-TH 'CEB MANUAL OF TT r\ T r\ n \T H 0 L 0 G Y; STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC, WITH ILLUSTl^AW^NS ^F THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W/TRYON, JR. CONSF.RVATOU OF TIIK ( '( >N( IIoLOMCA L SKI TIuNT OF Til 1C ACAUJCMY OF NATURAL Si'IKXCKS OF I'HII A 'iF.U'lllA. Vol.. \\ II. NATICTD^E, CALYITIlyEIDyE, TURIUTKLLrD.E, VERlMETr.r)yE; (^E( 1I1LE, EULIMIIXE, Tl'lMU )N I LLI I >.E, PYRAMIDELLIDJE. PHILADELPHIA: Publislied by tlio Autlior, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, CCR. IOTH & RACE STS. 1886. EARTH _ CIENC^ LJBRAff? \V\i. I'. KM.I.\I:I:. I'IMNTKI:, 7.11 A T:«;S.\NS<»M ST.. I'll 1 1. ADKI.IMI i \. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. FAMILY NATICID^. Shell subglobular, spiral, or paucispiral, with or without epidermis, the margin of the aperture entire. Operculum absent, or present and paucispiral or concentric, corneous or calcareous. Animal with voluminous foot, often incapable of entirely withdrawing into its shell; eyes at the base of the tentacles, often subcutaneous ; shell often partially or entirely covered by the mantle. Dentition 3*1 '3. The Naticidae have been monographed by Reeve, Conch. Iconica : Na'tica, 143 sp., 1855. Sigaretus, 20 sp., 1864. Yanikoro, 24 sp., 1875. Philippi, in Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, 1852 : Natica, 190 species. Weinkauff, in Kiister : Sigaretus, 37 species, 1883. Sowerby, in Thesaurus Conclryliorum : Sigaretus, 28 sp., 1882. Yanikoro, 24 sp., 1884. Natica, 144 sp., 1883. Recluz, in Chenu's Illustrations Conchy liologiques, etc. The present work admits about 225 recent species belonging to the family ; many of those recognized by previous mono- graphers being considered synonyms : besides these there are many unfigured and undetermined forms. Subfamily I. Naticinde. Shell turbinate, subglobose or auriform, the spire usually short; aperture entire, without canal or sinus, the outer lip sharp, not reflected or margined, the columellar lip callous, more or less reflected over the umbilicus. Operculum calcareous or corneous, paucispiral (PI. 1, figs. 12-14). 4 NATTCID^E. Animal with small tentacles, which are lanceolate, wide apart, connected by a veil ; eyes absent, or placed under the skin, behind the tentacles ; foot much produced in front, where it is furnished with a fold (propodium) covering the head and anterior margin of the shell ; operculigerous lobe very ample, partially enveloping the shell ; mantle enclosed. Jaws corneous, waved or tessellated, subtrigonal (PL 1, fig. 3). Central tooth of the radula trapezoidal, generally tricuspidate, lateral teeth with a central large and smaller cusps, inner marginals simple or bifid, outer marginals simple (PI. 1, figs. 4-6). The animals of Naticidrc, characterized by the cephalic disk forming the propodium, are completely retractile within the shell in the typical Natica, but not retractile in Sigaretus and Mamilla. In some species of Neverita, the posterior margin of the propodium forms on the left side a sort of fleshy siphon ; the operculigerous lobe, which encircles the shell sometimes has a sinus on the right side, probably for the introduction of water into the branchial cavity. The Natica (PL 7, fig. 43) is an active animal, carnivorous and very predaceous, living in sandy places, where it hides under the surface and burrows for bivalves. These it pierces with its tongue, boring a round hole, generally near the beaks, where the shell of the victim is thinnest. The eyes, hidden by the propodium, and subcutaneous, are generally not perceptible, but can be distinguished in the group Amaura. The Nidus (PL 7, figs. 44, 45) is unlike that of any other mollusk in form and composition, being built up largely of the sand of the sea-bottom, agglutinated into a strap, forming part of a circle, and provided on one side with a constriction or rim ; the walls contain the eggs, arranged in quincunx order. Subfamily II. Lamellar iinse. Shell thin, sigaretiform, more or less internal, generally pauci- spiral, sometimes reduced to a non-spiral auriform lamina; spire short, few-whorled, lateral; aperture oval, entire, large. No operculum. The animal (PL 1, figs. 18, 19) has not the cephalic disk of Xatica. The mantle gradually grows over the shell until the hitter becomes, in some of the «rcnor:i, completely internal ; eyes NATICID^E. 5 on prominences at the base of the tentacles. Dentition, PI. 1, fig- 9- The Lamellariinte are carnivorous, living upon Hydrozoa, Alcyonaria and compound Ascidise. The eggs are deposited in the midst of colonies of the latter. The tirst embryonic shell is nautiloid, with spiral ridges ; the second is more simple, resembling a Carinaria; these shells are united at their margins by a thin membrane. The pelagic larval forms have received the names of Brownia, Echinospira, Calcarella and JasoniUa. See Manual, ii, t. 8, f. 103-105 ; Structural and Syst. Conch., i, 130, t. 20, f. 51. Subfamily III. Vanikoridse. Shell external, white, with sometimes a velvety epidermis, usually striated, costate or decussated ; umbilicated, without a trace of callus. Opercnlum thin, corneous, non-spiral. Animal with a long snout, tentacles flattened, much dilated in the middle, narrow above ; eyes sessile at their external base ; mantle margin simple ; foot profoundly bipartite, a narrow, truncated, elongated propodium and a larger, rounded or sub- quadrangular, operculigerous metapodiuin ; a large epipodial veil on each side of the foot^; branchia a single row of triangular leaflets, partly free. Jaws flattened; radula short and wide, having, according to Gray, two series of teeth (?). Synopsis of Genera. I. Naticinse. Genus NATICA, Adanson, 115?. Shell oval globular, porcellanous, solid, generally smooth, covered by a fine epidermis, which is transparent, and generally not very persistent; umbilicated, or umbilicus more or less tilled with callus ; aperture semilunar, vertical, the outer lip simple. Operculum large, semilunar, paucispiral, corneous or calcareous. Animal with large cephalic lobe, truncated in front, subquad- rangular. Subgenus NATICA (sensu stricto). Shell smooth, solid, brightly colored in bands, spots, stripes, etc. Operculum calcareous (PI. 1, figs. 12, 13). N. canrena, Linn. 6 NATlCIDjE. The species are numerous; mostly inhabitants of warm sens, in all quarters of the globe. The genus first appeared in the Jurassic formation. The fossil forms are remarkable for the persistence of their colors. Nacca, Risso, is a synonym. Section STIGMAULAX, Morch, 1852. Whorls cancellated or grooved. N. cancellata, Lam. Subgenns NEVERITA, Risso, 1826. Shell large, depressed orbicular, spire conical or flattened ; umbilicus open, or partly filled by a tongue-shaped callous process (funiculum) of the columella. Operculum corneous. Dentition, PI. 1, fig. 0. N. duplicate, , Say. The shell of Neverita is usually larger sized, sombre colored, and not so solid as that of Natica. The group inhabits mostly temperate waters. Section NEVERITA (typical). Umbilicus partly filled by a tongue-shaped callous process of the columella. Section LUNATIA, Gray, 1847. Shell subglobose, large, umbilicus open, without funiculum. Almost insensibljr connects with Neverita. Operculum, PI. 1, fig. 14. N. heroSj Say. Section PAYREAUDAUTIA, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, 1883. Umbilicus furnished with two funicular plications; shell small, variegated. N. intricata, Donovan. Appears to connect with the typical group which it resembles in coloration, but distinguished by its umbilicus and operculum. Section MAMMA, Klein, 17f>3. Shell oval or suboval, solid, smooth, usually unicolored, white or yellowish ; aperture semilunar, inner lip oblique, callous, the callus extending into and more or less complete!}' filling the umbilicus. N. uber, Yal. Polinices, Montf., 1810, Mamillaria, Swains.. 1840, Nali<-uui, Guildintr, 1884, and Naticella, Guilding, 1840, arc- synonyms. Section CEP ATI A, Gray, 1840. Shell rotelliform ; umbilicus closed by a large callosity, a pliciform lamella on the upper part of the columelhir lip. Fossil only. N. cepacea, Lam. Eocene. NATICIDvE. Y Velainia, Munier-Chalmas, 1884, is a synonym. Section MAMILLA, Schum., 1817. Shell oval conic, rather thin, the whorls oblique, rapidly enlarging ; white or fasciated with brown ; mouth oblong, inner lip narrow, reflected, usually brown or blackish; umbilicus not funiculated. A7, maura, Lam. The synonyms are Naticaria, Swainson, 1840, and Btima (Chemn.), H. and A. Adams, 1853. Subgenus AMPULLINA, Lam. jfate Def ranee, 1821. Umbilicus without funiculum, sometimes open, sometimes closed by a callosity ; columellar margin usually convex, the umbilical region limited by a spiral ridge. Globularia, Swainson, is a synonym. Only one living species belongs in this group ; the rest are tertiary fossils. Section AMPULLINA (sensu stricto). Spire short, aperture large. N. sigaretina, Lam. Eocene, Paris (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 66). Ampullinopsis, Conrad, may perhaps be placed here. Globu- laria, Swains., is also a synonym. Section AMAURELLINA, Bayle, 1885. Spire scalariform, elongated, sharp ; umbilicus with u narrow false funiculum. N. spirata, Lam. Section MEGATYLOTUS, Fischer, 1885. Callosity of the umbilical region very large, limited by a semicircular groove, distant from the columella. N. rrassatina, Lam. Lower Miocene. Section CERNINA, Gray, 1840. Subglobose, polished, bright colored ; -aperture large; umbili- cal region entirely covered by a convex callosity, not limited by a groove ; columellar margin convex. N. fluctuata, Sowb., the sole living species of this subgenus. Anomphala, Jonas, is a synonym. Subgenus EUSPIRA, Agassiz, 1837. Spire more or less elevated, suture canaliculated ; whorls few, angulated or carinated ; umbilical fissure little marked or hidden. N. canaliculate,, Morris and Lye., Oolite, England. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 84). 8 NATICIDuE. Subgenus A MAURA, Moller, 1842. Shell oval, smooth, thin, imperforate, covered by an epidermis ; aperture oblong, columella short, simple. Animal with small, compact foot, the right lobe profoundly sinuated ; eyes subcutaneous, but visible. A boreal group, commencing with Jurassic fossils, and con- taining a few living species. N. Candida, Moller. Section ACRYBTA, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Shell globular, spire very short; columellar margin incurved, columella twisted ; lip fragile. N.flava, Gould. Bulbus, Brown, 1839, is a synonym. Section AMAUROPSIS, Morch, 1851. Suture canaliculated. N. canaliculata, Gould. Section PSEUDAMAURA, Fischer, 1885. Shell more solid, longitudinally ribbed. N. bulbiformis, Sowb., fossil. Section PTYCHOSTOMA, Laube, 1866. Shell imperforate, oval ; spire large, elevated, sharp ; aperture oval, angular posteriorly ; columella straight ; the margin arcu- ated ; lip sinuated near the suture ; growth lines sinuous. N. Pleurotomoides, Wissman. Triassic. ? Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. Shell small, imperforate, white, shining, apex submamillary, aperture acuminately ovate ; lip arcuate, simple, a little thickened. It is very doubtful where in the system these little shells should be placed. The tjrpe species was originally described as a Macrocheilus, but it was subsequently said to have greater affinities with Amaura. Subgenus NATICOPSIS, M'Coy. Shell imperforate ; inner lip very thick, spreading. Operculum shelly. N. Phillipsii, M'Coy. Carboniferous, Gt. Brit. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 67). Neritomopsis, Waagen, 1880, is a synonym. Section ISONEMA, Meek. /. humilis, Meek. Devonian, Ohio (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 71). Section TRACIIYDOMIA, Moek and Worthen, 1866. Surface covered by small regularly disposed tubercles. N. nodosa, M. and W. Carboniferous, Illinois. NATICIDvE. 9 Subgenus GYRODES, Conrad, 1860. Shell depressed globose ; aperture generally angular or nar- rowly rounded below ; inner lip thin ; umbilicus wide, deep, without callosity, bounded by a revolving carina which is some- times crenate, with occasionally a second small revolving ridge within ; whorls shouldered above, the angle generally wrinkled or crenate. Cretaceous, United States, India. N. alveata, Conr. (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 70). Subgenus TYCHONIA, de Koninck, 1881. Shell somewhat depressed, globose, smooth; spire short, obtuse, suture linear ; last whorl very large, depressed at the base ; aperture semilunar ; lip thin ; columella thickened by a callosity which is limited by a shallow oblique groove ; no umbilicus. N. Omaliana, de Koninck. Carboniferous, Belgium. ? Subgenus PLATYOSTOMA, Conrad. Shell subglobose ; spire short ; aperture very large, suborbicu- lar, dilated ; labrum joining the body-whorl at right-angles to the axis of the shell. P. Niagarensis, Hall. Niagara group, New York (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 14). Section STROPHOSTYLUS, Hall. Shell subglobose, spire small, body-whorl large, ventricose ; outer lip thin, sometimes slightly expanded ; columella twisted or spirally grooved within, not reflected ; umbilicus none. P. subobtusa, Hall. Lower Helderberg, N. York (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 75). Differs in its twisted or grooved columella. Section ORIOSTOMA, Munier-Chalmas, 1876. Umbilicus moderate, circumscribed by a carina ; whorls some- times partially free. P. Barrandei, Mun.-Chalm. Devonian. The relations of this group with Natica are somewhat obscure, as are also those of the typical form with those designated here as sections. As in many other cases with the older fossil forms we can only be guided by rather remote general resemblances. Tylostoma, Sharpe, is considered a member of the group by 10 NATICJD.E. some conchologists ; I have placed it in Tornatellidiu (See Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, 357). Genus RUMELLA, Bourguignat, 1885. Shell small, obliquely oval, polished, spire short, of few whorls ; last whorl with a large umbilical depression, limited by a basal angle, and covered by a strong rounded callus ; lip simple. Opcr- culum unknown. Lake Tanganika, Central Africa. The species are said to resemble the group Mamilla in minia- ture; their position cannot be positively ascertained until we become acquainted with the animal and operculum. Genus SIGARETUS, Lamarck, 1799. Shell depressed ear-shaped, with minute spire and very large aperture, externally with revolving striae; color usually white, sometimes invested with a thin corneous epidermis. Operculum minute, horny, paucispiral (PI. 1, fig. 15). Animal with large mantle partly or entirely covering the shell — into which it is not able to withdraw entirely. Dentition. Central tooth of the radula shorter than the lateral cusps (PI. 1, «;-'• ")• Sigaretus inhabits warm seas, on muddy sand-flats ; it is slug- gish and very timid, moving slowly; when crawling they con- stantly explore the surrounding surface with the produced fore- lobe of the foot, which is also used in burrowing. Living species are rather numerous; fossil, it commences in the Cretaceous. Catinu* (Klein, 1753), H. and A. Adams; Lnpia, Conrad ; Stomatia, Hill ; Cryptostoma, Blainv., 1818, and Raynevallia, Ponzi, are synonyms. Section SIGARETUS (.se/zsw. stricto). Shell depressed orbicular, convex above, mouth rounded ; umbilicus none or covered by a reflection of the inner lip ; spire short, oblique. Section EUNATICINA, Fischer. 1885. Shell umbilicated, oval oblong, thin, ventricose ; spire sharp; inner lip straight, thin anteriorly, with a median callus. N. papilla, Gmel. It is Naticina, Gray, 1840 (not Guilding, 1834). Lacunaria, NATICID^E. 11 Conrad, was referred here by me in Structural and Syst. Conch. ; its species having been described as Naticse ; it is now placed in Lacunidae. Section AMPLOSTOMA, Stoliczka, 1868. Subovate, thin, spire short ; whorls few, the last large, ventri- cose, produced in front, widely excavated at base ; aperture elongately ovate, subangulated, pillar lip smooth, outer lip dilated and expanded at the margin ; surface nearly smooth. S. auriformis, Stol., Cretaceous, So. India (S. , figs. 3, 4, considerably enlarged. Whorls faintly plicately striated at the suture, columella NATICA. 25 covered by a broad callosity ; whitish, with two broad chocolate bands and a row of spots between them. Australia. N. DILLWYNI, Payr. PL 6, figs. 5, 8 ; PI. 5, fig. 78. Yellowish or fawn-white, with white bands bearing obscure arrow-head markings of light chestnut ; umbilical region whitish, partly filled by a callus. Mediterranean Sea. The original figure (fig. 8) represents an obscurely colored state of this species. N. avellana, Phil. (fig. 78) is a nut-brown variety, the bands obsolete. The late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys considered N. proximo, C. B. Ad., a synonym. N. AREOLATA, Recluz. PI. 6, fig. 23- Shell rather thin, polished ; yellowish brown, with lighter zigzag markings ; umbilicus with a large white entering callus. Length, 15 mill. Australia, Philippines, Moluccas, Viti Is. X. ABBREVIATA, Sowb. PL 6, figS. 6, 7. Livid, bifasciately maculated, white-banded and slightly wrinkled at the suture ; umbilicus closed by the callus ; aperture chestnut within. Length, 12 mill. ? Mediterranean Sea. Possibly a form of one of the well-known European species ; only known to me by Sowerby's figures. N. MARMORATA, H. Adams. PL 6, fig. 9. Whitish, marbled with chestnut and somewhat flammulate at the suture, a lighter marbled band on the periphery ; umbilicus partly reduced by the superior callus; columellar callus and interior tinged with chestnut. Length, 16 mill. Canary Islands, Mediterranean. It is N. Pretoi, Hidalgo. N. VITTATA, Gmelin. PL 6, figs. 10-12. Yellowish brown, vittate with chestnut, or laciniated ; umbili- cus with a central entering ridge. Length, 20 mill. Morocco, Algiers, So. Coast of Spain. N. textilis, Reeve (iig. 12), and N. intricatoides, Hidalgo, are synonyms. 2b NATICA. N. FORATA, Reeve. PI. 6, fig. 22. Shell depressed globose, resembling a Turbo ; umbilicus large, with flattened walls forming an angle with the base of the shell, and with a central thread-like entering-ridge ; aperture semicir- cular, the inner lip straight and mostly detached, bounding the umbilicus ; yellowish white, reticulated and spotted in revolving series with orange-brown. Length, 15 mill. Cape of Good Hope. X. LIMPID A, E. A. Smith. PL 6, fig. 24. Rather thin, semitransparent, whitish, glossy, opaque white at the suture ; umbilicus rather narrow, without any internal ridge. Length, 8 mill. Torres Straits, Australia. No operculum obtained. Is probably a young shell, and cer- tainly possesses no characters to entitle it to description as a new species. N. ANTONI, Phil. PI. 6, fig. 25. Smooth, plicatulate at the suture ; olivaceous brown, with two spiral series of brown dots, whitish towards the base ; umbilicus entirely filled with callus. Length, 14 mill. Loo Choo Islands (Phil.); Mouth of Macusi Riv., E.Africa (Smith). Mr. Smith remarks that a young specimen had a pale band between the two series of dots — which become obsolete in the adult. X. COLLIEI, Rccluz. PL 7, figs. 34, 30-33. Obsoletely plicate at the suture ; yellowish, with oblique, squarish chestnut markings in four spiral series, the two middle series sometimes confluent ; umbilicus with a central rounded entering callus. Length, 19 mill. Australia, Japan. N. concinna, Bunker (figs. 30, 31) and N. bicincta, Schrenck (figs. 32, 33) are only color-varieties of this species. X. BUBROMACULATA, Smith. PL 7, fig. 35. With a band of chestnut-colored maculations above, and another near the base, the spots connected by longitudinal flexuous lines ; margin of aperture maculate within ; umbilicus narrow, with entering callus. Length, 17 mill. Whydali, W. Africa. NATICA. 27 N. VARIABILIS, Recluz. PI. 7, fig. 57. Smooth, shining, rather solid ; yellowish white, covered with a fine network of chestnut color, with a row of maculations near the base, and an opaque white band overlaid with the reticula- tions at the suture ; colurnellar callus tinged with deep chestnut, and nearly filling the umbilicus. Length, 22 mill. Hob. unknown (Reeve); W. Africa (Marrat). Seems to be nearly related to N. imperforata, Gray. N. PAVIMENTUM, Recluz. PL 7, figs. 38, 39. Yellowish white, with orange-brown flexuous markings or spots, interrupted on the periphery by a broad light-bluish band, on the middle of which is a spiral series of orange-brown squarish spots ; columella filled with callus. Length, 10 mill. Philippines, Amboina. N. Cailliaudi, Recluz (fig. 39) is a mere variety of this species. N. PYGM^A, Phil. PI. 7, fig. 40. Whitish, covered by small chestnut-colored pun (station 3, with three obscure bands ; umbilicus narrow, open. Length, 10 mill. Gape of Good Hope. X. DILECTA, Gould. PL 7, fig. 41. Covered with a russet-colored epidermis, under which the shell is ivory-white, reticulated with a very minute network of rusty brown or fawn-color, leaving occasional white patches, and with a series of chestnut-colored blotches, revolving on all the whorls, near the suture; callus tinged with chestnut-brown, nearly filling the umbilicus. Length, 16 mill. ? Mouth of the Eio Negro, Patagonia. N. ADAMSIANA, D linker. PL 8, fig. 46. Olivaceous brown, with two lighter bands covered with longi- tudinal flexuous chestnut markings; umbilicus with central entering callus ; suture slightly plicate ; interior of aperture chestnut colored with two pale bands. Length, 23 mill. Japan. N. MOQUINIANA, Recluz. PL 8, figs. 47, 48. Rather thin ; yellowish brown, with three series of chestnut maculations, running together in adult specimens, with connect' 28 NATICA. ing longitudinal stripes ; callus slight, partly covering the umbil- icus from above. Length, 16 mill. Hob. unknown. M, Recluz is of opinion that the operculum will prove to be corneous. N. LIMBATA, d'Orb. PL 8, fig. 50. Thin, smooth, reddish or light purplish, white around the base, and white lined at the suture; umbilicus narrow. Length, 16 mill. Bay of San Bias and Mouth of Rio Neyro, Patagonia. I am not acquainted with either this or the following species. N. ISABELLEANA, d'Orb. PL 8, fig. 51. Reddish brown, smooth, thin ; umbilicus narrow. Length, 13 mill. Maldonado, Uruguay. Philippi remarks that the specimen figured and described by d'Orbigny is probably worn and has lost some of its markings, as he had seen a Brazilian shell, with four bands, and longitu- dinal flames which might well be referred to this species. N. COLLARIA, Lam. PL 8, figs. 54, 52, 53, 49. Whitish, with irregular, interrupted chestnut streaks, not extending to the base, slightly flattened at the suture, and milk- white, bearing fewer, larger sagittate chestnut markings ; umbili- cus with somewhat inferior entering callus ; interior tinged with chestnut. Length, 1-1 '25 inches. W. Afri< -a. N. labrella, Lam.; N. Gambix, Recluz (fig. 53), an old thick- ened example ; and N. obstructa, Menke (fig. 49 bis) a faded specimen, are synonyms. One of the figures of labrella given by Philippi in Kiister (fig. 52) also represents an individual denuded of color markings. N. KLEN.E, Recluz. PL 8, figs. 55, 56. Depressed, inflated, spire small, suture well impressed, closely plicately ridged above and below between the growth grooves, the middle of the body-whorl with incised growth lines only ; umbilicus very large, with an inferior entering callus ; whitish, NATICA. 29 densely lineated with chestnut, the markings dislocated in three spiral series. Length, 1-1 '5 inches. Panama. Closely allied to the next species in general pattern of coloring only. N. Haneti, Recluz (fig. 56), and N. excavata, Carp., are synonyms. N. LINEATA, Lam. PI. 8, fig. 57. Shell smooth, rather largely umbilicated, with inferior entering callus; white, flexuously lineated with chestnut, except at the base. Length, 1-2 inches. Singapore, Philippines. N. BURTASENSTS, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 58. Whorls somewhat slanting above, .convex below, smooth, polished ; bluish white ; with longitudinal flexuous chestnut iineations ; deeply umbilicated ; columella with a broadly re- flected deep red columellar callosity. Length, 13 mill. Isle of BuriaS) Philippines. N. tiRACiLis, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 59. Whorls more convex and spire more produced than in pre- ceding species ; whitish, with crowded oblique longitudinal Iinea- tions ; umbilicus reniform, with a median entering callus. Length, 10 mill. Philippines. N. VITELLUS, Linn. PI. 8, fig. 60. Whorls slightly plicate at the suture ; orange-brown, obscurely lighter banded, with an upper and a lower series of large white or yellowish spots ; umbilicus deep, partly circumscribed by a superior callus. Length, 1'25-1'75 inches. Philippines, Singapore. N. ZONALIS, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 61. Shell covered by a very thin brownish epidermis, beneath which it is whitish, with two bands of longitudinal, sometimes confluent chestnut lines ; umbilicus with inferior entering callus. Length, 17 mill. Viti Islands. N. RUFA, Born. PL 9, figs. 62, 63. Excavately umbilicated, with central entering callus, and overhanging superior callus ; upper and middle portion of 30 NATICA. whorls chestnut-color, with a narrow white sutural band, a white peripheral band, and the lower part of the body-whorl also white. Length, 1'5 inches. Hong Kong, Singapore, Mauritius. It is N.fasciata, Martyn, N. leucozonias, Gmel. Var. SPADICEA, Gmelin. Fig. 63. The coloring lighter and more diffused, often varying in intensity in obsolete bands and spiral lines, the sutural white band wider. Var. FORSKALI, Chernn. On p. 20 I have treated this as a distinct species ; it has been regarded by some conchologists as a variety of N. rufa in which the coloring is interrupted by the growth-lines causing it to form longitudinal oblique stripes instead of being diffused over the entire surface. It is very possible that it has been correctly placed here. N. HELVACEA, Lam. PL 9, fig. 64. Whorls somewhat slanting above, then more convex ; umbili- cus deep, contracted above by the callus ; a diffused white baud at the suture, then a broad diluted chestnut baud extending to below the periphery, base white ; on the chestnut space, at the periphery is a narrow white band, above it generally another, obsolete. Length, 1-5 inches. Singapore. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species, which it decidedly resembles in coloration, differing mainly in the sloping conical form, and narrower umbilicus with the entering callus barely indicated. It is usually called N. globosa, Chemn., but this is only a portion of the descriptive phrase used by that author to designate the species. It is N. spadicea, var. ft, of Dillw., and N. pallens, Phil. N. CLAUSA, Brod. and Sowb. PL 9, figs. 05, 67-69, 73. Shell globose, whitish or yellowish white, spire often tinged livid, umbilicus entirely covered and closed by a callus. Length, 1*25-2 inches. Arctic Seas — circumboreal, N. Japan, Alaska, Melville IsL, Greenland to Massachusetts, Arctic Europe, Off Coast of Portugal (nearly 1000 fms.). NATICA. 31 The late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys identified this with N. affinis, Grael. Mr. Yerrill in reviewing Dr. Jeffrey's paper (Am. Jour. Sci., 3 ser., v, 472), dissents from this consolidation, because Nerita affinis, Gmel., is described as having a nacreous interior, as inhabiting New Zealand, and is placed in the umbilicated section of the genus. An inspection of the S}*st. Nat. of Qmelin shows that in the last particular only is Verrill correct, no silvery interior is mentioned, the habitat is said to be northern seas and a reference is made to the Zool. Danica, prodr. of Miiller. Still, the uncertainty of an unfigured species, insuf- ficiently described, and the fact that it is, whether correctly or not, placed among umbilicated species, forbid the use of the name affinis for the species. The synonyms are N. consolidates, Couth, (fig. 67), a southern and smaller form, occurring as far southward as Massachusetts ; N. septentrionalis. Beck (fig. 69), Greenland; probably N. ?*ussa, Gould, Arctic Ocean ; N. operculata, Jeffreys (fig. 73), Japan. N. occlusa, S. Wood, a Crag fossil of England, has been referred to this species ; I think it distinct, as the spire is much more elevated and the whorls more convex. Yar. VITTATA, Jeffreys. Spire more elevated, body -whorl with two purplish bands, one of them showing on the penultimate whorl. Greenland. This will perhaps prove distinct ; I should think it, from the description, more nearly allied to the fossil N. occlusa. Yar. IANTHOSTOMA, Desh. Fig. 68; PI. 19, fig. 89. Yellowish brown, irregularly white zoned, apex blackish ; interior purplish. Length, 2 inches. Kamtscliatka, Northern Japan. N. IMPEBVIA, Phil. PI. 9, fig. 6G. Oval, with spire very short, rather solid, white, umbilicus completely filled with callus. Length, 10 mill. Straits of Magellan. N. PUSILLA, Say. PI. 21, fig. 6. Cinereous, or yellowish white, with sometimes one or two obsolete bands; columella callous nearly closing the umbilicus, 32 NATICA. and only leaving an arcuated linear opening; operculum cal- careous. Length, 6 mill. Southern Coast of the United States; Buzzards Bay, 3 to 8 fms. (Stimpson). This is not N. pUsilla of Reeve's " Iconica." Section STIGMAULAX, Morch, 1852. N. SULCATA, Born. PI. 9, fig. To. Largely umbilicated, partly filled by an inferior entering callus ; cancellated by revolving and longitudinal close grooves, often pitted at their crossings ; white, sometimes banded and mottled with fulvous orange. Length, 20 mill. West Indies. The revolving grooves are sometimes very faint, in other specimens as strong as the longitudinal ones. Other names for the species are N. cancellata, Gmelin, N. rugosa, Chemn., N. costata, Menke. N. SEMISULCATA, Gray. PI. 9, fig. T4. Deepl3' and rather widely umbilicated, umbilicus bounded by an angle, suture excavated, whorls slantingly flattened above; polished white, encircled superiorly by five or six linear grooves. Length, 14 mill. West Indies. Is possibly a Mamma. I do not know the operculum. Subgenus NEVERITA, Risso, 1826. Section NEVERITA (typical). X. AMPLA, Phil. PI. 10, figs. 81-83, 85, 86 ; PI. 11, figs. 91-03 ; PI. 12, fig. 6. Depressed globose, indistinctly spirally engraved, a little depressed below the suture ; umbilicus very wide, spirally striate, and usually two- or three-ridged, umbilical callus transversely deeply grooved in the middle, reflected over the upper portion of the umbilicus, rather small ; color light flesh or yellowish brown, earlier whorls often livid, interior and callus light choco- late. Length, 2-2*5 inches. Indian Ocean, China, Japan, Australia, Mauritius. The numerous species here united have received from Sowerby NATICA. 33 and others the name of N. didyma, Bolten (fig. 81), an author scarcely quotable ; N. vesicalis, Phil. (fig. 92), has also been used in this connection ; but N. ampla has priority of position, although published at the same time as N. vesicalis. Other synonyms are : N. robusta, Dkr., N. Lamarckiana (fig. 86), N. Ghemnitzii (fig. 82), N. Petiveriana (fig. 91), and N. intermedia of Recluz ; N. problematic*, Reeve (fig. 93) ; N. papyracea, Busch (fig. 85) ; N. bicolor, Schrenck, not Phil. ; N. incisa, Dkr., and perhaps N. glaucina, Lam., not Linn. N. BICOLOR, Phil. PL 11, fig. 94. Depressed orbicular, smooth, yellowish brown ITf^e, whitish beneath ; umbilicus spirally striate, and few ridged, callus small, bipartite, chocolate-color ; aperture dark chocolate above, whitish inferiorly. Length, 28 mill. Chinese Sea, Japan. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. N. INCEI, Phil. PI. 10, figs. 87-90 ; PI. 11, fig. 95. Yellowish-, brownish-, or livid-white, chocolate, etc. ; depressed orbicular ; umbilicus entirely filled with a button-like callus, the rounded margin of which is sometimes deeply grooved ; aperture white, or tinged with chocolate. Length, 1-1'25 inches. Southern Coast of Australia. The synonyms are N. Baconi (fig. 95), and N. fibula (fig. 89) of Reeve, and N. clavatd, Sowb. (fig. 90). N. JOSEPHINE, Risso. PI. 10, fig. 84; PI. 11, fig. 96. Depressed globose, widely umbilicated, but the umbilicus mostly filled by the flattened callus ; glaucous or yellowish brown above, usually lighter or whitish beneath, aperture chocolate- colored, white inferiorly. Length, 1 inch. Southern Europe. It is N. glaucina of Reeve and other authors (fig. 96), not of Linnseus or Lamarck ; N. olla, Desh. ; N. Philippiana, Recluz (fig. 84) ; N. albumen, Scacchi, etc. N. DUPLICATA, Say. PL 12, figs. 3-5 ; PL 13, fig. 10. More or less conically globose, obsoletely spirally engraved, and obliquely longitudinally striated, often with a slightly 8 34 NATICA. depressed area beneath the suture ; umbilicus wide, spirally striate, nearly filled by a wide, somewhat overhanging callus, whicli is often rugose or obsoletely pitted ; gray, yellowish brown, livid, etc., callus and interior of aperture chocolate. Length, 3 inches. New England to Florida, Gulf Shores of the United States, etc. The species figured by Reeve under this name is Lunatia Jieros, Say ; Sowerby has also confounded the two species. N. Delessertiana, llecluz, combines the t3'pical form with that described by Gould as N.fossata (fig. 4). The latter is scarcely entitled to even varietal rank ; it is distinguished by the umbili- cus being more decidedly striate and bounded by an acute ridge, but these features common, perhaps predominant in Florida specimens, seem to shade away with the more northern distribu- tion. N. Campeachiensis, llecluz (fig. 10), and N. Texasiana, Phil. (fig. 5), are synonyms. The bowl-shaped sandy nidimental ribbon is a common and very curious sea-shore object ; it is very different in form and structure from the capsules of other gastro- pod genera. NT. RECLUZIANA, Desh. PI. 12, fig. 1. Shell solid, conically globose, coluinella strongly callous from the superior function of the outer lip, nearly filling the umbilicus ; fawn-color, or yellowish brown, lighter or whitish below, interior chocolate, callus usually white. Length, 3 inches. California, N. W. Coast of Mexico. The figure is more than usually conical, the general form being somewhat more conical than in N. duplicata. N. GLAUCA, Humboldt. PL 11, figs. 97, 98. Shell very much depressed, rugosely striate, concavely exca- vated beneath, the umbilicus partly overhung by a thin, tongue- like callus; whitish, or yellowish, broadly chestnut banded above, callus and interior chestnut-color. L. 1-25, diam. 2-25 inches. Acapulco to Panama. It is AT. J{oii])1y its umbilicus, and probably a form of that species. N. Vavaosi, Le Guillou (fig. 44), and N. galactites, Phil. (fig. 53), are synonyms. N. (1LABELLA, Reeve. PI. 21, figS. 10, 11. Narrowly deeply nmbilicated, subfusiformly oblong, rather solid ; columella with a broadly reflected callosity above ; trans- parent white, flesh-tinged, callosity flesh-colored. Length, 13 mill. Hob. unknown. Reeve figures this as a reversed species, but does not so describe it ; Sowerby's figure is dextral. Section MAMILLA, Schum., 1817. N. MELANOSTOMA, Gmel. PI. 21, figs. 13-18 ; PI. 22, fig. 21. Smooth, polished, with obsolete engraved spiral lines; flesh- white, obscurely banded with light flesh-brown, columella and umbilicus chocolate-colored. Length, l'5-2 inches. East Indies, Philippines, Western Polynesia, Mauritius, Madagascar. The above diagnosis will define the species in a restricted sense ; the variations of form and coloring are numerous, and it would be easy to include most of the other species as varieties at the most. N. opaca, Recluz is a synonym. Var. ZANZEBARICA, Recluz. Fig. 15. Shell a little more quadrangular in shape than the type, the stria? more strongly impressed, the brown bands broken up into series of irregular longitudinal markings. Var. MELANOSTOMOIDES, Quoy. Figs. 16, 21. Founded on thin, young specimens, with the bands broken up into chestnut spots, frequently becoming obsolete. Washed-out specimens of this form are N. Sebae, Souleyet (fig. 16). Very probably the unfigured N. bicincta, Recluz, is also an example of this variety. NATICA. 51 Yar. FIBROSA, Soulcyct. Fig. IT. The spiral bands distinct. Var. SUCCINEOIDES, Reeve. Fig. 18. Shell white, without markings, columella and umbilicus chocolate-colored. N. SIMI^, Desh. PL 21, figs. 19, 20. Flesh-white, marbled with fawn-colored or light olivaceous rather obscure markings, with three or four revolving series of short irregular chestnut streaks and spots ; umbilicus and colu- mella chocolate-colored.. Length, 1-2 inches. Philippines, New Zealand, Viti Islands. Embraces N. simioides, Recluz, of Reeve, and probably N. Samarensis, Recluz — both of them unfigured. N. Bernardii, Recluz (fig. 20), appears to be a slight color- variety. Its habitat is " ? Gulf of Mexico," doubtless an error. N. FILOSA, Sowb. PI. 22, fig. 22. Shell decussated by rather rugose growth-lines, and very close fine waved revolving striae ; whitish, obscurely wide-banded with faded chestnut, columella and umbilicus chocolate-colored. Length, 1-5 inches. Australia. Very like N. melanoxtoma in form and coloring, but has not the polished surface of the latter species, and is immediately recognized by the very close thread-like revolving striae. N. PRIAMUS, Recluz. PI. 22, fig. 23. Thin, inflated, polished, pale chestnut- or fawn-color, with two spiral series of small chestnut spots ; callus thin, but filling the umbilicus, chocolate-colored. Length, 1-5 inches. Moluccas. N. MAURA, Brug. PI. 22, fig. 24. Polished, chestnut- to chocolate-colored, obliquely strigate with darker color ; columella and umbilicus chocolate-colored ; aper- ture brownish white. Length, 1-5-2 inches. Philippines. E. MACROSTOMA, Phil. PI. 22, fig. 25. Globosely swollen, polished ; white, here and there strigate with chestnut, and with two bands of chestnut spots and streaks. Length, I '5 inches, Habitat unknown. 52 NATICA. N. UMBILICATA, Quoy. PI. 22, fig. 26. Shell thin, inflated, largely, obliquely, excavately umbilicated, obscurely decussately striated ; subtransparent white with zigzag longitudinal light chestnut markings, often interrupted to make spiral series. Length, 'T5 inch. So. Australia. N. globosa, Tenison-Woods is a synonym. N. MACROTREMA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 22, fig. 27. Smooth, thin, very largety excavately umbilicated ; greenish white. Length, 1 inch. Borneo. Perhaps a faded condition of the preceding species. Subgenus AMPULLINA, Lam., Defrance, 1821. N. FLUCTUATA, Sowb. PI. 22, fig. 28. Obliquely globose, rather thin, polished ; light fawn-color, obscurely darker banded, overlaid with zigzag white streaks ; columella white, densely callous, bordered with chestnut, com- pletely overlaying the umbilicus; interior whitish., interruptedly banded with light chestnut. Length, 2-2'5 inches. Philippines. It is N. imperforata, Jay. Subgenus AMAURA, Moller, 1842. N. CANDIDA, Moller. PL 22, fig. 29. Thin, imperforate, bulimiform, with considerably elevated spire ; white, under a thin epidermis. Length, 12 mill. Greenland. Section ACRYBIA, H. & A. Adams, 1853. N. FLAVA, Gould. PL 22, fig. 30. Shell thin, subglobose ; aperture large, columella sinuous, a little dilated above, umbilicus none ; white, under a thin straw- colored epidermis. Length, 1 inch. Maine, Newfoundland, northwards ; Finmark, Nova Zembla, N, aperta, Lovcn, and N. Smithii, Brown, are identical. NATICA. 53 Section AMAUROPSTS, Morch, 185?. N. HELICOIDES, Johnson. PL 22, fig. 31. Thin, with channeled suture ; umbilicus a narrow line ; chalky white, covered with a light yellowish brown epidermis. Length, 1-1-5 inches. Newfoundland, Arctic Ocean, Norway, Siberia. It is N. canaliculata, Gould, N. fragilis, Leach, N. cornea, Moller, and perhaps N. Islandica, Gmelin. N. PURPUREA, Dall. PI. 22, fig. 32. Suture channeled, umbilicus a mere chink or closed, inner lip with a thin callus ; whorls 4, inflated, with fine revolving grooves ; purplish brown, under a yellowish epidermis. Length, 1 inch. Alaska. Differs from the preceding species in sculpture and color, and is usually more globose. N. GLOBULUS, Angas. PL 22, fig. 33. Hi mate, rather thin, shining; orange horn-color, much paler on the last whorl towards the aperture ; two narrow concentric raised keels on the subapical whorl ; nearly smooth, a few microscopical spiral strire here and there crossing the growth- lines ; columella slightly thickened and expanded over the um- bilicus. Length, 5 mill. Holdfast Bay, So. Australia. The pertinence of this species to Amauropsis is very ques- tionable. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Ad., 1867. The species, three in number, are unfigured : N. Japonica, N. glabrata and N. semistriata , A. Ad. Japan. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. N. RUSSA (Arctic Ocean) and N. SEVERA (Japan), of Gould. N. PIIILIPPINENSIS (Philippines), N. ATRYPA ( W. of Gape York, S.W. of Papua), N. PSEUSTES (Fiji Islands), N. SUTURALIS (Kerguelen IsL), X. RAP i AT A (Bermuda), N. AMPHIALA (E. N. E.from N. Zealand), N. LEPTALEA ( West Indies). N. XANTIIA 54 BUMELLA. (near Kerguelen 7s/.), N. PRASINA (Kerguelen IsL), X. FAR- TILIS (Kerguelen IsL), X. APORA (Off Arru Islands'), X. AM- PHIALA (= N. VITREA, Hiitton, N. Zealand), all of Watson. N. AUSTRALIS and N. VITREA, Hutton. New Zealand. N. PARVULA, Tapparone-Canefri. Papua. X. XUCAHIVENSIS, Jardin. Marquesas. X. UIUSEA, N. SCULPT A and N. PERSCALPTA, Martens. Kerguelen^s Isl. X. MALABARTCA (Malabar), X. TOURNEFORTI (Seychelles), X. PUNCTJCULATA and N. ALEXANDRIA (Hab. ?), of Recluz, X. UNDATA and X. PUTAMEN, Mcuschen (Adams' Genera). X. ALBA, Potiez et Mich. Nab.? X. STRIATA, Anton. Hab. ? X. FRINGILLA, Dall. }\'esl Indies. X. APERTA, Sovvb. Hab. ? N. PARVULA (Borneo), and X. SANDALINA (Sanfialwood Bay), of Le Gnillou. N. AFFINIS, Gmelin. Northern Seas. N. QUADRIFASCIATA, Gray. //«/>. ? N. RHODOCHEILA (^iew Caledonia), and X. MORCHI (Australia) of Ads. and Reeve. N. OBTURATA, Phil. Magellan's Strait. X. SEM1PELLUCIDA, X. FABA, X. CAFFRA, X". OBLIQUATA, MaiTilt,. W. Coast of Afrir.a. N. SERTATA and X. SAGITTATA, Menke. Australia: X. NANA, X.GLOBOSA, X. TASMANiCA, Tcnisoii-Woods. Tasmania. X. BEDDOMEI, Johnston (X. POLITA, Tenison-Woods in part). Tasmania. X. suucosTATA, Tenison-Woods. Australia. Genus RUM ELL A, Bourguignat, 1885. According to Bourguigiuit, the Naticidir arc added to the remarkable assemblage of marine forms inhabiting Lake Tanga- nika in Central Africa. X^o figures of the shells have been published, nor are the animal and operculum known. Two species have been described — R. GIRAUDI and R. MiLtfE-EDWARDSlANA. Bourg. L. Tanganika. SIGARETUS. 55 Genus SIGARETUS, Lam., 1799. Typical Species. S. CONCAVUS, Lamarck. PI. 23, figs. 36, 37 ; PL 22, fig. 34. Fawn-colored, with thin white columellar callus reflected over the umbilicus ; interior chestnut-brown. Diam. 1-5-2 inches. Peru, Chili. San Pedro, California. I have before me a specimen collected living at the latter locality by Mrs. A. E. Bush. The synonyms are S. maximus, Phil. ; S. cymba, Menke ; S. Grayi, Desh ; S. neritoides, Recluz, non Linn. ; ? S. latifasciatus, Reeve, not Ads. and Reeve ; S. haliotoideus, Reeve, not Linn (figf. 34). According to Dunker, this species occurs also on the West Coast of Africa. S. NERITOIDEUS, Linn. PL 22, figs. 35, 38-40. Less globose than the preceding species, and showing less of the body-whorl below. Diam. 1-25-1-75 inches. East Indies. S. latifasciatus, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 38) ; S. Javanicus, Gray (fig. 39) ; S. insculptus, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 40), and S. Leachii, Phil., are synonyms. S. JAPONICUS, Lischke. PL 23, figs. 44-46. Convex, spire somewhat prominent, solid, with slight spiral striae, scarcely undulated, the interstices alternating broader and narrower, whitish. Diam. 21 mill. Japan. Differs a little in form from the preceding species, of which it may be only a variety, or even a synonym. S. L^EVIGATUS, Lam. PL 24, figs. 47-51. Convex, thin, translucent white, sometimes obsoletely fasciate with chestnut, very finely undulately striate, almost smooth. Diam. 1-5 inches. Indian Ocean, Java, Australia. The synonyms are S. Australis, Hanley (fig. 50), S. zonalis, Quoy (fig. 57). S. CUVIERIANUS, Recluz. PL 24, figs. 55, 56. Depressed ovate, spire small, rather prominent, spirally corded throughout ; white, spire flesh-colored. Diam. 28 mill. Philippines. 56 SIGARETUS. S. EXIMIUS, Reeve. PI. 24, figs. 52-54. Convex, thin, oblique, opaque white, whorls densely spirally corded. Diam. 15-20 mill. Malacca, Australia. S. argenteus, Reeve (fig. 54), from Australia, appears to be identical. S. MARTINIANUS, Phil. PL 23, figs. 41-43. Convexly curved, rather solid, whorls slightly concavely impressed round the suture, spirally wave-striated, growth-lines somewhat rugose ; chestnut-brown, varying in intensity and some- times obsoletely banded, under a thin yellowish brown epidermis? becoming whitish on the base, interior chestnut-tinted. Diam. 1*5 inches. West Indies. This is S. zonatus, d'Orb., #. maculatus, S. Petiti, S. Listeri, and very probably S. unifasciatus (fig. 43), of Recltiz. S. MACULATUS, Say. PL 24, figs. 57, 58. Globosely depressed, finely spirally striated ; yellowish white, yellowish chestnut at the suture, and bearing on the body-whorl two spiral series of spots or maculations. Diam. 1'25 inches. Florida. In the 3'oung shell, as described and figured by Say (fig. 58) the maculations are more distinct and regular than in the adult. The species is still a rare one in collections ; it may eventually prove to be only a variety of the preceding one. S. BIFASCIATUS, Rccluz PL 24, figs. 59, GO. Flatly depressed, finely undulately waved-striated ; whitish under a yellowish epidermis, with two interrupted bands or series of maculations of chestnut-brown color. Diam., 17'5 mill. diiint'd, W. A fried. S. Menkeanus, Dunker, is a S3'non3'rn. Distinguished at once from the foregoing species by its dorsal flattening. S. SINUATUS, Recluz. PL 24, figs. 02, 0:5. Auriform, convex, thin, pellucid, white, undulalely siriate. Diam., 29 mill. JI<><1 Sea. SIGARETUS. 57 S. PERSPECTIVUS, Say. PI. 24, figs. 61, 64. More or less flatly convex, white under a light yellowish epi- dermis, dorsally covered with slightly waved spiral striae, base flattened. Diam., 1-5 inches. New Jersey (rare), North Carolina to West Indies. Say has compared his species with S. Leachii, Blainv., and several authors have identified it with that species ; but the latter is really indeterminable, and has accordingly been variously interpreted. The synonymy easily includes the following: S. depressus, Phil., a West Indian species ; S. Antillarum, Recluz, perhaps S. halioitoideus of Lamarck and some other authors (not Linnaeus), and Cryptostoma Carolinum of Cuvier. The prob- lematical S. Leachii, Blainv., may possibly be here referred. S. DEBILTS, Gould. PL 24, fig. 65. Flatly convex, spirally striate above, smooth below, a little depressed round the suture ; white, more or less stained with rusty yellow. Diam., 28 mill. Lower California. I cannot detect any difference in the shell between this species and #. perspectivus. S. PHTLIPPII, Weinkauff. PL 24, figs. 66-68. Shell small, white, spirally slightly undulately striate. Diam., 18 mill. Mediterranean. This is S. haliotoideus, Philippi, not Linnaeus, and bears several additional names in its fossil condition, if these fossil forms really are the same species. Some authors have identified the Linna'iin S. haliotoideu-s as this species, but it is indeterminable. It would be difficult to point out any good distinctive characters between this and the preceding and following species. S. INCISUS, Reeve. PL 24, fig. 69 ; PL 25, figs. 70-72. Dorsally flatly depressed, strongly spirally striated, striae slightly undulated ; white. Diam., 1-1 '5 inches. Straits of Malacca, Japan. Differs from S. perspective in locality only; a comparison of the characters of the voluminous soft-parts of these animals will be necessary in order to definitely dcnido upon the validity of 58 SIGARETUS. the species. S. undulatus, Lischke (figs. 70-72) appears to me to be very similar. S. DELESSERTI, Recluz. PI. 25, figs. 73, 74. Plano-convex, thin, pellucid, yellowish chestnut, somewhat zoned, interior chestnut-colored. Diam., 32 mill. Philippines. Dr. Weinkauff refers to this species a shell with a well-defined chestnut-band (fig. 74); bethinks it scarcely distinguishable from S. laevigatus, Lam. S. PLANULATUS, Recluz. PI. 25, figs. 75-77. Much flattened on the dorsal side, white, under a very thin yellowish epidermis, smooth, or with obsolete or very slight spiral striae. Diam., 1-25-1-5 inches. Zanzibar, Philippines, Australia. Distinguished by its smooth flattened surface. It is S. planus, Phil., S. Gualterianus, Recluz, S. lacteus, Recluz (fig. 77), S. Indica, Gray. Section EUNATICINA, Fischer, 1885. S. PAPILLA, Gmelin. PI. 25, figs. 78, 79, 87, 88. Whitish, under a yellowish epidermis, moderately umbilicated, spirally engraved. Length, 33 mill. Tranquebar, Moluccas, Japan, Philippines. It is S. costulatus, Quoy and Gaimard, S. acuminatus, Ad. and Reeve. The following appear to me to be only varieties : S. coarctatus, Reeve (fig. 79), S. nitidus, Reeve (fig. 87), S. acumin- atus, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 88). S. TUMESCENS, Reeve. PL 25, fig. 82. Rather thin, ventricose, body-whorl not slopingly flattened. Length, 1 inch. Hab. unknown. Probably only a variety of the preceding species. S. OBLONGUS, Reeve. PL 25, fig. 83. Resembles S. papilla in form, but the sculpture instead of incised linear grooves, consists of numerous raised threads. Length, 30 mill. Hab. unknown. Yery doubtfully distinct from S. papilla. SIGARETUS. 59 S. PELLUCTDUS, Reeve. PI. 25, fig. 84. Rather solid, deeply umbilicated, transparent white, spirally linearly incised, grooves stronger next the suture. Length, 12 mill. Malacca. S. MAMTLLARTS, Linn. PI. 25, figs. 85, 86. Umbilicated, rather thick, white, spirally remotely sulcate, suture channeled. Length, 1 inch. Seychelles, Madagascar ? S. LINNEANUS, Recluz. PI. 25, figs. 89, 90. Umbilicated, thin, white, narrowly regularly spirally grooved, pellucid. Length, 22 mill, Sunda Islands, Philippines. S. Lamarckianus,~R,ec\uz (fig. 90), and probably S. cancellatus, Swains, (not described), are synonyms. S. FIBULA, Reeve. PI. 25, fig. 91. Rather solid, umbilicated, white, whorls slopingly flattened above, then gibbose, smooth, or obliquely minutely striate. Length, 14 mill. Singapore. Probably an immature shell, perhaps of mamillaris. S. PICTUS, Reeve. PL 25, fig. 92. Rather thin, deeply umbilicated, smooth, shining, white, with obscure revolving bands of short, longitudinal chestnut mark- ings. Length, 1 inch. Adelaide, So. Australia. Un figured and Undetermined Species. S. SOUVERBIEI, Folin. This is merely an embryonic shell, 3'5 mill, diameter. It is useless to reproduce the figure. S. CAROLTNUS, Dufo. Seychelles Is. S. HELICOIDES, Guillou. Amboina. S. AUSTRALIS, Dunker. Australia. S. LUCIDUS, Gould. North China. S. FILICATUS, Mighels. Zanzibar. 60 LAMELLARIA. Subfamily II. Lamellariidse. Genus LAMELLARIA, Montagu, 1815. The monographic and anatomical study of this group of shells, by Bergh (Mem. Acad. Copenhagen, v, ser. iii, 1853), may be consulted with advantage by the student. L. LATENS, Miiller. PL 26, figs. 93-95, 98. Shell thin, white, semipellucid, smooth, shining. Length, 12 mill. Norway, Great Britain. The animal has a depressed mantle, a little convex over the shell , rather smooth , sparsely spotted with brown , densely radiately striate below. Sigaretus Stromii, Sars, is a synonym, and I think that L, tentaculata (Montagu), Forbes, and Hanley (fig. 98), also belongs here, as well as L. stomatella, llisso. L. PERSPICUA, Linn. PL 26, figs. 96, 97, 99. Shell haliotiform, polished, outer lip somewhat contracted above. Length, 16 mill. Europe. Animal lemon-colored with oval clear specks or else tessellated with milk-white, or reddish brown with irregular yellow dots ; mantle with large tubercles, each surrounded by a border of flake- white, and having a small dark central speck. Yar. LATA. Fig. 99. Shell smaller, broader, more compressed, but not flattened nor contracted in front. This variety, says Dr. Jeffreys, may possibly equal the preceding species. The male and female differ somewhat, and have been separated as distinct species. The synonymy includes also L. ampullacea, Maravigna ; L. haliotoidea, Miiller, etc. (not Linn.) ; L. Morelli, Chiaje ; L. Kindelmaniana, Mich. ; L. producta, Leach ; L. com- planata,~Le&ch] L. convexa, Bouchard; L. Audouini, Cantr. ; L. zonifera, Bergh (fig. 99) ; L. neritoidea, L. Adansonii, and L.flava, Chiaje. For a description of the habits of this mollusk see " Structural and Systematic Conchology," ii, 208. LAMELLARIA. 