — Sandy wet beaches, £c., Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 7. SU JED A, Forskal. SEA BLITE. Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5- parted, not appendaged, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into 2 portions. — Fleshy maritime plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.) CHENOPODINA, Moquin was founded for those species, like ours, which have horizontal seeds, — a wholly insufficient and inconstant difference. 1. S. maritima, Dumortier. Annual, smooth, diffusely much branched; leaves slender (!' long), acute; calyx-lobes keeled ; stigmas 2 ; seed horizontal. (Chenopodma maritima, Moquin.) — Salt marshes of the sea-shore, and on the northwest plains. Aug. (Eu.) 9. SAL SOL A, L. SALTWORT. Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching plants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 411 sessile axillary flowers. (Name from sal, salt ; in allusion to the alkaline salts these plants copiously contain.) 1. S. Kali, L. (COMMON SALTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching, bushy, rough or smoothish; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed; flowers single ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — Sandy sea-shore : common. Aug. (Eu.) ORDER 86. AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last family, but thejlowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored, commonly 3 in number; the one-celled ovary sometimes many-ovuled. (The greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way northward as weeds.) * Anthers 2-celIed : filaments separate. Ovule and seed solitary. 1. Amarantus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit. 2. Moiitelia. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in fertile flowers. Utricle thin, circumcissile. 3. Acuitla. Flowers dioecious. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 3 - 5-angled. * * Anthers 1-celled. Ovule and seed solitary. 4. Iregine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. 5. Frcelichia. Calyx 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tube. 1. AMARANTHS, Tourn. AMARANTH. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate : anthers 2- celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1 -seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire peiioled leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late summer and autumn. ('A/iapai/Toy, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists in- £orrectly altered to Amaranthus.) § 1. Utricle thin, circumcissile, the top falling away as a lid: flowers polygamous. * Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes: stem erect (1°- 6° high) : leaves long-petioled : stamens and sepals 5. H- RED AMARANTHS. Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple. 1. A. HYPOCHOXDRIACUS, L. Smooth or smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one elon- gated and interrupted ; bracts long-aumed; fruit 2-3-cleft at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ; but doubt- less adv. from Trop. Amer.) 2. A. PANicuiATUS, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes numerous and slender, panicled, erect or spreading ; bracts awn-pointed ; fruit 2 - 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers 412 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) small, green, tinged with red, or sometimes crimson as in A, caudatus, L., the PRINCE'S FEATHER of the gardens. (A. sangumeus, L.) — In gardens, &c. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 4- •*- GREEN AMARANTHS, PIGWEED. Flowers green, rarely a little reddish. 3. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Roughish and pubescent, or smoothish; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; spikes crowded in a stiff or glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the calyx. — Var. CHLOR6STACHYS (A. chlorostachys, Witld.) is smoother, with brighter green leaves and less thick and crowded spikes, apparently passing into var. HY'BRIDUS (A. hybridus, L.), which is smooth and more loosely panicled, — perhaps not in our district. — Cultivated and manured soil, gardens, &c. Probably indigenous south westward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.?) # # Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters: stems low, spreading or ascending : stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2. 4. A. ALBUS, L. Smooth, pale green ; stems whitish, mostly spreading next the ground ; leaves long-petioled, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or retuse; flowers greenish; sepals mucronate, half the length of the rugose fruit, much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste grounds, near towns, and roadsides : common. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) § 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumcissile : flowers monoecious. 5. A. SPiN6sus, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched ; stem reddish ; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines in their axils ; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes ; the fertile globular and mostly in the axils ; flowers yellowish-green, small. — Waste grounds, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) § 3. EUXOLUS, Raf. Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregu- larly : no spines : bracts inconspicuous. 6. A. LfviDUS, L. Smooth, somewhat succulent, much branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves livid-purplish, long-petioled, ovate or oval ; flower-clusters greenish, sessile in the axils and crowded in a terminal interrupted spike ; stamens 3 ; se- pals mostly 3, rather shorter than the ovate smoothish fruit. (Euxolus lividus, Raf.) — Coast of Virginia, Clayton. Probably an introduced species, and to in- clude A. oleraceus, L., and the next. 7. A. ptimilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves more fleshy and obovate, emarginate, the ribs stouter and transverse ; flower-clusters small and axillary ; stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit : probably a maritime form of the preceding. (Euxolus pumilus, Raf.) — Sandy beaches, Rhode Island to Virginia and southward. 8. A. vfRiDis, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent, spreading or ascending (6' -18' high); leaves pale green, ovate or ovate-oblong, long-petioled; flowers much smaller than in the preceding, in axillary clusters and usually also in a terminal spike; sepals and stamens 3, the latter thin, shorter than the small globose-ovate roughish fruit. (Euxolus deflexus, Ed. 2 ; but that has a larger and more elongated smooth 3-nerved utricle.) — Streets of Albany, New York : depauperate form with the terminal spike undeveloped. (Adv. from Eu.) AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 413 2. MONTELIA, Moquin (under ACNIDA). Flowers dioecious, 2 -3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and mu- cronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong anthers; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers without any calyx, their lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovuled ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shaped, plumose-hispid. Fruit a thin and membranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transversely around the middle ; the upper part falling off like a lid. Radicle of the annular embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or ob- long-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow- ers, usually crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes. (Probably a personal name.) 1. M. tamariscina.' (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nutt. A. altissimus & Miamensis, Riddell. Acnida altissima, Michx. herb. A. rusocarpa, Moquin, &c. ) — Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept. — Var. CONCATENATA is a form with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish distant heads (5" - 6" in diameter) in the axils of the leaves ; the stems often low and spreading or decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inflorescence, height (l°-6°high), the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5' long, the petioles often of the same length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the fruit (which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The sterile plant is Acnida rusocarpa, Michx., or was mixed with it in Michaux's collec- tion, but the fruit is neither obtuse-angled, rugose, nor indehiscent. That name is unmeaning, perhaps a misprint of ruscocarpa. 3. ACNIDA, L. WATER-HEMP. Fruit a fleshy and indehiscent utricle, 3-5-angled, the angles often rugose or tubercled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shaped. Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the preceding genus. (Name formed of a privative and Kvidr), a nettle.) 1. A. cannabina, L. Annual, tall (2° -6° high); leaves elongated-lan- eeolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled ; fruit globular (l£"-2" long), much exceeding the pointless bracts. — Salt marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug. -Oct. — Probably the only species; for A. rusocarpa, Michx., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia tamaris- cina ; and A. tuberculata, Moquin, must be one or the other. 4. I R E S I N E , P. Browne. IRESINE. Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta- mens mostly 5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers 1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked and branching panicles ; the calyx, &c. often bearing long wool (whence the name, from eipeo-icbi/j/, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in proces- sions at festivals.) • 414 POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous annual, erect, slender (2° -4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate; panicles narrow, naked; bracts and calyx sil- very-white, the latter woolly at the base. — Dry banks, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Sept. 5. FRCELICHIA, Moench. (OPLOTHECA, Nutt.) Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5- crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1 -celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A. Frolich, a German botanist of the last century.) 1. F. Floridkna, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (l°-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an inter- rupted spike ; calyx very woolly. — Illinois, and southward. Aug. ORDER 87. POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ochreae, these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embryo curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre; the radicle pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed-like fruit. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3 - 6-cleft calyx. Leaves usually entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — West of the Mississippi are a great number of ERIOGONE^E, having their flowers sur- rounded by an involucre. Our few genera are all of the true Polygona- ceae, except the anomalous Brunnichia. # Stipular sheaths (ochrea) manifest. Ovule erect from the base of the cell. •*- Sepals 5. sometimes 4, somewhat equal and erect in fruit. 1. Polygoiium. Embryo curved around one side of the albumen : cotyledons narrow. 2. Fngopy rum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. t- •*- Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 3. Oxyria. Sepals 4 Stigmas 2. Fruit 2-winged, samara-like. 4. Rum ex. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit 3-angled, enclosed by the inner sepals. * * Stipules obsolete. Ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk. 5. Brnnnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. Tendril- climber. 1. POLYGONUM, L. KNOT-WEED. Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, with- ering or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium. Sta- mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside of the albumen and curved half-way around it ; the radicle and usually the cotyl- POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 415 cdons slender. — Pedicels jointed. Ours all herbaceous, flowering through late summer and early autumn. (Name composed of iro\v, many, and yow, knee, from the numerous joints.) § 1. BIST6RTA, Tourn. Calyx petal-like, deeply 5-cleft: stamens 8 or 9 : styles 3, slender : achenium 3-sided : stems low and simple from a thick and woody creeping rootstock : flowers in a spike-like raceme. 1. P. Viviparum, L. (ALPINE BISTORT.) Smooth, dwarf (4' -8' high), bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their place) ;. leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the WhUe Mountains, New Hamp- shire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) §2. PERSICARIA, Tourn. Calyx petal-like, 5-parted: stigmas capitate : ache- nium lenticular, or (when there are 3 stigmas) 3-sided cotyledons: accumbent and albumen Jiard and horny except in No. 2 : roots fibrous : flowers crowded in spikes or spike-like racemes. # Sheaths some of them with an abrupt spreading and more or less foliaceous (some- times deciduous) border : tall branching annuals, with panicled and nodding dense cylindrical spikes: flowers rose or flesh-color : achenium flat. 2. P. ORIENTALS, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Soft-hairy ; leaves ovate or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; flowers large, bright rose-color; stamens 7; style 2-cieft ; cotyledons incumbent ; albumen floury. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India.) 3. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem (3° -5° high) and peduncles glandular-bristly; leaves lanceolate, roughish ; flowers purplish ; stamens mostly 5 ; style 2-parted. — Shady swamps, Rhode Island to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northward. * # Sheaths all cylindrical and truncate, without a border. •*- Annuals: spikes oblong or linear, densely Jlowered : flowers rose or flesh-color, or occasionally varying to white, slightly or not at all glandular-dotted : stamens 6 - 8 : styles 2 or 2-cleft and achenium flattened, except sometimes in No. 1) which alone has the sheaths at all or more than slightly ciliate. 4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem (l°-3°high), smooth below, the branches above, and especially the peduncles, beset with bristly-stalked glands; leaves lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins (l£'-5' long) ; spikes oblong, x obtuse (!' — 2' long), erect, thick; stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserted; style 2-clefl ; achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste places : common. 5. P. incarnatum, Ell. Nearly glabrous (3° -6° high); the peduncles, &c. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands ; sheaths wholly naked and glabrous ; leaves rough pn the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate (4' -12' long, l'-3' wide below), tapering gradually from towards the base to a narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (l£'-3' long) ; stamens 6 and styles 2, both included; achenium with concave sides. (P. nodosum, var. incarnatum, Ed. 2. P. lapathifolium, Amer. authors,' ^c.) — Wet borders of ponds and streams ; rather common everywhere, especially southward and westward. — Flowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color, or flesh-color, varying to white. 6. P. Iapathif61ium, Ait, is lower, with shorter and much less pointed leaves ; sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolate ; spikes oblong and blunt ; flowers 416 POLYGOXACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) pale or whitish ; style 2-clcft, or not parted to the base. We have, sparingly, ran INCAXUM, Koch (P. incamim, Wittd.'), and only a depauperate form of it, 3' -6' high; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, white-downy beneath; spikes barely 6" long, erect. — Borders of Cayuga Lake, New York ( Chickering and Brewer), of Lake Superior (0. B. Wheeler) and farther northward (Bourgeau) . — The true P. nodosum, Pers., which connects this species with the next, has not been detected. (Eu.) 7. P. PERSIC\RIA, L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Nearly smooth and glabrous (12' -18' high); sheaths more or less bristly -ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle ; spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) peduncles ; stamens mostly 6 ; styles half 2 - 3-cleft ; achenium gibbous-flattened or some- times triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places : very com- mon.— Flowers greenish-purple. (Nat. from»Eu.) •i- -»- Annuals or perennials: spikes slender, filiform, loosely -flowered or inter- rupted: flowers greenish or whitish, sometimes purplish-tinged: sepals dotted with conspicuous glands : leaves pellucid-dotted : sheailis fringed with bristles : whole herbage pungently acrid! 8. P. Hydr6piper, L. (COMMON SMARTWEED or WATER-PEPPER.) Annual, l°-2° high, smooth; spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted; flowers mostly greenish ; stamens 6 ; style 2 - 3-parted ; achenium dull, minutely striate, either flat or obtusely triangular. — Moist or wet grounds ; apparently introduced eastward, but indigenous northward. (Eu.) 9. P. &ere, H. B. K. (WATER SMARTWEED.) Perennial, nearly smooth ; stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2° -5° high; leaves larger and longer than in the last, taper-pointed ; spikes erect ; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh- color ; stamens 8 ; style mostly 3-parted, and the achenium sharply triangular, smooth and shining. (P. punctatum, Ell. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh.) — Wet places : common, especially southward. •«-•»--*- Perennials, not acrid, aquatic or amphibious : sepals not glandular-dotted. 10. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. (MILD WATER-PEPPER.) Stem smooth (l°-3° high), branching ; the narrow sheaths hairy , fringed with bristles ; leaves narrowly lanceolate ; sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes filiform, often interrupted at the base (l'-2£' long); flowers small, flesh-color or nearly white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; nchenium sharply triangular, smooth and shining. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrank.) — Wet places, and in shallow water : common, especially southward. 11. P. amphibium, L. (WATER PERSICARIA.) Stems somewhat sim- ple, and usually terminated by a single ovate or oblong and very dense spike (6" thick) of rather large bright rose-red flowers ; sheaths not fringed with bris- tles ; stamens 5 ; style 2-defl ; achenium biconvex ; leaves varying greatly, from elliptical or cordate-oblong to lance-ovate or lanceolate. — The typical plant is var. AQUATICUM, Willd. (Var. natans, Moench. P. coccineum, Muhl., &c.), in water, nearly glabrous ; leaves long-petioled, floating, elliptical or oblong, some- times heart-shaped at base ; spikes short. — Var. TERRESTRE, Willd., grows in shallow water, or in wet soil, or even " in sandy prairies " in Illinois POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 417 (Dr. Mead), cither almost glabrous or strigose-hirsute ; leaves short-petioled, varying from elongated-lanceolate to lance-ovate and taper-pointed; spikes cylindrical (l'-3'long) often in pairs. — Common. (Eu.) § 3. TOVARIA, Adans. CalyX rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally ^-parted: stamens 5 : styles 2, distinct, rigid and pei'sistent on the smooth lenticular ache- n in in : cotyledons oblong, accumbent : perennial : flowers loosely disposed in naked long and slender spikes. 12. P. Virginian um, L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright (2° -4° high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3' - 6' long) ; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, hairy and fringed ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets in rich soil : common. § 4. PSEUDO-POLYGONELLA. Characters of the next section, except that the sheaths are truncate, naked and rigid ; the /lowers racemed, solitary from each trun- cate bract ; pedicels jointed below the middle ; calyx expanding and petaloid. 13. P. articulatum, L. (JOINTWEED.) Annual; stem upright, panic- ulately branched (4' -12' high), slender; leaves linear-thread-form, deciduous; flowers rose-color, crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on re-s curved pedicels twice the length of the crowded joint-like bracts ; stamens 8 ; achenium triangular, smooth and shining. (Polygonella articulata, Meisner, but has not the enlarged connivent inner sepals, nor the axile embryo of that genus.) — Dry, sandy soil ; along the coast and the Great Lakes, and in inter- mediate places in New York. — Singular for its many-jointed spikes or racemes, which are 1' - 3' long ; the lower bracts tooth-pointed on one side. Three inner filaments dilated at the base. § 4. AVICULARIA, Meisn. Calyx more or Jess petal-like, 5-parted: stamens 3 - 8 ; the filaments awl-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base : stigmas 3, g/o- bose, nearly sessile: achenium 3-sided: cotyledons incumbent: albumen horny: flowers inconspicuous, greenish-white, 2 or 3 together or sometimes solitary in the axils of the small leaves, appearing nearly sessile, sometimes more or less spiked along the leajless summits of the branches : ours all annuals or nearly so : sheaths scarious, usually 2 - 3-cleJl or cut-fringed and torn. 14. P. aviculare, L. (KNOTGRASS. GOOSE-GRASS. DOOR-WEED.) Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; stamens chiefly 5 in the American, 8 in the European plant; achenium dull, minutely granular under a lens, enclosed in the calyx. — The commonest weed, in yards, waste places, &c. (Eu.) Var. erectum, Roth. Stems upright or ascending; leaves broader (ob- long or oval) and larger. (P. erectum, L.) — In richer soil or more shaded places : common. 15. P. maritimum, L. (COAST KNOTGRASS.) Prostrate, Raucous, with a hard and sometimes woody and perennial root ; stems very short-jointed ; scarious sheaths large ; leaves thickened, elliptical-lanceolate or narrow oblong ; flowers larger than in the last; achenium very smooth and shining. (P. glaucum, 27 418 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) Nutt. F. aviculare, var. littorale, Ed. 2.) — Sandy sea-beach, Mass, to Virginia and southward : at the north apparently only annual. (Eu.) 1 6. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, much branched (2° -4° high), rigid, many-striate ; leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering into a petiole; sheaths mostly short; calyx (drying yellowish) 6-parted and with 6 or 3 stamens, or 5-parted and with 4 or 5 stamens ; achenium very smooth and shining. — Sandy shores and banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois and southward. Salt marshes, Rhode Island, Olney. — Larger leaves 2' long. 17. P. t6nue, Michx. Stemslender, upright, sparingly branched (6'-12' high), sharp-angled ; leaves sessile, narrowly linear, very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; flowers axillary and loosely spiked on the filiform branches ; achenium smooth and shining. — Dry soil, and rocky hills. § 6. TINLARIA, Meisn. Calyx 5-parted (rarely 4-parted), greenish tinged with rose-color or white : stamens mostly S : styles or capitate stigmas 3 and achenium 3-sided (except in No. 18) : leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petioled: sheaths semicylindricaL # Annuals, erect or somewhat climbing by the reflexed prickles which beset the angles of the stem and petioles: divisions of the (pale rose-colored or white) calyx not keeled: bracts chaff-like. 18. P. arif61ium, L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved- angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat ra- cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ; styles 2, .very short; achenium lenticular (large). — Low grounds. 19. P. sagittatum, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Sterna-angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; achenium sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds : common. — Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath : these are armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles, which cut the hand drawn against them. * # Stems twining, not prickly : calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit : flowers in loose panicled racemes : bracts like the stipules. 20. P. CONVOLVULUS, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Annual; stems twining or procumbent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled; achenium smoothish. — Cult, and waste grounds : common. (Nat. from Eu.) 21. P. cilinbde, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at the base with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, taper-pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; achenium very smooth and shining. — Copses and rocky hills. Climbing 3° - 9° high. 22. P. dumetbrum, L. (CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) Perennial, smooth; sheaths naked ; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobe.s strongly keeled and in fruit winged; achenium smooth and shining. (Eu.) Var. scandens (P. scandens, Z.) has more panicled flowers, and usually much broader wings to the fruiting calyx than the European. — Moist thickets. Twining 8° -12° high over bushes. POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 419 2. FAGOPYRTJM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT. Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit. Stamens 8. Styles 3: stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-sided, longer than the calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts, with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with, triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose- color. (Name, $1770?, the beech, and irvpos, wheat, from the shape of the grain being that of the beech-nut ; whence also the English name Buckwheat, from the German Budje, beech.) I. F. ESCULENTUM, Moench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Smoothish; flower with 8 honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; the fruit acute and entire. (Polygonum Fagopyrum, L.) — Old fields, remaining as a weed after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June -Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. OXYRIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORKEL. Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses- sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, sur- rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender. — Low alpine perennials, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from o£vs, sour, in allusion to the acid leaves, like those of Sorrel. ) 1. O. digyna, Campdera. Leaves all round-kidney -form, usually notched at the end ; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Ookes, &c., and high northward. (Eu.) 4. RUMEX, L. DOCK. SORREL. Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base, Spreading in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, increasing after flow- ering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often bearing a grain- like tubercle on the back (in fruit called valves). Stamens 6. Styles 3: stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles somewhat sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants ; of unknown etymology. ) § 1. DOCK. Flowers perfect or monceciously polygamous: herbage not sour: none of the leaves halberd-sha/>ed. (Flowering through the summer.) * Perennials, 2° - 7° high : valves not bearing bristles. •i- Valves (large, 3" broad, thin) all naked or one with a small grain. 1. R. PATIENTIA, L. (PATIENCE DOCK.) A very tall species, with ovate- oblong and lanceolate leaves, those from the root 2° - 3° long, and one of the 420 POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) heart-shaped nearly entire valves bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened at the base, was found spontaneous at Amherst, Mass., by Prof. Tuckerman, in the form with undulate leaves, R. orientalis, Bernh. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. R. LOXGIF6LIUS, DC. (R. domesticus, Hartm., and too near R. aquat- icus, L.), known by the rounded somewhat heart-shaped valves all without a grain, — is indigenous at the northwest, perhaps in Northern Wisconsin. (Eu.) •»- Valves (smaller) one or more of them conspicuously grain-bearing. ** Indigenous: leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lowest of No. 6. 3. R. orbiculatus, Gray. (GREAT WATER-DOCK.) Tall and stout (5° -6° high); racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the fruiting calyx ; the valves orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at base; membranaceous, finely reticulated, entire or repand-denticulate (2" -3" broad), all grain-bearing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, transversely veined, and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, in- cluding the petiole, l°-2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate at base ) . ( R. Hydrolapathum, var. ? Americanus, Ed. 2. R. Britannica, Pursh 9 Biyelow, Torr. Fl. N. Y. R. aquaticus, Pursh ?) — Wet places • rather common northward. — Root yellow. Leaves occasionally abruptly contracted a little be- low the enlarging apex. Valves very much rounder, thinner, larger in propor- tion to the grain, and more reticulated than in the European R. Hydrolapathum, resembling those of "R. longifolius except in bearing a conspicuous grain. 4. R. Britannica, L. (PALE DOCK.) Rather tall (2°-6° high); ra- cemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded : pedicels nodding, shorter than the fruiting calyx; the vahes broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or acutish, entire, membranaceous, loosely reticulated (about 2" broad), one with a conspicuous grain, the others with a small grain or thickened midrib, or naked ; leaves ocate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thickish. obscurely veiny (those of the stem 3' -6' long, contracted at base into a short petiole), none heart shaped. (R. Claytonii, Campdera, which name is to be adopted if we reject that inconsiderately assigned by Linnaeus, who transferred the obscure Herba Britannica of the old writers to a Virginian species. R. xanthorhizus, Hojfmansegg, ex Meisner. R. altissimus, Wood. ) — Moist grounds, New York to Illinois and southward. 5. R. salicifblius, Weinmann. (WHITE DOCK.) Rather low (l°-3° high); root white; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong; whorls much crowded ; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx ; vahes deltoid- ovate, obtusish or acutish (about l£" long), one, two or sometimes all three with a conspicuous often very large grain : otherwise nearly as in the preceding. (R. pallidus, Bigelvw.) — Salt marshes, coast of New England; also far westward and northward. 6. R. verticillatus, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Rather tall (3°-5° high); racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose ; the whorls crowded or the lower ones distant; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly refiexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, .strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain ; leaves lanceolate or POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 421 oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the lowest often heart- shaped at the base. — Wet swamps : common. •M- •*-«• Naturalized weeds : lower leaves mostly heart-shaped at the base. 7. R. CRLSPUS, L. ( CURLED DOCK.) Smooth; leaves with strongly wavy- curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at the base ; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above. ; valves round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing. — A very common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3° - 4° high, from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. There is a hybrid of this with the next. (Nat. from Eu.) 8. R. OBTDSIF6LIUS, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Stem roughish ; lowest leaves ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy- margined, the upper oblong -lanceolate, acute ; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate- hiilberd-shaped, and with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at the base, strongly reticulated, one of them principally grain-bearing. — Fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 9. R. CONGLOMERATUS, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN DOCK.) Leaves ob- long, pointed, slightly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, leafy ; pedicels very short ; valves linear-oblong, rather broader next the base ; obtuse, entire, each bearing a single reddish grain. (R. acutus, /Smith.) — Moist places; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. R. SANGufNEUS, L. (BLOODY-VEINED DOCK.) Leaves lanceolate, wavy- margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and slender leafless interrupted spikes ; pedicels very short ; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the leaf red, or, in var. vfRiois, green. — Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) i # # Annuals, low : valves bearing long awns or bristles. 11. R. maritimus, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2- 3 long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioides, L.) — Sea- shore, Virginia to Massachusetts : also Illinois and westward. — Plant 6' -12' high ; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-colored fruiting calyx, the bristles usually longer than the width of the valves. (Eu.) § 2. SORREL. Flowers dioecious, small, in a terminal naked panicle : herbage sour : some leaves halberd-shaped : smooth perennials, flowering in spring. 12. R. Engelmanni, Ledeb. Stem simple, l°-2° high; leaves nearly as in the next ; pedicels jointed at or below the middle ; valves of the fruiting calyx round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, naked, many times larger than the achenium. (R. hastulatus, Baldwin.) — S. W. Illinois, thence southward and westward. 13. R. ACETOSELLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low (6' -12' high) ; leaves lance-halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; }>edicels jointed with the flower ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, naked. — An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields. — The fertile panicles usually turn reddish in summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 422 LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 5. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. BRUNNICHIA. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and coriaceous in fruit. Stamens 8 : filaments capillary : styles 3, slender : stigmas depressed-capitate. Ovule hanging on the summit of a slender erect funiculus : the seed erect, 6-grooved. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen, somewhat curved. Achenium obtusely triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in the indurated calyx, its base and almost the whole length of the pedicel winged on one side. (Named for F. Brunnich, a Danish naturalist.) 1. B. cirrhdsa, Banks. — A somewhat shrubby smooth plant, with grooved stems, climbing by tendrils extended from the ends of the branches. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, pointed, entire : petioles dilated at base and partly clasp- ing ; but no distinct sheath or stipules. Flowers greenish, 2 - 5 in a fascicle from the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal racemes : pedicel jointed near the base. Fruiting calyx with the wjng 1' long. — Pulaski Co,, S. W. Illinois, Dr. F. Brendel: also southward. ORDER 88. L.AURACEJE. (LAUREL FAMILY.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with minute pellucid dots, and /lowers with a regular calyx of '4 or 6 colored sepals, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the l-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1 -seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very numerous in the trop- ics, represented in our district by only five species, in four genera. * Flowers perfect, panicled : stamens 12, three of them sterile. 1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of three stamens turned outward. * * Flowers dioecious, or nearly so : stamens in the male flowers 9. 2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 3. Lin tl era. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. 4. Tetranthera. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 1. PERSEA, Gartn. ALLIGATOR PEAR. Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry- like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re- duced to a sort of glands : the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the two proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves ; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees, with persistent entire leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.) 1. P. Carolin^nsiS, Nees. (RED BAT.) Hoary at least when young with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, L.) — Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. May. — A small tree. LAURACE^. .(LAUREL FAMILY.) 423 2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; the latter decidu- ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, of Spanish origin.) 1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) — Rich woods: common. April. — Tree 15° -50° high, with yellowish-green twigs. 3. LINDERA, Thunberg. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base ; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened. — Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ; the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named for John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century. Benzoin, Nees, adopted in Ed. 2, is a much later name. ) 1. L. Benz6in, Meisner. (SPICE-BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH.) Nearly smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L. Benzoin odoriferum, Nees, & Ed. 2.) — Damp woods : rather common. March, April. — Shrub 6° -15° high. 2. L. melisssefolia, Blume. Young branches and buds pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few. (Laurus melissffifolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Michx. Benzoin melissasfolium, Nees.) — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois 1 and southward. April. 4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. TETRANTHERA. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 stamens in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular. — Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered um- bels. (Name composed of rcTpa,four, and avQrjpd, anther.) 1. T. geniculata, Nees. (POND SPICE.) Flowers (yellow) appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; hrvolucres 2-4-leavcd, 2 - 4-flowered ; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward. April. 424 EL^EAGNACE^E. (OLEASTER FAMILY.) ORDER 89. TmnnELEACEJE. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.) Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and perfects/lowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, free from the l-celled and l-ovuled ovary, which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatro- pous seed. Embryo large : albumen little or none. — A small family, rep- resented in cultivation by DAPHNE MEZEREUM, and one or two other species ; in North America only by a single species. 1. D I R C A , L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSE-WOOD. Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form : stigma capi- tate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short peti- oles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many dark- hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (At'picj;, the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnaaus to this North American genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently grows near mountain rivulets.) 1. D. palftstris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps, New England to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° -5° high ; the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough, used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In Northern New England also called WICOPY. ORDER 90. EL,jEAGNACEjE. (OLEASTER FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dioecious flow- ers; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit, and strictly enclosing the achenium ; and from the following or by the calyx-tube not cohering with the ovary, &c. A small family, represented by only three North American species, only one strictly within our limits. 1. SHEPH^RDIA, Nutt. SHBPHERDIA. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sided. ' — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile in their axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep- herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) SANTALACE^:. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 425 1. S. Canad6nsis, Nutt. (CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA.) Leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red, insipid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Ver- mont to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Shrub, 3° - 6° high ; the branch- lets, young leaves, yellowish flowers', &c., covered with the rusty scales. 2. S. arg^ntea, Nutt., the BUFFALO-BERRY of Upper Missouri, has nar- rower leaves, tapering at base, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet fruit ; probably in Minnesota : sometimes cultivated. EL.EAGNUS ARGENTEA, Pursh, the SILVER-BERRY, with oval silvery leaves, and silvery and mealy edible fruit, differing from Shepherdia in its perfect flow- ers with only 4 stamens, — abounds not far beyond our northwestern limits. ORDER 91. SANTALACE^E. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4 - 5-cleft calyx valvate in the bud, its' tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed des- titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al- bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow- ing genera. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe- like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from Kop.rj, hair, and (ivSpfs, for stamens, in allusion to tlje hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.) 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves oblong, pale (!' long) ; peduncles several and corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube con- spicuously continued beyond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn- shaped fruit ; the lobes oblong; style slender ; fruit dry. — Dry ground : common. May, June. — Stems 8' -10' high, very leafy. Root forming parasitic attach- ments to the roots of trees (as shown by Mr. Staujfer). 2. C. livida, Richardson. Peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-Jloivered, shorter than • the oval leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ; style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Sandy shores of Lake Superior, and north- ward. — Leaves larger than in the last. 426 LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 2. PYRTJLARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved; a tuft of hairs at their base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear- shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat sum- mit : disk with 5 glands : style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped; the globose endocarp thin. Embryo small: albumen very oily. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and decidu- ous leaves ; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit, which in the original species looks like a small pear.) 1. P. Qleifera, Gray. Shrub straggling (3° -12° high), minutely downy when young, at length nearly glabrous ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike small and few- flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft. (P. pubera, Michx. ; a little older than the other specific name, but much less appropriate. Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl. ) — Rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania, and southward through the Allegha- nies. May. — Whole plant imbued with an acrid oil, especially the fruit, which is an inch long. ORDER 92. IX>RANTHACE.E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre- sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its near allies ; distinguished from the preceding family more by the parasitic growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential characters : represented by an American genus nearly allied to Viscum, or true Mistletoe, viz. 1. PHORADiENDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOE. Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several under each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- (rarely 2-4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name com- posed of <£&>p, a thief, and Sev&pov, tree; because these plants steal their food from the trees they grow upon.) 1. P. flav^SCens, Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovate or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish ; berries white. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and southward, on various deciduous-leaved trees. CALLITRICHACEvE. (WATER-STARWORTS.) 427 ORDER 93. SAtlRURACEjE. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.) Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and with 3-5 more or less separate or united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart- shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — An offshoot of the (tropical) Pepper Family, and represented only by 1. SAUBURUS, L. LIZABD'S-TAIL. Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 pistils united at the base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped con- verging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules ; flowers (each with a small bract) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from (ravpos, a lizard and ovpd, tail). Bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel. 1. S. c6rnuus, L. Flowers white, in a dense spike nodding at the end; bract lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps : common. June - Aug. ORDER 94. CERATOPHYL.L.ACEjE. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8-12- cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple l-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filled by a highly developed embryo with 4 cotyledons ! and a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus 1. CEBATOPHYLLUM, L. HOKNWORT. Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache- nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread- like rigid divisions (whence the name from Kepas, a horn, and (pv\\ov, leaf). 1. CJ. d6mersum, L. — Var. COMMUNE has a smooth marginless fruit beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side. — Var. ECHINATUM (C. echinatum, Gray] has the fruit mostly larger (3" long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged mar- gin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds : common, but rarely seen in fruit. Probably there is only one species. (Eu.) ORDER 95. eALMTRICHACEJE. (WATER-STARWORTS.) Small annuals or perennials, mostly aquatics, with opposite entire leaves and axillary monoecious flowers without any proper floral envelopes, and with a 4-lobed and ^-celled 4-seeded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus Calli- tricke (regarded by many botanists, perhaps with good reason, as repre- 428 CALLITRICHACE^E. (WATER-STAR WORTS.) senting the most reduced form of the Halorageae, p. 1 74. The so-called perfect flower is considered to be a staminate and a pistillate, or two stam- inate and one pistillate naked flowers in the same axil, each of a single stamen or pistil.) The elaboration of our species is contributed by DR. G. ENGELMANN. 1. CALLITBICHE, L. WATER-STARWORT. Flowers monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a sin- gle stamen : filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes one-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually persistent stigmas. Ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4- lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed anatropous, suspended, filling the cell : embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, in the axis and nearly the length of the oily albumen. — Smooth, or beset with minute stellate scales (visible only under the microscope), with spatulate or linear leaves, both forms often occurring on the same stem. (Name from KaXos-, beautiful, and 6pi£, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted stems of the commoner species.) § 1. TERRESTRIAL SPECIES. Small annuals, forming tufts on merely moist soil ; destitute of stellate scales and of bracts : leaves uniform, very small, obovate or wedge-shaped '/ 3-nerved, crowded, provided with stomata : filament not lengthen- ing : carpels connate. 1. C. Austin!, Engelm. Fruit small, broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length ; lobes of the fruit narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them, wings denticulate ; per- sistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed ; leaves obovate. — On damp soil in open woods, fields and roads, New York and New Jersey ( C. F. Austin) to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, Mexico, and South America. April- June. — Half an inch or an inch high : leaves 1" - 2"'long : fruit J" in diameter. C. PEPLOIDES, Nutt. and C. NUTTALLII, Torr. (C. pedunculosa, Nutt.), — the former with subsessile curiously gibbous fruit, the latter with long-peduncled fruit with eversed keels, — are southwestern species of this section. § 2. AMPHIBIOUS SPECIES. Perennials ? with elongated stems (occasionally quite terrestrial as in the former, or wholly submersed as in the next section) : leaves with stellate scales and stomata, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the sub- mersed linear: flowers usually between a pair of bracts, rarely naked: pollen shed only in the air ; the filament elongating afterwards: carpels in fruit connate. 2. C. verna, L. Fruit (|-" long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly ob- cordate, usually thicker at the base than upwards, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged upwards, and with a wide groove between them ; stig- mas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole. — Common in stagnant waters, from Pennsylvania and New Jersey north and northwestward. April - rODOSTEMACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 429 Aug. — From a few inches to a foot and more in length : upper leaves 3" -5" long ; lower ones twice as long. A terrestrial form with smaller, narrower, and more uniform leaves (C. brevifolia, Pursh), occurs where the waters recede in summer and fall. (Eu.) 3. C. heteroph^lla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the fruit, erect, persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. (C. Asagrayi, Hegelmaier.) — Stagnant water, New York to Illinois and southward : common. April -Aug. — Similar to the last, of same size, but with smaller leaves (2" -4" long), and fruit scarcely larger than in No. 1', but much thicker. A terrestrial form (which conies also under C. brevifolia, Pursh) and a submerged one, with linear leaves often an inch long (C. linearis, Pursh), are not rare. §3. SUBMERSED SPECIES. Perennials, entirely under water, with crowded and uni- form linear l-nerved leaves, without scales or stomata : /lowers bractless, fertilized under water: filament not elongating: carpels separate nearly to the axis. 4. C. autumnalis, L. Fruit large, flattened, circular, deeply and nar- rowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them ; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ; leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at tip. — In the St. Law- rence River, near Ogdensburgh (G. W. Clinton), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr.), and northwestward. Aug. -Sept. — Stems 3" -6" high: leaves 2"- 5" long : fruit variable in size, usually 1" or more in diameter. (Eu.) ORDER 96. PODOSTEIflACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of Sea-weeds or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2 - 3- celled many-seeded ribbed pod; — represented in North America by 1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED. Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of floral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short sterile filaments, one on each side : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped. Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name from irovStfoot, and OTIJ/ICOI/, stamen; the two stamens being apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary.) 1. P. ceratoph^llus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not rare in the bottom of shallow streams. July - Sept. — A small olive-green plant, of firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose stones, in the manner of a Fur.us, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots. 430 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) ORDER 97. EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monoecious or dioecious flow- ers, mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypetalous or monopetalous) ; the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with a single or some- times a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell; stigmas or branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells ; fruit commonly a 3-lobed pod, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent axis and elastically 2-valved ; seed anatropous ; embryo straight, almost as long as and the flat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen. Stipules often present. — A vast family in the warmer parts of the world (the acrid juice poisonous) ; most numerously represented in Northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very remarkable reduced flowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates a calyx. Our last genus belongs to the Box-Family, which some botanists of late separate from the EuphorbiacesB, on account of the rhaphe being on the outer or dorsal side of the suspended ovule, &c. * Seeds and ovules only one in each cell. •«- Staminate and pistillate flowers both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in the. same cup-shaped involucre, which imitates a calyx, — the whole liable to be mistaken for a single flower. 1. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil). ••- *- Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a calyx, not involucrate. •M- Stamens erect in the bud. 2. Jatropha. Flowers cymose or panicled. Calyx corolla-like, 5-cleft ; the lobes imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 10 or more. 3. Still in gia. Flowers in a spike, pistillate at the base. Calyx 2- 3-parted, the lobes im- bricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas or branches of the style 3, simple. 4: Acalypha. Flowers spiked or glomerate, the pistillate in the axil of bracts. Calyx 3-5- parted ; in staminate flowers valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly 8 : anthers with 2 separate pendulous cells. Styles or stigmas 3, dissected. 5. Tragia. Flowers in racemes, pistillate at the base. Calyx in staminate flowers valvate in the bud. Anther-cells united. Styles united at the base, simple. •M- -M- Stamens inflexed in the bud. 6. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-4-) celled. 7. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. * * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. Calyx imbricated in the bud . 8. Pliy llaiitliiis. Flowers axillary. Stamens mostly 3, and usually monadelphous. 9. Pachy sandra. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, separate. 1. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE. Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 - 5-lobed involucre (flower of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the fila- ment : anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 431 the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3- celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft ; the stig- mas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 one-seeded carpels, which split elasti- cally into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled. — Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered ; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.) Genus newly elaborated for this work by DR. GEORGE ENGELMANN. A. APPEND I CULAT^E. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or rose-colored, and entire or toothed margins or appendages ; these almost obsolete in No. 1. § 1. ANISOPHYLLUM. Leaves all similar, opposite, on short petioles, small, . oblique at base, furnished with awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed persistent stipules : stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent : involucres soli- tary in the forks of the branches or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, always with 4 glands : seeds without a caruncle : all our species are annuals, flowering throughout summer and autumn. # Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored : leaves entire, glabrous, as is the whole plant, and pale green or glaucous. 1. E. polygOnif61ia, L. Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong-linear, ob- tuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4" -8" long) ; stipules seta- ceously divided ; peduncles in the forks of the branches, as long as the petioles ; lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands ; pods ob- tusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1" long, the largest of this section). — Sandy shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes. 2. E. G(§yeri, Engelm. Procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, slightly mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost coraate (3" -6" long) ; stipules setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the involucre with narrow white or red appendages ; pods acutely angled ; seeds ovate, acute at one end (£" long). — Sandy soil, Illinois (Geyer, Vasey) to Wisconsin and Minnesota (T. J. Hale). The nearly allied E. PETALOIDEA, Engelm., of Kansas and Nebraska, extends into Western Missouri and Iowa, and may cross the upper Mississippi ; it is dis- tinguished by its half-erect spreading growth ; longer, narrower, and retuse or emarginate leaves ; peduncles longer than petioles ; larger involucres, the broadly oampanulate appendages much larger and conspicuous ; capsule obtusely angled ; seeds nearly a line long. 3. E. serpens, H. B. K Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting ; leaves round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base (only £"- l£" long) ; stipules mem- branaceous, triangular; peduncles much longer than petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the very small involucre with minute crenu- late appendages ; pods acutely angled ; seeds obtusely angled (£" long or less). (E. herniarioides, Nutt. and Ed. 2.) — In rich soil, Illinois, especially in the alluvions of the larger rivers, and southwestward : also adventive on ballast sand-banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. (/. Martindale, C. F. Parker.) 432 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) * * Seeds minutely roughened, or transversely wrinkled, or pitted, nsh-colored, or (in the last species) blackish : leaves more or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy. 4. E. serpyllif61ia, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading ; leaves obovate- oblong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate towards the obtuse apex (3" - 6" long, often with a red spot) ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; pe- duncles as long or longer than petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clus- ters ; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages ; pods sharply angled ; seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinkled and often pitted (nearly f" long). — Wisconsin and Minnesota, and southwestward. 5. E. glyptosp^rma, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), erect-spreading ; leaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, veVy unequal at base, slightly serrulate towards the obtuse apex (2" -5" long) ; stipules lanceolate, setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages ; pods sharply angled ; seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles (^" long). — Wisconsin (Hale, Lapham) to Illinois, opposite St. Louis, where is also the pubescent form (Riehl), and southwestward. 6. E. maculata, L. Prostrate ; stems puberulent or hairy ; leaves oblong- linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upwards, more or less pubescent or some- times smoothish (4" -6" long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as j>etiole.s, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent; seeds ovate (^" long), sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the con- cave sides. (E. thymifolia, Pursh, not L. E. depressa, Torr.) — Open places, roadsides, &c. : everywhere. 7. E. hlimistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; leaves elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate towards the apex, sparsely hairy underneath (4" - 9" long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles rather shorter than petioles, in dense scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters ; involucre cleft on the back, its (red or white) appen- dages truncate or crenate ; pods' sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely roughened (^" long). — Rich soil, in the alluvions of the Missis- sippi and lower Ohio and their tributaries ; and also southward. 8. E. hypericifdlia, L. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate- oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (^'-la' long), often with a red spot or red margins ; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the peti- . oles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the end of the branches ; appendages of the involucre entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red ; pod glabrous, obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tuberclcd (^" long), blackish. (This character is from the U. S. plant, E. Preslii, Gussone and Boissier, the E. hypericifolm, var. communis, Engelm. The West Indian origi- nal E. hypericifolia, L. (found also in Florida) has more compact and usually lateral inflorescence, smaller flowers and small reddish seeds.) — Open places, cultivated soil : verv common. EUPHORBIACEJ2. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 433 § 2. PETAL6MA. Uppermost or floral leaves with conspicuous white petal-like margins, whoiied or opposite, the others scattered : erect annuals, with the leaves equal at the base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules: involucres mostly 5-lobed, collected in an umbel-like inflorescence : no caruncle to the seed. 9. E. MARGINATA, Pursh. Stem stout (2° -3° high), erect, hairy; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, acute ; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays ; glands of the involucre with broad white appendages. — Frequently cultivated in gardens for its showy broadly white-margined floral leaves : native of the plains of Kansas and Nebraska. § 3. TITH YM AL6PSIS. Only the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite : erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at the base: stipules none: involucres mostly 5-lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal, in an umbelliform inflo- rescence: seeds without caruncle. 10. E. COrollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3-7-) forked, and the forks again 2-3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled ; pod slender-pedicelled, smooth ; seeds thick (1" long or more), ash-colored, the surface slightly uneven. — Eich or sandy soil, New York to Wisconsin and southward. July - Oct. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the involucre, which ap- pear like five white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved. B. EXAPPENDICULAT^E. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages. § 4. POINSETTIA. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4 - Globed, with few (or often solitary) cup-shaped glands: seed without a caruncle: ours erect annuals, with variable, entire., dentate, or sinuate leaves, all of them or only the upper ones opposite ; the uppermost often colored, especially at the base : stipules small and glandular. 11. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high) ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l'-2' long), only the lowest ones alternate, all others opposite, upper ones often paler at base ; involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes . more short-stalked glands ; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July - Sept. 12. E. heteroph^lla, L. Erect (1°- 3° high), glabrous; leaves alternate, petioled f ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and en- tire, often only those of the branches linear ; the upper ones usually with a red base ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes and- a single or few and almost sessile glands : seeds nearly globular, tubercled. (E. cyathophora, Jacq.) — Slopes and rocky soil, W. Illinois and south ward. July - Sept. § 5. TITHYMALUS. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelli- form inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands: seeds mostly carunculate: ours ascending or erect, and glabrous (except No. \5) annuals or perennials; with entire or serrulate leaves, and no stipules. # Perennials with entire haves, all or only the upper ones opposite : involucres long- 28 434 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) • pedunded in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly ivith 5 obtuse glands : seeds with- out caruncle. 3. E. Ipecacuanhas, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5'- 10' long), forking from near the base; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, gla- brous ; peduncles elongated (£'-!' long) ; pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly smooth ; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. — Sandy soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. May- July. # * Perennials or mostly annuals, with serrulate or rarely entire scattered leaves, only the floral leaves in the umbeJliform inflorescence whorled or opposite and of differ- ent shape: glands of the involucre mostly 4, transversely oval, obtuse. •»- Seeds smooth and even : pod warty or rough. 14. E. Darlingtbnii, Gray. Tall perennial (2° -4° high) ; leaves entire, minutely downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base ; the floral ones oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base; umbel 5-8-rayed, then simply forked; pod minutely warty ; large globular seed with a small caruncle. (E. nemoralis, DarL, not of Kitaibel.) — Copses, Penn. and southward along the mountains. July- Sept. 15. E. PLATYPHYLLA, L. Erect annual (8' -18' high); upper stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-rayed ; involucre with ciliate lobes and large sessile glands ; styles longer than the ovary, united at the base, slightly 2-cleJl; pod covered with depressed warts. — Along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence to L. Champlain. June -Aug. (Adv. from En.) 16. E. obtusata, Pursh. Erect annual (1°- 2° high); leaves oblong-spatu- late, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2 ; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands ; styles distinct and longer than the ovary, rect, 2-deJl to the middle ; pod beset with long warts. — Damp woods, Virginia to Illinois. May - July. ••- H- Seeds rugose or reticulated: leaves serrulate: annuals. 17. E. dictyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8' -18' high); leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate ; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked; involucre with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands ; styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved ; pod warty ; seeds delicately reticulated. (E. Arkan- sana, Engdm. fr Gray. ) — Prairies and roadsides, Kentucky (Short), and west and south westward. May -July. 18. E. HELiosc6piA, L. Stems ascending (6'- 12' high), stout; leaves all obovate and very rounded or retuse at the end, flnely serrate, smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked; pod smooth and even; seeds with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations. — Waste places, especially eastward and along the Great Lakes. July- Sept. (Nat from Eu.) EUPHORBTACE^:. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 435 * * * Perennials or annuals; ours ivith entire and scattered leaves, only the floral ones in the umbel-like inflorescence whorled or opposite and of different shape :. glands of the involucre mostly 4, crescent-shaped or 2-horned, •*- Seeds smooth and dark-colored : perennials, with running rootstocks. 19. E. ESULA, L. Stems clustered (1° high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear ; the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many rays, then forking; glands short-horned (brown); pods smoothish and granular. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 20. E. CYPARfssiAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6'- 10' high) ; stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed; glands crescent- shaped ; |*>ds granular. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides, in a few places in New England. (Adv. from Eu.) •*- •«- Seeds sculptured, ash-colored: pod smooth: annuals or biennials. 21. E. PEPLUS, L. Erect or ascending (5' -10' high); leaves petioled, thin, round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands long-horned ; lobes of the pod ^.-wing-crested on the back ; seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back (scarcely over half a line long). — Waste places east- ward : not common. July, Aug. 22. E. commutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de- cumbent base (6' -12' high); leaves obovate, obtuse; the upper all sessile, the upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; glands with slender horns ; pod obtusely angled, crestless ; seeds ovate, pitted all over (a line long). (E. Ohidtica, Steudel $• Hochstetter.) — Along streams and shady slopes, from Virginia towards the mountains to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and westward. May, June. — Leaves often persistent over the winter on sterile shoots, turning red. Larger in all its parts than E. Peplus, with which it has been confounded ; but the characters of the pod and seeds readily distinguish it. * # * * A glabrous annual or biennial, with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an umbelliform inflorescence, and short-homed glands : seeds carunculate. 23. E. LATHYRIS, L. Stem stout (2° -3° high) ; leaves thick, linear or ob- long, the floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking. — Sparingly escaped from gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. JATROPHA, L. (CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl., Ed. 2.) Flowers monoacious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or in our species none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30, in 2 or more whorls : filaments monadelphous at the base. Ovary mostly 3- celled : styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Pod 3-celled, 3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate. — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly lorig- petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stipules. — Our species is of the section CNIDOSCOLUS ; of plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by Linnaeus to be formed of larpov, a remedy, and ayo>, to eat.) 436 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 1. J. urens, L., var. stimu!6sa, J. Miiller. (TREAD-SOFTLY. SPURGE- NETTLE.) Herbaceous, from a long perennial root, branching (6' -2° high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed ; the divisions toothed, cut, or even pin- natifid, often discolored ; flowers slender ; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. ( J. stimulosa, Michx. Cni- doscolus stimulosus, Ed. 2.) — Dry sandy soil, Virginia on the coast, and south- ward. June - Sept. 3. STILLINGIA, Garden. STILLINGIA. Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of the disk none. Calyx 2 - 3-cleft or parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 : anthers adnate, turned outwards. Style thick : stigmas 3, di- verging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. — Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at the base ; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. Stillinyfleet.) 1. S. sylvatica, L. Herbaceous (1°- 3° high); leaves almost sessile, ob- long-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry soil, E. Virginia and southward. June - Sept. 4. ACALYPHA, L. THKEE-SEEDED MERCURY. Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in the bud ; of the fertile 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 8-16: filaments short, monadelphous at the base: anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Pod separating into 3 globular carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one carpel. — Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, with the appear- ance of Nettles or Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent bract. ('AKaAj^q, an ancient name of the Nettle.) # Fruit smooth or merely pubescent : seeds nearly smooth. 1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-petioled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the deeply palmately-cleft fruiting bracts. — Fields and open places : common. July -Sept. — A homely weed, l°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often turning purplish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1 -3 in each axil, along with the small and short-peduncled sterile spike : bracts large and leaf-like, unequally cut into 5-9 lanceolate lobes. — Passes by various forms (belonging to var. INTERMEDIA, J. Mull.) HltO Var. gracilens, with lanceolate or even linear leaves, less toothed and shorter-petioled ; the slender sterile spike often 1 ' long, and much surpassing the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. " (A. gracilens, Ed. 1 $° 2. A. Vir- giniana, var. gracilescens, J. Mull. A. monocdcca, Engdm.j a reduced form with EUPHORBIACEJE. (gPUltGE FAMILY.) 437 two cells of the ovary abortive.) — Sandy dry soil, Rhode Island to Illinois, and common southward. * * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections : seeds rough-wrinkled. 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt., Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short, axillary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut into many linear lobes. (A. ostryaefolia, Riddell.) — New Jersey (Princeton, Torrey), Ohio, and southward. 5. TRAGIA, Plumier. TRAGIA. Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. FL Calyx 3-5- (chiefly 3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 : filaments short : anther-cells united. Fert. FL Calyx 3 - 8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ; the branches 3, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. — Erect or climbing plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.) 1. T. innocua, Walt. Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent ( 6' -12' high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at the base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-peti- oled or sessile, paler beneath; stamens 2. (T. urens, L., having been discarded as a false name, the next oldest, and a good one, is adopted, rather than the recent one of T. discolor, Mtiller.) — Dry sandy soil, E. Virginia and south- ward. May - Aug. 2. T. urticaefolia, Michx. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-peti- oled. — Virginia (Pursh), and common southward. 3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute, not stinging ; leaves deeply cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost long- petioled (pod £' broad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky (Michaux,) and south- ward. —Apparently quite distinct. 6. CROTON, L. CROTON. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or spikes. Ster. FL Calyx 5- (rarely 4-6-) parted; the divisions lightly imbri- cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous, as many as the divisions of the calyx. Glands or lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens 5 or more : filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. Fert. FL Calyx 5 - 10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers : but petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary mostly 3-celled, rarely 2-celled, with a single ovule in each cell : styles ^is many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3- ( rarely 2-4-) celled, separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds 438 EUPHORBIACB^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) carunculate. — Stellate-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented ; the sterile flowers above ; the fertile usually at the base of the same spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without obvious stipules. (Kporwi/, the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) § 1. GEISELERJA, Klotzsch. Sterile flowers mostly with a ^-parted calyx, as many ovate-lanceolate petals, a Grayed disk, and 8 stamens : fertile flowers with a ^-parted calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the 3 styles 2-cle/l. 1. C. glanduldsus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1° - 2° high), somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers capitate-clus- tered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal. — Open waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. § 2. PILIN6PHYTUM, Klotzsch. Sterile flowers with the calyx equally 5- parted, as many glands alternate with the petals, and 10-14 stamens: fertile flowers with a 7-12-parted calyx and without petals; the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted. 2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft- woolly and somewhat glandular (1° -2° high), branched; leaves long-petioled, " lance-oblong or elon- gated-oblong, rounded at the base, entire ; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely fimbriate ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter- minal sterile spike. — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. Pine barrens of New Jersey, Knieskern ! July - Sept. § 3. GYNAMBL6SIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) Sterile flowers with an unequally 3 - 5-parted calyx, and as many petals and scale-like glands ; the stamens varying from 3-11: fertile flowers with an equally 5-parted calyx, and with no petals, 5 glands, and a 2 - 3-cetted ovary, crowned with as many sessile 2-parted stigmas. 3. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and rusty-glandular; stems (l°-2° high), slender, erect, below often umbellately 3-4-forked, then repeatedly 2 - 3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong- ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6" -12" long, about twice the length of their petioles) ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the sum- mit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly soli- tary on short recurved peduncles ; stamens 3 - 8 ; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded; the seed broadly oval. (C. ellipticum, Nutt. Engelmannia Nuttalliana, Klotzsch. Gynamblosis monanthogyna, Torr.) — Barrens and dry prairies, from Illinois and Kentucky southward and west- ward. June - Sept. (C. EDTRfGYNus, as it may be named, is the related Texan species, — with more silvery down, rounder leaves on longer petioles, 7-12 stamens, more pe- duncled fertile flowers, and a 3-celled ovary generally ripening 3 oblong-oval seeds, — mentioned by Torrey as a possible variety of this, and taken by Baillon and Miiller for C. ellipticus of Nuttall.) EUPHORBIA CE^:. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 439 7. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. CKOTONOPSIS. Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the lower fertile. Ster. FL Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spalulate: Sta- mens 5, opposite the petals : filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged at the apex. Feri. FL Calyx unequally 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Glands (petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1 -celled, simple, 1-pvuled, bear- ing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded. — A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, &c. (Name compounded of Kpdro>i>, and cty-is, appearance, for a plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.) 1. C. linear is, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, New Jersey (Knieslcern, C. E. Smith), Bristol, Pennsylvania (E. Diffenbaugh), Illinois, and southward. July- Sept The form with shorter and broader leaves is C. elliptica, Willd., and C. arge'ntea, Pursh. 8. PHYLLANTHUS, L. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5 - 6-parted, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Pod depressed; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name com- posed of , to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.) 1. P. ferruginea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; petioles and midrib soon nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. (F. ferru- ginea and F. sylvestris, Michx. f.} — Woods: common, especially northward, and along the Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer, thinner, and less shining than in the European Beech, most of the silky hairs usually early deciduous ; the very straight veins all running into the salient teeth. 456 CUPULIFER^:. (OAK FAMILY.) 4. CORYLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins consisting of 8 (half-) stamens with 1 -celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering more or less with the inner face of the bract or scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers several in a scaly bud or ovoid catkin, each a single ovary in the axil of a scale or bract, and accompanied by a pair of lateral bractlets ; the ovary tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them sterile : style short : stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony, each enclosed in a leafy or partly coria- ceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (but raised to the sur- face of the soil in germination), edible; the short radicle included. — Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in the bud, flowering in early spring : sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from Kopus, a helmet, from the involucre.) 1. C. Americana, Walt. (WiLD HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves roundish-heart- shaped, pointed; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 broad foliaceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glandular bristles intermixed. — Thickets : common. — Twigs and petioles often glandular- bristly. Nut smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hazel-nut. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed ; involucre of united bracts, much prolonged above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Common northward and along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2° -5° high, with slender and mostly smooth branches. , 5. O S T R Y A , Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON- WOOD. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract : filaments short, often forked, or irregularly united, bearing 1 -celled (half-) anthers ; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short cat- kins ; a pair under each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2- ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, very much larger than the small and smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch : leaves open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flow- ers in spring, appearing with the leaves ; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year ; the fertile single, terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.) 1. O. Virginica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVER-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, with 11 -15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Rich woods: common. Hop-like fruit full grown in Aug. MYRICACEJE. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) ' 457 6. CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract : filaments very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flow- ers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya ; but the involucre-like bractlets are open, enlarged in fruiting and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate several-nerved nut. — Trees, or tall shrubs, with a smooth and close gray bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the Beech ; the leaf-buds and the inflorescence as in Ostrya, (The ancient Latin name.) 1. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly smooth ; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, acute. — Along streams: common. — Tree or shrub 10° - 20° high, with a ridged trunk, and very hard whitish wood ; also called IRON-WOOD. ORDER 103. JMYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birch Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none. — Consists chiefly of the typical genus, from which our Sweet-Fern is not sufficiently distinct. 1. MY RICA, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE. Flowers chiefly dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets. Stamens 2 - 8 : filaments somewhat united below : anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-4 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular nut, or dry drupe, coated with resinous grains or wax. (MvpiKrj, the ancient name of the Tama- risk or some other shrub ; perhaps from /zupt£, a bow ; the wood anciently used for bows. ) 1. T. baccata, L., var. Canad6nsis. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK.) Stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. Canadensis, Willd. ) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward mainly along the Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate bush, never forming an erect trunk like that of Europe and of Northwest America. (Eu.) ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 475 CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OB EN- DOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue : peren- nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly paral- lel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom sepa- rating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plu- mule alternate. ORDER 107. ARACE^. (ARUM FAMILY.) Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe. — Floral envelopes none, or of 4 -6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none but filled with the large fleshy embryo in Nos. 2, 4, and 5. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender rbaphides. — The genuine Araceas have no floral envelopes, and are almost all monoecious or dioecious : but the genera of the second section with more highly developed flowers are not to be separated. * Spathe surrounding or subtending the spathe : flowers naked ; i. e. without perianth. 