61 L. PELLUCIDA, Vcrrill. PI. 26, fig. 100. Shell ovate, with oblique spire, delicate, transparent, smooth ; aperture broad, ovate, not showing the interior of the spire except from an endwise view. Length, 12-16 mill. Martha's Vineyard, Mass.; off Delaware Bay, 86-208 fms. Animal yellowish brown, mottled with darker, broad elliptical, swollen, without tubercles on the back. V:ir. GOULDII, Verrill. Shell a little shorter, broader, with the spire lower, the apex less elevated, and suture less impressed ; last whorl more ventri- cose, and the outer lip and aperture more broadly rounded. Mantle shorter, broader and higher, with more or less numerous low verrucse on the dorsal surface ; pale yellow or yellowish white, more or less blotched or speckled with brown, flake-white and 3'ellow. Prof. Verrill thinks that part of the differences in the soft parts arise from contraction in alcohol ; some specimens are intermediate. L. TENUIS, Jeffreys. PL 26. figs. 1, 2. Thin, fragile, semitransparent, glossy, white, microscopically spirally striate, base with a small but distinct umbilicus. Length, 2'5 mill. St. 16, Atlantic 0. (Porcupine Expedition). This young shell is scarcely a Lamellaria ; at least, I know of no other species having an umbilicus. L. ANTARCTICA, Couthouy. PL 26, figs. 3, 4. Shell not observed. Animal with back reticulated on an orange-brown surface, the reticulating lines bordered with white dots, and the intervals covered with larger ones of bright yellow; under side of mantle rose-color, narrowly margined with dark red ; foot lemon-color, paler towards the middle. Length, 1*6 inches. Orange Harbor, Patagonia. L. PR^ETENUIS, Couthouy. PL 26, fig. 5. Back of animal greenish ochraceous, longitudinally wrinkled, with a short cinereous pubescence ; under side of mantle and foot light brownish yellow. Length, 1*25 inches. Shell not observed, Orange Harbor, Patagonia. 62 LAM ELL ART A. L. PATAGONICA, Smith. PI. 26, figs, 6-8. Shell large, very fragile, transparent hyaline, with a slight milky cloudiness, showing very fine growth-striae ; whorls 3^, suture deep. Diam., 1 inch. Mantle dirty yellow, with lines and blotches of light vandyke brown, the under surface around the foot marked with light-colored striae. Patagonia. Is possibly identical with L. Antarctica, Couth. Section CHELYNOTUS, Swains. L. TONGANA, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 26, fig. 11; PI. 21, figs. 14-16, 18. Shell shining white, pellucid, margin brown. Length, 28 mill. Animal with a thick mantle, tuberculate, the tubercles large, subhexagonal, black, anteriorly produced and bifid ; foot narrow, brownish. Length, 85 mill. Tonga Tabou. This and several following species belong to a section charac- terized by the produced anterior portion of the mantle and narrower foot. Very probably L. Berghi is a synonym of the present species, or of the next one ; Coriocella nigra of Blain- ville (fig. 16) is also perhaps identical, but cannot be made out with certainty. L. Cuvieri, Bergh (fig. 18), appears to be an individual contracted in alcohol. L. MAURITIANA, Bergh. PI. 27, fig. 17. Shell elevated, yellowish white, pellucid, smooth, with distinct incremental striae. Length, 1 inch. Mauritius. L. BERGHI, Desh. PI. 26, figs. 9, 10. White, pellucid, striate ; open below, showing the whorls. Length, 16 mill. Mauritius. In the specimens before me the margin of the aperture is narrowly tinted with brown. L. ISABELLINA, Bergh. PL 26, fig. 19. Undescribed. The figure represents an oval, flat, white- margined species, the back light purplish with white spots. Length, 10 mill. ? Philippines. Shell not figured. LAMELLAE! A. 63 L. GEMMA, Bcrgh. PL 26, fig. 20. Undescribed. Violaceous, covered with small white specks, the middle of the back, and a few, mostly marginal, spots red- dish. Length, 21 mill. ? Philippines. Shell not figured. L. STEARNSII, Ball. PL 2JT, figs. 12, 13. White, suborbicular, depressed, whorls three, columella sharp, thin, widely arcuated, showing the apex from below; spire hardly elevated, suture distinct ; aperture very effuse, rounded ; exterior marked by growth-lines, crossed by microscopic revolv- ing striae. Length, 6'5-8 mill. Monterey, Gal. Mr. Dall described a var. orbiculata, which proves to be only sexually distinct ; the differences being such as mark the sexes in the British species. L. DIEGOENSIS, Dall. PL 27, figs. 21, 22. Malleate, polished, white, translucent, orbicular, with deep suture, volutions to apex visible from below. Length, 16 mill. S. Diego, Gal. Less calcareous, and more globosety elevated than the pre- ceding form, as well as larger, and malleated, with no trace of spiral striae. L. SEMPERI, Bergh. PL 26, fig. 23. Undescribed. From the figure it appears to be black, with strong warty reticulations on the back, and anterior, and pos- terior wrinkled processes on either side. Shell not figured. Length, 3 inches. ? Philippines. Unfigured Species of Lamellaria. L. (CORIOCELLA) PUNCTATA, Stimpson. Japan. L. (CORIOCELLA) TUBEROSA, Stimpson. China. L SPIROLINEATA, Monterosato. Mediterranean Sea. L. KLECIACHI, Brusina. Mediterranean Sea. L. RANGII, Bergh. West Indies. L. INDICA, Leach (L. OPHIONE, Gray). S. Australia, Neiv Zealand. L. TRANSLUCIDA, Blainv, Hab. unknown. 64 ONC1D10PSIS. Subgenus MARSENINA, Gray, 1850. L. RHOMBIC A, Ball. PI. 26, figs. 24, 25. Pure white, subrhomboidal, moderately elevated, whorls 3 ; columella thickened, stout, with a groove behind the callus ; whorl appressed against and slightly flattened below the suture ; spire very small, not elevated; aperture subquadrate, outer lip very much produced above and below, suture deep ; surface smooth. Length, 12 mill. Monterey, Cal. Animal bluish translucent, white, the mantle only partially covering the shell. Untigured. ,L. GLABRA, Couthouy. PL 26, figs. 2(5-28. Thin, pellucid, white, smooth and shining, whorls two, the first a mere nucleus, the aperture oval, very large. Length, 12 mill. New England to Greenland, Norway. It is L. haliotoidea, Gould, not Linn.; L. micrompliala, Bergh, (figs. 27, 28). L. GRCENLANDICA, Moller. PI. 26, figs. 29, 30. Obliquely elevated, whorls 2, the last very large, whitish, shining. Length, 8 mill. Greenland, Norway. L. PRODITA, Loven. PL 27, figs. 31, 32. More obliquely elevated than the preceding species, with deeper suture, but perhaps only a variety of it. Maine to Greenland. L. AMPLA, Yerrill. PL 27, figs. 33, 34. Inflated, subglobular, the spire not elevated. Eastporl, Maine. Genus ONCIDIOPSIS (Beck), Bergh, 1853. O. GLACIALIS, Sars. PL 26, figs. 35, 36. Shell thin, hyaline, slipper-shaped, flexible. Length, 16 mill. Animal with a long, narrow foot ; the mantle subverrucose, ash- colored, maculated with brown. Norway. Of Th, (( UNIVI CALEDONIELLA, VELUTINA. UNIVERSITY £lUFORN% O. GRCENLANDICA, Bergh. PL 27, figs. 37, 38. Shell thin, flexible, subcorneous, with coarse irregular growth- lines. Animal with verrucose mantle, color not described. Greenland. Possibly = the foregoing species. 0. CARNEA, Kroyer. PL 27, fig. 39. Shell more elongated than in the preceding species, with a short wing-like production on the left side. Animal with high, rounded mantle, verrucose. Greenland. 0. recondita, Kroyer, is the juvenile of this species. ? Genus CALEDONIELLA, Souverbie, 1869. The animal has not been observed ; it is therefore somewhat doubtful whether the genus really belongs in the Naticidse. C. MONTROUZIERI, Souverb. PL 27, fig. 40. Imperforate, heliciform, depressed, thin, fragile, finely striate, the striae somewhat pliciform at the suture, translucent, white, under a very thin shining yellowish epidermis ; whorls 3 to 3j, suture narrowly channeled and margined ; extremities of the lip joined by a parietal callus. Diam., 7 mill. New Caledonia. Genus YELUTINA, Fleming, 1822. Y. L^EVIGATA, Pennant. PL 27, figs. 41-44, 48, 59. Shell thin, translucent, whitish, or usually light pink, with numerous fine revolving striae crossing the minute growth-lines ; epidermis thin, transparent horn-color, somewhat tufted on the revolving striae ; whorls 3^, suture deeply impressed. Length, 16 mill. Northern United States to Greenland, Northern Europe, Kamtschatka. Often credited to Linnaeus, but his Helix Isevigata may be regarded as a lost species. It is Bulla velutina, Miiller, V. halio- loidea, Fab. ; V. capuloidea, Blainv. ; V. striata, Mac-gill ; V. rupi- cola, Conr.; V. Mulleri, Desh. (figs. 44, 48), the latter a large 5 66 VELUTINA. variety from Kamtschatka. F. solida, Martens (fig. 59), is founded on a large, pink specimen, denuded of epidermis. The animal is said to discharge a very copious, tenaceous clear white slime, which is frothy, and perhaps serves the Yelutina for concealment. V. LANIGERA, Moller. PI. 28, figs. 51, 52. Very thin and fragile, smoothish, incremental striae slight ; epidermis yellowish brown, shortly, densely pubescent. Length, 13 mill. Greenland, Finmark. V. PROLONGATA, Cpr. Pink, under a smooth, thin, yellowish epidermis, the growth- lines crossed by very fine slight spiral impressed striae ; whorls 3-|, the last very large, suture deeply impressed ; aperture long oval, junction of columellar and outer lip somewhat angulated. Length, 10 mill. Vancouver's Isl. Unfigured. My specimen is in too imperfect a condition for illustration. Section LIMNERIA, H. & A. Adams, 1883. V. ZONATA, Gould. PI. 28, figs. 53, 54. Thin, with sharp minute growth-striae ; whitish, with several faint chestnut-colored revolving zones, under a very thin smoothish epidermis ; whorls less than three, spire minute, suture deeply impressed ; columella flattened, with shallow channel behind. Length, 11 mill. New England, northwards ; Arctic Seas of both continents. An arctic specimen measuring 21 mill, has been called var. grandis by Mr. E. A. Smith. Sars has described a var. expansa (fig. 53). It is F. canaliculata, Beck. Sometimes the zones are absent. F. zonata has sometimes been placed erroneously in the pulmoniferous genus Otina, the shell of which, although much smaller, resembles it. VANIKORO. 67 Section VELUTELLA, Gray, 1847. V. PLICATILIS, Miiller. PI. 28, figs. 55-57. Nearly membranous, translucent, with obscure spiral striae and irregular growth-lines ; yellowish or yellowish brown ; whorls 2^, ventricose in fresh, but compressed (from collapse) in dried specimens, suture deep; epidermis tough, but readily separated into slight fibrous plaits. Length, -5 inch. The animal is bright orange color, sometimes speckled with yellow. Northern Europe, Greenland. Is Bulla flexilis, Montagu. V. coriacea, Pallas, may be only a large variety. Y. CORIACEA, Pallas. PL 27, figs. 49, 50. Membranaceous, corneous, subpellucid, rugosely striate ; whorls 2-|, the last very large, expanded. Kurile Islands. Y. CRYPTOSPIRA, Middendorff. PL 27, figs. 45-47. Shell narrower, more elongated than V. laevigata^the columellar lip forming an angle with the outer lip below ; coriaceous, or with a very slight calcareous deposit. Length. 10 mill. Ochotsk Sea, Alaska, etc. Undetermined and Unfigured Species. Y. BERNARDI, Martens (PL 28, fig. 58). Hob. unknown. Y. PUSIO, A. Ad. Straits of Corea. Y. SIGARETIFORMIS, Potiez. (A young Natica ?) Australia. Y. SITKENSIS, A. Ad. Sitka. Y. STYLIFERA, Fleming = Stylifer Turtoni. Y. MARGARITACEA, Duclos. Australia. Subfamily III. YANIKORIN^E. Genus YANIKORO, Quoy and Gaimard, 1832. Y. CANCELLATA, Lam. PL 29, figs. 60, 61. Broadly patulate, rather thick, cancellated with oblique rather lamellar ribs and thin spiral ridges ; epidermis yellowish brown. Diam. 1 inch. Isl. of Vanikoro, 68 VANIKORO. V. Quoyi, Recluz, is a synonym. Many of the following " species " are probably only slight and unstable modifications of this form. Y. GUERINIANA, Recluz. PI. 29, fig. 62. Ribs stronger than in the preceding species, the spiral ridges seen in their interstices ; umbilicus much wider. Diam. 15 mill. Philippines. Y. EUGATA, A. Ad. PI. 29, fig. 63. Spire elevated, whorls rather strongly plaited, the deep inter- stices spirally ridged, umbilicus moderate. Diam. 10 mill. Hdb. unknown. Y. CIDARTS, Recluz. PL 29, fig. 64. Rather thin, clathrate with nearly equal longitudinal and spiral sculpture, umbilicus narrow, almost closed. Diam. 22 mill. Philippines. Ribs not so strong as in F. cancellata, spire somewhat more elevated. Y. LTGATA, Recluz. PL 29, figs. 65-72. Rather thin, longitudinal sculpture low oblique folds, becom- ing obsolete, spiral sculpture thread-like ; umbilicus moderate. Diam. 1 inch. Philippines, Paumotus. A little more elevated than F. cidaris, with larger umbilicus. F. Petitiana (fig. 66), F. helicoides (fig. 68), and F. plicata, Recluz (fig. 67), appear to me to be very slight modifications of the type form, principally in the oblique riblets being somewhat more or less prominent; whilst in Y- Deshayesiana (fig. 69)? F. Blainvilliana (fig. 71), and F. Souleyetiana (fig. 70), of Re- cluz the growth sculpture is obsolete or faint. Of this form F. delicata, Pease (fig. 72), appears to me to be the young; it comes from the Paumotus. Y. CLATHRATA, Recluz. PL 29, figs. 73-77, 83. Rather thick, cancellating sculpture subequal, umbilicus mod- erate. Diam. 10 mill. Nab. Polynesia, Australia, I. Bourbon. Nothing but the smaller size appears to distinguish this from forms of the last species. N. granulosa, Recluz (fig. 74); F. semiplicata, Pease (fig. 75); F. Cumingiana, Reel. (fig. 76), and VANIKOKO. 69 F. disparilis, Desh. (fig. 83), are synonyms. N. SigaretiformiSj Potiez, has been considered synonymous; it is really unrecog- nizable. I add as a synonym V. granifera, Pease (fig. 77), from Ins. Jarvis. The granular appearance of the original figure (copied by me) is an exaggeration, and does not agree with the types before me. Y. SULCATA, d'Orb. PL 29, figs. 18, 79. Revolving riblets most prominent, but rendered somewhat granular by the crossing of the growth sculpture ; umbilicus moderate. Diam. 9 mill. West Indies. Only distinguished from forms of the last species by locality. I figure a very young shell, in which the spiral ribs are much more prominent than they remain in the later whorls. F. anomala, Adams (unfigured), is probably the same. Y. STRIATA, d'Orb. PL 29, figs. 80, 81. Rather thin, with fine spiral raised lines ; umbilicus moderate. Diam. 8 mill. Cuba. Probably only a variety of F. sulcata. V. lamellosa, d'Orb (fig. 81), is probably the young of this species, and F. oxychone and F. Vitrinaeformis, Morch (un- figured), synonyms. Y. ROSE A, Recluz. PL 29, fig. 82. Cancellated, pink; umbilicus widely open. Diam. 5 mill. Is evidently a juvenile shell. Moluccas. y. ELATA, Sowb. PL 29, fig. 84. Elevated, thin, very finely decussated, umbilicus narrow. Diam. 9, alt. 10 mill. China Sea. y. ACUTA, Recluz. PL 29, figs. 85, 86. Thin, white, subpellucid, very delicately sculptured, the spiral lines the most prominent; spire acute, umbilicus wide, aperture somewhat obliquely produced. Diam. 7-10 mill. Lord Hood"** Is., Cape Natal, Moluccas. The above rather incongruous localities are given by Recluz ; Morch adds West Indies in considering the species a synonym 70 VANIKORO. of V. lamellosa, d'Orb. I do not think it adult. V. imbricata, Pease (fig. 86), appears to be a younger state of the same species. N. RECLUZIANA, Ad. and Angas. PL 29, fig. 87. Elevated, acuminated, spire cancellated, last whorl almost smooth, umbilical channel moderate, long. Diam. 9, alt. 10'5 mill. N. So. Wales. y. SOLIDA, Sowb. PL 29, fig. 88. Solid, globose, upper whorls cancellated, rounded, last whorl finely spirally and concentrically striated, columella tortuous, umbilical channel long and narrow. Diam. 9, alt. 11 mill. Hab. unknown. y. SEMTSOLUTA, Sowb. PL 29, fig. 89. Sculptured spirally with beaded ribs and concentrically with thin striae, canal elongated, rather broad. Diam. 6, alt. 10 mill. East Indies. The lips are so produced as scarcely to touch the body-whorl. Y. ORBIGNYANA, Recluz. PL 29, figs. 90-92. Shell deeply and broadly cancellated with strong distant spiral ribs and concentric ridges ; umbilicus narrow, deep. Diam. 4 mill. Habitat unknown. Is V. Quoyi, Adams, not Recluz, and V. Gaimardi, Adams (fig. 91), V. tricarinata, Recluz (fig. 92), and V. Gumingiana of Reeve and Sowerby, not Recluz. y. DISTANS, Recluz. PL 29, fig. 93. With distant longitudinal lamellae, and closer spiral striae in the interstices ; umbilicus broad, semilunar. Alt. 6 mill. Philippines. y. FOVEOLATA, Montr. PL 29, fig. 95. Strongly ribbed, crossed by thinner but prominent spiral sculpture ; umbilicus very narrow. L. 5 mill., diam. 4 mill. New Caledonia. y. CUVIERTANA, Recluz. PL 29, fig. 94. Rather patulous, thin, very finely decussately sculptured, last whorl obliquely flattened, umbilicus broad. Diam. 10 mill. Hab. unknown. VANIKORO. 7 1 Unfigured or Undetermined Species. Y. TUBEROSISSIMA, Montagu. Y. GLABRISSIMA, Brown = GLABERRINA, ReclllZ. The above two species erroneously introduced into the British catalogues are probably young West Indian shells, but indeter- minable ; the latter probably a Neritina. Y. MAURITI^E, Recluz. A mere embryo. Mauritius. Y. OVOIDEA, Gould. = Isapis. Y. MONTROUZIERI, Souverb. New Caledonia. Y. APERTA, Carp. (Diam. 7*5 mill.) Gape St. Lucas, L. Gal Appendix to Natica. The following species are described, but not figured, by Roche- brune, in Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 102-104, 1884-5. The last is from Cape Horn, the others from Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. N. LEBRUNI, N. COUTEAUDI, N. OMOIA, N. SECUNDA, N. PATENT. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. NATICID^E. Abbreviata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 100, f. 157, 158, 25 Acrybia, H. and A. Adams. Gen, Rec. Moll., i, 207, 1853, 8, 52 . Acuminata (Naticina)), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 54, t. 13, f. 8. = S papilla, Gmelin. Acurainatus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Toy. Samarang, p. 54, pi. xiii, f. 8. = S. papilla, Gmelin, ... 58 Acuta (Yanikoro), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 47, 1844; Guerin's Mag., 61, 1845, 69 Acuta (Natica), Phil. Arch. f. Natg., 1845, i, p. 65. = N. Philippiana, Nyst. Bull. Ac. Roy. Bruxelles, xii, pt. 2, p. 153, 49 Adansoni (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, 155, . 15 Adamsiana (Natica), Dkr. Mai. Blatter, vi, 231, 1860, . 27 Adansoni (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 83. = N. fanel, Adanson. Adansonii (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., t. 47, f. 3, 4. = L. perspicua, Linn. ....... 60 Adspersa (Natica), Menke. Synops., 46. = N. maculata, Desh 15 Affinis (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3675, . . 31, 54 Affinis (Natica), Phil. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1843, p. 117, Abbild., i, 13, f. 2, 3. = N. canrena, Linn. Aimei (Natica), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 181, 1884, t. 4, f. 10. = N. Chinensis, Lam '20 Alabaster (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 33. = N. intemerat a. Phil. Reeve. Corrections, . . 46, 48 Ala-papilionis (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, p. 257, fgs. 1868 to 1871, .21 Alba (Natica), Lovdn. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1843, p. 118. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Alba (Natica), Potiez et Mich. Gall, des Moll., i, p. 289, . 54 Albula (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, xvi, 393. = Var. N. Montagui, Forbes, 39 Albula (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., ii, p. 194, 1851, 49 (72) INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 73 J'AOK. Albumen (Natica), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit, xii, 1252, . . 47 Albumen (Natica), Scacchi. Cat., p. 17. = N. Josephinae, Risso, 33 Alderi (Natica), Forbes. Malacol. Monens., p. 34, . . 40 Alexandrine (Natica), Recluz. Sowb., Thes. Index, . . 54 Algida (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, 73, 1848. = N. Lewisii, Gould, . . . . . .35 Alveata (Natica), Troschel. Arch. f. Natg., 1852, p. 159, t. v, f. 3. = N. mamilla, Linn. . . . . .49 Amaura, Moller. Index Moll. Groenl., 7, 1842, . 8, 52 Amaurella, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 311, 1867, . . . 8, 53 Amaurellina, Bayle. 1885, 7 Amauropsis, Morch. Rink's Greenland, 1857, . 8, 53 Americana (Natica), Recluz. Sowb., Thes. Index. ? = N. Alderi, Forbes. Amiculata (Mamma), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, 155. = N. dubia, Recluz, ........ 47 Amphiala (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc.,xv, 261, 1881. = N. vitrea, Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll., 21, 1873, . . 54 Ampla (Neverita), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, 156, 32, 33 Ampla (Marsenina), Yerrill. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 374, 1880, . 64 Amplostoma, Stoliczka. Pal. India, ii, 312, 1868, . . 11 Ampullacea (Vitrina), Maravigna. = Lamellaria perspicua, Linn 60 Ampullina, Lamarck, teste Defrance. Diet. Sc. Nat., xx, 446, 1821, 7, 41, 52 Ampullinopsis, Conrad. Smn. Eocene Check List, 20, 1866, = Ampullina, Lam. ........ 7 Ampullaria (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert., xviii, p. 633. ? = N. heros, Say 36 Andouini (Lamellaria), Cantr. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Brux., xiii, 1840. = L. perspicua, Linn 60 Angulata (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 32, 1885, . . 38 Anomala (Narica), C. B. Adams. Contrib. Conch., 109. ? = Y. sulcata, d'Orb. Anomphala, Jonas (? iuedit.). Herrmanns Ind. Gen. Malac., i, 61,1846. = Cernina, Gray, 7 Antarcticus (Sigaretus), Couthouy MSS. Gould, Wilkes Exped., p. 216, f. 259. = Lamellaria, . . .61, 62 Antillarum (Sigaretus ^, Reel. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 185. = S. perspectivus, Say, ...... 57 Antoni (Natica), Phil. Zeit. f. Malakz., 1851, p. 48 ; E. A. Smith, Zool. Proc., 720, 1877, 26 Aperta (Natica), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., pt. 39, p. 84, 1883, 54 Aperta (Lunatia), Loven. Oefv. Kong. Yet. Akad. Forhand. = N. flava, Gld 52 74 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PA( ; K. Aperta (Vanikoro), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. H., xiii, 476, 1864, 71 Apora (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 265, . . 54 Arachnoidea (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3674. = Natica fulminea, Gmelin, ...... 15 Areolata (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, 206, . 25 Argenteus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. v, f. 25, 1864, 56 Articulata (Natica), Phil. Kiister's Conch. Cab., 119. = N. ala papilionis, Chemn 21 Asellus (Natica), Ileeve. Conch. Ic., 136, 1855, . . 24 Atacamensis (Natica), Philippi. Reise durch Atacama., p. 186, pi. vii, f. 20, 1860. == N. dubia, Recluz, . 47 Atrocyanea (Lunatia), Phil. Arch. f. Nat., 1845, p. 64, . 37 Atrypa (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 254, 53. Aurantia (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 632, . ... .42 Australia (Sigaretus), Hanley. Young Conchologist's Book of Species, frontispiece. = S. Isevigatus, Lam. . . 55 Australis (Lunatia), Hutton. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 23. Proc. N. Zeal. Inst., x, 295, ...... 54 Australis (Sigaretus), Dkr. Malak. Blatter, xviii, 151, 1871, 59 Avellana (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 75, t. 11, f. 14. =N. Dillwyni, Payr, 25 Baconi (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 37, 1855. = N. Incei, Phil 33 Bahiensis (Ruma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 399, 1850. = N. mamillaris, Lam. ....... 43 Bayani (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. de Zool., 1874, p. 20, pi. ii, f. 5-6. == N. venustula, Phil. . . 19 Beddomei (Natica), Johnston. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 221,1884, 54 Berghi (Lamellaria), Desh. Moll, de Reunion, p. 77, pi. 9, f. 18-20, 62 Bernard! (Yelutina), Martens. Archiv Naturg. 149, 1858, 67 Bernardii (Ruma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., ii, 197, pi. 5, f. 1., 1851. = N. Simise, Desh., var 51 Beverlii (Natica), Leach. Thorns. Ann. Philos., 1819. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . . . . .37 Bicincta (Ruma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 395, 1850. ?== N. melanostoma, Gmel., var 50 Bicincta (Natica), Schrenck. Bull. Ak. Imp. St. Ptrsbg., t. v, p. 513. = N. Colliei, Recluz 26 Bicolor (Natica), Schrenck. Nordjap. Moll., 378 (not Phil.). = N. ampla, Phil. . . 33 Bicolor (Neverita), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Malac., v, 1848, p. 156, 33 Bifasciata (Natica), Gray. Graft', Cuv. An. Kingd., pi. 1 , f. 2, 44 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 76 PAGE. Bifasciata (Natica), Recluz. Reeve, Icon. Sp., 62. = N. fulminea, Gmel , . .15 Bifasciatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 190, pi. 6, f. 3-4, 56 Blainvilleana (Yanikoro), Reclnz. Zool. Proc., 141, 1843 ; Guerin's Mas:., 53, 1845. = Y. ligata, Recluz, . . 68 Bonplandi (Natica), Yal. Obs., p. 264, t. 37, f. 3. = N. glauca, Humboldt, 34 Borealis (Natica), Gray. Zool., Beechey's Yoy., 136. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . ... 37 Bourguignati (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iii, 170, pi. vii, f. 8, 1852, 16 Brocchiana (Natica), Phil. Krister's Conch. Cab., t. 8, f. 2, 1852. = N. sordida, Phil 38 Broderipiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 205. = N. ala-papilionis, var. . . . , . .21 Brownia, d'Orbigny. Sagra's Cuba, 1841. = Lamellaria, Montg. Brunnea (Natica), Linck. Rost., 1807, p. 140. = N. mamillaris, Lam. ....... 43 Bulbosa (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 119, 1855. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Bulbus, Brown. Proc. Geol. Soc., iii, 119, 1839. = Acrybia, Ads. ........ 8 Buriasensis (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 212, 29 Caffra (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 204, . 54 Cailiaudi (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 392, pi. 13, f. 9. — N. pavimentum, Recluz, var., . . . .27 Calcarella, Souleyet. Jour, de Conch., i. 246, 1850. = Brownia, d'Orb. Caledoniella, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 421, 1869, . . 12 Caledoniella, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 1869, 421 ; 1870,71, . .65 Canrena (Natica), Linn. Mus. Ulr., p. 674, . 5, 20 Canrena (Natica \ var., Dillwyn. Desc. Cat. = N. Chinensis, Lam. Canrena (Nerita), Mat. and Rack, p. 223, No. 1. = Natica catena, Da Costa. Campeachiensis (Natica), Recluz. MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., 1, 1855. = N. duplicata, Say, 34 Canaliculata (Natica), Gould. Sillim. Jour., xxxviii, 197. = N. Helicoides, Johnston, . . . . 8, 53 Canaliculata (Yelutina), Beck. = Y. zonata, Gould, . 66 Cancellata (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3670. = N. sulcata, Born 32 t6 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Cancellata (Narica), Lam. An. sans Yert., t. vi, 2e part, p. 208, . . . .67 Cancellata (Naticaria). Swains. Treatise on Malac., p. 346, f. 107. = Sigaretus Linneanus, Recluz, . . . .59 Candida (Amaura), Moll. Groenl. Moll., p. 7, . 8, 52 Candidissima (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 87. = N. Jukesii, Reeve, 46 Candidissima (Natica), Le Guillou. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1842, p. 105 46 Capuloidea (Velutina), Blainv. Malac., p. 469, pi. 42, f. 4. = V. laevigata, Pennant, ....... 65 Caribsea (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc , 1851, p. 234. = N. lactea, Guild 49 Garnea (Onchidiopsis), Kroyer. Amtl. Ber., 115, 1847, . 65 Carolinum (Cryptostoma), Cuvier. Regn. anim., Edit. 2, iii, 91. ? = Sigaretus perspectivus, Say. Carolinus (Sigaretus), Dufo. Ann. Sc. Nat., Oct., 1840, p. 201, k 59 Casta (Mamma), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 117, t. 17, f. 1, 1852, 47 Castanea (Natica), Lam. An. sans Vert. (edit. Deshayes), viii, 643. = Natica catena, Da Costa, . . . .41 Catena (Nerita), Da Costa. Brit. Conch., 83, t. 5, f. 7, . 41 Catenata (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 233, . 22 Catinella, Stache. Jahrb. Geol. Reichs., xxvii, 313, 1877. ? = Velutina, Fleming, . . . . . . .13 Catinus (Klein?), H. and A. Adams, i, 212, 1853. = Sigaretus, Lam. . . . . . . . .10 Caurina (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 239, 1847. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. ... 37 Cayennensis (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1850, i, p. 383, pi. xiv, f. 6. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. . . 23 Cepatia, Gray. Synops. Brit. Mus., 1840, . . . .6 Cernica (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. de Zool., 1874, p. 19, pi. ii, f. 13, 14. ? = N. marochiensis, var. Chemnitzii, . . . .24 Cernina, Gray. Synops. Brit. Mus., 1840, .... 7 Chelinotus, Swainson. Malacol., 234, 355, 1840. = Lamellaria, Montg 11 Chemnitzii (Natica), Pfr. Registr., p. 8. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. var. . . ... 24 Chemnitzii (Natica), Recluz, MSS. Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 7, 1855. = N. ampla, Phil 33 Chinensis (Natica), L:un. An. s. Vert., viii, p. 644, . . 20 Cidaris (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 137, 1843; Rev. Zool., 5, 1844 ; Gaerin'e Mag., 20, 1845, .... 68 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 77 I'AiiK. Cincta (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 384, pi. xiv, f. 7, 1850, . . 18 Cinnaraomea (Natica), Synopsis, 47, 1830. = N. solida, Blainv. ........ 46 Citrina (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 49, 1851. ? = N. aurantia, Lam 42 Clathrata (Vanikoro), Recluz. Guerin's Mag., 42, 1845, . 68 Clausa (Natica), Brod. and Sowh. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 360, 30 Clavata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 167, 1883. = N. Incei, Phil 33 Coarctatus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xv, pi. iv, f. 17, 1864. = S. papilla, Gmel. var 58 Collana (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert., viii, p. 638, . . 28 Colliei (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 206, . 26 Colobocephalus, M. Sars. Nyt. Mag. Natur., 168, 1870. ? = Marsenina, . . . . . . . . .12 Colpodaspis, M. Sars. Nyt. Mag. Natur., xvii, 186. = Lamellaria. Columnaris (Natica), Recluz. Petit. Jour, de Conch., i,394, 1850, 47 Compacta (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 33, 1885, . . 38 Complanata (Lamellaria), Leach. = L. perspicua, Linn. . 60 Concavus (Sigaretus), Lam. Anim. sans Vert , vol. 9, p. 10, 55 Concinna (Natica), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., vi, 1860, p. 232 ; Moll. Japon., p. 14, pi. ii, f. 21. = N. colliei, Reel. . . .26 Conica (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 632, 44 Consolidata (Natica), Couth. Bos. Jour., v. 2, pi. 3. f. 14. = N. clausa, Brod. and Sowb. . . ... .31 Convexa (Lamellaria), Bouchard. Cat. Moll. Boulonn, 149. = L. perspicuM, Linn. . . . . . . .60 Cora (Natica), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Mer., pi. 78, f. 10, 11, 47, 49 Coriacea (Velutina), Pallas. Nov. Act. Acacl. Petrop., ii, 237, 1788, 67 Coriocella, Blainville. Diet. Sc. Nat., xxxii, 259, 1824. = Lamellaria, Montg 11, 62 Cornea (Natica), Moll. Ind. Moll. Grcenl., p. 7. = N. helicoides, Johnston, ...... 53 Costata (Natica), Menke. Malst. Cat., 1828, p. 12. = N. sulcata, Born 32 Costulata (Natica), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrl., p. 235, pi. 66, f. 20, 21. = Sigaretus papilla, Gmel. . . .58 Couteaudi (Natica), Mab. et Roehbr. Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 102, 1854-5, .... .... 71 Crenata (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1853, p. 320, pi. 7, f. 4, 5. = N. ala-papilionis, Chemn. . . .21 Crosseana (Natica), Kleciach. Weinkauff, Conch. Mittelm., ii, 257. = Fossarus. 78 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAOX. Cruentata (Natica), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3673. = N. fulminea, Gmel. ....... 15 Cruentata (Natica), Payr. Moll. Corse, 118. = N. maculata, Desh. . . . . . . .15 Cumingiana (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 139, 1843 ; Guerin's Mag., 27, 1845. = Y. clatbrata, Recluz. . . 68 Cumingiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 210. = N. Powisiana, Recluz 43 Cuvieri (Lamellaria), Bergh. Mem. Acad. Copenh., 344, 1853. = L. Tongana, Quay, ... . 62 Caveriana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Guerin's Mag., 63, 1845, . 70 Cuverianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. 111. Conch. Sig., p. 18, pi. iii, f. 2, A to L, .55 Cymba (Sigaretus), Menke. Syn. Meth. Moll., p. 88. = S. concavus, Lam. 55 Cymba (Sigaretus), var., Dunk. Guinea inf., 32, t. 5, f. 20-22. = S. concavus, Lam. Cryptocella, H. and A. Adams, 1853. == Lamellaria, Montg 11 Cryptospira (Yelutina), Middend. Malac. Rossica, ii, 10G a ; Siberian Yoy., p. 216, pi. xxv, f. 8-10, . . . .67 Cryptothyra, Menke. Synops. edit., ii, 87, 1830. = Lamellaria, Montg. . . . . . . .11 Cryptostoma, Blainville. Bull. Soc. Philom., No. 120, 1818. = Sigaretus, Lam .10 Debilis (Sigaretus), Gould. Bost. Proc., vi, 375, 1852, . 57 Decora (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. Natica, 118. = N. picta, Recluz 22 Deiodosa (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 35, 1855, . . 42 Delesserti (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 3, f. 8, 58 Delessertiana (Natica), Recluz. Chenu, Illust. Conch., iii, t. 4, f. 5, 6. = N- duplicata, Say, 34 Delicata (Narica), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 282, 1807. = Y. ligata, Recluz. . 68 Depressa (Natica), Gray. Zool., Beechey's Yoy., p. 136, pi. 36, f. 2, 1839. =N. Grayi, Phil 22 Depressa (Lamellaria), Dall. MSS., 1866. = L. Stearnsii, Dall. Depressus (Sigaretus), Phil. Neuer oder wenig gekannte Conchl., bd. 1, p. 2, t. 1, f. 3. = S. perspective, Say, . 57 Deshayesiana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 138, 1843; Rev. Zool., 7, 1844 ; Guerin's Mag., 48, 1845. = Y. ligata, Recluz 68 Didyma (Neverita), Bolten. Phil., Chenu, 111. Conch., pi. 3, f. 4. = Natica am pla, Phil 33 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 79 I'AliK. Diegoensis (Lamellaria), Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 538, t. 24, f. 1-3, 1885, 63 Dilecta (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,iii, 73, 1848, 27 Dillwyni (Natica), Payr. Moll. Corse, pi. v, f. 28, . . 25 Disparilis (Vanikoro), Desh. Moll. Reunion, 77, t. 9, f. 15, 17,1863. = V. clathrata, Recluz 69 Distans (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 140, 1843; Rev. Zool., 7, 1844 ; Guerin's Mag., 45, 1845, . . . .70 Draparnaudi (Natica), Recluz. Petit Jour. Con., ii, p. 198, 1)1. 5, f. 11, 1851. = N. Powisiana, Recluz. . . .43 Dubia (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 209, 47, 48 Dimkeri (Natica), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Malakz., 1851, 44, . 45 Duplicata (Natica), Say. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, ii, p. 247, ... 6, 33 Eburnea (Natica), Desh. Lam., An. sans Vert., viii, 646. = N. orientalis, Gmel. . . . . . . 43 Echinospira, Krohn. Archiv Naturg., xix, 1853. = Brownia, d'Orb. Effusa (Natica), Swains. Zool. 111., pi. 104. = ?N. Powisiana, Recluz. ..*... 43 Elata (Vanikoro), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 23, 1875, 69 Elegans (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 381, pi. 14, f. 4. = N. picta, Recluz 22 Elense (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 205, . 28 Elongata (Natica), Troschel. Arch. f. Nat. g., 1852, p. 158, pi. v, f. 2. = N. cora, d'Orb. . . 48 Ermaea, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1857. = Lamellaria, Montg.. 11 Eunaticina, 'Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 768, 1885, . 10, 58 Euspira (Agassiz, 1837), Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gt. Ool., i, 1850, 7 Euzona (Natica\ Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 204 ; Jour, de Conch., ii, p. 381, pi. xiv, f. 3, 1850. = N. picta, Recluz, ........ 22 Excavata (Natica), Carpt. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 165. = N. Elenas, Reel. . 29 Eximius (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. v, f. 22, 1864, 56 Expansa (Moro. zonata, var.), Sars. Moll. Norv., 147, 1878, 66 Fava (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 205, . . 54 Fabella (Natica), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 183, t: 4, f. 11,1884, .18 Fanel (Natica), Adanson. Coq. de Senegal, pi. 13, f. 3, 16, 17 Fartilis (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 264, . 54 Fasciata (Natica), Marty n. Univ. Conch., pi. 110. = N. rufa, Born, 30 80 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PA(iK. Fasciata (Necca). Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, 1826. = Natica Dillwvnii, Payr. Fibrosa (Ruma), Soul. Yoy. Bonite, p. 581, pi. 35, fs. 8-10. = Natica melanostoma, Gmel., Yar 51 Fibula (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic. sp. 130, 1855. = N. Incei, Phil.Juv 33 Fibula (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. v, f. 26, 1864, 59 Filicatus (Sigaretus), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 22, 1845, ... . . .59 Filosa (Natica), Phil. Neueo Conch. ,ii, t. ii, f. 4, p. 8. = N. Sagraiana, d'Orb 19 Filosa (Natica), Sowb. MSS. Reev., Conch. Ic., 72, 1855, . 51 Flammulata (Natica), Requien. Cat. Moll. Corse. ? = N. Sagraiana, d'Orb 19 Flava (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., v, t. 77, f. 10. = L. perspicua, Linn. 60 Flava (Natica), Gould. Silliman's Jour., xxxviii, p. 196, 8, 52 Flemingiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 209, 50 Flexilis (Bulla), Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. = Yelutina plicatilis, Miiller, 13, 67 Florida (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 64, 1855, ... 17 Fluctuata (Natica), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. xii, . 7, 53 Forata (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 129, 1855, . 26 Forskalii (Natica), Cheran. Conch. Cab., xi, pi. 197, f. 1901, 1902, 20 Fortunei (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 123, 1855; Jour. de Conch., 1863, p. 262, pi. ix, f. 5, 37 Fossata (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 263, 1847, = N. duplicata, Say, ........ 34 Foveolata (Narica), Montr. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., vi, 138, 1866, . • 70 Fragilis (Natica), Leach. = N. helicoides, Johnst. . . 53 Franciscana (Natica), Recluz MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., sp. 127, 1855. = N. Guillemini, Payr 40 Fringilla (Natica), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 93, 54 Fulgurans (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 206, 16 Fulminea (Natica). Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, 1826. = N. Sagraiana, d'Orb 19 Fulminea (Natica), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3672, ... 15 Funiculata (Mamma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 400, 1850; ii, 201, 1851. = N, columnaris, Recluz, . . 47 Fusca (Natica), Weink. Medit. Conch., ii, 251. = N. sordida, Phil, 38 Fusca (Natica), Carpenter. Rept. Brit. Assoc., 523, 624, 1863. = N. otis, Brod. and Sowb 44 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 81 PAGE. Fusca (Natica), de Blainville. Faune Frang., t. 14, f. 1, 1 a. = N. maculata, Desh. Fuscata (Natica), Humph. Cat., 21, 1797. = N. mamillaris, Lam. Gaidei (Natica), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 1874, 196, pi. vii, f . 7 ; 1875, 292, pi. xiii, f. 8. = N. lineozona, Jouss. 24 Gaimardi (Vanikoro), A. Ad. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1875. = Y. Orbigniana, Recluz, . . . . . . .70 Galactites (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 47, 1851. = N. Flemingiana, Recluz, . ... 50 Gallapagosa (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 213. = N. otis, Brod. and Sowb 44 Gambiae (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 207, = N. collaria, Lam. ........ 28 Gemma (Marsenia), Bgh. Semper's Reisen im Arch. Phil., Bd. ii, t.xli, f. 7, 63 Genuanus (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 121, 1855; Marrat, Quar. Jour. Conch., i, 243. = N. imperforata, Gray, . . . . . . .17 Geraudi (Rumella), Bourg. Notice Prodr. Tanganika, 90, 1885, 54 Gilva (Natica), Phil. Menke's Zeitsch., 48, 1851. ? = N. Fortune!, Reeve, 37 Glabella (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 124, 1855, . . 50 Glaberrima (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 136, 1843. = N. Neritina 71 Glabra (Lamellaria), Couthouy. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., ii, 90, pi. 3, f. 16, 1838, 64 Glabrata (Amaurella), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 311, 1867, . 53 Glabrissima (Vanikoro), Brown. Wern. Mem., ii, 532, t. 24, f. 12. = V. glaberrima, Recluz, . . . .71 Glacialis (Onchidiopsis), M. Sars. Sars, Faun. Moll. Norv. 153, 64 Glauca (Natica), Humboldt. Desh., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 651, 34 Glaucina (Natica), Reeve, etc., not Linn, nor Lamarck. = N. Josephinse, Risso, ....... 33 Glaucina (Natica), Lam. (non Linn.). = N. ampla, Phil. . 33 Glaucina (Natica), Linn. Faun. Suecc., edit., 533. ? = N. Aider!, Forbes. . . . . . . .41 Globosa (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 33, 1885, . . 36 Globosa (Lunatia), King. Zool. Jour., v, p. 344. = N. Patagonica, Phil. ....... 37 Globosa (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cat., v, p. 267, pi. 188, f. 1896, 1897. = N. helvacea, Lam 30 Globosa (Ruma), T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1875, 149. = R. umbilicata, Quoy. Petterd, Jour, of Conch., ii, 353, 52, 54 6 82 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'A(iK. Globulus (Amauropsis), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 416, pi. xl, f. 5, . 53 Globularia, Swainson, Malacol., 345, 1840. = Ampullina, Lam 7 Gouldii (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeit., 1845, 77. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Gouldii (Lamellaria pellucida, var.), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., v, 518, . 61 Gracilis (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 387, pi. xiv, f. 11, 1850, . .29 Gracilis (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 102, f. 156. = N. marochiensis, var. livida, ..... 23 Granifera (Narica), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 78, 1869. = Y. clathrata, Recluz, ... . 69 Granulosa (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 140, 1843; Rev. Zool., 6, 1844; Guerin's Mag., 32, 1845. = Y. clathrata, Recluz, 68 Grayi (Sigaretus), Desh. Lam. Anim. sans Yert., ix, p. 12. = S. concavus, Lam. 55 Grayi (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 74. = N. catenata, Phil 22 Grisea (Natica), Martens. Sitzber. Gesellschaft, Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1878, 24, .. 54 Grisea (Natica), Requien. Coq. de Corse, 61. = N. intricata, Donov. ....... 42 Groenlandica (Lamellaria), Moller. Index. Moll. Groenl. p. 10,1842, . ....... 64 Grcenlandica (Natica), Beck. Moll. Ind. Mol. Groenl., p. 7. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Gronlandica (Onchidiopsis), Bergh. Mem. Acad. Copenh., 346,1853, .65 Gualteriana (Natica), Petit. Jour. Conch., i, p. 396, 1850. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel. ...... 23 Gualterianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Mart. Conch., i, pi. 16, f. 152. = S. planulatus, Recluz, 58 Gueriniana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 139, 1843; Rev. Zool., 7, 1844 ; Guerin's Mag., 43, 1845, ... 68 Guillemini (Natica), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, pi. v, fs. 25-26, 40 Gyrodes, Conrad. Jour. Phila. Acad., iv, 289, 1860, , . 9 Haliotoidea (Helix), Miiller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 240. = Lamellaria perspicua, Linn. . . . . .60 Haliotoidea (Yelutina), O. F. Fabr. Fauna Groenl., 390, 1780. = Y. Isevigata, Pennant, . ... 65 Haliotideus (Sigaretus), Phil. En. Moll. Sic., i, p. 165, ii, p. 142. = S. Philippii, Weink ; Kiister, p. 23, . . 57 Ilaliotoideus (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 775, . 57 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 83 PAGE. Haliotoideus (Sigaretus), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. = S. concavus, Lam., ....... 55 Haliotoideus (Sigaretus), Gould. Invert. Mass., 1st Edit., 244. = Lamellaria glabra, Couth. . . . . .64 Haneti (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 1850, 389, pi. 13, f. 6, 7. = N. Elense, Recluz, . . . , . 29 Hebraea (Natica), Philippi. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 73, t. 11, f. 10. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, . . . .23 Hebraea (Natica), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 109, 1769-1784. = N. maculata, Desh. ....... 15 Helicina (Nerita), Brocchi. Conch, foss. subap., ii, 297, t. 1, f. 10. = Natica catena, Da Costa, 41 Helicina (Natica), Seguenza. Notizie, succincte intorno, p. 17, 22 part, = N. Montagui, Forbes, . . . .39 Helicoides (Natica), Johnston. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Ber- wick on Tweed, 1835, 53 Helicoides (Vanikoro), Guillou. Rev. Zool, 105, 1842. = N. ligata, Recluz, . 68 Helicoideus (Sigaretus), Guillou. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1842, p. 105, . ... 59 Helvacea (Natica), Lam. Anim. sans Yert., No. 14, . . 30 Herculea (Natica), Middend. Malac. Rossica, ii, p. 96, 1849. = N. Lewisii, Gould, . . . . . . .35 Heros (Natica), Say. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., ii, p. 248. 6, 34, 35 Imbricata (Yanikoro), Pease. Zool. Proc., 435, 1860. ? = Acuta, Recluz, 70 Immaculata (Natica), Totten. Silliman Jour., xxviii, p. 351, f. 6, . . . . . , . . . 38, 39 Imperforata (Natica), Jay. Cat. 2d Ed., p. 87, pi. iv, f. 10. = N. fluctuata, Sowb. Jay., 3d Edit., 117, . . 52 Imperforata (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Yoy., 135, pi. 37,f.l, . . 17, 27 Impervia (Natica), Phil. Arch. f. Nat., 1845, p. 65, . . 31 Incei (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 233, . . 33 Incisa (Natica), Dkr. Kiister, Conch. Cab., p. 81, pi. 12, f. 8. == N. ampla, Phil . .33 Incisus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. iii, f. 11, vol. xv, 1864, 57 Indica (Lamellaria), Leach. Angas, Zool. Proc., 199, 1867, 63 Indica (Sigaretus), Gray. Spicilegia, Zool., No. 5. = S. planulatus, Recluz, ....... 58 Insculptus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, pi. xiii, f. 10. = S. neritoideus, Linn 55 Insecta (Natica), Jousseaume. Ilev. de Zool., 1874, 24, t. ii, f. 1,2, 24 84 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Intemerata (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 233, 46 Intermedia (Neverita), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., iii, Natica, t. 2, f. 3. = N. mamilla, Linn 49 Intermedia (Natica), Phil. Ennm. Moll. SiciL, i, 163, t. 9, f. 11, 1836. = N. Alderi, Forbes, 41 Intermedia (Natica), Recluz (non Phil.). Reeve, Icon., sp. 21. = N. ampla, Phil 33 Intricata (Natica), Donovan. British Shells, v, pi. 167, 6, 42 Intricatoides (Natica), Hidalgo. Moll Esp., t. 20 6, f. 12, 13; t. 20 c, f. 10, 11. = N. vittata, Gmelin, . . .25 lostoma (Natica), Mke. Zeitschr., 1847, p. 178. = N. ala-papilionis, var. Broderipiana, . . . .21 Isabellina (Marsenia), Bgh. Semper's Yoy. Phil. Bd. ii, pi. xli, f. 8, . ; 62 Isabelleana (Natica), d'Orb. Yoy. Am. Mer. pi. 76, fs. 12-13, 28 Islandica (Natica), Gmelin. = N. Helicoides, Johnston, . 53 Isonema, Meek and Worthen. Phila. Proc., 251, 1865, . 8 Jamaicensis (Natica), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 111. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. var. livida, . . . .23 Jamaicensis (Natica), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., iii, 1850. = N. Sagraiana, Orb 19 Janthostoma (Natica), Desh. Guer. Mag. de Zool., 1841, pi. 45 = N. clausa, Br. et Sowb. var. Japonica(Amaurella),A.Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 407, 1860, 53 Japonicus (Sigaretus), Lischke. Malakl. Blatter, xix, 104, 55 Jasonilla, Macdonald. Ann. Nat. Hist., xvi, 206, 1855. = Brownia, d'Orb. Javanica (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert., v, 8, p. 644. = N. maculosa, Lam. . . . . . . .17 Javanicus (Sigaretus), Gray. Griffith's Cuv. Anim. Kingd., pi. 41, f. 1. = S. neritoides, Linn 55 Josephinae (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, f. 43, 33 Jukesii (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 84, 1855. = N. candidissima, Le Guillou, ..... 46 Kleciachi (Lamellaria), Brusina. Contr. Fauna. Moll. Dalm., p. 35, ... 63 Kindelanina (Lamellaria), Mich. Bui. Soc. Nat. Hist. Bord., t. 2, p. 119, 1828. = L. perspicua, Linn. . 60 Labrella (Natica), Lum. An. sans Yert.,v, 8, p. 644. == N. collaria, Lam. ........ 28 Lacernula (Natica), d'Orb. Cuba, 1842, 2, p. 35, t. 17, f. 23-25. = N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. liyida, . . 23 Lactea (Natica), Guild. Linn. Trans., t. vi, p. 29, . . 49 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 85 I'Afi K. Lactea (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, xvi, 393. = var. N. Alderi, Forbes, 41 Lactea (Natica), Loven. Phil., Abb and Beschr. Nat., p. 16, t. 1, f. 13. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . . 37 Lactea (Sigaretus), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 186, pi. 6, f. 1-2. = S. planulatus, Recluz. . . 58 Lacuna (Natica), Montg. = Lacuna pnteolus, Turton. Lacunaria, Conrad. Sinn. Eocene Check List, p. 12, 1866. = Lacunidae, ......... 6 Lsevida (Natica), Laskey. = N. sordida, Phil. . . .38 Lsevigata (Velutina), Pennant. But. Zool., iv, 140, 1877, . 65 Lsevigatus (Sigaretus), Lam. An. s. vert., vi, 2d part, p. 208, . .55 Lamarckiana ( Natica), Recluz. MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., 6, 1855. = N. ampla, Phil 33 Lamarkianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., 7, t. 1, f. 5 (not t. 3, f. 2 = Delesserti). = S. Linneanus, Recluz, 59 Lamarckianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., pi. 3, f. 2. = S. Cuvierianus, Recluz. Chenu, p. 18. Lamellaria, Montagu (pars). Trans. Linn. Soc., xi, 1815, 11, 60 Lamellosa (Yanikoro), d'Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 32-34. ?= Y. striata, d'Orb 69, 70 Lanigera (Yelutina), Moller. Moll. Groenlandise, p. 10, 1842, 66 Largillierti (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1852, p. 408, pi. xii,f. 1, ... .... 41 Larina, A. Adams. = Paludinidae. Larvata (Neverita), Tapp. Can. Yoy. Magenta, 34, t. 1, f. v, 35 Latens (Lamellaria), Mull. Prodr. Zool. Dan., 242, . . 60 Latifasciatus (Sigaretus), Reeve (non Ad. and R.). Conch. Icon., sp. 9. ? = S. concavus, Lam. . . . .55 Latifasciatus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Moll. Yoy. Samar., p. 55, pi. 13, f. 11. = S. neritoides, Linn. . . 55 Leachii (Sigaretus), Phil. Abb. Conch., pi. l,f. 3. = S. neritoideus, Linn. ....... 55 Leachii (Sigaretus), De Blainville. Man. de Mai., t. 42, f. 3, 57 Lebruni (Natica), Mabille et Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 102, 1884-5, . . ... 71 Leckenbyi (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. N. H., xvi, 393, 1875. == var. N. catena, Da Costa, . . . . .41 Lemniscata (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Natica, 122, t. 17, f. 9. = N. canrena, Linn., juv., ...... 21 Leptalea (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 261, . 53 Leptonotis, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, 70, 1806, . . 13 Leucophsea (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 51, 1855, . 45 Leucotis, Swainson. Malacol., 346, 1840. = Narica, Reel. 13 86 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAOS. Leticozonias (Nerita), Gen. Syst. Nat., 3672. = Natica rufa, Born. 30 Levicula (Lunatia), Verrill. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 371, 36 Lewisii (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 239, 1847, .... 35 Ligata (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 138, 1843; Rev. Zool., 5, 1844 ; Guerin's Mag., 22, 1845, .... 68 Limacina (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1874, i, p. 14, pi. 2, f. 7-8. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, . . .23 Limbata (Natica), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Mer., pi. 57, f. 7-9, . 28 Limneria, H. and A. Adams, i, 200, 1853, . . . 13, 66 Limpida (Natica), E. A. Smith. Zool. Alert, 57, t. 5, f. L, 1884, 26 Lineata (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 640, 29 Linneanus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., iii, pi. 1, f. 4, 59 Lineolata (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeit. f. Mai., 1844, p. 107. = N. filosa, Phil. Lineozona (Natica), Jouss. Mag. de Zool., 22, t. 11, f. 3, 4, 1874, . . .24 Listeri (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, Conch. 111., pi. 2, f. 2. = S. Martinianus, var. ? Reeve, 56 Litterata (Ruma), Souleyet. Adams, Genera, i, 210. = N. melanostoma, Gm., var. melanostomoides. Livida (Natica), Pfr. Archiv fur Naturg., vi, 1840, p. 254, . 23 Livida (Lunatia), Lask. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . 37 Locellus (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 134, 1855, . . 24 Lucidus (Sigaretus), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., viii, p. 14, 59 Lunatia, Gray. Zool. Proc., 149, 1847, . . . 6, 35 Lupia, Conrad. Smn. Eocene Check List, 15, 1866. = Sigaretus, Lam 10 Lupinus (Natica), Desh. An. sans Vert., v, 8, p. 648. = N. solida, Blainv. ........ 