1. Ariseema. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix. 2. Pel tan dra. Flowers monoecious, covering the spadix ; anthers above, ovaries below. 3. Call a. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadix. Spathe open and spreading. * * Spathe surrounding the spadix in No. 4, none or imperfect in the rest : flowers with a calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix. 4. Symplncarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless. 5. Oroiitiutn. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape. 6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape. 1. A II IS JEM A, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON- ARUM. Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or by abortion dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is elongated and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a cluster of almost sessile 2 - 4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1 -celled ovary, tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base 476 ARACE^:. (ARUM FAMILY.) of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of albu- men.— Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves, as if coalescent. (A play upon Arum, the ancient name; probably formed of apov, Arum, and (rq/ia, a sign or mark.) 1. A. trip helium, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix mostly dioecious, club-shaped, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the summit. (Arum triphyllum, L.) — Rich woods: common. May. — Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed. 2. A. Dracontium, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.) Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ; spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along streams. June. — Corms clustered. Petiole l°-2° long, much longer than the peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point. 2. PELTANDRA, Raf. ARROW ARUM. Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1 -celled at the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous or nearly orthotropous ovules at the base : stigma almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy utricle, 1 - 3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty, the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo ; no albumen. — A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scapes from the root of thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe and the sterile portion of the spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the fleshy base firmly enclosing the globular cluster of fruit. (Name composed of Tre'A-nj, a target, and dvrjp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.) 1. P. Virginica, Raf. (P. undulata, Raf. Arum Virginicum, L. Le- contia, Torr. Rensselaeria, Beck.) — In shallow water: common. June. — Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous corm-like embryo, nearly as in Symplocarpus.) 3 . C A L L A , L. WATER ARUM. Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect and 6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 5-9 erect anatropous ovules : stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 477 Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning. ) 1 . C. paliistris, L. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) 4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGE. Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit. Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers, which are thickly crowded and their (1 -celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening length- wise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped : stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the end next the base of the ovary : albumen none. — Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a thick descending rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from o-u/LwrXo*^, connection, and Kapnos, fruit, in allusion to the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.) 1. S. fcetidus, Salisb. (Ictodes, Bigel.) — Bogs and moist grounds : com- mon. — Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, 1° -2° long when grown, short-petioled. — Spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. Fruit ripe in September, forming a roughened globular mass 2' -3' in diameter, in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4" - 6" in diameter, and filled with the singular solid fleshy embryo. 5. OBONTIUM, L. GOLDEN-CLUB. Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Flow- ers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect : the lower with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened : anthers 2- celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with an anatropous ovule : stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (Torr.) — An aquatic perennial, with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape ; its rather club-shaped emersed apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.) 1. O. aqu&ticum, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. May. 478 LEMNACELE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 6. ACORUS, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS. Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edged scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6 : filaments linear • anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell : stigma minute. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 - few- seeded. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping roots tocks (calamus of the shops), which send up 2-edged sword-like leaves, and scapes similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ; the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a kind of open spathe. (The ancient name, from a privative, and Koprj, the pupil of the eye, having been used as a remedy for sore eyes.) 1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yel- lowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. Probably truly in- digenous northward. June. (Eu.) ORDER 108. LiEUINACE^. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from under- neath : ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1- 7-seeded utricle. Seed large; the apex or radicular extremity of the seed-coat separable as an operculum or lid (as in Cabomba, &c.) Embryo straight, surrounded by fleshy or sometimes very scanty albumen — The simplest, and some of them the smallest of flowering plants, propagating by the proliferous growth of a new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remain- ing connected for some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise and vegetate in spring ; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous ; the upper sur- face furnished with stomata. — These plants may be regarded as a sort of very simplified Araceae. Arranged from notes contributed by C. F. AUSTIN, Esq., who is pre- paring a monograph of the American Lemnaceae. 1. L^IMNA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT. Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three to- gether surrounded by a spathe ; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen only ; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil ; the whole therefore imitating a single diandrous flower. Ster. Fl. Filament slender : anther 2-celled, didy- mous ; the cells dehiscent transversely : pollen-grains large, spherical, muricate. Fert. Fl. Ovary 1-celled : style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. Ovules and seeds 1-7. — Fronds producing rootlets underneath, proliferous LEMNACE.E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 479 from a cleft in the margin towards the base, and at length stipitate ; the tissue abounding with bundles of acicular rhaphides, as in Araceaj. (An old Greek name, of uncertain meaning. ) § 1 . LEMNA, Schleiden. Root single : ovule one, half-anatropous or orthotropous. 1. L. trisiilca, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, dentic- ulate at the tip (£'-f long), proliferous from one or both sides; seed half-ana- tropous. — Ponds and springy places ; immersed and living through the winter, usually several generations remaining connected. Flowers found, for the first time in this country, by C. M. Booth, Rochester, New York. (Eu.) 2. L. T6rreyi, Austin, n. sp. Fronds oblong or obovate-oblonrj, usually some- what falcate (l"-24" long), thin, faintly 1-nerved, cavernous to the apex, pale green both sides, commonly in groups of 4 - 8 ; utricle elongated-ovate, pointed by the long style, flattish, usually half the length of the frond ; seed oblong and rather abruptly expanded below the middle, unequally cordate at the base, orthotropous, very obtuse, partly striate when dry ; testa fleshy, loosely adhering to the thick- ish and solid inner coat ; operculum distinctly apicidate ; albumen very scanty (a sin- gle layer of cells). — Pools, New Jersey (fertile) to Missouri and southward. 3. L. perpusilla, Torr. Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate, oblique ( \ " - 1 J" long), obscurely 3-nerved, grouped in circular patches (of 4 - 8) ; utricle ovate and at length oblique, tipped with a rather long eccentric style ; seed ovate or oval, obtuse, oblique in the utricle, orthotropous, delicately many-striate when dry ; testa coriaceous, solid, firmly attached to the very thin inner coat ; operculum scarcely apiculate ; albumen abundant. — New York to Wisconsin and southward : often fertile. — Var. TRINERVIS, Austin. Fronds larger, distinctly 3-nerved, thin ; utricle ovate, pointed with a rather long style ; seed ovate, acutish, mostly straight, unequally cordate. — New York and Penn. (fertile) to Wisconsin. 4. L. minor, L. Fronds obovate or elliptical-obovate, thickish (I''- 2" long), often grouped and short-stalked, obscurely 3-nerved ; utricle short-urn-shapcd and tipped with a short style ; seed oval or ovate, half-unatropous, horizontal, parallel with the margin of the frond. — Stagnant waters : common : rare in flower. (Eu.) Var. obsciira, Austin. Fronds obovate, convex on both surfaces, often purple underneath. — New York to Virginia : sterile. Var. orbiculata, Austin. Fronds nearly orbicular, flat above, convex and dark purple underneath, proliferous on very short included stalks. — New York to Wisconsin and- southward : sterile. — This and the preceding variety have been taken for L. gibba by American authors. § 2. SPIR6DELA, Schleiden. Roots several in a cluster : ovules 2, anatropous. 5. L. polyrrhlza, L. Fronds round-obovate (2" -4" long), thick, purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-) nerved. — Very common in ponds and pools ; not found here in blossom. (Eu.) §3. TELMAT6PHACE, Schleiden. Roots single: ovules and seeds 2 - 7 , ana- tropous : albumen hardly any in the mature seed. 6. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate or almost orbicular (l£"-3" long), nearly flat above, much thickened and cavernous-spongy underneath (almost hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore seldom 480 TTPHACEJE. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) more than 2 or 3 in connection. — Occurs in Arizona and southward : but the true plant seems not to have been detected within our limits. (Eu.) 2. WOLPPIA, Horkel, Schleiden. Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or in some foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2 ; one consisting of a single stamen with a one-celled 2-valved anther ; the other of a globular ovary, tipped with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous, rather oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds rootless, prolif- erous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring soon detached : no rhaphides. — The simplest and smallest of flowering plants, from J " - §" long (a new African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little grains on the water. (Named for John Fred. Wolff, who wrote on Lemna in 1801.) 1. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Globose or globular, J"-§" long, very loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted ; stomata 1 - 6 ; the opening at the base circular and with a thin border. — Floating rather beneath the surface of stagnant waters, near Butcher's Bridge, Salisbury, Connecticut (Robbins, 1829), Orange Co., N. Y. (Austin), Lake Ontario (Paine), Detroit ( J. M. Bigelow), Illi- nois (E. Hall, Engelmann, fertile), and Louisiana (Riddell). 2. W. Brasiliensis, Weddell. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellular, flattish and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below, brown- dotted all over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base circular. — Growing with the last from Lake Ontario to Illinois, floating on the surface. (Char, of both by G. Engelmann.) ORDER 109. TYPHACEJE. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoe- cious flowers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary tapering into a style and (usually elongated) 1 -sided stigma. Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous : embryo straight in copious albumen. Root perennial. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL FLAG. Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with long hairs, and inserted directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root- stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (Name from rtos, a fen.) 1. T. latifdlia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL or REED-MACE.) Leaves" flat; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate. Common. (Eu.) 2. T. angustif61ia, L. (NARROW-LEAVED or SMALL C.) Leaves chan- nelled towards the base, narrowly linear; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike usually separated by an interval. A rarer and smaller plant. (Eu.) TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 481 2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED. Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, which are scattered along the summit of the stem ; the upper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or fer- tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 - 6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped. — Rootstocks creeping and stoloniferous : roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the summer. (Name from or^p, a band). 1. Z. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Common in bays along the coast, in water of 5° - 15° deep. Aug. (Eu.) 4. R UP PI A, L. DITCH-GRASS. Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely destitute of floral 484 NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate an- ther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous suspended ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ; the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyle- don.— Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like forking stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing at the base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to H. B. Ruppius, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th century.) 1. R. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely erect ; fruiting peduncles capillary (£'-!' long). — Shallow bays, along the whole coast : also Onondaga Lake (near salt springs), New York, J. A. Paine. Chiefly a narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, approaching R. rostellata, Koch. June -Sept. (Eu.) 5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, oppo- site the sepals : anthers nearly sessile, 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short style. Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed : endocarp (nutlet) crus- taceous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing downwards. — Herbs of fresh, or one in brackish, ponds and streams, with jointed mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate or im- perfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often dilated, and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheath- ing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. ( An ancient name, composed of Trora/zoy, a river, and yft'rtoi/, a neighbor, from their place of growth.) The following account of the genus is contributed by DR. J. W. BOBBINS, of Uxbridge, Mass. — By fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ; by nutlet, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All except No. 15 flower in summer : the month mentioned indicates the season of the maturation of the fruit, which, especially, should be collected. § 1. DIVERSIFOLII. Leaves of two sorts; the floating ones coriaceous, and different in form from the more delicate submersed ones. * Submersed leaves mostly with no distinction of blade and petiole, being in fact blade- less more or less flattened petioles, or phyllodia, sessile, grass-like, narrowly linear, or so attempted as to become flliform or capillary. H- Stems rather stout : stipules free from the leaves : spikes all emersed, cylindrical and densely fruited : fruits fleshy and turgid, obliquely obovate : embryo coiled into less or scarcely more than one turn. 1. P. natans, L. Stem simple or sparingly branched; floating leaves all tong-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a blunt point, 21 -29-nerved ; upper submersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, the lower (later in the season) very slender (3' -7' long, barely a line wide) ; NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 485 upper stipules very long, acute; peduncle about the thickness of the stem ; spikes 1' -2' long ; sides of the turgid nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle ; embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Var. PROL^XUS, Koch. More slen- der ; upper leaves lanceolate, frequently submersed, acute; stem (6° -12°), submersed leaves (sometimes 21') and stipules very long. — Common in ponds and ditches : the var. in deep flowing water. Aug. (Eu.) 2. P. Oakesianus, Bobbins, n. sp. Stem more slender, much branched ; floating leaves smaller (!'- l£' long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer- (17-23-) nerved; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only i"-%" wide), continuing through the flowering season; spikes shorter (!'-!' long), on pe- duncles much thicker than the stem ; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the tur- gid nutlet not at all impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex directed to a point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and stagnant ditches, not rare in E. Massachusetts. Aug. 3. P. Claytbnii, Tuckerman. Stems compressed, often simple from the creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (l'-l|' long), 11-17- nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrowing and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approximate, 2-ranked, linear (2' -5' long, and l"-24" wide), 5-nerved, the lateral nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular- reticulated ; stipules very obtuse ; spikes numerous, about the length of the thick- ened peduncle ; fruit round-obovate, flattish, 3-keeled when dry ; nutlet distinctly impressed on the sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. Nuttallii, Chamisso?) — Still or flowing water, and even in small streams: common. — Perfectly distinct, and peculiar in the reticulation of the centre of the delicate grass-like submersed leaves. July, Aug. •i- -i- Characters of the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and delicate as in the next, or as in No. 20 (and like it propagated by autumn buds), but with coriaceous floating leaves. 4. P. V&seyi, Robbins, n. sp. Very delicate ; stem almost capillary ; floating leaves obovate (3" -5" long) and about the length of their filiform petioles, with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ; sub- mersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (l'-2' long, &"-£" wide) and acute ; stipules not adnate, scarious ; spikes all emersed and similar; few, inter- rupted-oblong, 3 - 5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle ; fruit oblique round- obovate (I" long) compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct recurved style, the sides impressed and face acute ; upper portion of the embryo circularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Illinois, near Ringwood, McHenry Co., Dr. G. Vasey. Apparently also in Quinsigamond Lake, Mass. -t- -t- -i- Stems slender or filiform and much branched : floating leaves sometimes wanting : stipules adnate to the base of the leaf: spikes of two kinds ; one emersed, cylindrical and many-flowered, on a club-shaped peduncle ; the other submersed, globular and few-flowered : fruit flat, cochleate, with thin or scarcely any flesh, and a thin nutlet : embryo spiral. 5. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman. Floating leaves varying from oval to lance-oblong and lanceolate (the largest 10" long and 4" wide), usually obtuse. 486 NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) about equalling the rather dilated petioles, with 5 - many nerves beneath deeply impressed ; upper submersed leaves either with or without a lance-oblong or broad-linear proper blade; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering towards the obtuse apex (£'- l£' long, ^"-|" wide) ; stipules early lacerate; submersed flowers 'usually solitary on very short erect peduncles ; shell-shaped fruit with the back either winged and with 4-5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire ; embryo coiled 1 3 turns. — Rivers, and even far up small streams, in company with the No. 3, or rarely with the following, Maine (J. Blake) to Lake Superior and Virginia. June - Aug. — Stem less slender than the next. 6. P. h^bridus, Michx. Floating leaves varying from oval to lance- oblong ; (the largest 10" long and 6" wide), often acute, longer than t\\e filiform petioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves very numerous, almost setaceous, (l'-3' long, very rarely £" wide) ; stipules obtuse; submersed spikes 1 -4-flowered, their peduncles (of their own length) frequently recurved ; fruit minute, about 8-toothed on the margin; embryo coiled 1^ turns. (P. diversifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursh.) — Shallow stagnant waters. June- Aug. — Emersed spikes 4" to (in var. spicatus, Engelm.) 7" long. * * Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear, membranaceous. 7. P. rufescens, Schrader. Stem simple, floating leaves (often wanting, P. obrutus, Wood ) rather thin, wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, 11- 1 7-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong, smooth on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ; fruit obovate, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed with the rather long style ; embryo incompletely annular. — Rivers and streams, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and especially northward. — Aug. - Sept. — Spike often somewhat compound ! (Eu.) 8. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem often branching below; floating leaves thinnish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-petiokd, 17-23- nerved; submersed leaves very long (3' -12', by 2" -12" wide), lanceolate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened upwards ; fruit obliquely obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh and distinctly so when dry, the middle one winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style ; nutlet with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper part of the embryo circularly incurved. (P. Americanus, Chamisso?) — Rivers and ponds, New England to Illinois. Aug., Sept. — More slender than the very similar P. fluitans of Europe, its leaves longer petioled, the floating ones more abrupt at the base ; stipules not bicarinate. Chamisso's name of this and No. 3 merely provisional. 9. P. plilcher, Tuckerman. Stem simple, black-spotted ; leaves of three kinds ; floating ones becoming very large (4£' by 3£') roundish-ovate and cordate or ovate-oblong, 25 -37 -nerved; all alternate; upper submersed ones (3-5) usually lanceolate, acute at the base and very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin, cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the base of the stem) thicker, plane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate- oblong, on longer petioles ; stipules rather short and obtuse ; peduncles thicker than the stem ; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed with the NAIADACEJS. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 487 style, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry ; nutlet marked on the back by two deep furrows and in front by a sinus below the angle ; sides flat; upper portion of the embryo circularly much incurved. — Ponds; found as yet only in Eastern Massachusetts and " in ponds on hills north of St. Louis," Missouri, Enqelinann : also Georgia, Le Conte. — July, Aug. 10. P. amplifblius, Tuckerman. Stems simple, of very variable length ; floating leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong or lance-ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30 - 50-nerved, on rather long petioles ; sub- mersed leaves often very large (reaching T by 2'), lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules very long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened up- ward, in deep water much elongated ; fruit rather obliquely obovate, the back rounded and bluntly keeled; nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; upper portion of the embryo incurved into a ring. — Ponds and large rivers : not rare. — Aug., Sept. — In very shallow water sometimes without membranaceous leaves, and in deep water it may have those only. — (Leaves on a radical shoot in one specimen with adnate stipules !) 11. P. gramineus, L. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-15-nerved; submersed ones usually lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed towards the base, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches ; upper ones petioled, lower sessile; stipules obtuse, loose; peduncles somewhat thickened upwards ; fruit small," roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled ; upper portion of the embryo annular. (P. heterophyllus, Schreber.) — Still or flowing water : common. — Varies exceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, and otherwise. The ordinary forms are: — Var. GRAMINIFOLIUS, Fries. Sub- mersed leaves lance-linear, attenuate at each end, flaccid, sometimes more than 4' long by 3" wide ; stem elongated. — Var. HETEROPHYLLUS, Fries. Lower leaves shorter, lanceolate, more rigid : the commonest form. The follow- ing are doubtfully referred to this species. (Eu.) Var.? spathulaefdrmis. (P. spathseformis, Tuckerman, in herb.) Branches scattered ; floating leaves obovate or oblong, with a larger point ; submersed ones spatulate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sometimes recurved ; spikes large and densely flowered. — Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman. The fruit is lacking to prove its rank. Var. ? myrioph^llus. Sending up from running rootstocks many short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slender ; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles ; sub- mersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep green) linear-oblanceol ate, very small (|'-l'long), acute, sometimes minutely serru- late ; spike slender, loosely-flowered, much shorter than the thickened peduncle. — Apponaug Pond, Rhode Island, without fruit. § 2. CONFORMIFOLII. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membrana- ceous and dilated, lanceolate, oblong, or oval. (Stipules obtuse, becoming loose.) 12. P. Iticens, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large ; leaves more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, often rough-serrulate, frequently 488 NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) shining ; fruit roundish and compressed, with obtuse margins, slightly kedtd ; em- bryo circularly incurved above. — Ponds : not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) Var. minor, Nolte. Smaller ; upper leaves distinctly petioled and sometimes emersed, the others subsessile, all usually numerous, undulate and shining. Var. ? Connecticutensis. Stem flexuous ; leaves all submersed, nearly sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, crisped, not shining ; fruit larger, distinctly keeled; nutlet thick and hard. — Saltonstall's pond, East Haven, Connecticut, 1850. 13. P. prsel6ngUS, Wulfen. Stem very long, branching, flexuous ; leaves lance-oblong or lanceolate (sometimes 7' long), half -clasping, obtuse with a boat- shuped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure; stipules scarious, very obtuse; spikes rather loose-flowered; peduncles very long (sometimes reach- ing 20') ; fruit obliquely obovate, compressed, sharply keeled when dry ; style ter- minating the nearly straight face ; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal. — Ponds and large rivers, E. New England, and along the Great Lakes to Lake Superior. Sept., Oct. — Stem white : foliage bright green. (Eu.) 14. P. perfoli&tUS, L. Stem branching ; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceo- late from a cordate-clasping base, usually obtuse and often minutely serrulate ; peduncles short, cylindrical ; fntit irregularly obovate, obtusely margined; embryo incurved in an oval. — Ponds and slow streams : common. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) Var. lanceol£tus. Larger; leaves long-lanceolate from a cordate-clasping base and acuminate, wavy, 3' to sometimes 4£' long ; peduncles thickened upwards. — Along the Great Lakes. — This form seems peculiarly American. 15. P. crispUS, L. Stem compressed; leaves linear-oblong, half-clasping, ob- tuse, serrulate, crisped-wavy, 3-nerved; fruit long-beaked; upper portion of the em- bryo incurved in a large circle. — Flowing and stagnant waters, Delaware, Penn., and New Jersey, Tatnall, Porter, Meehan. June, July. (Eu.) § 3. ANGUSTIFOLII. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly membranaceous and sessile, linear or setaceous. (No. 16, 17, and 20 are often yemmiparous, propa- gating by narrow terminal buds detached in autumn.) # Stipules free from the sheathing base of the leaf. 16. P. COmpr^SSUS, L. (ex Fries.) Stem In-anching, wing flattened ; leaves linear and grass-like (commonly 4' by 1^'), abruptly pointed, with many fine and 3 larger nerves; stipules (seen young) oblong, very obtuse ; spikes cylindrical, 12 - 15-flowered, not half as long as the peduncle; fruit obliquely obovate, someAvhat keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not impressed, the face arch- ing and terminated by the short style ; summit of the large embryo lying transverse to the fruit. (P. zostersefolius, Schumacher.) — Still and slow-flowing waters, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin: not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 17. P. obtUSif61ius, Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching, leaves linear, tapering towards the base, obtuse and mucronate or very acute, 3- (rarely 5-) nerved; stipules elongated, very obtuse; spike ovate, continuous, 5-8- flowered, about the length of the peduncle ; fruit oval, apiculate with the style, not keeled when fresh, upper portion of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to the fruit. — Slow streams and ponds : very rare : Dillerville swamp, near Lan- caster, Penn., Prof. Porter. Swamp of Beaver pond, near Central mine, and floating in Gratiot Lake, N. Michigan. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 489 1 8. P. NiagardQSiS, Tuckerman. Stem flattened, very branching ; leaves linear, very acute, mucronate and muck attenuate at the nearly sessile base, 3 — 5- nerved, scarcely veiny (l£'-3' long and at most 1" wide) ; midrib below dilated; stipules acutish (sometimes 8" long), the numerous nerves early becoming bristles; peduncles short, club-shaped, compressed ; spikes few, capitate, 8- IZ-flowered ; fruit roundish, compressed, with a winged and toothed keel and angled face; " seed convolute-uncinate." — Rapids above Niagara Falls, Tuckerman. Aug. 19. P. paucifldrUS, Pursh. Stem filiform, flatfish and very branching ; leaves narrow linear (l'-2'long and seldom £" wide), acute, obscurely 3-nerved; stipules obtuse; spikes capitate, 1—4- usually 2-flowered, on short club-shaped pedun- cles; fruit roundish-lenticular ; the back more or less crested; upper portion of the embryo incurved in a circle. — Still or stagnant waters : common. Aug., Sept. — Its largest forms are approached by the preceding. 20. P. pusillus, L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, branching ; leaves narrow- or setaceous-linear, obtuse or acute, furnished with translucent glands on each side at the base ; stipules at first obtuse; spikes interrupted or capitate, 2 - 8-flowered, on rather long peduncles ; fruit obliquely elliptical, scarcely keeled ; apex of embryo incurved and directed obliquely downwards. — Pools and ditches: rather common, especially southward. — The principal forms are Var. major, Fries. Stem less branching; leaves broader (almost 1" wide), often 5-nerved ; spikes interrupted. (P. mucronatus, Schrader.) — This hardly passes into the following forms : rather rare. July. (Eu.) Var. vulgaris, Fries. Slender, very branching ; leaves 3-nerved, often ob- tuse ; spikes cylindrical and interrupted, or capitate and then but 1 -3-flowered. — A rare form (E. Mass.) has sometimes lanceolate floating leaves of the length of the petioles, with 5 nerves impressed beneath, as in P. hybridus. A Swedish specimen in Fries. Herb. Norm, exhibits the same in the following variety, though in a slighter degree. July, Aug. (Eu.) Var. tenuissimus, Mertens & Koch. Stem very slender and much branched; leaves almost setaceous, acute or cuspidate, obsoletely 3-nerved; spikes interrupted or capitate. — New England and New York : rather rare. July, Aug. — All three are rather sparingly furnished with reproductive buds : also the last two fruit freely, — the reverse of the fact in the following. Var. ? gemmiparus. Stem filiform and very branching, leaves thicker, perfectly setaceous and usually exceedingly attenuate to the finest point, scarcely with a proper midrib ; stipules long (£'-!'), obtuse; spikes very few, always interrupted, 3 - 6-flowered, long-peduncled ; propagating buds very numerous; fruit wanting. (P. gemmiparus, Bobbins in herb.) — Pools and slow-flowing waters : outlet of Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman; valley of the Blackstone from Worcester to Providence. — This plant is annual, propagated exclusively by its gemma, the fruit not maturing. 21. P. Tuckermani, Robbins. Very slender and delicate from a creeping rootstock, of a fine light green ; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly dichotomous leaf-bearing branches ; leaves thin and flat, but setaceous and taper- ing to near the fineness of a hair (l'-4' long and £" extreme width), obscurely 1 - 3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations ; stipules rather persistent below, £' long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long, rather thickening upward ; spike 4-8- 490 ALISMACE^E. ( WATER- PLANTAIN FAMILY). flowered, in fruit continuous, oblong ; fruit thick-lenticular, obscurely 3-keeled; nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; shell thick and hard; embryo nearly annular. — Cold ponds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, to Penn. June, July. * * Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf. 22. P. pectinatus, L. Stem filiform, repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves se- taceous, attenuate to the apex, 1 -nerved with a few transverse veins; spikes inter- rupted, on long filiform peduncles ; fruit obliquely broad-obovate, compressed, bluntly keeled; shell of nutlet very thick; embryo nearly annular. — Lake Champlain to Lake Superior, and along the coast, both in fresh and salt water. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 23. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid, very branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules ; leaves crowded in two ranks, recurved-tspreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear (3' -5' long and 2" -3" wide), acuminate, ciliate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numerous, loosely few- flowered, on short peduncles. A single, rather immature fruit in Professor Tuckerman's herbarium, from Prof. Eaton, is obliquely obovate, acutish at the base, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged, much arched on the thinner face, compressed and impressed on the sides, and apiculate with the rather long style ; superior portion of the large embryo circularly incurved and pointing obliquely downwards. — Oozy bottoms of ponds and slow streams : common in New England : also in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Flowering in June and July. Mature fruit not yet seen. (P. DENSUS, L. The plant upon which Schweinitz introduced this European species into the U. S. flora proves to be Anacharis Canadensis.) ORDER 111. AL-ISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or moncecious flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla : sepals and petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 — many, distinct or partly so, or if united separating at maturity, forming as many 1 - 2-seeded pods or achenia. Seed ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous, from 6 to many : anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base. — Comprises two very distinct suborders, viz. : — SUBORDER I. JUWCAOINE^E. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Carpels more or less united. Seed anatropous, with a straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like, without a blade. (Flowers perfect.) 1. Triglochin. Ovaries 3-6, united to the apex into one, but separating in fruit. 2. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, almost distinct, forming diverging pods in fruit. SUBORDER II. AL.ISMEJE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Ovaries nu- merous, distinct. Seed campylotropous : embryo bent double or hook- ALISMACE^E. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 491 shaped. Leaves or some of them commonly furnished with a blade. (Flowers perfect, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious.) 3. Alisma. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels flattened, whorled. 4. Kcliiiiodorus. Flowers perfect, with 6 -many stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed. 5. Sagittaria. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, with indefinite, rarely few stamens. Carpels capitate, flattened, winged. 1. TBIGLOCHIN, L. ARROW-GRASS. Sepals and petals much alike (greenish^, ovate, concave, deciduous. Stamens 3 - 6 : anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 - 6-celled compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe into 3 -6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. — Perennials, with rush-like, fleshy leaves, below sheathing the base of the wand-like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name composed of rpels, three, and yXw^iV, point, from the three points of the ripe fruit in No. 1 when dehiscent.) 1. T. palustre, L. Scape (6' -18' high) and leaves slender ; fruit linear- dub-shaped; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwards leaving a triangular axis, awl-pointed at the base. — Marshes, both fresh and brackish, New York to Illinois, and northward. Aug. (Eu.) 2. T. maritimum, L. Scape (12' -20' high) and leaves thiclcish, fleshy, fruit ouate or oblong, acutish, of ft or rarely 5 carpels which are rounded at the base and sliyhtly grooved on the back; the edges acute. — Salt marshes along the coast, also salt springs in the interior, shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. — Var. ELATUM (T. elatum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from W. New York to Wisconsin, often 2^° high, and has the> angles of the carpels sharper, or almost winged. (Eu.) 2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. SCHEUCHZERIA. Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular, slightly united at the base, 2 - 3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 - 2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. — A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like con- ' duplicate leaves, and terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheath- ing bracts. (Named for John and John Jacob Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.) 1. S. palustris, L. — Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and northward. June, July. (Eu.) 3. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN. Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6. Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori- aceous achenia, which are dilated and 2-3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. 492 ALISMACE^E. ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) Leaves all from the root, several -ribbed, with connected veinlets. Scape with whorl ed panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The Greek name; of uncertain derivation.) 1. A. Plantago, L., var. Amerieanum. Root perennial ; leaves long- petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the base, 3 - 9-nerved ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2° long) ; carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit. (A. trivialis and parviflora, Pursh.) — Shallow water. July - Sept. (Eu.) 4. ECHINODORITS, Richard, Engelmann. Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more. Ovaries several or many, imbricated in. a head, forming thick and ribbed achenia in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit inter- mediate between the preceding genus and the following. Fl. summer and autumn. (Name from e^ii/coS//?, prickly, or from €\lvos, and So/jos, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.) Genus elaborated for this work by DR. ENGELMANN. 1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute (£'-!£' long, including the petiole); shoots often creeping and proliferous; scapes (l'-3f high ) bearing a 2 - 8-flowered umbel ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; stamens 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovary ; achenia beakless, many-ribbed ; root annual. — Margin of ponds, Michigan to Illinois and westward. — Flower 3" broad. 2. E. rostratUS, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved (!'- 3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing a branched panicle of proliferous umbels ; stamens 12 ; styles longer than the ovary ; achenia beaked, many-ribbed ; root annual. (Alisma rostrata, Nutt.) — Swamps and ditches, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5" wide. Head of fruit ovoid, 3" wide. 3. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truncately broadly heart- shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad, long-petioled) ; stems or scapes prostrate, creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; stamens about 21 ; styles shorter than the ovary ; achenia short-beaked, the keeled back denticulate. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, Illinois and southward. — Flowers 6" - 9" in diameter. 5. S>GITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD. Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in No. 2, and polygamous in No. 3. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenia. — Marsh or aquatic, perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots; the scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved, and desti- tute of any proper blade (i. e. are phyllodia) : when present the blade is arrow- shaped or lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 493 produced all summer, mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts ; the sterile above. (Name from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.) Genus newly elaborated for this edition by DR. ENGELMANN. # Filaments narrow, as long as the linear-oblong anthers : scape simple or branched. 1 . S. lancifblia, L. Scape 2° - 5° high, with several of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely shorter than the sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenia obovate-falcate, pointed with an incurved beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all with a tapering base, thick or coriaceous (6' -18' long and on a long and stout petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib. (S. falcata, Pursh, and Ed. 2.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward to the West Indies. 2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Scape (i°- 4° high) angled, with one or more of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts mostly pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers about half the length of the sterile ones; petals with white claws; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia broadly obovate, with a long and curved beak 5 - £ its length ; leaves very various, almost always sagittate. (S. sagittifolia Amer. auth. etc. — The European species has the fertile pedicels only J or 5 the length of the sterile ; claws of the petals purple- tinged ; filaments not longer than the anthers ; achenia almost orbicular, very broadly winged and with a short arid straight beak.) — In water or wet places : very common. — Excessively variable in size and foliage : the following are the leading forms. — Var. OBxtrsA (S. obtusa, Willd.) is large and dioecious; the broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, 6' -12' long.— Var. LATirdLiA (S. latifolia, Willd. ) is large, monoecious, with broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var. HAST\TA is the ordinary form, with narrow halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves (including S. hastata, Pursh). — Var. DiVERSirdLiA, with some leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA has the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes. — Var. GRAciLis (S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and lobes. — Var. PUBESCENS (S. pubescens, Muhl.) : upper part of petiole and of scape and especially the orbicular-ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or woolly ; leaves obtuse or acute ; beak of fruit (as also sometimes in some of the other forms) horizontal, so that the frnit-head appears compact and smoothish, while usually it has a squarrose surface, from the protruding and recurved beak, New Jersey and southward. — A state with double flowers has been found in Pennsylvania and Delaware. 3. S. calycina, Engelm. Scape weak (3' -9' high), at length mostly procumbent ; usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as long as those of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit ; bracts orbicular, obtuse or rarely pointed ; calyx oppressed to the fruit-head and partly covering it ; filaments slightly rough, as long as the anthers ; achenia obovate with a short horizontal style ; leaves broadly halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, with wide spreading lobes, often wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to linear phyllodia. — Maine to Delaware, Wisconsin, and southward. — Var. sroxGidsA, with a loose or spongy texture and linear bladeless leaves submersed, occurs eastward ; 494 , HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) Var. FLtiiTANS, with lance-linear floating leaves, has been found in Missouri and westward; and Var. GRANDIS, with leaves 9'- 12' wide and 9' long, branched scape, and fruit-heads 9" diameter, grows farther south. — This species shows 9-12 stamens in the fertile, and some sterile pistils in the sterile flowers; and thus connects with Echinodorus. * * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base : scape more simple. 4. S. heteroph^lla, Pursh. Scape weak (3' -2° high), at length pro- cumbent ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and al- most sessile ; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments glandular-pubescent ; ache- ma narrowly obovate with a long erect beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages. — Rather common, at least southward. — Var. ELL^PTICA has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long and 5' wide), either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. RfoiDA (S. rigida, Pursh, on the Niagara and along the Great Lakes), the tallest form, has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both ends. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA has nearly linear leaves. 5. S. graminea, Michx. Scape very slender, erect (3' -2° high); the lower whorls fertile ; bracts rather obtuse and usually connate ; pedicels all slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length ; filaments glandular-pubescent ; achenia small, narrowly obovate, almost beakless ; leaves varying from ovate- lanceolate to linear or reduced to broad and acute phyllodia (when it is S. acutifolia, Pursh) ; scarcely ever sagittate. (S. simplex of Amer. authors; not of Pursh, whose plant of this name is a dioecious form of S. variabilis.) — Rather common, especially southward. — Flowers and fruit-heads smaller than in any of the foregoing; except in the var. PLATYPHY"LLA, which is found farther south, and has leaves 6' -9' long and 3' -4' wide; flowers 1' wide, on pedi- cels l£'- 2' long. 6. S. pusilla, Nutt. Scape (l'-3' high) weak, reclining in fruit; bract single, clasping ; one or two whorls only, of which but a single flower is fertile, recurved in fruit ; stamens about 7, with glabrous filaments; achenia obovate, with an erect beak and three notched dorsal ridges. (Alisma subulata, Pursh.) — Inundated shores, from Eastern New Jersey (C. F. Austin) and Philadelphia southward near the coast. S. NATANS, Michx., closely allied to the last, is only found farther south ; it is a larger plant with long phyllodia, or oval floating leaves, glabrous fila- ments, and obovate short-beaked achenia, with 5-9 crenate angles, — by which structure it is nearly connected with Echinodorus. ORDER 112. HYDROCH ARID ACE. 12. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, ivith dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1 - B-celled ovary. Stamens 3 - 1 2, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehisccnt, many-seeded. Seeds as- cending, without albumen : embryo straight. HYDROCHARIDACE^E. (FROG's-BIT FAMILY.) 495 Tribe I. STRATIOTIDE^E. Ovary 6 - 9-celled : stigmas 6 - 9. 1. Limiiobinm. Filaments 6 - 12, unequally united in the sterile flowers : anthers linear. Tribe II. VALLISNERIE^E. Ovary 1-ceHed with 3 parietal placentae: stigmas 3. 2. A iiacharis. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers thread-form. 3. Valllsneria. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the ovary. 1. LIMNOBIUM, Kichard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT. Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes ; the sterile spathe 1 -leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9- celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules ortho- tropous, Torr.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, pro- liferous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which arc spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Ster- ile flowers rather small ; the fertile larger ; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white 1 (Name from Ai/zi/o/Sio?, living in pools.) 1. L. Spongia, Richard. ( Hydrdcharis Spongia, Bosc. H. cordifolia, Nutt.} — Lake Ontario (Dr. Bradley, Dr. Sartwell), Illinois, Dr. Vasey, and in the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves 1'- 2' long, faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle of the sterile flower about 3' long, thread-like ; of the fertile, only 1', stout. 2. ANACHAK-IS (and ELODEA), Richard. WATER-WEED. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular 2- cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short and monadelphous at the base, or none ; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers either pistillate or apparently perfect : perianth extended into an extremely long and capillary tube; 'the limb 6-parted ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate, spreading. Stamens 3-9, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong anthers Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentas, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender herbs, grow- ing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flow- ers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx- tube, varying in length according to the depth of the water. (Name formed of dv, throughout, and a^api?, without chqrms, being rather homely water- weeds.) 1. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in 496 BURMA JsNIACPLE. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the perfect flowers. (Elodea Canadensis, Micltx., and E. latilblia, Caspary, who has recently well illustrated this and the two related genera; all perhaps to be reduced to one, Hydrilla. Udora Canadensis, Nutt, Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babington), Nuttallii, and Canadensis, also Apalanthe Schweinitzii, Pianchon.) — Slow streams and ponds : common. July. — Nat. in England, where it is very troublesome by its rapid increase, filling navigable waters ; but no inconvenience of the sort is complained of here in its native country. 3. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GEASS. EEL-GRASS. Flowers strictly dioscious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne on a very short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth (calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ; also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu- merous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves, growing entirely under water. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom of the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves spontaneously break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they expand arid shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface at this time: afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4 feet long, according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) 1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1°- 2° long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Common in slow waters. Aug. (Eu.) ORDER 113. BURJUANNIACE^E. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves', or those of the root grass-like ; the flowers perfect, with a §-cleft corolla-like perianth, fhe tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary ; stamens 3 and dis- tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds very minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family, of which only one species is found within our borders. 1. BURMANNIA, L. (TuiPTERtLLA, Michx.) Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. Style slender : stigma capitate-3-lobed. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.) 1. B. biflbra, L. Stem low and slepder (2'-4' high), 2-flowered at the summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2" -3" long) bright blue, 3-winged. (Tripterella caerulea, Michx.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 497 ORDER 114. ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with Q-merous perianth adnate to the \-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal placentae, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved pod, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direc- tion, &c. from the rest, and is called the labellum or lip : only the other two taking the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is really the upper or posterior petal, i. e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of half a turn it more commonly is directed forward, as if anterior, i. e. is next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two sta- mens and a sterile rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy stigma ; the antlier 2-celled ; each cell con- taining one or more masses of pollen (pollinia or pollen-masses). Stigma a broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium. — Perennials, often tuber- bearing or tuberous-rooted ; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract, — in all arranged for fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertili- zation. (See articles on Fertilization of Orchids, in Sill. Jour. 1862, 1863, &c.) — A vast family, but few in the United States. I. Anther only one. (The 2 cells should not be mistaken for anthers ! ) Tribe I. OPHRYDE.3E. Anther (of 2 separate cells) borne on and entirely adnate to the face of the stigma, erect or reclined. Pollen cohering into a great number of coarse grains, which are all fastened by elastic and cobwebby tissue into one large mass, and to a stalk that connects it with a gland or disk which was originally a part of the stigma. Flower in our species ringent, the lip with a spur beneath : one distinct gland to each pollen-mass. 1. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch. 2. Habenaria. The two glands or disks naked (without any pouch or covering), either approximate or widely separated. Tribe II. NEOTTIE^E. Anther dorsal and erect or inclined, attached by its base only or by a short filament to the back or summit of the column, persistent. Pollen in our genera loosely cohering (mostly by some delicate elastic threads) in 2 or 4 soft masses, and soon attached directly to a viscous gland on the beak of the stigma. 3. Goody era. Lip entire, free from the column, without callosities at the base. 4. Splranthes. Lip ascending and embracing the column below, 2 callosities at the base. 5. Listera. Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex. Tribe III. ARETHUSE££, MALAXIDEJE, &c. Anther terminal and in- verted (except in No 12) like a lid over the stigma, deciduous. * Pollen powdery or pulpy, in 2 or 4 delicate masses : no gland, 6. Arethnsa. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4. 7. Pogonia. Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2. 32 498 - ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 8. Calopogon. Lip bearded, stalked, free : column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses 4. * * Pollen in 4-8 smooth waxy masses, ••- Without stalks, attached directly to a large gland. 9. Calypso. Lip inflated and sac-like. Column winged and petal-like. Stem 1-flowered. ^_ 4- With stalks to the 2 or 4 pollen-masses, connecting them with a gland. 10. Tipularia. Lip short, flat, long-spurred beneath. Raceme many-flowered. ^- 4- -t- With stalks to the 8 pollen-masses, but no gland. 11. Bletia. Lip hooded, crested, spurless. Scape several-flowered. «_ H_. .»_ +. Without either stalks or glands to the 4 pollen-masses. ++ Plants green and with ordinary leaves. Sepals spreading. 12. Microsty lis. Column minute, round : anther erect. 13. Ltlparis. Column elongated, margined at the apex : anther lid-like. •H- -H- Plants tawny ^or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only. 14. Corallorhiza. Perianth gibbous at base, or with a spur adherent to the ovary. 15. Aplectrum. Perianth not gibbous nor spurred at base. A green autumnal leaf. II. Anthers two, or very rarely three. Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEJE. The stamen which bears the anther in the rest of the order here usually forms a petal-like sterile appendage to the column. Pollen not in masses : no stalks nor gland. 16. Cypripedium. Lip an inflated sac. Anthers 2, one each side of the column 1. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS. Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them (in our species) converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned down- wards, coalescing with the base of the column, bearing a nectariferous spur at the base underneath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur or nectary. Flowers showy, in a spike. — These glands stick fast to the proboscis of a butterfly or some such insect introduced into the nectar-bearing spur : when it flies to another flower, it drags out of the anther and carries with it the pollen-masses, and applies them to the stigma of the second or of several succeeding flowers, thus effecting cross-fertilization. (*Op;(is, the ancient name.) 1. O. spect£bilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3' -5' long), and a few-flowered 4- angled scape (4' -7' high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate un- divided lip white. — Rich woods, New England to Kentucky and (especially) northward. May. 2. HABENARIA, Willd., R. Br. REIN-ORCHIS. Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely separated (becoming attached, some to the proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the OKCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 499 spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) : otherwise nearly as in true Orchis : the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from kabena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.) — PLATANTHERA, named primarily for the species with the glands and bases of the anther-cells widely divergent, and GYMXADENIA, where these are approximate, are found to afford no wholly fixed or clear practical distinctions. Accordingly, in this edition, our species are restored to the older genus. § 1. GYMNAD^NIA, R. Br. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.) 1. H. tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (6' -12' high), with a single oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above ; spike 6— 12-flowered, oblong; flowers greenish or whitish, very small ; lip wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth at the apex; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer than the ovary. (Orchis tridentata, Muhl. Gymnadenia tridentata, LindL) — Wet woods : common northward and along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Root of few -fleshy fibres. Appendages of the stigma (sterile stamens?) three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated by pollen-tubes ! * 2. H. Integra, Spreng. Stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute ; the others becoming smaller and bract-like ; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; flowers orange-yel- low, small ; lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl- shaped descending spur. (Orchis Integra & flava, Nutt. H. Ellidttii, Beck. Gymnadenia flava, LindL) — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. July. — Root of very fleshy fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy : rostellum or middle appendage narrow. § 2. PERUlARIA, Lindl. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, separated by a broadish connective, narrowed towards the base, the margins of which are ex- tended so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity (more than semi- circular in cross-section), which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurvd gland. (Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.) 3. H. virescens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate; the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; flowers dull green ; lip furnished with a tooth on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slen- der club-shaped spur. (Orchis flava, L.I but the flowers are not yellow. O. virescens, Muhl., Willd. O. fusce'scens, Pursh., not of L. 0. herbiola, Pursh. O. bidentata, Ell. O. scutellata, Nutt. H. herbiola, R. Br. H. flava, Gray. Platanthera flava, Gray.) — Wet places : common. June, July. — Stem 10' - 20' high ; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length 500 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers; which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish. — The Siberian H. (Perularia) fuscescens is clearly distinct. § 3. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Cells oftJie anther sometimes parallel, more com- monly divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.) * flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike : spur not longer than the entire or merely notched narrow lip : anther-cells almost parallel, wholly adnate : stem leafy. •*- Spur short and sac-like : the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect : glands small, rather icidely separated. (PERfsxYLUS, Lindl.) 4. H. viridis, R. Br., var. bracteata, Reichenbach. Lower leaves obo- vate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-4 times the length of the green flowers; spike 1 0 - 30-flowered ; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2-3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice the length of the spur. (H. bracteata, R. Br.) — Stem 6' -12' high. According to Mr. Darwin, in the common European H. viridis each gland is protected by a minute pouch : this is not yet verified in ours. — Damp woods, especially northward. (Eu.) •»- •«- Spur slender, incurved, about as long as the entire lip : lateral sepals spreading. 5. H. hyperbbrea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6' -2° high) leaves lanceo- late, erect; spike dense (2' -15' long) ; lower bracts lanceolate* longer than the (greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; glands orbicular; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak. (P. hyper- borea, Huronensis, &c., Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold woods : common north- ward. June, July. (Eu.) 6. H. dilatata, Gray. (That of Hook, Exot. Fl. is the preceding.) Re- sembles No. 5, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly linear leaves ; flowers white ; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidal-dilated base, entire, its base with the bases of other petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading ; anther-cells almost parallel ; glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long as the pollen mass and its short flat stalk together ; stigma narrow ; a trowel- shaped conspicuous beak (rostellum) between the bases of the anther-cells. (Orchis dilatata, Pursh.) — Cold bogs : common northward. June, July. * * Flowers greenish or white and purple, few or several (5-15) in a loose spike, rather large for the size of the plant: scape or stem naked above, l-leared at the base (5' -9' high) : spur not longer than the lip: anther-cells wholly adnate. 7. H. rotundifdlia, Richardson. Leaf varying from almost orbicular to oblong (1|' - 3' long) ; flowers rose-purple; or the lip white and spotted with pur- ple, 3-hbed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched at the summit (4" -6" long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the slender depending spur; anther-cells contiguous said parallel. (O. rotundifolia, Pursh.) — Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine, Mr. Goodrich; Warren, Herkimer Co., New York, J. A. Paine; shore of L. Michigan in Wisconsin, Lewis Foole, and northward. J une. ORCHIDACE^:. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 501 8. H. Obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong ; flowers greenish-white ; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong ; lip entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3" long), about the length of the tapering and curving spur; anther-cells arcuate and widely separated. (O. obtusata, Pursh.) — Cold peat-bogs, &c., northeastern coast of Maine, and on mountains of New England and N. New York to Lake Superior (chiefly sub- alpine), and northward. June. (Eu.) * * * Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-leaved at tJie base : spur longer than the narrow entire lip : anther-cells widely diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forwards : base of the stalk of the pollen- mass laterally affixed by a short intermediate body to the back of the orbicular gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward (t/ie space between the two broad enough to receive the head of a butterfly). 9. H. Ho6keri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3' -4' broad); scape mostly naked (J°-l° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green jlow- 'ers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the lance-aivl-shaped petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary (nearly 1 ' long). (H. orbiculata, Hook. ) — Woods, Rhode Island to Penn., Wisconsin and northward. June. — Var. OBLONGirdLiA, J. A. Paine. Leaves oblong (3' - 5' by 1 \' - 2'). Little Falls, New York, J. A. Paine. 10. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4' -8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground ; scape bracted, bearing many spreading greenish- white flowers in a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; lip nar- rowly linear and slightly spatulate, obtuse, drooping,. nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals ; spur curved, slender (about 1^' long), gradually thickened towards the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary ; anther- cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly \' apart). (H. macrophylla, Hook. Orchis orbiculata, Pursh.) — Rich woods, especially of Coniferse, Maine to Pennsylvania and Lake Superior, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — Leaves very smooth, shining above, silvery under- neath. Scape 1 ° - 2° high . * * * * (FRINGED ORCHIS.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, with mostly foliaceous bracts: stem (rather tall] leafy: spur thread-shaped or scarcely club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip: anther-cells widely sep- arated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forwards or partly upwards : base of the stalk of the pollen-mass mostly affixed more or less laterally to the gland. •H- Lip pectinately fringed but undivided: flowers golden yellow or white: anther-cells widely divergent and beak-pointed, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle much projecting forwards or slightly inwards : ovary long, tapering to the summit. 11. H. cristata, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded (yellow) flowers; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate; lip ovate, with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary. — (O. cristata, Michx.) — Bogs, Penn. (Pursh) to Virginia and southward. July. — Flowers only a quarter as large as in the next. 502 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 12. H. ciliaris, R. Br. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are shorter than the ova- ries; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered; flowers bright orange-yellow; lateral sepal rounded, retiexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex ; lip oblong, about half the length of the spur, furnished with a very long and copious capillary fringe. (0. ciliaris, L.) — Wet sandy places, New England to Michigan, and especially southward : rare north of New Jersey. July - Sept. — Our handsomest species, l£° - 2° high, with a short spike of very showy flowers ; the lip i' long, the con- spicuous fringe fully £' long on each side. 13. H. blepharigldttis, Hook. (WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS.) Leaves, &c. as in the last ; flowers white ; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the apex ; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of the spur. — Var. HOLOPETALA (Platanthera holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of ponds, with the preceding, commonly taking its place in the northward. July. — A foot high, the flowers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last. f- t- (GREENISH FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions cut into capillary fringes : flowers greenish- or yellowish-white : anther- cells not very divergent, the beaked, bases, supported on the upper edge of the broad arms of the stigma, projecting forwards ; the large glands oval or lanceolate, trans- verse, nearly facing each other: ovary short-tapering at the summit : the long spurs gradually thickened downward. 14. H. leucophsfea. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose; petals obo- vate, minutely cut-toothed ; divisions of the Up broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe ; spur longer than the ovary (!'-!£' long); glands transversely oval. (Orchis leucophsea, Nutt.) — Moist meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lip 7" -10" long. 15. H. lacera, R. Br. (RAGGED FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered; petals oblong -linear, entire; divisions of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes ; spur about the length of the ovary ; glands lanceolate, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass. (O. psycodes, Muhl., &c., not of L. Platanthera psychodes, Lindl. O. lacera, Michx.) — Bogs and moist thickets : common. July. H- •>- •*- (PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk- like base, the dilated divisions erosely fringed : flowers purple : anther-cells widely separated, but little divergent, their tapering bases (supported as in the preceding] strongly projecting, the orbicular glands looking obliquely forwards and downwards : ovary contracted only at the summit : the long curving spur somewhat thickened downward. 16. H. psyc6des, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many -flower ed ; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, denticulate above ; di- visions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe. ORCHIDACE^J. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 503 (O. psycodes, L. ! O. fimbriata, Pursh, Bigelow. O. incisa and O. fissa, M uhl. in Willd. Platanthera fimbriata, Lindl.} — Wet meadows and bogs: common. July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4'- 10' in length, small, but very handsome, fragrant ; lip short-stalked, barely £' broad and not so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones. 17. H. fimbri&ta, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower sep- als ovate, acute; petals oblong, toothed down the sides; divisions of the pendent large lip fan-shaped, more fringed. (O. fimbriata, Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. Fl. &c. O. grandiflora, Bigelow.) — Wet meadows, New England to Penn. and (chiefly) northeastward. June. — Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple), and 3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding ; the more ample dilated lip I' to 1' broad, with a deeper and almost capillary crowded fringe, different- shaped petals, &c. 18. H. peramcBna, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceo- late ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one2-lobed. (Platanthera peramcena, Ed. 2. P. fissa, Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Flowers large and showy, violet-purple; the lip paler and very ample, 8" -10" long: its divisions minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the terminal edge, but not fringed. 3 . GOODYERA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at the base. Otherwise as Spiranthes. — Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyer, an early English botanist.) § 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip: anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short column, blunt: yland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short. 1. G. ripens, R. Br. Small (5'-8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, more or less white-reticulated (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose l-sided spike ; lip with an ovate recurved tip ; sepals ovate. — Woods, under evergreens : common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. (Eu.) 2. G. pub^SCens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated; scape 6' - 12' high ; the numerous crowded flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular lip very short .• otherwise like the preceding, and too near it. — Rich woods, east- ward and southward. July, Aug. § 2. Lip barelij saccate belou', tapering and its sides involute above : anther ovate and long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short proper column, which is continued above the stigma into a conspicuous long tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak. 504 ORCHIDACE^E. ( ORCHIS FAMILY.) Aspect of Goodyera : structure of the flower nearly of Spiranthes, but the lip without callosities. 3. G. Menztesii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2' -3' long), less white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9'- 12' high; flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1 -sided spike ; flower-buds less pubes- cent, elongated-ovate and pointed ; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower por- tion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit. (Spiran- thes decipiens, Hook,) — Woods, Western New York to Michigan (confounded with G. pubescens), Lake 'Superior, and far westward. July. 4. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES. Flower somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary ; the sepals and petals all narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking together more or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short-stalked or sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a callous protuber- ance on each side of the base ; the somewhat dilated summit spreading or re- curved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique, bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), ovate, each 2-parted from the base (or even again divided) into thin and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, their summits together soon adhering to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland of the stigma, which is set in the slender or tapering thin process or beak terminating the column, and is carried away on the proboscis of insects visiting the flower, with the pollen, to be deposited upon the stigma of another flower. After the removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip. — Roots clustered-tuberous : stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish- white), bent horizontally, 1-3- ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the name, from anreipa, a coil or curl, and avQos, flower.) # Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike. (Leaves at the root and base of the stem present at the flowering season.) 1. S. latifdlia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4' -9' high, smooth; leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong ( 1 ' - 3' long, 6" - 8" wide), 3 - 5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing base ; spike narrow (l'-2' long), flowers small ; lip quadrate-oblong, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the small callosities at the base oblong, marginal and adnate for their whole length ; gland and beak of the stigma short. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. FL, not of Lindl. S. sestivalis, Oakes, Cat.) — Moist banks, Vermont and N. New York to Michigan, Penn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter), and Delaware, W. M. Canby. June. — Perianth 2" - 3" long ; lip yellowish on the face, not contracted in the middle nor the margins involute. 2. S. Rorjaanzoviana, Chamisso. Stem leafy below, and leafy-bracted above (5?- 15' high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy -linear ; spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (l'-4' long) ; perianth curved and the sum- mit manifestly ringent, the sepals and petals all connivent in the upper portion or ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 505 galea ; the lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded wavy-crenulute much re- curved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular and smooth ; gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stigma short. ( S. gemmipara, LindL (Neottia, Smith.) S. cernua, in part, Hook. & Ed. 2.) — High and cool bogs, New York, from Herkimer and Otsego Co., to Lake Superior, and north- westward. July, Aug. — Perianth about 4" long, pure white, smooth or smoothish. (Eu. Bantry Bay, Ireland, only.) 3. S. Cernua, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy bracted above (6' - 20' high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4'<- 12' long, 2" -4" wide) ; spike cylindrical, rather dense (2' -5' long) and with the flowers either pubes- cent or nearly smooth ; perianth horizontal or recurving, the lower sepals not upturned or connivent with the upper ; lip oblong and very obtuse when out- spread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy ; gland of the stigma linear, in a long and very slender beak. — Common in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., Oct. — Very variable in size, foliage, &c. : the commoner form, with pure white sweet-scented flowers, often nearly losing its root-leaves at flowering-time : a variety in dry ground has greenish-cream colored stronger- scented flowers, and retains its root-leaves. Perianth 4" -5" long. * * Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank. •*- Stem bearing towards and at the base elongated leaves, which mostly persist during the flowering season. 4. S. graminea, LindL, Var. W£lteri. Stem 9' -2° high ; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3' -8' long, 2" -4" wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts ; spike linear, dense (2' -5' long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, &c. downy-pubescent; bracts ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline ; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded apex ; anther and beak of the stigma very acute. (Limod6rum pracox, Walt. Neottia tdrtilis, Pursh, Barton, Fl., &c. S. tortilis, Chapm.) — Wet, grassy places, S. New England to Virginia, and southward. July, Aug., at the north. — Root of fleshy or some- what tuberous thickened fibres. Perianth 3" long. — The original, West Indian S. tortilis (Swartz), Richard, has a smoother much less twisted spike, smaller bracts, and more leafless scape, the root-leaves seldom present at flowering-time : it is very like S. brevifolia, Chapm. (S. longilabris, LindL ?). Our plant has a more acute tip to the anther and stigma than the Mexican. •t- •»- Scape very slender, merely bracted ; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly wither- ing away at or before flowering ; flowers small, and whole plant gabrous or nearly so : bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the pod. 5. S. gr£cilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened; scape 8' -18' high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike ; Up oval when outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities 506 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) at the base nipple-shaped. (Also S. Beckii, LindL, at least as to the Northern plant.) — Hilly woods and sandy plains: common. July -Oct. — Perianth barely l£"- 2" long. 6. S. simplex, n. sp. Root a solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber; no leaves at flowering time; scape 5' -9' high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1- sided) spike of very short flowers (perianth l"-l£" long) ; lip thin, white, obovate- oblong, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender. — Dry, sandy soil, E. Mass. (Nantucket, Dr. Robbins), New Jersey (C. F. Austin, frc.), and Delaware, Wm. Ms Canby. Aug., Sept. — Spike l'-3' long. 5. LISTER A, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless : stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, ovate : pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or ra- ceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.) * Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed: plants delicate, 4' - 8' high.) 1. L. COrdata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped (£'-!' long) ; raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer than the ovary ; lip linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side at the base, 2-cleft. — Damp cold woods ; from Fenn. northward. June, July. (Eu.) 2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slender ; flowers very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-partr.d, the divisions linear-setaceous. — Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June. * # Column longer, arching or straightish. 3. L. COnvallarioideS, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes a little heart-shaped (!'-!£' long) ; raceme loose, pubescent; flowers' on slen- der pedicels; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1 -toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread- ing sepals, purplish, £' long. (Epipactis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Damp mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., also Maine to Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high. 6. ARETHUSA, Gronov. ARETHUSA. Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved spread- ing towards the summit. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells : pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-pur- ple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.) ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 507 1. A. blllbosa, L. Flower single, erect, with an entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wis- consin, and northward : rather scarce or local. May. — Flower 1' - 2' long, very handsome, bright rose-purple ; very rarely a pair of flowers. 7. POGO3STIA, Juss. POGONIA. Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, stalked : pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. (iTooyow'as, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) § 1 . Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white. 1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem (6' -9' high) bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in their axil ; lip spatulate below, appressed to the column, beard-crested and fringed. — In bogs. June, July. — Flower 1' long, sweet-scented. — An interesting mon- ster of this, with two additional lips, and some other petaloid parts, was found in Herkimer Co., New York, by J. A. Paine. 2. P. p^ndula, Lindl. Stem (3' -8' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3" -6") leaves, the upper 1-4 with drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3- lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless. (Triphora pendula, Nutt.) — Damp woods : rather scarce. Aug. — Perianth ^' long, narrow^ § 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, lonyer and much narrower than the erect or con- nicent petals : lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless : /lowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal: root a cluster of fibres. 3. P. divaricata, R. Br. Stem ( 1° - 2° high) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary ; but the sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spat- ulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about I'-l^' long. — Wet pine- barrens, Quaker Bridge, New Jersey ( W. H. Leggett), Virginia, and southward. June, July. 4. P. verticill£ta, Nutt. Stem (6' - 12' high), naked, except some small scales at the base, and a whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves at the summit ; flower dusky purplish, on a peduncle longer thdn the ovary and pod ; sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spreading from a mostly erect base (l^'-2' long) ; lip with a narrow crest down the middle. — Low woods : rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. — Glaucous when young. Stalk of pod about 1^' long, more than half the length of the leaves. 5. P. afiinis, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Somewhat smaller than the preceding ; leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or greenish; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and pod; sepals not twice the length of the petals, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the middle of the lobes. — With the last, which it nearly resembles, but is much rarer. Southern New York and Northern New Jersey, C. F. Austin ; and Connecticut, near New Haven, Edward Dana. 508 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 8. CALOPOGON, R. Br. CALOPOGON. Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, dis- tinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen- masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate threads. — Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute. (Name composed of /caXos, beautiful, and Trcoycoi/, beard, from the bearded lip.) 1. C. pulch&lus, K. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2~6-flow- ered ; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded towards the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs : common. June, July. — Flowers 1 ' broad, pink-purple. . 9. CALYPSO, Salisb. CALYPSO. Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9" long), 2-pointed underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below the apex : pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a square gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short (3' -5' high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Calypso.} 1. C. bore£lis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in moss, Northern New England to Michigan, and northward. May. — A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.) 10. TIPTJIiAllIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS. Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro- longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of the flower (9" -12" long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little, wavy, as long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con- nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct petiole, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, tinged with purple beneath; and in summer a long and naked slender scape (10'- 18' high), with 1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing a many-flowered raceme of small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus Tipula. } 1. T. discolor, Nutt. Lip blunt at the tip (which distinguishes it from a recently discovered Himalayan species). — Sandy woods, Massachusetts to Michigan and southward : very scarce. July. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 509 11. B LET I A, Ruiz&Pavon. BLETIA. Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, hinged as it were with the column, crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. Col- umn half-cylindrical ; the fleshy anther forming a lid at its apex. Pollen-masses 8, in pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many- flowered from solid tubers. (Named for Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist.) 1. B. aph^lla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (l°-2°high) beset with purplish scales, the lower ones sheathing; flowers racemed, brownish-purple; lip not saccate. Rich. woods, Kentucky and southward. 12.MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDEK'S-MOCTH. Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or ovate at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pol- len-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, without any stalks, threads, or gland. — Little herbs, from solid bulbs, produ- cing simple stems or scapes, which bear in our species a single leaf, and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of /it/epos, little, and orvAi's, a column or style.) 1. M. monoph^llos, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical ; raceme spiked, long and slender ; pedicels not longer than the flowers ; lip long-pointed. — Cold wet swamps, N. New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. July. (Eu.) 2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and obtuse ; pedicels much longer than the /lowers ; lip 3- toothed at the summit. — Damp woods : more common southward. July. 13. LI PA BIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or gland. — Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which hears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from \nrapos, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.) 1; L. liliifblia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed; lip large (^' long) wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brotun-purplish. (Malaxis lilii- folia, Swartz.) — Moist woodlands : commonest in the Middle States. June. 2. L. LcBselii, Richard. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, keeled; lip obovate or oblong (2" long), mucronate, yellowish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals. (Malaxis Correana, Barton.) — Bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. (Eu.) 14. COBALLORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT. Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at the base ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the upper arching ; 510 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) the lateral sepals ascending, their hases with that of the lip forming the gibbos- ity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary : lip slightly adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of pro- jecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free. Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim- ple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull-colored flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of KopdAAioi/, cord, and pi£a, root.} § 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary : /lowers small : lip whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson. l.C. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3'- 9' high), 5 - 12-flowered ; pedicels very short ; lip somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base, the lamellae thick and rather short ; spur a very small protuberance ; pod oval or elliptical (3" -4'' long). (C. verna, Nutt.) — Swamps and damp woods. May, June. — Perianth only 2' or 2^'' long. (Eu.) 2. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6' -16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; pedicels rather slender ; lip entire, or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamellae a pair of short projections; the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to the summit of the ovary; pod at first very acute at the base, at length short-oval (4" long). (C. Wistariana, Conrad.) — Eich woods, New York to Michigan, and especially southward : rare northward. May, July. — Perianth about 3" long. 3. C. multiflbra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9' -18' high), 10- 30-flowered ; lip deeply 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent lamellae; spur manifest and protuberant ; pod oblong (6" -9" long), short-ped- icelled. — Dry woods : common. July - Sept. — Perianth 2£" - 4" long. § 2. Spur none: the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base of the perianth wholly free from the ovary : Jlowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding. 4. C. Macrsei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6'- 16' high), bearing 15- 25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1-3 short lamella? ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves ; pod oblong (9" long). — Woods, from near Lake Erie (Caledonia Springs, Canada, W. F. Macrae), Mackinaw, C. G. Loring, Jr., Prof. Whitney, and westward to the Pacific. July. — Sepals, petals, and lip 6" or 7" long. — This is the Aplectrum aphyllum, Nutt. in herb. ; and from the range and the size of the flowers it can hardly be other than C. striata, LindL, but it does not at all agree with the character as to the lip and spur. 15. APLECTRUM, Nutt PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVB. Perianth neither gibbous, nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base. Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and the scape (invested below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza. But, instead of a coral-like ORCHID ACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 511 root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb or corm, often 1' in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape, a foot or more high, is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. (Genus too near the last. The name composed of a privative and TrX^rpoi/, a spur, from the total want of the latter.) 1. A. hyem&Le, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould: rather rare or local. — Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizon- tally connected. Perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5" - 6" long. 16. CYPBIPEDIUM, L. LADY'S SUPPER. MOCCASON-FLOWER. Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united into one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually nar- rower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined ; on each side a fertile sta- men, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and pulpy or powdery-granular ; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and covers the summit of the style ; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen in most of our species, especially in No. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches it, carrying away some of the pollen. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. (Name composed of Kvnpis, Venus, and TTOO\OJ/, a sock or buskin, i. e. Venus' 's Slipper.) § 1. The three sepals separate. (Stem leafy, single-flowered.) 1. C. arietinum, R. Brown. (RAM'S-HEAD L.) Upper sepal ovate- lanceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike (green- ish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny lip, which is prolonged at the apex into a short conical deflexed point ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo- late, nearly smooth. (Cryosanthes, Raf. Arietinum, Beck.) — Cold swamps and damp woods, Maine to New York, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. — The smallest species : stem slender, 6'- 10' high : lip only 6%' long. § 2. Two of the sepals united into one piece under the lip. # Stem leafy to the top, 1 - 3:ftowered : lip slipper-shaped or roundish, much inflated, horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice. •»- Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer than the lip. 2. C. c£ndidum, Muhl. (SMALL WHITE LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate ; lip white, flattish laterally, convex above ; sterile stamen lanceo- late; leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Bogs, Central and W. New York (rare) to Kentucky and Wisconsin. May, June. — Little larger than the foregoing species, slightly pubescent, 1-flowered : petals and sepals greenish, not much exceeding the lip, 'which is less than 1' long. 512 AMARYLLIDACE.&. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 3. C. parvifldrum, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW L.) Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish from above, bright yellow (I' or less long) ; sterile sta- men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Bogs and low woods ; rather common. May, June. — Stem l°-2°high. Flower fragrant: sepals and petals more brown-purple than in the next, into which, however, it seems to pass. 4. C. pubescens, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW L.) Sepals elongated-lanceo- late; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above (l£r-2' long, scent- less, pale yellow. — Bogs and low woods : common northward and westward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as are the broadly oval acute leaves. H- •*- Sepals and petals plane, rounded, white, not longer than the lip. 5. C. spectabile, Swartz. (Snowy L.) Sepals round-ovate or orbicu- lar, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much inflated, white, pink purple in front (lj7 long) ; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs, Maine and W. New England to Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — The most beautiful of the genus, downy, 2° high. Leaves ovate, pt 'nted. * * Scape naked, Z-leaved at the base, 1 -flowered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter than the drooping lip, which has a closed flssure down its whole length in front. 6. C. acaule, Ait. (STEMLESS L.) Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely white), nearly 2' long, veiny; sterile stamen rhomboid; leaves oblong. (C. hiimile, Salisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens : common, especially northward. May, June. — Plant downy : the scape 8' - 12' high, with a green bract at the top. ORDER 115. AMARYL.L.IDACEJE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube of the corolline G-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary; the lobes imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Pod 3-celled, several - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — An order represented in our gar- dens by the Narcissus (N. POETICUS), Jonquil (N. JONQUILLA), and Daf- fodil (N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS), the Snowdrop (GALANTHUS NIVALIS) and the Snowflake (LEUCOJUM VERNUM), &c., but with very few indige- nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs from Liliaceae chiefly in the inferior ovary. * Pod 3-valved, loculicidal : anthers versatile : perianth funnel-shaped. 1. Amaryllis. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated. 2. Pancratium. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes ; a cup-shaped crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated. , 3. Agave. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent } no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous. * * Pod indehiscent ; anthers sagittate. 4. Hypoxys. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary. Bulb solid. AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 513 1. AMARYLLIS, L. § ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. AMARYLLIS. Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and similar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed. — Leaves and scape from a coated bulb. Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.) 1. A. Atam&SCO, L. (ATAMASCO LILT.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex; perianth white and pink ; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (MuhL) Virginia, and southward. June. — Flower 3' long, on a scape 6' high. 2. PANCRATIUM, L. PANCRATIUM. Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; the lobes long and narrow, recurved ; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolline delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 - 3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb- lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of irdv, all, and Kparvs, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.) 1. P. rot£tum, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (1° - 2° long) ; scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno- callis rotata, Herbert.) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather. 3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE. Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal, narrow. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous, many-seeded. Seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous- rooted crown. (Named altered from ayauoy, wonderful, not inappropriate as applied to A.AMERICANA, the CENTURY-PLANT.) 1. A. Virginica, L. (FALSE ALOE.) Herbaceous ; leaves entire or den- ticulate ; scape 3° - 6° high ; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish- yellow, fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn. ? Virginia to Illinois (Mr. Lum- mis), and southward. Sept. 4. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS. Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba- ceous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers sagittate, erect. Pod crowned with the withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Kadicle inferior ! — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (Name com- posed of VTTO, beneath, and o£vs, sharp, it is thought because the pod is acute at the base.) 33 514 ELEMODORACF^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 1. H. erdcta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately 1 - 4-fiowered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yel- low within. — Meadows and open woods : common. June - Aug. ORDER 116, H^EUIODORACE^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3-6-androus regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the 6-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the 3-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ; the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en- closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded. Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family ; chiefly of the Southern hemisphere. # Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous. 1. Lacliuautlies. Stamens 3, exserted : anthers versatile. Leaves equitant. # * Ovary free except at the base : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous. 2. Lophiola. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves equitant. 3. Aletris. Stamens 6, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed perianth. Leaves flat. 1. LACHNANTHES, L. RED-ROOT. Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3, opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. — Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence the name, from \dxvrj-, wool, and avQos, blossom). 1. L. tinct6ria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, from Rhode Island and New Jersey southward, near the coast. July - Sept. 2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. LOPHIOLA. Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading, longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by the base. Pod ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi- tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the summit, as also the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in- side ; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft towards the base (whence the name from Aoc^etoi/, a small crest.) 1. L. aurea, Ker. ( Condstylis Americana, Pursh.) — Boggy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Aug. IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 515 3. ALE THIS, L. COLIC-ROOT. STAR-GRASS. Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the lobes : filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped, 3-cleft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren- nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2° -3° high). Bracts awl-shaped, minute. ('AXerpt's, a female slave who grinds corn ; the name applied to these plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.) 1. A. farinbsa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-ob- long. — Grassy or sandy woods : not rare. July, Aug. 2. A. aiirea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ; lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July. ORDER 117. BROMELIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi- phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheath- ing at the base, usually covered with scurf: 6-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth adherent to the ovary in the PINE-APPLE, &c., or free from it in 1. TILLANDSIA, L. LONG Moss. Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; sthe 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana- ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with the base of the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig- mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatro- pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma. Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. (Named for Prof. Tillands of Abo.) 1. T. usneoides, L. (COMMON LONG Moss or BLACK Moss.) Stems thread-shaped, branching, pendulous; leaves thread-shaped; peduncle short, 1- flowered. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward ; groAving on the branches of trees, forming long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern States, and barely coming within the limits of this work. ORDER 118. IRIDACE^. (!RIS FAMILY.) Herbs, with equitant ^-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flowers ; the divisions of the §-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or mona- delphous stamens, alternate with the inner division* of the perianth and 516 IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) opposite the stigmas, with extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite the cells of the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous: embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or corms mostly acrid. — Represented in gardens by CROCUS, GLADIOLUS, TIGRIDIA or TIGER-FLOWER, and by three genera in the wild state. 1. Iris. Outer divisions of the perianth recurved ; the inner erect : stigmas petal-like. 2. Parflaiitlius. Perianth equally spreading : filaments nearly distinct : stigmas dilated. 3. Si*y rim- liium. Perianth regular and equally spreading : filaments monadelphous to the top : stigmas thread-like. 1. IBIS, L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Perianth 6-cleft ; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the 3 inner smaller and erect. Stamens distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-like stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of a thin lip or plate under their apex) : most of the style connate with the tube of the perianth. Pod 3 - 6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened. — Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers ; ours all with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. (*Ipis, the rainbow deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied colors of the blossoms.) * Stems leafy and rather tall (1° - 3° high), from thickened rootstocks, often branching : tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, which are beardless and crestless, the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer. •*- Flowers violet-blue, variegated with greenish, yellowish or white, and purple-veined. 1. I. versicolor, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on one side ; leaves sword-shaped (f ' wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; flowers (2£'~ 3' long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube shorter than the ovary ; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places : common. May, June. 2. I. Virginica, L. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem very slender, terete ; leaves narrowly linear (2" -3" wide); flowers slender-peduncled (l^'-2; long), the tutoe extremely short ; ovary 3-angled, each side 2-grooved ; pod sharply triangular. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gracilis, Bigel.) — Marshes, Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast. June. •*- •»- Flowers yellowish or dull reddish-brown. 3. I. ctlprea, Pursh. Stem and leaves as No. 1 ; tube of the perianth cylindrical, as long as the 6-angled ovary; petal-like branches of the style narrow. — Swamps near Cairo, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. May. * * Stems low (3' -6' high), from tufted and creeping slender (or here and there tuber- ous-thickened) rootstocks, \-3-flowered: tube of the perianth long and slender; the violet-blue divisions nearly equal. 4. I. v6rna, L. (DWARF IRIS.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau- cous ; the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which IRIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 517 are oblong-obovate and on slender claws, the outer ones slightly hairy down the orange-yellow base, crestless ; pod obtusely triangular. — Wooded hillsides, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. April. 5. I. cristata, Ait. (CRESTED DWARF TRIS.) Leaves lanceolate (3'-5' long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the thread- like tube of the perianth; which is 2' long and much longer than the light blue obovate short-clawed divisions, the outer ones crested but beardless ; pod sharply triangular. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Creeping rootstocks pungently acrid. 6. I. lactistris, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) Tube of the perianth rather- shorter than the divisions (yellowish, £'-|; long), dilated upwards, not exceeding the spathe : otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes Huron and Michigan. May. 2. PARDANTHTJS, Ker. BLACKBERRY-LILY. Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens mona- delphous only at the base : anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the nar- row divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Pod pear-shaped ; the valves at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with the globose black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name). — Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, &c. of an Iris; the branching stems (3° -4° high) loosely many-flowered ; the orange-yellow perianth mottled above with crimson purple spots (whence the name from ndpdos, a leopard, and avdos, a flower). 1. P. CHINENSIS, Ker. (Ixia Chinensis, L.) — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste places. July- Sept. (Adv. from China, &c.) 3. SISYRiNCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS. Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Pod globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch- ing 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustercd small flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of s, a hog, and pvy%os, snout, from a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up. ) 1. S. Bermudiana, L. Stem winged, naked, or 1 -2-leaved; leaves nar- row and grass-like ; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost equal, shorter than the flowers.) — Var. ANCEPS (S. anceps, Cav.) has a broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than the flowers. — Var. MUCRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and narrowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed and unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various intermediate forms. — Moist meadows, &c., among grass; common everywhere. June -Aug. — Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whitish ; or, in var. ALBIDUM (S. albidum, Raf.) pure white : Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. 518 SMILACEJE. (SMILAX FAMILY). ORDER 119. DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.) Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and regular flowers, with the Q-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile plant to the ^-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod. Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly by the genus 1. BIOS CORE A, Plumier. YAM. Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.) 1. D. Vlllbsa, L. (WILD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous; leaves mostly alter- nate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy underneath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9 - 1 1 -rib bed ; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes. — Thick- ets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — Stems slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods 8" - 10" long. — A bad name, for the plant is never villous, and often nearly smooth. ORDER 120. SMIL.ACEJE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) Shrubby or rarely herbaceous plants, climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves ; with dioecious small flowers ; regular perianth of 6 (rarely more} similar greenish deciduous sepals, free from the ovary ; as many stamens as sepals, with in- trorse \-celled anthers ; ovary with 3 (rarely 1 or 4 - 6) cells and as many elongated spreading sessile stigmas. Ovules one or a pair in each cell, suspended, orthotropous. Fruit a small berry. Seed-coat close, firmly adherent to the hard horny albumen : embryo minute. — Order, as here limited, represented almost solely by the genus 1. SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIEE. CATBRIER. Character as above. — Flowers in umbels on axillary peduncles, greenish or yellowish. Ster. FL Stamens inserted on the very base of the sepals : filaments linear : anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, 2-locellate. Pert. FL Fila- ments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) § 1. Stems woody, often prickly : ovules solitary. (Ours all glabrous.) * Leaves ovate or roundish, frc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at the base, and 5 - 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous. SMILACE^. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 519 •«- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles, flattened ; leaves thickish, inclining to be evergreen, at least southward, green both sides. 1. S. Walter!, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base or unarmed; leaves ovate and somewhat heart-shaped (3' -4' long); berries coral-red. (S.China, Walt.) — New Jersey, and southward. July. 2. S. rotundifblia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER.) Stem armed with scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4- angular; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart- shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom. (S. cadiica, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thick- ets : common, especially southward. June, July. — Plant yellowish-green, often high-climbing. — Passes into var. QUADRANGULARIS, with the branches, and especially the branchlets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — Penn. to Illinois, and southward. -*- •*- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole, flattened: leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom. 3. S. glauca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcordate, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S. Sarsa- parilla, L., in part, but not as to the syn. of Bauhin, whence the name was taken. (S. cadiica, Willd. S. spinulosa, Smith ? Torr.fl.) — Dry thickets, S. New York to Kentucky and southward. July. 4. S. tamnoides, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch- lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles ; haves varying from round-heart- shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal- berd-shaped or 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata Willd., S. pandurata, Pursh, &c., are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to Illinois, and (chiefly) southward. July. •*- •*- •*- Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample (3' - 5' long), thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly so. 5. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated; stem (climbing high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, slightly rough-margined, membranaccous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn. and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles l^'-2' long. Sepals lan- ceolate, almost 3" long. 6. S. Pseudo-China, L. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture; peduncles flat (2'-3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, and southward. July. # # Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, 3 — 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many of them 520 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) unthout tendrils : peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels, terete ; the umbels sometimes panicled : branches terete, unarmed. 7. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong ; stigmas 3 ; berries dull red. — Southeastern Virginia and south- ward. June. 8. S. laurifdlia, L. leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear (2£; - 5' long) ; stigma solitary ; berries black when ripe, 1-seeded. — Pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug. § 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. Stem herbaceous, never prickly: flowers carrion-scented: ovules mostly in pairs in each cell: leaves long-petioled, mem- branaceous, mucronate-tipped : berries bluish-black with a bloom. 9. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem erect and recurving, or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 1 — 9-nerved, smooth; tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3' -4' long, or sometimes even 6' -8', and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowered. — Var. PULVERULENTA (S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.) has the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath. A shorter-peduncled state of this appears to be S. lasioneuron, Hook. — Moist meadows and river-banks : common. June. — Very variable, l°-3°, or even 6° -8° high: petioles l'-3' long. Seeds 6. 10. S. tamnifolia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart-halberd- shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tamnoides, Pursh, not of L.} — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. — Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering to the apex. Berry 2 - 3-seeded. ORDER 121. LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always 6-androus flowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3- celled ovary ; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i. e. 6, in one instance 4), with 2-celled anthers ; fruit a few -many-seeded pod or berry ; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium ; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium. — A large family, as here extended, the prin- cipal divisions commonly received as orders, but not well limited. For the present purpose they are best regarded as tribes. Tribe I. TRILL.TDEJE. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary. Fruit a several -many -seeded berry. Divisions or leaves of the perianth distinct, the 3 outer often foliaceous. Simple stem from a rootstock, naked below ; leaves all in one or two whorls above, broad, more or less conspicuously netted-veined ! 1. Trillium. Perianth of two sorts, 3 foliaceous persistent sepals and 3 colored petals. Anthers adnate, introrse. Leaves (3) in a single whorl. Flower single. 2. Medeola. Perianth of 6 similar colored divisions, deciduous. Anthers fixed by the middle, extrorse. Leaves in two whorls. Flowers several. LILIACEJS. (LILY FAMILY.) 521 Tribe II. MEL. AIVTHIE^E. Styles or sessile stigmas 8, separate down to the ovary. Fruit a several - many-seeded pod. Seeds with a soft or loose coat. Anthers extrorse, except in No. 11. Perianth withering-persistent. Leaves parallel-veined and alternate. Flowers often polygamous, sometimes dioecious. * Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, connnently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening : pod 3-horned, and septicidal : seeds Hat, meuibranaceous- margined. -»- Sepals with one or two glands or spots on the upper face near the base. 3. Melantliium. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the stamens. 4. Zygadeiius. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Sepals nearly free from the base of the ovary : stamens free. •*- t- Sepals destitute of glands, and not raised on claws. 5. Stenantliium. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo- late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Racemes compound-panicled. 6. Veratmm. Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the stamens. Flowers panicled, polygamous. 7. Amianthium. Perianth entirely free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the stamens. Flowers racemed, perfect. * * Anthers 2-celled, extrorse : pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked. 8. Xerophyllum. Flowers perfect. , Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves very slender. Seeds 2 in each cell. 9. Helonias. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous. 10. Chamselirium. Flowers dioecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy. * * * Anthers 2-celled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal, many-seeded. 11. Tofleldia. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant. Tribe III. UVULARIE^E. Style 3-parted ; i. e. styles 3 united into one only at the base. Fruit a few-seeded pod. Seed-coat soft or loose. Anthers more or less extrorse. Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Stems from a rootstock or fibrous roots, leafy. Leaves alternate, broad, parallel-veined. 12. U vularia. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments. Tribe IV. ASPAR AGINEJE. Style 1, undivided (i. e. the 3 or rarely 2 styles united to the summit into one). Fruit a few-seeded berry. Seeds with a close coat and horny albumen. Stems from a rootstock. Leaves parallel-veined, chiefly alternate. Pedicels often articulated with the flower or in the middle. * Plants with true leaves. Coat of the hard seed thin and membranous. •i- Anthers extrorsely attached to the filament. Stamens hypogynous. Sepals distinct. 13. Prosartes. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless. Flowers terminating the forked branches, on straight jointless pedicels. 14. Streptopus. Anthers arrow-shaped, pointed. Flowers lateral along the forked branches : pedicels bent about the middle. 15. Clintonia. Anthers oblong, pointless. Flowers terminating a naked scape. •t- •»- Anthers introrse. Filaments attached to the perianth. Stem simple. 16. Convallaria. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed, bearing the stamens. Leaves all at the base of the naked scape, which bears the flowers in a simple raceme. 17. Smilaciiia. Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Stem leafy. Flowers in a simple or compound terminal raceme. 18. Polygonatum. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the middle. Stem leafy to the top. Flowers axillary. * * Plants with branching stems, their true leaves reduced to scales : leaf-like branchlets serving for foliage. Seed-coat hard and black. 19. Asparagus. Perianth 6-parted. The apparent leaves very narrow or thread-like. 522 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) Tribe V. LI LIE 33. Style 1, undivided (i. e. the three united throughout into one), or rarely a sessile stigma. Fruit a loculicidal pod. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. An- thers introrse or extrorse. Stem commonly from a coated or scaly bulb. * Leafy-stemmed from a scaly bulb. 20. Lilium. Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Pod oblong, many -seeded : seeds horizontal, flat. * * Scape naked or nearly so, from a coated or rarely scaly bulb. Seeds mostly globular. •t- Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separate divisions or sepals. 21. Ery thronium. Flower single. Style club-shaped. Pod obovate. 22. OriiHhogalum. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sided. 23. Scilla. Flowers racemed, purple or blue. Style thread-like. 24. Allium. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved. •i- -t- Perianth globular or ovoid, 6-toothed. 25. Muscari. Flowers in a dense raceme, numerous, small, mostly blue. * * * No bulb. Stem or scape several -flowered. Pod many-seeded. 26 Hemerocallis. Perianth large, funnel-shaped; the sepals united in a narrow tube below. Stamens and long st., le declined. Seeds globular, black. 27. Yucca. Perianth large, of 6 separate broad divisions. Stigmas sessile. Stem woody and persistent : leaves persistent. Seeds flat, horizontal. Flowers panicled. 28. Narthecium. Perianth 6-parted, the divisions narrow, yellowish. Filaments woolly. Style slender. Flowers in a raceme. Leaves equitant. Seeds small, long-tailed at both ends. (Transition to Juncacese.) 1. TRILLIUM, L. THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, in- trorse ; the cells opening down the margins. Styles (or rather stigmas) awl- shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovary 3 - 6-angled. Berry ovate, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds horizontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a stout and sim- ple stem rising from a short and prsemorse tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower ; in spring. (Name from triiix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the flower increased in number. § 1 . Flower sessile in the bosom of the leaves, erect : petals varying from, spatulate to lanceolate, 1'- 2' long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent (stems 4' -12' high). 1. T. sessile, L. leaves sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying to green- ish).— Moist woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. 2. T. recurvatum, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, ovate, oblong, or obovate ; sepals rejlexed, petals pointed, the base narrowed into a claw, dark purple. — Indiana to Wisconsin, and southward. § 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering away after blossoming. # Peduncle slender, erect or inclined: leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly taper-pointed, sessile or nearly so by a wedge-shaped or acute base: petals plane. 3. T. grandifldrum, Salisb. (LARGE WHITE T. or WAKE KOBIN.) Leaves rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, barely sessile ; petals obovate, (LILY FAMILY.) 523 spreading from an erect base, much larger than the sepals (2'-2^' long), white, changing with age to rose-color. — Rich woods, Vermont to S. Penn., Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Flower erect, on a peduncle 2' - 3' long, very handsome. 4. T. er^Ctum, L. (PURPLE T. or BIRTHROOT.) Leaves dilated-rhom- boidal, nearly as broad as long ; petals ovate, acutish, dark dull purple, spreading, little longer than the sepals (!'- !£' long). (T. rhomboideum, var. atropur- pureum, Michx.) — Rich woods : common, especially northward. May. — Peduncle 1'- 3' long, usually rather inclined than erect. Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish ; ovary mostly dull-purple. (T. pe'ndulum, Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form, especially from New York westward. Var. declinatum. Peduncle (fully half the length of the leaves) horizontal, or soon becoming so, or in fruit almost deflexed ; petals white, rarely pink. — Ohio to L. Superior (where it is the principal Trillium, Dr. Robbins), and northward. — Sometimes confounded with the next, if not passing into it. # * Peduncle from the first recurved under the short-petioled or almost sessile leaves, scarcely if at all longer than the wavy recurved-spreading petals. 5. T. c6rnuum, L. (NODDING T. or WAKE-ROBIN.) Leaves broadly rhomboid, abruptly pointed ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, rather longer than the sepals (6" -9" long) ; styles distinct. — Moist woods, especially eastward. 6. T. Styl6sum, Nutt. Leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, more dis- tinctly ribbed ; petals tinged with rose-color, oblong, much longer and broader than the sepals ; styles united below the middle. — Virginia ? and southward. * * * Peduncle erect or nearly so : leaves distinctly petioled from a rounded base : petals merely spreading, longer than the sepals. 7. T. niv£Le, Riddell. (DWARF WHITE T.) Small (2' -4' high) ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oblong, obtuse, white, scarcely wavy, spreading from an erect base (as in No. 3), equalling the peduncle ; styles long and slender. — Rich woods, Ohio to Wisconsin. April. — Leaves 1' - 2', and petals 1' long. 8. T. erythroc&rpum, Michx. (PAINTED T.) Leaves ovate, taper- pointed; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, white painted with purple stripes at the base, shorter than the peduncle. (T. pictum, Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New England and Penn. to L. Superior and northward, and southward in the higher Alleghanies. May, June. 2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish- yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6 : anthers shorter than the slender filaments, oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the globose ovary, long and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (l°-3° high, clothed with flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous white 524 LILIACE^. (LILY FAMILY.) rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl of 5 - 9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly parallel-ribbed and netted- veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress Medea, from the wholly imaginary notion that it possesses great medicinal virtues.) 1. M. Virginica, L. (Gyromia, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods. June. 3. MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L. MELANTHIUM. Flowers mono3ciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised on slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or conflu- ent glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1 -celled, shield-shaped after opening, extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe, and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Stem simple (3° -5° high), from a somewhat bulbous base, roughish-downy above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves lanceolate or linear, grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of /xcXay, black, and av6os, flower, from the darker color which the persistent peri- anth assumes after blossoming; but the name is hardly warranted.) 1. M. Virginicum, L. (BUNCH-FLOWER.) (M. Virginicum & race- mosum, Michx. Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virginicum & hybridum, Roem. Sf Schult., Gray, Melanth.) — Wet meadows, from Southern New York to Illinois, and common southward. July. 4. ZYGADENUS, Michx. ZYGADENE. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading; the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular next the more or less nar- rowed, but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Anthers, styles, and pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly winged. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled greenish-white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of £vyos, a yoke, and ddrjv, a gland, the glands being in pairs.) * Glands on the perianth conspicuous. 1. Z. glab6rrimilS, Michx. Stems l°-3° high from a creeping rootstock; leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point; panicle pyramidal, many-flowered; perianth nearly free; the sepals (£' long) ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the short claw-like base. — Grassy low grounds, Virginia (Pursh) and southward. LILIACEJE. (LILT FAMILY.) 525 2. Z. glatlCUS, Nutt. Stem l°-3° high from a coated bulb; leaves flat; panicle rather simple and few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordate gland. (Anticlea glauca, Kunth.) — Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes (Bergen Swamp, Gennesee Co., New York, G. T. Fish) to N. Illinois : rare. # * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.) 3. Z. leimanthoides. Stem 1°- 4° high from a somewhat bulbous base, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers small (4" in diameter) and numerous, in a few crowded panicled racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base of the divisions of the free perianth. (Amianthium leimanthoides, Gray.) — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey (Durand, Knicskern) and southward. 5. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratrum). Flowers polygamous. .Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the short stamens. Anthers, pods, &c. nearly as in Nos. 4 and 6. Seeds nearly wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base, long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle; in summer. (Name com- posed of 0Tfi>oy, narrow, and av6os,flmver, from the slender sepals and panicles.) 1. S. angustifblium, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers (£' long), white, very short-pedicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged terminal one, and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh. He- lonias graminea, Bot. Mag.} — Low prairies and meadows, Penn. to Illinois and southward towards the mountains. — Stem slender, 2° -6° high. 6. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORE. Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as in Melanthium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, and racemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers; in summer. (Name formed of vere, truly, and ater, black.) 1. V. viride, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE.) Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2° -4° high); leaves broadly oval, pointed, sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes spreading ; perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low grounds: common. (Much too near V. album of Europe.) 2. V. parvifldrum, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), sparingly leafy below, naked above; leaves scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into sheathing peti- oles, varying from oval to lanceolate ; panicle very long and loose, the terminal raceme wand-like, the lateral slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the flow- 526 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) ers; sepals dingy-green, oblanceolate or spatulate (2" -3' long), those of the sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium monoicum, Walt. Leimanthiura monoicum, Gray.) — Mountains of Virginia and southward. 3. V. Woodii, Robbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedicels (1^"- 3" long) shorter than the flowers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3" -4£" long) dingy green turning brownish purple within : otherwise much as in the last, of which it may be a variety ; but the flowers are mostly double the size, and the panicle stouter. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly barrens, Green Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. 7. AMIANTHITJM, Gray. FLY-POISON. Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like (white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, pods, &c., nearly as in Melanthium. Styles thread-like. Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose coat, 1 -4 in each cell. — Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of hand- some flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From duiavros, unspotted, and avQos, flower ; a name formed with more regard to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.) 1. A. muSC8et6xicum, Gray. (FLY-PoiSON.) Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse (£'-!' wide); raceme simple; pod abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (Helonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Open woods, New Jersey and Penn. to Kentucky and southward. June, July. 8. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), oval, distinct, without glands or claws, at length withering, about the length of the awl-shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod globular, 3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculici- dal ; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-an- gled, not margined. — Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, l°-4° high, from a bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, a foot or more long, 1' wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid (whence the name from ^pos, arid, and <£uAXoi>, leaf). 1. X. asphodeloides, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X. setifolium, Michx. Helonias asphodelioides, L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward: also far westward. June. 9. HELONIAS, L. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple sepals, persistent, turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, round- ish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 527 obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked scape (l°-2° high;, sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete : pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name, probably from cXos, a swamp, the place of growth.) 1. H. bullata, L. (H. latifolia, Michx.) — Wet places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Virginia : rare and local. 10. CHAM^LIRIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT. Flowers dioscious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals, withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias : fertile flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at each end. — Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked raceme (4' -9' long) of small bractless flowers ; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. (Name formed of Xafiat, on the ground, and Xei'ptoi/, lily ; of no obvious application.) 1. C. Itlteum. (BLAZING-STAR.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum luteum, L. Helonias lutea, Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New England to Illinois and southward. June. 11. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL. Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri- anth more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or obovate, without claws. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or some- what introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 3-partible or septicidal ; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender perennials, mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at the base, bear- ing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear, grass-like. (Named for Mr. Tofield, an English botanist of the last century.) § 1. Flowers in a simple spike-like raceme or head: anthers introrse: seeds not appendaged: plant smooth and glabrous. 1. T. palustris, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (3' -6' high), slen- der, bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish flowers ; leaves tufted, 1' long. — Isle Royale, &c., Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) § 2. Flowers racemose, but developing from above downwards : short pedicels in threes from a little involucre of as . many bracts : anthers innate : seeds tail-pointed at both ends (as in many species of Juncus.) 2. T. glutin6sa, Willd. Stem (6' -16' high) and pedicels very glutinous with dark glands ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June. 528 LILIACE^:: (LILY FAMILY.) 3. T. ptlbens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with minute (/lands ; leaves longer and narrower. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July. 12. UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT. Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like ; the 6 distinct sepals spatulate-lanceolate, with a honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer than the stamens, which barely adhere to their base, deciduous. Anthers linear, much longer than the filaments, adnate and extrorse, but the long and narrow cells opening nearly along the margin. Style deeply 3-cleft ; the divisions stig- matic along the inner side. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved from the top. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphc. — Stems rather low, from a rootstock, naked or scaly at the base, forking above, bearing oblong sessile or clasping flat and membranaceous leaves, and yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal peduncles which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from the flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.") * Leaves clasping-perfoliate : sepals pointed: pod truncate, 3-Iobed: rootstock short. 1. U. grandiflora, Smith. Stems l°-2° high; flower 1^' long, pale greenislt-ydlou}, the sejKtts nearly smooth within ; anthers blunt-pointed. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and south west ward. 2. U. perfoliata, L. Smaller ; sepals granular-roughened within ; anthers sharper tipped; otherwise as No. 1. — Common eastward and southward. 3. U. flava, Smith. Flower bright yellow, 1 longj sepals nearly smooth with- in; anthers short-pointed. — New Jersey to Virginia: rare. * * leaves sessile: pod triangular : stems low (6' -12') : rootstock creeping. 4. TJ. Sessilif61ia, L. Leaves lance-oblong, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping by a narrow base; sepals blunt (9" long) ; anthers pointless; the ovoid and sharply triangular pod stipitate. — Low woods : common. May. 5. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green both sides and shining, oval, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not ex- ceeding the short-pointed anthers ; pod ovate, not stipitate ; otherwise like the last. — Mountains, Virginia, and southward. 13. PBOSAE-TES, Don. PEOSARTES. Perianth bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate or linear, deciduous. Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed by a point above the base, and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell : style one : stigmas short, recurved-spreading, or some- times united into one ! Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3 - 6-seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate and membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender termi- nal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from Trpoo-aprtio), to hang from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.) 1. P. lanugindsa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers (LILT FAMILY.) 529 solitary or in pairs ; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (£' long), soon spread- ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth; stigmas 3. (Strep- topus lanuginosus, Michx.) — Rich woods, Western New York to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward along the Alleghanies. May. 14. STRBPTOPTJS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK. Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base; the 6 distinct sepals lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled, deciduous. Anthers arrow-shaped, ex- trorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell: style and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with rather stout stems, forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper- pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from verv delicately ribbed and cross- lined. — Low grounds by roadsides : common, but not everywhere. June - Sept. — Var. FASCICCLATUS, with flowers crowded at the end of the branchlets, is * southern form, which has been introduced about the Philadelphia Navy Yard. (Eu.) •«- •*- Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below: root perennial (fl. early in summer). 12. J. Ger£rdi, Loisel. (BLACK-GRASS.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid (l°-2° high) ; panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flow- ers chestnut-brown with green (Iflong) ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved, as long as the oval obtuse and mucronate pod ; anthers much longer than the short filaments ; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly \" long) obovate, short pointed at both ends, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes : common along the coast, especially northward ; also in saline marshes of W. New York: rare along the Great Lakes. (Eu.) — The closely allied J. bulbosus, L. (to which this was referred in a former edition) has not yet been found in this country. 540 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 13. J. t6nuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9' - 1 8' high) ; leaves flat or channelled ; panicle shorter than the involucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded ; flowers green (2'' or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, longer than the ovoid refuse scarcely pointed green pod ; anthers nearly equal to the fila- ment; style very short; seeds small (about %" long), white-pointed at both ends, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Low grounds, fields, and roadsides. (Eu.) — Var. SECIJNDCS is a smaller plant, with smaller one-sided flowers on the forked branches of the panicle. New England to Pennsylvania. 14. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stems rigid (l^°-2° high) from a tumid base ; leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side ; panicle loose, -often with 1 -sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral leaf; flowers greenish (2" or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading in fruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored pod ; anthers nearly as long as filaments ; style short ; seeds small (\" ~i" long), white-pointed at both ends, coarsely cross-lined. — Low sandy grounds, New Jersey ( C. F. Parker), Delaware (Prof. Leidy, Mr. Commons), and southward. 15. J. Gre^nii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (l°-2° high); leaves nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; pan- icle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense ; the numerous crowded flowers often one-sided (1|" long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, light greenish-brown, appressed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish- brown pod ; anthers as long as filaments ; style very short ; seeds ovoid, tail- pointed (£"- f ' long), ribbed and delicately cross-lined. — Sandy coast of New England, and on the Great Lakes near Detroit (Holzer, J. M. Bigelow). 16. J. Vkseyi, Engelm. Stems rigid (1°- 2^° high) ; leaves nearly terete, very slightly channelled on the inner side ; panicle longer than the involucral leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2" or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, appressed, shorter than the oblong and retuse green-brown pod; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds slender, conspicuously tailed at. both ends (£"-§" long), closely ribbed. — Michigan, with the last (near Detroit, Holzer, Bigelow) to N. Illinois ( Vasey), and westward. June. § 3. KNOTTY-LEAVED JUNCI ; stems leafy, simple or branching : leaves terete or sometimes laterally compressed, knotted by internal cross-partitions : panicle terminal, with flowers chiefly in heads. # Seeds barely pointed, without tails. -•- Heads composed of 2 or sometimes only single 6-androus flowers. 17. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect from a slender running rootstock (6' - 18' high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves, branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing in the forks and along one side of the branches single flowers or 2-flowered heads ; often with the flowers or in place of them are tufts of leaves ; flowers small (!' - 1^' long), green- ish with red ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the oblong taper-beaked 1 -celled pod ; anthers much longer than the filaments; style slender ; seeds (i" long) obovate, short-pointed, delicately ribbed-reticulated. (J. viviparus, Conrad. J. Conradi, Tuckerm.) — Sandy, wet or swampy places, JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 541 Canada to Wisconsin, and from New England southward near the coast. July, Aug. — The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger than the fertile ones, with larger and more diffuse panicles. — Var. stJBTiLis ( J. flui- tans, Michx.), from Canada, is a small and creeping or floating form, mostly with single 2-flowered heads at the ends of the short stems. •»- -•- Heads numerous, of 3- 12 flowers (rarely more in No. 21), in early summer. ••-*• Stamens 6. 18. J. articulatUS, L. Stems ascending or erect (9' -15' high), tufted from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle short, spreading; the crowded heads 3 - 8-flowered ; flowers brown, rarely pale (!$"- l£" long) ; sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and a little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate-pointed incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining pod; anthers as long as filaments ; ovary attenuated into a short style ; seeds (less than £" long) obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above, ribbed-reticulated. (J. lam- pocarpus, Ehrh.) — Wet grounds, New England to Western New York and Delaware. (Eu.) — Var. OBTUSATTJS. Panicle crowded; level-topped ; heads 5-flowered, green ; sepals obtuse, of equal length, the outer mucronate ; pod obtuse, mucronate. — Petty's Island, near Philadelphia, Mr. Diffenbaugh, Mr. Burke. 19. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9 - 18' high) from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle meagre, with erect branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3 - 6 flowers (li"-l£" long) ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer mucronate or cuspidate and usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long or shorter than the obtuse short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown pod; anthers as long as fila- ments; style short; seeds ($" or more in length) spindle-shaped, ribbed-reticu- lated. (J. pelocarpus, Ed. 1. J. articulatus, var. pelocarpus, Ed. 2.) — Wet sandy banks, from Lake Champlain (Robbins, Macrae,) and* along the Great Lakes northward and westward. (Eu.) 20. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -4° high) from a thick creeping rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (£°-3£° long) below the middle which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads numerous, 5 - 12- (rarely 25-) flowered ; flowers brownish (l£" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the outer ones awl-pointed, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked 1- celled pod ; anthers longer than filaments ; ovary attenuated into a slender style , seeds (4"-§" long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed, ribbed-reticulated. — In bogs and streams, Maine to Maryland. — Dr. Robbins finds that in flow- ing water, at Uxbridge, Mass., this bears numberless capillary submersed leaves, 2° - 3° long, from the rootstock. •w- -w- Stamens 3. 21. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, bearing about 2 leaves and a loose spreading panicle ; heads few - many -flowered, greenish, at length straw-colored or darker ; sepals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equal, as long as or shorter than the triangular-prismatic short-pointed 1-celled pod; anthers a little shorter than the filaments ; style almost none ; seeds small (}" - £" long), 542 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) acute at both ends, ribbed-reticulated. (J. palle'scens, E. Meyer, as to the N. American plant. )— Earlier than other species which are likely to be con- founded with it: May, June. — A very variable plant, the following forms of which have the appearance of distinct species, but are connected by various intermediate states. Var. d6bilis. Stems slender (9' - 18' high) ; heads green, 3 - 6-flowered in a loose panicle ; flowers smaller ( \y - l£" long) ; pod longer than the sepals. ( J. debilis, Gray, in former editions.) — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Stems sometimes decumbent and rooting. Var. roblistUS. Stems stout, tall, (2° -4° high), bearing numerous 5-8- flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers small (1"-1-L" long); ovoid pod scarcely longer than the sepals. — Deep swamps in the Mississippi Valley, from Illinois southward. Var. legitimus. Stems slender (l°-2° long), bearing fewer and larger heads in a very loose spreading panicle; flowers 5-12 and often more in a head (l|"-2" long); sepals as long as the straw-colored or light-brown pod. ( J. acummatus, Michx. J. paraddxus, E. Meyer. J. fraternus, Kunth. J. sub- verticillatus, Muhl. J. Pondii, Wood.) — Common in wet places from S. New England southward and westward. — Heads often proliferous in the autumn. •*-•!-•«- Heads few, crowded, of numerous Jlowers. ••-*• Stamens 6. 22. J. nodbsus, L. Stem erect (6' -15' high), slender from a creeping thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly' with 2 or 3 slender leaves; heads few or several, rarely single, 8 - 20-flowered (3|"-4" wide), overtopped by the involucral leaf; flowers brown (l^"-2" long) ; sepals lance-linear, awl- pointed (the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender trian- gular taper-pointed 1-celled pod ; anthers oblong, shorter than the filament ; style very short; seeds (about 4" long) obovate, abruptly mucronate. (J. Rostkovii, E. Meyer.) — Swamps and gravelly banks, from New England and Pennsylvania north and northwestward. July, Aug. — A very tall form (2° high) occurs on the islands above Niagara, G. W. Clinton. Var. megacephalus, Torr. Stem stout (1° -3° high), with thick leaves; heads few and large (6" -8" wide) 30 - 80-flowered ; flowers pale green (2|"~ 2|" long) ; outer sepals longer than the inner ones ; anthers linear, shorter than the filaments. — From Western New York west and southwestward. Aug. — An intennediate form, with numerous green heads in a compound panicle, occurs in Michigan and Northern Illinois. •*-+• -w- Stamens 3. 23. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (l°-2£° high), rigid from a thick white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely flowered spherical heads (4" -5" wide) in a slightly spreading crowded panicle much exceeding the involucral leaf; flowers pale green (2" long) ; sepals lance- linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much longer, and the ovoid pointed 1-celled pod rather shorter, than the inner sepals; anthers much shorter than filaments; style very short; seeds (•£'' long) abruptly apiculate, ribbed-reticulated. — Moist places in open woods and prairies, Ohio to Michigan, Illinois and southward. May, June. JUNCACEJE. (RUSH FAMILY.) 543 24. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (l°-3° high), rigid, from a thick white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves with wide and open sheaths, and a panicle of few or many densely -flowered pale-green spherical heads much longer than the involucral leaf; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and (especially the outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, nearly equalling the oblong-triangular taper-pointed 1-celled pod; seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each end, ribbed- reticulated. (J. polycephalus, Michx.) — The following forms belong here. Var. macrost^mon. Rather slender; leaves terete; branches of the panicle erect and often elongated; heads smaller (3^"- 4" wide), 15-40-flow- ered ; flowers 1^'' - l£" long; outer sepals mostly longer than the inner, as long as the stamens ; anthers very small ; seeds i" long. ( J. echinatus, Muhl. J. macrostemon, Gay.) — Wet sandy soil, from Staten Island (C.F.Austin) south- ward near the coast. Var. echinatus. Stouter ; leaves terete ; branches of the compact panicle short; heads larger (5"-6" wide), 40 - 80-flowered ; flowers (l|"-2" long); sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer than the inner ones ; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding, and seeds rather smaller and more slender. (J. echinatus, Ell.) — From Maryland southward. Var. polycephalus. Much stouter; leaves laterally flattened (3" -6" wide) ; panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as large as those of the foregoing form ; flowers 2" - 2i" long ; the 3 outer sepals the longer ; anthers about as long as the filaments; seeds larger (£" long). (J. poly- cephalus, Ell., Chapm.) — From North Carolina southward; and may be looked for in Southern Virginia. * * Seeds tailed. H- Stamens 3. 25. J. Canade"nsis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing 2-3 leaves ; heads few- or many -flowered, paniculate ; sepals lanceolate, the 3 outer shorter than the inner ones, not much longer than the stamens, equal to or shorter than the triangular prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed pod ; style mostly short ; seeds more or less distinctly tail-pointed, delicately many-ribbed. — Common in most districts. Aug., Sept. — One of the latest flowering species, and thus easily distinguished, even when quite immature, from the similar but early J. acuminatus. This very variable species comprises the following forms. Var. longicaudatUS. Stem stout and rigid (l|°-3° high), bearing in a decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5 - 50-flowered heads ; flowers greenish or light brown (l£" - 2" long) ; sepals awl-pointed mostly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed pod; seeds slender (§"-1" long), con- spicuously tail-pointed. (J. paradoxus, Ed. 1 & 2, Chapman, frc-.) — From S. New England southward along the coast, and westward to Wisconsin and Northern Illinois. Var. subcaudatus. Stem slender, often decumbent (l°-2°high), bear- ing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8 - 20-flowered heads ; flowers greenish, as large as last ; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid ; pod mostly tapering ; seeds 544 PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) large (4"-f" long), with short white membranaceous appendages. — From S. New England southward, especially in New Jersey. — Often confounded with forms of No. 21, from which it is readily distinguished by the large, delicately ribbed and not reticulated, appendaged seeds, and by the proportion of the inner and outer sepals. Var. brachycephalus. Stem slender (l|°-2£° high), bearing numer- ous small and 3 - 5-flowered heads in a large and spreading panicle ; flowers greenish or light brown (l^"-!^" long) ; sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than the brown abruptly short-pointed pod ; style longer than in other forms ; seeds smaller ($"-£" long), slender, with rather short appendages. — From Penn- sylvania northwestward to Illinois and Wisconsin. — Sometimes confounded with No. 18, and with small-flowered forms of No. 21. Var. coarctatUS. Stem slender, shorter (9' - 18' high), bearing fewer deep- brown 3 - 5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle ; flowers as large as in the last ; sepals acute, or rarely obtusish, much shorter than the prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown pod ; seeds as in the last, ( J. acuminatus, Ed. 2, and of most American authors, but not of Michaux). — New England to Wisconsin and northward, southward to the mountains of Pennsylvania. •+- •»- Stamens 6. 26. J. asper, Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (2° -3° high), terete, stout, rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough ; panicle with rigid slightly spreading branches, bearing scattered few- (2-6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with brown (2|" long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly nerved, the outer much shorter than inner ones, these a little shorter than the triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown pod ; ovary tapering into a conspicuous style ; seeds large, oblong, delicately many-ribbed, with white or often reddish appendages (14" long). — Sphagnous swamps, New Jersey, Pickering, C. E. Smith. August. ORDER 123. PONTEDEBIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary ; the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the 6 divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, or the base thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a per- fectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen. 1. Pontederia. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Stamens 6. Spike many-flowered. 2. Heteranthera. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded. Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1 - few-flowered. 3. Schollcra. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, alike. Spathe 1-flowered. PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 545 1. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL-WEED. Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3- lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base : after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior exserted on elongated filaments ; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri- cle 1 -celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart- shaped leaves, and a 1 -leaved stem or scape, terminated by a spike of violet- blue ephemeral flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.) 1. P. cor data, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from a spathe-like bract. — Var. ANGrjSTirdLiA (P. angustifolia, Pursh) has triangu- lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common. July - Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe of the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots. 2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. MUD-PLANTAIN. Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted, ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3 ; the 2 posterior filaments thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ; the other longer, bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (greenish) anther. Pod incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating low herbs, in mud or shallow water, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or white, in summer. (Name from ercpa, different, and avBypa, anther.) 1. H. renif6rmis, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 3- 5- , flowered ; flowers white. — Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. 2. H. limdsa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ; spathe 1 -flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Michx.) — W. Virginia to Illinois, and southward. 3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber (1789). WATER STAR-GRASS. Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear divisions on a very long thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped. Pod oblong, invested by the withered perianth, l-celled with 3 projecting parietal placentas, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing wholly under water, only the (small pale-yellow) flowers reaching the surface ; the slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves, and bearing a terminal 1 -flowered spathe : in summer. (Named after one Scholler, a German botanist.) 1. S. graminea, Willd. (Leptanthus, Michx.)— In streams : common. 35 546 COMMELYNACEJ2. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) ORDER 124. COMMEL-YNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) Herbs , with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branch- ing leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers, with the perianth free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them often sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds ortho- tropous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, parallel- veined, flat, sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind of spathe. — A chiefly tropical family, not aquatic, here represented only by two genera. 1. COMMELYNA, Dili DAY-FLOWER. Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney- shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer- tile, one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root- ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles ; the floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming a spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all summer. Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from the joints. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists «/. and G. Commelyn.) 1. C. er^Cta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large (3' -7' long, l'-2; wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles ; spathes crowded and nearly sessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal like the others but smaller, round- ovate raised on a claw; pod 3-celled. (C. Virginica, Ed. 1. A hairy form is C. hirtella, Vahl.) — Alluvial and shaded river-banks, Penn. to Illinois and southward. — Our largest species, and the only one with a top-shaped spathe. 2. C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting towards the base ; leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate ; spathes mostly solitary or scattered, peduncled, amduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, pointed, in fruit some- what hood-like ; odd petal usually inconspicuous and nearly sessile ; pod 2-celled. (C. Virginica, L., as to syn. Pluk., which gave the name: Linnaeus's detailed description apparently pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name which he took from Dillenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia, Michx., is a narrow-leaved form.) — Damp rich woods and banks, S. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. 3. C. Cayenn6nsis, Richard. Stems creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate- oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse, small (l'-2' long); spathes heart-ovate when ex- XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) 547 panded, peduncled, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3 - 4-flowered ; the odd petal round-ovate, nearly sessile. (C. agraria, Kunth.) — Alluvial banks, Illinois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species. 2. TRADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT. Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta- mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2 - 3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. — Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro- duced through the summer: floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener to Charles the First. ) * Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 leaves. 1. T. Virginica, L. (COMMON SPIDERWORT.) Leaves lance-linear, elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate, more or less open ; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward : also commonly cultivated. — Plant either smooth or hairy ; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purple or white. 2. T. pildsa, Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a narrowed base, pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciliate; umbels many-flowered, in very dense terminal and axillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy. (T. flexuosa, Raf.) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. — Stem stout, smooth below, 2° - 3° high, often branched, zigzag above, forming a close clus- ter of small (8" -9" broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils. * # Umbels long-peduncled, naked. 3. T. rdsea, Vent. Small, slender (6' -10' high), smooth; leaves linear, grass-like, ciliate at the base; umbel simple, or a pair; flowers (6" wide) rose- color. — Sandy woods, Pennsylvania (?) to Kentucky, and southward. ORDER 125. XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape, which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse an- thers, glumaceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla ; the 3-valved mostly 1-celled pod containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen : — represented by Xyris. — But the anomalous genus Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, intermediate in character between this family and the last, may be intro- duced here. 1. MAYACA, Aublet. (SYENA, Schreber.) Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her- baceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal few-oVuled placentae : style filiform : stigma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded. — Moss-like low herbs, creeping or floating in shallow water, densely leafy ; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile 548 XYRIDACE^. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY). 1 -nerved, pellucid, entire, notched at the apex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed at the base. (An aboriginal name.) 1. M. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the leaves, nodding in fruit ; petals white. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) — S. E. Vir- ginia, and southward. July. 2. XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled and persistent ; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our species plumose or bearded at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flow- ers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials. (Svpis, an ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from £vpov, a razor.) 1 . X. flexudsa, Muhl., Chapm. Scape slender (10' - 16' high), barely flat- tened at the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than the narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age ; head roundish- ovoid (3" -4" long); lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scarious on the narrow wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex, shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, Michx. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. bulbosa, Kunth, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from E. Massachusetts south- ward near the coast ; also Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Var. pusilla. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2' -9' high, the base not bulbous. (X. brevifolia, Muhl., in part, &c., not of Michx.) — From New Jersey and Pennsylvania northward to the base of the White Mountains and Lake Superior. — Head 2" -3" long. 2. X. t6rta, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9' - 20' high, from a bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves becoming spirally twisted; head ovoid becoming spindle-shaped and acute (5" -9" long); sepals exceeding the bract ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the middle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C. Eaton) and in the Southern States : in dry sand. 3. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scape flattish, 1-angled below, 2-edged at the summit, smooth, l°-2° high, the base hardly bulbous; leaves linear-sword-shaped, flat; head globular-ovoid (5''-7" long) ; lateral sepals obscurely laccrate-f ringed above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, Michx. X. anceps, Muhl.) — Sandy swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Virginia and southward, near the coast. 4. X. fimbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edged above, rough (2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaped or strap-shaped leaves, the base not bulbous ; head oblong (6" -10" long); lateral sepals lanceolate-lin- ear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above the middle conspicuously fringed on the wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit. — Pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 549 ORDER 126. ERIOCAinLONACE JB. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grasps-like leaves, and naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monoecious or rarely dioecious small 2 - S-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy ; anthers introrse; the fruit a 2 - 3-celled 2 - 3-seeded pod : the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in the preceding order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temper- ate regions. 1. Eriocaulon. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled. 2. Peepalanthus. Perianth as in the last : the stamens only as many as the lobes of the inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled. 3. Lachnocaulou. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An- thers 1-celled. 1. ERIOCAITLON, L. PIPEWORT. Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious. Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2 -3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus : anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudi- mentary. Pert. FL Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3- lobed, 2 - 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell : style 1 : stigmas 2 or 3, slender. Pod membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cel- lular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a single head, which is involucrate by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, &c., usually white-bearded or woolly. (Name compounded 'of epiov, wool, and longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, about equalling the involucre ; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut-purple 12-40-flowered acute spikes (5" -9" long) ; scales ovate, closely oppressed, nerveless •except on the keel. ( C. Hydra, Michx. ) — Sandy fields, Virginia and southward : aod adventive near Philadelphia, C. F. Parker. (Eu.) 554 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 12. C. phymat6d.es, Muhl. Culm (l°-2£° high) equalling the leaves; umbel often compound, 4 - 7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12 - 30-flowered (4" - 7" long) ; scales oblong, narrowly scarious-margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; achenium oblong. (C. repens, Ell.) — Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to Wisconsin, and common southward. * * * * Stamens 3 : spikes narrowly linear or slender -awl-shaped, numerous and densely crowded or spiked on the summit of the rays of the open simple or sometimes compound umbel, spreading or sometimes reflexed: scales erect-appressed, condu- plicate or keeled, pointless: joints of the axis of the spike with scaly-winged mar- gins partly embracing the achenium : involucre of 3 to several, long leaves : annuals with fibrous roots, or sometimes apparently more or less perennial from a tuberous or bulbous thickened base : no running rootstocks. •H- Spikes fiat, becoming straw-color (£' - 1' long) ; the scales strongly conduplicate. 13. C. Strigdsus, L. Culm mostly stout (1°- 3° high); most of the rays of the umbel elongated ( 1 ' - 5'), their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikes 10 - 25-flowered, scales oblong-lanceolate, several-nerved, much longer than the oblong-linear achenium. — Damp or fertile soil: very common, especially southward. (C. stendlepis, Torr., is of this group and nearly related.) •<- -i- Spikes slender and rather awl-shaped, almost terete, at least when mature ; the scales less conduplicate and more oppressed to the axis. 14. C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Culm stout, mostly low (5' - 20' high) ; rays of the umbel mostly all short and crowded ; spikes 10 - 20-fiowered, yellowish- brown at maturity (3" -7" long), the short joints of its axis winged with very broad scaly margins which embrace the ovate triangular achenium ; the scales ovate, obtusish, imbricatefy overlapping. — Low grounds and sandy banks : common. — Root truly annual : stem seldom bulbous-thickened at the base. 15. C. Engelmanni, Steud. Resembles the foregoing; but the spikes more slender and terete, somewhat remotely 5 - \5flowered, the zigzag joints of the axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious scales proportionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the axis of each joint, the succes- sive scales not reaching the base of the one above on the same side ; achenium oblong- linear, very small. (C. tenuior, Engelm.) — Low grounds and sandy banks, Virginia to Wisconsin and southward : also adventive at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. ***** Stamens 3: spikes loosely or somewhat remotely 6-12-jlowered, fiattish and greenish, several crowded together in one sessile or in a few peduncled heads or dense clusters ; their scales ovate, convex on the back, many-nerved, applied to and little longer than the ovate or obovate and sharply triangular achenium .* perennials, propagating from the hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers at the base of the culms. 16. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (l°-2° high); leai'es linear ; umbel simple, 4 - S-rayed; spikes crowded along the upper part of the mostly elongated rays, erect, loose (4" -6" long) ; scales awl-pointed; joints of the axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores and ridges, from Lake Ontario to Ohio, Illinois, and northwestward. — Flowers rather large. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 555 17. C. Grayii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6' -12' high); leaves almost bristle-shaped, channelled; umbel simple, 4-S-rayed; spikes 5-10 in a loose head, spreading ; joints of the axis winged; scales rather obtuse, greenish-chestnut- color. — Barren sands, Plymouth, Mass., to New Jersey, near the coast. 18. C. filicti.lmis, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8' -15' high); leaves linear (!"— 2" wide); spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile dense head, or in 1—7 additional looser heads on spreading rays of an irregular umbel; joints of the axis naked; scales blunt, greenish. (C. mariscoides, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward. §4. MARfSCUS, Vahl. Style 3-clefl: the achenium triangular: stamens 3: spikes 1 -few-flowered, narrow or awl-shaped, with 2 lower scales short and empty, and inclined to persist on the common axis when the rest of the spike dis- articulates and falls, crowded in dense heads : otherwise nearly as in the penul- timate division of § 3. ( Perennials with clustered small tubers at base of the culms, as in the preceding division: spikes green, merely tawny with age.) 19. C. Lancastri6nsis, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Culm (l°-2° high) trian- gular ; leaves rather broadly linear; umbel of 6 - 9 mostly elongated rays ; spikes very numerous in short-oblong or globular dense heads, soon reflexed, 3-6- flowered, linear-awl-shaped ; the joints of the axis broadly winged ; scales oblong, obtuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong achenium. — Rich soil, banks of the Susquehanna near Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter. — Most like the Southern C. Baldwinii, Torr. ; but twice the size ; the more numerous spikes 4" - 5" long, more linear, less pointed, on a setaceous-bracted axis of 6" or 7" in length, with longer scales and achenium, &c. 20. C. ovularis, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6' -12' high); umbel 1 - 6-^ayed ; spikes (50-100) in a globular very dense head, 2-4-flowered, oblong, blunt (l£"-2" long); joints of the axis winged; scales ovate, obtuse, a little longer than the obovate-oblong achenium. — Sandy dry soil, S. New York to Illinois and southward. 21. C. retrofractUS, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy and rough on the obtusish angles (l°-3° high); umbel many-rayed; spikes slender-awl-shaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the elongated rays, soon reflexed, 1 - ^.-flowered in the middle (3" -5" long); scales usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate and pointed, the uppermost involute-awl-shaped; achenium linear. (Scirpus retrofractus, L. ) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 2. KYLLINGIA, Rottboll. KYLLINGIA. (PL 1.) Spikes of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1 - Ij-flowered ; the 2 lower scales minute and empty, as in Cyperus, § 4, but style oftener 2-cleft, and achenium lenticular : the spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads. Involucre 3-leaved. (Named after Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.) 1. K. pumila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (about 4" broad) ; spikes strictly 1-flowered; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on the keel ; stamens and styles 2 ; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Culms 2' -9' high : root annual. 556 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 3. DULICHIUM, Richard. DULICIHUM. (PI. 1.) Spikes many- (6 - 10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves : scales 2-ranked, lanceolate, decurrent, forming flat wing-like margins on the joint below. Peri- anth of 6 - 9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above. : — Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persistent style. — A perennial herb, with a terete simple culm ( 1° - 2° high), jointed and leafy to the summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The name of a Greek island ; its singular application to an American plant unexplained. ) 1. D. spathaceum, Pers. — Borders of ponds : common. July -Sept. 4. FUIBENA, Rottboll. UMBRELLA-GRASS. (PI. 2.) Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary arid terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri- anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually Avith as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a peren- nial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist) 1. F. squarrdsa, Michx. Stem (1°- 2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (6" long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread- ing awns of the scales ; perianth-scales ovate and awn-pointed, the interposed bristles minute. — Var. pfrMiLA, Torr., is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with 2-6 spikes; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. — Sandy wet places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward ; also 'Michigan : northward mostly the small variety. Aug. 5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br. LIPOCARPHA. (PI. 2.) Spikes terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster, which is involucrate by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks, awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spike and the flower, one between the latter and the axis of the spike. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2 -3-cleft. Achenium flattish or triangular, naked at the tip. — Culms leafy at the base. (Name formed of \'nros,fat, and tapfyos, chaff, from the thickness of the inner scales of some species.) 1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culm (4' -8' high) much longer than the linear concave leaves; spikes (l"-2"long) green and dark-spotted; inner scales delicate ; stamen one ; achenium oblong with a contracted base. — Petty's Island, Philadelphia, Prof. Leidy, frc. Probably adventive from S. States. 6. HEMICARPHA, Nees. HEMICARPHA. (PI. 2.) Spike, flowers, &c. just as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute trans- lucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spike. Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth none. (Name from i?/it, half, and Kiipffros, straw or chaff \ in allusion to the single inner scalelet.) CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 557 1. H. SUbsqiiarrbsa, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (l'-5' high); involucre 1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute leaf; spikes 2-3 (barely 2" long) ; scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point. (Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muhl.) — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers; often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July -Sept. — Var. DRUMMONDII (H. Drummondii, Nees.) is a form with single and paler or green- ish heads : Illinois and southward. 7. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. SPIKE-RUSH. (PL 3.) Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many - several-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth of 3 - 12 (com- monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta- mens 3. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is jointed with the apex of the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Leafless, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creep- ing rootstocks : flowering in summer. (Name from e Aos, a marsh, and ^atpo^ to delight in; being marsh plants.) § 1. Spike terete, hardly if at all thicker than the spongy -cell-alar culm; the scales- firmly persistent: style mostly 3-clefl : bristles of the perianth 6 (rarely 1),firm or rigid, mostly barbed downwardly, and equalling or surpassing the triangular or double convex achenium. * Spike linear or lanceolate-awl-shaped, few-flowered; the scales (only 3 - 9) few- ranked, convolute-clasping the long flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate^ herba- ceous (green) and several-nerved on the back, and with thin scarious margins, 1. E. Bobbins!!, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather stout, erect (8' -2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems or fine leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely truncate ; achenium ob- long-obovate, triangular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire (Robbins), to New Jersey ( C. E. Smith f &c.), and southward. — Spike varying from 4" to 10'' long, by. scarcely over a line wide ; the long scales rather remote and sheath-like. * * Spike cylindrical and many-flowered, l'-2' long ; the scales regularly imbricated in several ranks, firm-coriaceous with a narrow scarious margin end no midrib, pale, nerveless or faintly striate : culms large and stout (2° -4° high) : sheaths at the base often leaf-bearing. (LIMNOCHLOA, Nees.) 2. E. equisetoid.es, Torr. Culm terete, hiotted as if jointed 6y many cross partitions ; achenium smooth, with a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, Rhode Island (Olney), Michigan (Houghton), Delaware, and southward, 3. E. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culm continuous and sharply ^-angled; achenium finely reticulated, with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. — Shallow- water, New York (outlet of Oneida Lake, A. H. Curtiss) to Michigan and southward : rare. § 2. Spike terete and turgid-ovate, xery much thicker than the slender culm ,- the scales thin-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous and persistent, ovate: style 3-cleft : bristles 558 CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) of the perianth stout, downwardly barbed, as long as the striated and pitted-retic- ulated triangular achenium and its tubercle ; culms tufted from fibrous roots, about 1° high. 4. E. tuberculbsa, R. Br. Culms flattish, striate; spike 3" -6" long, many-flowered ; tubercle fiattish-cap-shaped, as large as the body of the achenium. — Wet sandy soil, Mass, along the coast to Virginia and southward. 5. E. simplex, Torr. Culms sharply triangular, capillary, twisting when dry; spike 2" -3" long, few-flowered; conical-beaked tubercle much smaller than the achenium. (E. tdrtilis, Schultes.) — Eastern shore of Maryland ( W. M. Canby), and southward. § 3. Spike terete, much thicker than the culm, many -flowered ; the scales imbricated in many or more than three ranks, thin-membranaceous or scarious in texture, with a thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes deciduous at maturity. (ELEOGENUS, Nees.) # Achenium smooth and lenticular, and style 2-clefl, or in No. 6 more commonly 3-cleft : culms slender or thread-form, terete or compressed. 6. E. obttisa, Schultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8' -14' high) from fibrous roots ; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblong, obtuse, rarely becoming acute (dull brown) ; the scales very obtuse and numerous (80-130), densely crowded in many ranks; style 3- (rarely 2-) cleft; achenium obovate, shining, tumid-mar- gined, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles, crowned with a short and very broad flattened tubercle. — Muddy places : most common. 7. E. Olivacea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slender matted rootstocks (2' -4' high) ; spike ovate, acutish, 20 - 30 flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated (purple with a green midrib and slightly scari- ous margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked with a narrow tubercle, shorter than the 6-8 bristles. — Wet sandy soil, Mass, to New Jersey near the coast, and southward : also shore of Lake Ontario, J. A. Paine. 8. E. pallistris, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate (l°-2° high), from running rootstocks ; spike oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate- oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest rounded and often enlarged; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually 4 bristles. — Var. GLAUCESCENS (S. glaucescens, Willd.!) : culms slender or fili- form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the achenium. — Var. CALVA (E. calva, Torr.): bristles wanting; tubercle short, nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawc). — Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall; or in wet grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu.) 9. E. COmpr^SSa, Sullivant. Culms flat, striate, erect (1°- 2° high); spike ovate-oblong, or at length lanceolate, 20 - 30-flowered (4" -7" long) ; scales lanceolate-ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and sum- mit ; achenium obovate-pear- shaped, compressed, crowned with a small conical and pointed tubercle ; bristles 1 - 4, very slender, fragile, shorter than or equalling the achenium, sometimes none or a single rudiment.) — Wet places, N. New York CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 559 to Ohio and Illinois. — Culms tufted on running rootstocks, strikingly flat, often spirally twisted in drying. * * Achenlum triangular or turgid : style 3-cleft. •*- Bristles equalling or surpassing the smooth achenium, downwardly barbed, persistent. 10. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect (l°-2^° high), the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous from the apex (l°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike spindle-shaped, 12-20- flowered; scales ovate, obtuse (light-brown); achenium obovate-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 4-6 bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney), E. Massachusetts ( W. Boott), and Vermont (Tuckerman) to New Jersey (Dr. Allen), Alexandria, Virginia (A. H. Curtiss), Michigan and southward. 11. E. intermedia, Schultes. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-grooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6' -12' long) ; spike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely \Q-20-flowered (2" -3" long); scales oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium obovoid with a nar- rowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kunth.!) — Wet slopes: common from New York and Penn. to Illinois and northward. 12. E. microcarpa, Torr., var. FILICULMIS, Torr. Like the preceding, but more capillary and heads smaller (l£"-2" long), sometimes proliferous, the one or more short new culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists as an herbaceous bract ; achenium very much smaller, with sharper angles and a short conical tubercle, which is hardly equalled by the 3-6 slender bristles. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. -i- •*- Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium, slender and fragile, or none. 13. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running root- stocks, 4-angular and flattish (1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acut- ish, 20 - 30-Jlowered (3" long) ; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green keel ; achenium obovate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned with a small depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of the scales ; bristles half the length of the achenium, or wanting. (E. elliptica, Kunth. !) — Wet meadows and bogs : common, early-flowering ; June. 14. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9'- 18' high); spike cylindrical-ovoid or obhng, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered (3" - 6" long) ; scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brown- ish with broad scarious margins; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed tubercle, which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles shorter than the (soon blackish) achenium, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. 15. E. triCOStata, Torr. Culms flattish (l°-2° high); spike soon cylin- drical, densely many-flowered (6" -9" long, thickish ; scales ovate, very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3 prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute tubercle ; bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskern), and southward. 560 CYPERACE^;. (SEDGE FAMILY.) § 4. Spike, more or less flattened, thicker than the slender or capillary culm, few -•many- flowered ; the thin membranaceous scales somewhat 2-3-ranked: style 3-clefl: bristles of the perianth 3 - 6, fragile or fugacious. Small or delicate species, dif- fering from the last subdivision chiefly in theflattish spikes. (Cn^TOCYpiiRUS, Nees.) * Achenium tumid, obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on the sides. 16. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2' -8' long), more or less '4-angular ; spike 3 - 9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish with purple sides); achenium obovate-oblong, with 3-ribbed angles and 2-3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely striate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical- triangular. (S. trichodes-, Muhl., &c.) — Muddy shores : common. (Eu.) * * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides. 17. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (l'-2r high) ; spike ovate, 3-S-flowered; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather acute ; achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a minute tubercle ; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. pusillus, Vahl?) — Brackish marshes and brackish river-banks. 8. SCIBPUS, L. BULRUSH or CLUB-RUSH. (PL 3. ) Spikes several -many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster which (except in No. 1) is subtended by a 1 -several-leaved involucre (this when simple often appearing like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales being regularly imbricated all round in many or several ranks, or rarely somewhat compressed, the fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers under all the scales, or all but one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 3 - 6 (straight or rarely tortuous) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or point to the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base ; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Perennials, except No. 8-9; flowering in, summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) § 1. SCIRPUS proper (including ISOLEPIS, which simply wants the bristles). Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exserted after flowering, mostly barbed downwards. # Spite solitary, few-flowered, small, oflenflattish: achenium triangular, smooth. •i- No involucral leaf or bract and no leaves Mow : base of style indurated and persist- ent, but continuous with the achenium. ( Transition to Eleocharis and Blysmus. ) 1. S. paucifldrus, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, very slender (3' -9' high), scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, at the base with a short truncate sheath ; scales of the ovate spike evidently 2-ranked, chestnut- brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower larger; bristles 3-6, down- wardly barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular achenium. (S. Bsedthryon, Ehrh. Blysmus pnuciflorus, Carurl.) — Very wet places, New York (Jefferson Co., Dr. Craw, & Herkimer Co., J. A Paine) to N. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), Michigan, and northwestward. (Eu.) CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 561 •*- •»- Involucre a short awl-shaped bract: culms tufted (3' -12' high), filiform. 2. S. csespitbsus, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base, in compact turfy tufts ; the upper sheath bearing a very short awl-shaped leaf; spike ovoid, rusty -color ; involucral bract a rigid-pointed scale, resembling the lowest proper scale of the spike and scarcely surpassing it ; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the abruptly short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. On Roan Mountain, N. Carolina. Also, away from mountains, Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., New York, G. W. Clinton, J. A. Paine. N. Illinois, Dr. Vasey. (Eu.) 3. S. Clint6nii, Gray. Culms acutely triangular, almost bristle-like; sheaths at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usu- ally very much shorter) than the culm ; involucral bract awl-shaped, mostly shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spike, which has pointless scales : other- wise as the next. (S. planifolius, var. brevifolius, Torr.) — Rather dry plains, New York, Jefferson Co., Dr. Crawe; near Buifalo, G. W. Clinton. June. 4. S. planif61ius, Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy at the base ; the leaves linear, fiat, as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; involucral bract a bristle- tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or oblong chestnut-colored spike, the green midrib of the scales extended into sharp points ; bristles of the perianth up- wardly hairy, as long as the pointless achenium. — Dry or moist ground, New England to W. New York (G. W. Clinton), Penn., and Delaware. June. -i- ••*- H- One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the culm. 5. S. SUbtermin£lis, Torr. Aquatic: culms (l°-3° long, thickish-fili- form) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed, cellular ; the filiform green bract 6"- 12" long, much surpassing the oblong spike; scales some- what pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly- pointed achenium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England to Michigan and westward. — Var. TERRESTRIS, Paine, Cat. Less tall ; stem and leaves firmer ; fully-fruiting spike more turgid : growing chiefly emersed, in a quaking morass, Litchfield, Herkimer Co., New York, J. A. Paine. * * Spikes clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved involucre, which resembles the naked culm, seeming to be a continuation of it. •*— Culm sharply triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks: spikes many-fiow- ered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one duster : sheaths at base more or less leaf- bearing. ( Very rarely a second and smaller involucral leaf.) 6. S. plingens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; culm sharply 3-angled throughout (l°-4° high) with concave sides; leaves 1-3, elongated (4' -10' long), keeled and channelled; spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, usually long overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes ; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage; style 2-cleft (rarely 3-cleft) ; bristles 2-6, shorter than the obovate plano-cotivex and mucronate smooth achenium. (S. triqueter, Michx., not of L. S. Americanus, Pers.) — Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams : very common. (Eu.) 7. S. Olneyi, Gray. Calm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout (2° - 7° high), the upper sheath be/jring a short triangular leaf or none; spikes 6-12, 36 562 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious apex ; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex and mucronate achenium. — Salt marshes, Martha's Vineyard (Oakes), and Rhode Island (Olney), to Dela- ware, and common southward. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-rayed, with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. TRIQUETER, which has similar anthers, and an abbreviated or almost abortive leaf; but its culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of them umbellate-stalked. 8. S. T6rreyi, Olney. Rootstocks slender if any (so that the plant is readily pulled up from the mud) ; culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slen- der (2° -4° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2 or 3, more than half the length of the culm, triangular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, oblong or spindle-shaped, acute, distinct, pale chestnut-color, long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mucronate ; style 3-cleft ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular obovate very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucro* natus, Purshf, Torr. FL N. Y.) — Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, New England to Penn. and Michigan. •*- •»- Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running rootstocks : spikes many- flowered loosely umbellate or corymbed, involuc.ellate-br acted. 9. S. C£nbyi, Gray. Culm (3° -5° high) 3-angled, usually sharply so above, obtusely below, the sheath at the base extended into a long and slender triangular and channelled leaf; the involucral leaf similar, continuing the culm ; spikes oblong (4' - 6' long), single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 together, nodding on the apex of the 5-9 long filiform and flattened peduncles or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile ; scales of the spike loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scari- ous, with a greenish nerved back; bristles of the perianth 6, firm, furnished above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt beak of the obovate-triangular shining achenium. — In a mill-pond, near Salisbury, Maryland, A. Commons, W. M. Canby. — A remarkable species: leaf 2° -4° long: involucral leaf 4' -8' long: rays or peduncles l£'-3' long, each sub- tended by a single involucellate leaf or bract, the lowest like that of the involucre but short, the uppermost reduced to scale-like bracts. Achenium (1^", and its beak $" long. •*-•*-•*- Culm terete, very tall and stout, from a deep running rootstock, naked; the sheaths at the base bearing a short and imperfect leaf or none : spikes numerous and clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal rays of which mostly surpass the involucral leaf: involucellate bracts small, scale-like and rusty-scarious : scales of the spike rusty or chestnut-brown, scarious, with a salient midrib extended into a mucronnte point. 10. S. v&lidus, Vahl. (GREAT BULRUSH.) Culm 3° -9° high, £'-!' thick at base; spikes ovate-oblong (3" -4" long) ; scales mostly a little downy on the back and ciliate ; style 2-cleft ; achenium pale and dull, obovate with a nar- rowed base, plano-convex, mucronate-pointed, usually overtopped by the 4 - 6 slender CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 563 . downwardly barbed bristles. (S. acutus, MuM. S. laciistris, of Amer. authors and in former editions.) — Common everywhere in still fresh water. — Achenium (I" long, half the size of that of the European S. lacustris, also narrower, pale, not shining. — A slender variety with narrower heads, very smooth scales, and shorter or fragile bristles, was sparingly collected by Rev. J. W. Chickering at Havana, New York. 11. S. riparius, PresL, which largely takes the place of the preceding south westward, probably within our limits, is known by the 2-4 rather shorter and linear plumose scales, rather than bristles,of the perianth. •*--*- H- -t- Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or obtusely trian- gular, naked; the sheaths at the base rarely extended into a short leaf: spikes few or several, sometimes solitary, in a sessile cluster, much overtopped by the involucral leaf: bristles of the perianth often few or wanting. 12. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hol- lowed sides, l°-2° high, yellowish-green; spikes 3-12, capitate, ovate-oblong, obtuse (3" -4" long), chestnut-brown; involucral leaf often horizontal at matu- rity ; scales roundish ; stamens 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly barbed, equalling or two surpassing the obovate turgidly plano-convex (or bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed smoothish achenium. (S. juncoi- des, Roxburgh.) — Swamps, Mass, to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept. 13. S. Smithii, n. sp. Culms terete, slender, 3' -12' high, often leaf-bear- ing from the upper sheath, dull green as are the 1—3 oblong-ovate acute spikes ; involucral leaf always erect ; scales oblong-oval ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 1 or 2 minute rudiments or none; achenium somewhat lenticular, smooth, deciduous with the scales. (S. debilis, Gray, Gram, fr Cyp. 135.) — Wet shores, Lake On- tario to Illinois and Delaware Bay (in tidal mud). July. — Named for C. E. Smith, who indicated and insisted on its distinctions. 14. S. supinus, L., var. Hallii. Culms filiform, 5' -12' high;* upper sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikes 1 - 7 in a sessile or sometimes gem- inately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, greenish ; scales ovate, strongly keeled, mucronate-pointed; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; bristles none ; achenium obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly wrinkled transversely. (S. Hallii, Gray, addend, ed. 2.) — Wet shores, Illinois, E. Hall, &c., and southwestward. — In Texas occurs the normal S. supinus, with 3-cleft style and triangular achenium, as in Europe, where it sometimes has short bristles, as in No. 13. (Eu.) * * * Spikes clustered in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-panicled dusters, many-flowered, terete: involucre of mostly several obvious and flat leaves : culm tall, from tufted or running rootstocks ; triangular, leafy, sedge-like: styk mostly 3-cleft. 1- Spikes large, 6" - 1 5" long : midrib of the scales extended beyond the mostly lacerate or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn. 15. S. maritimus, L. (SEA CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, linear, as long as the stout culm (l°-3° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal; spikes few -several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1 -4 unequal rays bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) spikes; awns of the 564 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) scales soon recurved ; achenium obovate-orbicular, compressed, flat on one side, con- vex or obtuse-anyled on the other, minutely pointed, shining, longer than the 1 - 6 un- equal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) bristles. — Var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michx. (S. robiistus, Pursh) is a larger form, with very thick oblong-cylindri- cal heads, becoming !'-!£' long, and the longer leaf of the involucre often 1° long. — Salt marshes: common on the coast, and near salt springs in the interior (W. New York, &c.). (Eu.) 16. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (RIVER C.) Leaves flat, broadly linear (£' or more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very long involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated, recurved- spreading, each bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; achenium obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely equal- ling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. maritimus var. ? fluviatilis, Torr., excl. syn.) — Borders of lakes and large streams, W. Vermont to Penn., Wisconsin and Illinois. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° - 5° high. Leaves roughish on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest 1° - 2° long. Principal rays of the umbel 3' - 4' long, sheathed at the base. Heads paler and duller than in the preceding ; the scales less lacerate, and their awns less recurved , the fruit larger and very different. •i- •*- Spikes very numerous, small, V-3' long ; their scales mucronate-pointed or blunt : umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound : culm 2° - 5° high, unusually leafy ; leaves broadly linear, green and rather soft, rough on the edges : bristles of the perianth very slender, often more or less tortuous and naked below: — transition to § Trichophorum. 17. S. SylvaticuS, L. Spikes lead-colored, clustered 3-10 together at the end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle, ovoid or lanqe-ovate, 2" long ; scales bluntish ; biistles 6, downwardly barbed through- out, rather exceeding the triangular short-pointed achenium ; style 3-cleft. — • Along brooks, E. Mass., W. Boott, to Albany, N. Y., C. H. Peck. (Eu.) 18. S. microcarpus, Presl. Like No. 17, but earlier, and with rather smaller heads, blunter scales, 2 stamens, a 2-cleft style, 4 bristles, and obovate- lenticular achenium. (S. lenticularis, Torr.) — Near Boston, W. Boott, to New Hampshire, Oakes, frc., and N. W. 19. S. atr6virens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid ; spikes dull greenish-brown, densely conglomerate (10-30 together) into close heads, these also usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle ; scales pointed ; bristles sparsely and strongly downwardly barbed above the middle, naked below, nearly straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular achenium. (S. sylvatictis, var. atrovirens, Ed. 2., — Wet meadows and bogs, New England to Kentucky and northward : common. 20. S. polyph^llus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy ; spikes yellow-brown, ovate, becoming cylindrical, clustered 3-8 together in small heads on the short ultimate divisions of the open decompound umbel ; scales mucronate ; bristles 6, usually twice bent, sqfl-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the length of the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. briinneus, Muhl.) — Swamps and shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and common southward. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 565 § 2. TRICH6PHORUM, Richard. Bristles capillary, naked, not barbed, elon- gating, becoming tortuous and entangled, much longer than the triangular achenium, when old mostly projecting beyond the rusty-colored scales : culm, leaves, frc. as in the preceding subdivision ; umbel-like cymose panicle decompound. 21. S. lineatUS, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3° high); leaves linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins ; umbels terminal and some- times axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1 - 3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical (2" -4" long), on thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the ovate green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed. — Low grounds, W. New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. 22. S. Eri6phorum, Michx. (WOOL-GRASS.) Culm nearly terete, very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the involucre 3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length droop- ing ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral ones pedi- celled, woolly at maturity (l£"-3" long) ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer than the pointless scales ; achenium short-pointed. (Eridphorum cyperinum, L.) — Var. CYPERINUS (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all the spikes conglomerate in small heads. — Var. LAXUS (S. Eriophorum, Kunth) has the heads scattered, the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms occur ; a"nd the umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps : common northward and southward. 9. EBIOPHOBUM, L. COTTON-GRASS. (PL 3.) Spikes, scales, achenium, &c. as in Scirpus. Bristles of the perianth of numerous (in one species few) flat and delicate capillary bristles, which lengthen greatly after flowering, much exceeding the scales, and forming of the capitate spike a (white or reddish) conspicuous cotton-like tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Perennials. (Name composed of e/atoi/, wool or cotton, and (popd, bearing.) * Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white ; spike single : small, involucre none. 1. E. alpinum, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running root- stock 6' -10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. (Eu.) # * Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit. •*— Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none. 2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, triangular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at maturity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to mountains of Penn. (Prof. T. Green), Wisconsin, and northward; rare. May, June. (Eu.) (E. RiissfcoLUM, Fries, with copper-colored wool, found in New Brunswick by Rev. J. Fowler, may be expected in N. E. Maine.) •i- •*- Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate. 3. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2° -4° high) ; leaves very narrowly linear, elongated, flat ; spikes nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or head ; 566 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) wool rusty or copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs and low meadows : common. July, Aug. Var. Alburn, with the wool white. — Oswego and Jefferson Counties, New York, Dr. Crawe, A. H. Curtiss. 4. E. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), obscurely triangu- lar ; leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; involucre 2-3-leaved; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon- gated in fruit ; achenium obovate; wool white, very straight (!' long or more). — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIUM (E. angustifolium, Roth, and 'of European botanists, not of American, and the original E. polystachyon of L.) has smooth peduncles. — Var. LATIF6LIUM (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Torr.,) has rough peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common in bogs, northward ; often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, . indicating that the species should be left as Linnaus founded it. June, July. (Eu.) 5. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular; leaves slender, ckanneUed-triangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale- like, mostly 1 -leaved ; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent ; achenium ellipti- cal-linear. (E. triquetrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs, New England to Illinois, and northward. June - Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, when mature the copious white wool 6" -9" long. Scales brownish, several- nerved ; or in our plant, var. PAUCINERVIUM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut- color, and about 3-nervedi (Eu.) 10. FIMBBlSTYLIS, Vahl. (PI. 3.) Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all floriferous, regularly im- bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, &c.) none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous (except in No. 4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name compounded of flmbria, a fringe, and stylus, the style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) § 1. FIMBRISTYLIS proper. Style 2-cleJl,flat and dilate, falling away, base and all, from the lenticular achenium ; scales of the many-flowered spike closely imbricated. 1. P. spadicea, Vahl., var. castanea. Culms (i°-2£°high) tufted from a perennial root, rigid, as are the thread-form convolute-channelled leaves, smooth; spikes ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" thick) ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium very minutely striate and obscurely reticulated. (F. castanea, cylindrica, &c., Vahl.) — Salt marshes along the coast, New York to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. — Spikes less dark-colored and scales mostly thinner than in the original Jamaica plant. 2. F. laxa, Vahl. Culms slender (2'- 12' high) from an annual root, weak, grooved and flattish ; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy ; spikes ovate, acute (3" long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium conspicuously 6 - S-ribbed on each side, and with finer cross lines. (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides, Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July - Sept. — Scales broader and less pointed than in F. annua. CYPERACE^E. (SED£E FAMILY.) 567 § 2. TRICHEL6STYLIS, Lestib. Style 3-clefl and the achenium triangular: otherwise nearly as in § 1 : the spikes small and fewer-flnwered. 3. F. autumnalis, Rcem. & Schult. Annual (3' -16' high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes oblong, acute (l"-2" long), single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo- late, mucronate; stamens 1-3. (Scirpus autumnalis, L.) — Low grounds, Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct. § 3. ONC6STYLIS, Martius. Style 3-cleft, slender, its thickish base more tardily deciduous from the apex of the triangular achenium. 4. F. capillaris, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (3' -9' high); culm and leaves nearly capillary, the latter short ; umbel compound or panicled ; spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2 ; achenium minutely wrinkled, very obtuse. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Sandy fields : common. Aug., Sept. (F. CONGESTA, Torr., a diminutive Southern species, with the 2-cleft style not ciliate, has been detected in ballast-sand at Camden, New Jersey, opposite Philadelphia, by C. F. Parker: probably only a waif.) 11. DIG HBO MEN A, Richard. DICHROMENA. (PI. 4.) Spikes aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less com- pressed, f<5w-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abortive. Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or boat- shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth, bristles, &c., none. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the per- sistent and broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping perennial rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from Si's, double, and xpo>/za, color). — Differs (too little) from the next genus in the involucrate bracts and flattened spikes. 1. D. Ieucoc6phala, Michx. Culm triangular (l°-2° high); leaves narrow ; those of the involucre 4 - 7 ; achenium truncate, not margined. — Damp pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept. 2. D. latifdlia, Baldwin. Culm stouter, nearly terete ; leaves broadly linear, those of the involucre 8-9, tapering from base to apex ; .achenium round-obovate, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its edges. — S. Vir- ginia 1 and southward. 12. BHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-BUSH. (PI. 4.) Spikes panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped, terete, or sometimes flattish ; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat- shaped nor keeled) ; the lower ones commonly loosely imbricated and empty, the uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth in the form of (mostly 6) bristles, or occasionally wanting. Achenium lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent and indurated base or even of the greater part of the style. — Chiefly peren- nials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the spikes in terminal and axillary clusters : flowering in summer. (Name composed of pvyxos, a snout, and a-Tropa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.) 568 CYPERACEJ^ (SEDGE FAMILY.) § 1. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Spikes ovate, terete, the numerous scales all alike and regularly imbricated ; a perfect flower under each : stamens mostly 2 : style 2-clefl ; its base or the greater part of it enlarging and hardening to form the beak of the lenticular or tumid more or less cross-wrinkled achenium : bristles wholly wanting (whence the name). 1. R. SCirpoides. Annual, 4' -10' high; leaves flat; spikes in broad and open cymes, 20 - 30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored; achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword-shaped almost wholly per- sistent style, and somewhat margined. (Psilocarya scirpoides, Torr. & Ed. 2.) — Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. (R. NITENS (Scirpus nitens, Vahl. Psilocarya rhynchosporoides, Torr.), like this, but with a more wrinkled and short-beaked achenium, takes its place in Southern States.) §2. EURHYNCH6SPORA. Spikes terete or biconvex, few -many-flowered; some of the lower scales almost always empty : stamens mostly 3 : style conspicu- ously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle or beak of the mostly lenticular achenium : bristles of the perianth usually present, and merely rough or barbed- denticulate (not plumose}. * Achenium transversely wrinkled: bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate. 2. R. cym6sa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear (£'wide); cymes corymbose ; the spikes crowded and clustered ; achenium round-obovate, twice the length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle. — Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 3. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicelled; achenium oblong- obovate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed- conical tubercle. — Swamps ; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. 4. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong, half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-subulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. * # Achenium smooth and even. •»- Bristles of the perianth 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate. 5. R. f&sca, Roam. & Schultes. Leaves bristle- form, channelled; spikes ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1 - 3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium obovate, half the length of the bristles, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds, New Jersey to Maine and Lake Superior : rare. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (Eu.) 6. R. graci!6nta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2 - 4 small clusters, the lateral long-ped uncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles, about the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high. •*- •»- Bristles none or 1 - 3 and minute : spikes pale, 1 -flowered. 7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (l°-2° high) acutely triangular; leaves and spikes as in the next species, but only a- terminal dense cluster, which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny ; achenium obovate-lenticular, CYPERACEJ2. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 569 tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle ; the delicate bristles four or five times shorter or obsolete. — Bogs in pine barrens of New Jersey ( W. M. Canby, C. F. Parker), and in N. Carolina. -*-•»-•«- Bristles long, denticulate downwardly, or both ways in No. 12. •»-*. Spikes white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single flower : stamens usually 2 : bristles 9-12, or even 20 8. R. alba, Vahl. Culm slender (1°- 2° high), triangular above ; leaves narrowly linear or almost bristle-form ; spikes lanceolate, densely crowded in a head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones ; achenium ob- long-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than the flattened-awl- sbaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, especially eastward. (Eu.) •w- •*-«• Spikes chestnut-colored or darker in No. 11 and 12, few -several-flowered: stamens 3 : bristles usually 6. 9. R. capillacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form,' spikes 3-6 in a terminal cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong-lanceolate (pale chestnut-color, 3" long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12) stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Penn. to N. Vermont, New York, and Michigan. — Culm 6' -9' high, slender. 10. R. Kniesk&rnii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short ; spikes numer- ous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (scarcely 1" long); achenium obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the bristles, twice the length of the trian- gular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on bog iron ore exclu- sively (Knieskern), and southward: rare. — Culms 6'- 18' high, slender. 11. R. glomerate, Vahl. Leaves linear, Jlat; spikes numerous in distant dusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long as the lance-awl- shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly barbed bristles. — Low grounds : common, especially eastward. — Culm 1° - 3° high. — A state with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, Gray. 12. R. cephalantha, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear, Jlat, keeled; spikes very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense globular heads which are distant (and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown; achenium orbicular-obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the length of the stout bristles, which are barbed downwards and sometimes also up- wards. -»— Sandy swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm stout, 2° - 3° high : the fruit larger than in the last, of which it may be only a marked variety. § 3. CERATOSCHCENUS, Nees. Spikes spindle-shaped or lanceolate, acumi- nate, in fruit Jlattish, large, cymose-panicled, producing only one perfect and 1 to 4 staminate flowers ; their scales few, the lower mostly empty : stamens 3 : bristles of the perianth rigid, either short or slender, minutely scabrous upward : style simple or barely 2-toothed at the apex, flliform and gradually thickened downwards, in fruit almost all of it persistent as a very long, exserted, slender-awl-shaped, upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth and flat obovate achenium: coarse perennials: spikes in flower 4", in fruit including the pro- 570 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) jecting beak or style about V long. (This long beak gives the name, from Kepay, a horn, and axolvos, a rush.) 13. R. COrniculata, Gray. (HORNED RUSH.) Cymes decompound, dif- fuse; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. — Culm 3° -6° high. Leaves about 6" wide. 14. R. macrostachya, Torr. Cytnes decompound, or in the northern form somewhat simple and smaller, and the spikes usually more clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achenium. — Borders of ponds, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and southward : rare. — Perhaps it runs into the preceding. 13, CLADIUM, P. Browne. TWIG-RUSH. (Plate 5.) Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the. lower ones empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower ; the terminal flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2 -3-cleft, decid- uous. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, without any tubercle, in which it differs from Rhynchospora. (Name from KXaSoy, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the twice branching styles of some species.) 1. C. mariscoides, Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular (l°-2° high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined; cymes small; the spikes clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2 to 4 peduncles; style once 3-cleft. — Bogs, New England to Delaware, Illinois, and northward. July. 14. SCLERIA, L. NUT-RUSH. (PL 5.) Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usually intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium globular, stony, hony, or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks : flowering in summer : all in low ground or swamps. (Name o-itAijpia, hardness, from the indurated fruit.) 1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culm (2° -3° high) and broadly linear leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters, the lowermost peduncled ; stamens 3 ; achenium smooth and polished, on an obscure crustaceous ring or disk. — Vermont to Wisconsin, and common southward. 2. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly linear ; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or the lower on short slen- der peduncles ; stamens 2 ; achenium globular, regularly pitted-reticulated, not hairy, resting on a double disk, each of three greenish appressed superposed calyx-like lobes, the inner larger. — Eastern Massachusetts to Virginia and southward: rare northward. 3. S. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear; clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping ; achenium globular, irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose, towards the base minutely hairy on the somewhat spiral wrinkles : otherwise as in the foregoing. — E. Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southward. CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 571 4. S. pauci.fl.6ra, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish ; culms slender (9'- 18' high) ; leaves narrowly linear ; clusters few-flowered, the lower lateral ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate ; stamens 3 ; acheniitm ylobose, papil- lose-roughened, white ; the disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles. — S. New England to W. New York (rare), and more common southward. 5. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4' -12' high), terminated by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile and small clusters ; bracts minute ; leaves linear ; stamens 1 or 2 ; achenium rough-wrinkled with short elevated ridges, globular-triangular ; the disk obsolete. — W. New York and Penn. to Michigan and southward : rare. — Plant faintly sweet- scented ; achenium small, f " long. 15. CAREX, L. SEDGE. (PL 5, 6.) Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monoecious), either borne together in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very rarely on distinct plants (dioecious). Scales of the spikes equally imbricated around the axis, each subtending a single staminate or pistillate flower. Sta- mens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflated sac (composed of either one or two inner scales (bractlets) united by their margins), forming a rounded or an- gular bladdery sac (perigynium), which encloses the lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular achenium, tipped with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) base of the style. Stigmas 2 or 3, long, projecting from the narrow orifice of the perigynium. — Perennial herbs, chiefly flowing in spring and maturing in summer, frequently growing in wet places, often in dense tufts. Culms trian- gular, bearing the spikes in the axils of green and leaf-like or scale-like hmcts, and terminal ; commonly with sheaths at the base which enclose more or less of the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, usually rough on the margins and keel. (A classical name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from cawo, to want, the upper spikes being mostly sterile ; and by others from Keipa>, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves.) Contributed for the first edition of this work, and revised for the second, by JOHN CAREY, Esq. ; with some present additions, from recent discoveries, and a few alterations, chiefly from the subsequent investigations of the late DR. FRANCIS BOOTT, published in his magnificent Illustrations of the genus Carex, and from notes furnished by WM. BOOTT, ESQ. ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS. A* Spike solitary and terminal, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-like. — (This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial, and combines species having no real natural affinity.) PSYLLOPHORJ3, Loiseleur. § 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staminate flowers at its base. No. 1-2. 2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. No. 3-6. Spike androgynous, staminate at the base. No. 36 and 138 may be sought here. B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer- tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. PHYLLOSTACHY3, Torr. & Gr. No. Y -9. C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessile, forming compact or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or decom- pound spikes. Stigmas 2. VIGNEA, Beauv. 572 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) § 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 10-12. 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No. 13-28. 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. No. 29-45. D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper- most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers at base or apex ; the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 3 (or only 2 in No. 46, 53, 65, 150, &c.). CAREX proper. * Perigynia with merely a minute or short point, scarcely ever prolonged into a beak. § 1. Perigyuia not inflated (slightly so in No. 55, 58), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a minute straight point, glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or tinged with purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown.. Staminate spikes 1-3, or the ter- minal spike androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No. 46-64. 2. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless, or with a straight or oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex- cept sometimes in No. 71) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No. 65-81. 3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 83 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile. No. 82. 83. 4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliquoly bent or recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green and leaf-like (except in No. 84). No. 84 - 91. 5. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal spike all staminate or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced -to colored sheaths, or with a short green prolongation. No. 92, 93. * * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged. 6. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana- ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice. Bracts short : culms mostly low and slender ; leaves all radical, long and narrow. Staminate spike solitary. No. 94-101. 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire or slightly notched orifice. Bracts long and leaf-like: culms tall and 'leafy. Staminate spike solitary (in No. 102 pistillate at the summit) : fertile spikes erect (except in No. 102). No. 102, 103. 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth. Staminate spike solitary (often androgynous in No. 107) : fertile spikes all on slender and pedulous stalks. No. 104-110. 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak, terminating in 2 distinct membranaceous teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. No. 111-115. 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough or pubescent, rarely smooth, with an abrupt straight beak. Staminate spikes usually two or more. No. 116-119. 11. Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth or pubescent, conspicuously many-nerved, with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes 1-5. No. 120-127. 12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2- toothed beak. Staminate spike solitary. No. 128-136. 13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab- rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread- ing or deflexed. Terminal spike staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex. No. 137-138. 14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, shining and straw-colored at maturity, with a taper- ing and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikes 2-5. No. 139 - 151. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 573 A. Spike solitary, simple ; its scales or bracts small and scarious or colored (never green or foliaceous) . PSYLLOPHORA, Loiseleur. § 1. Spike dioecious, or the fertile merely with a few staminate floviers at the base. 1. C. gyndcrates, Wormskiold. Culm and bristle-form radical leaves smooth, or minutely rough at the top ; sterile spike linear ; fertile spike ovoid, loosely flowered ; perigynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous obtusely 2-toothed apex, narrowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, spreading horizontally at maturity, longer than the acute or acutish scale ; stig- mas 2. — Swamps, Wayne and Genesee Co., New York (Sartwell, &c.), Michi- gan, and northward. (Eu.) 2. C. scirpoidea, Michx. Leaves flat; spike narrowly cylindrical ; peri- gynia ovoid, with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about the length of the pointed ciliate scale ; stigmas 3. ( C. Wormskioldiana, Hornem. C. Michauxii, Schw.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and New Hampshire, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood), Drummond's Island, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) § 2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. * Stigmas 2 : leaves bristle-form. 3. C. capitata, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid ; perigynia broadly ellip- tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading, longer than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Robbins, Oakes. (Eu.) * * Stigmas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. 4. C. paucifldra, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2 ; perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin, Ehrh.) — Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.) 5. C. polytrich.oides, Muhl. Culm capillary ; spike very small, few- flowered; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, slightly nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. (C. leptalea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and bogs: very common. * * * Stigmas 3 : leaves very (about 1') broad, longer than the naked culm, 6. C. Fraseriana, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves without a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins (9'- 18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm: spike oblong, the fertile part becoming globular; perigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro- nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse scale ; often enclosing a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania ? Virginia, and southward : rare, and a most remarkable plant. B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri- gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much exceeding the short almost radical culms.) PHYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr. 574 CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 7. C. Willden6vii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4 - 8, closely imbricated ; peri- gynia 6-9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering beak; achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted ; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass, to N. Virginia and westward. 8. C. Steud&Lii, Kunth. Ster He flowers 10- 15, rather loosely imbricated into a linear (apparently distinct) spike; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth, with a long and abrupt rough beak ; achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very minutely dotted; stigmas downy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hillsides, N. New York to Illinois and Kentucky. 9. C. Backii, Boott. Sterile flowers 3, inconspicuous,' perigynia 2-4, loose, globose-ovoid, with a conical beak, smooth throughout: achenium globose-pyriform, scarcely dotted; stigmas smooth. — Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom, Prof. Whitney), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. — Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous, than in the last two. C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (rarely dioecious), sessile, forming a compact or more or less interrupted sometimes paniculate-compound inflores- cence : stigmas 2 : achenium lenticular. VIGN&A, Beauv. § 1. Spikes approximated, the staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated: perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak : bracts light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter than the (at maturity) brown and chaffy spikes. — SICCAT^E. 10. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some of the central ones wholly fertile ; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a tapering point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale ; style jointed at the base. — Swamps : common. — Slender, occasionally dioecious. 11. C. Siccata, Dew. Spikes 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermost and commonly 1-3 of the lowest fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently all staminate; peri- gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the length of the scale ; style minutely hairy. ( C. pallida, C. A. Meyer. ) — Sandy plains, New England to Illinois, and northwestward. 12. C. disticha, Huds. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper or mid- dle ones frequently almost all staminate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; peri- gynia ovate-lanceolate, the margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft on the outer side ; scale ovate, pointed, nearly the length of the perigynium. (C. intermedia, Good. C. Sartwellii, Dew., and former editions.) — Seneca Co., New York (Sartwell) to Illinois, Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) § 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. # Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly margined beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity : spikes decompound, paniculate : scales light brown, with white membrana- ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short bristly prolongation. — PANICULATE. 13. C. teretitlSCUla, Good. Spikes with short appressed branches, crowded in a slender spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, short- stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-shaped CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 575 base; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigyniura ; achenium obovoid-pyriform, obtusely triangular. ( C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl. ) — Swamps, especially northward. (Eu.) Var. major, Koch. Spikes more panicled; perigynia rather narrower. (C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.) — Bogs and low grounds, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 14. C. decomp6sita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous densely- crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; periyynia obovate, un- equally biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decom- posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and southwestward. # * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short 2-toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, with numerous small very densely-Jlowered heads : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with the green keel prolonged into a rough point: bracts short and resem- bling them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle-shaped, and much exceeding the culm. — MULTIFIX^ILS;. 15. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less interruptedf(l£'-2£' long), of 8-10 crowded clusters; perigynia ovate from a broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. (C. multi- flora, Muhl. C. bractebsa and C. polymdrpha, Schw. C. microsperma, Wahl.) — Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more strongly serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew,) — Low meadows : everywhere common. # # # Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous, with a thick and spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, dis- tinctly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 19 and 20), widely spreading and yellow at maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decom- pound: scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point: bracts bristle- shaped, shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — VULPINE. 16. C. crus-corvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; brads o/len 2-toothed at the base ; perigynia attenuated from an ovate diluted and truncate base into a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base. (C. sicaeformis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, often somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves 6" wide. 17. C. stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower mostly distinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak tapering from a truncate base, many-nerved, much exceeding the scale ; style slightly tumid at the base. (C. vulpinoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Low grounds: com- mon. — Culm flaccid : spikes pale. 18. C. COnjtincta, Boott. Resembles the preceding; but the spikes (6-12) more simple; perigynia ovate from a subcordate flat (not corky-tumid) base, short-beaked, fewer-nerved, longer and broader than the pointed scale ; style bulbous at the base. (C. vulpma. of former editions; — from which it 576 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) differs in its flaccid culm, transversely wrinkled sheaths, orbicular achenium, &c.) — Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. 19. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-12 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense ; peri'gynia compressed, nerveless or very ol>scurely nerved, ovate from a broad truncate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; achenium pyriform; base of the style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxima, Dew.) — Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &c. — Resembles the last, but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes ; easily distinguished by the nearly nerveless i>er'igynia, and the different achenium and style. 20. C. muricata, L. Spikes 4-6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the lowermost sometimes a little remote ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, somewhat com- pressed, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved towards the base, rather longer than the scale; achenium ovate; base of the style not tumid. — Fields, Massachusetts (introduced?), Ohio, and Kentucky: rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the last, the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. (En.) * * * * Perigynia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem- branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26) 2-toothed beak, spreading and green at maturity : scales of the fertile spikes tawny or white : bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. — 21. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6-12, avoid; the upper ones aggre- gated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless, rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale ; achenium roundish-ovate ; style short, merely tumid at the base. — Var. silxoR, Boott, is merely a reduced form. (C. cephalophora, var. Torr. C. muricata, var. cephaloidea, Dew. C. cephaloidea, Dew. in part.) — Low rich grounds. — A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves; sometimes with 1-2 short branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound spike (probably C. divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough). 22. C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part), Boott. Spikes 5 or 6, contiguous; the broadly ovate perigynia wing-margined, spongy at the base, shorter beaked, equalling or shorter than the cuspidate-tipped scale ; style bulbous at the base. — New York? Illinois (Vasey). — Much resembles and has been confounded with the small form of the foregoing. 23. C. Cephal6phora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregated in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on the outer side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale j achenium and style as in the last. (C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part.) — Var. ANGUSTir6LiA, Boott, is a narrow-leaved, smaller form. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.) — Woods and fields : common. 24. C. Mulllenb6rgii, Schk. Spikes 3-9, closely approximate, forming an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently many- nerved on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; ache- nium orbicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields : rather common, especially southward. — Culms 12' -1 8' high, and with the leaves pale and rigid: com- monly with a bract to each spike. CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 577 Var. endrvis, Boott. Scales sometimes pointless ; perigynia nearly or wholly nerveless ; spikes often bractless. — Hudson River, New York, J. L. Russell. — Distinguished from C. cephaloidea by its rigid culm, narrower leaves, and firmer perigynium, spongy at the base. 25. C. rbsea, Schk. Spikes 4-8, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others all distinct, and the lowest often remote ; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each spike), narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice, as long as the broadly ovate obtuse scale. — Var. MINOR, Boott, has the 4 - 6 spikes smaller and more separated, the scales less obtuse and with a rough mucronate point ; perigynia more erect ; leaves narrower. — Var. RADIATA, Dew, is still more slender, almost capillary, and has only 3 or 4 remote and 3-4-flowered spikes. (C. neglecta, Tuckenn.) — Moist woods and meadows: common. 26. C. retrofl6xa, Muhl. Spikes 3 - 6, all approximate, the 1 -2 lowest dis- tinct but not remote ; perigynia (about 5 - 7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lanceo- late, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr., Gyp.) — Copses and moist meadows : less common than the last, from which it is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales, and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth perigynium. # # # * # Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture, prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achenium conformed to the peri- gynium, crowned with the short thick style : bracts like the scales (brown), the lowest with a prolonged point : rootstock creeping. — CHORDORHIZ^E. 27. C. chordorhiza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root- stock (4' -9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap- pressed leaves ; spikes in an ovoid head; perigynia ovate, a little longer than the scale. — Cold bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 28. C. tenella, Schk. Spikes 2-6, very small, rather remote, or the upper approximate, with 2 or 3, rarely 4, fertile /lowers ; perigynia ovate, twice as long as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk. suppl, not of L. C. disperma, Dew. C. gra- cilis, Ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender species, 6'- 12' high, with long grassy leaves, growing in loose tufts. (Eu.) § 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. * Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming whitish or silvery : scales white and membranaceous ; the bracts resembling them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — CANESCENTES. •«- Perigynia mostly somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, and with a smooth or minutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly notched at the apex. 29. C. trisp6rma, Dew. Spikes 2 -3, very small, with about 3 fertile flow- ers, remote, the lowest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous slender nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on moun- tains, New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward. — Resembling the last, but larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, l°-2° long. 37 578 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 30. C. tenuiflbra, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated; perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold swamps, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 31. C. can&SCens, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about \2-2Q-Jlowered), the upper approximated, the rest distinct, the lowermost remote; .perigynia ovate, equalling the pointed scale. (C. curta, Good. C. Richardi, Michx.) — Marshes and wet meadows . common, especially northward. (Eu.) Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller and roundish 6-15-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var. sphaerostachya, Ed. 1. C. tenella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries. C. Gebhardi, Hoppe. C. sphserostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun- tains, and high northward. (Eu.) 32. C. Norv^gica, Schk. Pale ; stem 1° or less high, angled ; spikes 2-5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate flowers below the numerous fertile ones, or the terminal one all staminate ; perigynia oval or oblong, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the obtuse scale. — Salt marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.) •i- •»- Perigynia thin, spongy-thickened at the base, scarcely nerved, ^-toothed. 33. C. Deweyana, Schw. Spikes about 4; the 2 uppermost approximate, the others distinct, the lowest long-bracted ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, taper- ing into a rough serrate-margined beak, rather longer than the sharply pointed or awned scale. : — Copses, New England and New York to Wisconsin, and northward. # # Spikes ovoid or obovoid, more or less clustered; perigynia concave-convex, com- pressed, margined or winged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothed beak, often tawny at maturity : scales tawny or white, awnless : bracts bristle-shaped, usually falling before the maturity of the spikes. •«- Spikes small: perigynia usually (but not always) becoming spongy -thickened at the base, the margins rigid. — STELLTJLA.T^:. •«• Spikes completely or incompletely dioecious. 34. C. exilis, Dew. Spike commonly solitary and cylindrical, dioecious or androgynous (staminate) and contracted below, often with 1-6 small additional fertile spikes contiguous to the terminal larger one ; perigynia otate-lanceolate, plano-convex, with a few fine nerves only on the convex side, spreading, turning brownish, longer than ovate acute or obtuse scale ; leaves involute-filiform. — Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the coast : also borders of mountain lakes, Essex County, New York. 35. C. St^rilis, Willd. Spilces 4 -6, all staminate and rarely all pistillate on some plants, many androgynous, especially the lower spikes, all oblong or the fertile roundish ; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped sharply mar- gined base, flat, diverging or the lower recurved, very acutely 2-toothed at the apex, about equalling the acute or pointed scale ; leaves narrow, involute, pale. (C. stellulata, var. sterilis, of former ed.) — Swamps and wet meadows: com- mon, especially northward. CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 579 , ++•*-«• Spikes androgynous. 36. C. Stellulata, L. Spikes 3-5, the uppermost much contracted at the base by the numerous staminate flowers; perigynia ovate or slightly heart- shaped at the base, which has thickish or obtuse margins, the apex more mi- nutely toothed ; scales rather blunt and considerably shorter ; leaves flatter and pale : otherwise nearly as in the last. — Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.) Var. scirpoides. Culms slender and weak (9' -20') ; leaves very narrow ; spikes contiguous, smaller ; perigynia with a rounded or truncate base, plano- convex, almost twice the length of the obtuse scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Wet places : common. t Var. angustata, is remarkable for the narrow lanceolate perigynia more than twice the length of the blunt scale and oblong achenium: otherwise as in var. scirpoides. — Fairfield, New York. •*- -*- Spikes rather large: perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a more or less dilated membranaceous margin or wing. — OVALES. 37. C. sychnoc6phala, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short compound spiked head, subtended by 3 very long and unequal persistent leafy bracts ; perigynia tapering from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, somewhat exceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides, Dew., not oFZ.) — Jefferson County (Vasey & Knieskern) and Little Falls, New York, Vasey. — Different in habit from the rest of this section ; recognized at once by the ovoid compound spike, subtended by long leafy bracts, by which the lower spikes are partly concealed. 38. C. arida, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 8-10, approximate (£' long), oblong- cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 lines in length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate scale; achenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — In characters scarcely distin- guished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; much larger, with long, dry, and chaffy-looking spikes. 39. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikes 5-8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head; perigynia elliptical-lanceolate, tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale ; achenium distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows : everywhere common. — Spikes brownish or straw-colored when ripe. — Var. M!NOR, Boott. Spikes more rusty, smaller, contiguous ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate. — Base of White Moun- tains, New Hampshire, and northward. 40. C. lagopodioldes, Schk. Spikes 10-15 or more, approximate, or the lower more separated ; perigynia lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate- oblong rather pointed scale ; achenium narrowly oval, on a short stalk ; leaves very tapering to the apex ; their sheaths loose, enlarging upwards, sharp-edged. — Moist, rather shady places : common. 41. C. cristata, Schw. Spikes smaller, 8-12 closely aggregated, globular, greenish; perigynia oblong or ovate, recurved at maturity; scales obtuse ; otherwise as in the last, of which in former editions it was taken for a variety. — Wet or moist ground : common. 580 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Var. mirabilis, Boott, has broadly ovate perigynia with a shorter beak, longer than the acute scale. (C. festucacea, var. mirabilis of former edition^. C. mirabilis, Dew.) — Mass, to Ohio, &c. 42. C. adlista, Boott (not of former ed.). Spikes 4-10, pale or brown, globular, or the upper club-shaped, the lower remote and sometimes compound ; perigynia oval, ovate, or roundish, gradually tapering to a beak, many-nerved, with the narrow wing wider above the middle, turgid at maturity, equalling the scale in length and breadth ; achenium large, orbicular, sessile. ( C. argyrantha, Tuckerm., is a very delicate form of this, found in rocky woods.) — '• Moist copses, &c., from Rhode Island (Olney) and New Jersey (Kneiskern), northward and westward : rare. 43. C. fCBnea, Willd. Spikes 3-8, pale or silvery green, finally straw-col- ored, mostly approximate, ovoid, generally acute, the uppermost contracted or club-shaped at the sterile base ; perigynia oval, orbicular or obovate, short-beaked, broadly winged, appressed, transversely wrinkled, a little longer than the ovate or lanceolate white scale ; achenium on a short stalk, oval. — Sandy and mostly salt or brackish marshes, &c., along the coast, from New England southward. Var. ? ferruginea, referred here by Dr. Boott, with rusty-colored acute spikes, and longer-beaked perigynia, generally acutish at base and exceeding the acute or mucronate scale (Ohio, Sullivant), connects this with C. straminea. Var.? sabul6num, also referred here by Dr. Boott, has 2 -10 drooping rather remote spikes, more or less obovate or club-shaped, contracted at base, pale green turning straw-color ; perigynia broadly winged at base, slightly ex- ceeding the pointed scale : it is C. adiista of former editions, not of Boott — Sands of the sea-shore from Maine southward. — Leaves narrow, often involute. 