46 Lurida (Natica), Phil. Kiist., Conch. Cab., 79. = N. marochiensis, Gm., var 23 Lynx (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 46, 1851, . ... 17 Lysis, Gabb. Palseont. Calif., i, 138, 11 Macilenta (Natica), Phil.. Abb. und Besch. Conch., ii, pi. 24, f. 14, .40 Macilenta (Natica), Reeve (non Phil.). Conch. Icon., f. 133, 1855. = N. Alderi, Forbes, 41 Macrotrema (Ruma), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 54, pi. xiii, f. 9, . ... .52 Macrostoma (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Natica, 55, 1852, . . 51 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 87 PASB. Maculata (Natica), Desh. Anim. s. Yert., viii, p. 645. = N. millepunctata, Lam., Yar. 15 Maculatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Monogr., t. 2, f. 1-2. = S. Martinianus, Phil. ....... 56 Maculatus (Sigaretus), Say. Am. Conch., pi. 25, p. 176, . 56 Maculosa (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 641, . . 16 Magellanica (Natica), Phil. Yoy. Astral, et Zelee, v. 64. ? = N. Patagonica, Phil 37 Maheensis (Natica), Dufo. Am". Sc. Nat., 1840, p. 193, . 20 Malabarica (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 393, 1850, . 54 Mamilla (Natica), Linn. Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, 1252, . . 49 Mamilla, Schumacher. Essai nouv. gen. 190, 1817, . 7, 50 Mamillaria, Swains. Malacol., 345, 1840. = Mamma, Klein, 6 Mamillaris (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1246, 59 Mamillaris (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. Desh., ed. viii, p. 628 ; Morch. Mai. Blatt., 24, p. 59. = N. fuscata, Humph. ....... 43 Mamma, Klein (Ostrac, 1753). H. and A, Adams, Genera i, 210, 1853. = Polinices, Montf. Manceli (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1874, 15, t. ii, f. 11, 12. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel. . . 23 Marchei (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 17, t. ii, f. 9, 10. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, . 23 Margaritacea (Natica), Duclos. Potiez et Mich., Gal. des Moll., i, 292, .'67 Marmorata (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.,iv, 147, 1826. = N. Guillemini, Payr 40 Marmorata (Natica), H. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 274, pi. xix, f. 8, 25 Maroccana (Nerita), Salis. Reisen Neap., 379, 1793. = N. Guillemini, Payr 40 Maroccana (Nerita), Cliemn. Conch. Cab., v, 270, . . 23 Marochiensis (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 256. = N. Alderi, Forbes, 41 Marochiensis (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3673, No. 15, 22 Marsenia, Leach. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., xx, 1847. — Lamellaria, Montg. . . . . . , .11 Marsenina, Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, 76, 1850, . 12, 64 Martinianus (Sigaretus), Phil. Abbild. und Besch. Conch., i, p. 144 ; Morch., Mai. Blatter, xxiv, pi. 25. . . . 56 Maura (Natica), Brug. Enc. Mesh., pi. 453, f, 4 a, 6, . .51 Mauritise (Yanikoro), Recluz. Guerin's Mag., 19, 1845, . 71 Mauritiana (Lamellaria), Bergh. Marseniaderne, p. 103, pi. 5,6, f. 2, 62 88 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. i'A( i K. Maximus (Sigaretus), Phil. Neuer Conch., t. 1, f. 1. = S. concavus, Lam. 55 Megatilotus, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 766, 1885, . . 7 Melanostoma (Nerita), var., Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3674. = Natica solida, Blainv. ....... 46 Melanostoma (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat.,xiii ed., p. 3674, 50 Melanostoma (Natica), var. 6, Lam. An. sans Vert. = N. maura, Brug. Melanostomoides (Natica), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astr. ii, p. 229, pi. (56, f. 4-8. = N. melanostoma, Gmel., var. 50 Melastoma (Natica), Swains. Zool. Illust., ii, t. 79, . . 45 Menkeana (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 15, f. 8. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. livida, . . . .23 Menkeanus (Sigaretus), Dkr. Moll. Guineensia, p. 33. = S. bifasciatus, Recluz, 56 Merria, Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 137, 1842. = Narica, Recluz, 13 Micromphala (Marsenia), Bgh. Vid. Meddel. Nat. For., p. 121,1857. = M. glabra, Couth 64 Microstoma (Natica), Quoy^and Gaim. Voy. Astr., ii, 232,- t. 66, f. 9. = N. plumbea, Lam 45 Millepunctata (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, 199, . . 14 Milne-Edwardsia (Rumella). Bourg. Notice Prodr. Tanga- nika, 91, 1885, ... ..... 54 Mittrei (Natica), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. and Zel., v. 65. = N. aurantia, Lam 42 Moerchi (Amauropsis), Ad. and Arig. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 423, . 54 Monilifera (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, 638. = N. catena, Da Costa, 41 Montagui (Natica), Forbes. Malac. Monensis, p. 32, . . 39 Montrouzieri (Caledoniella), Souverb. Jour, de Conch., 1869,421; 1870, 71, . 12, 65 Montrouzieri (Vanikoro), Souverb. Jour, de Conch., 136, 1879, . 71 Moquiniana (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1853, p. 154, t. v, f. 9, 10, 27 Morelli (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., v, t. 62, f. 1-4. == L. perspicua. Linn. ....... 60 Morvillia, Gray. Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., 45, 1857. = Limneria, Ads. ........ 13 Mozaica (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 107, f. 133, 134, 19 Mulleri (Velutina), Desh. Mag. de Zool., Moll., pi. 28, = V. laevigata, Pennant, . 65 Mustelina (Natica), Swains. Zool. 111., pi. 79. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Nacca, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 148, 1826. = Natica, Adanson, 6 Nana (Natica), T.- Woods. Pro. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1875, 149 ; 32, 1877, .... . . . 54 Nana (Lunatia), Moll. GrcBiil. Moll., p. 7. = N. im macula ta, Totten, ...... 38 Narica, Recluz, in d'Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, ii, 39, 1841, . 13 Natica, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Seneg., 172, 1757, . . 5, 14 Naticaria, Swainson. Man. MalacoL, 346, 1840. = Mamilla, Schum. 7 Naticaria, H. and A. Adams (not Swainson), Genera i, 208, * 1853. Naticella (pars), Minister. Beitr. z. Petref., iv, 1841. = Natiria, de Koninck. Naticella, Guilding. Swainson, MaiacoL, 345, 1840. = Mamma, Klein, ........ 6 Naticina, Guilding. Trans. Linn. Soc., xvii, 31, 1834. = Mamma, Klein. Naticina, Gray (not Guilding, 1834). Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Eunaticina, Fischer, . . . . . . .10 Naticodon, Ryckholt. Mel. Paleont., 1852, ... 14 Naticopsis, M'Coy. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 33, 1844, . . 8 Natiria, de Koninck, 1881, . . . . . . .14 Neritoidea (Lamellaria\ Cliiaje. Mem., iii, 215, 226, 1828. = L. perspicua, Linn. 60 Neritoideus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Monogr. Chenu 111. Conch., t. 1, f. 7 ; t. 2,"f. 2, 3. = S. concavus, Lam. . . .55 Neritoideus (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th Ed., p. 1250, 55 Neritomopsis, Waagen, 1880. = Naticopsis, M'Coy, . 8 Neverita, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, 1826, 6, 32 Nicolii (Natica), Forbes. = N. catena, . . . .41 Nigra (Lamellaria), Blainville. Manuel de Malac., p. 466, pi. 42, f. 1. ? = L. Mauritiana, Bergh. Nigrescens (Natica), Ad. Coutr. Conch., p. 112. = N. marochiensis, var. livida, . . . . .23 Nitida (Natica), Donovan. Brit. Shells, iv, pi. 144. = N. lactea, Guild 49 Nitida (Natica), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., iii, 330, = N. Alderi, Forbes, 40 Nitidus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., pi. iv, f. 20, 1864. = S. papilla, Gmel., var. ....... 58 Nivea (Natica^, Anton. Yerzeichniss, p. 30, No. 1174. = N. Sagraiana, Orb 19 Notabilis (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 31, 1885, . . 40 Notata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch , sp. 44, f. 168. = N. lineozona, Jouss. ....... 24 90 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Nucahivensis (Natica), Jardin. Mem. de Cherbourg, vi, p. 193, . . . 54 Nucula (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 140, 1855, . 39 Obliquata (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 243, . 54 Oblongus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., pi. iv, f. 21, 10. = Lamellaria, 61 Prasina (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 263, . 54 Priamus (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 213, . 51 Prietoi (Natica), Hidalgo. Moll. Esp. Lam., 20 6, f. 2, 3. = N. marmorata, Ad. ....... 25 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 93 Pritchardi (Natica), Forbes. Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1852, x, p. 307. = N. marochiensis, var. Chemnitzii, Pfr. . 24 Problematica (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 21, 1855. = N. arapla, Phil. 33 Prodita (Marsenia), Loven. Ofvers., 1847 ; Index, 1846, 12,64 Producta (Lamellaria), Leach. Syn. Brit. Moll. Ann. Mag., 1847. = L. perspicua, Linn 60 Prolongata (Velutina), Cpr. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1865, xv, p. 32, , 66 Proxima (Natica), C. B. Ad. Conch. Contr., p. 111. = N. canrena, Linn., juv. ...... 21, 25 Pseudomaura, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 767, 1885, . 8 Pseustes (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 255, . 53 Ptychostoma, Laube. Sitzb. Wien. Akad., liii, St. Cassian., p. 3, 1866, 8 Puella (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Natica, Taf. x, f. 7. = N. lactea, Guild, 49 Puerilis (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H , vii, p. 44. = N. lactea, Guild, 49 Puerilis (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 43, . 53 Pulchella (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 148, t. 4, f. 42. = N. macilenta, Phil. Pulchella (Natica), Pfr. Arch. f. Nat. G., 1840, p. 254. = N. Sagraiana, d'Orb . 19 Pulicaris (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., p. 90, t. 13, f. 9, . . . 17, 18 Punctata (Natica), Swainson. Zool. 111., t. 104. = N. fulminea, Gmel 15 Punctata (Nerita), Karsten. Recluz, Jour, de Conch., 14, 1864. = Natica millepunctata, Lam. . . . .14 Punctata (Coriocella), Stimpson. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 378, . . ... 63 Puncticulata (Lunatia), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 391, 1850, . . 54 Purpurea (Amauropsis), Ball. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 124, pi. 15, f. 16, . . 53 Pusilla (Colpodaspis), M. Sars. Nyt Mag. for Naturvk., 17, p. 182, pi. 11, f. 1-6. = Cyprsea Europea, juv. Pusilla (Natica), Say. Jour. Ac. N. Sc. Phila., ii, p. 257, . 31 Pusilla (Natica), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Pusio (Velutina), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 1860, p. 411, 67 Putamen (Ruma), Meusch. Adams' Genera, i, 210, . . 54 Pygmaea (Natica), Phil. Abbild. neuer Conch., i, 17, t. 1, f. 12, . . . 27 Pyramis (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 93, 1855, . . 44 94 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Pyriformis (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 211, * = N. mammilla, L. . . . . . . . .49 Quadrifasciata (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 137, 54 Quoyi (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 137, 1843. = V. cancellata, Lam. . , . . . . .67 Quoyiana (Vanikoro), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 175, 1853. = V. Gaimardi, A. Ad • . .70 Radiata (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 258, . 53 Rangii (Lamellaria), Bergh. Mgr., p. 94, No. 8, 1853, . 63 Rapulum (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 47, 1855. = N. dubia, Recluz, 47, 48 Ravida (Natica), Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, p. 582, pi. 35, fs. 12-15, . . . "• 43 Raynoldiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 212, 20 Raynevallia, Ponzi. = Sigaretus, Lam. . . . .10 Recluziana (Vanikoro), Ad. and Ang. Zool. Proc. 424, 1863, 70 Recluziana (Natica), Desh. Mag. de Zool., 1841 ; Moll., pi. 37, .... . . 34 Recondita (Onchidiopsis), Kroyer. Ampt. Ber., 115, 1847. ? = O. carnea, Kroyer, juv. ...... 65 Reiniana (Natica), Dunker. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 71, 1877. = N. Lewisii, Gould, 35 Rhodocheila (Ruma), Adams and Angas. Zool. Proc., 423, 1863, 54 Rhodostoma (Natica), Phil. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1843, p. 117. = N. violacea, Sowh 18 Rhombica (Lamellaria), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 122, 1871 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 539, 1885, . . 64 Rizzse (Natica), Phil. Zeits. fiir Mai, 1844, p. 108. = N. macilenta, Phil,, var. ...... 40 Robinsonia, Nevill. = Larina, A. Ad., Paludinidse. Robusta (Natica), Dkr. Mai. Blatter, vi, p. 232. = N. ampla, Phil 33 Rosea (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 140, 1843; Rev. Zool., 6, 1844; Guerin's Mag., 36, 1845, . . .69 Rubro-maculata (Natica), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 733, 26 Unfa (Natica), Born. Mus., 398, t. 17, f. 3, 4, ... 29 Rufzi (Nerita), Montagu (non Born). Suppl., p. 150, t. 30, f. 3. = Natica Montagui, Forbes. . . . . .39 Rufilabris (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 103, 1855. = N. marochiensis, var. livida, ...... 23 Ruoata (Vanikoro), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 174, 1853, . 68 Rugosa (Stigmaulax), Chemn. Conch. Cab.,v, 270. = Natica sulcata, Bour. ....... 32 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 95 I'.-UiK. Ruma, Chemn. H. and A. Adams' Genera, i, 209, 1853. = Mamilla, Schum 7 Ruuiella, Bourguignat. Notice Prodr. Tanganika, 89, 1885, . . .... 10, 54 Rupicola (Yelutina), Conrad. Jour. Acad. Phila., vi, 266, t. 11, f. 17, 18. = V. Isevigata, Pennant, . ... 65 Russa (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii. 43. = N. clausa, Brod. and Sowb. ...... 31 Russa (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 43, . 53 Rutila (Natica), Macgillivray. Moll. Aberdeen, p. 126. = N. Montagui, Forbes, 39 Sagittata (Natica), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl., 10, 1843, . 54 Sagittifera (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iii, p. 168, pi. viii, f. 4, 5, 1852. N. marochiensis, Gmel. . . .23 Sagraiana (Natica), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 34, pi. 18, f. 20 and 22, 19 Salangoensis (Mamma), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, 211. = N. otis, Brod. and Sowb .44 Samarensis (Ruma), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, 214. = N. Simise, Desh 51 Sandalina (Natica), Guillou. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1842, p. 105, . .... 54 Sanguinolenta (Natica), Desh. Guer. Mag. de Zool., 1841, p. 46. = N. melastoma, Swains. . . . . .45 Sanguinolenta (Natica), Brusina. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver., xv, 19. = N. millepunctata, Lam., var. . . . .15 Scsevogyra, Whitfield. Ann. Rep. Wisconsin, 1877, . . 13 Sculpta (Natica), Martens. Sitz.-ber. Berlin, 1878, p. 24, . 54 Sebse (Natica), Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, p. 579, pi. 35, f. 6, 7. = N. melariostoma, Gmel., var. . . . .50 Secunda (Natica), Mab. et Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 104, 1884-5 71 Semipellucida (Naticina), Marr. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 243, 54 Semiplicata (Yanikoro), Pease. Zool. Proc., 435, 1860. = Y. clathrata, Recluz, . 68 Semisoluta (Yanikoro), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 24, 70 Semistriata (Amaurella), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 311, 1867. . 53 Semisulcata (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Yoy., p. 137, 32 Sem peril (Chelyonotus), Bgh. Semper's Yoyage to Philip- pines, Bd. ii, pi. xli, f. 9, 68 Senegalensis (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 382, pi. xiv, f. 5. = N. fulgurans, Reel 15, 16 Septentrionalis (Natica), Beck. Cat. Moll. Grcenl., 7. = N. clausa, 13 rod. et Sowb. . . . . . .31 96 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'A(iK. Sertata (Natica), Menke. Moll. Novae Holland ise, p. 10, 1843, . . . 54 Severa (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 43, . 53 Sigaretus, Lam. Prodr., 77, 1799, . .10, 55 Sigaretiformis (Velutina), Beck. Potiez and Mich., Gall. Moll., i, p. 508, pi. xxxv, f. 21, 22, 67 Sigaretiformis (Yanikoro), Potiez and Mich. Gal. des Moll., t. 39, f. 21, 22. ? = Y. clathrata, Reclnz, . . .69 Simiae (Natica), Desh. An. s. Vert., viii, p. 552, . . 51 Simioides (Natica), Recluz. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 76. = N. simiae, Desh. ..... 51 Sinensis (Natica), Lam. Mcebius, Mauritius, 275. = N. Chinensis, Lam. ....... 14 Sinuatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 189, pi. 6, fs. 12-14, 56 Sitkensis (Velutina), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 283, 67 Sinithii (Natica), Brown. = N. flava, Gould, . . 52 Solida (Vanikoro), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 20, 1875, 70 Solida (Velutina), Martens. Arch. f. Naturgeschichte, 1858, i, 150. = V. laevigata, Penn., var. . . . . .65 Solida (Natica), Blainville. Malacologie, pi. 36, f. 8, . . 45 Soluta (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, 73, 1848, 39 Sordida (Natica), Phil. Enum, Moll. Sicil., ii, 139, 1844, . 38 Sordida (Natica), Swains., var globosa. Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy., pi. 37, f. 5. = N. plumbea, Lam. . . . .45 Sordida (Natica), Swainson. Zool. 111., ii, t. 79. = N. plumbea, Lam. ....... 45 Souleyetiana (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 385, pi. xiv, f. 8. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. . . . .23 Souleyetiana (Vanikoro), Recluz. Guerin's Mag., 67, 1845. = V. ligata, Recluz, 68 Souverbiei (Sigaretus), Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles, p. 68, pi. vi, f. 8, 9, . ... 59 Spadicea (Natica), var /9, Dill. Desc. Cat. = N. helvacea, Lam. 30 Spadicea (Natica), Gmelin. Syst Nat., 13th Ed. = N. rufa, Born., var 30 Spirolineata (Lamellaria),Monterosato. Test. Nuovi Sicilia, 63 Squalida (Natica), Macgillivray. Moll. Aberd., 126. = N. Montagui, Forbes, ....... 39 Stercus-muscarum (Natica), Gmel. S}rst. Nat., 3673, juv. = N. millepunctata, Lam. ...... 14 Stearnsii (Lamellaria), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 122, 1871, . . 63 Stigmaulax, Morch. Yoldi Cat., 133, 1852, ... 6 xStomatia, Hill. Hist. Anim., 119, 1752. = Sigaretus, Lam. 10 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 97 PAGE. Stomatella (Laraellaria), Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 252, 1826. = L. latens, Miiller, 60 Straminea (Mamma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., ii, 201, 1851. = N. aurantia, Lam., var. . . . . . .42 Strange! (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 81, 1855. = N. lencophsea, Reeve, ....... 45 Striata (Natica), Anton. Verzeichniss, p. 31, No. 1203, . 54 Striata (Yanikoro), d'Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 29, 31, 69 Striata (Velutina), Macgillivray, Moll. Aberd., 160, 1844. = V. Isevigata, Pennant, ..*.... 65 Stromii (Sigaretus), Sars. Beskr. og Lagtt., 67, 1835. = Lamellaria latens, Miill 60 Strophostylus, Hall. Pal. N. Y., iii, 303, 1859, . . 9 Stylifera ( Velutina), Flem. = Stilifer Turtoni, Brad., . 67 Subcostata (Natica), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ii, 263, 54 Subfulva (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, 268. = N. orientalis, Gmelin, . .43 Subplicata (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 32, 1885, . . 38 Succineoides (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 73, 1855. = N. melanostoma, Gfmel., var. . . . . .51 Snffusa (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 139, 1855, . .44 Sulcata (Natica), Born. Test. Mus. Cses. Vindobonensis, pi. 17, f. 5, 6, 32 Sulcata (Vanikoro), d'Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, 39, t. 17, f. 26-28, 1842, . . 69 Suturalis (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., pi. 37, f. 4. = N. pallida. Brod. and Sowb. . . ' . .37 Suturalis (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 257, . 53 Tseniata (Natica), Menke. Cat. 46, 1830. = N. ala papilionis, Chemn 21 Taslei (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1853, p. 43, pi. 2, f. 12, 14. = N. Broderipiana, Recluz, .... 21 Tasmanica (Natica), T.-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1875, 148; 32, 1877, . . . . . . . .54 Tecta (Natica), Anton. Verzeichniss, p. 31, No. 1183, . 18 Tentaculata (Lamellaria), Montagu. Linn. Trans., xi, 179, 1811. = L. perspicua, Linn. Tenuis (Natica), Phil. Kiister's Conch. Cab., 97, 1852. = N. Fortunei, Reeve, 37 Tenuis (Lunatia), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 388, pi. xii, f. 7, . 38 Tenuis (Lamellaria), Jeffreys. Proc. Zool Soc., 45, 1885, . 61 Tessellata (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, p. 158. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, 23 7 98 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Texasiana, Phil. Zeitschr., 1848, p. 158. = Natica duplicata, Say, ...... . 34 Textilis (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 115, 1855. = N. vittata, Gmelin, 25 Tincturata (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 63, 1855. = N. pulicaris, Phil. ....... 18 Tongana (Lirnellaria), Quoy and Qainm. Yoy. Astrol., ii, p. 217, t. 66 bis, f. 4-8, 62 Tonganus, var. (Sigaretus), Quoy and Gaim. Yoy. Astrol., ii, 219, pi. 66, bis, f. 9. = Lamellaria Mauritiana, Bergh. Tournefortii (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 396, 1850, . . 54 Trachydomia, Meek and Worthen, 1866, .... 8 Traillii (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 137, 1855, . 19 Translucida (Lamellaria), Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat., xlix, 111, 63 Tricarinata (Yanikoro), Recluz. Sowb., Thes. Conch., v, pi. 482, f. 24, 1884. '= Y. Orbignyana, var. . . 71 Trifasciata (Natica), Recluz. Adams' Genera, i, 206. = N. maculata, Desh. ... ... 15 Tuberosa (Coriocella), Stimpson. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., vii, 378. Tuberosissima (Yanikoro), Montagu. Test. Brit., 150, t. . 29, f. 5, . . . ' . .... 71 Tumescens (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xv, pi. iv, f. 18, 1864, . . .58 T3'dionia, de Koninck, 1881, ...... 9 Tylostoma, Sharpe. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., v, 376, 1849, . 9 Uber (Natica), Yal. in Obs. Geol. Humboldt, 1833, ii, p. 266, 6, 46, 48 Uberina (Natica), d'Orb. Cuba, ii, p. 31, t. 17, f. 19. = N. lactea, Guild, . ... . . 49 Uberina (Mamma), Yalenc. Mem. Geol. Humboldt ; Recluz, Zool. Proc., 210, 1843. = N. uber, Yal 48 Umbilicata (Natica), Quoy. Yoy. Ast., ii, p. 234, pi. 66, fs. 22-23, 52 Undata (Natica), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg., 160, 1852. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. 23 Undata (Natica), Meusch. Adams' Genera, i, 206, . . 54 Undata (Morvillia), Brown. = Yelutina zonata, Gould, . 13 Undulata (Natica), Pse. MSS. Zool. Proc., 516, 1865 ; Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 232. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. Undulatus (Sigaretus) Lischke. Malakl. Blatter, xix, 103. = S. incisus, Reeve. Unifasciata (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, 640. = N. marochiensis, Gm 23 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 99 PAGE. Unifasciatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chemn., 111. Conch., pi. 3, f. 1. = S. Martinianus, Phil 56 Unimaculata (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 85, 1855, . 46 TJstulata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 112, 1883. = N. conica, Lam. ........ 44 Yalenciennesii (Natica), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, pi. 5, f. 23, 24. == N. intricata, Don. 42 Vanikoro, Quo}7 and Gaimard. Zool. Voy. AstroL, ii, 239, 1832. = Narica, Reclnz. , 13, 67 Vanikoropsis, Meek. Invert. Foss. Upper Mo., 1876, . 13 Yariabilis (Natica), Recluz MSS. Reeve, Conch. Iton., sp. 104, 1855; Marrat, Quar. Jour. Conch., i, 243, . . 27 Yarigera, d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Jur., ii, 29, 1850. = Tylostoma, Sharpe. Variolaria (Natica), Recluz. Reeve, Natica, No. 55. = N. pellis tigrina, Chera. 16 Yavaosi (Natica), Le Guillou, MSS. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 99, 1855. = N. Flemingiana, Recluz, . . .50 Yelainia, Munier-Chalmas, 1884. = Cepatia, Gray, . . 7 Yelutella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 156, 1847, . . . .67 Yelutina (Bulla), Miiiler. Zool. Dan., t. 101, f. 1-4. = Yelutina laevigata, Pennant, . . . . . .65 Yelutina, Fleming. Hist. Brit. Anim., 296, 1828, . 12, 65 Yenustula (Natica), Phil. Zeit. f. Mai., 1851, p. 48, . . 19 Yesicalis (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 159, 1848. = N. ampla, Phil 33 Yestalis (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 234. = N. mamillaria, Linn. ....... 49 Yirginea (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 81, 1852. = N. mamilla, Linn. 49 Yirginea (Mamma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 388, pi. xii, f. 6, 1850. = N. uber, Yal 48 Yiolacea (Natica), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. xi, . . 18 Yitellus (Natica), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1252, . . 29 Yitrea (Natica), Button. Cat. Marine Moll. N. Zeal., p. 21, 54 Yitrinseformis (Yanikoro), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 93, 1877. ? == Y. striata, d'Orb 69 Yittata (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., sp. 3674, ... 25 Yittata (Natica), Jeff. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix, 318. = N. clausa, Br. and Sowb., var. . . . . .31 Xantha (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 262, . 53 Zanzibarica (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 213. = N. melanostoma, Gmel., var. . . . .50 Zebra (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. Ed.),viii,p. 643, 16 ' 100 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Zelandica (Natica), Quoy and Gaim. Yoy. Astr., ii, p. 237 pi. 66, fs. 11 and 12, . . . . . 22 Zoologica (Mamma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., i 272, pi. v,f. 6, 1872, 46 Zonalis (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 386, pi. xiv f. 9, 10, 1850, 29 Zonalis (Sigaretus), Quoy and Gaim. Yoy. Astrol., vol. ii p. 221, pi. 66 bis, f. 1-3. = S. laevigatus, Lam. . 55 Zonaria (Natica), Lam. An. sans Yert. (Edit. Desk.), viii 643. = N. ala-papilionis, Chem^ .... 21 Zonata (Yelutina), Gould. Invert. Mass., p. 242, f. 160 E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xx, 137, 1877. . 66 Zonatus (Sigaretus), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 38. . . 56 Zonifera (Lamellaria), Bergh. Mem. Acad. Copenhagen, 335, 1853. = L. perspicua, Linn. FAMILY CALYPTR&ID&. Shell limpet-like, with a more or less spiral apex, interior simple or parti}' occupied by a shelly process, variously shaped, to which the adductor muscles are attached. Animal with a distinct head and lengthened muzzle ; eyes near the external base of the tentacles ; only one branchial plume is developed. The bonnet-limpets are found adhering to stones and shells ; most of them appear never to quit the spot on which they first settle, as the margins of their shells become adapted to the irregularities of the surface beneath, whilst some wear away the space beneath their foot, and others secrete a shelly base. The form and color of the shell both depend somewhat upon the situ- ation in which it grows ; those found on the inside of the mouth of dead shells are generally flat or even concave above and white ; those attached to the outside of shells are convex and colored. The animal is supposed to feed on sea-weed and ani- malcules ; and an individual kept alive in a glass by Professor Forbes, ate a small nudibranch (Goniodoris),its fellow prisoner. Both Calyptrsea and Pileopsis sometimes cover and hatch their spawn under the forepart of the foot. The inner process or shelf of the shell forms a support for the viscera. The branchia of this family is composed of narrow, rigid filaments, and Gray has created for this type the division Plocamobranchia. Subfamily Calyptraeinae. Muzzle slit at its extremity ; tentacles subulate, carrying eyes near their base ; foot short, rounded oval ; the single branchia finely and deeply pectinated ; adductor muscle horse-shoe shaped or oval ; jaws rudimentary ; radula with a subquadrangular middle tooth, the margin pectinated, the central cusp longer ; lateral teeth with denticulate margins ; marginals narrow, curved, denticulate (plain in Capulus). Shell conic, patelliform, the summit more or less spiral; (101) 102 interior polished, porcellanous, simple or chambered by a dia- phragm or variously shaped process, supporting the viscera; peristome entire. No operculum or attached base. Subfamily Hipponycinas. Animal without foot, properly so-called ; adductor muscle fixed to the interior of the shell above, and below either to the substratum excavated in the surface of the body on which the mollusk is attached, or to a ventral calcareous opercular-like piece which completely closes the aperture ; inferior surface of the body encircled by a sort of ventral mantle with papillary margins, resembling the dorsal mantle and morphologically cor- responding to the epipodium ; muzzle long, deeply incised and terminated by two lateral lobes ; tentacles long, subulate, the eyes sessile towards their base ; a spatuliform growth below the neck ; radula as in Calyptrseinse, the marginal teeth denticulated. Shell conical, peristome simple, with or without an internal process attached at the apex, but an opercular piece normally forms the base to the shell and is soldered to the surface of the body on which it lives attached. The embryonic Hipponyx has a spiral shell. These gastropods have so aberrant an appearance that they have been classed as Rudistes (Sowerby), and Brachiopoda (Morris), the opercular piece being taken for a ventral valve. Synopsis of Genera. I.— CALYPTR^EINJE. Genus CRUCIBULUM, Schum., 1817. Differs from Calyptraea (described below), in having an in- ternal cup-shaped lamina, the margin, of which is entire, and which is attached on one side to the inner wall of the shell. Temperate and tropical seas. Dentition, PI. 30, fig. 2. The synonyms are Trelania, Catillina, and Neleta, Graj', 1867 ; Dispotsea, Say, 1826, and Calypeopsis, Lesson, 1830. Section BICATILLUS, Swainson, 1840. Cup open and reduced to a curved lamina, adhering for its entire length. Indian Ocean. Fossil in the miocene of Aqui- 103 taine. The development of the cup appears to be arrested in this group ; but I am inclined to believe that this is not always the case. Genus CALYPTRJ3A, Lam., 1799. Shell conical, trochiform, with central, spiral apex, aperture basal, circular, entire ; interior furnished with a spiral diaphragm, the columellar margin of which is twisted, forming a false umbilicus, free margin convex. The animal (PI. 30, fig. 7) has a short head, the muzzle bilobed, tentacles rather short, cylindrical, with the eyes on tubercles at their exterior base ; foot short, rounded, obtuse behind, angu- lar in front. Dentition, PI. 30, fig. 3. The recent species are tropical and subtropical in their distri- bution ; fossil, the genus first appears in the lower Cretaceous. Galerus, Humphrey, 1797, and Mitella, Leach, are synonyms. Subgenus GALEROPSIS, Conrad. Spire more elevated. O. excentricus, Gabb. Eocene. Subgenus INFUNDIBULUM, Montfort, 1810. Summit central, whorls plicate, axis imperforate. Tropical and subtropical. Found in the tertiary of the United States and West Indies. Trochita, Schum., 1817, Trochatella, Lesson, 1830, and Clypeola, Gray, 1867, are synonyms. Subgenus SIGAPATELLA, Lesson, 1830. Shell oval with lateral apex, interior plate with submarginal axis, the free margin concave. Haliotoidea, Swains., 1840, and Trochella, Gray, 1867, are synonyms. Genus CREPIDULA, Lam., 1799. Shell oval, limpet-like, with a posterior, generally lateral spiral apex ; interior with a lamina or shelf, covering the posterior half of the aperture. Animal with head depressed, laterally dilated, muzzle 'short, bilobed, tentacles short, subulate ; foot short, subtruncate in front, rounded behind. Dentition, PI. 30, fig. 4. 104 Adhering to shells or stones, and modifying the form and surface of their shells in accordance with the inequalities of their place of attachment ; thus, the same species will be convex if on the outside of a Natica, concave if on its inte- rior wall, ribbed in either direction, according to its attachment on the exterior of a Pecten, etc,; others again are attached in groups one over another on each others' shell. The distribution is world-wide ; the individual species have a wide range, which, added to their great variability, as in attached shells generally, has caused an enormous specific synonymy. Genetically, the synonyms include Sandalium, Schum., 1817, Crypta, Humphrey, 1797, Tylacus and Lyro- scapha, Conrad, Crepipatella, Lesson, 1830, Proscenula, Perry, 1811. The following sections are founded on characters of little importance or stability : Section G-ARNOTIA, Gray, 1867. Apex median, posterior, detached and distant from the peritreme. Section CRYPTA (Gray, in part, 1867), Fischer, 1885. Surface spinose. Section IANACUS, Morch, 1852. Shell depressed or concave above, apex posterior, but slightly lateral. Section SIPHOPATELLA, Lesson, 1830. Lamina produced in front, its columellar margin subtubular. Ergxa, H. and A. Adams, 1854, and Noicia, Gray, 1867, are synonyms. Section SPIROCRYPTA, Gabb, 1864. Summit of shell posterior, lateral, submarginal, spiral ; internal plate attached to the margin on the lower or outer side, curving upwards and inwards, and uniting with the oppo- site side at a considerable distance. The plate is subspiral, thus approaching Infundibulum and Galerus. G. pileum, Gabb (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 78). Cretaceous of California. 105 [Genus GALERICULUS, Seeley. This genus has two distinct septa, the larger one originating below the incurved apex, the smaller one at the base. Only the cast is as yet known ; the shell has the form of a Helcion, but its upper surface has not been observed. G. altus, Seeley (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 79). Cretaceous.] Genus CAPULUS, Montfort, 1810. Shell conical, provided with epidermis, apex posterior and directed to the right, more or less spirally curved ; aperture basal, the lip continuous, no interior process, the horseshoe- shaped muscular impression on the inner wall. Animal with lengthened rostrum ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases ; mantle margin fringed ; foot suborbicular, simple ; gill-plume placed obliquely across the mantle-cavity, the elongate linear laminae partly exposed. Central tooth of the radula trapezoidal, the reflected margin triangular, having a long sharp median and very fine lateral cusps, laterals multicuspidate, marginals simple (PI. 30, fig. 5). The few species inhabit the seas of Europe, the East and West Indies, Western America, etc. Fossil, the genus com- menced with the Silurian, and about twenty species are known. These animals are said to feed on the seaweed that grows around them, and on small marine organisms. They appear to have but limited locomotion, being usually adherent and modi- fying the margin of the aperture of the shell according to the surface on which they live. Sometimes they wear away the surface beneath their foot, forming shallow excavations, or they secrete an imperfect shelly base by means of that organ. The egg-cases are membranous and are attached in a tuft at the front of the foot under the neck. Pileopsis, Lam., 1812, and Actita, Fischer de Waldheim, are synonyms. Section CAPULACM^EA, M. Sars. Shell thin, patelliform, with thin epidermis; apex not spiral, somewhat inclined to the right and posteriorly. Boreal Seas. Piliscus, Love'n, 1859, and Pilidium, Midd., not Forbes, are synonyms. 106 CALYPTR^ID^l. Section BROCCHTA, Bronn, 1827. Irregularly conical, apex slightly spiral, directed to the left ; left margin with a profound sinus, its posterior half folded. Tertiary, 2 sp. C. sinuosa, Bronn (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 80). A single living species is mentioned but not described as C. reductus, Desh., Isle of Bourbon. Section THYCA, H. and A. Adams, 1854. Shell conical, longitudinally grooved, transparent, slightly curved. Indian Ocean, a single species on Asteria. Subgenus METOPTOMA, Phillips, 1836. Shell depressed, conical, elliptical, truncated behind, apex not spiral, posterior, slightly inclined posteriorly. Carboniferous, Europe, United States. G. Solaris, Kon. (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixxxiv, f. 52). In the above-named work I included this among the sections of Patella, which it resembles exteriorly ; the muscular im- pression is like that of Capulus. Tryblidium, Lindstrom, 1880, is a synonym. [Subgenus SPIRICELLA, Rang., 1828. Shell flattened, elongated, with a sinistrally situated apex, and a corresponding cavity in the interior ; muscular impression very indistinct. C. unguiculus, Rang. (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixv, f. 96, 97). Miocene, France. The relations of this group are obscure ; it may belong near Umbrella.] Genus AMATHINA, Gray, 1842. Shell depressed, oblong ; apex posterior, not spiral, with three strong ribs radiating from it to the anterior margin which is produced into three points. Animal with elongated head, the eyes sessile on the margin behind the short tentacles ; mantle margin entire, a tentacular median filament at the hind part. Indian Ocean. Genus PLATYCERAS, Conrad, 1840. Shell depressed subglobose, subovoid or obliquety subconical ; spire small ; volutions few, sometimes free and sometimes con- CALTPTR^ID^!. 10T tiguous, without columella ; aperture more or less expanded, often campanulate, and sometimes with the lip reflexed ; peris- tome entire or sinuous. Surface striated or cancellated, often spirally ridged or plicate, and sometimes strongly lamellose transversely, nodose or spiniferous. There are fifty fossil species, Silurian to Carboniferous. United States, Europe. P. ventricosupi, Conr. (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 81, 82). As Platyceras was parasitic on crinoids and other marine organisms, the shells are very frequently deformed. The subglobose species resemble the Velutinae, but there is every degree of variation in form between these and non-spiral shells. From among these the following groups have been rather arbitrarily separated. Acroculia, Phillips, 1841, is a synonym ; in the opinion of some naturalists, Conrad's name (being preoccupied in insecta) should yield to this. Section ORTHONYCHIA, Hall, 1843. Body of the shell straight or curving, gradually diminishing above, arched or in some degree spiral at the apex, with the last volution or more quite free. P. spirale, Hall (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 83). Section IGOCERAS, Hall, 1859. Shell cancellated and often plicate. P. pileatum, Conr. Si- lurian, U. S. Section EXOGYROCERAS, Meek and Worthen, 1868. Shell sinistrally spiral, with rudimentary columella. P. reversum, Hall. [Genus DIAPHOROSTOMA, Fischer, 1885. Under this new name, Dr. Fischer includes Platyostoma, Conrad (not Klein, etc.), and its section Strophostylus in this subfamily. I have placed it in Naticidse, p. 9.] [ADDISONIA, Ball, 1882. Dr. Fischer has included this patelliform genus here on account of its lingual dentition, and the existence of a male copulatory organ ; for both conchological and anatomical reasons I prefer to retain it near Fissurella.] 108 II — HIPPONYCIN^E. Genus HIPPONYX, Defiance, 1819. Shell thick, obliquely conical, non-spiral, apex somewhat pos- terior and directed backwards, surface rugose or longitudinally grooved or cancellated ; muscular impression horse-shoe shaped ; base of attachment (opercnlar piece) when present, thick. Animal oval or suborbicular, conical or depressed ; foot very thin, a little thickened towards the margins ; head globose, sepa- rated from the body by a neck-like constriction ; eyes upon swellings of the tentacles. Dentition, PI. 30, fig. 6. Distribution : Warm seas. Fossil : Cretaceous, Eocene. U. 5., Europe. The synonyms are Cochlolepas, Klein, 1753; Krebsia, Morch., and Amalthea. Schum., 1817. The same species will either excavate a cavity to which it adheres, or secrete a testaceous support. The section Amalthea was formed for certain species which were supposed to differ from Hipponyx in not secreting a shelly base, but forming instead a cavity in the surface of shells. Genus MITRULARIA, Schum., 1817. Shell conical, more or less irregular with a subcentral, sub- posterior, subspiral apex ; interior with a central, half cup-shaped lamina, open in front, free on the sides, attached at the apex ; basal plate thickened. Animal with broad muzzle, tentacles lanceolate, with eyes externally near their base, the neck lobed on either side. Inhabits temperate and tropical seas, distribution world-wide. The synonymy includes Cemoria, Risso ; Mitrella, Trochilina, Trelania and Poculina, Gray, 18f>7 ; Lithedaphus, Owen, and Calyptr&a, Lam., 1801, not 1799. Lamarck at the later date adopted for his type a species belonging to the present group to which it has since been generally applied, whilst the name of Galerus, Humphrey, has been the received designation for the Calyptreea, Lam., of J799. I follow Dr. Fischer in correcting this matter, and like him displace the earlier but ill-founded name of Hupaphrey for the latter. 109 [Genus HARTTIA, Walcott, 1884. A cast indicating a patelliform shell within which extends a low broad ridge, originating at one end and supports a broad, subcordate shield-like expansion covering most of the other end. H. Matthew, Walcott (PJ. 30, fig. 1), Cambrian, St. John, N. B. A group of doubtful affinities.] The following extracts from a lecture by P. P. Carpenter, delivered under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and printed in its Annual Report for 1859, scarcely require apology for their introduction here, in view of their intrinsic interest. Carpenter and Dr. Gray agree in making large reductions from the number of published species, although, as a matter of course, they differ somewhat in detail. " The Calyptraeids (' slipper ' and ' cup-and-saucer ' limpets) found on the Spondylus valves are the most beautiful and varied that are known in any part of the world. The shells are large and thin, delicately furrowed and as it were engine-turned, with a profusion of tubercles, which sometimes rise up into long hollow spines. The colors vary from white to a rich black-brown, or are variously mottled with sienna, while the shape may be either an elevated cone or a widely spreading disk. Sometimes the same individual will begin with one form and sculpture-pattern, and suddenly change to another ; others again seem to develop per- manent and widely differing varieties. Occasionally a starved or diseased Mazatlanian will present the aspect which is normal on the colder shores of South America ; exchanging its thin texture and delicate sculpture for a coarse, solid, and nearly smooth shell. So far the views lately propounded with such ability by the celebrated author of the ' Voyage of the Beagle ' meet with sufficient confirmation ; and yet amid all its changes, there is a habit of growth, hard to describe and yet easily recognized by the practiced eye, which not onty unites the most aberrant forms, but at once separates them from neighboring species found on the same coast and appearing very similar to the common ob- server. The ordinary plan of only preserving in collections a few picked specimens displaying marked peculiarities, is by no means favorable to the elimination of truth in reference to spe- 110 CALYPTPLEID^. cific variation. These extreme forms are very naturally described as distinct species, the intermediate connecting links not passing before the view of the naturalist. On showing to a distinguished author a carefully eliminated suite of Mazatlan specimens con- necting the smooth, thin, flat Grepidula squama, Brod., with the coarse, arched, laminated C. Lessonii, passing through the forms C. nivea, C. B. Ad., and C. striolata, Mke., he complained that I had ' kept all the puzzling shells.' In the very useful work of Messrs. H. and A. Adams, on the ' Genera of Recent Mol- lusca,' these forms appear under different subgenera. It is not fair to blame authors for these mistakes, which naturally result from the imperfection of the material on which they work. But the prevalence of such errors should lead us to embrace every opportunity of studying large numbers of specimens, both from the same and different localities. Patience, accuracy, and honesty may thus render as valuable service to science as bril- liant genius, and may supply the materials from which some master-mind may hereafter develop the most important generali- zations. " Those who describe species from minute differences founded on individual specimens, might do well to study the plates ap- pended to the 'B. A. Report on the West Coast Mollusca.' Take e. g. the Crucibulum spinosum, pi. 9. The shell is at first spiral, like a snail. It then surrounds its entire margin with a rim, which is the first beginning of what in the adult becomes the ' saucer ' or outside shell ; that is the hardened skins of the animal's body (for the shells are not to be regarded as a house, constructed for the animal to live in, but as an integral part of the animal itself, like the feathers of birds or our own nails and hair). At the same time it raises a slight lamina from the labi- um or ' pillar-lip ' which ultimately becomes the ' cup/ At first, however, it is like the ' deck ' in the Slipper limpets, from some species of which it can scarcely be then distinguished. The Crepidulae, however, continue their deck in a horizontal direc- tion, while the Crucibulum turns the edges upwards at a more or less obtuse angle. Gradually during the progress of adoles- cence, this angle becomes right and then acute, the outer shell meanwhile taking various forms, round, oblong, or irregular, according to the nature of the surface to which it has chosen to CALYPTR1EITUE. Ill adhere. Often this immature state is continued to a late period ; if permanent it would belong to the subgenus Dispotaea (Sa}7"), of Messrs. Adams. But normally the sides of the cup close in, while its body becomes greatly swollen in front. This cup now assumes the form which is alwa3*s characteristic of the species under every modification of external growth ; being well rounded in C. imbricatum, angular at the side in C. spinosum, and with the sides flattened against each other in C. radiatum. In C. rude, the adolescent stage is very soon completed and the cup is permanently detached from the side of the shell, forming a veritable ' cup and saucer,' one too after the fashion so prevalent in America, where the cup-handle has never been formed. It is a remarkable fact in geographical distribution, that the forms intricatum and rude, which are typical in the west tropical fauna of Central America, reappear but very sparingly on the Caribbean shores ; while G. spinosum, which is far more common, more variable and more widely distributed being found (under various names) from California to Chili has not yet been dis- covered on the eatern side. " Again, the C. radiatum, which is the most delicately formed of the whole group, confines itself to the equatorial western seas, not having been found further north than the Panama dis- trict. An extremely remarkable specimen of C. spinosum was dredged by Mr. Cuming in comparatively deep water. The net brought up a large stone with a small hole in it, on looking down which Mr. Cuming perceived a number of spines, as though a sea-urchin was lodging there. A blow of the hammer discovered the existence of a large cavity within, communica- ting with tlie external world only through this narrow opening. In the hollow of this cavity lay the limpet, turned as it were nearly inside out. The creature had gone to live there when young, and being of sedentary habits, it had not occurred to him that he might be imprisoned for life by his own corpulence, else he would probably have made his escape before he had grown too large. As it was, he grew larger and larger, and as the walls of his prison rose up round him on every side, he was obliged to flatten out his shell till it became a plate, instead of a cone. At the same time, his body protruding into the hollow, the cup protruded along with it till it stood considerably 112 OALYPTILEID.E. beyond the shell, of which it was normally an inside partition. Thus our Calyptraeid was fixed as immovably as any Pholas, but with this difference in their condition : that the Pholas, being designed for that kind of life, is not troubled with useless heads and eyes, and, moreover, is furnished with two long pipes to convey the water to and from the mouth and gills ; while the Crucibulum had eyes simply to stare at the wall in the dark, feelers to push the stone, and a long ribbon tongue, armed with hundreds of teeth, to rasp the water. And while encumbered with these unnecessary appendages he had not the benefit of water-pipes, to bring what alone this lock-jawed subject had to feed upon. For this want, however, the economy of the animal provided a remedy. The C. spinosum in its normal growth is either spinose or not ; the flatter forms being almost always smooth. The spires are developed from prolongations of the mantle (or thin shell-bearing skin of the animal), which appear at irregular intervals, though in regular pattern. Sometimes the whole shell is covered with crowded prickles C. Mspidum, Brod.), sometimes a few long spines appear at the edge on one side of the otherwise smooth shell. Sometimes the spines are few, large and hollow (C. tubiferum, Less.), each of the outer row communicating through a hole within the inner margin, which is afterwards filled up. Our prisoner worked for his living by constructing very large, long and open spine-pipes, which, instead of standing up at right angles to the shell, were directed back towards the narrow opening in the stone. It would appear that by this means the animal was simply supplied with nourishment, for the shell was above the ordinary size. "The most common Calyptrseid on the backs of our Spon- dylus valves, however, was Crepidula aculeata, Gmel. It was first described from West Indian specimens, which are generally dead and worn in collections, and afterwards re-described from fine West Coast shells, as C. hystrix and C. echinus, Brod. The stunted northern form was named G. Californica by Nuttall. " Perfect specimens brought by Mr. Dyson from Honduras correspond so exactly with those from Mazatlan that it is hardly possible to resist the impression that they are identical. Speci- mens from South Africa, from Sydney (Australia) and from the CALYPTRjEID^E. ((UNIVERSITY }\ 113 Pacific 'Islands, also present no marks of specific distinction. It appears to be one of the ubiquitous species, of which several are found in various genera, and some are known to have existed far back in time. " The Crepidula not only undergoes the changes of form from nearly flat to deeply arched, but from obese to elongated, which every observer of the common slipper-limpet of the Atlantic (C. fornicata, abundant from the icy shores of the St. Lawrence to the tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico) knows to prevail in that species ; but in sculpture it may either be crowded with short spines (C. echinus, Brod.), or have a few radiating lines of longer spines with nodulous interstices (C. hystrix, Brod.), or be covered with an irregular mass of spiny knobs (normal state), or lose the spines altogether in roughened striae (smooth- water form), or even become almost destitute of sculpture, like some northern specimens of the stunted variety (C. Calif ornica, Nuttall). Through all these changes it is recognized by its spiral stomattelloid growth exemplifying a section of the genus, the extreme forms of which approach Trochita ; and by its beautifully waved deck-margin, which resembles a ^^^^. The pointed centre, as the shell increases in size, generally leaves a characteristic line on the surface of the deck, passing up to the vertex. But often the point is rounded off, and even degener- ates into a broad wave. In one specimen co-ordinate with this degeneracy, a sharp angle was abnormally formed on one of the sides, so as to give the margin the aspect of a brace turned the wrong way, thus ^-Y — ' ; a very good specific distinction, if no intermediate specimens had been found. A series of deck- margins belonging to this and the following species, will be found represented on plate 8 of the British Association Report, Fig. 1, f. 3, g. The best means of distinguishing the species of slipper-limpets from each other was found to be the shape of the nuclear portion and the mode of growth of the very young shell. Whatever be the abnormal character of the adult, it did not appear that the offspring had a tendency to the same degeneracy, but rather to the resumption of the normal type. In