44. C. Straminea, Schk. Spikes 2-12, pale or tawny, varying from obo- vate-globular to club-shaped, contiguous or rather remote ; perigynia orbicular- ovate of oval, often heart-shaped at base, very flat, abruptly contracted into a short or tapering into a longer beak, winged, much wider and commonly longer than the usually acute or pointed scale ; achenium nearly sessile, oval. — Open grounds and borders of woods : common, and very variable. The following are the varieties designated by Dr. Boott. — Var. TYPICA, with 3-6 roundish spikes ; perigynia spreading, broadly winged, rather longer and much broader than the scale. — Var. TENERA, more slender and delicate, with 3-6 smaller oval or ob- ovate spikes, more tawny ; perigynia with a short and broad beak, rather longer and broader than the scale. (C. tenera, Dew. C. festucacea, var. tenera, of former cd., in part.) — Var. APERTA. Spikes 4-8, tawny, tapering at base, drooping ; perigynia long-beaked, thrice the length of the very sharp-pointed scale, loosely spreading in the spike. — Var. FESTUCACEA. Spikes 5-8, club- shaped, tawny or greenish ; perigynia abruptly short-beaked and mostly nar- rowly winged, longer than the acute or mucronate scale ; plant tall and rather rigid. (C. festucacea, Schk., and former ed.) — Var. HYAL^NA, a chiefly West- ern form, approaching the next species, with larger and thick pale spikes, usu- ally 6, all tapering at base ; perigynia greenish, with a wide spongy wing, and a long beak, about twice the length of the brown pointless scale ; rather tall and stout, with broad leaves. (C. straminea, var. Crawei, Boott; but probably by some mistake said to be collected in Michigan by the late Dr. Crawe. C. hya- CYPERACE^E. ( SEDGE FAMILY.) 581 lina, Boott, is a small Texan form of it.) — Var. ME,\DII (Illinois, Dr. Mead}, resembles the last, but has rather smaller and rounder spikes, thinner wings to the perigynia, and long-tapering or rough awn-pointed scales. 45. C. alata, Torr. Spikes 3-10, pale, turgid-ovoid, contiguous, mostly large (6" -10" long); perigynia dilated orbicular or obovate, broadly winged, abruptly short-beaked, either heart shaped or wedge-shaped at the base, longer and thrice broader than the lanceolate or ovate acute or rough awn-pointed scale ; achenia stipitate. — W. New York (Sartwell) to Virginia and southward. — All these, from No. 38 to the present, run together variously. D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple spikes on the same culm; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes con- stantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at their base or apex : stigmas 3 : achenium sharply triangular (only usually 2 stigmas and the achenium lenticular in No. 46-56, 65, 149, 150). CAREX proper. § 1. Perigynia without a beak, or scarcely any, smooth, not inflated (slightly in No. 55, 56), terminating in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glaucous-green when young, becoming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or occasionally nearly black at maturity : pistillate scales blackish-purple (barely brown in No. 55, 56, 64), giving a dark appearance to the spikes. * Sterile spikes 1-3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate spikes 3 - 5, frequently with sterile flowers at the apex : bract of the lowest spike leaf-like, mostly with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and very minute sheaths or none. ( Culm and leaves more or less glaucous. ) •«- Stigmas 2 (in No. 46 and 47* sometimes 3) : perigynia lenticular. — ActsTM. +•* Alpine, saxatile : pistillate scales pointless : leaves flat. •tn- Scales awnless, mostly obtuse. 46. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary ; the fertile 2- 4, cylindrical, erect, rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with rounded auricles ; stigmas 2-3; perigynia elliptical, with an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm rigid, nearly smooth except towards the top, about the length of the firm erect leaves. (C. saxatilis, Fl. Dan., partly of L.) (Eu.) — Our plant is the Var.? Bigeldvii (C. Bigelovii, Torr. C. Washingtbnia, Dew.), with 3-5 longer and laxer fertile spikes, the lowest long-stalked, spreading, and sometimes remote ; the sterile or terminal one often fertile at the top ; perigynia more or less nerved : perhaps a distinct species. — Alpine summits of the mountains of New England, New York, and high northward. *+ *+ Not alpine, paludose: pistillate scales awnless, single-nerved. a. leaves with involute margins when dry ; their sheaths not flbrillose. 47. C. VUlgaris, Fries. Sterile spike 1-3; the fertile 2-4, approximated, oblong, erect, densely-flowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the lowest on a very short stalk ; lowest bract barely the length of the culm, with small blackish rounded auricles; 'perigynia ovate-elliptical, stalked, nerved especially to- wards the base, with a veiy short abrupt entire or minutely notched point, longer than the obtuse oppressed black scale; culm slender, sharply triangular, 582 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILT.) nearly smooth, except at the top. (C. acuta, var. vulgaris, L. C. caespitbsa, of authors. ) — Wet banks, &c. New England to "Wisconsin and northward. — Grows in small patches (not in dense tufts like No. 50), and varies in height from 3' to 18', with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. (Eu.) The follow- ing may be appended. 47*. C. limula, Fries ? Fertile spikes less approximate or rather remote ;' their bracts surpassing the culm (at least the lowest) and with rougher margins ; leaves longer and more numerous at the base of the rougher culm ; perigynia nerveless ; stigmas often 3 : otherwise like C. vulgaris. — E. New England, near Boston, W. Boott, who rather doubtfully identifies it with the Lapland plant. The specimens in Herb. Suec. Norm, differ in their flat leaves, and narrower, longer, and even pointed scales. (Eu.) 48. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly 2 -3; the fertile 3-5, cylindrical, inclining to club-shaped, erect, densely-flowered, sessile, or the lower on very short stalks ; bracts long, 1-2 lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovate- elliptical, stalked, nerveless, with a very short entire point about the length of the lanceolate scale ; culm smooth, not much exceeding the pale-green glaucous leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to Wisconsin, and north- ward.— Eobust, 2° -3° high ; the thick fertile spikes l'-3' long. (Eu.) b. Leaves with more or less revolute margins when dry ; sheaths at length flbrillose, i. e. when old splitting up or resolved more or less into slender parallel or loosely reticulated fibres. 49. C. t6rta, Boott Sterile spikes 1 - 2, commonly I, fertile 3-4, elongated, narrowly-cylindrical or slightly club-shaped, loosely few-flowered at the base, occasion- ally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender stalks, spreading or drooping ; bracts with oblong auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped, shorter than their respective spikes; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to a distinct point, with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very smooth, nerve- less, the empty tips spreading or obliquely recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding the narrow obtuse scale; achenium broadly obovate, much shorter than the perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves short, slightly rough on the margin only. (C. acuta, var. sparsiflora, Dew. ?) — Kills and wet banks, N. New England, New York, &c., and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Well marked by its smooth flaccid culm (12' -18' high), soft and short grassy leaves, and the tortuous empty apex of the perigynium. 50. C. ap6rta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; fer- tile 2-4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile ; the lower distant and short- stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked, without nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very slightly rough at the apex, with an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and much shorter than the lanceolate pointed brown scale ; culm sharply triangular, smooth below, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leaves. — Wet meadows, Rhode Island and Mass, to Illinois and far westward. — Culm l°-2° high, with commonly CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 583 2 fertile spikes 9"- 18" in length, appearing somewhat bristly from the long and spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder perigynium and nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it. 51. C. Stricta, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1-3; the fertile 2 - 4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short stalk ; lower bract with rounded or oblong brown auricles, seldom exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerveless, or very obscurely few- nerved, often minutely rough on the short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale ; culm slender, sharply triangular, rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves ; their older sheaths with conspicuous reticulated fibres. ( C. aciita, Muhl., &c., not of L. C. Virginiana, Smith in Rees, Cycl. C. acuta, var. erecta, Dew. C. angustata, Boott.) — Var. STR^CTIOR has shorter and more densely flowered fertile spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (C. strictior, Dew.) — Wet meadows and swamps : very common. — Grows in large and very compact tufts : culms 2° - 2^° high. Scales of the fertile spikes very variable ; the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. (C. xero- carpa, S. H. Wright, in Dew. Cat., seems to be a mere state of C. stricta.) 52. C. lenticular is, Michx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at the top ; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (6"-12"long), sessile, or the lower short- peduncled, densely-flowered; bracts exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate-oval, sessile, more or less nerved, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex- ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale ; culm (6' -20' high) and leaves smooth or nearly so, pale. — Wet gravelly banks and shores, N. Maine (.7. Blake^ C. E. Smith), N. New York (Torrey, Knieskern, J. A. Paine), Upper Michigan (Prof. Porter, frc.), and northward. .M. ++ •»-*. Paludose or maritime : pistillate scales awned or pointed from the broad and strong more or less triple-nerved centre or midrib. 53. C. salina, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2 - 3 ; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, erect, often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks ; bracts long, with rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate- elliptical, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the roughly-awned dark-brown scale; culm (l°-2°high) rough at the top, rather exceeding the leaves. — Salt marshes, Massachusetts ( Greene, W. Boott), Maine ( G. L. Good- ale), and far northward. (Eu.) 54. C. maritima, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each 2-4 (the latter rarely 5 or 6) (l'-2' long), spreading or drooping on slender peduncles ; perigynia nearly orbicular, with a short entire point, much shorter than the long-awned green- ish scale; culm (l°-2° high) and the broad fiat leaves smooth. (C. paleacea, Wahl. ) — Salt marshes, Cambridge and Medford, Mass. ( Greene, W. Boott), Wells, Maine, («/. Blake) and northward: rare. (Eu.) 55. C. crinita, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile fiowers vari- ously intermixed; the fertile 3-5, long-cylindrical (2' -3' long), densely flowered, often staminate at the apex, on exserted nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceed- ing the culm ; perigynia roundish-obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with a short entire point, shorter than the oblong mostly notched roughly-serrate awned 584 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) light-brown scale; cmm (2° -4° high) rough and sharply angled above, leafy below ; the pale leaves (3" -4" wide), rough on the edges, their surface and the shtaths smooth. — Varies in size (but usually tall) ; and with the lower fertile scales often very long-awned, the fruit imperfect and deformed (var. MORBIDA, Carey in Sill. Jour. C. paleacea of authors). — Wet grounds by streams : common. 56. C. gynandra, Schw., Boott. Sheaths rough with minute hairiness; fertile spikes rather thicker and looser, and oftener staminate at the apex ; peri- gynia more ovate or oblong and elliptical ; the scales longer and less spreading but mostly shorter-awned : otherwise as in the preceding, — to which it is very nearly related. — In similar situations, but less common, from New England to Penn. and Michigan. •*- •«- Stigmas 3 : perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more or less compressed : pistillate spikes on filiform drooping stalks. — LiM6s^E. 57. C. Barrattii, Schw. & Torr. Sterile spike mostly single, sometimes 2 or even 3, dark purple ; fertile mostly 2 or 3, cylindrical, commonly staminate at the top ; lower bract usually shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; peri- gynia oval or oval-lanceolate, obliquely divergent, scarcely notched at the point, about the length of the ovate and blunt black-purple scale; culm (l°-2° high) sharply triangular, nearly smooth, longer than the glaucous flat leaves ; the old sheaths at base splitting into threads. (C. flacca, of former ed., and probably a mere geographical variety of that European species.) — Marshes, New Jersey near the coast, Collins, Knieskern ; and Townsend, Delaware, W. M. Canby. 58. C. limdsa, L. Staminate spike solitary ; fertile 1 -2, oblong, 10-20- flowered, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow, the lowest shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about equal to the ovate mucronate dull or purplish-brown scale. — Peat-bogs, New Eng- land to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6' -12' high, erect, sharply triangular, longer than the acute and rigid keeled leaves. (Eu.) 59. C. rariflbra, Smith. Resembles the last (of which it was thought to be a variety), but smaller, 4' -9' high; culm obtuse-angled; leaves flatter and rather broader; pistillate spikes with only 5-10 less crowded flowers; peri- gynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the broadly-ovate black-purple scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine ( G. L. Goodale), and northward. (Eu.) 60. C. irrigua, Smith. Staminate spike solitary ; the fertile 2- 4, ovoid or oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or with a few sterile flowers at the base ; lowest bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia roundish- ovate or obovate, with an entire orifice, much shorter than the tapering and slender- pointed dark purple scale. (C. Magellanica, Lam., according to Boott. C. lirhbsa, var. irrigua, Wahl. C. paupe'rcula, Michx. ) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Taller than No. 58, growing in loose clumps, with weaker and nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.) # # Uppermost spike club-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base; the rest all fertile or with a few sterile flowers below : lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — CYPERACEJ2. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 585 t~ Scales of the spike deep-colored, purple or dark brown. 61. C. Buxbaiimii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4,obovoid or oblong, the uppermost short-stalked (rarely altogether staminate), the others nearly sessile, the lowest somewhat remote ; perigynia elliptical, obtusely triangular, compressed, ob- scurely nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate sharp-pointed or short-awned (brown-purple) scale. (C. cane'scens, L., in part.) — Peat-bogs: not rare. (Eu.) 62. C. atrata, L. Spikes 3-4, oblong-ovoid, approximate, all on short Jiliform stalks, at length drooping ; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point, about the length of the ovate acute or dark brown-purple scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12' -15' high, with rather rigid leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first pale straw-color, often becom- ing dark purple or nearly black. Stigmas sometimes 2. (Eu.) 63. C. alpina, Swartz. Spikes 3-4, small, oval or globular, crowded into a head at the summit of the slender naked culm, nearly sessile, mostly overtopped by a foliaceous bract ; perigynia orbicular or obovate, pointed with a small, short beak, minutely notched" at the orifice, roughish, longer than the ovate bluntish black-purple scale. (C. Vahlii, Schk.) Isle Royale, &c., Lake Superior, Prof. Whitney, C. G. luring, Jr., and northward. — Culms in ours l°-2° high, the leaves all at the base : spikes 2" -4" long. (Eu.) •«- •«- Scales and spikes greenish .turning straw-color. 64. C. Shortiana, Dew. Spikes 3-5, cylindrical, erect, more or less dis- tant (^'-Ig' l°ng)> and the lowest rather remote, all androgynous and densely flowered ; the terminal one about half staminate, the rest with only a few barren flowers at the base, the lower on short stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a short stalk, with an extremely minute entire point, little longer than the short-pointed somewhat obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsyl- vania to Illinois and southward. — Plant l°-3° high : leaves flat, 3" wide. § 2. Perigynia without a beak (except in No. 67, &c.), smooth, slightly inflated, bluntly triangular, nerved, with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and straight or oblique) entire or notched point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing: stami- nate spike solitary (except sometimes in No. 71), or androgynous and pistillate above ; the rest all fertile. * Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (rarely short-stalked or sessile, or with 1-2 small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1-6, erect, the upper on very short, the lower on more or less elongated exserted stalks (short and included in No. 73) : bracts shorter than the culm (except in No. 65 and 72) : perigynia with an entire and straight or obliquely bent point, glaucous-green when young, becoming cream-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes spotted with purple ; pistillate scales dark-brown with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves mostly radical, more or less glaucous.) — PANfcE^E. •«- Stigmas mostly 2 : perigynium wholly pointless, turgid-obovate. 65. C. atirea, Nutt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate acute scale ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyrifdrmis, Schw.) — Wet grassy banks, especially on limestone, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A 586 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) slender delicate species, 4' - 8' high, with long grassy leaves, and bracts exceed- ing the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex. -»- -i- Stigmas 3 : perigynium somewhat pointed and 3-sided. •w- Staminate spike (or the cluster in No. 71) long-stalked. 66. C. livida, Willd. Fertile spikes 1-2, rarely with a third near the base of the culm, 10- \5-flowered; perigynia ovoid-oblong, with faint pellucid nerves, tipped with a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C. limosa, var. livida, Wahl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine bar- rens, New Jersey, Oneida Co., New York, and high northward. — Rarely with a single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 4' -9' long, from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid and finely tapering. (Eu.) 67. C. vaginata, Tausch. Sterile spike with its stalk commonly bent to a right angle with the culm at flowering time, afterwards erect ; fertile 2 or 3, remote, erect, slender-ped uncled, loosely flowered ; bracts foliaceous, short, with dilated sheaths ; perigynia short-ovate when mature and with a distinct terete beak or beak-like oblique point, emarginate at the orifice, exceeding the ovate acute scale; culm slender (l°-2° long), weak and reclining, naked, stoloniferous ; the long-creeping sterile shoots bearing tufts of flat green leaves (2" -3" wide) almost equalling the fertile culms. (C. sparsiflbra, Fries. C. phaostachya, Smith.) — Moist banks, Bergen swamp, Genesee Co., New York (J. A. Paine), Lake Superior (Bobbins and Porter), and northward. (Eu.) 68. C. panicea, L. Sterile spike always erect ; fertile 1-3, mostly 2, erect, remote, oblong or short-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, only the lower slen- der-peduncled ; sheaths of the short foliaceous bracts shorter and narrower; perigynia turgid-ovate at maturity, obscurely nerved, tipped with a short bent entire point (mostly straw-colored), longer than the ovate blunt scale. — Moist grounds, Massachusetts to Delaware ( W. M. Canby) : rare. (Eu.) 69. C. Meadii, Dew. Differs from the last onty in the denser fertile spikes, the sterile one sometimes longer ; and the perigynia more triangular, less turgid, paler, less indistinctly nerved, the scales pointed ' ; culms more rigid and rough- ish : the more slender forms closely approach the next. (C. panicea, chiefly of former ed.) — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Illinois and Wisconsin. 70. C. tetanica, Schk. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, oblong-cylindrical, loosely flowered, especially at the tapering base, remote ; perigynia when young pointed at each end, at maturity obovoid, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point, longer than the ovate obtuse and often abruptly mucronate or awn-pointed scale. (C. conoidea, Gray, Gram. Sf Cyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins of lakes and rivers, W. Mass, to Penn., Michigan, and southward. 71. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spikes often 1 or 2 small ones at the base of the terminal, which is occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 3-6, re- mote, and the lowest near the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, and some- times slightly compound at the base ; their short peduncles included, or the lowest exserted ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, with a very small straight or slightly recurved point, longer than the ovate obtuse or acute or short-pointed scale. (C. heterostachya, Torr.) — Wet places, S. Herkimer and Jefferson CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 587 Counties, New York, to Illinois, Michigan, and northwestward. — Variable, 4' -12' high; the taller forms resembling the next ; but the perigynium is less round and with fewer and more indistinct nerves, the bracts do not exceed the culm, and the staminate spike is long-peduncled. ++ ** Staminate spike nearly sessile : periyynium turgid, many-nerved, greenish. 72. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike mostly shorter than the approx- imate uppermost of the 3 or 4 fertile ; these cylindrical, dense, the lowest remote and slender peditncled, sometimes from near the root ; perigynia globular-ovoid, con- tracted into a short often slightly bent point, longer than the pointed scale ; plant pale, glabrous; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows : common. 73. C. T6rreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike overtopping the 2 or 3 ovoid contiguous nearly sessile fertile spikes ; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, the very obtuse or retuse summit abruptly tipped with a very short cylindraceous beak- like point, longer than the ovate mostly acute or pointed scale; culm, leaves, and short sheathless bracts downy. (C. abbreviate, Schw., Boott.) — Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Schweinitz, New York ? and high northward. — Probably over- looked from its close external resemblance to the next; but it is very distinct. * * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 75) : pistillate spikes 2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks ; bracts longer than the culm (except in No. 75) : perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt and minute or almost obsolete point, green and somewhat pellucid at maturity : pistillate scales tawny, fading to white. — PALLESCENTES. 74. C. pallescens, L. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, densely flowered, approxi- mate ; perigynia obovoid-oblong , obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. — Var. UNDULATA is a mere state with the lower bract at the base transversely wavy-lined. (C. undulata, Kunze.) — Meadows, New England to Penn. and northward. — Plant 8' - 18' high : culm and leaves slightly pubescent. (Eu.) 75. C. COnoidea, Schk. Staminate spike on a long stalk ; fertile 2-3, oblong, closely flowered, the lower distant ; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed nerves, slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than the sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica, Schw. Sf Torr., not of Schk.} — Moist meadows : rather common. 76. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-6, oblong, rather loosely flowered, re- mote, or the 2 upper contiguous and the lowest distant ; perigynia oblong, rather longer than the broadly ovate abruptly strongly awned scale (the awn rough- hispid ; style bulbous-thickened; leaves light green, flat, rather broad. (C. laxi- flbra, Schk., not of Lam.) — Moist grounds : rather common. 77. C. flaccosperma, Dew. Differs from the preceding in having the flaccid leaves paler or glaucous; spikes longer, cylindrical (about 1'long), with more numerous flowers, usually more distant, their bracts shorter ; perigynia larger (2" -3" long), laxer, turning brownish, twice or thrice the length of the short-pointed or short-awn-pointed scale; style not thickened. (C. grisea, var. miitica, of former ed. Prof. Dewey now proposes to change the name to xan- thosperma, because flaccosperma is a hybrid word and "yellow- fruited" was meant. But the fruit is not yellow, and the original name has been adopted by Boott and Steudel.) — Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey, Knieskern (a dubious form), and common southward. 588 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * * * Uppermost spike fertile-flowered at the apex (rarely all staminate) : pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosejy flowered, distant, on exserted JUi- form stalks : bracts equalling or often exceeding the culm : perigynia oblong, with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in No. 80), green and inera- branaceous at maturity : pistillate scales tawny or white. — GRAC^ LLIMLE. -t- Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous. 78. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-cylindrical, rather thick; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspicuously owned scale. (C. aristata, Dew., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.) — Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the next (1°- 2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes. 79. C. formbsa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2 or 3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base ; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, nearly twice as long as the pointed or cuspidate .scale. — Wet meadows, Massachusetts to W. New York. 80. C. gracillima, Schw. Fertile spikes linear, slender; perigynia obtuse and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned or awnless scale. (C. digitalis, Schw. $- Torr., not of Wiild.) — Wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward. — When the uppermost spike is alto- gether staminate this resembles C. arctata ; but is distinguished by the obtuse and sessile perigynium. •*- •*- Fertile spikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-peduncled or nearly sessile. 81. C. 8BStivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri- gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale; achenium somewhat stipitate ; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent : otherwise nearly as the last, but smaller (l°-l£° high). — Saddle Mountain, W. Massa- chusetts (Dewey), mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward. § 3. Perigynia without a beak, hairy (in No. 83 becoming smooth at maturity), slightly inflated, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a mi- nute abrupt straight point : bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete sheaths, the lowest exceeding the culm ; pistillate scales tawny or white ; spikes 2 — 4, erect, the uppermost androgynous, fertile-flowered at the apex and club-shaped: the rest all fertile. — VIRESCENTES. 82. C. Vir6scens, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks; peri- gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale ; leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hillsides, New England to Michigan, and southward. — Culms rough, slender, l°-2°high: fertile spikes 6" -12" long. 83. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate; perigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when yOung, smooth at maturity, rather longer than the pointed scale ; sheaths very hairy ; leaves more or less so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. viridula, Schw. $• Torr., not of Michx.)-—. Varies with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and leaves nearly smooth. (C. hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. Sf Torr.) — Woods and meadows: the smoother form southward. — Culm 12' - 18' high. Spikes 6" - 9" long. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 589 § 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi- nating in a short, entire, rather obliguely bent or recurved point, remaining green at maturity : pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white : staminate spike solitary : pistillate spikes 2-5, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base of the culm. * Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheathing bracts, except sometimes the lowest, and shorter than the spikes or not much exceeding them : perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end : culms numerous, diffuse and in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very broad, finely andfclosely nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLANTAofNE^E. 84. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5-8- flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the lowest greenish. (C. latifolia, Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hillsides in rich soil, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward through the Alleghanies. 85. C. Careyana, Torr. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid or oblong, about 3-5- flowered; bracts green, the upper equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat exceeding them; perigynia large (2"-2i" in length); leaves dark green. — In similar situations with the last, N. New York to -Penn. and Ohio : rare. 86. C. platyph^lla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, Jiliform, loosely 3 - 4-Jlowered ; bracts as in the last; perigynia small; culms slender; leaves pale or whitish-green. — In similar situations with No. 84 ; and commoner southward. * * Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate : fertile spikes 2-4, all on Jili- form exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves ; the upper- most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DIGITALES. 87. C. retroctirva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3-8- flowered, on long drooping stalks, frequently with one or two staminate flowers at their base ; leaves glaucous, 3 — 4 lines wide, with 3 prominent nerves. — Copses and hillsides, New England to W. New York, Virginia, and southward. — Closely approaching the next ; perhaps only a variety of it. 88. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile spikes linear-oblong, loosely 6 - 9 -flowered, on long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark green ; perigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. Sf Torr., not of Schk. C. Vanvleckii, Schw.) — Copses and hillsides : not rare. — Slender, 6' - 12' high, growing in tufts, with numerous culms and long grassy leaves. * * * Sterile spike linear, either conspicuously peduncled or smaller and nearly sessile in the same species : fertile spikes 2-6, erect ; the 1-2 uppermost commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk ; the rest on exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves ; the uppermost exceeding the erect culm : perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of the scale. — OLIGOCARPJE. •*- Perigynia distinctly nerved, and with a hyaline orifice : style nearly even : scales of the pistillate spikes awnless or barely awn-pointed. 89. C. Iaxifl6ra, Lam. Fertile spikes slender and loosely several - many- flowered on a zigzag rhachis, cylindrical, or sometimes rather dense and oblong; 590 , CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) perigynia oval-triangular, narrowed to each end, the point either strongly or sometimes slightly recurved. — A most polymorphous species ; very common in open woods, copses, &c. The leading forms were collated by Dr. Boott as follows. — The typical form taken by him (C. striatula, Michx.) has the leaves long and narrow (2" -4" wide), spikes about 1' long and loosely flowered; peri- gynia with a slightly recurved or almost straight point, their scale except the lowest nearly pointless ; sterile spike mostly conspicuous and long-peduncled. — Var. STYLOFLEXA, Boott. (C. styloflexa, Dew. C. fusiformis, Chapman.) Slende^ the weak filiform culms l°-2£° long; fertile spikes 2-4, short, 5-10- flowered, the lowest on a long setaceous peduncle ; bracts mostly shorter than the culm ; perigynia more tapering or triangular-fusiform, the point commonly recurved. New Jersey (C. F. Austin), Penn. (Prof. Porter), and southward. — Var. PLANTAGfNEA, Boott (var. patulifolia of former edition. C. planta- ginea, Schk.), has the root-leaves 5" -7" broad, otherwise as in the typical form. — Var. INTERMEDIA, Boott (C. anceps, Willd., Schk.), includes various slender, narrow-leaved forms, with loosely-flowered spikes, but otherwise as the next. — Var. BLANDA (C. blanda, Dew. C. laxiflora, var. striatula, Ed. 2), includes narrow-leaved forms, 6' -18' high, with the sterile spike usually short or club-shaped and nearly sessile. ; the fertile oblong and dense, the uppermost approximate ; bracts much surpassing the culm ; perigynia obovate with a short abruptly bent point ; scale usually awn-pointed. — Var. LATir6LiA, Boott, has a broadly and very sharp-angled culm, and very broad leaves and bracts (8" -15" wide), inconspicuous sterile spike, the fertile ones cylindrical and loosely flowered, but the broad perigynium much longer than the truncate or abruptly short-pointed scale. •*- -i- Perigynia densely striate, or as if finely wrinkled rather than nerved, of a firm texture, obscurely triangular, with a callous orifice : style thickened above the base : scale with the somewhat 3-nerved keel extended into a stout rough awn or point. 90. C. oligocarpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-flowered ; the point of the perigynium straight or slightly oblique, not recurved; leaves rough only on the edge; sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.) — Woods, W. New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 6' -12' long. 91. C. Hitchcockiana, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3- 5-flowered ; apex of the perigynium recurved ; sheaths and upper side of the leaves roughly pubescent. — Woods, New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm 1 ° - 2° high, stouter, and fruit larger than in the last. § 5. Perigynium without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrous, with a minute obliquely bent white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green prolongation : leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — DIGITATE. 92. C. eblirnea, Boott. Sterile spike solitary ; the fertile 3-4, erect, about 5-Jlowered, approximated and elevated on long stalks above the staminate spike : the lowest sometimes a little remote ; perigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and shin- ing, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale. (C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.) — Limestone rocks, N. New England to Kentucky, and northward. — A delicate species, with very slender culms, 4'- 10 high, and CYPERACEuE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 591 bristle-shaped leaves, forming dense tufts. The fertile spikes 2" - 3" in length, about 1" broad. 93. C. pedUHCUlata, Muhl. Spikes 3-5, commonly 4, the uppermost sterile with 2 -3 fertile floicers at the base, the rest fertile with a few staminate flowers at the apex, all on long stalks, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near the base of the culm ; sheaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perigynia with a long attenuated base and a minutely notched orifice, somewhat downy, especially on the angles, about the length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pointed dark-purple scale. — Dry woods and hillsides, E. New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Culms 4' -10' high, prostrate at maturity, in tufts, partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves. § 6. Periyynia with a straight or slightly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in- flated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice : bracts short, either green and slightly sheathing orauriculate at the base, or small and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins, fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary ; the fertile 2-3, nearly sessile and erect, or the lower on a long radical peduncle. ( Culms mostly low and slender .• leaves all radical, long and narrow. ) — MONTANA. 94. C. umbellata, Schk. Culms very short (l'-3', rarely 6' high), in close tufts ; staminate spike sometimes with a few pistillate flowers ; fertile spikes 4 -5, ovoid, few-flowered ; the uppermost commonly close to the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on stalks arising from the base of the stem and of about equal height, nearly concealed by the long grassy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Rocky hill- sides, New England to Illinois, and northward. 95. C. Novae- Angliae, Schw. Sterile spike sessile, short and usually in- conspicuous ; fertile 2-4, greenish-purple, 3 - 8-flowered, contiguous and sessile, or the lowest rather distant (sometimes even radical) and more or less pe- duncled ; the lower or all the leafy bracts exceeding the culm ; perigynia globular- pear-shaped with a much attenuated base and a short conical 2-toothed beak, mi- nutely hairy, longer and broader than the ovate mucronate-pointed purple scale (with green midrib and hyaline margins) ; achenium apiculate with the very short persistent base of the style; culms very slender (4' -10' long), weak, soon reclined or procumbent. — Saddle Mountain, Massachusetts, Adirondack Mountains, New York, and high northward. — Too near C. pilulifera, L., of Europe and the following. 96. C. Emmbnsii, Dew. Paler, and the spikes greenish, not purple, usu- ally more crowded than in the foregoing, often a long-peduncled one from the base ; bracts short, rarely equalling the culm ; perigynia oval and more 3-sided, hairy: and with a longer cylindrical beak; base of the style deciduous by an articulation. (C. Novse-Anglrae, var. Emmonsii, Ed. 2. C. Davisii, Dew., &c.) — Dry woody hills: not rare. 97. C Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike commonly on a short stalk; fertile \ -3, usually 2, approximate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4-6-flowered, the lowest commonly with a colored scale-like long-aumed bract; perigynia roundish-ovoid, with 592 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) a short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed chestnut-colored scale. (C. marginata, Muhl.) — Dry woods and hills : common, especially northward. 98. C. varia, Muhl. Sterile sjnke sessile ; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on very short stalks, ovoid, 6 - 10-floivered ; the lowest and sometimes the 2 lower u'ith green leaf-like bracts ; perigynia obovoid, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak, about the length of the ovate pointed light-brown scale. (C. Pennsylvanica, var. Muhlenbergii, Gray, Gram, fr Gyp.) — Dry wooded hills: common, especially northward. Closely resembles the last ; but has wider, shorter, and more rigid glaucous leaves; also taller (l°-l£°) and more erect than No. 96, broader- leaved, and the spikes scattered. All these seem to run together. 99. C. PR^COX, Jacq. Sterile spike club-shaped; fertile 2-3, oblong-ovoid, aggregated near the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a very short stalk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; fteriyynia ovoid-triangular, attenuated at the base, with a short beak and nearly entire orifice, about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale ; achenium obovoid, with a prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style ; culm 3' -6' high ; leaves short, rather rigid. (C. verna, Villars, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills, Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.) 100. C. Richardsdnii, R. Br. Sterile spike peduncled, cylindrical ; fertile 1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblong, longer than the scale-like brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; perigynia obovoid-triangular, with a tapen-'ing base, obtuse, nearly btakless, the short point with an almost entire orifice, rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale ; culm (5' -9' high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York (Dewey) ; prairies of Illinois (Mead); Wisconsin (Sartwell), and northward. — A well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 97. 101. C. pub6scens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile ; fertile 3-4, ob- lonq or cylindrical, loosely fiowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the culm ; fruit ovoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, with an abrupt slender beak nearly entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt- ly-pointed white scale ; culm and flaccid flat leaves soft downy. — Moist woods and meadows, New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other species of this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the sharply angled perigynium. § 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, with a short beak, terminating in an entire or slightly notched orifice-, staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 102 usually pistil- late at the summit) : culms tall and leafy. (Two quite unlike species, arti- ficially combined merely for convenience.) — ANOMALY. 102. C. miliacea, Muhl. Staminate spike commonly fertile at the sum- mit ; fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, rather slender, loosely flowered at the base, on filiform nodding stalks; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete sheaths ; perigynia ovoid-triangular, very smooth and thin, with an entire or very minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awned white scale. (C. prasma, Wahl) — Rills and wet meadows : rather common. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 593 103. C. SCabrata, Schw. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical, erect, rather distant, densely flowered, the lower on long stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed- ing the culm ; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, prominently few-nerved, rough, spreading at maturity, with an obliquely notched beak, longer than the ovate slightly ciliate brown scale; culm leaves and bracts very rough. — Wet meadows and swamps, E. New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward. § 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, 3-angled, smooth and shining (minutely pubescent in No. 104 and one form of 108), green, with a straight tapering beak (short- pointed in No. 107), terminating mostly in 2 small membranaceous teeth: lower bracts green and sheathing : pistillate scales tawny or white : stami- nate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flowered, all (except in No. 104) on filiform nodding stalks. # Fertile spikes mostly slender, remote; perigynia somewhat nerved: bracts equalling or exceeding the culm. — DEBILES. •i- Leaves and sheaths more or less soft-pubescent : fertile spikes nearly erect. 104. C. Sullivantii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3-5, commonly 4, narrowly cylindrical, erect, rather dense, the upper approximate, the lowest often remote, tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough peduncles; bracts sheathing, not exceeding the culm ; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly stalked, very obscurely nerved, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer than the ovate ciliate rough-awned or merely mucronate white scale. — Woods, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. 105. C. Knieskdrnii, Dew. Less pubescent; fertile spikes 2 or 3, on longer and somewhat spreading peduncles ; perigynia glabrous, more evidently nerved: otherwise like the preceding : too little known. — Copses, Oneida Co., New York, Dr. Knieskern, Dr. Vasey. •»- -»- Glabrous or nearly so : fertile spikes mostly nodding or spreading, loose. 106. C. arctata, Boott. Fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, narrowed to- wards the base ; perigynia ovate, short-stalked from a blunt base, short-beaked, longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica, Dew., not of Hudson.) — Woods and meadows, New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. 107. C. glabra, Boott. Fertile spikes oblong or short-cylindrical, rather dense and the terminal one oftener partly fertile ; perigynia elliptical-oblong, not stalked, somewhat contracted at the base, and short-pointed at the apex, but nearly beakless, minutely and sharply 2-toothed at the orifice, prominently nerved, almost twice the length of the blunt brownish-margined scale. — Oneida Co., New York, Dr. Knieskern. Near Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. Probably not rare, but confounded with the next : also resembling C. formosa. 108. C. d6bilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, with loose alternate flowers on a somewhat zigzag rhachis ; perigynia spindle-shaped or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a slender beak with a hyaline 2-lobed tip, twice as long as the obtuse and pointless scale. (C. te'nuis, Rudge. C. flexubsa, Muhl.) — Moist meadows: rather com- mon, especially southward. — Perigynium often rusty-dotted : — in var. ptrBERA minutely pubescent and passing to C. venusta, Dew. of the Southern States. Bear Meadows, Centre Co., Penn., Prof. Porter. 38 594 CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) # * Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless : bracts short — FLEXILES. 109. C. capillaris, L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, with about 6 alter- nate flowers ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slightly serrulate beak, with an oblique nearly entire orifice, longer than the ovate scale. — Point de Tour, Lake Michigan; alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire; and high northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4' -6' high, with spikes 3" -6'' long, and a line or less in width. (Eu.) 110. C. flexilis, Rudge. Sterile spike short and club-shaped ; fertile spikes oblong or sometimes with a few staminate flowers at the base and becoming club-shaped; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped, very slightly sheathing ; perigynia ovoid, obscurely neryed, tapering into a beak about the length of the ovate hairy-fringed scale,- leaves pale green and glaucous, and with the bracts soft-hairy. (C. blephardphora, Gray.) — Moist and shady places, Connecticut (near Salisbury), Central and Northern New York, Lake Superior, and Newfoundland : rare. § 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, smooth, tapering into a beak, with two mostly distinct teeth, becoming tawny or yellow at maturity : achenium obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base ; staminate spike usually soli- tary. — FiAv^E. # Perigynia erect, slender-beaked: spikes remote; the staminate one usually long- stalked: bracts not exceeding the culm, and with long sheaths. 111. C. ISBVigata, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, on exserted nodding stalks ; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than the light- brown or purplish pointed and awned scale; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.) — Massachusetts (Tewksbury? B. D. Greene). Introduced? (Eu.) 112. C. fli.lv a, Good. Fertile spikes 2-3, oblong or ovoid, erect, the lowest on an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown scarcely pointed awnless scale; culm rough. (C. binervis, Dew., not of Smith.) — Pond at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene: not since found. (Eu.) # # Perigynia ascending, short-beaked : spikes approximate or the lower remote ; the staminate one sessile or nearly so ; bracts much surpassing the culm ; the upper nearly without sheaths. 113. C. ext&QSa, Good. Fertile spikes 2 -4. oblong, brown-green, very dense (5" -10" long), the upper nearly sessile, the lowest on a short included stalk; perigynia ovate, the short conical beak sharply 2 -toothed, longer than the ovate pointed purple scale ; leaves and bracts long and narrow, involute, erect, rigid ; culms tufted, 8' - 20' high. — Border of salt-marshes, coast of Long Island, New York, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Eu.) # * Perigynia spreading or reflexed, longer than the scale : spikes mostly approxi- mate or crowded; the staminate mostly sessile or short-stalked, often fertile at the apex or middle / the fertile (2-4) erect all or all but the lowest short-stalked or sessile : bract.s much exceeding the smooth culm, their sheaths very short. 114. C. flava, L. Fertile spikes 2, roundish-ovoid, dense, the upper approxi- mated, the lowest often remote on a short exserted stalk ; bracts spreading or re- flexed; perigynia tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a slender recurved CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 595 beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. — Wet meadows, especially northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6' -15' high, with spikes about 6" in length. (Eu.) 115. C. (Ederi, Ehrh. Fertile spikes oblong-ovoid, closely aggregated, or the lowest rather remote, on very short stalks, densely flowered, sometimes stami- nate at the apex ; leaves and bracts narrow, rigidly erect ; perigynia ovoid, with a short and rather abrupt minutely notched beak, scarcely recurved at maturity. (C. viridula, Michx., not of Schw. $• Torr. C. irregularis, Schw.) — Wet rocks and bluffs, coast of New England to Illinois, Lake Superior, and northward. — Resembles the last ; but the fertile spikes and perigynia are much smaller, and the beak more abrupt, shorter, and straight. (Eu.) § 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, ovoid or obtusely 3-angled, with an abrupt straight beak, nerved, densely pubescent or rough-puberulent, the pubescence nearly concealing the nerves, except in No. 119 : bracts leaf-like, with short sheaths : scales dark-purple or brown. # Perigynia densely pubescent of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, ovoid, with 2 short, and diverging membranaceous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth qulm : staminate spikes 2 or 3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and sessile : fertile spikes 1 -4, usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short Stalks. — LANUGIN6S.E. 116. C. fllif6rmis, L. Fertile spikes oblong or ovoid; perigynia very short-beaked and with 2 sharp teeth; leaves and bracts narrow and involute; culm very slender (l£°-3° high). — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 117. C. lantlginosa, Michx, Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical; peri- gynia more hispidly pubescent ; leaves and bracts flat, broader and shorter ; culm stouter (l°-2° high); staminate spikes usually shorter. (C. pellita, Muhl.) — Swamps and wet meadows. New England to Kentucky and northward. # # Perigynia thin, downy like the fast or roughly granulate, or even smooth, ovoid, the beak terminating in a tjiin and scarious oblique orifice, either entire or slightly notched; bracts rigidly erect, shorter than the sharply triangular rough culm. — ScARi6s^:. 118. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2. the uppermost cylindrical, short-stalked; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes staminate at the apex ; perigynia densely pubescent, with a short thick beak, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale; leaves flat, shorter than the stout and rigid culm. — Sandy soils, growing in tufts, New England to Penn. and southward. — Resembling the last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the membranaceous beak of the fruit, which is reddish at the base and white and transparent at the orifice ; and the style is twisted within the perigynium. 119. C. polym6rpha, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper- most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the base ; fertile spike solitary or rarely 2, remote, cylindrical, sometimes staminate at the apex, erect, on partly exserted stalks; perigynia few- (5 -10-) nerved, very minutely roughened with granular dots, or smooth, abruptly contracted into a slender 596 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) cylindrical usually purplish beak, with a whitish hyaline entire orifice, longer than the ovate blunt purplish scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. Sf Ed. 1. C. striata, Torr. N. Y. FL, not of Michx. ) — Varies considerably ; in one form with the fertile spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate and very distant on the rhachis. — Upland meadows, Rhode Island and Mass, to Pennsylvania. §11. Periqynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many -nerved, smooth or pubescent, with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth : bracts leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, equalling or exceeding the culm : staminate spikes 1-5. * Perigynia with a short and thick beak, and short teeth. — LACtJSTRES. -i- Perigynia hairy, sometimes glabrate, turgid-ovate. 120. C. Striata, Michx. (not of Ed. 1). Sterile spikes 3, the uppermost slender-stalked; fertile spikes 1 -2, oblong, .erect, remote, sessile or on short stalks (or the lower rarely on a slender stalk) ; perigynia minutely hairy or smoothish, or rarely smooth, rather thin, longer than the blunt or pointed scale, the teeth usually scariously lobed at the base ; leaves and bracts long and nar- row, rather rigid, involute, with slender or setaceous rough extremities. (C. polymorpha, Ed. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 121. C. Hought6nii, Torr. Sterile spikes mostly 2 ; fertile 2 - 3, oblong or cylindraceous, thicker and less distant, olive-colored ; perigynia hairy, thick- walled, longer than the pointed or short-awn-tipped scale ; the teeth at the orifice narrow and entire ; leaves and bracts flat, shorter and broader, and culm lower (9f - 15') than in the foregoing. — Wisconsin (Lake La Biche), Dr. Houghton ; shore of Lake Ontario, Prof. Whitney ; Medford above Bangor, Maine, J. Blake ; and northwestward. -«- ••- Perigynia very smooth, very finely many-nerved. 122 C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 2 -5, the uppermost stalked; fer- tile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the lowest on a short stalk, large and thick (2' -3' long, 4" -6" wide), olive-colored; peri- gynia lanceolate-conical, coriaceous, tipped with rather slender short teeth, longer than the lance-ovate awned scale. (C. lacustris, Willd. and former ed.) — Borders of streams, ponds, and swamps: common. — Very robust, 3° -5° high: leaves 3" -5" wide, and sheaths nodose-reticulated. (Eu.) 123. C. paludosa, Good. More slender, with spikes smaller, leaves nar- rower, perigynia ovate, flattened, and more strongly nerved than the preceding, the orifice merely notched, and hardly exceeding the awned scale. — Border of a salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu. 1) * * Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak and with long and setaceous or awn- like spreading or divergent teeth. — AniSTAT.ffi. •*- Staminate spikes 2-5 (rarely with some fertile fiowers) : fertile spikes remote, erect, rather loose, the uppermost almost sessile, without sheaths, the lowest ojlen on an exserted sometimes spreading peduncle : perigynia ascending. 124. C. aristata, E. Br. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, cylindrical ; perigynia ovate- lanceolate, smooth, tapering into a slender beak tipped with very slender at length diverging awn-like teeth, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned and above hispid-ciliate scale ; culm smooth ; sheaths and under surface of the leaves CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 597 hairy. (C. atherbdes, Spreng. C. mirata, Dew.} — Lake shores and river-banks, N. New York to Michigan, and northwestward. — Culm 2° - 3° high : leaves 2" -3" wide. Fertile spikes 2' -3' long, often loosely flowered towards the base. (Eu. C. orth'dstachys.) 125. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. More slender; leaves and bracts rough, but not hairy ; fertile spikes 2 or 3, fewer-flowered ; perigynia more ovate and with shorter and stouter teeth, downy-pubescent, the scale short-awnecl or awn- less. (C. striata, Ed. 1, not of Michx.) — In water or wet ground: common, especially northward. Yar. imberbis. Perigynia glabrous; sheaths rather rough. Penn-Yan, New York, Sartwdl. Illinois, Mead, E. Hall, and northwestward. -i- H- Staminate spikes solitary, with a filiform bract ; fertile 3-5, cylindrical, densely- flowered, on long exserted and at length drooping stalks, mostly approximate: perigynia widely spreading, reflexed at maturity. 126. C. comdsa, Boott. Fertile spikes thick (l'-3; long, and 6" -7" wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid- triangular base into a long deeply 2-forked beak, the sharp elongated teeth widely spread- ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lanceolate, with a long bristle-shaped awn shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, Ell., not of Lapeyr. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schw. Sf Torr., Dew., frc., in part, not of /».) — Wet places : common. — A robust species 2° - 3° high, formerly confounded with the next, which it greatly resembles ; but it differs especially in the larger fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and widely spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance. 127. C. Pseudo-Cyp6rilS, L. Fertile spikes narrower and sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia as in the last, but with a shorter beak and shorter less spreading teeth; scale about the length of the mature fruit. — Bor- der of lakes and in bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. (Eu.) § 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, with a long taper- ing 2-toothed beak : bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm: scales tawny or white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — LUPULIN^E. * Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths. 128. C. hystricina, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile flow- ers at the base or apex ; fertile spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length nod- ding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awned scale. — A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform stalk, 4' - 6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn, is C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet meadows: common. — Plant pale or yellowish green, with fertile spikes 9'" to 1^'long. Distinguished from the preceding by the more inflated less diverging fruit, its beak longer and teeth shorter ; and from the following by the smaller nodding spikes and many-nerved periginium, with longer and smooth teeth. 129. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindri- cal, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost ses- 598 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) sile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak with oblique orifice or short minutely serrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale ; achenium papillose-roughened. ( C. rostrata, MuhL, not of Michx. ) — Wet meadows : very common. — Var. GR\CILIS, Boott, is a slender form with 2 much smaller fertile spikes (4"- 12" long, 3" -4" broad). — Var. ALTIOK, Boott, is tall (2° high), with more scattered large fertile spikes, and the more tapering beak of perigy- nium with longer teeth, perhaps a hybrid with C. lupulina. Penn-Yan, New York, Sartwell, and Amherst, Mass., Tuckerman. 130. C. intlimescens, Budge. Fertile spikes 1-3, ovoid, loosely few- ( 5 - 8-) ' flowered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very short exserted peduncle ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 1 5 - 20-nerved base into a long sometimes rough beak. (C. folliculata, Scfik., Michx., not ofZ.) — Wet meadows and swamps : very common. — Culm slender, about 1 8' high : fertile spikes usually contiguous : perigynia 6" -7" long, very ventricose. 131. C. Grayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single ), globose, densely (15 -30-) flowered, separate, on short exserted peduncles ; perigynia (8" long) spread- ing and deflexed, tapering from an ovoid 25 - 30-nerved base into a long smooth and shining beak. — River bottoms, Oneida Co., New York, to Ohio and Illinois : rather rare. — Culm robust, 3° high; leaves broader; and flowers in July, a month later than the last. * * Bracts all or all but the uppermost conspicuously sheathing. •»- Fertile spikes approximate, or only the lowest one distant, erect, very large and turgid, many-flowered: perigynia ascending, long-beaked from an ovate-ventricose base : sterile spikes rarely 2. 132. C. lupulina, MuhL Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindraceous or oblong (l'-2' long, 1' thick), the lower on exserted stalks; perigynia (6£"-7"long) often raised on a short stalk-like base, smooth or with the beak rough above, much longer than the lanceolate rough awn-pointed scale; stem (2° -3°) and long broadly linear leaves and bracts smooth, the latter with rough margins (3" _ 4'/ wide). (C. lurida, Wahl.) — Wet grounds, common. — C. Canadensis, and C. Bellavilla, Dew., appear to be depauperate and attenuated states of this, with more distant lax, and fewer-flowered spikes. 133. C. lupulifdrmis, Sartwell. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical (2' -3' long), less approximate; perigynia sessile (7" -8" long); achenium broader, with mamillated angles ; scale more awned ; otherwise as in the foregoing, of which it is probably a mere variety. (C. lupulina, var. polystachya, Schw. $• Torr. ) — Swamps, New York to Delaware, &c. -i- -i- Fertile spikes distant, few -several-flowered: perigynia lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- late or spindle-shaped, loose or widely spreading at maturity : staminate spike small, short-stalked : obtuse/y angular culms and grassy soft leaves smooth. 134. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, 12-20-flowered, all or the lowest on exserted peduncles, turning yellowish at maturity ; perigynia taper- ing ovate-lanceolate from a broadish base, short-beaked, at length widely spread- ing, rather exceeding the ovate white rough-owned scale. (C. xanthophysa, Wahl.) —Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., and northward, and in one form CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 599 southward. — Plant 2° - 4° high, of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous bracts, and leaves 4" wide. 135. C. rostrata, Michx. More slender and smaller than the last (10'- 15' high), strictly erect, rather rigid; leaves narrow; fertile spikes 1-3, com- monly 2 ; perigynia scarcely spreading at maturity, lanceolate, obtusely triangular, slender-beaked, about twice the length of the brownish blunt scale. — Cold bogs, mountains of N. New York, New England, and northward. 136. C. Sllbulata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included peduncles loosely few- (4 - 8-Jlowered, commonly with a few staminate flowers at the apex ; perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed at maturity ; the long slender beak deeply cleft or grooved down one side, tipped with 2 awn-like and at length rigidly de- flexed teeth. ( C. Collmsii, Nutt. C. Michauxii, Dew. ) — Cedar swamps, Canada (Michaux) to Rhode Island (Olney), and New Jersey near the coast: rare. § 13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, rather few-nerved, smooth, with a long and slender 2-toothed beak abruptly produced from the olttuse or at maturity even refuse summit, tawny -brown or straw-colored at maturity, spreading horizon- tally, or the lower deflexed, very densely aggregated in thick spikes : these, 1 - 7 in number, are either all androgynous, staminate at base, or the terminal wholly staminate, the others sometimes wholly pistillate : leaves and bracts flat, the latter much longer than the culm. — SQUARR6SJE. 137. C. squarr6sa, L. Spikes often only one, commonly 2-5, globular, ovoid, or cylindraccous (6" -7" thick), the terminal one with a slender-contracted base from the numerous staminate flowers, the others almost wholly fertile, on short slender peduncles, their bracts scarcely sheathing ; perigynia sparingly nerved, longer than and concealing the blunt or short-pointed scales. (C. typhina, Michx.) — Low grounds, E. New England to Illinois and southward. — Remarkable for its dense, short and thick spikes, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of the perigynia give a bristly appearance. 138. C. Sten61epis, Torr. Spikes 5-7, the terminal one wholly staminate, or sometimes fertile at the top or throughout ; the others with a few staminate flowers at the base or sometimes none, cylindrical (I1 or more long), the upper approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted stalks, their bracts sheathing ; perigynia shorter than the long awn-like rough scales. (C. Frankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, Penn- sylvania (Prof. Porter) and Virginia to Illinois, and south westward. — Somewhat resembling the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a still more bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales. § 14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth and shining, becoming straw-colored at maturity, with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, with very short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously sheathing only in No. 139) ; scales brown or tawny: staminate spikes 2-5, rarely 1, stalked. — VESICARI^E. # Perigynia conspicuously nerved: bracts usually much exceeding the culm. •*- Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical, many -flowered. 139. C. retrorsa, Schw. Sterile spikes 1-3, the uppermost occasionally with a few fertile flowers, the rest more or less pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 4-5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in- 600 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) eluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more of the others) often bearing 1 -2 short branches at the base; perigynia crowded, spreading and at length reflexed, strongly few-nerved, tapering from an ovoid con- tracted base into a conspicuously toothed beak, much longer than the lanceolate scale. (C. reversa, Spreng.) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to Perm., Wis- consin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth (l£°-2£° high) : leaves and bracts 3" -4" wide, much exceeding the thick spikes, which are !'-!£' long. — Var. HART 1 1 (C. Hartii, Dew.) is a slender state, with fertile spikes distant, the lower long-peduncled. — Yates Co., New York, Dr. Hart Wright. 140. C. gigant&a, Rudge. Sterile spikes 1-5; sometimes with a few fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, somewhat erect, or spreading on exserted peduncles, distant or the upper contiguous, all or most of them staminate at the apex ; perigynia ascending, at length horizontal, many-nerved, abruptly tapering from a broadly or globular-ovate ventricose base into a long and slender sharply 2-toothed beak, much longer than the ovate-lanceolate mostly awn-pointed scale ; achenium broader than high, strongly triquetrous, with concave faces. — Swamps, Delaware ( W. M. Canby), Kentucky (Short), and southward. — Allied to the preceding and to No. 133. Culm 2° -3° high : perigynia about 6" long. 141. C. Schweinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower often pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 3 -4, cylindrical, somewhat drooping, densely flowered, often staminate at- the apex, and occasionally the lower rather compound aj the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia ascending, oblong-ovoid, rather lightly few-nerved, tapering into a smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer than the lanceolate roughly long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New Jersey, W. New York, and northward: not common. — Culm 10' -15' high, smooth : bracts and leaves 2" -3" wide, smooth except the margins, much ex- ceeding the culm : fertile spikes (2' -3' long, rather narrow) and the whole plant turning straw-color. Perigynia 2£" - 3" long, thin. 142. C. Utriculata, Boott Sterile spikes 3-4; fertile spikes 2-5, com- monly 3, rather distant, sessile, or the lowest (sometimes loose and attenuated at the base), peduncled, cylindrical (l^'-4' long) thick, and densely very many- flowered; perigynia ovate, either ventricose and abruptly or inclining to elliptical and more gradually contracted into a cylindrical smooth beak, longer than the lanceolate very acute or awn-pointed scale ; culm stout and thick, obtusely angular, spongy at base (2° -3° high); leaves flat (3' -4" broad), pale, nodose-reticu- lated. (C. ampullacea, var. utriculata of former ed.) Swamps, New England to Penn., Michigan, and common northward. — Fruit sometimes almost that of C. vesicaria, sometimes that of C. ampullacea, into which it merges north- ward : the rough mostly awn-like points of the scale usually distinguish it from both European species. 143. C. Vaseyi, Dew. Differs from the last in the slender culm with acute rough angles; fertile spikes (2 or 3) looser and fewer-flowered; perigynia more tapering into the beak, and scales less pointed ; from C. vesicaria, L. of Europe (of which it is the nearest representative) in the more pointed scales and fewer- nerved perigynia tapering gradually into a longer beak; from the next (into which it probably passes) by the larger elongated-ovate perigynia tapering into a slender beak (the roughness of which, indicated by Dr. Boott, is rarely obvious, CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 601 the teeth, however, rough-serrulate). (C. monile, D*u. in 1845, not of Tuckerm. C. vesicaria, var. cylindracea, Dew.) — Swamps, Yates Co., New York, Sartwett, to Illinois ? x 144. C. monile, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; fertile spikes mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, cylindraceous or cylindrical (l'-2^'long), mostly slender, slightly or the lower when remote longer-peduncled ; perigynia globular- ovate, very ventricose, shining, abruptly contracted into a short smooth beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate acute or scarcely pointed scale; culm slender (l°-3° high), sharply triangular, rough on the angles ; leaves narrow (barely 2" wide). — Wet places: common, especially northward. — Perigynia 2" -2^'' long. (C. vesicaria, var. alpigena, Fries, of N. Eu. appears to be a form of this.) 145. C. Olneyi, Boott. Resembles the two preceding and C. vesicaria ; the fertile spikes denser and thicker, short-cylindrical (1;- l£' long) ; perigynia (2%" -3" long) turgid-ovate, with the short beak rough-serrate at the apex and on the awl-shaped teeth ; the scales acute or bluntish ; leaves (1" -2" broad) rough, — Wet ground, Providence, Rhode Island, Olney. 146. C. Tuckermani, Boott. Sterile spikes about 2 ; fertile spikes 2-3, commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks, the lowest often nodding ; perigynia shining, thin and delicate, much inflated, ovate, ascending, tapering into a rather abrupt slender and cylindrical smooth beak, much longer than the ovate or lanceolate acute or short-pointed scale ; the very long narrow bracts'and leaves rough, much surpassing the rough-angled culm. (C. bullata of authors, not of Schk. C. cylindrica of former ed. ; but the cylin- drica of Schweinitz belongs mainly to the next or to some others, and is too much confused for preservation. ) — Swamps, W. New England to Penn., Illi- nois, and northward. — Differs from the next in the more numerous and longer fertile spikes (8" -2' long), and the larger, more inflated and membranaceous fruit (4" -5'' long), with a smooth beak. 147. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes most frequently only one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short smooth stalks ; perigynia spreading, shining, turgid-ovate, tapering into a long cylin- drical rough beak, much longer than the lanceolate pointless scale ; bracts and leaves narrow, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm. (C. cylindrica, Schw., at least in part, Tuckerm., &c.) — Wet swamps, New England to Penn. and southward, chiefly eastward. •f- •«- Fertile spikes globular or oblong, few -Jlowered. 148. C. Oligosperma, Michx. Sterile spikes 1 -2, slender; fertile spikes 1-2, densely 6- 18-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk ; perigynia turgid- ovate (2^" long), tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer than the ovate awnless scale ; culm very slender ; leaves and bracts involute. (C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Wet borders of ponds, &c., E. Mass, to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly in cold or mountainous regions. * * Perigynia nerveless or nearly so : bracts mostly shorter than the culm. -H- Perigynia pointed with a very short smooth beak, minutely 2-toothed at the a/tex : stigmas either 2 or 3 : fertile spikes 2 or sometimes one, dense, short, usually brown-purple or purplish, the upper almost sessile, the lower short-pedund tribe 5. Bambuseee. Culms woody and commonly arborescent. Spikelets and flowers nearly as in the preceding Sub tribe, awnless. 41. Arniidiiiaria. Spikelets flattened, loosely 5 - 14-flowered, in depauperate panicles. Subtribe 6. Hordeineee. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming a spike. Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. Otherwise as in Subtribe 4. * Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis. 42. Lepturus. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the very slender rhachis, 1-flowered. The filiform spikes usually several. 43. L«ol ium . Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the solitary spike : glume only one, external. 44. Triticum. Spikelets 3 -several flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis of the solitary spike : both glumes present, transverse (right and left). * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis : spike solitary. •*- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets. 45- Hordeum. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile. 46 Elymus. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, all perfect and similar. 606 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) •»- t- Glumes none or 1-2 awn-like rudiments in their place. 47. Gymiiostichum. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint. Sul> tribe 7. Avenerc. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, panicled ; the rhachis or base of the flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers. Lower palet bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex ; the upper palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. * Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost rudimentary. 48. Danthonia. Spikelets several-flowered. Lower palet firm and rigid, rounded on the back, several -nerved, the 3 middle nerves running into the flattish twisted awn which proceeds from the cleft at the apex. 49. A vena. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palet roundish on the back, and of firmer texture than the glumes, several-nerved, sharply 2-toothed or 2-cleft at the tip, the bent or twisted awn rising only from the midnerve at or below the cleft. 60. Trisetum. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palet laterally compressed and keeled, sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed at the apex, the slender awn rising at or near the cleft, from the midnerve only. 51. Aira. Spikelets small, 2-flowered, with or without the rudiment of a third flower. Palets thin or scarious, the lower awned from towards the base. * * One of the flowers staminate only. 52. Arrlieiiatlierum. Lower flower staminate ; the perfect one commonly awnless ; the uppermost a rudiment : otherwise as in Avena. 53. Helens. Lower flower perfect, awnless ; the upper staminate and awned: rudiment none : otherwise resembling Aira. Tribe II. PHALARIDEJE, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered ; the upper- most or middle (terminal) flower perfect : the two lower (one on each side) imperfect, either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment. Subtribe 1. Antlioxaiitlieeo. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, of 1 or 2 palets ; the upper one awnless and diandrous. Upper palet 1-nerved. 51. Ilierocliloa. Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 palets. 55. Aiithoxanthum. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned and hairy palet. Subtribe 3. Phalarideee proper. Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment or abortive pedicel on each side of the fertile one ; which is awnless and triandrous. 56. Phalaris. Glumes boat-shaped, keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertile flower. Tribe III. PANICEJE. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, either staminate or neutral ; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty palet (placed next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (terminal) flower (placed next the upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer side of the grain ! (next the lower palet of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or herni- gamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and perfect, from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palet of the neutral flower, sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.) Subtribe 1. Paspaleee, Griseb. Glumes and sterile palets herbaceous or membrana- ceous : palets of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless, not keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes. * Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered, from the suppression of the lower glume, the single neutral palet of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.) 57. Mili urn. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle. 58. Amphicarpum. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts ; one in a terminal panicle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles. 59. Paspalnm. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one- sided spikes or spiked racemes. GRAMINEJ2. (GRASS FAMILY.) 607 * * Spikelets manifestly 1J - 2-flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often neutral, of one or both palets), the lower glume being present. 60. Paiiicum. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower glume usually small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral. 61. Setaria. Spikelets spiked or dense-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary bristles or awns :. otherwise as in Panicum. 62. Ceiichrus. Spikelets enclosedl-5 together in a hard and spiny or bristly and globular bur-like involucre. Sub tribe 2. Snccliarere. Fertile palets membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner and more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the tip. Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile or rudimentary. * Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike. ' 63. Tripsacum. Staminate Spikelets above, in pairs at each joint: pistillate Spikelets sin- gle in each joint : glumes indurated. * * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower: lower palet of the perfect flower awned. 64. Eriaiithus. Both spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, and involucrate with a silky tuft : otherwise as in the next. 65. Androposfon. Spikelets a pair at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them sessile and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary. 66. Sorghum. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or some- times reduced to mere pedicels. 1. LEE RSI A, Solander. WHITE GRASS. (PL 7.) Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but those in the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed in the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets 1 -flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short pedicels. Glumes wanting. Palets chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh gVasses: the flat leaves, sheaths, &c., rough upwards, being clothed with very minute hooked prickles. (Named after John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.) * Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded. 1. L. Virginica, Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) Panicle simple; the spikelets closely appressed on the slender branches, around which they are partly curved (1|" long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; palets sparingly ciliate (greenish- white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept. 2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (RiCE CUT-GRASS.) Panicle diffusely branched ; spikelets flat, rather spreading (2£" -3" long) ; stamens 3 ; palets strongly bristly- ciliate (whitish). — Very wet places : common. Aug. (Eu.) * * Spikelets broadly oval, imbricafely covering each other (2^" -3" long). 3. L. lenticul£ris, Michx. (FLY-CATCH GRASS.) Smoothish; panicle simple; palets very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ; stamens 2 : otherwise like the preceding. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. 608 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WATER or INDIAN RICE. (PI. 7.) Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowered spikelets in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary and forming a little cup. Palets herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form. — Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from Zi£dviov, the ancient name of some wild grain.) 1. Z. aquatica, L. (INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS.) Annual; lower branches of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate^ spreading ; the upper erect, pis- tillate ; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palet long-awned, rough ; styles dis- tinct; grain linear, slender. (Z. clavulbsa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water : common, especially northwestward.. Aug.— Culms 3° - 9° high. Leaves flat, 2° - 3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain 6" long ; largely gathered for food by the Northwestern Indians. 2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Perennial ; panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate and pistillate flowers intermixed; awns short; styles united ; grain ovate. Penn. ? Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute. 3. ALOPECURUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS. (PL 7.) Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palet, which is awned on the back below the middle : upper palet wanting ! Stamens 3. Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft dense spike. Root perennial. (Name from a\a>irri£,fox, and oupti, tail, the popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.) 1. A. PRATENSIS, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2° high) ; palet equalling the acute glumes; awn exserted more than half its length, twisted; the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath. — Meadows- and pastures, eastward. May. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. A. GENICULATUS, L. (FLOATING F.) Culm ascending, bent at the lower joints ; palet rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near its base and projecting half its length beyond it; anthers linear ; the upper leaf as long as its sheath. — Moist meadows, eastward. June - Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. A. aristulatus, Michx. (WILD F.) Glaucous; culm decumbent below, at length bent and ascending ; palet rather longer than the obtuse glumes, scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just below its middle ; anthers oblong. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet places : common. June- Aug. Spike more slender and paler than in the last. (Eu.) 4. PHLEUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. (PI. 7.) Palets both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope- curus. — Perennials. Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name.) 1. P. PRATENSE, L* (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New England and New York.) Tall; spike cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back, GRAMINELE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 609 tipped with a short bristle. — Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. P. alpinum, L. Low ; spike ovate-oblong ; glumes strongly ciliate on the back, tipped with a rough awn about their own length. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) 5. CBYPSIS, Ait. CRYPSIS. (PL 7.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, in clusters which are crowded in a dense head or short spike bracted by the uppermost leaves. Glumes, palets, &c. as in the next genus, or rather thinner. — Low and spreading tufted annuals, natives of the East ; with short leaves, the sheaths of the upper spathaceous. (Name,, Kpv\}ns, concealment, the spikes at first partly hidden by the subtending sheaths.) 1. C. SCHQENO!DES, Lam. Leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point; heads or spikes oblong, 7" -20" long, thick. (C. Virgmica, Nutt., excl. syn.) — Waste places, streets of Philadelphia and vicinity, also of Wilmington, Dela- ware : becoming very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. VILFA, Adans., Beauv. BUSH-GRASS. (PL 7.) Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-nerved or nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in the glumes. Palets 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (mem- branaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and mostly pointless; the lower 1-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3. Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous. — Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat; their sheaths often enclosing the panicles. (Name unexplained.) 1. V. aspera, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high) ; lowest leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and thread-like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly or at first wholly enclosing the contracted panicle ; palets much longer than the unequal glumes ; grain oval or oblong. (Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clandestma & A. involiita, Muhi. A. longifolia, Ton:) — Sandy fields and dry hills, especially southward. Sept. — Spikelets 2" - 3" long. Palets rough above, smooth or hairy below, of greatly varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one half to twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled or even con- siderably exceeded by the lower ! 2. V. vaginsefldra, Torr. Root annual; culms slender (6' -12' high), ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped (l'-4'long); panicles simple and spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; palets some- what equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer than the linear grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl, not of L.) — Barren and sandy dry fields : common, especially southward. Sept. 3. V. CUSpidata, Torr. Root perennial; culms and leaves more slender than in the preceding ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palet cuspidate. — Borders of Maine (on the St. John's River, G. L. Goodale), and northwestward. 39 610 GRAMINEvE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 4. "V. Virginica, Beauv. Hoot perennial; culms tufted, slender (5' -12' long), often procumbent, branched; leaves convolute, rigid ; palets rather shorter than the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, £.) — Sandy sea- shore, Virginia (Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more numerous than in the others. 7. SPOROBOLTJS, R. Br. DROP-SEED GRASS. (PL 7.) Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers nearly as in Vilfa ; the palets longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3. Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed, deciduous (whence the name, from OTropa, seed, and /3oXXo>, to cast forth). * Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal, open : ours perennials, except No. 3. 1. S. jtinceus, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elon- gated ; culm (l°-2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper equalling, the nearly equal palets. (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil, Penn- sylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets l"-2" long, shining. 2. S. heter61epis, Gray. Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as long as the culm ( 1° - 2°) which is naked above ; panicle very loose ; glumes very unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some- what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longei; than the equal palets. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, and New York to Illinois and Wisconsin. Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullivant), stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam- eter), shining, thick and coriaceous ! 3. C. cryptandrus, Gray. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading branches hairy in the axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of the lower one, as long as the nearly equal palets ; sheaths strongly bearded at the throat; root annual ? (Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy shores, coast of New England, and of the Great Lakes. Aug., Sept. — Culm 2° -3° high. Panicle lead-color : spikelets 1" long. # # Glumes almost equal, shorter than the broad palets : panicle racemose-elongated, open, the pedicels capillary : sheaths naked at the throat : spikelets not unfrequently two-flowered: root perennial. (CoLPODiUM?) 4. S. COmpr6ssus, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top : culms tufted, stout, very flat: sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; leaves erect, narrow, conduplicate-channelled ; glumes acutish, about one third shorter than the obtuse palets. (Agrostis compressa, Torr. Vilfa, Trin.) — Bogs in the pine-barrens of New Jersey. Sept. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high. Panicle 8' -12' long: spikelets 1" long, purplish. 5. S. Ser6tinus, Gray. Smooth; culms very slender, flatfish (8'- 15' high), few-leaved; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much exserted, the diffuse capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 611 palets. ( Agr. & Vilfa serotina, Tan. V. tenera, Trin. Poa ? uniflora, Muld. P. modesta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, Maine to New Jersey and Michigan. Sept. — A very delicate grass ; the spikelets half a line long. 8. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS. (PI. 7.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the palets, pointless. Palets very thin, pointless, naked ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, frequently awned on the back ; the upper often minute or none. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free. — Culms usually tufted, slender ; root commonly perennial. (Name from aypdy, a fitld, the place of growth.) § 1. TRICH6DIUM, Michx. — Upper palet abortive, minute, or none. 1. A. elata, Trin. Culms firm or stout (2° -3° high); leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2" -3" long) ; spikelets crowded on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle (l£" long) ; lower palet awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal glumes; the upper wanting. (A. Schweinitzii, Trin. f A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa. Trich. elatum, Pursh. ) — Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October. 2. A. per^nnans, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) Culms slender, erect from a decumbent base (l°-2°high); leaves flat (the upper 4' -6' long, 1"- 2'' wide); panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green ; the branches short, divided and flower-bearing from or below the middle; lower palet awnless (rarely short-awned), shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. (Cornucopia? perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans, Ell. T. deciimbens, Michx. T. scabrum, Muhl. Agr. andmala, WiUd.) — Damp shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets, &c. as in No. 3, into which it seems to vary. 3. A. SCabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culms very slender, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1' -3' long, less than 1" wide); panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary branches flower-bearing at and near the apex; lower palet awnless or occasionally short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete ; root biennial 1 (A. laxiflora, Richard. A. Michauxii, Trin. partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated places : common. June - Aug. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capil- lary branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled, rough with very minute bristles (under a lens), as also -the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1'long. — A variety? from about the White Mountains, &c. (var. montana, Tuckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta- num, Torr. (A. oredphila, Trin.), which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in hollows of rocks, &c. 4. A. canina, L. (BROWN BENT-GRASS.) Culms 8' -2° high; root- leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader ; panicle loose ; glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute ; palet exsertly awned on the back at or below the middle ; spikelets brownish or purplish, rarely pale or greenish (l"-l£" long). — Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. A mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickeringii 612 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) & A. concmna, Tuckerm., A. canina, var. alpina, Oalces, & Ed. 2., and essen- tially A. rubra, L. ex WahL, and A. borealis, Hartm.), is indigenous on mountain-tops, Maine to New York ; also, an ampler form in the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania (J. R. Lowrie), and southward (A. rupestris, Chapman, &c.). July -Aug. (Eu.) §2. AGROSTIS proper. Upper palet manifest, but shorter than the lower. 5. A. vulgaris, With. (RED-TOP. HERD'S-GRASS of Penn., &c.) Root- stocks creeping ; culm mostly upright (l°-2° high) ; panicle oblong, with spread- ing slightly rough short branches (purple) ; leaves linear, flat ; ligule very short, truncate ; lower palet nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved ; the upper about one half its length. (A. polymdrpha, Huds., partly. — Varies with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, Willd.), and rarely with the flower short- awned. — Low meadows; naturalized from Eu., and apparently also native northward. (Eu.) 6. A. alba, L. (FIORIN or WHITE BENT-GRASS.) Rootstocks moce stoloniferous, and culms often decumbent at the base, ascending ; ligule elon- gated, oblong or linear ; panicle contracted after flowering, either greenish, pur- plish or brownish ; otherwise as in the preceding, and equally variable ; rarely with the lower palet short-awned, or even slender-awned below the tip. (A. stolonifera, L., partly.) — Meadows and fields, a valuable grass : nat. from Eu. : also indigenous on river-banks, N. New York and northward. (Eu.) 9. POLYPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS. (PI. 8.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous palets, the lower of which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free. (Name composed of TTO\U, much, and Trcoycoi/, beard ; from the awns.) 1. P. MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn from a notch at the summit ; lower palet awned ; root annual. Hampton Beach, New Hampshire (Robbins), Virginia? and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. CINNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS. (PI. 8.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle. Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate on the keel ; the lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the palets. Flower manifestly stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the palets much like the glumes ; the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or mucronate on the back below the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1 -nerved upper palet ! Grain linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and upright somewhat reed-like culms (2° -7° high), bearing an ample compound terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives ; the broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves (4'' -6" wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often pur- plish-tinged. (Name unexplained.) 1. C. arundinacea, L. — Moist woods and shaded swamps : rather com- mon. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' - 15' long, rather dense ; the branches and pedi- GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 613 eels spreading in flower, afterwards erect. Spikelets 2£"-3" long. Awn of the palet either obsolete or manifest. Var. pendula, Gray. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly capillary and drooping in flower ; pedicels very rough ; glumes and palets thin- ner, the former less unequal ; spikelets l£"- 2" long ; upper palet obtuse. (C. pendula, Trin. C. latifolia, Griseb. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia suaveolens, Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New England to Lake Superior and northward, and on mountains southward. — A slender variety of the last, as is shown by intermediate specimens, always monandrous. (Eu.) 11. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED G. (PI. 8.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Glumes mostly acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the palets usually minutely bearded at the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal ; the lower 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist of the early part of this century.) § 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. Panicles contracted or glomerate, terminal and axillary : perennials (in our species) with branching rigid 'culms, from scaly creeping rootstocks : leaves short and narrow. # Lower palet barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. (Sp. of Cinna, Kunth, Trin.) 1 . M. SObolifera, Trin. Culms ascending ( 1° - 2° high), rarely branching ; the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost equal, one third shorter than the equal palets ; lower palet abruptly short-mucronate. (Agrostis sobolifera, Muhl.) — Open rocky woods, Mass, to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1" long. 2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (1°- 3° high), sparingly branched or simple ; panicle oblonq -linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate spike, long- peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and (with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute palets. (Agr. racemosa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypbgon racemosus, Nutt.) — Bogs: common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' -3' long. 3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2° - 3° high) ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the branches densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish) ; glumes awnless, sharp-pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower palet. (Agr. Mexicana, L. A. lateriflora, Michx.) — Varies with more slender panicles (A. filitormis, Muhl.) — Low grounds : common. Aug. * * Lower palet bristle-awned from the tip : Jlowers short-pedicelled. 4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading (2° -4° long); contracted panicles densely many-flowered-, glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the lower palet, which bears an awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. diffusa, Muhl.) — Low or rocky woods : common. Aug., Sept. — In aspect between No. 3 and No. 5. 614 , GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 5. M. Willdenbvii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or sparingly branched; contracted panicle slender, loosely flowered ; glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower palet, which bears an awn 3-4 times the length of the spikelet. ( Agrostis tenuiflora, WiUd.) — Rocky woods : rather common. Aug. 6. M. difiusa, Schreber. (DROP-SEED. NIMBLE WILL.) Culms dif- fusely much branched (8'- 18' high) ; contracted panicles slender, rather loosely many-flowered, terminal and lateral ; glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete, the upper truncate ; awn once or twice longer than the palet. (Dilepyrum minutiflorum, Michx.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi- gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sep^t. — Spikelets only 1" long. § 2. TRICH6CHLOA, DC. Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and pedicels capillary : leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form. 7. M. capillaris, Kunth. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culm simple, upright (2° high) from a fibrous root ; panicle capillary, expanding (6' -20' long, purple) ; glumes unequal, one third or half the length of the long-awned palets, the lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W. New Eng- land to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Sept. — Pedicels l'-2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1' long. 12. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. (PI. 8.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed panicle. Glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the lower one almost obsolete. Palets chartaceo-herbaceous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles ; the lower 5-nerved, extended into a long straight awn ; the upper 2-pointed ; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2 : anthers and stig- mas very long. — Perennial, with simple culms (l°-3° high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and spike- lets £' long without the awn. (Name composed of Ppa^vs, short, and e'XvTpov, husk, from the minute glumes.) 1. B. aristatum, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb. Dilepyrum aristosum, Michx.) — Rocky woods : common. June. — Var. ENGELMANNI, is a Western form, with the upper glume awn-pointed, nearly half the length of the palet. 13. CALAMAGRbSTIS, Adans. REED BENT-G. (PI. 8.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor- tive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or boat-shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which bears at the base copious white bristly hairs. Palets thin ; the lower bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless ; the upper mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of , a reed, and aypooris, a grass.) GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 615 § 1. DEYEtfXIA, Kunth. Rudiment of a second flower present in the form of a plumose or hairy small pedicel behind the upper palet ( very rarely jnore developed and having palets or even stamens) : glumes and palets membranaceous, or the lat- ter thin and delicate as in Agrostis ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved and awn-bearing. # Panicle loose and open, even after flowering : the mostly purple-tinged or lead-colored strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit: copious hairs surrounding the flower about equalling the hyaline lower palet, not surpassed by those of the rudiment : awn delicate, straight. 1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. (BLUE JOINT-GRASS.) Culm tall (3°-5° high); leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1^" - 1£" long ; awn from near the middle of the palet, not exceeding and scarcely stouter than the hairs around the flower. (Arundo Canadensis, Michx. C. Mexicana, Nutt. ) — Wet grounds : common northward. July. 2. C. Langsdorffii, Trin. Spikelets larger, 2£"-3" long; glumes lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed; awn stouter: otherwise like th*e preceding. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.) * * Panicle strict, its short branches appressed or erect after flowering, and the glumes mostly closed : lower palet less delicate, roughish, sometimes of as firm texture as the glumes : awn stouter. -»- Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute: awn straight. 3. C. Stricta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict ; glumes 1^"- 2" long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the flower, and as long as those of the rudiment ; awn from the middle of the thin palea or lower, and barely exceeding it. — Ledges at Willoughby Lake, Vermont ( W. Boott), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) -<— -i— Leaves broader, flat : awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry. 4. C. confinis, Nutt. Panicle elongated, its rather slender branches spread- ing at flowering-time, afterwards appressed ; glumes lance-oblong, very acute, 2" long, pale; hairs of the flower copious, equal, slightly or one third shorter than the thin lower palet and than those of the rudiment ; awn borne much below the middle of the palet, somewhat surpassing it ; grain glabrous. (Arundo confinis, Wiild.! C. inexpansa, Gray.) — Swamps, N. and W. New York (especially Penn Yan, Sartwcll.) and Pennsylvania. July. — Culm tall. 5. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (3° -5° high); panicle contracted and spike-like; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips, 3" long ; hairs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm and keeled lower palet, on the other side longer and equalling the copious tuft on the summit of the rudiment ; awn borne half-way between the middle and the taper- ing tip of the palet, stout, not twisted ; grain bearded at the top. ( C. Canaden- sis, Nutt. C. coarctata, Torr., and of former ed.) — Moist grounds, E. New England to Pennsylvania, Virginia, and southward. Aug. 6. C. Porteri, Gray. Culm slender (2° -4° high); a woolly-bearded ring at the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath ; panicle long and narrow, with the branches appressed ; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2" to 2^" long; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty, and both reaching about to the middle of the flower behind the upper palet, but very short or none at the 616 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) base of the firm-membranaceous lower palet, which bears near its base a twisted awn of its own length. — Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and vicinity, Huntingdon Co., Pennsylvania, Prof. T. C. Porter. 7. C. Pickering!!, Gray. Culm l°-l|°high; leaves short,' panicle py- ramidal, purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed (l£"-2" long) ; hairs both ofthejlower and of the rudiment very short and scanty, one fourth or fifth the length of the flower, none behind the obtuse lower palet, which bears between its middle and base a short and stout (straight or bent, not twisted) awn. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, in the alpine region of Mt. Wash- ington (Dr. Pickering, &c.) ; and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets at Echo Lake, Franconia, W. Boott. Sept. §2. CALAMOVfLFA. Glumes and equal palets rather chartaceous, compressed- keeled; the lower glume shorter than the upper and shorter than the palets, of which the lower is l-nerved and entirely awnless: the upper strongly 2-keeled: rudiment of second flower wanting : panicle open and loose. 8. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capil- lary (purplish) ; glumes ovate, mucronate ; the upper slightly, the lower nearly one half shorter than the palets, which are above twice the length of the hairs and bristly-bearded along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine- barrens of New Jersey : rare. Sept. — Culm 3° - 4° high : leaves nearly flat. 9. C. longifolia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread- like point ; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; glumes lanceolate, the up- per as long as the similar palets, the lower one fourth shorter ; the copious hairs more than half the length of the naked palets. — Sands, along the upper Great Lakes, from Illinois and Michigan north westward. Aug. — Spikelets 2£" long. Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool. §3. AMM6PHILA, Host. Rudiment of second Jlower present and plumose above : glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal similar palets, scarious-char- aceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled: lower palet 5-nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awnfd near the tip ; the upper 2-keeled: squamulce lanceolate, much longer than the ovary : panicle spiked-contracted: spikelets large (£' long). 10. C. arenaria, Roth. (SEA SAND-REED.) Culm stout and rigid (2° -3° high) from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5' -9' long) ; hairs only one third of the length of the palet. (Arundo, L. Psamma, Beauv.) — Sandy beaches, New Jersey to Maine, and northward, and on the Great Lakes. Aug. (Eu.) 14. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE. (PI. 8.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, nearly terete. Glumes herbaceous or thin-membrana- ceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus or scar-like base Lower palet coriaceous, at length involute so as closely to enclose the upper (of the same length) and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn jointed on its apex. Stamens 3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 617 panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of opv£a, rice, and o\lris, likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.) * Styles distinct, short: culm leafy to the summit: leaves broad and flat. 1. O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed; sheaths bearded in the throat; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice the length of the blackish paltts (nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. Pip- tatherum nigrum, Torr.) — Rocky woods. Aug. — Culm 2° -3° high. * * Styles united below, slender: culms tufted, naked: leaves concave or involute. 2. O. asperifblia, Michx. Culms (9'-18' high) with sheaths bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear leaf from the base ; very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered ; awn 2- 3 times the length of the rather hairy whitish paltts. (Urachne, Trin. ) — Hillsides, &c., in rich woods : common northward. May. — Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting through the winter. Squamulse lanceolate, almost as long as the inner palet ! 3. O. Canadensis, Torr. Culms slender (6' -15' high), the lowest sheaths leaf-bearing ; leaves involute-thread-shaped ; panicle contracted ( 1 ' - 2' long), the branches usually in pairs; palets pubescent, whitish; awn short and very deciduous, or wanting. (O. parviflora, Nutt. Stipa juncea, Michx. S. Can- adensis, Poir. Milium pungens, 70/r. Urachne brevicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky hills and dry plains, W. New England to mountains of Penn., Wisconsin, and northward : rare. May. — Glumes 1" -2" long, sometimes purplish. 15. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS. (PI. 8.) Spikelets 1-flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with the conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the mem- branaceous glumes. Lower palet coriaceous, cylindrical-involute and closely embracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose panicle. (Name from OTUTTJJ, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.) * Callus or base of the flower short and blunt: glumes pointless. 1. S. Richards6nii, Link. Culm (l£°-2° high) and leaves slender; panicle loose (4' -5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly equal, oblong, acutish (2^" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong lower palet, which bears a tortuous awn 6" -8" long. — Pleasant Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague, and northwestward. (Flowers rather smaller than in Richardson's plant, as described.) * * Callus or base of the flower pungently pointed, at maturity villous-bearded : lower palet slender and minutely bearded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed. 2. S. avenacea, L. (BLACK OAT-GRASS.) Culm slender (1°- 2° high) ; leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open ; palets blackish, nearly an long as the glumes (about 4"long) ; theawn bent above, twisted below (2'-3' long). — Dry or sandy woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 3. S. spartea, Trin., not of Hook. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culm rather 618 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.) stout (l£°-3° high) ; panicle contracted; palets linear, |'- 1' long (including the long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed greenish glumes; the twisted strong awn (3£'-7' long, pubescent below, rough above. (S. juncea, Pursh?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. Michi- gan northwestward. May -July. 16. ABISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS. (PI. 8.) Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palet tipped with three awns ; the upper much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branching: leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or spikes. Grain linear. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower late. * Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the palet. •*- Awns very unequal ; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect ; the elongated middle one horizontal or turned downwards : glumes equal or the upper one longer : low (5'- 18' high] and branching, mostly tufted annuals. ** Spikelets few in loose simple spikes or racemes: glumes 3 — 5-nerved. 1. A. ramosissima, Engelm. mss. Culms diffusely much branched; glumes (9" -10" long) rather shorter than the flower; middle awn 1' long, soon abruptly hooked-recurved, the lateral ones hardly 2" long ; ligule truncate, bearded. — Dry prairies of Illinois (Engelmann, Vasey) and Kentucky (Michanx). — Var. UNIARISTATA, with lateral awns wanting. Odin, S. Illinois, Vasey. •»-*• •*-«• Spikelets more numerous : glumes (3" -4" long) carinately l-nerved. 2. A. dichdtoma, Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms low, much branched throughout, ascending ; Spikelets in short narrow clusters ; glumes nearly equal, longer than the flower, fully equalling its minute lateral awns, the soon reflexed middle awn about the length of the palet. — Dry, sandy or gravelly fields : common, especially southward. 3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6' -18' high), naked above and terminating in a slender raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle ; glumes about the length of the flower, the exserted lateral awns varying from one third to fully half the length of the horizontally bent middle one; or in var. DEPAUPERATA, from one fifth to one third its length. — Sandy soil, coast of Mass, and from Illi- nois southward. — Middle awn 6" -9" long, in the ordinary forms. In the var. which abounds on micaceous hills near Philadelphia (C. E. Smith), the flowers are much smaller, and awns shorter ; but it passes into the larger form. -i— -t— Awns all diverging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter. ** Glumes equal or the upper one longer. 4. A. Stricta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) densely tufted from a perennial root, bearing a (1°) long spiked panicle,' leaves involute-thread-form, long, rigid, sometimes downy: awns about the length of the flower (6") or the lateral one third shorter. — Virginia and southward. 5. A. Oligantha, Michx. Culms (6" -20" high) tufted from an annual? root, bearing a.loosely few-flowered raceme; leaves short, somewhat involute when dry; lower glume 3-5-nerved (nearly V long); awns capillary, 1^-3' long, much exceeding the slender flower. — Virginia to Illinois, and common south- westward. GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 619 •w- *+ Upper glume shorter than the lower : perennials, simple-stemmed, 2° - 4° high. 6. A. purpurascens, Poir. Glabrous; leaves rather involute; flowers in a (10'- 18') long spiked panicle; awns much longer than the flower, the middle one about 1' long. (A. racemosa, Muhl. A. Geyeriana, Steud.) — Massachu- setts to Michigan, Illinois, and southward : common. 7. A. lanata, Poir. Tall and stout ; leaves tardily involute, rough on the upper side, rigid; sheaths woolly ; panicle (l°-2° long) spike-like or more com- pound and open; middle awn (I' long) longer than the flower. — Salisbury, Maryland, W. M. Canby, and southward. * * Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex ofthepalet: root annual. 8. A. tuberculdsa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6'- 18' high), tumid at the joints ; panicles rigid, loose ; the branches in pairs, one of them short and about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (1'long, in- cluding their slender-awned tips longer than the palet; which is tipped with the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns (l£'-2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. 17. S PAH TIN A, Schreber. CORD or MARSH GRASS. (PL 9.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly compressed- keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the upper one much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palets, of which the upper is longest. Squamulae none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united. — Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively creeping scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and tough leaves (whence the name, from (nraprivr], a cord, such as was made from the bark of the Spartium or Broom.) * Spikelets compactly imbricated, very rough-hispid on the keels: spikes (2' -4' long) more or less peduncled: culm and elongated leaves rigid. 1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (FRESH-WATER CORD-GRASS.) Culm rather slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long, £' or less wide below), taper- ing to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth except the margins ; spikes 5 - 20, scattered, spreading ; rhachis rough on the margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the lower equalling the lower palet, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra- nous apex. (Trachynbtia cynosuroides, Michx. L/imnetis, Pers.) — Banks of rivers and lakes, especially northward. Aug. — Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel ; the awn of the upper one about £' long. Palets somewhat unequal. — Certainly distinct from the next, to which, in strictness, the Linntean name belongs. 2. S. polystachya, Willd., Muhl. (SALT KEED-GRASS.) Culm tall and stout (4° -9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base); leaves broad (^' to 1'), roughish underneath, as well as the margins; spikes 20 — 50, forming a dense oblong raceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the equal palets, of Avhich the rough-hispid midrib of the lower one reaches to the apex. 620 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY). (Trachynotia polystachya, Michx. Dactylis cynosuroides, L.I in part, excl. var.) — Salt or brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward. 3. S. jlineea, Willd. (Rusn SALT-GRASS.) Culms low (1° - 2° high) and slender; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth ; spikes I -5, on very short peduncles ; the rhachis smooth ; glumes acute, the lower scarcely half the length of the upper, not half the length of the lower palet. (Dactylis pa- tens, Ait.) — Salt marshes and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.) * # Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels only slightly hairy or roug/tish under a lens: spikes sessile and erect, soft: leaves, rhachis, Sfc. very smooth : culm rather succulent. 4. S. stricta, Roth. (SALT MARSH-GRASS.) Culm l°-4° high, leafy to the top ; leaves soon convolute, narrow ; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets : glumes acute, very unequal, the larger 1 -nerved, a little longer than the palets. — Salt marshes, Pennsylvania, £c. (Muhl) — Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.) Var. gl&bra. (S. glabra, M uhl., partly.) Culm and leaves longer ; spikes 5-12 (2' -3' long) ; spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common on the coast. Var. alterni£l6ra. (S. alterniflora, Loisel. Dactylis cynosuroides, var., L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spikelets remotish, barely over- lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage : larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved (not so evidently as in the European and Tropical American plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes. — Common with the last : also Onondaga Lake, J. A. Paine. 18. CT 6NIUM, Panzer. TOOTHACHE-GRASS. (PL 9.) Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved rhachis of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent : the lower one (interior) much smaller ; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, like a horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the one or two lower consisting of empty awned palets : the one or two uppermost of empty awnless palets : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its palets membranaceous, the lower awned or mucronate below the apex and densely ciliate towards the base, 3-nerved. Squamulae 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. (Name Krevioj>, a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.) 1. C. American urn, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high from a perennial root) simple, pubescent or roughish ; larger glume warty-glandular outside and con- spicuously awned. (Mondcera aromatica, Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward. — Taste very pungent. 19. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca (1805). MUSKET-GRASS. (PI. 9.) Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, the lower one shorter. Perfect flower with the 3-nerved lower palet 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the 2-nerved upper palet 2-toothed ; the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or sub- GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 621 ulate-awned. Stamens 3 : anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers mostly I - 3-awned. Spikes solitary, racemed or spiked ; the rhachis somewhat extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish writer upon floriculture and agriculture.) § 1. CHONDR6SIUM, Desv. Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong or linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme : sterile flowers \ - 3 on a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of 1-3 scales and awns. 1. B. oligOStachya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6' -12' high); leaves very narrow ; spikes 1-5, the rhachis glabrous ; glumes and lower fertile palet sparingly soft-hairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously vil/ous-tufted at the summit of the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling the larger glume. (Atheropogon, Nutt.) — N. W. Wisconsin and westward. — Glumes obscurely if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palet 2-cleft at the tip. Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming hood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perhaps B. juncifolia, Lag.) 2. B. hirstlta, Lagasca. Tufted, annual? (8' -20' high); leaves flat, lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1-4; upper glume hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands ; lower palet pubescent, 3-cleft into awl- pointed lobes ; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than the glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillosus, Engelm. Chondrosium hirtum, H. B.K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and south west ward. § 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate one-sided' spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets: sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary. 3. B. Clirtipdndula, Gray. Culms tufted from perennial rootstocks (l°-3° high) ; sheaths often hairy ; leaves narrow; spikes £' or less in length, nearly sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike (8'- 15' long) ; flowers scabrous ; the lower palet of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fer- tile flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasca. Chloris curtipendula, Michx. Atheropogon apludioides, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula, Trin.) — Dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July -Sept. — Passes by transitions into, Var. ARISTOSA, with spikes shorter ; sterile flower of a large saccate lower palet, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the lateral nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of an inner palet (Eutriana affinis, J. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Geyer), and southward. 20. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. NAKED-BEARD GRASS. (PL 9.) Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter- nate on long and filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme. Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the some- what equal membranaceous palets ; of which the lower is cylindrical -in volute, with the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and slender bristle-like awn ; the upper with the abortive rudiment at its base. 622 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) Stamens 3. Stigmas pencil-form, purple. — Root perennial. Leaves short and flat, thickish, l'-3' long. (Name composed of yvpvos, naked, and Trco-yeoi/, a beard, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to a bare awn. ) 1. G. racemdsus, Beauv. Culms clustered from a short rootstock (1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes flower -bear ing to the base (5' -8' long), soon divergent ; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk, equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the length of the awn of the fertile flower. (Anthopbgon lepturoides, Nutt.) — Sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. 2. G. brevifdlius, Trin. Filiform spikes long-peduncled, i. e. flower-bear- ing only above the middle ; lower palet ciliate near the base, short-awned ; awn of the abortive flower obsolete or minute; glumes acute. (Anthopbgon brevifolius & filifdrmis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward. 21. CYNODON, Richard. BERMUDA or SCUTCH-GRASS. (PI. 9.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a second flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes usually digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless, rather unequal. Palets pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped. Stamens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with short flattish leaves. (Name composed of KVO>V, a dog, and oSouy, a tooth.) 1. C. DACTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3 - 5 ; palets smooth, longer than the blunt rudiment. — Penn. and southward ; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.) 22. DACTYLOCTENTUM, Willd. EGYPTIAN GRASS. (PI. 9.) Spikelets several-flowered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on one side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number, digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled, membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palet strongly keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, con- taining a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Root annual. Culms dif- fuse, often creeping at the base. (Name compounded of SaKruAos, finger, and KTeviov, a little comb, alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.) 1. D. ^EGYPTIACUM, Willd. Spikes 4-5; leaves ciliate at the base. (Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?) 23. ELEUSINE, Gsertn. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS. (PI. 9.) Spikelets 2-6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate- spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes membra- naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palets awnless and pointless ; the lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) containing a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, and flowers much as in Poa. (Name from 'EXevaiV, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped.) GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.) 623 1. E. INDICA, Gasrtn. (DOG'S-TAIL or WIRE GRASS.) Culms ascending, flattened; spikes 2-5 (about 2' long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly south- ward. (Nat. from Ind. ?) 24. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (OXYD^NIA, Nutt.) (PL 9.) Spikelefs 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked on one side of a long filiform rhachis : the spikes racemed. Glumes membra- naceous, keeled, often awl-pointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower palet 3-nerved, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awn- less, or bristle-awned at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the upper. Stamens 2 or 3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Ours annuals. Leaves flat. (Name composed of Xerrroy, slender, and x^°a' 9rass, from the long attenuated spikes.) § 1. LEPTOCHLOA proper. Lower palet awnless or simply aimed. 1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40, 2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme ; spikelets small ; glumes more or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. — Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August. §2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. Lower palet bristle-awned from the 2-toothed apex; the marginal nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or points. 2. L. fascicularis, Gray. Smooth ; leaves longer than the geniculate- decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3'- 5' long) ; spike- lets slightly pedicelled, 7 - 1 1 -flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes ; palets hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Festuca fascicularis, Lam. F. polystachya, Michx. Diplachne fascicularis, Beauv., Torr.) — Brackish meadows, from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois southward on the Mississippi. Aug. - Sept. — Makes a direct transition to the next genus. 25. TRICIJSPIS, Beauv. (PL 10.) Spikelets 3 - 1 2-flowered, somewhat terete; the terminal flower abortive. Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikelet bearded below each flower. Palets membranaceous or somewhat chartaceous ; the lower much larger than the 2- toothed upper one, convex, 2 - 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar- ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid nerve especially, into a short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob- long, nearly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed : sheaths bearded at the throat. Panicle simple or compound; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palet.) § 1. TRICUSPIS proper. (Windsoria, Nutt.) Glumes shorter than the crowded flowers : lower palet 3-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usually with intermediate membranaceous teeth ; the upper palet naked. 624 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 1. T. seslerioides, Torr. (TALL RED-TOP.) Perennial ; culm upright (3°- 5° high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves ; panicle large and compound, the rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below ; spikelets very numerous, 5 - 7-flowered, shining, purple (4" long) ; the flowers hairy toward the base. (Poa flava, L. I P. seslerioides, Michx. P. quinquefida, Pursh. Windsoria, poaefdrmis, Nutt. Uralepis ciiprea, Kunth.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle sometimes 1° wide. Points of the low'er palet almost equal, scarcely exceeding the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed. § 2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diplbcea,. Raf. Uralepis, Nutt.) Glumes much shorter than the somewhat remote flowers : both palets strongly fringe-bearded ; the lower 2-cleft at the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the trun- cate or awn-pointed divisions. 2. T. purpurea, Gray. (SAND-GRASS.) Culms many in a tuft from the same annual root, ascending (6' -12' high), with numerous bearded joints; leaves invohite-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple, bearing few 2- 5 -flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones included in the commonly hairy sheaths ; awn much shorter than the palet, seldom exceed- ing its eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes. (Aira purpurea, Walt. Diplocea barbata, Raf. Uralepis purpurea and U. aristulata, Nutt. ) — In sand, Massa- chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward : also Lake Erie, near Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid to the taste. (T. CORNEA (Uralepis cornuta, Ell., and Triplasis Americana, Beauv.!) may perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia. ) 26. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. , to bear, from the tufts of hair at the base of the flowers.) 1. G. melicoides, Bcauv. Culm 1°- 2° high; leaves roughish ; panicle open ; glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough ; joints of the rhachis unilaterally bearded between the 2-4 flowers. Grand Detour, Upper Michigan, Prof. Porter, Shore of Moosehead Lake, Maine, C. E. Smith, and northward : rare. — Var. MAJOR, Gray (Dupontia Cooleyi, of former ed.), is a luxuriant form, 2° - 3° high, with ampler panicle ; found on the borders of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan, by Dr. Cooley. Aug. 27. DIARRHENA, Raf. DIARRHENA. (PL 10.) Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous ; the lower one much smaller. Lower palet ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori- (GRASS FAMILY.) 625 aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped tip. Squamulae ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid, obtusely pointed, rather longer than the palets, the cartilaginous shining peri- carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root- stocks, producing simple culms (2° -3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled spikelets (2" -3" long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of 8/s, two, and apprjv, man, from the two stamens.) 1. D. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river- banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Aug. 28. DACTYLIS, L. ORCHARD GRASS. (PL 10.) Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching dense panicle. Glumes and lower palet herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough- ciliate on the keel ; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point ; the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance- oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name SaKTvXis, a finger's breadth, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.) 1. D. GLOMERAxA, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly linear ; branches of the panicle naked at the base ; spikelets 3 - 4-flowered. — Fields and yards, especially in shade. A variety with downy spikelets, Med- ford, Mass., W. Boott. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 29. KCELERIA, Pers. KCELERIA. (PI. 10.) Spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle. Glumes and lower palet membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved, barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed ; the former mod- erately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Tufted Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms; the sheaths often downy. (Named for Prof. G. L. Kb'hler, or Koder, an early writer on Grasses.) 1. K. cristata, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at the base ; spikelets 2 - 4-flowered ; lower palet acute or mucronate ; leaves flat, the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. GRAciLis, with a long and narrow spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, Nutt.) — Dry hills, Penn. to Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.) 30 . E A T 6 N I A , Eaf. (PvEBotrLEA, Kunth.) (PL 10.) Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, numerous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower narrowly linear, keeled, 1 -nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palet ob- long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous ; the upper very thin and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen- 40 626 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikelets. (Named for Prof. Amos Eaton, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the United States, which was for a long time the only general work available for students in this country, and of other popular treatises.) 1. E. Obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted, rarely slender ; the spikelets crowded on the short erect branches ; upper glume rounded-obotate, truncate-obtuse, rough on the back ; flowers lance-oblong. (Aira obtusata, Michx. A. truncata, Muhl. Kceleria truncata, Ton. K. paniculata, Nutt. Reboulea gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, Ed. 1. Eatonia purpu- rascens, Raf.?) — Dry soil, N. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July. 2. E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Panicle long and slender, loose, the racemose branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ; the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. (Koeleria Pennsylvania, DC. Aira mollis, Muhl. Reboulea Pennsylvanica, Ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6'- 8' long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. MAJOR, Ton.) ; and, rarely, with the lower palet minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows : common. 31. ME LIC A, L. MELIC-GRASS. (PL 10.) Spikelets 2 - 5-flowered ; the 1-3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con- volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palets papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age ; the lower rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. — Perennials with soft and flat leaves. Panicle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided. (An old name, from fic'Xi, honey.) 1. M. mutica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palet naked, glabrous minutely scabrous on the nerves. (M. glabra, Michx. M. specibsa, Muhl.) — Var. GLABRA (M. glabra, Pursh) has the panicle often few-flowered and rather simple, the lower palet very blunt. — Var. DirrtiSA (M. diffiisa, Pursh) is taller, 2^° -4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani- cle ; the lower palet commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich soil, S. E. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 32. GLYCERIA, R. Br., Trin. MANNA-GRASS. (PL 10.) Spikelets terete or flattish, several -many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and unequal 1 - 3-nerved membranaceous glumes behind. Palets naked, of a rather firm texture, nearly equal ; the lower rounded on the back, scarious (and some- times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous, 5-7- nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3, or in the first section commonly 2. Stigmas plumose, mostly compound. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 627 rootstocks ; the spikelets panicled. (Name from yXviccpos, sweet, in allusion to the taste of the grain.) § 1. GLYCERIA proper. Lower palet conspicuously nerved: styles present: plumes of the stigma branched or toothed : grain grooved on the inner side : leaves flat, the sheaths nearly entire. * Spikelets ovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, \" -3" in length, H- At length nodding in an open panicle, Jlattish laterally but turgid. 1. G. Canad^nsis, Trin. (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.) Panicle oblong- pyramidal, at length drooping ; spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tu- mid, Briza-like, 2" long, pale, with purplish glumes ; lower palet acute or blunt- pointed, tirm, with not very prominent nerves, longer than the rounded upper one; culm stout, 2° -3° high; leaves long, roughish. (Briza Canadensis, Michx.) — Bogs and wet places : common from Penn. northward. July. •<- •»- Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, somewhat flattened and turgid. 2. G. Obttisa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense ; (3f-5'long); spike- lets 6 - 7-flowered ; 2" -3' long; lower palet obtuse; culm stout, l°-2° high, very leafy; leaves long, smooth. (Poa obtusa, Muhl.) — Bogs, E. New Eng- land to Penn., near the coast. 3. G. elongata, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long), recurving ; the branches and 3 - 4-flowered spikelets appressed ; lower palet ob- tuse; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Torr.) — Wet woods, New England to Michigan, and northward. July -Aug. -i- -i- •)- Diffuse : lower palet truncate-obtuse, prominently 1 -nerved ; upper 2-toothed. 4. G. nervata, Trin. (FOWL-MEADOW GRASS, in part.) Branches of the loose panicle capillary, at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets ovate-oblong, 3 - 7-flowered ; leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. stri- ata, Michx. P. parviflora, Pursh.) — Moist meadows : very common. June. — Culm erect, l°-3° high. Spikelets 1" - 2" long, commonly purplish. 5. G. pallida, Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle slender, erect- spreading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5 - 9- flowered (pale, 2'' — 3" long) ; lower palet minutely 5-toothed ; the upper lanceolate, conspicuously 2-toothed ; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsoria pallida & Poa dentata, Torr.) — Shallow water : common, especially northward. July. , — Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending from a creeping base. 6. G. aquatica, Smith. (REED MEADOW-GRASS.) Panicle much branched, ample (8' — 15' long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age; spikelets oblong or linear-oblong, 5-9-flowered (usually purplish, 2" -3" long) ; lower palet entire ; leaves large (1° - 2° long, £' to £' wide. — Wet grounds : common north- ward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° - 5° high. (Eu.) * # Spikdets linear (£'-!' long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long and narrow racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis : palets minutely roughish, the upper 2-toothed : squamnlce unilateral or united : ligule long : culm fattened (l°-5° high), ascending from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Br.) 7. G. fltlitans, R. Br. Spikelets 7 -13-flowered; lower palet oblong, obtuse, or the scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather longer 628 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) than the blunt upper one. (G. plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water: common. June -Aug. — Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1° long : the simple branches appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.) 8. G. acutifl6ra, Torr. Spikelets 5 - 12-flowered, few and scattered; lower palet oblong-lanceolate) acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the upper one. — Wet places, Penn. to Maine : rather rare. June. — Resembles the last ; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (4" long), and less nerved. § 2. HELE6CHLOA, Fries. (Sclerochloa, Ed. 1.) Lower palet inconspicu- ously or olsoletely 5-nerved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose : grain hardly grooved : saline species : panicle contracted with age. 9. G. maritima, Wahl. (SEA SPEAR-GRASS.) Sterile shoots procumbent, runner-like ; flowering culms erect (1°- l£° high) ; branches of the panicle solitary or in pairs ; spikelets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowered ; lower palet rounded at the summit, slightly pubescent towards the base ; leaves somewhat involute ; ligule elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea coast : not rare. (Eu.) 10. G. distans, Wahl. Culms geniculate at the base, ascending, destitute of running shoots ; branches of the panicle 3 — 5 in a half whorl, spreading ; spike- lets 3 -6-flowered ; lower palet truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule short. (P. fasciculata, Torr.) — Salt marshes along the coast. — Too like the last. (Eu, ) 32. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. SPIKE-GRASS. (PI. 10.) Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly many-nerved. Lower palet rather coriaceous, laterally much flattened, indis- tinctly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers dioecious, pretty large. Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded of Briza, the Quaking-Grass, and Trvpoy, wheat. ) 1. B. spicatum, Hook. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9' -.18' high) ; spike oblong, flattened (!' long) ; spikelets ovate or oblong, 5 - 10-flow- ered; flowers smooth and naked; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, L. Poa Michauxii, Kunth. ) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas ; the sterile smaller and somewhat rounded on the back. 34. POA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. SPEAR-GRASS. (PI. 10.) Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2- 10-) flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. Lower palet membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, com- pressed-keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with soft hairs : upper palet membranaceous, 2-toothed : base of the flower often cobwebby. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — Culms tufted, from perennial roots, except No. 1. Leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. (Eloa, an ancient Greek name for grass or fodder.) (GRASS FAMILY.) 02!) # Law and spreading (3' — 6' high) froin an annual or biennial root, flaccid : branches of the short panicle single or in pairs. 1. P. annua, L. (Low SPEAR-GRASS.) Culms flattened ; panicle often 1 -sided; spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3 - 7 -flowered. — Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if indigenous. April - Oct. (Eu. ) * * Low; the culms (6'-20' long) geniculate-ascending from a running rootstock, rigid, very much flattened : panicle simple and contracted. 2. P. compressa, L. (WIRE-GRASS.) Pale, as if glaucous; leaves short; panicle dense and narrow, somewhat one-sided (l'-3' long), the short branches mostly in pairs; spikelets almost sessile, 3- 10-flowered, flat. — Dry, mostly sterile soil, in waste places ; rarely in woods : probably introduced with other and more valuable grasses : apparently indigenous northward. (Eu.) * * * Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufts. •*- Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, even to the branches of the panicle: leaves short and flat, short-pointed; ligule elongated. 3. P. alpina, L. Culms rather stout (8'- 14' high) ; leaves broadly linear, especially those of the culm (!£'- 2' long, l£"-3" wide) ; panicle short and broad; spikelets broadly ovate, 3 - 9-flowered (about 3" long); lower palet vil- lous on the midrib and margins. — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, Jr., Prof. Porter, N. Maine? and northward. (Eu.) 4. P. laxa, Haenke. Culms slender (4' -9' high); leaves narrow; panicle somewhat raceme-like, narrow, often one-sided and nodding ; spikelets 2 - 4-flow- ered, one half smaller. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.) •«- -«- More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle : ligule short. 5. P. c&sia, Smith. Culms 6' -20° high; leaves narrow, short, soon in- volute ; branches of the panicle 2-5 together, very scabrous ; spikelets purplish (or sometimes pale), 2 - 5-flowered ; glumes ovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed; flowers lanceolate, somewhat webby at the base ; the lower palet villous on the keel and margins below the middle, its nerves obscure. (P. aspera, Gaudin.) — N. "Wisconsin, I. A. Lapham; a form with loose open panicle (P. nemoralis, Ed. 2). — Var. STRfcxiOR, is 6' -12' high, with a contracted grayish-purple panicle, of smaller flowers. N. shore of Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, Jr., es- pecially Isle Royale, Prof. Whitney, &c., and northward. (Eu,) * # * * Taller (l°-3°), meadow or woodland grasses : panicle open. H- Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short rough branches (usually in Jives) of the oblong or pyramidal panicle, green, or sometimes violet- tinged: flowers acute, crowded, more or less webbed at base. 6. P. ser6tina, Ehrhart. (FALSE RED-TOP. FOWL MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms tufted without running rootstocks ; leaves narrowly linear, soft and smooth; ligules elongated; spikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) flowered (l"-2"long), all short-pedicelled in an elongated panicle, often tinged with dull purple ; flowers and glumes narrow; lower palet very obscurely nerved. (P. nemoralis, Pursh. P. crocata, Michx.) — Wet meadows and low banks of streams: common, espe- cially northward. July, Aug. — A good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.) 630 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 7. P. pratdnsis, L. (GREEN or COMMON MEADOW-GRASS. KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS.) Culms sending off copious running rootstocks from the base, and the sheaths smooth ,- ligule short and blunt ; panicle short-pyramidal ; spikelets 3-5- flowered, crowded, and most of them almost sessile on the branches, ovate-lanceo- late or ovate ; lower palet 5-nerved, hairy along the margins as well as the keel. — Common in dry soil : imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous in mountain regions from N. Penn. northward. May -July. (Eu.) 8. P. TRIVIALIS. L. (RouGHiSH MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms erect from a somewhat decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks ; sheaths and leaves more or less rough ; ligule oblong, acute ; panicle longer or with the branches more distant ; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upwards ;" lower palet prominently 5-nerved, naked at the margins: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Moist meadows, &c., July. (Nat. from Eu.) -t- -i- Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels: plants soft and smooth, flowering early. (No running rootstocks, except in No. 13.) *+ Spikelets small (l"-2" long), pale green, rather loosely 2 -4-flowered: flowers oblong, obtuse : lower palet scarcely scarious-tipped : culm-leaves lance-linear, acute, l'-3' long. 9. P. sylv6stris, Gray. Culmflattish, erect ; branches of the oblong-pyram- idal panicle short, numerous, in fives or more ; lower palet villous on the keel for its whole length, and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base. — Rocky woods and meadows, W? New York, Penn. and Virginia to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. June. 10. P. d6bilis, Torr. Culms terete, weak ; branches of the small panicle few and slender (the lower l£'-2' long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes ; flowers very obtuse, smooth and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. — Rocky woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May. •*-*• -w- Spikelets 2" long, light green: oblong-lanceolate flowers and both glumes acute. 11. P. alsbdes, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the upper- most (2£; - 4' long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle, the capillary branches of which are appressed when young, and mostly in threes or fours ; lower palet very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous. (P. nemoralis, Torr. $* Ed. 1 : but wholly different from the European species of that name.) — Woods, on hillsides, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin. May, June. •w- HH. -M. Spikelets larger (3" -4" long), pale green, rarely purple-tinged, few and scattered at the extremity of the long and capillary branches (mostly in pairs or threes] of the very diffuse panicle: flowers 3-6, loose, oblong and Muse, as is the larger glume : lower palet conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous below the middle on the keel and margins: culms flattish, smooth. 12. P. flexudsa, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms l°-3° high, tufted; its leaves all linear (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed; panicle very effuse (its branches 2' - 4' long to the 4 - 6-flowered spikelets or first ramification ) ; lower palet prominently nerved, no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. ca~mpyle, Schult.) — Dry woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. - May. — Wrongly confounded with the last, but near it. P. autumnalis is an GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 631 inappropriate name, and there is now no obstacle to restoring to this species the earlier and unobjectionable (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa. 13. P. brevifblia, Muhl. Culms l°-l£° high from running rootstocks, 2 - 3-leaved, the upper leaves very short (# - 2' long), lanceolate, all abruptly cus/tidate- tipped; branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; spikelets 3 - 4-flowered ; lower palet rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at the base. (P. piingens, Nutt., excl. syn. Ell P. cuspidata, Barton. The older and more appropriate name is here restored.) — Rocky .or hilly woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly westward. April, May. — Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves. 35. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. EKAGROSTIS. (PI. 10.) Spikelets 2 - 70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palet is but 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and deciduous; and the up- per one persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early name, probably from epa, earth, and Agrostis, in allusion to the procumbent habit of the original species.) # Prostrate and creeping, much-branched: root annual: spikelets flat, imperfectly dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate. 1. E. r^ptans, Nees. Spikelets linearrlanceolate, 10-30-flowered; flow- ers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped. (Poa reptans, Michx.) — Gravelly river-borders : common. Aug. — Flower-branches 2' -5' high. # # Diffusely spreading, or thejlowering culms ascending, low (6'- 15' high) : spike- lets large, densely-flowered, flat, forming a narrow croivded panicle. 2. E. PO^EOIDES, Beauv. Lower sheaths often hairy ; leaves flat, smooth ; spikelets shortTpedicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8 - 20-flowered, lead-col- ored (2" -5" long); flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa Eragrostis, L.) — Sandy waste places, eastward : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. MEGASTACHYA. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3" -10" long), becoming linear, whitish when old, 10-50-flowered. (E. megastachya, Link. Briza Eragrostis, L.) — Similar situations, and more common. Aug. — Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.) # # # Erect, or in No. 3 — 5 diffusely spreading and ascending : panicle open, its branches capillary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Num- ber of flowers in the spikelet very variable, according to age, &fc. ) •*- Culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual root: leaves narrow, flat, soft: branches of the narrow panicle rather short and thickly-flowered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest 'sparingly. 3. E. PIL6SA, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather erect branches (except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5- 12-flowered (2" -4" long, purplish-lead- color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels; glumes (small) and lower palet obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, \-nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo- sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunlh.) — Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New England to Illinois, and southward. A :g. — Plant 6'- 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.) 632 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 4. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3'- 8' high); panicle ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; spikelets 2-5-flowered (1"-!^" long), on slender pedicels; glumes very acute; lower palet ovate, acute, rather obscurely 3-nerved. (E. erythrdgona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly reddish.) — Low or sandy ground, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and south- westward. Aug. 5. E. Plirshii, (Bernh. ?) Schrader. Sparingly branched at the decumbent base, then erect (|°-2° high) ; panicle elongated, the branches widely spread- ing, very loose; spikelets 5 - 1 S-flowered, oblong-lanceolate, at length linear (2" -4^" long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels ; glumes and lower palet ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved, (Poa tenella? Pursh. P. Caroliniana, Spreng. P. pectinacea of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. •»- •*- Culms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect from an annual or perennial root, mostly forming thick tufts: leaves very long : panicle very large, compound, often longer than the culm, with elongated and loosely-flowered branches, their axils often bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or No. 7 annual.) 6. E. tenuis, Gray. Panicle virgately elongated (l°-2^° long), very loose, the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions and long diverging pedicels capillary ; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7 - 12- ) flowered, pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, vei-y acute (l^"-2" long), mem- branaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; lower palet distinctly 3-nerved ; the upper ciliate-scabrous. (Pba tenuis, EIL P. capillaris, Michx. P. trichodes, Nutt. E. Geyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, l£°-2° long, glabrous or sparingly hairy: the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flowers much larger than in the next, fully l£" long. 7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long di- verging pedicels capillary ; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2 - 4-flowered, green- ish or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than 1" long); lower palet obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled ; the upper rough-ciliate. (Poa capillaris, L. P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Sandy dry soil and fields : common, especially southward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths very hairy, or nearly glabrous ; the former about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle 1° - 2° long, soon diffuse. 8. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main branches bearded in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or less oppressed on the secondary branches; spikelets flat, 5 - 1 5-flowered, becoming linear, purple or purplish ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; lower palet strongly 3-nerved; the upper hirsute-ciliate. (Poa pectinacea, Michx., ex char. P. hirsuta, of Amer. authors. E. Unibnis & cognata Steud. ?) — Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy, the sheaths especially so. — Var. SPECTABILIS. Leaves and sheaths mostly glabrous; branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels shorter ; spikelets rather larger. (E. spectabilis, Ed. 1 . Poa spectabilis, Pursh.) — Sandy dry ground, from E. Mass, near the coast, and from Ohio and Illinois southward. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 1° -3° high. Spikelets 2" - 3" long, 1" wide, closely flowered. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 633 36. BRIZA, L. QUAKING GRASS. (PL 10.) Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid ; the flowers closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palet round- ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, ventricose on the back, heart- shaped at the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-mar- gined, obscurely many-nerved ; the upper palet much smaller, ovate, flat. Sta- mens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the palets, adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diffuse, with the large and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from /3pt'£co, to slumber (Linn.), or /3pt$o>, to bend downwards.) 1. B. MEDIA, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5-9- flowered (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the lower flowers ; root perennial. — Pastures : sparingly eastward. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 37. PESTUCA, L. FESCUE-GRASS. (PI. 10.) Spikelets 3 - many -flowered, panicled or racemose ; the flowers not webby at the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palets chartaceous or almost coria- ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nerved, acute, pointed, or often bristle-awned from the tip, rarely blunt ; the upper mostly ad- hering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1-3. — Flowers, and often the leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.) * Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or awnedfrom the tip : panicle contracted. H- Annuals or biennials, slender, 5'- 18' high: leaves convolute-bristle-form. 1. P. MYURUS, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided ; spikelets about 5-flowered ; glumes very unequal ; awn much longer than the palet, fully 6" in length ; stamen 1 . — Dry fields, New Jersey, S. Penn., and southward. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. P. tenella, Willd. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound and open ; spikelets 7-13-flowered; awn 1"~3" long, shorter than or equalling the palet ; stamens 2. — Dry, sterile soil, especially southward. June, July. . •*- •<- Perennial, tufted, 6' - 24' high : stamens 3. 3. P. ovina, L. (SHEEP'S FESCUE.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, short, usually more or less compound, open in flowering ; spikelets 3 - 8-flowered ; awn not more than half the length of the flower, often much shorter or almost want- ing. — Indigenous in Northern New England, Lake Superior, and northward : naturalized farthdr south as a pasture grass. June. — Varies greatly. — Var. vivfpARA (which with us has running rootstocks), a state with the spikelets partially converted into leafy shoots, is found on the alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and high northward. *— Var. DURIUSCULA, (F. duriuscula, L.) is a tall form, with spikelets rather larger, usually in a more compound panicle ; culm-leaves often flat or less convolute, and the lower with their sheaths either smooth or hairy. New England to Virginia ; nat., and in- digenous northward. — Var. RUBRA (F. rubra, L.) has running rootstocks and forms looser tufts ; the leaves often reddish and pubescent above. Naturalized eastward: wild, Lake Superior, ZV. Bobbins, and northward. (Eu.) 634 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) * # Flowers oblong or lanceolate, awnless or nearly so (l£"-4" long) : grain ojlen free! (Root perennial : culms mostly tall : leaves jiat.} 4. P. EiAxiOR, L. (TALLER or MEADOW FESCUE.) Panicle narrow, contracted before and after flowering, erect, with short branches ; spikelets crowded, 5-10-flowered; the flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate ; lower palct 5-nerved, scariouS-margined, blunt, acute, or rarely with a distinct but very short awn. — The type is large, 3° — 4° high ; spikelets about 6" long, in an ample and com- pound panicle. Rich grass-land. — Var. PRATENSIS (F. pratensis, Huds.) is lower (l°-3° high), with a simpler or close panicle, of smaller or narrower spikelets ; and abounds in grass-lands. June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. P. lllltans, Willd. Panicle of several long and slender spreading branches, mostly in pairs, drooping when old, rough, naked below, bearing near their ex- tremity a few ovate 3-5-flowered spikelets (3" long) on pretty long, pedicels; flowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved. — Rocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° — 4° high, naked above : leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy. 38. BROMUS, L. BROME-GRASS. (PI. 10.) Spikelets 5 - many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ; the lower 1 - 5-, the upper 3 - 9-nerved. Lower palet cither convex on the back or compressed-keeled, 5 - 9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from below the mostly 2-clcft tip : upper palet at length adhering to the groove of the oblong or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. — Coarse Grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from (3pop.os,food.) § 1 . Lower palet convex on the back ; the flowers imbricuttd over one another before expansion : lower glume 3 - 5-nerved, the upper 5 - 9 -nerved. # Annuals or biennials, weeds of cultivation, introduced into grain-fields, or rarely in waste grounds, probably all derived from the European B. arvensis, L. 1. B. SECALINUS, L. (CHEAT or CHESS.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit, the drooping peduncles little branched ; spikelets oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8-10 rather distant flowers; lower palet rather longer than the upper, short- awned or awnless ; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Too common in wheat-fields. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. B. RACEM6sus, L. (UPRIGHT CHESS.) Panicle erect, simple, rather narrow, contracted in fruit ; flowers closer, more imbricated; lower palet decidedly exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length ; culm more slender ; sheaths sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often mistaken in this country. (Adv. fromEu.) 3. B. MOLLIS, L. (SorT CHESS.) Panicle erect, closely contracted in fruit ; spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy (as also the leaves, &c.) ; lower palet acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New York to Virginia: scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Perennial: indigenous. (Lower glume strongly 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. 4. B. Kalmii, Gray. (WILD CHESS.) Panicle simple, small (3' - 4' long) ; spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 12-flowered, densely silky GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 635 all over ; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong flower ; lower palet 7-9-nerved, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (l£°-3° high) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus, Muhl. B. piirgans, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Dry ground : common northward. June, July. — This is in the herbarium of Linnams under the name of B. ciliatus, but is not the plant he described ; thence has arisen much confusion. § 2. SCHED6NORUS, Beauv., Fries. Lower palet somewhat convex, but keeled on the back and laterally more or less compressed, at least above: flowers soon separating from each other: lower glume l-nerved, the upper 3-nerved, or with an obscure additional pair, * Perennial, tall (3° -5° high) : flowers oblong or lanceolate. 5. B. Ciliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length divergent, drooping ; spikelets 7 - 12-flowered ; lower palet tipped with an awn half to three fourths its length, silky with appressed hairs near the margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back (B. Canadensis, Hichx. B. pubescens, Muhl.); — or, in var. PURGANS (B. purgans, L. !), clothed all over with short and fine appressed hairs. — River- banks and moist woodlands : common. July, Aug. — Culm and large leaves (3''-Gr wide) smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths in the larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable, comprising several forms, in- cluding both the Linnaean species; for 'which the present name is preferable to the inapplicable purgans, taken from Feuillee's South* American species. 6. B. ASPER, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller ; spikelets 5 - 9-flowered ; lower palet linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather longer than the awn ; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy. — Bethel, Maine, in fields along the river-bank, W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Annual or biennial (10' — 30' high) : flowers slender. 7. B. STERILIS, L. Panicle open; spikelets of 5-9 rather distant and 7- nerved roughish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1' long) ; leaves rather downy. — Waste places and river-banks, E. Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania : rare. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 39. UNIOLA, L. SPIKE-GRASS. (PL 11.) Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palet. Glumes lance- olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palet coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly lat- erally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, enclosing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled upper one and the free laterally flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad leaves and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant, a diminutive of unio, unity.) * Spikelets large (£'-2' long), ovate or oblong, 9 - 30-flowered : panicle open. 1. U. paniculata, L. leaves narrow, when dry convolute ; spikelets ovate, short-pedicelled ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile ; the fer- 636 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) tile with 3 stamens; culm and panicle elongated (4° -8° high). — Sand-hills on the sea-shore, S. Virginia and southward. 2. U. latifolia, Michx. Leaves broad and flat (nearly 1' wide); spikdets at length oblong, hanging on long pedicds ; flowers acute, ciliate on the keel, all but the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hillsides, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° - 4° high : panicle loose. * * Spikdets small : panicle contracted and wand-like : perfect flowers long-pointed. 3. U. gracilis, Michx. Spikelets shorl-pedicdled (2" -3" long), broadly wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - ^-flowered ; the flowers ovate and diver- gently beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender. 40. PHBAGMITES, Trin. REED. (PI. 11.) Spikelets 3 - 7-flowered ; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at their base, and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very unequal. Palets membranaceous, slender; the lower narrowly awl-shaped, thrice the length of the upper. Squamula? 2, large. Styles long. Grain free. — Tail and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle, ((ppaypires^ growing in hedges, which this aquatic Grass does not.) 1. P. COmmimis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; Spikelets 3-5-flow- ered; flowers equalling the wool. (Arundo, //.) — Edges of ponds. Sept. — Looks like Broom-Corn at a distance, 5°- 12° high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.) 41. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. CANE. (PI. 11.) Spikelets flattened, 5- 14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger. Palets herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamul® 3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. — Arborescent or shrubby Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in panicles or racemes ; the flowers polygamous. (Name from arundo, a reed.) 1. A. macrosp^rma, Michx. (LARGE CANE.) Culms arborescent, 10° -20° high, rigid, simple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after decaying; leaves lanceolate (l'-2; wide), smoothish; panicle lateral, composed of few simple racemes; spikelets purple, erect ; lower palet lance-ovate, pubescent, fringed (S" long). Chapman, under A. gigantea. — River-banks, S. Virginia? Kentucky? and southward, forming canebrakes. 2. A. tecta, Muhl. (SMALL CANE.) Culms slender, 2°- 10° high, branch- ing ; leaves linear-lanceolate (9"- 1' wide), roughish, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, or frequently on leafless radical culms; lower palet (6" long) ovate-lanceolate, smooth, fringed on the margins. Chapman. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps and moist soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 637 42. LBPTUBUS, K. Br. LEPTUHUS. (PI. 11.) Spikelets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed in the excavation, 1 - 2-flowered. Glumes 1-2, including the 2 thin pointless palets. Stamens 3. Grain free, ohlong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch- ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender spikes (whence the name, from XeTrrds, slender, and ovpd, tail.) 1. L. panicillktus, Nutt. Stem slender (6' -20' long), naked and curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular spikes ; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois ( Mead), and westward. Aug. 43. L6LITJM, L. DARNEL. (PI. 11.) Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis, placed edgewise ; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one (the up- per) and external: — otherwise nearly as in Triticum. (Ancient Latin name.) 1. L. PERENNE, L. (COMMON DARNEL, KAY- or RYE-GRASS.) Root peren- nial, glume shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 8-15, awnless or sometimes short- awned. — Fields and lots : eastward. June. — A pretty good pasture-grass. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. L. TEMULENTUM, L. (BEARDED DARNEL.) Root annual ; culm taller, glume fully equalling the 5 -7-flowered spikelet ; awn longer than the flower (^' long). — Grain-fields : rare. — Grain noxious ; almost the only instance of the kind among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.) 44. TRITICUM, L. WHEAT. (PI. ll.) Spikelets 3 - several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower palet very like the glumes, convex on the back, pointed or awned from the tip : the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on the nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of the spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate oblong, turgid and boat-shaped, as in common Wheat. (T. VULGARE). Others are perennial, with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ranked spikes, never furnishing bread-corn (§ AGRQPYRON, Gaertn.) ; to which the following belong. Flowering in summer. * Multiplying by long running rootstoclcs : awn shorter than the flower or none. 1. .T. ripens, L. (CoucH-, QUITCH, or QUICK-GRASS.) Spikelets 4-8- flowered, glabrous or nearly so ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ; rhachis glabrous, but rough on the edges; awns when present straight; leaves flat and often roughish or pubescent above. — Nat. in cultivated grounds, fields, &c., and very troublesome ; indigenous northwestward. — Varies greatly. A tall form, rather bright green (Var. NEMOR\LE, Andersson) bears awns nearly as long as the palet. A lower form is glaucous and mostly awnless or nearly so. A maritime form (nearly Var. INTERMEDIUM, Fries, and approaching T. laxum, Fries, and T. acutum, DC.), collected by Prof, Tuckerman on the coast of Maine, is glaucous, rigid, with 638 GRAMINF^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) at length somewhat involute leaves, crowded spikelets, blunt and rigid glumes, and pointless or mucronate-tipped palets ; the rhachis not disarticulating as in T. junceum, L, (Eu.) 2. T. dasystachyum, Gray. Perhaps a remarkable variety of the last, but the glaucous leaves are narrow and often involute, and the 5 - 9-flowered spikelets densely downy-hairy all over. (T. repens, var. dasystachyum, Hook.} — Sandy shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and northward. Aug. * * No obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and roughish leaves sometimes hairy above : glumes as well as flowers mostly awned or awn-pointed. 3. T. violaceum, Hornemann. Spike dense, strict and rigid, usually tinged with violet or purple; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; glumes conspicuously 5-nerved; awns straight, varying from half to nearly twice the length of the palet. (T. Richardsonii, Schroder. T. pauciflorum, Schweinitz.) — Mountains, of Penn. (Porter) ; in the alpine region of the White Mountains (Tuckerman), Wiscon- sin (La.pham), and northward. — Intermediate in character between the last and the next. (Eu.) 4. T. canimim, L. (AWNED WHEAT-GRASS.) Spike usually mwe or less, nodding, at least in fruit, rather dense (3'-6' long); spikelets 3 -5-flowered; glumes 3 — 5-nerved; awns mostly somewhat bent or spreading, fully twice the length of the palet. — Sparingly naturalized in cult, ground and meadows. Indigenous along our northern borders, in a slender form, which approaches the northwest- ern T. divergens, Nees, or T. asgilopoides, Turczaninow, which has narrow and convolute leaves, 5 - 7-nerved glumes, and widely diverging awns. (Eu.) 45. HORDEUM, L. BARLEY. (PI. 11.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, three at each joint of the rhachis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and shortrstalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form- ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Palets herba- ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the palets. Spike often separating into joints. Ours are annuals or biennials, or scarcely perennial. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. H. jubatum, L. (SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS.) Low; lateral flowers abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing a capillary awn (2' long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all spreading. — Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, and westward. June. 2. H. pratense, Huds. Low (6' -18' high); lateral flowers imperfect or neutral, awnless or merely pointed ; perfect flower with awn as long as those of the glumes (3" -6") ; spike linear, l'-2' long. (H. pusfllum, Nutt. and former ed.) — Plains, especially in saline soil, Ohio to Illinois and westward : also spar- ingly introduced, Virginia and southward along the coast. May, June. (Eu.) 46. EliYMTTS, L. LTME-GRASS. WILD RYE. (PI. 11.) Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each 1 - 7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 639 2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Palets coriaceous ; the lower rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the involving palets (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from cXuco, to roll up). * Glumes and flowers firm or rigid, both or only the latter awned: spikelets 1-5- flowered: perennials, with slender culms and rather harsh and broad flat leaves. -»- Spike large and stout. 1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike rigidly upright, dense (2' -3' long, 6" thick), on a short pedwide usually included in the sheath ; spikelets 2-3 together, 2-3- flowered, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the thickened strongly- nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks : common. Aug. — Culm stout, 2° - 3° high. 2. E. Canactensis, L. Spike soon nodding (5'-9' long), on an exserted peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 - 5 long-awned rough or rough-haiiy flowers ; the awl-shaped glumes tipped with shorter awns. (E. Philadelphicus, L. !) — Var. GLAUCIF6LIUS (E. glaucifolius, Muhl.) is pale or glaucous throughout, the flowers with more spreading awns (1^' long). — River-banks: common. H- Spike more slender, as also the culm. 3. E. Sibiricus, L. Glabrous; spike wand-like (I1 - 6' long, about 3" thick), often somewhat nodding ; spikelets in pairs, 3 - 6-flowered ; glumes linear-lanceo- late, 3 - 5-nervcd, short-awned, shorter than the flowers, which are rather short-awned. — South shore of Lake Superior (Porter), and northwestward. (Eu.) 4. E. Striatus, Willd. More or less pubescent,' spike dense and thickish (2' - 4' long), upright or slightly nodding; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1-2- (or rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy; glumes awl-shaped, bristle-awned, 1-3- ncrved, about thrice the length of the flowers exclusive of the capillary awn (which is 1' long). — Var. viLL6sus (E. villosus, Muhl.!) has very hairy flowers and glumes, and villous sheaths. — Rocky woods and banks. July, Aug. — Palets only 3" long. # * Glumes and palets awnless and soft in texture: reed-like perennials. 5. E. mollis, Trin. (not of R. Br.) Culm (3° high) velvety at top; spike thick, erect (8' long) ; spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5-8-flowered; the lanceo- late pointed 5-7-nerved glumes (!' long) and the pointed palets soft-villous ; rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of the Great Lakes, Maine, and northward. (Near E. arenarius.) 47. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. (PI. 11.) Spikelets 2 - 3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis, raised on a very short callous pedicel, loosely 2 - 4-flowered (when solitary flatwise on the rhachis.) Glumes none! or small, awn-like, and deciduous (whence the name, from yvfwos, naked, and ort^os, rank). Otherwise nearly as in Elymus. 1. G. H^strix, Schreb. Spike loose (3' -6' long); the spreading spike- lets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy, tipped with an awn thrice their length (!' long) ; leaves and sheaths smoothish ; culm ;5°-4° high; root perennial. (Elymus Hystrix, L.) — Moist woodlands. July, Aug. 640 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 48. DANTHONIA, DC. Wi LI? OAT-GRASS. (PL 12.) Lower palet (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraceous, 7-9-nerved) bearing between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn composed of the 3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. Ours peren- nials, l°-2° high, with narrow and soon involute leaves, hairy sheaths bearded at the throat, and a small simple panicle or raceme of about 7-flowered spikelets. (Named for Danthoine, a French botanist.) 1. D. spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted, low; leaves short, very narrow 5 spikelets few, 3" -5" long; lower palet loosely hairy, its teeth short and pointless. — Dry and sterile or rocky soil. June -Aug. 2. D. sericea, Nutt. Taller and not tufted (1°- 3° high); leaves larger ; spikelets more numerous and panicled, 6" -9" long; lower palet very silky-villous, tipped with slender awn-pointed teeth. — Dry or moist sandy soil, Southern Massa- chusetts (Dr. Robbins), New Jersey ( C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), and southward : rare. June. 49. AVENA, L. OAT. (PL 12.) Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, panicled ; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, 01- becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes ; the uppermost imperfect. Lower palet rounded on the back, mostly 5-11- nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the acutely 2-cleft tip proceeding from the midnerve only. Stamens 3. Grain ob- long-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but in- vested by the upper palet. (The classical Latin name.) — The COMMOX OAT (A. SATivA, L.) represents the large-flowered annual species of the Old World. The following are smaller-flowered, indigenous perennials. 1. A. Striata, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, slender (T°-2° high) ; leaves narrow ; ligule short, truncate ; panicle simple, loose ; spikelets (6" long) on capillary pedicels, 3-6-flowcred, much exceeding the scarious- margined purple acute glumes; the lower glume 1-, upper 3-nerved; rhachis smooth ; jlowers short-bearded at the base ; lower palet 7-nerved, much longer than the ciliate-fringed upper one (4" long), mostly shorter than its soon bent or divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip. (Trisetum purpurascens, Torr.) — Eocky, shaded hills, N. New- England, New York, and northwestward. June. 2. A. Smithii, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Taller (2j°- 4^° high), rather stout; leaves broadly linear (3;/-6" wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the sheaths and culm retrorsely scabrous; ligule elongated, acute; panicle larger (6' -12' long), the few branches at length spreading; glumes slightly purplish, scabrous on the nerves, of which there are 3 in the lower and 5 in the upper ; rhachis mi- nutely hispid ; Jlowers (3-5) not hairy -tufted at the base ; awn one third or half the length of the 7-nerved palet, straight. — Isle Koyale, Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, Robbins. Woods near Sault Ste. Marie, C. E. Smith, for whom the species is named. April, May . — To be compared with the Siberian A. callosa, Turczaninow, which was referred to A. striata by Trinius. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 641 50. TBISETUM, Persoon. TRISETUM. (PL 12.) Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle; the lower palet compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes, bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and seta, a bristle) : other- wise nearly as in Avena. Ours are perennials. 1. T. Sllbspicatum, Beauv., var. m611e. Minutely sojl-downy; panicle dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2' -3' long) ; glumes about the length of the 2-3 smooth flowers ; awn diverging, much exserted. (Avena mollis, Michx. ) — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. July. — About 1° high : leaves flat, short. (Eu.) 2. T. paltistre, Torn Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5' long), loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat (3" long); glumes shorter than the t\vo smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of the rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed tip, while the lower one is commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. (Avena palustris, Michx. Aira pallens, Muhl.) — Low grounds, Southern New York to Illinois, and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° -3° high : leaves flat, short. Spikelets yellowish-white, tinged with green. 51. AIRA, L. HAIR-GRASS. (PI. 12.) Spikelets small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect flowers and often with the pedicel or rudiment of a third, all usually shorter than the membranaceous keeled glumes, and hairy at the base ; the upper remotish. Lower palet thin and scarious, 2-cleft or else truncate and mostly denticulate or eroded at the summit, bearing a slender bent or straight awn on its back, commonly near its base. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous. Grain oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.) § 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. Lower palet delicately 3-5-nerved, eroded or toothed at the truncate summit ; the awn attached mostly a little above the base: grain not grooved, free, : glumes about equalling the flowers : root perennial. 1. A. flexuosa, L. (COMMON HAIR-GRASS.) Culms slender, nearly naked (l°-2° high) above the small tufts of involute bristle-form root-leaves (1; — 6' long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary; awn longer than the palet, at length bent and twisted. — Dry places : common. June. (Eu.) 2. A. CSBSpitdsa, L. Culm tufted (2° -4° high); leaves flat, linear; panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long) ; awn straight, barely equalling the palt. — Shores of lakes and streams : common northward. June, July. (Eu.) § 2. AIIIOPSIS, Desv. Spikelets very small, of 2 closely approximate flowers, and with no rudiment of a third : lower palet of firmer texture, obscurely nerved, acutely 2-clefl at the apex: grain grooved, adnate: low annuals, with short and setaceous 3. A. PR^ECOX, L. Culms tufted, 3' -4' high; branches of the small and dense panicle appressed; awn from below the middle of the flower. (Avena prsecox, Beauv.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia : rare. (Xat. from Eu.) 41 642 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY). 4. A. CARYOPHYLLEA, L. Culms 5'- 10' high, bearing a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at length silvery scarious spikelets. — Dry fields, Nantucket : also Newcastle, Delaware, W. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.) § 3. VAHL6DEA, Fries. Glumes boat-shaped, longer than the flowers : lower palet almost coriaceous, nerveless, its truncate-obtuse tip mostly entire; the awn borne at or above the middle: grain grooved, Jlattish, free : alpine perennial. 5. A. atropurpiirea, Wahl. Culms 8'-15' high, weak; leaves flat, rather wide ; panicle of few spreading branches ; awn stout, twice the length of the palet. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of Northern New York. Aug. (Eu.) 52. ABBHENATHEBUM, Beauv. OAT-GRASS. (PI. 12.) Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower ; the middle flower perfect, its lower palet barely bristle-pointed from near the tip ; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of the back (whence the name, from apprjv, masculine, and dOrjp, awn) : — other- wise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification. 1. A. AVENACEUM, Beauv. Root perennial; culm 2° -4° high: leaves broad, flat; panicle elongated ; glumes scarious, very unequal. (Avenaelatior, L. ) — Meadows and lots : absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May - July. (Nat. from Eu.) 53. HOLCUS, L. (partly). MEADOW SOFT-GRASS. (PI. 13.) Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels ; the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re- motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous lower palet awnless and pointless ; the upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but bear- ing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain free. (An ancient name, from 6X/cos, attractive, of obscure application.) 1. H. LANATUS, L. (VELVET-GRASS.) Perennial, soft-downy and pale; panicle oblong ; upper glume mucronate-awned under the apex ; awn of the staminate flower curved. — Moist meadows. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 54. HIEBOCHLOA, Gmelin. HOLY GRASS. (PI. 13.) Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled ; the flowers all with 2 palets ; the two lower (lateral) flowers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, often awned on the middle of the back or near the tip ; the uppermost (middle) one perfect, short- pedicelled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Glumes equalling or exceeding the spikelet, scarious : palets chartaceous. — Perennials : leaves flat. (Name composed of tepos, sacred, and ^Aca, grass; these sweet-scented Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North of Europe.) 1. H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.) Pan- icle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2' -5' long) ; peduncles smooth; staminate flowers with the lower palet mucronate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip ; (GRASS FAMILY.) 643 roots tock creeping. (Holcus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, chiefly northward near the coast and along the Great Lakes. May. — Culm l°-2° high, with short, lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color ; the staminate flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at the tip. (Eu.) 2. H. alpina, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (l'-2' long); one of the staminate flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow. — Alpine moun- tain-tops, New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.) 55. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS. (PL 13.) Spikelets spiked-panicled, really 3-flowered ; but the lateral flowers neutral, consisting merely of one palet which is hairy on the outside and awned on the back: the central (terminal) flower perfect, small, of 2 awnless chartaceous palets, 2-androus. Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long as the flowers, twice the length of the lower. Squamulae none. Grain ovate, adherent. (Name compounded of avQos, flower, and avdtov, of flowers. L.) 1. A. ODOR\TUM, L. Spikelets (brownish or tinged with green) spreading at flowering- time ; one of the neufral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its base, the other short-awned below the tip. — Meadows, pastures, &c. Perennial : very sweet-scented in drying. May- July. (Nat. from Eu.) 56. PHALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS. (PI. 13.) Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudi- ments (a scale or a pedicel) in place of lateral flowers, one on each side, at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish, awnless, of 2 shining palets, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilagi- nous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth grain. — Stamens 3. — Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from <£aXos, shining, alluding either to the palets or the grain.) § 1 . PHALARIS proper. Panicle very dense, spike-like : glumes wing-keeled. 1. P. CANARIENSIS, L. (CANARY-GRASS.) Annual, l°-2° high; spike oval ; rudimentary flower a small lanceolate scale. — Waste places and road- sides, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania: rare. July- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) § 2. T>t GRAPHIS, Trin. Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis : glumes not winged on the back. 2. P. arundinacea, L. (REED C.) Perennial, 2° -4° high; leaves flat (3" -5" wide; glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, thrice the length of the fertile flower ; rudimentary flowers reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel. — Wet grounds : common, especially northward. June, July. — Yar. pfcxA, the leaves striped with white, is the familiar RIBBON-GRASS of the gardens. (Eu.) 57 MlLIUM, MILLET-GRASS. (PL 13.) Spikelets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con- sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless glumes, including a single coriaceous awnless floAver : but theoretically the lower glume is wanting, while 644 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.) an empty single palct of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palet of the terete fertile flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed in the palets, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin naine of the Millet (which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thousand, because of its fertility.) 1. M. efiusum, L. Smooth perennial, 3° -6° high; leaves broad and flat, thin; panicle spreading (6' -9' long); flower ovoid-oblong. — Cold and damp woods, New England to Illinois and northward. June. (Eu.) 58. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. (PL 13.) Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1 -flowered, of two kinds ; one kind in a terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that the rudiment of the lowest glume is ordinarily discernible, and deciduous from the joint without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect : the other kind soli- tary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (which are more or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the others, perfect and fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the bud ; the enwrapping glume and similar empty palet many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain not grooved, in the radical flowers very large, the embryo next the lower palet. Neutral palet somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile flower. (Name from dfxfriKapTros, doubly fmit-bearing. ) 1. A. Plirshii, Kunth. Annual or bien-nial? erect, l°-4° high; leaves lanceolate, copious "on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on the sheaths; panicle strict, naked; grain ovoid or oblong (2" -3" long), terete. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey, and in the Southern States. Sept. 59. PASPALUM, L. PASPALTJM. (PI. 13.) Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2 -4 rows on one side of a flattened or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano- convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other hand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume ; which, however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and empty palet few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. (Said to have been a Greek name for Millet.) * Spikes with a (1") broad and thin membranaceous orfoliaceous and keeled rhachis, the incurved margins partly enclosing the small two-rovoed spikelets. (Smooth, aquatic, or nearly so, decumbent or floating.) 1. P. flllit ans, Kunth. Annual; leaves lanceolate, fiat (3" -8") broad; spikes numerous in a raceme ; the rhachis somewhat projecting beyond the minute and slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the back. (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — Eiver-swamps, Virginia, S. Ohio, Illinois, and south- ward. Sept., Oct. (GRASS FAMILY.) 645 2. P. Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial; leaves linear; short; spikes 3-7, the lowest partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rhachis blunt; spikelets glabrous. (P. vaginatum, Ell.) — Low or wet grounds, New Jersey (Cape May, Nuttall), Delaware (Tatnall, Canby), and southward. * * Spikes with a narrow wingless rhachis : perennials, or mostly so. H- Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular : spikes one terminal and often 1-5 lateral. 3. P. setaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°- 2° long), slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs; spikes very slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ; spikelets (%" wide) narrowly 2-rowed. (Also P. decile and P. ciliatifolium, Michx.) — Sandy fields : common from E. Mass, to Illinois, southward. Aug. 4. P. laeve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (1°- 5° high) ; the pretty large and long leaves with their flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ; spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon- gated naked peduncle, spreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at their base; spikelets broadly 2-rowed (over 1" wide). — Moist soil, S. New Eng- land to Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Either glabrous or sometimes the lower sheaths, &c. very hairy. As here received this perhaps comprises two or more species. •»- •*- Spikelets acute : spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle. 5. P. distichum, L. (JOINT-GRASS.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous ; culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-lan- ceolate (2' -3' long); spikes short and closely-flowered (9" -2' long), one short- pedunded, the other sessile ; rhachis flat on the back ; spikelets ovate, slightly pointed (barely 1^" long). — Wet fields, Virginia and southward. July -Sept. 6. P. Digitaria, Poir. Culms ascending (l°-2£°high) from a creeping base ; leaves lanceolate (3' — 6' long, 4" — 6" wide) ; spikes sender, rather sparsely flowered (l'-4' long), both sessile at the apex of the slender peduncle; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2" long). (Miliuin paspalodes, Ell.) — Virginia and southward. 60. PANICUM, L.. PANIC-GRASS. (PI. 13.) Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, l£- 2-flow- ered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely even want- ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower flower either neutral or staminate, of one palet which closely resembles the upper glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed, coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless (except in §3), enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Setaria Italica), thought to come frompanis, bread ; some species furnishing a kind of bread-corn.) § 1. DIGIT ARIA, Scop. Spikelets crowded 2-3 together in simple and mostly l-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless : lower flower neutral, of a single palet: lower glume minute, sometimes obsolete or want- ing : root annual : plant oflen purplish. 646 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) * Spikes erect; the rhachis JUiform and nearly terete. 1. P. filifdrme, L. Culms very slender (l°-2° high), upright; lower sheaths hairy ; spikes 2-8, alternate, approximated, filiform ; spikelets oblong, acute (^" long) ; lower glume almost wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey along the coast, Illinois, and southward. Aug. # # Spikes spreading ; the rhachis flat and thin. 2. P. GLABRUM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect (5'- 12' long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate; spikelets ovoid (about I" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want- ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places : common, especially southward : in some places appearing as if indigenous. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. P. SANGUINALE, L. ( COMMON CRAB- Or FlNGER-GRASS.) Culms erect or spreading (1° - 2° high) ; leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy ; spikes 4-15, spreading, digitate; spikelets oblong (l£" long) ; upper glume half the length of the flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds. Aug. - Oct. (Nat. from-Eu.) § 2. PANICUM proper. Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless. * Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually pointed spikelets short-pedicelied, excepting 2Vb. 7 and 8. ••- Sterile flower neutral and of 2 palets, fully twice the length of the lower glume: spikelets small (1" or 1^" long) : root perennial. 4. P. anceps, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather broadly linear (l°-2 long, 4"-5" wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyramidal ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 5 - 7 '-nerved; neutral flower one third longer than the perfect one. — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey and Penn. to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Too near the next : spikelets and branches of the panicle longer. 5. P. agTOStoideS, Spreng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram- idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread- ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume 5-nerved, longer than the neutral flower which exceeds the perfect one ; perfect flower bearded at the apex. (P. agrostidiforme, Lam. ? P. multiflorum, Poir.) — Wet meadows and shores, E. Massachusetts and New York (Oneida Lake, A. H. Curtiss) to Illinois, and common southward. Aug. •H- •*- Sterile flower neutral and of a single palet, much longer than the lower glume; spikelets %" -l£" long ; annuals except No. 8 : leaves flat; sheaths flattened. ++ Glabrous and smooth throughout ; spikelets crowded, oppressed, short-pedicelled. 6. P. proliferum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent, branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ; ligule ciliate ; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender primary branches at length spreading; spikelets pale green, rarely purplish; lower glume broad, J to i the length of the upper ; neutral flower little longer than the perfect one. — Marshy river-banks and shores, especially when brack- ish, but also in the interior, from Mass, and Illinois southward. Aug. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 647 ** •*-»• Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower ; spikelets mostly scattered on slender or capillary pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle: culms mostly branched from the base, erect or ascending ( 10' - 20' high). 7. P. capillare, L. (OLD-WITCH GRASS.) All the sheaths and usually the leaves copiously hairy or hispid ; panicle mostly very compound, the branches divaricate when old ; spikelets varying from ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed ; lower glume half the length of the neutral palet which is longer than the elliptical obtuse perfect flower. — Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. Aug. - Oct. — Varies extremely in size and appearance : in depauperate forms the spikelets only |", in the larger forms l£" in length. 8. P. autumnale, Bosc! Root perennial? lower sheaths and margins of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, otherwise glabrous, except some bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle, its much elongated divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with solitary spindle- shaped spikelets; lower glume minute; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong and pointed, nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish upper glume and the neutral palet. (P. nudum, Walt. ? P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. P. divergens, Muhl., not of H.B.K. P. fragile, Kunth. ) — Sand-hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead, E. Hall), and southward. •«-•»-+- Sterile flower staminate, of 2 palets: lower glume more than half the length of the upper : spikelets large (2" - 2^" long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, frc. : perennials, glabrous, with tall or stout and rigid upright culms. 9. P. virgatum, L. Tall (3° -5° high); leaves very long, flat; ligule silky-bearded; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at length spreading or drooping ; spikelets scattered, usually purplish. — Moist sandy soil : common, especially southward. Aug. 10. P. amarum, Ell. Culms (l£°high) sheathed to the top; leaves in- volute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed ; spikelets pale. — Sandy shores, Con- necticut (Barratt, Robbins), Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. * * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short or small : perennials. t- Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in No. 11, and sometimes in No. 14, staminate^ formed of 2 palets, the upper one scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous. ++ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9-15 principal nerves. 11. P. latifolium, L. Culm (l°-2° high) smooth; the joints and the orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly hairs; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 1 1 - 1 5-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy -hairy; panicle more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spread- ing; spikelets obovate, 1^" long, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length of the many-nerved upper one ; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens. (P. Walteri, Poir.) — Moist thickets : common. June - Aug. 12. P. clandestinum, L. Culm rigid (l°-3° high), very leafy to the top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough with papillce bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral and usually also the ter- 648 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) minal panicle more or Jess enclosed in the sheaths, or with the terminal one at length long-peduncled (P. pedunculatum, Torr.) : — otherwise resembling No. 11 ; but the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth ; the lower flower (always ? ) neutral. — Low thickets and river-banks : common. June - Sept. • 13. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11 ; the broadly lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less pointed, not dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the upper sur- face roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-flowered, narrowly oblong (3' - 11 long) ; spikelets only about $" long, ovoid, smooth or smoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. (P. multiflorum, Ell. ? not of Poir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 14. P. xanthoph^TSUIQ, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near the base (9'- 15' high) ; sheaths hairy ; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4' - 6'long by £' wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the margins, strongly 9 — ll-nerved; panicle long-peduncled, very simple, the appressed branches bearing a few roundish-obovate spikelets (about l£" long); lower glume ovate, acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-nerved upper one. — Dry sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. — Plant yellowish-green : spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes staminate. 15. P. viscidum, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the sheaths, with reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint ; leaves likewise velvety, lanceolate (£' wide), 11 - 13-nerved; panicle spreading, the lat- eral ones included; spikelets obovate 1" or l£" long, downy; the roundish lower glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Damp soil, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 16. P. paucifldrum, Ell. ? Culms upright, at length much branched and reclining (l°-2° long), roughish; leaves lanceolate (3' -5' long by i'*£'wide), rather faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next the base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similar hairs ; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish spikelets about l£" long ; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the length of the upper one. — Wet meadows and copses, E. Massachusetts to Wis- consin, and southward. June, July. — Distinguished by its much larger spike- lets, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect, from any form of the next. It has probably been described under several names, some of them earlier than Elliott's. •*•+ +•*• Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves. 17. P. dich6tomum, L. ! Culms (8' -20' high) at first mostly simple, bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (l'-3' long), and lanceolate Jlat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very short, thickish) ; but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spikelets £" to about 1" long; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish, one third or a quarter the length of the 5- 7-nerved upper one. — Founded on an autumnal state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlets (GRASS FAMILY.) 649 and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam. ) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of forms; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubescens, Lam. ; and one with smaller spikelets is P. laxiflorum, Lam. ; while the varied smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the more slender forms) P. barbulatum and P. ramulosum, Michx., $°c. Some of these may be good species. — Dry or low grounds : common. June- Aug. 18. P. depauper&tum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the base, forming close tufts (6' - 12' high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and elongated (4' - 7') upper leaves ; spikelets |" - 1£" long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ; the ovate lower glume one third the length of the! - ^-nerved upper one. (P. strictum, Pursh. P. rectum, Rcem. Sf Schult.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least when dry (P. involutum, Torr.), and with the sheaths either beset with long hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle either partly included, or on a long and slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills : rather common. June. •«- •<- Lower sterile flower of a single palet, and neutral. 19. P. verrucbsum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading, very slender (l°-2° lo.ng), naked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate (2" -3" wide), shining ; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets warty- roughened (dark green), oval, acute, f " long ; the lower glume one fourth the length of the obscurely nerved upper one. — Sandy swamps, New England to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. § 3. ECHIN6CHLOA, Beauv. Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of the simple or compound raceme or panicle, usually rough with appressed stiff hairs : lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned. 20. P. CRUS-GALLI, L. (BARNYARD-GRASS.) Root annual; culms stout, branching from the base (l°-4° high) ; leaves lanceolate (|' or more wide), rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (l'-3; long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ; lower palet of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. — Varies greatly ; sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes long-awned, especially so in the var. HfspiDUM (P. hispidum, Muhl., P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse form of the species with the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist, chiefly manured soil : the variety in ditches, especially of brackish water ; possibly in- digenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 61. SET ARIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOX-TAIL GRASS. (PL 13.) Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling awns (but not forming an involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated or manured grounds, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as merely a sub- genus of Panicum. (Name from seta, a bristle.) * Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards. 1. S. VERTICILL\TA, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green), composed of apparently whorled short clusters; bristles short, adhesive. (Pan- icum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 650 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.) * * Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards. 2. S. GLAtiCA, Beauv. (FOXTAIL.) Spike cylindrical, dense, tawny yellow (2' -4' long) ; bristks 6-11 in a duster, much longer than the spikelets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — Very common, in stubble, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. S. vfRims, Beauv. (GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE-GRASS.) Spike nearly cylindrical, more or less compound, green ; bristles few, longer than the spikelets ; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu. ) 4. S. ITALICA, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod- ding (6' -9' long, yellowish 'or purplish ) ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much longer or else shorter than the spikelets. (S. Germanica, Beauv.) — Sometimes cultivated under the name of MILLET, or BENGAL GRASS : rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 62. CENCHBUS, L. HEDGEHOG- or BUR-GRASS. (PI. 14.) Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a deciduous hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.) 1. C. tribuloides, L. Culms branched and ascending (1°- 2° high) from an annual root ; leaves flat ; spike oblong, of 8 - 20 spherical heads ; involucre prickly all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less downy, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. — Sandy soil, on the coast, the Great Lakes, and the larger rivers. Aug. — A vile weed. 63. TBIPSACUM, L. GAMA-GRASS. SESAME-GRASS. (PI. 14.) Spikelets monoecious, in jointed spikes, which are staminate above and fertile below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow rhachis, forming a 1 -sided and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike, 2-flowered : glumes coriaceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the inner one boat- shaped : palets very thin and membranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange or reddish-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis, occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and- pointed, 2-flowered ; the lower flower neutral, palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united : stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free. Culms stout and tall, solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes ax- illary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name from r/3t/3o>, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.) 1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the summit (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; sometimes, var. MONOSTACHYUM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, from Connecti- cut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and from Illinois south wai'd. Aug. — Culm 4° - 7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one of our largest and most remarkable Grasses : sometimes used for fodder at the South, where better is not to be had. GRAMINEJ2. (GRASS FAMILY.) 651 64. ERIANTHUS, Michx. WOOLLY BEARD-GRASS. (PI. 14.) Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them sessile, the other pedicelled ; otherwise both alike ; with the lower flower neutral, of one membranaceous palet ; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline palets, which are thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membranaceous glumes, the lower palet awned from the tip. Stamens 1 - 3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from cpiov, wool, and avOos, flower). 1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culm (4° -6° high) woolly-bearded at the joints ; panicle contracted ; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the awn ; stamens "2. — Wet pine barrens, from New Jersey and Illinois southward : rare. Sept., Oct. 2. E. brevib£rbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded at the upper joints ; panicle rather open ; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 65. ANDROPOGON, L. BEARD-GRASS. (PL 14.) Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed; one of them pedicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige ; the other sessile, with the lower flower neutral and of a single palet ; the upper perfect and fertile, of 2 thin and hyaline palets shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse, mostly rigid perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil ; with lateral or terminal spikes com- monly clustered or digitate ; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the name, composed of dvrjp, avdpos, man, and TT&ryoof, beard). # Spikes digitate, thickish, short-bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate : stamens 3. 1. A. furcktus, Muhl. Tall, 3° -4° high, rigid, the naked summit of the culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by 2 - 5 rigid spikes ; spike- lets approximated, appressed ; hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and rather sparse ; awn of fertile flower long and bent ; leaves flat, roughish, the lower ones long. — Common in dry sterile soil. Aug. - Oct. # * Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silky-villous, •*- Single and scattered along the branches, with the silky hairs shorter than the flowers : sterile spikelet conspicuous but mostly neutral; the fertile triandrous. 2. A. SCOp£rius, Michx. Culms slender (l°-3° high), with numerous paniculate branches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes slender, scattered, mostly peduncled (l'-2' long), very loose, often purplish, silky with lax dull-white hairs ; sterile spikelet awn-pointed or awnless ; the fertile about half the length of its twisted or bent awn. — Dry ground. July - Sept. •»- •*- In pairs or clustered; the copious soft-silky hairs much longer than the flowers: sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in No. 3), or altogether wanting on the summit of the very plumose-hairy pedicel : fertile flower monandrous, its awn capillary : leaves narrow, the lower or their sheaths often rather hairy. $52 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 3. A. arg^nteus, Ell. Culms rather slender (l°-3° high); spikes in pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted and loosely paniculate peduncles, densely flowered (l'-2' long), very silky with long bright white hairs. (A. argyraeus, Schultes. A. Ellidttii, Chapm.) — Delaware ( W. M. Canby), Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Sept., Oct. 4. A. Virginicus, L. Culm flattish below, slender (2° -3° high), spar- ingly short-branched above, sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant oppressed clusters, shorter than their sheathing bracts, weak (!' long), the spikelets loose on the filiform rhachis, the soft hairs dull white. (A. vaginatus, Elf., a form with larger and inflated sheaths.) — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. Sept., Oct. 5. A. macrotirus, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), bushy-branched at the summit, loaded with very numerous spikes forming thick leafy clusters ; sheaths rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the sterile spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very plumose. — Low and sandy grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Sept., Oct. 66. SORGHUM, Pers. BROOM CORN. (PI. 14.) Spikelets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open panicle, the lateral ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels ; only the middle or ter- minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless : other- wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. ( The Asiatic name of S. VDLGARE, the INDIAN MILLET, to which species belongs GUINEA-CORN, BROOM-CORN, the SWEET SORGHUM, and other cultivated races.) 1. S. ntltans, Gray. (INDIAN GRASS. WOOD-GRASS.) Root perennial ; culm simple (3° -5° high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (6' - 12' long) ; the perfect spikelets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-brown and shining), clothed, especially towards the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ; the sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. (Andropogon nutans, L.) — Dry soil : common, especially southward, where it runs into several marked varieties or perhaps species (S. avenaceum, nutans, and secundum, Chapman). Aug. -Oct. EQUISETACE.E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 653 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. VEGETABLES destitute of proper flower's (i. e. no stamens and pistils), producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of homogeneous structure (called spores) , in which there is* no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination. CLASS III. ACROGENS. Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with some kind of foliage. ORDER 129. E<|UISETACEJE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) Leafless plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run- ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or spike, which is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases underneath. — Comprises solely the genus 1. EQUISETUM, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING RUSH. (PI. 15.) Spore-cases (sporangia, thecca) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side and dis- charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4 thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, which roll up closely around the spore when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems mostly from running root- " stocks, striate-grooved (in many the hard cuticle abounding in silex), hollow, and also with an outer circle of smaller air-cavities corresponding with the grooves ; the joints closed and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which sur- rounds the base of the internode above, and is split into teeth corresponding in number and position with the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata in the grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like the stem, but without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from horse, and seta, bristle.) 654 EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) § 1. Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter. (Stomata scattered.) * Fruiting in spring from soft and rather succulent pale or brownish fertile stems, the sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous and very different. •*- Fertile stems remaining simple, soon perishing ; the sterile producing copious branches. 1. E. Telmatdia, Ehrh. (GREAT HORSETAIL.) Stems stout (as thick as the finger) ; the sheaths of the fertile ones (l'-l£' long) enlarging upwards, deeply 20 - 30-toothed ; sterile stem white, 20 - 30-furrowed ; its branches simple, rough, usually 4-angled and again grooved on the angles. (E. ebiirneum, Roth., Schreber, and Ed. 2. E. fluviatile, Smith.) — Shore of the upper Great Lakes, and northwestward: rare. April, May. — Fertile stems 10' -15', the sterile 2° -5° high. (Eu.) 2. E. arv&ise, L. (COMMON H.) Fertile stems (4' -10' high) with loose and usually distant about 8-12-toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at length l°-2° high), 10-14-furrowed, producing long and simple or sparingly branched 4-angular branches ; their teeth 4, herbaceous, lanceolate. — Moist, especially gravelly soil : very common. March - May. — Rootstocks occasionally bearing copious little tubers like small peas (Illinois, S. A. Collier). — The var. SEROTINUM, Meyer, an accidental state, in which the sterile plant produces a spike of fruit from its summit, is found in New Jersey by C. F. Austin. •*- •*- Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, and lasting through the summer, except the naked top which perishes after fructification. 3. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems producing simple straight branches; sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed : stems more slender and the branches shorter than in the last. (E. umbrosum, Willd. E. Drummdndii, Hook.) — Michigan (Cooley, $-c.), Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. (Eu.) 4. E. sylvaticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) pro- ducing compound racemed branches; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather blunt teeth, those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent teeth. — Wet shady places : common northward. May. (Eu.) * * Fruiting in summer ; the stems all of one kind, or the fertile contemporaneous with and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing mostly simple branches, or some- times nearly naked. 5. E. pallistre, L. Stems (10' - 18' high) slender, very deeply 5 - 9-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow wing-like ridges, roughish, the lance-awl-shaped teeth whitish-margined ; branches rather few in a whorl. — Wet places, Niagara River ( G. W. Clinton), Wisconsin ( C. F. Austin), and northward. June. (Eu.) 6. E. limbsum, L. Stems (2° -3° high) slightly many-furrowed, smooth," usually producing upright branches after fructification ; sheaths appressed, with 10-22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth. (E. uli- ginosum, Muhl.) — In shallow water : rather common. — Air-cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. June, July. (Eu.) (E. LITTOR\LE, Kiihlewein, a species of N. Europe which stands between No. 5 and No. 6, is said by Milde to grow in Canada, on the authority of a specimen in herb. Hook., and may be looked for northward.) PILICES. (FERNS.) G55 § 2. Evergreen or perennial-stemmed, surviving the winter, mostly rough (the cuticle abounding in silex) : fruiting in summer: spike tipped with a rigid little point. (Stomata in regular rows, in our species \-rowed on each side of the groove.) * Stems tall and stout (1^° - 4° or even 6° high], simple or casually branched, evenly many- (15-40-) grooved: sheaths oppressed. (Probably all forms of the Com- mon Scouring Rush.) 7. E. l86vig&tum, Braun. Stems l£°-4° high, sometimes with numer- ous branches ; the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or minutely roughish with minute tubercles ; sheaths elongated, with a narrow black limb and about 22 linear-awl- shaped caducous teeth, I -keeled below. — Dryish clay soil, Illinois and southward. B. E. roblistum, Braun. Stems 3° -6° high; the ridges narrow, rough with one line of tubercles: sheatlis short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keeled teeth with ovate-awl-shaped points. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Passes by var. AFFINE, Engelm. (smaller, with 20-25 awl-pointed more persistent teeth) into the next. 9. E. hyern&le, L. (SCOURING-RDSH. SHAVE-GRASS.) Stemsl£°-4° high; the ridges roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17 - 26) narrowly linear teeth, \-keeled at the base and with awl-shaped deciduous points. — Wet banks : common northward. Used for scouring. (Eu.) * * Stems slender, in tufts, 5 — 1 Q-grooved : sheaths looser. 10. E. varieg£tum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6' - 18' long), usually simple from a branched base, 5 - \Q-grooved ; sheaths green variegated with black above ; the 5 - 10-teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river- banks, New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Carey) and Niagara to Wisconsin and northward: rare. (Eu.) 11. E. Scirpoldes, Michx. Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform (3' -6' high), flexuous and curving, mostly ^-grooved, with acute ridges; the sheaths 3-toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent ; central air-cavity wanting. — Wooded hillsides, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) ORDER 130. FILICES. (FERNS.) Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole (stipe), rising from a root, or mostly from a prostrate or assurgent or even erect rootstock, separately rolled up (circinate) in the bud (except in Sub- order IV.) and bearing on the under surface, commonly on the veins or along the margjins, the simple fructification, which consists of 1-celled spore-cases (sporangia), opening in various ways, and discharging the numerous mi- nute spores. (Antheridia and pistillidia formed and fertilization effected on the seeding plantlet !) — Of the eight well-marked Suborders, into which the Ferns are divided, four are represented in the Northern United States. The whole order has been elaborated for this edition by Prof. DANIEL C. EATON, of Yale College. I 656 FILICES. (FEBNS.) SUBORDER I. POLYPODIACE^. THE TRUE FERNS. Sporangia collected in dots, lines or variously shaped clusters (son' or fruit-dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, stalked, cellular-reticulated, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many- jointed ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often covered (at least when yoting) by a membrane called the indusium (or less properly the involucre), growing either from the back or the margin of the frond. (Plates 15-18.) Tribe I. POLYPODIES. Fructification on the back of the frond, in roundish or elongated fruit-dots (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without indusium of any kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstock, leaving a distinct scar when separated. Veins free (not reticulated) in our species. 1. Polypodium. Sori round, in one or more rows each side of the midrib or of the seg- ments of the frond. Tribe II. PTERIDEJE. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes not articulated to the rootstock. Veins free in all our species. * Sporangia at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond. 2. Adiantum. Midrib of the pinnules near the lower margin or none. Stipe black and polished. * * Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, which connects the apices of the veins, and is covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin of the pinnule. 3. Pteris. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light-colored. * * * Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne on the under surface of the frond : indusium various. 4. Cheilanth.es. Sori minute, at the ends of the veins, indusium continuous or interrupted. Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly or pulverulent. 5. Pellsea. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent sub- marginal band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely altogether wanting. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike : stipes dark-colored . fronds smooth. 6. Allosorus. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins, at first covered by the reflexed herbaceous margin of the segment, at length exposed and conflu- ent. Sterile and fertile fronds very different : stipes light-colored : fronds smooth. Tribe III. ASPL.ENIEJE. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides (but not the back) of the veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one side to the fertile vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not articulated. ,* Sori linear or oblong, borne on cross veins parallel to the midrib. 7. Woodwardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein. Veins reticulated. * * Sori linear or oblong, borne on veins oblique to the midrib. 8. Aspleiiium. Sori on the upper side of the fertile veinlet, rarely on both sides of a vein- let. Veins free in all our species. 9. Scolopendrium. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single sorus with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free. * * Sori borne partly on veins parallel to the midrib, partly on veins oblique to the midrib. 10. Camptosorns. Sori oblong or linear, the outer ones often approximating in pairs. Veins reticulated. FILICES. (FERNS.) 657 Tribe TV. ASPIDIE^E. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of the fertile vein, provided with a special indusium, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to the rootstock. * Indusium obsolete or none. 11. Phegopteris. Sori round, rather small. Veins free in our species. * * Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young. Sterile arid fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species. 12. Aspidium. Indusium flat, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed by the centre, opening all round the margin. 13. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, com- monly reflexed as the sporangia ripen. * * * Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds much contracted and very unlike the sterile ones. 14. Strut liiopteris. Fertile frond simply pinnate. Sterile frond with free veins. 15. Onoclea. Fertile frond twice pinnate. Sterile frond with reticulated veins. * * * * Indusium roundish or stellate, placed beneath the sporangia, sometimes enclosing them and then bursting open from the top. 16. Wooclsia. Indusium very delicate, cleft into irregular lobes, or divided into a ciliate fringe. Veins free. Tribe V. DA VALL.1E.3E. Sori roundish or transversely elongated, borne at the ends of the veins or on marginal cross-veinlets, with an indusium attached at the base or base and sides and opening towards the margin of the segment. 17. Dicksonia. Sori marginal, very small, the indusium cup-shaped, somewhat 2-valved, the under portion confluent with a lobule of the frond. Veins free. SUBORDER II. SCIIIZ.EACEJE. Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse articulated ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. (PL 19.) 18. ScbJzsea. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched. 19. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each spo- rangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium. Fronds leafy, climbing. SUBORDER III. OSJttlTNDACEjE. Sporangia naked, globose, pedicelled, reticulated, having a very in- complete transverse ring around the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. (PI. 19.) 20. Osmunda. Fertile pinnae or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and large sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free. SUBORDER IV. OPHIOGIA>SSACEJE. Sporangia spiked, destitute of a ring, naked, coriaceous and opaque, not reticulated, opening by a transverse slit into two valves, discharging very copious powdery spores. Fronds straight, never rolled up in the bud! (PI. 19.) 21. Botrychium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free. 22. Opliioglossiim. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated. 42 658 FILICES. (FERNS.) 1. POLYPODITJM, L. POLYPODY. (PI. 15.) . Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from iro\v} many, and irovs,foot, alluding to the branching rootstock.) 1 . P. vulgar© , L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 4' - 10' high, simply and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or somewhat acute, remotely and obscurely toothed ; veins once or twice forked ; fruit-dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin. — Rocks : common. July. (Eu.) 2. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 2'- 6' high, grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit-dots rather small, near the margin ; veins forking, free in the N. American plant ! — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. 2. ADIANTUM, L. MAIDENHAIR. (PI. 16.) Fruit-dots marginal, short ; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none, or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from a privative and StcuW, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops. ) 1. A. pedatum, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk (9'- 15' high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique short- stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin, from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich, moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern. 3. PTEBIS, L. BRAKE or BRACKEN. (PI. 16.) Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge, which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the forked and free veins. — Fronds once to thrice pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, from Trrepdi/, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.) 1. P. aquilina, L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2° -3° wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2° high), the widely spreading branches twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with the indusium. — Thickets and hills : common. Aug. (Eu.) FILICES. (FERNS.) 659 4. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. LIP-FERN. (PI. 16.) Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly with 2 - 3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, the divisions not halved, the principal vein central. Some species with con- tinuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name com- posed of ^fiXos, a Up, and (ivQos, flower, from the shape of the involucre.) 1. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds (6'- 1 5' high), lanceolate-oblong, hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with straightish prominently articulated rusty hairs, twice pinnate ; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong, crowded (2" -4" long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or oblong lotxs reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the ripened sporangia. (Nephrodium lanbsum, Michx. !) — Clefts of rocks, Island of New York ( W. W. Denslow], and New Jersey to Illinois, and southward. 2. C. tomentbsa, Link. Fronds (12' - 20' high) lanceolate-oblong, densely tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice pin- nate ; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules distinct, minute (£"-1" long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat mem- branaceous involucre. — Mountains of Virginia ? and Kentucky ; thence westward and southward. — Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy scales and whitish hairs. 3. C. lanuginbsa, Nutt. (in herb. Hook. & Sp. Fil. 1851). Stipes slen- der, at first hairy, black or brown, shining ; fronds (3'- 6' high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnae (5" -6" long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous ; pinnules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely crowded segments (i"-l" long), the herbaceous margin re- curved forming an almost continuous involucre. (C. vestita, Hook. C. lanosa, Eaton, Moore, excl. syn. C. gracilis, Mettenius, 1859. Myridpteris gracilis, Fe'e.) — In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin (T. J. Hale], Iowa (Vasey), Mis- souri (Nuttatt, Engelmann], thence westward and southward. 5. PELL^IA, Link. CLIFF-BRAKE. (PI. 15.) Sporangia in roundish' or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free veins, distinct or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small Ferns, with 1 - 3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and shining. (Name from TreXXo?, dusky, alluding to the stipe.) 1. P. gracilis, Hook. Fronds smooth (3' -6' high), delicately membrana- ceous and slender, of few pinnae, the lower ones once or twice pinnately parted 660 FILICES. (FERNS.) into 3-5 decurrent divisions, those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong, entire or sparingly incised ; of the sterile ovate or obovate, crenate or incised ; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris gracilis, Miclix. Allosorus gracilis, Presl, and former ed. — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont 1 and Northern and Central New York, to Wisconsin- and northward : rare. July. — Rootstock very slender, creeping : stipes polished, brownish, darker and sparingly chaffy at the base. 2. P. atropurptirea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on the midribs and especially on the dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6'- 15' high ; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice'pinnate ; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart- shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked. ( Pteris atropurpurea, Z. Allosorus atropurpureus, Kunze, and former ed.) — Dry cal- careous rocks : not common, but of wide range. July. — Rootstock short and stout : stipes clustered. 6. ALLOSORUS, Bernhardi, Link. ROCK-BRAKE. Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low, with smooth, 2 -3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. (Name from oAAoS, various, and crcopds1, a heap.) 1. A. acrostichoides, Sprengel. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored; fronds 2 -3-pinnate (6' -10' high); fertile segments stalked, linear or linear- oblong (3" -5" long), the sporangia in lines extending dOAvn the veins almost to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under surface of the now fully opened segments; sterile fronds on much shorter stipes, with ovate or obovate decurrent and crenately toothed or incised segments. (Cryptogramme acrostichoides, R. Br.) — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, thence westward and northward. — Very near A. crispus of Eu. 7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. CHAIN-FERN. (PI. 16.) Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans- verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free towards the margin of the frond. — Large Ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist.) § 1. ANCHfSTEA, Presl. Sterile and fertile fronds alike: veins forming only one row of meshes (areoles). 1. W. Virginica, Smith. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlets free ; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — Wet swamps, Maine to Virginia, and southward. July. FILICES. (FERNS.) 661 §2. LORINSERIA, Presl. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike : veins of the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes. 2. W. angUStif61ia, Smith. Fronds pinnatifid; sterile ones (12' -18' high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit- dots (4" -5" long) in a single row each side of the secondary midribs. (W. onocleoides, Willd. "W. areolata, Moore.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Virginia, and southward : rare. Aug., Sept. 8. ASPLENIUM, L. SPLEENWORT. (PI. 17.) Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; the straight, or rarely curved, indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile vein : — in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double ; the fertile vein bearing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Named, from a privative and OTT\T]V, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.) § 1. ASPLENIUM proper. Indusium straight or slightly curved, attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely doMe. * Indusium flat, orflattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.) -i- fronds pinnately lobed or parted, or simply pinnate. 1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Fronds (3' -6' long) lanceolate, pinnatijld, or pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, " the apex sometimes root- ing " ; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate ; fruit-dots irreg- ular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation fertile, -r- Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward : rare. July. — Kesembles the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. Stipes brownish, becoming green higher up, and so passing into the broad pale-green midrib. 2. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Fronds (4' -9' long) broadly lanceolate, pinnatijld, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender ; divisions lanceolate from a broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of the frond ; fruit-dots much as in the last ; stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, R. R. Scott, F. Bourguin, frc. : very scarce, growing with Camptosorus and As- plenium ebeneum, of which Rev. M. G. Berkeley ( Journ. Royal Horticult. Soc. July, 1866) considers it a probable hybrid. 3. A. Trich6manes, L. Fronds (3' - 8' long) in dense spreading tufts, linear in outline, pinnate ; pinnce numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3" -4" long), unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent ; 'the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple- brown and shining. (A. melanocaiilon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs: common. July. (Eu.) A. viride, Huds., occurs in Canada, perhaps in N. New England. 4. A. ebfcneum, Ait. Fronds upright (8' - 16' high) pinnate, lance-linear in outline ; pinnce (£' '- 1' long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly scythe- shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auricled on the upper or both sides ; fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midvein ; stipe and rhachis 'blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods : rather common. 662 FILICES. (FERNS.) •<— •+- Fronds once or twice pinnate : pinnae, incised. 5. A. montamim, Willd. Fronds (2' - 5' high), ovate-lanceolate, pinnate : the ovate pinnce 3-7 '-parted (or the upper barely cleft) and cut-toothed; fruit-dots very short, the basal ones sometimes double. — Cliffs in the Alleghanies, Penn- sylvania (Mr. Lea, Prof. Porter), to Virginia and southward. July. — Rhachis green, broad and flat : stipe brown at the base. 6. A. Ruta-muraria, L. Fronds (2' -4' long) ovate in outline, 2-3-pin- nate below, simply pinnate above ; the Jew divisions rhombic-wedge-shaped, toothed or incised at the apex; veins forking, diverging from the base; fruit-dots few, elon- gated, soou confluent. — Limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and southward along the mountains : scarce. July. (Eu.) # # Indusium slightly curved, strongly convex, thickish : fruit-dots very numerous and crowded. (Fronds tall, simply pinnate, decaying in autumn.) 7. A. angUStifblium, Michx. Fronds (2° -3° high) thin, simply pinnate ; pinnce numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate (3' -4' long), thoseof the fertile frond narrower; fruit-dots linear, 20-40 each side the midvein. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. Sept. * * * Lower fruit-dots single, those towards the ends of pinnce double : indusium straight, slightly convex, thinnish. (Fronds tall and ample, decaying in autumn.) 8. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate; pinnce deeply pinnatiftd, linear-lanceolate (3' -5' long); the lobes oblong, obtuse, mi- nutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Rich woods : not rare. July - Sept. § 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. Indusium delicate, curved, often crossing the vein, and attached to both sides of it, thus becoming reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe. 9. A. Filix-fOBmina, Bernh. Fronds (l°-3° high) ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules con- fluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ; fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. (Aspidium Filix-fceinina & A. aspleni- oides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidum angiistum, Willd. — Moist woods : common, and very variable. July. (Eu.) 9. SCOLOPENDBIUM, Smith. HART'S-TONGUE. (PL 17.) Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.) 1. S. Vlllgare, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart- shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7' -18' long, 1'- 2' wide), bright green. (S. officinarum, Swartz, a later name.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs, Chittenango Falls, and near Jamesville, &c., Onondaga Co., New York, Pursh, W. Cooper, Lewis Foote, J. A. Paine : also in Canada West. (For a full account of stations, see Silliman's Journal for May and September, 1 866. (Eu. ) FILICES. (FERNS.) 663 10. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. WALKING-LEAF. (PL 17.) Fruit-dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face to face), or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence the name, from Ka/iTrrds, bent, and tra>pos, for fruit-dot.) 1. C. rhizoph^llus, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L. Antigram- ma, J. Smith, Torr. Also C. rumicifolius, Link.) — Shaded calcareous rocks, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward : rare or local. July. — Fronds evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4'-9' long), lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped or often hastate base, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which often roots at the apex and gives rise to new fronds, and these in turn to others ; hence the popular name. — A singular form is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and inconspicuous veins. 11. PHEGOPTEBIS, Fee.' (Sp. of POLTPODITJM, L.) BEECH-FERN. Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free veins and bright-green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. (Name composed of ^yoy, an oak or beech, and irre pis, fern.) * Fronds twice pinnatifid: pinnce all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis. 1. P. polypodioides, Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (4/-9' long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forwards ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal ones decurrent and adnate to the main rhachis ; fruit-dots all near the margin. (Ph. vulgaris, Mettenius. Polypodium Phegopteris, L., and former ed. P. connectile, Michx.) — Damp woods: common northward. July. — Rootstock slender, creeping, bearing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer than the fronds. (Eu.) 2. P. hexagon6ptera, Fee. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long (7'- 12' broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; pinnae lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very large lowest pinnae, elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very much "decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit-dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the midrib. (Polypodium hexagonopterum, Michx.) — Rather open woods : common, especially southward. July. — Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles. * * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled : rhachis wingless. 3. P. Dryopteris, Fee. Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (4' -6' wide); the 3 triangular primary divisions widely spreading, 1 -2-pinnate; segments ob- long, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit-dots near the margin. (Polypodium Dry- opteris, L.) — Rocky woods : common northward. July. (Eu.) (P. CALCAREA, which is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy, especially on the rhachis and midrib, is to be sought for northward.) 664 FILICES. (FERNS.) 12. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD-FERN. WOOD-FERN. (PI. 18.) Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins. Indu- sium covering the sporangia, flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular and peltate at the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus, opening all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the rootstock. — Our species have free veins, and 1-3-pinnate fronds. (Name, j a small shield, from the shape of the indusiuin.) § 1. DRY6PTERIS, Adanson. (Nephrodium, Rich., in part, Hook. Lastrea, Bory.) Indusium round-kidney-shaped, or orbicular with a narrow sinus. # Veins simple or simply forked and straight: fronds annual, decaying in autumn, the stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schott.) 1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline ; pin- nae horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest pairs scarcely smaller ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in fruit from the strongly revolute margins; veins mostly forked, bearing the (soon confluent) fruit-dots near their middle ; intlusium minute, smooth and naked. (Polypodium Thelypteris, L.) — Marshes: common. Aug. — Stalk 1° long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than the next, and slightly downy. (Eu.) 2. A. Noveborac^nse, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, tapering both ways from the middle ; pinnae lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more pairs gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit-dots distinct, near the margin; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous. (Polypodium Nov- ebbracense, L. A. thelypteroides, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist thickets: common. July. — Frond pale-green, delicate and membranaceous, hairy be- neath along the midribs and veins. * * Veins, at least the lowest ones, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately branching; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit- dot : fronds, at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter : stalks and apex of the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often the main rhachis also. •»- Fronds small, pinnate : pinnae pinnatifid : indusia very large, persistent. 3. A. fragrans, Swartz. Fronds (4' -12' high) glandular and aromatic, narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately -parted pinna? ; their crowded divisions (2"tlong) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered be- neath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicular with a narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged. — Falls of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Dr. Parry ; Wisconsin River, Lapham, Berlin Falls, N. Hampshire, H. Willey, Mt. Kineo, Maine, C. E. Smith, and northward. — Rootstock stout, nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded stipes and rhachis. •»- •»- Large (l°-2j° high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothed and incised pinnules : indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduous. 4. A. Spinul6sum, Swartz. Stipes with a few pal e-brotvn deciduous scales; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae, oblique to the rhachis, elongated-trian- FILTCES. (FERNS.) 665 gular, the lower pairs broadly triangular ; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatifid with spinulosely-toothed lobes; indusium smooth and without marginal glands. (A. spinulosum, genuinum, Milde. Lastrea spinulosa, Presl., Moore.) — In damp woods, Penn Yan, New York, Sartwdl; Vermont, Frost; and probably north- ward. July. — The common European type, rare in North America. (Eu.) Var. intermedium. Scales of the stipe few, brown with a darker centre; frond broadly oblong-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate ; pinnae, spreading, ob- long-lanceolate, the lower ones unequally triangular-ovate; pinnules crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided ; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands. (A. intermedium, Willd. Dryopteris intermedia, Ed. 1.) — Woods, everywhere. Var. dilat£tum. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark centre ; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, oftenest thrice pinnate ; pinnules lance- oblong, the lowest ones often much elongated; indusium (in the North American- plant) smooth and naked. (A. dilatatum, Swartz. A. campylopterum, Kunze.) — A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5' - 8' high, answers to var. dumetorum. — N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. {Eu.) Var. Bo6ttii. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; frond elongated-oblong or elon- gated-lanceolate in outline ; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pin- natifid, the upper and smaller merely serrate; indusium minutely glandular. (A. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryopteris rigida, Ed. 1; not A. rigidum, Swartz.) — E. Massachusetts and Connecticut to New York, and northward. — The least dissected form, identical with A. cristatum, var. uliginosum, of Milde, and inter- mediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing into the former. H- -t-n- Large (2° -4° high) : fronds once pinnate, and the pinnce deeply pinnatifid, or nearly twice pinnate : fruit-dots not very near the margin ; the indusia large, thinnish and flat, persistent. 5. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (1°- 2° long) ; pinnce short (2' -3' long), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly trian- gular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium round-reni- form, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. (A. Lancastriense, Spreng.) — Swamps, &c. : common. July. — Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.) Var. Clintoni£nuin. Frond in every way much larger (2^° -4° long); pinnce oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (4' -6' long, l'-2' broad), deeply pin- natifid; the divisions (8-16 pairs) crowded or distant, linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal ones sometimes pinnately lobed; veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit-dots near the midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. — Swampy woods, New England to New Jersey, New York ( G. W. Clinton, &c. ), and west- ward. July. — Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large bright-brown scales. A showy Fern, unlike any European form of A. crista- 4 turn, and often mistaken for A. Goldianura. • 666 FILICES. (FERNS.) 6. A. Goldianum, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong in outline (2° -3° long) ; pinnce (6' -9' long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in the middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe- shaped (9" - 15" long), serrate with appressed teeth ; veins pinnately forking and bearing the fruit-dots very near the midvein; indusium very large, orbicular with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands. — Rich and moist woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July. — A stately Fern, often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout ascending chaffy root- stock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the sides of the sinus often overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as in Polystichum. •*--•-•)--*- Large (1° — 3° high) : stipes very chaffy at the base : fronds twice pinnate, but the upper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toothed : fruit-dots rather large : the indusium convex, without marginal glands, persistent. 7. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (l°-3° high); pinnae linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex ; pinnules oblong, very ob- tuse, serrate at the apex, and obscurely so at the sides, the basal ones incisely "lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the margin, and usually confined to the Tower half of each fertile pinnule. — Rocky woods, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior, Dr, Robbins, and westward. — Frond thickish but not surviving the winter. (Eu.) 8. A. marginale, Swartz. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (l°-2° long); pinnae lanceolate, broadest above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse, en- tire or crenately-toothed ; fruit-dots close to the margin. — Rocky hillsides in rich woods : common, especially northward. Aug. § 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. (Aspidium, Hook.} Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre : fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the rhachis, Sfc. : pinnce or pinnules auricled at the base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped. * Fronds simply pinnate. 9. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (1°- 2^° high), stalked; pinnce linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shapcd at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper) ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which are confluent with age, covering the surface. (Nephrodium acrostichoides, Michx.) — Var. ixclsuM (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lohed pinnae, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost all of them fertile more or less. — Hillsides and ravines in woods : common north- ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. 10. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Frond linear-lanceolate (9' -20' high), scarcely stalked, very rigid ; pinnce broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular, strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely spinulose-toothed (!' or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots con- tiguous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) FILICES. (FERNS.) 667 # Fronds bipinnate. 11. A. acilleatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Frond spreading (l£°-2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnae gradually reduced in size and obtuse ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at the base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.) — Deep woods, mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu.) 13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. BLADDER-FERN. (PL 18.) Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ; the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and delicate twice or thrice pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of KUOTIS, a bladder, and Tire pis, fern, from the inflated indusium.) 1. C. blllbifera, Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (l°-2° long), 2-pinnate; the pinnae lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (l'-2'long); the rhachis and pinnae often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid; indusium short, truncate on the free side. ( Aspidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Mull. !) — Shaded ravines, &c. : common. July. 2. C. fragilis, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4' -8' long, besides the stalk which is fully as long), 2 -3-pinnate ; the pinnae and pinnules ovate or lan- ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent on the margined or winged rhachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. — Var. DENTATA, Hook., is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnules. (Aspidium tenue, Swartz. } — Shaded cliffs : common, and very variable. July. (Eu.) 14. STRTJTHIOPTERIS, Willd. OSTRICH-FERN. (PL 15.) Fruit-dots round, on the pinnae of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped or continuous hollow body enclosing the fruit : there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets from each primary vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : fruit-dots crowded and confluent ; the sporangia borne on an elevated receptacle which is half-encir- cled at its base by a very delicate semicircular and ragged evanescent indusium. — Sterile fronds large, very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted rootstocks. Stipes stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name compounded of arpovdos, an ostrich, and irrepis, a fern, from the plume-like arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.) 1. S. Germanica, Willd. Sterile fronds smooth, broadly lanceolate, the lowest pinnae gradually much smaller ; pinnae very numerous, narrowly lance- olate, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, obtuse : fertile frond with somewhat 668 FILICES. (FERNS.) necklace-shaped pinnae, the lowest ones much smaller. (S. Pennsylvania, Willd. Onoclea Struthiopteris, L., Hook.) — Alluvial soil : not rare northward. — Fronds intermediate between the sterile and fertile condition (bearing a few fruit-dots on contracted, but still herbaceous pinna) are sometimes found; a condition analogous to the var. obtusiloba of Onoclea sensibilis. (Eu.) 15. ONOCLEA, L. SENSITIVE FERN. (PI. 18.) Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute, usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres, filled with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross- veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed by its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long- stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pinnae, which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying in autumn) ; veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from ovos, a vessel, and /cXei'co, to dose, from the singularly rolled up fructification.) 1. O. sensibilis, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams: common. July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinnas of some of the sterile fronds, becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var. OBTUSILOBA.TA, Torr., N. Y. State Fl. (Connecticut, New York, &c.) This explains the long-lost 0. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which, as figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pin nately divided. (Ragiopteris, PresL, is founded on a young fertile frond of this species with the sterile frond of some Aspidium.) 16. WO6DSIA, R. Brown. WOODSIA. (PI. 18.) Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately-divided Ferns. (Dedi- cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) § 1 . HYPOPELTIS, Torr. Indusium conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporangia, but early opening at the top, and splitting into several spreading jagged lobes. 1. W. Obttisa, Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy (6' -12' high), pinnate, or nearly twice-pinnate; pinnae rather remote, triangu- lar-ovate or oblong (l'-2' long), bluntish, pinnately parted; segments oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes. W. Perriniana, Hook. $• Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Weber $• Mohr., Willd.) — Rocky banks and cliffs : common, especially westward. July. § 2. WOODSIA proper. Indusium minute or evanescent, open and fiat from an early stage, and concealed under the fruit-dot, its margin deft into slender hairs or cilia. FILICES. (FERNS.) 669 * Stipes obscurely jointed near the base; the withered fronds falling away at the joint: cilia of the indusium long and inflexed over the sporangia. 2. W. Ilv6nsiS, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2' - 6' long by 1 ' wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk ivith rusty bristle-like chaff", pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pin- nately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate, almost coriaceous ; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old. (Nephrodium rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks : common, especially northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) 3. W. glabella, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throughout; frond linear (2' -5' high), pinnate; pinnce roundish or ovate, the lower ones rather remote, (2" -4" long), cut into 3 — 7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. — Rocks, Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, C. C. \Frost) • and high northward. (Eu.) # # Stipes not jointed: cilia of the indusium very short and hidden by the sporangia. 4. W. Oregana, D. C. Eaton. Smooth; with fronds (2' -8' high, 8"- 12'' wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinnae triangular- oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid ; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed, and in larger fronds incised ; fruit-dots near the margin ; indusium very small, divided almost to the centre into a few necklace-like-jointed cilia. — Crevices of rocks, south shore of Lake Superior (Bobbins), and westward. 17. DICKSONIA, L'Her. DICKSONIA. (PI. 17.) Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for James Dickson, an English Cryptogamic botanist.) 1. D. puncti!6bula, Kunze. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° -3° high) ; fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green, very thin, with strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked rootstocks, mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnae lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. pilosiuscula, Willd. Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Dennstaedtia, Moore. Sitolbbium, J. Smith.) — Moist, rather shady places : very common : pleasantly odorous. July. 18. SCHIZ-ffiA, Smith. SCHIZ^A. (PL 19.) Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar- row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many -cleft fronds (whence the name, from o^t^oo, to splj,t). 1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and tortuous ; the fertile ones equally slender (%" wide), but taller (3' - 4' high), and bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded 670 FILICES. (FERNS.) pinnae (each 1" - 1£" long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey : very local. Sept. 19. LYGODIUM, S wartz. CLIMBING FERN. (PI. 19.) Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or com- pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaea, but oblique, fixed to the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indu- sium. (Name from \vya)8r)Sj flexible.) 1. L. palmatum, S wartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and twin- ing (l°-3° long), from slender running rootstocks ; the short alternate branches or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped palmately 4 - 7-lObed frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. (Hydrogldssum, WiUd.) — Shaded or moist grassy places, Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and sparingly southward : rare. Sept. 20. OSMTJNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. (PL 1 9. ) Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond very much contracted, and bear- ing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pedicelled and naked sporangia : these are globular, thin and reticulated, large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a few parallel striae, the rudiment of a transverse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened rootstocks, once or twice pinnate ; veins forking and free. Spores green. ( Os- munder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.) # Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top. 1. O. regalis, L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green (2°^ 5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, finely serrulate, especially towards the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed towards the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate base, sessile or short-stalked (l'-2' long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of the frond. .(0. spectabilis, Willd. 0. glaucescens, Link, Mettenius.) — Swamps and wet woods : common. The cordate pinnules are commoner in Europe, but are sometimes found here. May, June. (Eu.) # # Sterile fronds once pinnate : pinnce deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes entire. 2. O. Claytoniana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon perfectly smooth (2° -3° high); pinnoz oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions; some (2-5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate ; sporangia greenish turning brown. (0. interriipta, Michx., Sf-c.) — Low grounds : common. May. — Fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Clayton's plant (as ascertained in 1839, both from the Claytonian andLinnaean herbaria), must bear the original Linnaean name, though wrongly described from young specimens in which the fructification was thought to be terminal. 3. O. Cinnam6mea, L. (CINNAMON-FERN.) Clothed with rusty wool when young ; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnae pin- FILICES. (FERNS.) 671 natifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the same rootstock, contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored sporangia. — Var. FROND6SA is a rare occasional state, in which some of the fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Clay- toniana, Conrad, not of L.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle. — Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May. — Growing in large bunches ; the fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1° -2° long, decay- ing before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their growth. 21. BOTRISfCHIIJM, Swartz. MOONWORT: (PL 19.) Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of starch, in very minute, irregular granules !) ; the base of the naked stalk con- taining the bud for the next year's frond : frond with an anterior fertile and a posterior sterile segment ; the former mostly 1 - 3-pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia ; these are distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open transverse- ly into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a dimin- utive of jSdrpus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) # Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so on the upper part of the common stalk. 1. B. Lunaria, Swartz. Sterile segment nearly sessile, borne near the mid- dle of the common stalk, oblong, simply pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fan-shaped very obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, fleshy divisions, more or less excised at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2 -3-pinnate. — Lake Superior (Lesquereux), and sparingly northward. — Plant 4' -10' high, very fleshy throughout. (Eu.) « 2. B. Simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2' -4', rarely. 5' -6' high), the sterile segment short-petided from the middle or upper part of the common stalk, thick- ish and fleshy, simple and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed; the lobes roundish- obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis ; the veins all forking from the base ; fertile segment simple or 1 - 2-pinnate. — Maine to New York, and northward : rare. (Eu.) 3. B. lanceolatum, Angstrrem. Fronds small (3' -8' high); the sterile segment closely sessile near the top of the long and slender common stalk, somewhat fleshy, in the smallest ones 3-lobed, in larger ones broadly triangular, ternately twice pinnatifid ; the divisions lanceolate, incised or toothed; veins forking from a midvein; fertile part 2 -3-pinnate. (B. simplex of former ed.) — New England and New Jersey ( C. F. Austin) to Ohio and Lake Superior (//. Gillman). July. (Eu.) 4. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Fronds tall and ample ; sterile segment sessile above the middle of the common stalk, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous, ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed towards the apex ; veins forking from a midvein ; fertile part 2 - 3-pinnate. — Plant 1° - 2° high, or often reduced to a few inches, when it is B. gracile, Pursh. — Rich woods : common. June, July. (Eu.) 672 LYCOPODIACEJE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) * * Sterile portion of the frond long-petioled from near the base of the common stalk. 5. B. lunarioides, Swartz. Sterile portion of the frond petioled from near the base, 2 - 3-ternate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately parted, broadly triangular in general outline ; the lobes or divisions obovate, somewhat kidney-shaped, roundish or oblong, somewhat crenate; fertile stalk 3' -6' high; the fertile part mostly 2-pinnate. (Bdtrypus lunarioides, Michx. Botrychium fumarioides, Willd.) — Dry and rich woods, especially southward. July. — A state from Hingham, Massachusetts (C. J. Sprague), has the two lateral primary divisions .of the sterile segment changed into long-stalked fertile fronds. ' . • Yar. obllquum (B. obliquum, Muhl.) is mostly larger (6' -17' high) ; the fructification more compound ; the sterile segment with oblong or lanceolate •divisions, either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregu- larly pinnatifid. — New England to "Wisconsin, and southward : rather scarce. Var. diss^Ctum (B. dissectum, Muhl.) has the divisions of the sterile segment compoundly and laciniately cut into narrow small lobes and teeth : otherwise as the last, into which it passes, and with which it grows. 22. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE. (PI. 19.) Mode of growth much as in Botrychium ; but the coriaceous sporangia con- nate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike, which in our species is single and placed on a stalk rising from the base of the simple and reticulated- veined sterile segment. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name compounded of o^ts, a serpent, and y\£> long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. (Named for Aloysius Marsili, an early Italian naturalist, — therefore to be written Marsilia, not Marsilea.) 1. M. quadrif61ia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous ; spo- rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float- ing on the surface; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F. Allen. The only known habitat in America. (Eu.) 2. M. uncinata, Braun., with hairy leaflets, and villous short-stalked or sessile sporocarps, solitary at the base of each petiole, will doubtless be found in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. It has been confounded with the very similar M. vestita, Hook and Grev., of the Southwest. 2 . A Z 6 L L A , Lam. AZOLLA. (PI. 20. ) Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves, appearing like a small Jungermannia, ; fructification sessile on the under side of the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a single diaphanous membrane, ovoid : the smaller kind opening transversely all round, containing several roundish antheridia ? peltately attached to the sides of a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly, filled with numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks, each con- taining a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a£o>, to dry, and oAAo>, to kill, being destroyed by dryness.) 1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, red- dish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Still water, New York to Illinois and southward. Plant forming little mats on the water, 6"- 12" broad. SALV* NIA NATANS, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small lakes in Western New York, has not been found by any other person, and probably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted. ADDENDA. JANUARY, 1868. To page 110. RtiTA GRAVEOLENS, L., GARDEN RUE, is naturalized on rocky roadsides, Bedford Co., Virginia, according to A. H. Curtiss. To page 112, 113. 2. Vitis sestlvalis, Michx. Original of the Clinton, Norton's Virginia Seedling, and some other wine grapes. Var. ? cin&rea, Engelm. " Branchlets and both sides of the almost entire leaves canescent, even when mature ; berries very small, black and shining, very acid until after frost. — Rich bottom lands in the Mississippi Valley, Illinois, and southward." Engelmann. 3. V. cordifolia, Michx., according to Engelmann, " has the small berries black without bloom, the small seeds rounded above and with a prominent rhaphe. Unfit for cultivation." 3*. V. riparia, Michx., Dr. Engelmann concludes should be restored as a species, with the following character. " Leaves larger, usually incisely 3-lobed, the lobes long-pointed ; panicles small, rather simple ; berries larger and mostly with bloom ; seeds larger, obtuse or somewhat obcordate and with an inconspic- uous rhaphe. — May, earlier than V. cordifolia. Thickets and river-banks, from Vermont to Michigan and Illinois. Several varieties in cultivation : the most esteemed white one is the Taylor-Bullit Grape. The celebrated claret-col- ored Delaware Grape seems also to belong here." Engelmann. To page 126, after Genista. CYTISUS (or SAROTH£MNUS) SCOPARIUS, SCOTCH BROOM, of Europe, which is often planted for ornament, has become naturalized extensively in Vir- ginia near Washington and southward, according to A. H. Curtiss, so as to deserve a place in this work. May, June. To page 130. 4. Petalostemon folidSUS, Gray, in Proceed. Amer. Acad. 7, p. 336. Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets 16-29, linear-oblong, mucronate, the glands few and small ; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the rose-purple flowers ; calyx also glabrous, the teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous tube. — Banks of Fox River, Kane Co., Illinois, Mr. Burgess Truesdell Also Nashville, Tenn., Mr. Hatch. " Like the other species pleasantly fragrant." Aug. 680 ADDENDA. To page 143. 6. Baptisia Vill6sa, Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pu- bescent when young, erect, 2° -3° high, with divergent branches ; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and per- sistent, those of the branchlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-flow- ered ; pedicels equalling or longer than the calyx and the subulate mostly de- ciduous bracts ; corolla yellow ; pods ovoid-oblong and taper-pointed, minutely pubescent. — Franklin, S. Virginia, W. M. Canby, and southward. May. To page 150, at bottom. 2. POTERIUM SANGUISORBA, L. GARDEN BURNET. Stamens 1 2 or more in the lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary fila- ments, the upper flowers pistillate only ; stems about 1° high ; leaflets numerous, small, ovate, deeply cut. — Fields and rocks, near Baltimore, P. V. Leroy. July. (Adv. fromEu.) To page 159. 7. ROSA CAN!NA, L. DOG ROSE. Resembles Sweet-Brier (No. 5), but more bushy, glabrous or nearly so, and nearly without glands, none on the lower surface of the leaflets, which are therefore inodorous. — Pennsylvania, abundant near Easton, Professors Green and Porter. (Nat. from Eu.) To page 244. 27». SolidagO tortifdlia, Ell. Stem slender, erect, 2° -3° high, sca- brous-puberulent above, thickly leafy to crowded panicle of racemes ; leaves (often twisted at the base) linear, small (£'-2' long), sharply serrate with a few scattered small teeth, rough on the margins and midrib beneath, the veins very inconspicuous ; heads small ; the small rays and the disk-flowers each 3-5. — Northampton Co., E. shore of Virginia, and southward, W M.' Canby. Heads like those of small forms of S. Canadensis : the leaves peculiar. To page 266, line 2. Var. TUBULIFLORUM, S. Tenney, in Amer. Nat. : an abnormal state of the WHITE-WEED, with the rays transformed into large and palmately or bilabiately 5-lobed (rarely 3- 4-lobed) tubular corollas. — Fields, Poughkeepsie, New York, Prof. Tenney. To page 292, before Chiogenes. 15. Vaccinium tendllum, Ait. Between No. 14 and No. 11, taller than the latter (l°-3° high), with firmer and obscurely serrulate leaves, and narrower cylindraceous corolla. — Pine-barren swamps, Franklin, S. Virginia, W. M. Canby, and common southward. April, May. To page 323, before Phelipaea. OROBANCHE MINOR, L., LESSER BROOM-RAPE, is parasitic on Clover in the vicinity of Washington (F. Peck), and has been met with in New Jersey ( W. M. Canby) ; but it may not long abide. The genus is known from Phe- lipaea by its calyx of two sepals (either entire or 2-cleft) and no bractlets, the ADDENDA. 681 style persistent. This species is from 6' to 15' high, light yellowish-brown, with some bluish-purple in the flowers, these in a loose spike from .3' to 9' long. (Adv. from Eu.) To page 410. 3. ATRIPLEX R6SEA, L. More hoary-mealy than A. patula ; leaves short- petioled or the upper sessile, rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely sinuate-toothed ; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils ; fruiting bracts broad, cut-toothed and warty, united to the middle. — Albany, New York, in streets and waste places, Sept., C. H. Peck, G. W. Clinton. (Adv. from Eu.) To page 452. 5». Quercus prinoides, Willd. (Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh.), the DWARF CHESTNUT or CHINQUAPIN-OAK, is probably a quite distinct species. As noted by Mr. Emerson in Trees of Mass., some of the scales of the cup are apt to produce abortive little acorns in their axils. To page 479. 3*. Lemna paucicostata, Hegelmaier, in litt. " Fronds obliquely ob- ovate (!"- l£" long), thin, mostly grouped 3-5 together; fruit and style as in L. perpusilla ; seed marked with 12 - 14 prominent (instead of 30 - 40 delicate) ribs, between them (in both species) transversely striate. — Ponds, about St. Louis and southward into the tropics .: frequently fertile, Aug. - Oct." Engelmann. To page 483. 3. Naias Indica, var. gracillima, Braun, Mss. " Branches alternate ; leaves very narrowly linear, nearly capillary, straight, serrate (with 20-40 teeth consisting of 3 cells each), the rounded lobes of the sheathing base spinulose- ciliate ; fruit linear, brown, impressed-dotted between the numerous (about 24) ribs. — In ponds, Albany, New York, C. H. Peck, Woburn, Massachusetts, Wm. Boott, 1867, Missouri, Engelmann. — N. minor, not yet found in America, is dichotomous, with recurved leaves, few and stout spikes, and seeds trans- versely reticulated. — N. flexilis has the leaves minutely serrate with teeth of single cells, their abrupt and rounded sheathing base toothed, the yellowish- brown seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining, &c." Engelmann. To page 491. 3. TriglOGhin triandrum, Michx. Scape and leaves slender (6' - 12' high) ; flowers very small, with only 3 sepals and 3 stamens (instead of 6 as in the others) ; fruit globose- triangular, or when dry 3-lobed. — Sea-shore of Mary- land and Virginia, W. M. Canby, and southward. Aug. - Oct. To page 499. 2». Habenaria nivea, Spreng. Stem slender, l°-lj° high, many- leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4' -8' long, the others small and bract-like ; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white, small ; pet- als and entire lip linear-oblong ; spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Delaware, W. M. Canby, and south- ward. Aug. Ovary not twisted : spur therefore looking towards the axis. 682 ADDENDA. To page 584. 57a. Carex glaucescens, Ell. Sterile spike single, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 3 - 10, cylindrical (!' - 2' long), on slender drooping peduncles, most of them staminate at the summit ; lowest bract usually exceeding the culm, the others shorter and bristle-like ; perigynia ovate, compressed-3-angled, abruptly pointed with a short nearly entire beak, nerveless except at the angles, glaucous, longer than the chestnut-colored rough-awned scale ; culms 2° - 4° high, above rough on the sharp angles ; leaves glaucous, rigid, nearly equalling the culms, tapering gradually into a slender bristle-like apex. — Pine-barren ponds, from Portsmouth, Virginia ( W. M. Canby) southward. To page 691. 96a. C. nigro-marginata, Schw. Culms some very short among the bases of the leaves, some 8' - 10' high ; spikes 3, rarely 4 or 5, dark purple, the terminal sterile one sometimes inconspicuous among the fertile, which are crowded into a head, or the lowest occasionally remote and peduncled ; bracts scale-like and pointed, or the lowest rarely leafy and equalling or barely exceeding the culm ; perigynia nerveless, pubescent, stipitate, oval and unequally 3-sided, pointed with an obliquely notched beak ; scales ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, the lowest somewhat lanceolate, deep purple with greenish centre, scarcely equalling the perigynium. — Dry hillsides, New Jersey (and Pennsylvania ?), C. F. Austin, C. F. Parker, Prof. Porter, C. E. Smith, and southward. Grows in close tufts, and has remarkably rigid long and curved leaves. To page 615, after line 25. 3*. CalamagTOStis Lapp6nica, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter than in C. stricta ; the narrow panicle less dense, and purplish spikclets larger ; glumes fully 2" long, tapering to a point; awn from much below the middle of the palet, stout. — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Prof. T. C. Porter. Aug. (Eu.) To page 650, after No. 63. 63a. ROTTB4EL.I.IA, L. Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender spike, awnless ; one imper- fect or rudimentary on a short and thick appressed pedicel ; the other sessile and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, 2-flowered. Exterior glume hard and cartilaginous, with a hinge-like transverse depression next the base, the inner one boat-shaped and membranaceous. Palets thin and delicate, one for the lower and staminate or neutral flower, two for the upper and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. — Tall, or coarse perennials, with rigid stems, and single cartilaginous spikes terminating the stem and axillary branches, chiefly subtropical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Ruttbodl, an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote much upon Gramineae, Cyperacese, &c.) 1. R. rugdsa, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2° -4° high; leaves linear; spikes l'-2' long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often partly included in the sheaths of the leaves ; sterile flower neutral ; lower glume transversely rugose. — Low pine-barrens, from S. Delaware ( W. M. Canby) southward near the coast. Sept. - Oct. INDEX. *** The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capitals ; of the Suborders, Tribes, &c., in small capitals ; of the Genera, &c., as well as popular and synonymes, in common type. Abele-tree 467 Alkanet 363 ANDROMEDELE 287 Abies 471 Alligator Pear 422 Andropogon 651 ABIETINEJB 468 Allium 533 Androsace 314 Abutilon 101 Allosorus 660 Anemone 36 Acacia 131, 145 Allspice, Wild 423 Angelica 192 Acalypha 436 Almond Family 146 Angelica-tree 199 Acanthus Family 338 Alnus 460 Angelico 194 ACANTHACE.E 338 Aloe 513 ANGIOSPERMJ3 33 Acer 118 Alopecurus 608 Anise Hyssop 353 Ace rates 397 Alpine Azalea 301 Anisophyllum 431 ACERINE.fi 117 Alpine Bistort 415 ANONACE.E 50 Achillea 265 Alsine 91 Antennaria 269 Acnida 413 ALSINE^E 87 ANTHEMIDR-B 220 Aconitum (Aconite) 46 Alum-root 169 ANTHEMIS 265 Acorus 478 Althaea 99 ANTHOXANTBE.fi 603 ACBOGENS 653 ALYSSINa* 63 ANTHOXANTHCM 643 Actaea 47 Alyssum 72 Antigramma 663 Actinella 263 Amaranth 411 ANTIRRHINE.E 324 Actinomeris 258 Amaranth Family 411 1 ANTIRRHINIDE.E 324 Adam-and-Eve 510 Amarantus 411 Antirrhinum 326 Adam's Needle 535 AMARANTACE^E 411 Anychia 96 Adder's-mouth 509 Amarelloides 387 Apalanthe 496 Adder's-tongue 533, 672 AMARYLLIDACE.E 512 Aphyllon 323 Adelia Adenocaulon 402 227 Amaryllis Amaryllis Family 513 Apetalous Exogenous PL 512 1 Apios 403 140 Adenorhachis 161 Ambrina 407 Aplectrum 510 Adiantum 658 Ambrosia 250 : APOCYNACEJE 392 Adice 445 Amelanchier 162 Apocynum 393 Adlumia 60 American Aloe 513 Apple 161 Adonis 48 American Centaury 384 ! Apple of Peru 382 JEschynommene 134 American Columbo 386 i AQUIFOLIACE^E 305 jEsculus 117 American Cowslip 314 Aquifolium 306 .ZEthusa 193 American Frog's-bit 495 Aquilegia 45 Agathophyton 408 American Ipecac 150 ARABICS*: 63 Agave 513 American Ivy 113 Arabis 67 Agrimonia 151 Amianthium 525 ARACB^E 475 Agrimony 151 Ammadenia 92 Aralia 198 Agropyron 637 Ammannia 182 ARALIACE.E 198 Agrostemma 90 Ammophila 616 Arbor Vita? 472 AGROSTIDEjE 603 Amorpha 130 ARBUTE^E 287 Agrostis 611 Ampetopsis 113 Arbutus 292 Ailanthus 110 Amphicarpaea 141 Arbutus (Trailing) 293 Aira 641 Amphicarpum 644 Archangelica 193 Airopsis 641 Amsonia 393 Archemora 192 AjUGOIDEjE 342 AMYGDALE^E 146 Arctostaphyloa 292 Alder 460 Anacharis 495 | Arenaria 90 Alder-Buckthorn 115 ANACARDIACE^E 111 ; Arethusa 506 Atehemilla 151 ANAGALLIDH.E 313 • ARKTHcsE.fi 497 Aletris 515 Anagallis 316 i Argemone 59 Alisma 491 Anantherix 398 Arisaema 475 ALISMACE^! 490 Anchistea 660 Aristida 618 •ALISME.-E 490 Andromeda 295 Aristolochia 404 684 INDEX. ARISTOLOCHIACEJS 403 Basswood 103 Bladderwort Family 317 Armeria 312 liastard Pennyroyal 344 Blazing-Star 5 23, 527 Arnica 271 Bastard Toad-flax 425 Blephilia 352 Aromatic Wintergreen 293 Batodendron 290 Blessed Thistle 272 Arrhenantherum 642 Batrachium 40 Bletia 509 Arrow Aruin 476 Batschia 363 Blitum (Elite) 408 Arrow-Grass 491 Bayberry 457 Blood-root 60 Arrow-Grass Family 490 Beach Pea 139 Bloodwort Family 514 Arrow-head 492 Beak-Rush 667 Blue Beech 457 Arrow-wood 206 Bean 140 Blueberry 289 Artemisia 266 Bearberry 292 Bluebottle 272 ARTOCARPEJS 441 Beard Grass 612, 651 Blue Cohosh 53 Aruncus a 50 Bear-Grass 535 Blue Curls 343 Aruudinaria 636 Beard-tongue 327 Blue Flag 516 Arundo 646 Beaver-Poison 196 Blue-Hearts 333 Asarum 403 Betch 455 Bluets 213 Asarabacca 403 Beech-drops 322 Blue-eyed Grass 517 ASCLEPIADACE.E 394 Beech-Fern 663 Blue Grass 600 ASGLEPIADEjE 394 Beet 405 i Blue Joint-Grass 615 Asclepias 394 Bedstraw 208 Blue Lettuce 281 Ascyrum 83 Beggar's Lice 366 Blue Tangle 289 Ash 401 Beggar-ticks 261 Blue-weed 361 Ash-leaved Maple 119 Bellflower 285 Blysmus 560 Asimina 50 Bellis 239 Blyttia 613 ASPARAGINELE 521 Bellwort 628 Boehmeria 445 Asparagus 5ol Bengal Grass 650 Bog-Asphodel 535 Aspen 466 Benjamin-bush 423 Bog-Rush 537 ASPIDIE^: 657 Bent-Grass 611 Boltonia 238 Aspidium 664 Benzoin 423 Bonamia 376 A8PLKHIBJB 656 BERBERIDACEJ2 52 Boneset 226 Asplenium 661 Berberis 52 BORRAGE.E 360 Aster 228 Berchemia 114 Borrage Family 360 Asteranthemum 630 Bergamot 351 BORR AGIN ACE JB 360 ASTBBIKBjB 218 Bermuda Grass •622 Borrichia 253 A8TEROIDE.E 218 Berula 196 Bottlebrush-Grass 639 Astilbe 167 Betonica (Betony) 358 Bottle-Grass 650 ASTRAGALE^E 124 i Betony (Wood) 337 Botrychium 671 Astragalus 132 Betula 458 Botryois 407 Atamasco Lily 513 BETULACE^ 458 Bouncing Bet 88 Atheropogon 621 Bidens 261 Bouteloua 620 Athyrium 662 Bigelovia 245 Bowman's root 150 Atragerie 35 Bignonia 321 Boxberry 293 Atriplex 409 BIGNONIACE^E 320 Box-Elder 119 Aurantiaceae 110 Bignonia Family 320 Box Family 430 Avena 640 Bilberry 289 Boykinia 169 AVENE.fi 606 Bilsted 174 Brachychseta 239 Avens 151 Bindweed 375 Brachyelytrura 614 Avicularia 417 ' Biotia 228 Bracted Bindweed 375 Awlwort 73 ! Birch Family 458 Brake, Bracken 658 Awned Wheat-Grass 618 Birthroot 523 Bramble 156 Azalea 299 ! Birthwort 404 Brasenia 55 Azolla 677 Birthwort Family 403 Brasiletto Family 125 Bishop's-Cap 170 Brassica 70 BACCHARIDE^ 219 Bistorta 415 BRASSICE^E 63 Baccharis 247 Bitter- Cress 66 Bread-fruit Family 441 Bald Cypress 473 ' Bittersweet 116, 380 Bristly Foxtail-Grass 649 Baldwinia 264 Bitter-weed 251 Briza 633 Ballota 359 Black Alder 307 Brizopyrum 628 Balm 350 Blackberry 157 Brome- Grass 634 Balm of Gilead 467 Blackberry-Lily 617 BROMEUACEJE 515 Balmony 327 Black Bindweed 418 Brooklime 332 Balsam 108 Black-Gum-tree 201 Brook-weed 317 Balsam Family 106 Black-Grass 539 Broom-Corn 653 BALSAMIFLILE 173 Black Haw 206 Broom-Crowberry 440 BALSAMINE^E 106 Black Horehound 360 Broom-rape 323 BAMBUSE^E 605 Black-Jack • 453 Broom-rape Family 322 Baneberry 47 Black Moss 515 Bromus 634 Baptisia 142 Black-Mustard 71 Brunella 355 Barbarea 69 Black Oat-Grass 617 Brunnichia 422 Barberry 62 i Black Snakeroot 190 Buchnera 333 Barberry Family 52 Black Thorn 148, 160 BncHNERBvE 325 Barley 638 Bladder-Fern 667 Buckbean 390 Barnyard-Grass 649 Bladder Ketmia 102 Buckthorn 114 Barren Strawberry 153 Bladder-nut 117 Buckthorn Family 113 Bartonia 184, 389 i Bladder-nut Family 117 Buckeye 117 Basil 346,349 Bladder-pod 73 Buckwheat 419 Basil Thyme 349 Bladderwort 318 Buckwheat Family 414 INDEX. G85 Buffalo-berry 425 Cancer-root 322,323 Chetone 327 Buffalo-nut 426 Cane 636 ClIKLONEJB 324 Bugbane 48 CANNABINE^ 442 CHENOPODIACE.E 405 Bagle-weed 345 Cannabis 446 Chenopodina 410 Bugloss Bug-seed 362 409 Caper Family CAPPARIDACE^l 75 75 Chenopodium Cherry 406 147 Bulrush 560 Capraria 329 Chervil 197 Bumelia 308 CAPRIFOLIACEJE 202 Chess 634 Bunch-berry 200 Caprifolium 203 Chestnut 454 Bunch-flower 524 Capsella 73 CHICHORACRS 221, 275 Bupleurum 195 Carex 571 Chickweed 92 Burdock 275 Cardamine 66 Chickweed-Wintergreen 314 Bur-Grass 650 Cardinal Flower 283 Chimaphila 303 Burmannia 496 Carduus 274 CHINCHONE^B 208 BURMANNIACE.E 496 GAJHOUOUI 551 Chinquapin 455 Bur-Marigold 261 •Carnation 88 Chiogenes 292 Burnet 150 Carolina Allspice 162 Chionanthus 401 Burning-bush 116 Carpet-weed 97 Chives 534 Bur-reed 481 CARPINE^ 450 CHLORIDES 604 Bush-clover 137 Carpinus 457 Choke-be rrv 161 Bush-Honeysuckle 205 Carrion Flower 520 ' Chondrilla 279 Butter-and-eggs 326 Carrot 191 Chondrosium 621 Buttercup 40 Carya 448 Chrysanthemum 265 Butterfly-Pea 141 CARYOPHYLLACE^I 87 Chrysastrum 239 Butterfly-weed Butternut 397 447 Caryophyllata Cashew Family 152 111 Chrysogonum Chrysopsis 248 246 Butter-weed 271 Cassandra 294 Chrysosplenium 170 Butterwort 320 Cassena 306 ClCHORACRS 221 Button-bush 211 Cassia 144 Cichorium 275 Button Snakeroot 191, 223 Cassiope 295 Cichory 275 Button-weed 210 Castanea 454 Cicuta 196 Buttonwood 447 Castilleia 336 Cimicifuga 48 Catalpa 321 CINCHONE.S 208 Cabomba 55 Catbrier 518 Cinna 612 CABOMBE.-E 54 Catchfly 89 Cinnamon-Fern 671 Cacalia 270 Catgut 131 , Cinque-foil 153 CACTACE^J 184 Cat-mint 353 Circaea 176 Cactus 185 Catnip 353 Cirsium 273 Cactus Family 184 Cat-tail Family 480 Cissus 113 Csenotus 236 Cat-tail Flag 480 CISTACE.E 80 C^ESALPINIEjE 125 Cat's-tail Grass 608 Citrullus 186 Cakile 75 Caulinia 483 Cladium 570 CAKiLiNEa: 64 Caulophyllum 53 Cladrastis 143 CALAMAGROSTIDE^B 603 Ceanothus 115 Claytonia 98 Calamagrostis 614 Cedar 474 Clearweed 445 Calamintha 349 Cedronella 354 Cleavers 208 Calaminth 349 Celandine 59 CLEMATIDE.S 34 Calamovilfa 616 Celandine Poppy 59 Clematis 35 Calamus 478 CELASTRACE^! 115 Clethra 29t> Calico-bush 298 Celastrus 116 Cliff-brake 659, 660 Calla 476 Celtis 443 Climbing Fern 570 Calliastrum 229 Cenchrus 650 Climbing Fumitory 60 Callicarpa 341 Centaurea 272 Climbing Hemp-weed 226 Callirrhoe 100 Centaurella 389 Clinopodium 349 CALLITRICHACE^! 427 Centaury 385 Clintonia 529 Callitriche 428 Centrosema 141 Clitoria 141 Calluna 297 Centunculus 317 Clotbur 251 Calomelissa 349 Century-plant 513 Cloud-berry 157 Calopogon 508 I Cephalanthus 211 Clover 12tt Caltha 44 Cephaloxys 539 Club-Moss 673 CALYCANTHACE^J 162 ' Cerastium 93 Club-Moss Family 672 Calycanthus 162 Cerasus 149 Club-Rush 560 Calycanthus Family Calycocarpum 162 Ceratophyllaceas 52 Ceratoschoenus 427 569 Cnicus Cnidoscolus 272 435 Calypso 508 Cercis 143 Cocculus 51 Calystegia 375 Chserophyllum 197 Cockle 90 Camassia 533 Chaetocyperus 560 Cocklebur 251 Camelina 73 Chaffseed 336 Coffee 208 CAMELINEJE 63 Chaffweed 274 Cohosh 53 Camellia 103 Chain-Fern 660 Colic-root 515 CAMELLIACE^J 103 Chamaelirium 527 Collinsia 327 Campanula 285 Chamomile 265 Collinsonia 350 CAMPANULACE.E 285 Charlock 70 Colpodium 610 Campanula Family 285 Cheat-Grass 634 Coltsfoot 227 Campion 89 Checkerberry 293 Columbine 45 Camptosorus 663 Cheilanthes 659 Columbo 386 Canary- Grass 643 Chelidonium 59 Comandra 425 686 INDEX. Comaropsis 153 Ctenium 620 Dichronema 567 Comarum 155 Cuckoo-flower 66 Dicksonia tit>9 Comfrey 361 Cucumber 186 DICOTYLEDONOUS PL. 33 Commelyna 546 Cucumber-tree 49 Dictamnus 110 COMMELYNACE^E 546 Cucumis 186 Dielytra 61 Compass Plant 249 Cucurbita 186 Diervilla 205 COMPOSITE 215 CUCURBITACEJE 186 Digitaria 645 Composite Family 215 Cudweed 268 Digraphis 643 Comptouia 458 Culver's Physic 332 Dilepyrum 614 Cone-flower 254 Culver's-root 332 Diodia 210 CONIFERS 468 Cunila 346 Dionaea 83 Conioselinum 193 Cuphea 184 Dioscorea 518 Conium 197 Cup-plant 249 DIOSCOREACE^! 518 Conobea 329 CUPRESSINBLS 468 Diospyros 308 Conoclinium 227 Cupressus 473 Diphylleia 53 Conopholis 323 Cupseed 52 Diplachne 623 Conostylis 514 CUPULIFER^E 449 Diplocea 624 Convallaria 530 Currant 164 Diplopappus 238 CONVOLVULACE^! 374 Cuscuta 377 DIPSACE^J 215 CoNvoi.vuLEjE 374 CUSCUTINELS; 374 Dipsacus 215 Convolvulus 375 Custard-Apple Family 50 Dipteracanthus 339 Convolvulus Family 374 Cyanococcus 291 Dirca 424 Coprosmanthus 520 Cycloloma 406 Discopleura 195 Coptis 45 CYNARE^E 221 Ditch-Grass 483 Coral-berry 203 Cynodon 622 Ditch Stone-crop 171 Coral lorhiza 509 Cynoglossum 365 Dittany 346 Coral-root 509 Cynthia 276 Dock 419 Cord Grass 619 CYPERACE^! 550 Dockmackie 207 Corema 440 551 Dodder 377 Coreopsis 258 Cyperus 552 Dodecatheon 314 Corispermum 409 Cypress 473 Dogbane 393 CORNACE^l 199 Cypress Family 468 Dogbane Family 392 Corn-cockle 90 Cypress-Vine 374 Dog's-tail Grass 623 Cornel 200 CYPRIPEDIE^ 498 Dog's-tooth Violet 532 Corn Salad 214 Cypripedium 511 Dogwood 200 Cornus 200 Cystopteris 667 Dogwood Family 199 Corpse-Plant 304 Door-weed 417 Corydalis 61 Dactylis 625 Double-bristled Aster 238 Corylus 456 Dactyloctenium 622 Draba 71 Cosmanthus 369 Daffodil 512 Dracocephalum 353 Cotton-Grass 565 Daisy 239 Dragon-Arum 475 Cotton-Rose 269 Dalea 129 Dragon-head 353 Cotton-Thistle 274 Dalibarda 153, 156 Dragon-root 476 Cotton-wood 467 Dandelion 280 Drop-seed Grass 610, 613 Couch-Grass 637 Dangleberry 289 Drosera 82 Cowbane 192 Danthonia 639 DROSERACE^J 82 Cowberry 290 Daphne 424 DRYADE.S 147 Cow-Herb 88 Darnel 637 Dryas 151 Cow-Parsnip 191 Dasystoma 335 Diyopteris 664 Cowslip 313 Date Plum 308 Dubrueilia 445 Cowslips 44 Datura 383 Duck's-meat 478 Cow-wheat 338 Daucus 191 Duckweed 478 Crab-Apple 161 DAVALLIE.B 657 Duckweed Family 478 Crab-Grass 622, 646 Day-flower 546 Dulichium 556 Cranberry 289 Day-Lily 535 Dupontia 624 Cranberry-tree 207 Dead-Nettie 359 Dutchman's Breeches 61 Crane-fly Orchis 508 Decodon 183 Dutchman's Pipe 404 Cranesbill 107 Deerberry 290 Dwarf Dandelion 275 Crantzia 190 Deer Grass 181 Dyer's Green-weed 126 CRASSULACE^! 171 Delphinium 45 Dyer's Rocket 76 Crataegus 159 Dennstaedtia 669 Dyer's Weed or Weld 76 Creeping Snowberry 292 Dentaria 65 Dysodia 262 Crocus 516 Deschampsia 641 Crossopetalum 387 Desmanthus 145 Eatonia 625 Crotalaria 126 Desmodium 134 EBENACE^l 307 Croton 437 Dewberry 157 Ebony Family 307 Crotonopsis 439 Devil's-bit 527 Echinacea 253 Crowberry 440 Devil-wood 401 Echinochloa 649 Crowberry Family 440 Deyeuxia 615 Echinocystis 186 Crowfoot 40 Dianthera 338 Echinodorus 492 Crowfoot Family 34 Dianthus 88 Echinospermum 365 Crownbeard 262 Diapensia 373 Echium 361 CRUCIFERJ: 62 DlAPENSIEJB 370 Eclipta 252 Crypsis 609 Diarrhena 624 Eel-grass 483, 496 CRYPTOGAMOUS PL. 653 Dicentra 61 Egg-plant 380 Cryptogramme 660 Dichondra 377 Egyptian Grass 622 Cryptotaenia 197 DlCHONDRKE 374 EL.3EAGNACEJ2 424 INDEX. 687 Elseagnus 425 Fagua 455 Foxtail Grass 608, 649 ELATINACE.E 86 Fall Dandelion 276 Fragaria 155 Elatine 86 False Acacia 131 Frangula 115 Elder 205 False Asphodel • 627 Frasera 386 Elecampane 246 False Beech-drops 305 i'KAXINE.B 400 Eleocharis 557 False Bugbane 39 Fraxinella 110 Eleogenus 558 False Dandelion 280 Fraxinus 401 Elephantopus 222 False Dragon-head 354 French Marigold 262 Elephant's-foot 222 False Flax 73 French Mulberry 341 Ellisia 368 False Foxglove 335 Fringed Polygala 122 Elm 442 False Goatsbeard 167 Fringe-tree 401 Elm Family 441 False Golden-rod 239 Froelichia 414 Elodea 86, 495 False Gromwell 362 Frog's-bit Family 494 Elodes 86 False Hellebore 525 Frost-weed 80 Eleusine 622 False Honeysuckle 299 Fuirena 556 Elymus 639 False Indigo 130, 142 Fumaria 62 EMPETRACE^ 440 False Lettuce 281 FUMARIACE.E 60 Em pet rum 440 False Loosestrife 180 Fumitory 62 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 475 False Mallow 100 Fumitory Family 60 Enchanter's Nightshade 176 False Mermaid 108 Enemion 44 False Mistletoe 426 GALACINE^E 305 Engelmannia 438 False Mitre-wort 170 Galactia 142 Enslenia 398 False Nettle 445 Galanthus 512 Epigsea 293 False Pimpernel 330 Galax 305 Epilobium 177 False Red-top 629 Galax Family 305 Epipactis 506 False Solomon's Seal 530 GALEGE.S: 124 Epiphegus 322 False Spikenard 530 Galeopsis 357 EQUISETACE^J 653 False Water-Dropwort 192 Galingale 552 Equisetum 653 Farkle-berry 290 Galinsoga 264 Eragrostis 631 Featherfoil 317 Gall-of-the-Earth 278 Erechthites 269 Feather Geranium 407 Galium 208 Erianthus 651 Feather Grass 617 Gama-Grass 650 ERICACEAE 286 Fedia 214 Garden Nasturtium 105 ERICKE 287 Ferns 655 Garget 405 ERICINRS 287 Fescue-Grass 633 Garlic 533 Erigenia 198 Festuca 633 Gaultheria 293 Erigeridium ' 237 FESTUCINES 604 Gaura 176 Erigeron 236 Fetid Horehound 359 Gaylussacia 288 ERIOGONEJ3 414 Fetid Marigold 262 Geiseleria 438 Eriocaulon 549 Fever-bush 423 Gelsemium 391 ERIOCAULONACE^E 549 Feverfew 266 Genista 126 Eriophorum 565 Fever-wort 205 GENIST&B 123 Erodium 108 Fig Family 441 Gentian 387 Erophila 72 Figwort 326 Gentiana 387 Ervum 139 Figwort Family 324 GENTIANACE^! 384 Eryngium 190 Filago 269 GENTIANE^E 384 Eryngo 190 Filbert 456 Gentian Family 384 Erythraea 385 FILICES 655 GERANIACE^E 105 Erythronium 532 Fimbristylis 566 GERAXIE.S 105 Erysinura 69 Finger-Grass 646 Geranium 107 ESCALLONIE^B 163 Fiorin Grass 612 Geranium Family 105 Eubotrys 294 Fir 471 Gerardia 334 Eulophus 198 Fire-Pink 89 GERARDIE.S 325 Euonymus 116 Fireweed 269 Germander 343 EupATORiAcas 217 Five-finger 153 Geum 151 EUPATORIES 218 Flax 104 Giant Hyssop 352 Eupatorium 224 Flax Family 104 Gill 353 Euphorbia 430 Fleabane 236 Gillenia 150 EUPHORBIACE^! 430 Floating Heart 390 Ginseng 198, 199 Euphrasia 336 Floarkea 108 Ginseng Family '198 EUPHRASIES 325 Flower-de-Luce 516 Girasole 258 Euphrosyne 250 Flowering Fern 670 Glade Mallow 100 Eurhynchospora 568 FLOWERING PLANTS 33 Gladiolus 516 Euthamia 245 Flowering Wintergreen 122 Glasswort 409 Eutoca 369 FLOWERLESS PLANTS 653 Glaucium 60 Eutriana 621 Fly-catch Grass 607 Glaux 316 Euvaccinium 290 Fly-poison 526 Glechoma 353 Euxolus 412 Fool's-Parsley 193 Gleditschia 145 Evening Primrose 178 Forestiera 402 Globe-flower 44 Evening Primrose Family 176 FORESTIERES 400 Glyceria . 626 Everlasting 268, 269 Forget-me-not 364 Glycyrrhiza 133 Everlasting Pea 139 Forked Chickweed 96 GNAPHALINES 220 Evolvulus 376 Forsteronia 393 Gnaphalium 268 EXOGENOUS PLANTS 83 Fothergilla 173 Goafs-Beard 150 Eyebright , 336 Four-o'clock Family 404 Goat's Rue 131 ** Fowl-meadow Grass 627, 629 Golden Aster 246 Fagopyrum 419 Foxglove 335 Golden-club 477 688 INDEX. Golden- rod 239 Hedge Bindweed 375 Horse-Mint 351 Golden Saxifrage 170 Hedgehog-Grass 650 Horse-Nettle 381 Gold-thread 45 Hedge-Hyssop 329 Horseradish 65 GONOLOBB^B 394 Hedge-Mustard 70 Horse-Sugar 310 Gonolobus 399 Hedge-Nettle 358 Horsetail 653 Good-King-Henry 408 ' HEDYSARELE 124 Horsetail Family 653 Goodyera 503 Hedysarum 134 Hottonia 317 Gooseberry 164 ' HELENIEJB 220 HOTTONIE^E 313 Goosefoot 406 Helenium 263 Hound's-Tongue 365 Goosefoot Family 405 ' Heleochloa 628 Houstonia 212 Goose-Grass 208, 417 H ELI ANTHER 219 Huckleberry 288 Gordonia 104 Helianthemum 80 Hudsonia 81 Gourd 186 I Helianthus 255 Humulus 446 Gourd Family 186 HELIOPHYTUM 366 Huntsman's Cup 58 GKAMINJiJE 602 Heliopsis 253 Hydrangea 165 Grape 112 HELIOTROPES 361 HYDRANGIE.E 163 Grape-Hyacinth Graphephorum 534 624 Heliotropium (Heliotrope) 366 Hellebore 45 Hydrastis HYDROCHARIDACE.E 47 494 Grass of Parnassus 166 Helleborus 45 Hydrocharis 495 Grass of the Andes 642 Helonias 526 Hydrocotyle 189 Grass- wrack 483 Helosciadium 196 Hydrolea 370 Gratiola 329 Hemerocallis 535 HVDROLES 367 GRATIOLE.S 324 Hemianthus 330 Hydropeltis 55 Great Laurel 300 Hemicarpha 556 HYDRO PHYLLACE^) 367 Greek Valerian 371 Hemlock 196, 197 HYDROPHYLLRS 367 Greenbrier 518 Hemlock-Parsley 193 Hydrophyllum 367 Green Dragon 426 Hemlock Spruce 471 HYDROPTERIDES 676 Green Milkweed 398 Hemp 446 Hymenopappus 262 Green Violet 76 Hemp Family 442 Hyoscyamus 383 Gromwell 362 Hemp-Nettle 357 HYPERICACEJE 83 Grossularia 164 Henbane 383 Hypericum 84 GROSSULARIEJE 163 Hepatica 38 Hypobrychia 182 Ground Cherry 381 Heracleum 191 Hypopeltis 668 Ground Hemlock 474 Herb-Robert 107 Hypopitys 304 Ground Ivy 353 Hercules's Club 199 Hypoxis 5 3 Ground Laurel 293 Herd's Grass 608, 512 Hyssop 346 Ground-nut 140, 199 Herpestts 329 Hyssopus 346 Ground Pine 674 Hesperis 68 Ground Pink 373 Heteranthera 545 Ictodes 477 Ground Plum 132 Heuchera 169 Ilex 305 Groundsel 270 HIBISCES 99 ILLKCEBRE.E 87 Groundsel-Tree 247 Hibiscus 102 Ilysanthes 330 Guinea-Corn 652 Hickory 448 Impatiens 108 Gymnandenia 499 Hieracium 277 Inkberry 307 Gyinnocladus 144 Highwater-shrub 250 Indian Bean 321 Gymnopogon 621 Hierochloa 642 Indian Chickweed 97 GYMNOSPERME.E 468 HlPPOCASTANBjB 117 Indian Cucumber-root 523 Gymnostichum , 639 Hippuris 175 Indian Currant 203 Gynamblosis 438 Hoary Pea 131 Indian Fig 185 Gyromia 523 Hobble-bush 207 Indian-Grass 652 Hog Pea-nut 141 Indian Heliotrope 366 Habenaria 498 Hog-weed 251 Indian Hemp 393 Hackberry 443 Holcus 642 Indian Mallow 101 Hackmatack 472 Holly 305 Indian Millet 652 H^MODORACE^E 514 Holly Family 305 Indian Physic 150 Hair-Grass 611, 614, 641 Holosteum 93 Indian Pipe 304 Halenia 386 Holy Grass 642 Indian-pipe Family 288 Halesia 310 Honey-Locust 145 Indian Plantain 270 HALORAGE^ 174 Honeysuckle 203 Indian Poke 525 HAMAMELACEJ3 173 Honeysuckle Family 202 Indian Rice 608 HAMAMELE.E 173 Honewort 197 Indian Tobacco 283 Hamamelis 173 Honkenya 92 Indian Turnip 475 Hamiltonia' 426 Hop 446 Inula 246 Harbinger-of-Spring 198 Hopea 310 iNULRffi 218 Hardhack 149 Hop-Hornbeam 456 lodanthus 68 Harebell 285 Hop-tree 110 Ipomoea 375 Hart's-tongue 662 Hordeum 638 Iresine 413 Hawkbit 276 HORDEINE^ 605 IRIDACEJE 515 Hawk weed 277 Horehound 357 Iris 516 Hawthorn 159 Hornbeam 457 Iris Family 515 Hazel-nut 456 Horned Pondweed 483 Iron -weed 222 Heal-all 355 Horned Rush 570 Iron-wood 456 457 Heart's Ease 79 Horn Poppy 60 Isanthus 344 Heather 997 ! Hornwort 427 Isoetes 675 Heath Family 286 Hoi-se-Balm 350 Isolepis 560 Hedeoma 350 Horsechestnut 117 Isopyrum 44 Hedera 199 Horse-Gentian 205 Itea 165 INDEX. Iva 250 Leatherwood Ivy 199 Leavenworthia Ixia 617 Lechea Lecontia Jacob's Ladder 371 Led urn Jagged Chickweed 93 Leek J ame s to wn- wee d 383 Leersia Jasminum 400 LEGUMINOSE^! Jatropha 435 Leiophyllum Jeffersonia 53 Lemna Jerusalem Artichoke 258 LEMNACE^J Jerusalem Oak 407 LENTIBULACE2B Jerusalem Sage 360 Leontodon Jessamine 400 Leonurus Jewel-weed 108 Lepachys Joe-Pye Weed 225 LEPIDINE.E Jointed Charlock 75 Lepidium Joint-Grass 645 Lepidauche Joint-weed 417 Lepigonum Jonquil 612 Leptandra Judas-tree 143 Leptanthus Juglans 447 Leptochloa JUGLANDACE^! 447 Leptopoda JUNCACEjE 536 Lepturus JUNCAQINBLS 490 Lespedeza Juncus 637 Lettuce June-berry 162 Leucanthemum Juniper 474 Leucojum Juniperus 473 Leucothoe Jussiaea 179 Lever-wood Liatris Kalmia 297 LIGULIFLOR.& Kentucky Blue-Grass 630 Ligusticum Kentucky Coffee-tree 144 Ligustrum Kidney Bean 140 Lilac Kinnikinnik 200 LILIACE^J Knapweed 272 LILIES Knawel 96 Lilium (Lily) Knotgrass 417 Lily of the Valley Knotweed 414 LIMNANTHE.S Koeleria 625 Limnanthes Family Kosteletzkya 102 Limnanthemum Krigia 275 Limnetis Kuhnia 224 Limnobium Kyllingia 555 Limnochloa Limosella LABIATJ3 341 LINAGES Labrador Tea 300 Linaria Lachnanthes 514 Linden Lachnocaulon 550 Linden Family Lactuca 280 Lindera Lady's Mantle 151 Lindernia Lady's Slipper 511 Linnaea Lady's Thumb 416 Linum Ladies-Tresses 504 Lion's-foot Lagenaria 186 Liparis Lambkill 298 Lip-Fern Lamb-Lettuce 214 Lipocarpha Lamium 359 Lippia Lampsana 275 Liquidambar Lapithea 385 Liquorice Laportea 445 Liriodendron Lappa 275 Listera Larch 472 Lithospermum Larix 472 Live-for-ever Larkspur 45 Liver-leaf Lastrea 664 Lizard's-tail Lathyrus LAURACILE 139 422 Lizard's-tail Family LOASACE^l Laurel 297 Loasa Family Laurel Family 422 Lobadium Laurestinus 206 Lobelia Lead-Plant 130 LOBELIACE.S! Leadwort Family 312 Lobelia Family Leaf-Cup 247 Loblolly Bay Leather-Flower 36 Locust-tree Leather-leaf 294 LOGANIACEJ5 44 689 424 65 Logania Family Loiseleuria 391 301 81 Lolium 637 476 LOMKNTAC^B 64 300 Long Moss 515 534 Lonicera 203 607 IiMiamu 202 123 301 Loosestrife Loosetrife Family 183, 315 182 478 Lophanthus 352 478 Lophiola 514 317 Lopseed 341 276 LORANTHACEJE 426 359 Lorinseria 661 255 Lousewort 337 63 Lovage 194 74 Lucerne 128 379 Ludwigia 180 95 Lungwort 364 332 Lupine 126 545 Lupinus 126 623 Luzula 636 263 Lychnis 90 637 Lycium 382 137 Lycopersicum 380 280 LYCOPODIACEJB 672 265 Lycopodium 673 612 Lycopsis 361 294 Lycopus 345 456 Lygodesmia* 279 223 Lygodium 670 ,275 Lyonia 296 194 Lysimachia 315 400 LYTHRACEJE 182 400 Lythrum 183 620 622 532 Madder Family Macrotys 208 48 530 Magnolia 49 106 MAGNOLIACE^ 48 106 390 Magnolia Family Maianthemum 48 530 619 Maidenhair 658 495 MALAXIDELE 497 657 Mallow 99 331 Mallow Family 98 104 Malus 161 326 Matva 99 103 MALVACEAE 98 103 Malvastrum 100 423 HALVED 99 330 Mandrake 54 202 Manna-Grass 626 104 Man-of-the-Earth 375 278 Maple 118 509 Maple Family 117 659 Mare's Tail 175 556 Mariscus 455 340 M £Lrrub 1 um, 357 174 Marshallia 264 133 Marsh Elder 250 50 Marsh-Fleabane 247 506 Marsh Grass 619 362 Marsh-Mallow 99 172 Marsh-Marigold 44 38 Marsh-Rosemay 312 427 Marsh St. John's-wort 86 427 Marsilia 677 184 Marsiliacese 676 184 Martynia 321 112 Maruta 264 282 Marvel of Peru 404 282 Masterwort 191 282 Matricaria 266 104 Matrimony-Vine '382 130 Mayaca 547 391 May-Apple 54 690 INDEX. Mayflower 293 Monocera 620 Nettle-tree 443 Maypops 186 MONOCOTYLEDONOCS New Jersey Tea 115 May-weed 264 PLANTS 475 Nicandra 382 Meadow -Beauty 181 Monopetalous Exogenous Nicotiana 383 Meadow-Grass 628 Plants 202 Niellia 149 Meadow-Parsnip 194 Monotropa 304 Nigella 48 Meadow-Rue 38 MONOTROPE.S: 288 Nightshade 380 Meadow Soft-Grass 642 Montelia 413 Nightshade Family 380 Meadow-Sweet 149 Moonseed 51 Nimble Will 614 Medeola 523 Moonseed Family 51 Nine-Bark 149 Medicago (Medick) 128 Moonwort 671 Nipple-wort 275 MELAMPODINEjE 219 Moosewood 424 Nonesuch 128 Melampyrum 338 Moose-wood 119 Nondo 194 MELANTHIE^J 521 MORE.E 441 Nothoscordum 534 Melanthium 524 Morning-Glory 375 Nuphar 56 MELASTOMACEJ3 181 Morocarpus 408 Nut-Grass 553 Melastoma FamUy 181 Morus 444 Nut-Rush 570 Melica 626 Moss Campion 90 NYCTAGINACE^! 404 Melic Grass 626 Moss Pink 373 Nymphaea 56 Melilotus (Melilot) 128 Motherwort 359 NYMPHE^CE.E 54 Melissa 350 Mountain Ash 161 Nyssa 201 Melothria 187 Mountain Holly 307 MENISPERMACE-2B 61 Mountain Mint 346 Oak 450 Menispermum 61 Mountain Rice 616 Oakesia 440 Mentha 344 Mountain Sorrel 419 Oak Family 449 Mentzelia 184 Mouse-ear 364 Oat 640 Menyauthes 390 Mouse-ear Chickweed 93 Oat-Grass 642 MENYANTHEjE 384 Mouse-ear Cress 70 Obeliscaria 255 Menziesia 298 Mouse-tail 44 Obolaria 389 Mermaid-weed 175 Mud-Plantain 545 (Enothera 178 Mertensia 363 Mudwort 331 Oil-nut 426 Mexican Poppy 59 Mugwort 267 Old Witch Grass 647 Mexican Tea 408 Muhlenbergia 613 OldenJandia 211 Mezereum Family 424 Mulberry 444 Olea 401 Micranthemum 330 Mulgedium 281 OLEACE^l 400 Microstylis 509 Mullein 325 Oleander 392 Mignonette 76 Mullein-Foxglove 334 Oleaster Family 424 Mignonette Family 76 Mullugo 97 OLEINE.S 400 Mikania 226 Muscari 534 Olive 401 Milfoil 265 Muskit Grass 620 Olive Family 400 Milium 643 Muskmelon 186 ONAGRACE^l 176 Milk-Pea 142 Musk-Plant 329 Oncostvlis 567 Milkweed 394 Musquash-Root 196 Onion 533 Milkweed Family 394 Mustard 62 Onoclea 668 Milkwort 120 Mustard Family 62 Onopordon 274 Milkwort Family 120 Myosotis 364 Onosmodium 362 Milk-Vetch 132 Myosurus 44 OPHIOGLOSSACE.E 657 Millet-Grass 643 Myrica 457 Ophioglossum 672 Mimosa Family 125 MYRICACE.E 457 OPHRYDE^E 497 Mi\i"8 Red-root 115, 514 Salicornia 409 Sedge 571 Red-top 612 Salix 461 Sedge Family 550 Reed 636 Salsola 410 Sedum 172 Reed Bent-Grass 614 Saltmarsh-Grass 620 Seed-box HO Reed-mace 480 Saltwort 410 Selaginella 674 Reed Meadow-Grass 627 Salvia 350 Self-heal 355 Rein-Orchis 498 Salvinia 677 Senebiera 74 Rensseteria 476 SAMBUCB^B 202 Seneca Grass 642 Reseda 76 Sambucus 205 Seneca Snakeroot 1.52 RESEDACE^ 76 SAMOLE.E 313 Senecio 270 RHAMNACE^S 113 Samolus 317 SENECIONE^S 221 Rhamnus 114 Samphire 409 SENECIONIDE^E - -213 Rheumatism-root 54 Sandalwood Family 425 Senna 144 Rhexia 181 Sand-Grass 624 Sensitive Brier 145 INDEX. 693 Sensitive Fern 668 Southern Buckthorn 308 STRATTOTIDE* 495 Sensitive Joint- Vetch 134 Sow Thistle 282 Strawberry 155 Sericocarpus 228 Spanish-Bayonet 535 Strawberry Elite 408 Service-berry 162 Spanish-Needles 262 Strawberry Bush 116 Sesame-Grass 650 Sparganium 481 Strawberry Tomato 382 Sesuvium 97 Spartina 619 Streptopus 528 Setaria 649 Spatter-Dock 56 Striped Dogwood 119 Seymeria 334 Spear-Gras8 628 Struthiopteris 667 Shad-bush 162 Spearmint 344 Stuartia 104 Shave-Grass 655 Spearwort 41 Stylipus 152 Sheep-berry 206 Specularia 286 Stylisma 376 Shellflower 327 Speedwell 332 Scylophorum 59 Shepherdia 424 Spergula 96 Stylosanthes 138 Shepherd's Purse 73 Spergularia 95 STYRACACE.E 309 Shield-Fern 664 Sperm acoce 210 STYRACRfi 309 Shin-leaf 301 Spice-bush 423 Styrax 309 Shooting-Star 314 Spiderwort 547 Suaeda 410 Shrubby Althaea 102 Spiderwort Family 546 Subularia 73 Shrubby Bitter-sweet 116 Spigelia 392 Succory 275 Shrubby Trefoil 110 Spike-Grass 628, 635 Sugarberry 443 Shrub Yellow-root 47 Spikenard 199 Sullivantia 169 Sibbaldia 153 Spike-Rush 557 Sumach 111 SlBTHORPIELS 324 Spindle-tree 116 Summer Haw 160 Sickle-pod 68 Spiraea 140 Summer Savory 349 Sicyos 186 SPIKJSE-E 146 Sundew 82 Sida 101 Spiranthes 504 Sundew Family 82 Side-saddle Flower 67 Spirodela 479 Sundrops 179 Sieversia 153 Spleenwort 661 Sunflower 255 Silene 88 Spoonwood 298 Supple-Jack 114 MLBXU 87 Sporobolus 610 Swamp Honeysuckle 299 SlLICCLOS^ 63 Spotted Cowbane 196 Swamp Loosestrife 183 SlLIQUOS^ 63 Spotted Wintergreen 303 Sweet Bay 49 Silkweed 394 Spring-Beauty 98 Sweet-Brier 159 Silphium 248 Spruce 471 Sweet Cicely 197 Silver-bell Tree 310 Spurge 430 Sweet Clover 128 Silver-Berry 425 Spurge Family 430 Sweet Coltsfoot 227 Silver-Weed 155 Spurge-Nettle 436 Sweet-Fern 458 Simarubaceae 111 Spurred Butterfly-Pea 141 Sweet Flag 478 Sinapis 70 Spurred Gentian 386 Sweet-Gale Family 457 SiSYMBRiEvE 63 Spurrey 96 Sweet-Gum Tree 174 Sisymbrium 70 Squash 186 Sweet-leaf 310 Sisyrinchium 517 Squaw-root 323 Sweet Pepperbush 296 Sitolobium 669 Squaw-weed 271 Sweet Pine-sap 304 Sium 196 Squill 533 Sweet-Scented Shrub 162 Skullcap 355 Squirrel Corn 61 Sweet Vernal-Grass 643 Skunk Cabbage 477 Squirrel-tail Grass 638 Sweet- William 371 Sloe 148 StACHYDEjE 343 Swine-Cress 74 Smartweed 416 Stachys 358 Sycamore 447 8MILACE.E 518 Stagger-bush 296 Syena 547 Smilacina 530 Staff-tree 116 Symphoricarpua 203 Smilax 518 Staff-tree Family 115 Symphytum 361 Smilax Family 518 Staphylea 117 Symplocarpus 477 Snake-head 327 STAPHYLEACE,E 117 SYMPLOCINE^B 309 Snake-root 190, 191, 223, Statice 312 Symplocos 310 226, 404 Star-Cucumber 186 Synandra 354 Snapdragon 326 Star Flower 314 Syndesmon 38 Sneeze-weed 263 ' Star -grass 513, 515 Synthyris 331 Sneezewort 265 Star-of-Bethlehem 533 Syringa 166, 400 Snowberry 203 Star-Thistle 272 Snowdrop 310, 512 j Starwort 92,228 Tacamahac 467 Snowflake 512 Steeple-Bush 149 Taenidia 195 Soapberry Family 116 [ Steironema 315 Tagetes 262 Soapwort 88 Stellaria 92 TAGETINELB 220 SOLANACE^J 380 STRLLATJB 208 Talinum 9S Solanum 380 Stenactis 237 Tall Red-top 624 Solea 76 Stenanthium 525 Tamarack 472 Solidago 289 Stickseed 365 Tanacetum 266 Solomon's Seal 531 Stillingia 436 Tansy 266 Sonchus 282 Stipa 617 Tansy-Mustard 70 SOPHORE^B 125 STIPK-E 604 Tape-grass 496 Sorbus 161 Stitchwort 92 Taraxacum 280 Sorghum 652 Stone-crop 172 TARCHONANTHM 219 Sorrel 419 Stone- root 350 Tare 138 Sorrel Family 106 Btorax 309 TAXINE.S 468 Sorrel-tree 296 Storax Family 309 Taxodium 473 Sour-Gumtree 201 Storksbill 108 Taxus 474 .Sour-wood 296 Stramonium 383 Tea-berry 293 694 INDEX. Tea-Plant 103 Trifolium 126 Vernonia 222 Tear-thumb 418 Triglochin 491 VERNONIACE^B 217 Teasel 215 TKILLIDE^: 520 Veronica 332 Teasel-Family 215 Trillium 622 VERONICE^B 324 Tecuma 321 Triodallus 286 Vervain 339 Teluiatophace 479 Triosteum 205 Vervain Family 339 Tephrosia 131 Triplasis 624 Vesicaria 73 TEPHROSI^E 124 Triple-awned Grass 618 Vetch 138 TERXSTRCEMIACEJ3 103 Tripsacum 650 Vetchling 139 Tetragonotheca 252 Tripterella 496 Viburnum 206 Tetranthera 423 Trisetum 640 Vicia 138 Teucrium 343 Triticum 637 VICIE.E 124 Thalictrum 38 Trotlius 44 Vignea 574 Thaspium 194 Tropaeolum 105 | Vilfa 609 Thermopsis 679 Troximon 276 Vincetoxicum 399 Thimbleberry 157 Trumpet-Creeper 321 Vine Family 112 Thin-Grass 611 Trumpet-flower 321 Viola 77 Thistle Thlaspi 273 73 Trumpets Trumpet-weed 58 225 VIOLACE.& (Violet Fam.) 76 Violet 77 THLASPIDE^E 63 Tsuga 471 Viper's Bugloss 361 Thorn 159 TDBULIFLORjE 216 Virgaurea 240 Thorn-Apple 383 Tuckermanuia 440 Virgilia 143 Thorough-wax 195 Tulip-tree 50 Virginian Cowslip 364 Thoroughwort 224 Tupelo 201 Virginian Creeper 113 Three-leaved Nightshade 522 TUSSILAGIN&E 218 Virginia Snakeroot 404 Three-seeded Mercury 436 Tussilago 227 Virgin's-Bower 35 Three-thorned Acacia 145 Turnip 71 Viscum 426 Thrift 312 Turritta 68 VlTACE^l 112 Thuja 472 Turtle-head 327 Vitis 112 Thunbergia 338 Twayblade 506, 509 Vitis-Idaea 290 THYMELEACE^l 424 Twig-Rush 570 Thymus (Thyme) 348 Twin-flower 202 Waahoo 116 Tiarella 170 Twin-leaf 53 Wake-Robin 522, 523 Tickseed 258 Twisted Stalk 529 Waldsteinia 153 Tickseed Sunflower 260 Typha 480 Walking-leaf 663 Tick-Trefoil 134 TYPHACE^ 480 Walnut 447 Tiedemannia 192 Walnut Family 447 Tiger-flower 516 Udora 496 Water Arum 476 Tigridia 516 ULMACE^E 441 Water Beech 457 Tilia 103 Ulmaria 149 Water Chinquepin 65 TILIACEJB 103 TJlmas 442 Wart-Cress 64, 74 Tillaja 171 UMBELLIFERJE 187 Water-Hemlock 196 Tillandsia 515 Umbrella-Grass 556 Water-Hemp 413 Timothy 608 Umbrella-leaf 53 Water Horehound 345 Tiniaria 418 Umbrella-tree 49 Waterleaf 367 Tipularia 508 Unicorn-plant 321 Waterleaf Family 367 Tithymalopsis 433 Uniola 635 Water-Lily 56 Tithymalus 433 Uralepis 624 Water-Lily Family 54, 55 Toad-Flax 326 Urtica 444 Water-Locust 145 Tobacco 383 URTICACE^I 440 Watermelon 186 Tofleldia 527 URTICE.& 441 Water-Nilfoil 174 Tomato 380 Utricularia 318 Water-Nilfoil Family 174 Toothache-Grass 620 Uvularia 528 Water-Nymph 56 Toothache-tree 110 UVULARIE.E 521 Water-Parsnip 196 Toothwort 65 Water-Pennywort 189 Touch-me-not Tovaria 108 417 Vaccaria VACCINIE^ 88 287 Water-pepper 416 Water-Pimpernel 317 Tower-Mustard 69 Vaccinium 289, 679 ! Water-Plantain 491 Toxicodendron 111 Vahlodea 641 Water- Plantain Family 490 Trachynotia 619 Valeriana (Valerian) 213 Water-Purslane 181 Tradescantia 547 VALERIANACE^E 213 Water-Rice 608 Tragia 437 Valerianella 214 Water-Shield Family 54 Trailing Arbutus 293 Valerian Family 213 Water Star-grass 545 Trautvetteria 39 Vallisneria 496 Water-Starworts 427 Treacle Mustard 69 VALLJSNERIE.& 495 Water-Violet 317 Tread -softly 436 Vanilla Grass 642 Water-weed 495 Tree of Heaven 110 Vanilla-plant 224 Water-Willow 338 Trefoil 126 Velvet-leaf 101 Water-wort 86 Trichelostylis 567 Venus's Fly-trap 83 Water-wort Family 86 Trichochloa 614 Venus's Looking-glass 286 Wax-Myrtle 457 Trichodium 611 Veratrum 525 Wax- work 116 Trichophorum 565 V ERBASCE.« 324 Wayfaring-tree 207 Trichostema 343 Verbascum 325 Western Wall-flower 69 Tricuspis 623 Verbena 339 Whahoo 443 Tridynia 315 VERBENACE^ 339 Wheat 637 Trientalis 314 VERBENE^E 339 Whin 126 TBIFOUE^E 123 Verbesina 262 White Alder 296 INDEX. G95 White Cedar 472, 473 Windsoria 623 Xanthium 251 White Daisy 265 Winged Pigweed 406 Xerophyllum 526 White Grass 607 Winterberry 307 Xylosteum 204 White Lettuce 278 Winter-Cress 69 XYRIDACEJ3 547 White Snakeroot 226 Wintergreen 293, 301 Xyris 548 White Thorn 159 Wire-Grass 623, 629 White-topped Aster 228 Wistaria 131 Yam 518 White- weed 265 Witch-Hazel 173 Yam Family 618 Whitlow Grass 71 Witch-Hazel Family 173 Yard-Grass 622 Whitlow-wort 96 Withe-rod 206 Yarrow 265 Whortleberry Family 287 Woad-Waxen 126 Yaupon 306 Wicopy 424 Wolfberry 203 Yellow-eyed Grass 548 Wild Allspice 423 Wolffia 480 Yellow-eyed Grass Family 547 Wild Balsam-apple 186 Wolfsbane 46 Yellow (False) Jessamine 391 Wild Bean 140 Wood Betony 337, 358 Yellow Pond-Lily 56 Wild Bergamot 351 Woodbine 113, 203 Yellow Puccoon 47 Wild Chamomile 266 Wood- Fern 664 Yellow-Rattle 337 Wild Comfrey 366 Wood-Grass 652 Yellow Rocket 69 Wild Elder 199 Wood-Nettle 445 Yellow-wood 143 Wild Ginger 403 Wood Reed-Grass 612 Yew 474 Wild Hyacinth 532 Wood-Rush 536 Yew Family 468 Wild Liquorice 209, 210 Wood-Sage 343 Yucca 535 Wild Marjoram 348 Woodsia 668 Wild Oat-Grass 639 Wood-Sorrel 109 Zannichellia 483 Wild Pink 89 Woodwardia 660 Zanthorhiza 47 Wild Potato- Vine 375 Wool-Grass 565 Zanthoxylum 110 Wild Sarsaparilla 198 Woolly Beard-Grass 651 Zapania 340 Wild Sensitive-Plant 144 Worm-grass 392 Zephyranthes 513 Willow 461 Wormseed 408 Zizania 608 Willow Family 461 Worm-seed Mustard 69 Zizia 195 Willow-herb 177 Wormwood 266 Zostera 483 Wind-flower 36 Woundwort 358 Zygadenus (Zygadene) 524 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Genera of Cyperaceae or Sedges. TAB. I. CYPERUS. — Small plant of C. diandrus (1); a spike magnified (2); a piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower (3); a separate flower more mag- nified (4). C. erythrorhizos, a spike magnified, the lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the little internal, scales of the section Papyrus (5), ' formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; a sepa- rate one more enlarged (6); a flower (7); an achenium (8), cut in two. C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with lower part of one scale, showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale- like wings (9). DULICHIUM. — Upper part of a plant (1); part of a spike somewhat enlarged (2); piece of rhachis and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath (3); magnified flower (4). KYLLINGIA.— Plant of K. pumfla (1); one-flowered spike on a piece of the rha- chis, enlarged (2); the same more enlarged and open (3); achenium (4), and section of same magnified (5). TAB. n HEMICARPHA.— Plant (1), natural size; a spike enlarged, with its bract (2); magnified scale of the same (3); a flower (5), with its single stamen and minute internal scale, magnified; achenium (6), magnified. LIPOCARPHA. — Upper part of plants with spikes (1); diagram of a flower, viz. of ovary between the two internal scales, and single stamen, scale of the spike on one side, axis of the spike on the other (2); scale of spike detached (3); a flower with its two inner scales (4)5 achenium magnified (5). FUIRENA. — Upper portion of plants (1); scale of spike enclosing a flower (2); open scale of same (3); flower (4); one of the scales and one of the bristles of the flower (5), achenium (6), and section of same (7). TAB. HI. ELEOCHARIS.— Small plant of E. olivacea (1); the spike enlarged (2); detached scale (3); flower (4); achenium and bristles (5). E. quadrangulata, spike (6),; a scale (7); flower (8); achenium and bristles (9). E. tuberculosa; the achenium with its great tubercle, and bristles (10).% SCIRPUS. — Summit of plant of small S. debilis (1); a spike (2); a scale of the — (3), and flower (4); achenium with its bristles (5). S. (Trichophorum) 698 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Eriophorum; a small portion of the inflorescence (6); a flower (7); a spike in fruit (8); achenium from the same, with the tortuous bristles much length- ened (9); section of the achenium (10). ERIOPHORUM. — Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower (1); spike (2); a scale (3), and (4) a flower from the same; the spike in fruit, the bristles forming a cottony tuft (5); achenium and its bristles (6). FIMBRISTYLIS. — Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa (1); a spike of the same (2); a detached scale (3), and (4) a flower of the same; achenium (5). F. (Trichelostylis)autumnalis; a spike, enlarged (6); flower (7); acheni- um (8), and (9) section of the same. TAB. IV. DICHROMENA. — Head and involucre of D. latifolia (1); a scale from one of the spikes (2), and the same cut across (3); a flower (4); achenium with its tubercle (5). RHYNCHOSPORA.— Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana (1); a spike (2); detached flower (3); achenium (4) with short bristles at its base; one of these bristles more magnified (5). R. (§ PSILOCARYA): — Part of plant (1), enlarged spike (2), detached scale (3), flower (4), and achenium with its beak (5) of R. (Psilocarya) scirpoides. R. (§ CERATOSCH(ENUS):— Upper part of fruiting plant (1), detached spike (2), flower (3), and beaked achenium with its bristles (4) of R. ( Ceratoschcenus) macrostachya. TAB. Y. CLADIUM. — Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides (1); detached spike (2); same, open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower (3); the nut-like achenium (4), and the longitudinal section of the same (5). SCLERIA. — Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis (6); three spikelets from a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate (7); staminate spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them have lost their anthers (*8); pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower (9); achenium with the 3-lobed double cup underneath (10). CAREX. — Plant of C. pauci flora (11); a staminate flower with its scale (12); scale (13), and mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium (14); cross section of perigynium and of the contained achenium (15); achenium on its stalk, style and stigmas (16). C. Steudelii, upper part of flowering plant (17); the spike enlarged (18); a staminate flower and its scale (19); pistillate flower in its perigynium (20); the same with half the perigynium cut away to show the contained achenium and style (21). TAB. VI. CAREX. — C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit (1) ; enlarged spike displayed, with three staminate and two pistillate flowers (2) ; a scale (3) and a ripe peri- gynium (4), of the latter; with a section of the perigynium near the base, and of the contained perigynium (5). C. straminea, summit of a fruiting plant (6) ; a spike enlarged (7); scale of a pistillate flower (8) ; the winged perigynium and the contained achenium cut across (9); detached achenium with persist- ent style and stigmas (10). C. umbellata, whole plant (11); a perigynium and its scale (12); cross-section towards the base^ of perigynium and its contained achenium (13); detached achenium with" its persistent style and stigmas (14). C. bullata; upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and two staminate spikes (15); one of its staminate flowers with the scale (16); a pistillate scale (17) and mature perigynium (18) ; longitudinal section of the latter, showing the achenium and its style (19), and cross section of the same (20). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 699 Genera of Gramineae or Grasses. TAB. VII. LEERSIA. — Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size (1); a branchlet of the same with its spikelets, of the natural size (2); and an open spikelet in flower, en- larged (3). ZIZANIA. — A staminate (1) and a pistillate (2) flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica; a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulae or hypogynous scales (3); a grain (4); and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, show- ing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen. ALOPECURUS. — Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower (1) ; a few spikelets from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified (2); an open spikelet in flower, more magnified (3), and the single lower palet detached (4). PHLEUM. — A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its palets raised above the glumes, magnified. CRYPSIS. — Inflorescence (1) of C. schoenoides; a separate enlarged spikelet (2); and the same open, in flower (3). VILFA. —An enlarged spikelet of V. vaginseflora (1); and the same displayed (2). SPOROBOLUS. — A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified (1); the same with the flower open, the palets raised above the glumes (2;; and the fruit (3), more magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle). AGROSTIS. — Panicle of A. vulgaris (1); with an enlarged open spikelet of the same: also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having no upper palet. TAB. VHL POLYPOGON. — Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis (1) ; an enlarged detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the glumes (2) j the same open in flower (3); and a separate flower without the glumes (4). CINNA. — A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea (1); and the same open, display- ing the palets, the single stamen, and the pistil (2). MUHLENBERGIA. — A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica (1); the same with the open flower raised out of the glumes (2). A magnified spikelet of M. diffusa (3); its minute and unequal glumes more magnified (4); and an open spikelet of the same (5). BRACHYELYTRUM. — A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged (1); the same dis- played (2). CAL AM AGROSTIS. — An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all the parts (1); the same with the flower raised out of the glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind the upper palet (2). ORYZOPSIS. — An open magnified spikelet of 0. asperifolia (1); and the flower of the same removed from the glumes (2). Notice the remarkably long squa- mulas or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the palets in length. STIPA. — Glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged. ARISTIDA. — A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged. TAB. IX. SPARTINA.— Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size (1); a spikelet enlarged (2); and the same displayed, the flower raised above the glumes (3). CTENIUM. — Spike of C. Americanum (1); a single spikelet magnified (2); and the same displayed, the glumes separated (3). BOUTELOUA. —A portion of the compound spike, of the natural size (1); and a spikelet displayed and magnified (2), the flowers raised out of the glumes. 700 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. GYMNOPOGON. — Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size (1); and a mag- nified spikelet with the parts displayed (2). CYNODON. — Inflorescence, of digitate spikes (1); a spikelet magnified and dis- played, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment (2). D ACT YLOCTENIUM. — Inflorescence of D. vEgyptiacum, of digitate spikes (1); one of the spikelets magnified (2) ; the fruit magnified (3), showing the seed loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified. ELEUSINE. — One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica (1); a magnified spikelet (2); the same with the flowers more displayed (3); a flower from the last showing its parts (4); the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose iu the utricle (5); and the wrinkled seed detached (6). LEPTOCHLOA. — Small portion of the inflorescence of L. fascicularis (1); one of its spikelets displayed and magnified (2) ; au open flower of the same (3). TAB. X. TRICUSPIS. — Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides (1); the same displayed and the lowest flower open (2); back view of the lower palets spread out '(3). GRAPHEPHORUM.— A magnified spikelet of G. raelicoides, displayed (1); a part of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same (2). DIARRHENA. — A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged (1); the grain and palets (2). DACTYLIS. — A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed. KCELERIA. — A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the glumes, the three flowers, and a rudiment (1); lower half of a lower palet, partly spread open (2); it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition. EATONIA. — A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the glumes, the two flowers, and a rudiment. MELICA. — A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the glumes, two perfect flowers, and an abortive one. GLYCERIA. — A magnified ppikelet of G. nervata (1); a separate flower with one joint of the rhachis (2); and (3) the lower half of a lower palet, showing its form (rounded on the back, not keeled.) BRIZOPYRUM. — A pistillate spikelet of B, spicatum, enlarged (1); a flower from the same (2); and a flower from a staminate spikelet (3). POA. — Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size (1); a magnified spikelet (2); a separate flower more magnified (3) ; a lower palet cut across and somewhat outspread (4). ERAGROSTIS. — A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged (1); the same, from which the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the upper palet have fallen away (2); a magnified flower, open (3); the lower palet of the same out- spread (4). BRIZA. — A spikelet of B. media, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2). FESTUCA. — A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2); lower part of a lower palet, outspread (3). BROMUS. — A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess (1); and a separate flower, enlarged (2). TAB. XL UNIOLA. — A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size (1); a flower, en- larged (2); empty lower palet of the lowest (sterile) flower (3). PHRAGMITES.— A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged (1); one of the perfect flowers, enlarged (2); and the lowest flower (3), which has stamens only. ARUNDINARIA. — A spikelet of A. macrosperma (1); and a separate flower, mag- nified (2). LEPTURUS. — Portion of the spike of L. paniculatus, enlarged (1); and a flower magnified (2). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 701 LOLIUM. — Portion of the spike of L. temulentum (1); and a separate flower maz nified (2). TRITICUM.— Portion of the spike of T. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the natural size (1); a flower, magnified (2). HORDEUM. — The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of H. jubatum, with their ^awn-like glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and neutral the middle one alone perfect (1); this perfect flower (with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged (2). ELYMUS. — The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the natural size (1); the glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and displayed (2); and an open flower, more magnified (3). GYMNOSTICHUM. — A spikelet of G. Hystrix (1), and an expanded flower, mag- TAB. XII. AIRA. — Panicle of A. flexuosa (1); a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed (2); and one of the flowers detached and open (3). DANTHONIA. — Panicle of D. spicata (1); a spikelet enlarged (2); and a separate flower from the same (3). TRISETUM. — A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magni- fied (1); and a separate open flower (2). A VENA. — A spikelet of A. striata displayed and magnified (1); and a separate flower (2). ARREN AT HERUM. — A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified: 1, the glumes; 2, the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next one perfect, and the third a rudiment. HOLCUS.— A spikelet of H. lanatus magnified (1); the same displayed to show the two flowers, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and awned (2). TAB. XIH. HIEROCHLOA.— A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged (1); the same displayed, the flowers separated from the glumes, the two lateral ones with three stamens and no pistil; the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only two stam- ens (2). ANTHOXANTHUM.— The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum (1); a spikelet magnified (2); another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the glumes, the lateral ones neutral, each of a single and awned palet, the middle one perfect and diandrous (3). PHALARIS. — A spikelet of P. arundinacea enlarged (1); the glumes, and the per- fect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it (2). MILIUM. — Portion of the panicle of M. effusum (1); a closed spikelet magni- fied (2); and the same displayed (3). AMPHICARPUM. — A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified (1); the same with the parts displayed (2); and a radical (fertile) spikelet, en- larged (3). P ASP ALUM — Inflorescence of P. laeve (1); a closed spikelet, enlarged (2); the same with the parts displayed (3). P ANI CUM. — Part of a spike of P. (Digitaria) sanguinale (1); one of its spikelets magnified (2) ; the same with the parts displayed (3): in this the lower flower is neutral and of a single palet. A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified (4), and the same displayed (5): the lower flower a single palet. A spikelet of P. clandestinum, magnified (6), and the same displayed (7): the lower neutral, of two palets. A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified (8); the same displayed (9): the lower flower of two palets and staminate. SET ART A. — A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of bristles (1); the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower of two palets and the perfect flower (2). 702 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. TAB. XIV. CENCHRUS. — Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged (1); longitudinal section of the same (2); a spikelet displayed (3): the stigmas should belong to the right-hand flower: the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate. TRIPS ACUM. — Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below, stami- nate above (1); a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets (2); a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed (3) j a staminate (two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed (4). ERIANTHUS. — Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. alopecu- roides, enlarged (1); one of the spikelets displayed (2). ANDROPOGON. — Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet (1); the fertile spikelet (2); and the staminate spikelet (3) displayed. SORGHUM. — A fertile spikelet of S. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on each side (1); the spikelet displayed (2). Genera of Filices or Perns. TAB. XV. POLYPOD1UM.— Plant: piece of the frond (1): a magnified sporangium with its £talk, and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vulgare, L. STRUTHIOPTERIS. —Pinna of the sterile frond (1) of S. Germanica, Wlttd. ; por- tion of a fertile frond (2); a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which it is rolled up (3); and a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled (4) ; towards the base of the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein. PELLE A. — Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and a portion of the fertile frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indnsium turned back to display the fruit ; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks of the lower vein. TAB. XVI. PTERIS. — A pinnule of P. aquilina, L. ; and a piece of one of the lobes, en- larged (2), the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears them, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins. ADIANTUM. — Piece of the frond of A. pedatum, L. (1); a pinnule somewhat enlarged (2); and a piece of one (3) more enlarged, with the indusium of one fruit-dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit. CHEILANTHES. — Small plant of C. vestita(l); and a fruit-bearing pinnule, en- larged (2). WOODWARDIA. — Portion of the sterile (1) and of the fertile frond (2) of W. angustifolia ; a piece of the latter enlarged (3); piece of the frond of W. Vir- ginica (4); and part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged. TAB. XVII. CAMPTOSORUS. — Plant of C. rhizophyllus, Link. ; and a portion of a frond, with fruit-dots, enlarged (1). SCOLOPENDR1UM. —Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare; and (2) a piece en- larged, with two fruit-dots. ASPLENLUM. — A pinna of A. thelypteroides, Michx. (1); and part of a lobe (2) in fruit, enlarged. DICKSONIA. — Pinna of D. punctilobula, Hook. (1); portion of a pinnule (2), en- larged; and a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indusium (3). EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 703 TAB. XVIH. CYSTOPTERIS. — Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera, Bernh. (1); a lobe in fruit (2) enlarged; and a small portion more magnified (3), bearing a fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back. WOODSIA. — Small frond of W. glabella, R. Br. (1); a part of a fruiting pinna of the same (2), magnified; and a separate indusium (3), more magnified; a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged; and a fruit with the opened indusium beneath (5), more magnified. ASPIDIUM. — Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale, Swartz (1); and a magnified fruiting portion (2); piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides (3); and a small fruiting portion (4), magnified. ONOC LEA.— Sterile and fertile frond of 0. sensibilis, L. ; front view of a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged (1); and the same laid open and viewed from the other side (2): on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins. TAB. XIX. SCHIZ^A. — Plant of S. pusilla, Pursh., of the natural size; a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia (1), magnified; and a separate sporangium (2), more mag- nified. • LYGODIUM. — Summit of frond of L. palmatum, Swartz (1), with fertile and sterile divisions; a fruiting lobe enlarged (2), with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each ; and a sporangium more magnified (3). OSMUND A. — Small piece of the frond of 0. Claytoniana, L. (1), with a fertile and a sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2); and one sporangium more magnified (3). BOTRYCH1UM. — Plant of B. lunarioides, Swartz; and a portion of the fruit (1), with six sporangia, magnified. OPHIOGLOSSUM. — Frond of 0. vulgatum, L.; and a portion of the fruiting spike enlarged (1). Genera of Equisetaceae, Lycopodiacese, &c. TAB. XX. EQUISETUM. — Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, L. (1); one of the shield-shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia under- neath (2), enlarged; same seen from below, discharging the spores (3); a magnified spore with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4); and (5) the same with the filaments coiled up. LYCOPODIUM. — Plant of L. Carolinianum, L. ; and (1) a magnified scale of the spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores. SELAGINELLA. — Plant of S. rupestris, Spring; part of a fertile spike, en- larged (1) ; scale from the upper part of it (2), with its sporangium, contain- ing innumerable powdery spore*; scale from the base (3), with its sporangium containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores. ISOETES. — Plant of I. lacustris (1); sporocarp containing the minute spores, cut across (2), enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); s-porocarp with the large spores, divided lengthwise (3); and (4) three large spores more magnified. AZOLLA. — Plant (1); a portion magnified (2), with two kinds of organs; sterile sporocarp, or antheridium, more magnified (3); fertile sporocarp more mag- nified (4); the same burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5); one of the latter more magnified (6); another bursting (7); and three spores (8), beset with bristles. THE END. p f ° jenera CH v5ypeTaeeae (Tab. II jeuera of b.IV J e n e r a o vp CT* a c e ce of s-rasses "W. a.b/VHL »* A * ::rv*:"*: •• • • ."• c e j.enera or passes d/ab XT a of g rasses JabXffl *'*•*'*•»*• • *<** **• t ** « / * '1 Leneroc/ or cces J * Sab XV: - r r^\ euereu c?j Ji sr«j,.XVir. Leneroi erf cJuices 3ob.XV.ni. P p p ' i- . P . , ,_ u erierot or IiHC(9pe)oiLaoece^ oquisetaceoe , 1 " L' ' ' ST'-l .XX m \ fc*h •;^ .'•-.' THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. 828345 _ ":©T . * $j&£ BIOLOGY /t* A-' LIBRARY ^ THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY •• * Ifi V I . *F • y# >*•*