the case of local varieties, the peculiarities are reproduced, because they depend on circumstances which affect all alike. But in such cases as those under consideration, where the extremes and all the 8 114 OAL YPTILEID^E. intermediate forms of variation are found in the same locality, the changes depending on the accidents of individuals, it is not yet proved that the idiosyncrasies are transmitted. In fact, the frequent instances in which the individual itself changes its form and sculpture at different periods of its life, is against such a hypothesis. " It is a fact worth noticing that while some species of shells are extremely variable, others, inhabiting the same localities, are ver}T constant in their characters. These are seldom widely diffused, and are often rare in individuals. A few young speci- mens of such species were found among the slipper-limpets on the spondyli ; but the bulk of the specimens belonged either to G. aculeata, which, as we have seen, is a somewhat ubiquitous species, or to C. nivea, which, under many shapes and many names, spreads over the principal parts of the Pacific coast of America, representing there the very distinct C.fomicata of the Atlantic. Two extreme forms were described by Broderip, from Mr. Cuming's collection ; the one', C. squama, thin, flat, and smooth; the other, C. Lessonii, solid, often arched, and covered with concentric laminse. These sometimes appear at regular intervals, and seem to be the normal and unique sculpture of the shell. It appears, however, that (7. squama (which is the calm- water form), if exposed to rougher influences, arches its back, 'adds layer after layer of porcellanous matter, hiding the color rays, and leaving the margin like the edge of a quire of paper. Now, if co-ordinate with this laying on of extra coats, the crea- ture advances forward, turning up the previous portion, the form Lessonii is produced ; in general very roughly and irregularly, which is the C. striolata of Menke, but sometimes very delicately, with fine sculpture between the laminae as described by Brod. It is common to find shells living for some time as squama, and suddenly plunging into the Lessonii types, with one or two strong laminae. Every stage of intermediate form was found among the Mazatlan shells. The degraded specimens of the Chilian seas form a part of the C. protea of d'Orbigny — a convenient receptacle, as the type specimens in the British Museum show, for the dead and puzzling shells which the author did not know where else to place. The ordinary condi- tion, intermediate between the extremes first described, is G. CALYPTR^ID^E. 115 nivea of C. B. Adams. As it is the normal state, the usual rules of priority have been set aside, and C. nivea taken for the name of the species, leaving squama and Lessonii for the principal varieties. The White Slipper is known under all forms (when in good condition), by its shaggy, light-green skin, and by the very peculiar character of the nuclear whirls. These are remarkably small, though the shell is large, standing out from the surface, of a reddish tinge, and crowded with regular trans- verse ribs. The characters have been observed in specimens of all the forms, although the influences which produce Lessonii drawing the shell away from the vertex, generally lead to its abrasion. Sometimes the White Slipper goes to live, when young, into the empty burrow of a boring mussel. In these cases, as soon as it has grown to the width of its cave, it is obliged to develop itself longitudinally, at the same time turning up its sides in the vain attempt to get more room. The corres- ponding slipper limpet of the California coast appears to have a special fancy for this mode of life, as most of the specimens sent have assumed the form now described. It was first found by Mr. Nuttall, and distributed by him a G. exuviata. It was so published in Dr. Jay's catalogue. Dr. Gould, howeverv figured and described it as 0. explanata. It had been previously figured by Valenciennes, in the Voyage de la Venus, as G. perforans, that author supposing that it had made the burrow in which it was found. The designation representing an untruth, it must yield to the latest name, which alone is accompanied by a de- scription. A very singular groove, not found in the Mazatlan specimens, appears in all the specimens of G. explanata, and gives name to the shell. It is, however, a mere accident of growth, differing in every individual, and often not appearing till the animal approaches maturity. A specimen in situ, in the Smithsonian Institution, fortunately reveals the cause of this unique appearance. The creature goes to live in at the outer or pipe-end of the burrow of a bivalve, which remains at the other end after the animal has perished. The growth of the shell is normal till it has attained the breadth of the pipe, be that greater or less. It then increases down the pipe, the vertex of the shell being always turned towards the outer end. There is no groove at this period of its growth, and when the vertex is rubbed off 116 (as it generally is in elongated specimens), it can hardly be dis- tinguished from similar specimens of the White Slipper. But as soon as it has reached the bottom of the pipe, where the dead bivalve (generally a Petricola, a creature with rather short siphons), still remains undecomposed, it suddenly encounters an unexpected obstacle. It wedges itself under this (to it) mighty globe, and turns its delicate mantle, exuding the shelly skin up the sides of the cavity, but in vain. There is nothing for it but to retrace its steps, and back out. As it does so, every new portion formed under the arched bivalve repeats the previous concave impression, and the grooved slipper is the result. The sharp instrument of the explanation of one author, and the " perforation " of the other, is nothing but the little rounded u clam " tightly wedged at the bottom of its burrow ; and the same slipper-limpet freely developed under unconstrained influ- ences, is probably the C. navicelloides of Nuttall, to ascertain the characters of which we are still in want of perfect specimens. " To return to the White Slipper on the back of our Thorn Oyster. Among the young shells which appear to the naked eye to be the young C. nivea, were some which under the micro- scope displayed a much larger but smooth and imbedded nuclear portion. On comparing these with similarly situated specimens from the west coast of Africa and from other places, I found them exactly identical. They probably belong to the C. ungui- formis of Lamarck. Now, it so happens that Prof. C. B. Adams, who in general described every shell of Atlantic types as a new species, if found on the Pacific coast, in this one instance felt constrained to adopt the I^amarckian name for the unguiform Slippers of Panama. It is not certain that in this one instance he was correct. Some of the specimens he distributed under the name are undoubtedly compressed and inverted forms of his own C. nivea ; for every species may take the form of ungui- formis when grown inside of a dead spiral shell, especially with a dead hermit crab pressing against it. But there seems suffi- cient evidence to believe that while each coast has its special species of slipper-limpets, each one of which assumes protean changes, there is in this one species which has been scattered, it may be in dead shells, and on ballast, round the world, and to be distinguished from all neighboring species by the peculiar CRUCIBULUM. 117 character of the nuclear whorls. It is too much the custom among collectors, and even among naturalists, to examine and preserve only well-conditioned adult specimens. More may often be learned from deformed and ' ugly ' shells ; and espe- cially from series in all ages of development." — PHILIP C. CARPENTER. In preparing the following pages I have made use princi- pally of: W. J. Broderip. Descriptions of some new Species of Calyp- trseidre. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, I, 3 colored plates. 1835. This is almost a monograph of the family. Lovell A. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica. Monographs of Calyptrgea, Crepidula, Crucibulum, Trochita. 1858. G. B. Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Monograph of the family Calyptraeidse. 1883. J. E. Gray. Notes on the specimens of Calyptrseidse in Mr. Cuming's Collection. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1867. Genus CRUCIBULUM, Schum., 1817. C. SCUTELLATUM, Gray. PI. 31 , figs. 13-24 ; PI. 32, figs. 25-38 ; PI. 33, figs. 39-43. Shell solid, chestnut-brown or pale, with brown rays, polished and often darker colored within, rudely radiately ribbed, coarsely latticed by concentric ribs, or smoother and closely radiately striated. Length, 2-2*5 inches. West Coast of America from Chili to Mazatlan. Varies greatly in sculpture, height, etc., giving rise to many synonyms. The type form has been described as C. imbricatum, Brod. (fig. 17), and the synonymy embraces C. corrugatum, Carp. (figs. 18, 19), C. rugosum, Lesson, C. dentatum, Menke, C. costata, Menke, C. Cumingii, Carp., C. extinctorium, Sowb., (7. rude, Brod., C. gemmacaea, VaL, C. pectinatum, Carp. (fig. 24), C. umbrella, Desh. (fig. 20) = depressed specimens, and C. planata, Morch. C. concameratum, Reeve (figs. 21, 22), and C. serratum, Brod. (fig. 23), are young shells. 118 CBUCIBULUM. Yar. QUIRIQUINA, Lesson. PL 32, figs. 30, 31. Finely radiately costulate, or smooth. Mutations of this form have been called G. trigonale, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 25), G. ferrugineum, Reeve (fig. 26), C. lignaria, Brod. (figs. 27, 28), G. tenue, Brod. (fig. 29) and G. spectrum, Reeve (figs. 30, 31). Var. AURICULATUM (Chemn.), Auct. PI. 32, figs. 34, 35. Whitish or light brown, brown-speckled or unicolored, de- pressed, rugosely irregularly radiately ribbed. West Indies. It can scarcely, except by locality, be distinguished from flat specimens from the West Coast, yet the flatter rude form is predominant in the West Indies, whilst in the former localities it is exceptional. The synonymy includes C. Cuvieri, Desh., C. planatum, Schumn., G. Caribbeense, Carp. Yar. VIOLACEUM, Carpenter. PL 32, figs. 36, 3t. Ribbed and colored like the preceding species, interior light violaceous or violaceous brown. Yar. TUBIFERUM, Lesson. PL 32, figs. 32, 33, 38 ; PL 33, figs. 39-43. Closely radiately striated, distantly radiately costulate, the riblets prickly with short or long tubular hollow processes. West Coast of America, Chili to California. Typical specimens of this form might readily be distinguished as a species, but the intermediates connect it with var. quiriqui- num. It is better known under the later name of C. spinosum, Sowb. (fig. 38). Other sjmonyms are C. cinereum, Reeve (fig. 39), C. hispida, Brod. (fig. 42), C. Peziza, Gray, var. compresso- conicum, Carp., C. maculatum, Brod. (fig. 43), and C. striatum, Brod., not Say (= G. auritum. Reeve, figs. 32, 33), the last two variations connecting with the smooth or finely striate variety. C. STRIATUM, Say. PL 33, figs. 44, 45. Aperture orbicular, apex usually rather high, beaked, surface radiately striate, cup broadly open, attached fully one- third of its circumference ; brownish white, brownish within. New England to New Jersey. The type of the section Dispoteea, Say, which has no claim to be separated from the main group. CALYPTR^EA. 119 C. RADIATUM, Brod. PI. 33, figs. 52, 53. Comically orbicular, whitish rayed with dark chestnut without and within, radiately striated and very closely finely ridged ; internal appendage cup-shaped, produced, concavely compressed on one side. Bay of Caraccas. Broderip describes the cup as " pressed in on one side, adher- ing to the shell not only by its apex, but also by a lateral seain, which scarcely reaches to the rim of the cup." A doubtful species. Section BICATILLUS, Swainson, 1840. C. EXTINCTORIUM, Lam. PL 33, figs 46-51. Thin, shining, smoothish, apex elevated and twisted ; brownish white, more or less ra^ed or spotted with chestnut ; interior appendage small, cornucopia-shaped. Malacca, Singapore, Mauritius. It is C. Isevigatum of Chenu, (7. morbidum, Reeve (figs. 48, 49), and C. lividum, Reeve (figs. 50, 51), a brown variety. C. VERRUCOSUM. Reeve. PL 33, figs. 54, 55. Shell orbicular, conical in the middle, top central, somewhat mamillary, yellowish cream-color, rather opaque, more or less rayed and spotted with chestnut, surface interruptedly laterally wrinkled ; cup small, cornucopia-shaped. Yucatan (Norman). Described without locality, which is supplied from specimens in Mus. Philad. Acad. C. MAMMULA, Rochebrune. (Unfigured.) Senegambia. Genus CALYPTRJ3A, Lamarck, 1799. C. SINENSIS, Linn. PL 34, figs. 56, 57 ; PI. 30, fig. 7. Orbicular, thin, smooth or finely scaled, shining within; white or yellowish white. Europe. Dr. Jeffreys writes : "It would seem that this mollusk seldom, if ever, leaves its place of abode. I found some at Sark, living attached to small pebbles, each pebble having scarcely a broader surface than the circumference of the shell, which closely fitted the sinuosities of the stone. Both shell and pebble were en- 120 CALYPTIUEA. crusted by nmllipore, and had the same appearance. The mark of adhesion is glossy, but does not show any excavation. Ac- cording to Andouin and Milne-Edwards the female hatches her eggs, and keeps the fry between her foot and the foreign body to which she adheres ; her patelloid shell thus serves hot only to cover and protect herself, but is also a shield for her offspring. The eggs are yellow, and inclosed in membranous capsules, which are flattened, transparent, and filled with an albuminous matter. These little sacs are from six to ten in number, connected one with another by a pedicle, and arranged like the petals of a rose ; each capsule contains ten to twelve eggs. The fry resembles that of Velutina leevigata in shape and sculpture ; and the ani- mal at this stage of growth has large ciliated neck-lobes, as in other Gastropoda." — Brit. Conch., iii, 275. It is C. vulgaris, Phil. ; C. squama, Desh. ; G. mamma, Sie- maschko ; C. laevigata, Lam. ; G. muricata, Costa; C.spinulosa, Chemn. ; G. albida, Donov. ; C. succinea, Risso ; C. Polii, Scacchi ; G. spirata, Nardo ; G. carinaria, Bon., besides a number of fossil synonyms. C. SUBREFLEXA, Carpenter. PI. 34, figs. 58, 59. Reddish brown, aculeately radiately striated ; internal appen- dage lateral, appressly effused. Gulf of California. C. PELLUCIDA, Reeve. PI. 34, figs. 60, 61. Depressed orbicular, pellucid, finely concentrically striated ; livid white ; internal appendage rather depressly septum-shaped. Philippine Islands. C. CONICA, Brod. PI. 34, figs. 62, 63. Rather thin, concentrically striated; yellowish white, radi- ately subtessellately marked with chestnut, interior bluish white with the markings chestnut-violaceous ; internal appendage diaphanous, thin, effused. West Columbia to Acapulco. C. MAMILLARIS, Brod. PI. 34, figs. 64-15, 78-81. Rather thin, smooth, with growth-lines ; whitish, becoming purplish or brownish purple on the spire, the mamillary apex brownish ; interior light brownish or violaceous. Valparaiso, Panama, Mazatlan, Sta. Barbara, Gal. Payta to Guayaquil (d'Orbigny). CALYPTR^EA. 121 The synonymy includes G. regularis and G. aspersa (figs. 80, 81), C. B. Ad., C. Lamarckii, Menke, C. lorica, Brod. (Gray), C. fastigiata, Gould ^figs. 66, 67), from Puget Sound, G. solida, Reeve (tigs. 68, 69), C. lichen, Brod. figs. 70, 71), C. unguis, Brod. (figs. 72, 73), a distorted young specimen, and C. poculum, Reeve (figs. 74, 75) = G.fusca^ Carp., both j^oung specimens. C. clypeolum, Reeve (figs. 78, 79) = G. Magellanica, Gray, said to come from Straits of Magellan may be added. C. CANDEANA, d'Orb. PL 34, figs. 76, 77, 82, 83. Small, rounded, thin, spire elevated, growth-lines rugose, sometimes obsoletely finely radiately striated, white. West Indies. It is G. occidentalism Gray, and G. Chinensis, Guilding. C. lamellosa, A. Ad. (figs. 82, 83), does not appear to have any distinctive character. Unfigured Species. C. PARVULA, Dunker. West Indies. C. CONTORTA, Carp. California. C. DECIPIENS, Phil. Sts. Magellan. C. SELLA, Menke. Hab. unknown. C. VESTITA, Phil. Hab. unknown. C. SPINIFERA, Gray. Kurrachee. C. RADIATA and C. RADIOLA, Desh. Hab. unknown. C. ARIETINA, Rochebrune. Senegambia. Subgenus INFUNDIBULUM, Montfort, 1810. C. RADIANS, Lam. PI. 35, figs. 84-88. Orbicular, depressed, or elevated radiately subnodulously ribbed ; whitish or yellowish white, under a j^ellowish brown fibrous epidermis, interior white, more or less stained with chocolate, the septum white. Diam. 2-3 inches. Peru, Chili. The synonyms are C. Peruviana, Desh., C. concamerata, Mart., C. costellata, Phil., C. Trochiformis, Gmel., C. Trochoides, Dillw., C. Araucana, Lesson, G. sordida, Brod. (fig. 86), a young shell, C. spirata, Forbes (fig. 87), a darker colored specimen, said to come from the Gulf of California, but the habitat has not been confirmed, although probable, and G. corru- 122 CALYPTR^A. gata, Reeve (fig. 88). A specimen of this species was collected (dead) at the island of Inagua, Bahamas, by Dr. J. J. Brown, and is in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy. C. INTERMEDIA, d'Orb. PL 35, figs. 89, 90. Orbicular, thin, whitish, longitudinally costate, inner margin of the lamina reflected over the blade. Peru. I know nothing of this shell, said to be rare. Is it an aberrant young C. radians ? Unfigured Species. C. SCUTUM, Lesson (C. TENUIS, Gray said to be a syn.). JV. Zealand. C. VENTRICOSA, Carp. (= C. RADIANS?) Mazatlan. C. PHLYCTIPHERA, Rochebrune. Senegambia. Subgenus SIGAPATELLA, Lesson, 1830. C. PILEOLUS, d'Orb. PL 35, figs. 91, 100. Thin, smooth, with revolving distant riblets, thin, diaphanous, white. Patagonia, Falkland Is. C. HELICOIDEA, Sowb. PL 35, figs. 92, 93. Whorls oblique, divaricately costate, orange-brown. Hab. unknown. C. LATERALIS, Sowb. PL 35, figs. 94, 95. Divaricately rugosely ribbed, whitish stained and radiated with chestnut. Hab. unknown. C. CALYPTR.EIFORMLS, Lam. PL 35, figs. 96-99. White or yellowish white, marked by growth-lines, spire often light violaceous, covered by a thin fibrous yellowish epidermis, interior white, more or less stained or blotched with violet. Australia, New Zealand, ?Viti Is., etc. Lamarck described this species as a Trochus, and Deshayes in removing it to the genus Calyptraea, changed the specific name to Lamarckii. I have thought it best to restore the original name, although rather objectionable. In no case could Deshayes' name be used, for the next in priority is Sowerby's equally objectionable C. comma-notata ; then follow C. Novae- Zelandiae, CREPIDULA. 123 Lesson, C. tomentosa (figs. 96-98), and C. maculata (fig. 99) of Quoy. It is also C. Chinensis of Chenu, not Linn. Genus CREPIDULA, Lam., 1799. The slipper-limpets are quite as variable as either of the pre- ceding groups, and the definitive arrangement of the species will require continued observation of the growth of shells from the same brood under diverse conditions. I take the species as conventionally recognized, although fully aware of some facts which, at least, militate strongly against the retention of some of them. As in most attached genera the form and sculpture are influenced by the surface of attachment ; thus a species flat and suborbicular when attached to a similar surface will become high and compressed if growing on the spire of a narrow- whorled shell. C. unguiformis, Lam., is generally found on the inside of large univalve shells, such as Naticas, Fulgurs, etc., and has the upper surface concave, and the color white; and Gray thought that the same species became 0. fornicata, Gmel., convex, with radiating chestnut spots, when attached externally ; but ungui- formis whilst appearing to prefer the interior station, yet is sometimes found on the outside of shells, still preserving its white color and long shape, but becoming somewhat convex. The admitted cosmopolitan distribution of C. unguiformis points to a large geographical range in the other species ; yet the protected station usually chosen by that species is probably conducive to its spread and acclimation. Gray writes (Zool. Proc., 737, 1867): "Messrs. H. and A. Adams formed the genus lanacus for the white flat specimens of this genus. All the specimens of the different species that take up their residence in the inside of the shell assume this form and color. It has been suggested that, instead of being depend- ent on the accident of locality, their living in such places is a habit peculiar to the species, and a proof that they are of a dis- tinct kind. This theory is set at rest by the fact that some specimens of the shell show the two states ; that is to say, an animal growing on the outside of a shell has moved to the inside, and an animal that commenced life on the inside of a shell has 124 CREPIDULA. moved to the outside. In the first case the apex of the shell is convex and brown, and the circumference white and flat; in the other the apex is flat and white, and the circumference brown and convex. I have seen one specimen in which the animal has moved twice, and the shell has a brown tip and margin and a white flat intermediate space." I have seen many thousands of specimens of the American G. fornicata and G. unguiformis, but never noticed any showing the change above recorded. The spinous ribbing of G. aculeata is very probably not a spe- cific character, yet it occurs in connection with a general facies which is easily recognizable as specific, although not readily definable. C. FORNICATA, Linn. PI. 36, figs. 1-8. Smooth, whitish or pink white, with radiating irregular chest- nut lines often broken up into spots, interior more or less stained with brown or violaceous. Length, 2 inches. East Coast of United States from Maine to Florida; West Indies , Brazil, etc. I figure a ribbed specimen (fig. 2). The synonymy includes C. gibbosa, Defrance ; C. nautarum ( Humph. ),Morch ; G. Riisei, Dunker; G. maculosa, Conrad; C. depressa, Sa}r, has been •referred to C. unguiformis, Lam., but specimens presented Jto the Philada. Academy by Mrs. Say are young fornicata. C. protea, d'Orb., includes this species and G. unguiformis, and is said to extend from West Indies to Patagonia. I am somewhat in doubt as to the West Coast distribution of this species as assumed by Dr. Gray. Most of the Pacific forms which that naturalist has associated with C. fornicata appear to me dis- tinguishable by perhaps slight, but sufficiently recognizable characteristics; C. arenata, Brod. (figs. 4, 5), however, said to occur at St. Elena, West Columbia, where it was obtained by Cuming, appears to be absolutely identical, and G. Patagonica, d'Orb. (figs. 6, 7), differs only in being more rounded in outline (in the figure) than the usual form of fornicata. C. Aplysioides, Reeve (fig. 8), from Rio Janeiro, may be added. The shell which Reeve has figured under the name of G. nautiloidea, Les- son, also appears to be referable here. CREPIDULA. 125 C, GLAUCA, Say. PI. 36, fig. 9. Rather flat, with a sharp pointed apex, yellowish brown with radiating rows of chestnut spots, interior dark chestnut brown, more or less mottled or spotted, septum white, diaphanous. Length, *75 inch. Long Island Sound to North Carolina. The darker color and smaller size distinguish this from the preceding species, but I am not at all sure that it is more than a varietal state of the young shell. Reeve's figure probably represents a colorless G.fornicata. C. CONVEXA, Say. PI. 36, fig. 10. Convex, with somewhat trigonal outline, high back and ob- liquely beaked apex ; whitish or glaucous radiately lined with chestnut spots, with sometimes larger nebulous chestnut-purple markings. Length, *75 inch. Nova Scotia to Florida. The form of this species is due to its attachment on the crus- tacean Eupagurus longicarpus and the gastropod Ilianassa obsoleta. The preceding species has been supposed identical with this, and simply modified by attachment to broad flat sur- faces ; this may be so, yet the present is a smoother, lighter-colored heavier shell. Its identity with G.fornicata is not improbable. C. navicula (Dunker), Morch;a West Indian form, insufficiently described, and unfigured, is probably a synonym. C. ADSPERSA, Dunker. PL 36, figs. 11,12. Ovate, more or less convex, rugulosQ, white with chestnut spots, epidermis olivaceous. Length, 1 inch. Benguela. Possibly a form of the last species. C. LENTIGINOSA, Sowb. PI. 36, figs. 13, 14. Yellowish chestnut-colored, with purple chestnut radiating series of spots. Length, 1 inch. Cape of Good Hope. Perhaps identical with C. convexa, Say, and the last species. C. CAPENSIS, Quoy. PI. 36, figs. 15, 16. Suborbicular, flattened, radiately, obsoletely striated, chestnut- brown, brighter colored within. Length, 1-25 inches. Cape of Good Hope. 126 CREPTDUtA. This species differs in form from the last as C. glauca does from C. convexa. C. PORCELLANA, Linn. PI. 37, fig. 22. Apex slightly beaked, whitish, maculated and divaricately stained with purplish chestnut spots. Length, 1-25 inches. Senegal ; Indian Ocean ? It is very doubtful whether this is distinct from G. fornicata ; a sharper apex and divaricating color-lines appear to be its chief points of difference. C. MOULINSI, Michaud. PL 36, fig. 17. Oval, depressed, smooth or slightly rugose, chestnut-brown. Length, 1-1-25 inches. Mediterranean Sea. Is C. fornicata, Phil, and C. gibbosa, Desh. Dr. Jeffreys and other good authorities consider this to = C. fornicata. C. LESSONIT, Brod. PI. 36, figs. 18-21 ; PI. 37, figs. 22-25. Rather flat, concentrically laminarly frilled, frequently ra- diately costulate, white, sometimes radiately lineated with chest- nut. Length, 1 inch. West Coast of Central America to Monterey, Cat. C. fimbriata, Reeve (figs. 20, 21), said to come from "Van- couver's Straits," C. squama, Brod. (fig. 23), C. nivea, C. B. Ad., C. striolata, Menke, and probably C. navicelloides and C. exuviata, Nutt., C. explanata, Gould (figs. 24, 25), and C. per- forans, Yal., are synqnyms. C. explanata has the form of C. unguiformis, but Carpenter places it here. Carpenter (Mazat. Cat., 281), describing this species under Prof. C. B. Adams' name of G. nivea, writes as follows con- cerning it : •' This creature, when flat 'and finely grown, is the C. squama of Broderip. The same shell, when coarsely grown, more convex and without brown stripes, is C. nivea, C. B. Ad. When the layers of which it is composed, instead of lying regularly one over the other, are slightly prominent, it becomes C. striolata, Mi-iike. When they are drawn forwards and project it becomes C. Lessonii, Brod. The name of Prof. Adams is retained, in preference to the prior ones of Broderip and Menke, as repre- senting the normal condition of the shell. CREPIDULA. 127 " In the squama stage it appears as a very thin, flat shell ; with the vertex generally lustrous brown, sometimes white ; from this radiate a greater or less number of brown lines, sometimes more or less broken into dots, gradually losing themselves in the white texture of the shell, sometimes reappearing at the margin, sometimes altogether absent. Yery rarely a rich lustrous brown is developed inside, shading into a sea-weed green. The shell is covered with a copious yellowish green epidermis, which lies in a fringe round the sharp margin. In its ordinary state, the texture has a tendency to run into layers. The epidermis does the same, the layers being in shreds and very copious." C. DORSATA, Brod. PI. 37, figs. 26-30 ; PI. 38, fig. 41. Thin, wide, irregularly longitudinally corrugated or rudely ribbed, or smoothish, whitish or yellowish, sometimes violaceous within ; septum bilobed. Length, -75 inch. Mazatlan to California. So distorted is this species in some instances that the apex is somewhat distant from the margin, and the attachment of the septum is lateral, so that it was described as a Calyptnea. C. bilobata, Gray (figs. 26, 27), is a smooth, chestnut-rayed form of this species; (?. lingulata, Gould, is described from a worn specimen of it. G.foliacea (fig. 28), and C. strigata (figs. 29, 30), Brod., referred by Carpenter to the next species, appear to me more likely to belong here, if they are not C. aculeata, Gmel. C. DILATATA, Lam. PI. 37, figs. 31-34 ; PI. 38, fig. 42. Oval, broad, rather thick, smooth, but with distinct growth- lines ; whitish, under a yellowish brown, thin epidermis, interior white, but the margin usually stained or radiately lineated with chestnut ; apex much curved to the side of the shell. Length, 1-5-2-5 inches. Western Coast of America from Patagonia to Alaska ; Kamtschatka. Distinguished by its rugose growth, inflated form, interior marginal coloring. The synonymy is very large : C. depressa, Desh., C. Peruviana, Lam., C. patula, Desh., C. Adolphsei, Lesson, C. nautiloides, Lesson, C. pallida, Brod. (fig. 32), C. arcuata (Brod.), Orb., C. princeps, Conr., C. prserupta, Conrad, 128 CREPIDULA. C. grandis, Midd. (fig. 33), C. minuta, Midd. (fig. 42), and G. nummaria, Gould (fig. 34), the latter from the interior of shells, hence flattened. It appears to me that nummaria might as well be referred to C. Lessoni as here, and that C. explanata, which is placed in the synonymy of G. Lessoni, could also be equally well placed here ; further, these flat, interior-growing specimens of Crepidula from the West Coast have about as much right to a distinctive place as has C. unguiformis. C. MONOXYLA, Lesson. PL 37, figs. 35, 36. Whitish, elongated, contorted, high-convex. Length, 1 -25-1 '5 inches. New Zealand. This species does not appear to have any special character- istics ; a G. unguiformis growing on the outside of a narrow shell would be apt to take on the same form. G. contorta, Quoy (figured), and G. profunda, Button, are synonyms. C. ONYX, Sowb. PI. 3T, figs. 31, 38; PL 38, figs. 43-50; PL 39, fig. 59. Rather thick, rugose, smooth or rarely radiately costellate, chestnut or chocolate-colored within and without, sometimes obscurely chestnut-rayed, the septum usually white. Length, 1-5-2 inches. Panama to California. Carpenter, in his Mazatlan Catalogue, endeavors to distin- guish G. rugosa, Nuttall (fig. 37), from this species; the latter having a shaggy epidermis, whilst that of rugosa, though some- what lamellar, is glossy, never shaggy. The numerous speci- mens before me, from many localities, do not seem to establish this distinction, and probably the shaggy epidermis is the result of rough water. I suspect that G. adunca, Sowb., with its sharp elevated beak, although placed from this character in a distinct section, will prove to be an onyx growing upon more restricted surfaces. The synonymy will include G. hepatica (fig. 38), perhaps of Deshayes, at any rate, of C. B. Adams ; but whether the C. hepalica so identified by Krauss, or his var. complanata (fig. 45), from the Cape of Good Hope, are identical, remains doubtful : I can see no difference, judging from the figures. C. immersa, Angas (figs. 46, 47), from Australia, also appears the same. To CREPIDULA. these are to be added C. amygdalus, Yal., (7. Cerithicola, Ad. (juvenile), C. ma^ginalis, Brod. (figs. 48, 49), C. lirata, Reeve (fig. 50), and perhaps C. SitcJiana, Midd. (fig. 59). Section GARNOTIA, Gray, 1867. C. ADUNOA, Sowb. PI. 38, figs. 51-55; PL 37, figs. 39, 40; PL 39, fig. 60. Usually rather high, compressed on the sides, or subtriangular with a sharp hooked beak distant from the margin, smooth ish, chestnut-brown, under a light yellowish brown epidermis, with sometimes indistinct rays, more or less broken up into spots, interior also chestnut color. Length, 1 inch. Panama— Sts. of Fuca. A very common West Coast form, the distinctive character of which may result mainly from its attachment ; the coloring does not differ from G. onyx. The synonyms are G. solida, Hinds (fig. 52), C. rostriformis, Gould (figs. 53, 53 a), G. uncata, Menke, C. jixsurata, Sowb. (fig. 60), and G. rostrata, C. B. Ad. G. excavata, Brod. (figs. 54, 55), is a large form, a variety of which has been named fusco-punctata by Morch. G. incurua, Brod. (figs. 39, 40), is normalty radiately ribbed, but intermediates occur between it and the smooth typical form. Section CRYPTA (Gray), Fischer, 1885. C. ACULEATA, Ginel. PL 39, figs. 61-65. Oval, moderately convex, apex lateral, spiral, surface covered with radiating prickly or spiuose ridges ; whitish, yellowish or brownish, often chestnut-rayed, interior often splotched or rayed with chocolate, septum white. Length, 1-1'5 inches. Florida to Patagonia, and West Coast of America northwards to Southern California, Sandwich Inlands, Japan, Australia, Mauritius, India, etc. A cosmopolitan species, varying in the development of the spines, and with a considerable s\'nonymy : C. echinus (fig. 63) and G. hystrix (fig. 64), of Broderip, G. Californica, Nuttall, MS., G. costata, Menke (fig. 65). G. strigata and C. foliacea, Brod., which I have referred to the synonymy of C. dorsata, may possibly belong here. 9 130 CREP1DULA. Section IANACUS, Morch, 1852. C. UNGUIFORMJS, Lam. PL 39, figs. 66-63. Narrow, upper surface, usually flat or concave, with apex direct and marginal, somewhat lamellar, milk white, interior highly polished, the septum convex. Length, 1 inch. Nova Scotia to Texas, We.st Indies, Mediterranean Sea, Peru, Panama to California, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, etc. It is Patella crepidula, Linn., C. Italica, Def ranee, C. calceo- h'no, Defrance, C. Deshayesii, Folin (figs. 67, 68), C. plana, Say, C. sinuosa, Turton, G. Candida, Risso. Some authors have contended that the European C. unguiformis is a different species from our C. plana ; the comparison of large suites of both will demonstrate their identity to any one. Section SIPHOPATELLA, Lesson, 1830. C. WALSHII, Hermannson. PL 38, figs. 56-58. Transverse, concave, white, beak lateral, internal appendage oblique, inflected at the outer side. Width, 1'25 inches. Ceylon, Singapore, China Sea, Japan. It is C. plana, Ads. and Reeve, not Say, C- scabies, Reeve (fig. 58). C. CHINENSIS, Gray. PL 39, figs. 69-71. Spiral, with one and a half or two whorls, pale brown or whitish, internal plate thin with a lateral fold. China. Possibly identical with the preceding species and presenting a more free growth of it. It is the t}7pe of Gray's group Noicia. Unjfigured and Undetermined Species. C. CALYPTR^EIFORMIS, Desh. Peru. C. NERITOIDES, Recluz. = Genus Latia. C. SUBSPIRATA, Blainv. Hab. unknown. C. RUGULOSA, D unker. Cope Good Hope. C. NAVICELLA, Lesson. Hab. unknown. C. CHILIENSIS, Lesson. Chili. CAl'ULUS. lol C. LAMELLOSA, A. Ad. Japan. C. COSTULATA, Dunker. Hob. unknown. C. LINEOLATA, Desli. Southern Seas. C. STRIGILLATA, D linker. Hab. unknown. C. EXCTSA, Phil. Ins. Mergui. C. ATRA, Phil. Hab. unknown. C. GOREENSIS, Desh. Senegal. C. HOLURTHII, Perry. C. TEGULICIA, Rochebrune. Senegambia. Genus CAPULUS, Montfort, 1810. C. HUNOARICUS, Linn. PI. 39, figs. 72-74. Shell cornucopia-shaped with recurved apex, rather thin, finely irregularly ribbed, disappearing towards the margin, growth-lines conspicuous, irregular, undulating the surface of the shell ; yellowish white to dull reddish brown, under a thin yellowish brown epidermis, which is easily detached and seldom remains on the upper part, interior white or pinkish. Diam. l'5-2 inches. Europe ; off Mar Iliads Vineyard, Mass., 69 and 458 fins. In British waters it is found in from 7 to 85 fathoms, attached to rocks and large shells, especially frequenting oyster and scallop beds. It is a common tertiary fossil. The synonymns are C. Ungaricus, Lam., Pileopsis militaris, Linn, (juv.), C. unguis, Sowb., C. dispar, Michelotti, Protomedea ornata, Costa. C. UNGARICOIDES, d'Orb. PL 40, figs. 82, 83. Rather depressed, very thin, fragile, summit lateral and spiral ; surface of the shell entirely smooth, but the epidermis has some radiating raised lines ; rosy white with a few reddish rays. Diam. 15-22 mill. Payta, Peru. C. INTORTUS, Lam. PI. 39, figs. 75, 7(1. Thin, very obliquely spiral, finely longitudinally rugosely costulate, somewhat obsoletely decussated by the growth- sculpture; aperture rounded; white, the epidermis yellowish brown, hairj'. Length, 17 mill. Florida, West Indies. Paumotus, Philippines, Mauritius. 132 CAPULUS. A species having a wide distribution in warm seas. It is ? G. militaris, Wood, C. incur vus, GmeL, C. liberatus, Pease (fig. 76). C. BADIUS, Dunker. PL 39, figs. 77, 78. Laterally compressed, obsoletely radiately costulate, orange- brown. Length, 15 mill. Japan. Has somewhat the aspect of a Hipponyx. C. SAGITTIFEE, Gould. PL 39, figs. 79, 80. Smooth, thin, translucent white, with minute arrowhead- shaped markings of more opaque white, arranged in quincunx order. Diam. 6 mill. Hab. unknown. C. VIOLACEUS, Angas. PL 39, fig. 81. Laterally compressed, radiately striated, apex free, inclined to the right ; internally with a very narrow rib, rounded at the edge, situated in the cavity of the shell and extending on either side nearly to the interior of the aperture ; interior violaceous. Length, 16 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Described from a single specimen. Section CAPULACM^EA, M. Sars. C. RADIATUS, Sars. PL 40, figs. 84-87. Thin, transparent, radiately striate or smooth except growth- lines, whitish or yellowish, faintly strigate with darker color, under a thin yellowish epidermis, base rounded, apex small, inclined. Length, 22 mill. Circumboreal : Sea of Ochotsk, Alaska, Davids Strait, Norway, Spitzbergen, Japan. The synonymns are Pilidium commodum, Micld. (figs. 86, 87), Piliscus probus, Love'n, Capulus dilatatus (figs. 84, 85), and C. depressus, A. Adams. ALLERYA KREBSII, Morch, and PROPILIDIUM TENUE, Jeffreys, both referred to this group, are members of the family SlPHONARIID^E. AMATHINA. 133 Section THYCA, H. and A. Adams, 1854. C. ASTERICOLA, Ads. and Reeve. PL 40, fig. 88. High-conical, sculptured with fine close-set radiating riblets ; white ; margin crenulated. Alt. 6 mill. Sooloo Sea, on the tubercle of a star-fish. Unfigured and doubtful species of Capulus. C. (THYCA) ELEGANS, Tapp. Canefri (unfigured). Papuan Inlands. C. CYTHER^EA, Lesson (unfigured). Tahiti. C. PALEACEA, Menke (unfigured). Hob. unknown. C. JAPONICUS, A. Adams (unfigured). Japan. C. GARNOTII, Payr. = Gadinia. C. SHREEVEI, Conrad. = Hinge process of Pholas costata, Linn. Genus AMATHINA, Gray, 1842. A. TRICOSTATA, Gmel. PL 40, figs. 89, 90. White, apex posterior but not marginal, recurved, with distant radiating low striae posteriorly and three strong anterior ridges, diverging and causing a projection of the margin. Length,! inch. East Indies, Japan. Patella tricarinata, Linn., to which this is referred by H. and A. Adams, is an entirely different shell. A. NOBILTS, A. Ad. PL 40, fig. 91. S'hell shaped like Capulus, solid, white ; apex median, acute, involute, turned to the right; strongly bicarinated, posterior margin dilated. Length, 25 mill. Saghalien Island, Japan. A. ANGUSTATA, Souverbie. PI. 40, fig. 92. Elongated, narrow, a little twisted, apex recurved, spiral ; with three or four anteriorly directed strong carinations, the rest of the surface with slighter radiating carinae. Length, 12 mill. N. Caledonia. A. TRTGONA, Sowb. (imfignred). Friendly Islands. A. BICARINATA, Pease (unfigured). Sandwich Islands. Judging from the descriptions, these two species are closely allied, perhaps identical. 134 mrroNYX. Subfamily Hippomjrinx. Genus HIPPONYX, Defrance, 1811). Sowerby , in the first volume of his Thesaurus, has monographed this genus, consisting then of five species, as a bivalve mollusk in connection with Crania and Thecidium, mistaking the occa- sionally formed calcareous base for an attached valve. H. ANTIQUATUS, Linn. PI. 40, figs. 93-99. White, apex posterior, concentrically rudely, closely laminated, more or less distinctly radiately striated ; epidermis pilose. Length, *75 inch. Florida, West Indies, Senegal, Polynesia, California, Panama, Peru, Australia. The synonyms are H. mitrula, Gmel.; H. Panamensis, C. B. Ad.; H.foliaceus, Quoy (fig. 98), and H. C7mra#=/orwm, Rochbr. (fig. 99). H. SERRATUS, Carpenter. PL 40, fig. 100. Differs from H. antiquatus in the character of the base of the shell (margin of aperture), which is broad and flat, made up of very numerous close-set lamellae, deeply serrated into large, scarcely rounded lobes ; the interstices are filled with epidermis, in irregular ribband-like shreds. Length. 1 inch. Mazatlan. Living attached to each other or to other shells. //. foli- aceus, Menke (not Quo}' and Gaimard\ is probably a synonym. H. SUBRUFUS, Lam. PI. 40, fig. 1. ' / O Shell orange or orange-red, decussated by radiating and con- centric close striye. Length, *5 inch. West Indict, Peru, Panama. H. cernuus, Gmel., is probably identical. H. tuberculatus, Carp., is similarly colored, with subcentml apex, close radiating ribs and concentrically tuberculate, base thick, lamellate. Length, *5 inch. Morch refers it here doubtfully. H. trigonus, Gmel., is said to be flatter than subi-ufus, with stronger radiating sulci, and to this^ Morch doubtfully refers H. barbatus, var. costdlatvx of Car- penter; it is perhaps only a variety of subrufus. HIPPONYX. 135 II. BARBATUS, Sowb. PL 40, figs. 2, 3. Shell depressed, apex suberect, subposterior, whitish, concen- trically and racliately striated, with a pilose brownish epidermis, aperture margin smooth. Length, '75 inch. Alazatlan, Galapagos Is., Polynesia, Japan, Cape Good Hope. It is H. australis, Menkc, not Lam. H. pilosus, Desh. (fig. 3), appears to be the same, and has priority, but the species is gen- erally known as H. barbatus. H. GRAYANUS, Menke. PL 40, figs. 4, 5. Apex subcentral, ribs fewer, coarser and more nodulous than in H. barbatus, with softer, shorter, fewer and more irregular hairs, base flat but very broad, rather rounded at the inner margin, crenated at the outer, with numerous lamellae, undulated but not serrated. Length, '75 inch. Galapagos, Panama, Mazatlan, Sandwich Islands. Described as H. radiatus, Gray, a name preoccupied by Quoy and Gaimard, and by Desires, the latter for a fossil species. I doubt its distinctness from H. barbatus. H. CRANIOIDES, Carp. PL 40, figs. 6, 7. Rounded, convexly planate, the apex subcentral, radiately .striate, concentrically laminate. Length, *85 inch. Vancouver's Island. H. tumens, Carp. (fig. 7\ is a somewhat higher form, less worn by attrition, but having the essential characters of the above ; it is reported from Sta. Barbara and S. Pedro, CaL Neither species has very good claims to recognition as distinct. H. RADIATUS, Quoy and Gaimard. PL 41, fig. 8. Shell radiately broadly costate, apex submedian. Dimensions and habitat unknown. This species was found on a Pterocera chiragra, consequently is probably Polynesian. The figure is no doubt magnified, but the dimensions are not given. It appears to me not unlike H. australis, Quoy. 136 iiiPPONYX. H. AUSTRALIS, Quoy. PI. 41, figs. 9-15. Rather thin, with broad flat radiating ribs and narrow inter- stices, concentric sculpture rather faint or obsolete, apex erect, subposterior ; whitish, or the interstices of the ribs sometimes orange-brown, interior usually stained with orange-brown. Length, 22 mill. Australia, New Guinea, N. Zealand, Mauritius, Viti Is., Japan. H. acutus, Quoy (figs. 12, 13), H. suturalis, Quoy (figs. 14, 15), H. cornucopias, Hutton, H. orientalis, Dufo, are synonyms. It is possibly Amallhea conica, Schum. — a name which would have priority if its identity could be fully established ; another older name which possibly belongs to this species is Patella cassida, Dillw. H. IMBRICATUS, Gould. PL 41, figs. 16, U. Apex subceutral, surface rayed with forty to fifty ribs, which are trellised by concentric growth-lines, yellowish white, chestnut- color stains the interior. Length, 12 mill. Sandwich Islands. H. CRYSTALLINUS, Gould. PL 41, figs. 18, 19. AVhite, ctrystalline, apex marginal, recurved, radiately ribbed, ribs somewhat undulated by the growth-lines, aperture margin thick behind, thin anteriorly. Length, 12 mill. Hab. unknown. Described as a Capulus. H. GBANULATUS, A. Adams. PL 41, figs. 20, 32. Shell Capuliform, with compressed sides and posterior, declined apex ; reddish brown, with white granules disposed in radiating series, and subflexuous concentric lines, reddish brown within. Length, 16 mill. West Coast of Africa. Was found attached to the spine of a Cidaris, and reproduces its granulations ; probably on a larger smooth surface the species would be very different in form and ornamentation. H. DANIELI, Crosse. PL 41, figs. 21, 52. Apex posterior, sharp, carmine, rest of surface brownish, radi- ately striate, interior chestnut-colored, more or less varied with carmine townrds the sipox. Length, 22 mill. New Caledonia. MITRULARlA. lot The oblique undulating ribs of the original figures, reproduced by me, are not of specific importance, resulting from a similarly sculptured surface of attachment ; they do not exist on other specimens. The species is mainly characterized by its attenu- ated apex, thinness and color. H. TICAONICUS, Sowb. PI. 41, figs. 23, 24. Suborbicular, with the apex posterior and recurved, closely radiately striate, whitish, under a pale fulvous hairy epidermis. Length, 15 mill. Philippines. I doubt its distinctness from H. subrufus, Sowb. H. RUGULOSUS, D unker (unfigured). Samoan Is. H. PLANATUS, Carpenter (unfigured). Mazatlan. H. EFFODIENS, Carpenter (unfigured). West Indies. H. MINOR, Garrett (unfigured). Sandwich Islands. Genus MITRULARIA, Schum., 1817. M. EQUESTRIS, Linn. PL 41, figs. 25-32 ; PL 42, figs. 33-56 ; PL 43, figs. 57-67, 70. Nearly orbicular or irregular, rather solid, varying to papy- raceous, rudely convex ; whitish, or more or less stained with light yellowish; radiately closely minutely ridged, or striated, outer edge of base often closely crenulated. Basal plate con- cave, platter-shaped, with puckered edge. Diam. 1'25 inches. China Sea, Philippines, Indian Ocean, Princess Isl., W. Africa, W. Indies* W. Coast of Central America, Galapagos Is. I have interpreted this species in accordance with general usage, the Linnean species being indeterminable. The synonomy includes: ? M '. Dillwynii, Gray, AT. umbo, Reeve (fig. 27), M. Neptunii, Dillw., var. costata, Morch, M. scutulum, Reeve (figs. 28,29), M. stella, Reeve (fig. 31), M. cepacea, Brod. (fig. 30), M. varia, Brod. (fig. 35), M. Layardii, Reeve (fig. 33), M. Adamsi, Reeve (fig. 36) = M. depressa, Ad. and Reeve, not Lamarck (fossil sp.), M. alveolata, A. Ad. (fig. 34), M. Vani- korensis, Quoy (fig. 38), '.M. cancellata, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 37), 138 M1TRULARTA. M. Boissyi, Dufo, Lithedaplius lonyirostris, Owen, M. dormitoria, Reeve (fig. 60), M. ossea, Reeve (fig. 39), M. Hipponici.formis, Reeve (figs. 40, 41), M. cyathella, Reeve (fig. 42), M. bulla, Reeve (fig. 43), M. slultorum, Reeve (fig. 44), M. Tongana, Quoy (figs. 45, 46), M. pileopsis, Quoy (figs. 47, 48), M. chlorina, Gould (figs. 49-51), M. radiosa, Gould (tig. 52). These forms represent a great variety in shape and sculpture, and it is not wonderful that, with the ideas prevalent among conchologists a quarter of a century ago, they were described as distinct species. I have, for convenience, separated a series of irregu- larly corrugated forms as a variety, but they really connect insensibly with the type. Yar. TORTILIS, Reeve. Figs. 53-59, 61-67. Surface irregularly corrugated and folded, the folds longi- tudinal, oblique or concentric, sometimes taking every direction, and so thick as to obscure the radiating strue. West Indies, Philijjpines. This form is very usual, especially in West Indian specimens. M. diaphana (fig. 54), Reeve, M. Martiniana, Reeve (fig. 55), M. uncinata, Reeve (fig. 57), M.papyracea, A. Ad. (figs. 58, 59), M. cornea, Reeve (figs. 61, 62), M. cicatricosa, Reeve (fig. 56), M. saccharimeta, Reeve 'fig. 63), M. Balanoides, Reeve (fig. 64), M. porosa, Reeve (figs. 65, 66), and M. fibulata, Reeve (fig. 67), are all synonyms. Var. ACULEATA, Reeve. Fig. 70. Radiately striate and scaled, or short spinose. Honduras. M. tubifera, Gray (unfigured), from the same locality, is doubt- less a synonym. M. CORRUGATA, Brod. PI. 43, figs. 68, 69. Suborbicular, apex subcentral, rugosely radiately ribbed and striated, ribs scaly towards the margin ; whitish, or light yellow- ish brown. Diam. 40 mill. Guacomayo, Central America. Found by C timing, under stones at 14 fins. A beautiful form, but perhaps not specifically distinct from M. equestris. MITRULARIA. 139 M. TECTUM-SiNENSE, Lam. PI. 43, figs. 71-74. Whitish, radiately striated or nearly smooth, with concentric lamellte, free at the edges. Diam. 1 inch. Philippines. The well-known " Chinaman's hat." M. scabies, Reeve (fig. 74), is a S3rnonym, and connects with varieties of M. equestris. M. RUGULOSA, Dunker (nnfigured). Swain's Id. M. LACTUCACEA, Rochebrune (unfigured). Senegambia. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Aberrans (Calyptraea), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 330. = Anomia. Acroculia, Phillips. Palseoz. Foss., 1841. = Platyceras, Conrad, 107 Actita, Fischer de Waldheim. A elvers. Zool., iii, 1825. = Capulus, Montf. . . . . . . . .105 Aculeata (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, fig. 31 a, &, 1858. = Mitrnlaria equestris, Linn., var. . . . 138 Aculeata (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3693, . 112, 127, 129 Acuta (Crepidula), H. C. Lea. Am .Jour. ScL, 1 ser. xlii, 108, t. 1, f. 4. = C. convexa, Say. Acutus (Hipponyx), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, 35, 36. = H. australis, Quoy, 136 Adamsii (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 7,. 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .137 Addisonia, Dull., 1882, 107 Adolphan (Crepidula), Lesson. Voy. de la Coq., ii. 391. == C. dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. * 127 Adspersa (Crepidula), Dunker. Mollusca Guineensis, 34, 1853, . . 125 Adunca (Calyptraea), Sowb. Tank. Cat., app. 7, No. 82*, 1825, . 128, 129 Albida (Patella), Donovan. Brit. Shells, iv, t. 129. = Calypt. Sinensis, Linn. 120 140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Allerya, Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 100, 1877. = Williamia (Siphonariidee), 132 Alveolata (Calyptrsea), A. Ad., MS. Reeve, Icon., vol. xi, sp. 8, 1858. = Mitrularia'equestris, Linn. . . .137 Amalthea, Schum. Essai nouv. Syst., 181, 1817. = Hipponyx, Defrance, 108 Amathina, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 63, 90, 1842, . 106, 133 Amygdalus (Crepidula), Valenciennes. Voy. Venus, pi. 15. = C. onyx, Sowb .129 Angustata (Amathina), Souverbie. J. de Conch., p. 43, 1875; p. 72, t. 1, f. 6, 1877, .... .133 Antiquatus (Hipponyx), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1259, 134 Aplysioides (Crepidula), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 19. = C. fornicata, Linn. 124 Araucana (Calyptnea), Lesson. Zool. de la Coq., ii, part 1, No. 156, 1830; Guerin's Mag., 1831, t. 14. = Cal. radians, Lam. ....... 121 Arcuata (Crepidula), Brod. Brit. Mus. Cat., xxvii, So. Am., 49. = Crep. arenata, Brod. Arcuata (Crepidula), " Brod.," Orb., Gray. Brit. Mus. Cat., xxvii, 49. = C. dilatata, Lam. 127 Arenata (Crepidula), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxix, 7. = fornicata (Crepidula), Linn. . . . . .124 Arietinus (Galerus), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 180, 1882-3, . ....... 121 Aspersa (Trochita), C. B. Ad. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.,v, 443, 1852, 121 Astericola (Pileopsis), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang, 69, pi. xi,f. 1, 1848, 133 Atra (Crepidula), Phil. Menke's Zeitsch., 68, 1851, . . 131 Auriculata (Patella), Cliemn. Conch. Cab., x, 336, pi. clx. = scutellatum, Gray, var 118 Auritum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 17, 1859. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . . . . . .118 Australis (Hipponyx), Menke. Zeit., 186, 1847. = barbatus (Hipponyx), Sowb. 135 Australis (Hipponyx), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, 25-34, ^ 136 Badius (Capulus), Dkr. Moll. Mar. Japan, 124, t. 13, f. 15-17, 1882, 132 Balanoides (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 21, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. . . . 138 Barbatus (Hipponyx), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 5, 1835, . 135 Bicarinata (Amathina), Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860,399, 133 Bicatillus, Swains. Malac , 354, 1840, . . .102,119 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 141 PA^E. Bilobata (Crepidula), Gray. Zool. Proc., 745, 1867, . . 127 Brocchia, Bronn. Zeit. Min., ii, 538, 1827, . . . .106 Broderipii (Crucibulum imbricatum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., 168, 1856. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray. Bulla (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi,sp. 4, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .138 Calceolina (Crepidula), Desb. Enc. Meth., ii, 26. = C. unguiformis, Lam 130 Californica (Crypta), Nutt MSS. = C. aculeata, Gmel 112,113,129 Calypeopsis, Lesson. Zool. Voy. Coquille, 1830. = Crucibulum, Schum. . . . . . . .102 Calyptraea, Lam. Syst. an., 70, 1801. = Mitrularia, Sebum. . 108 Calyptraea, Lamarck. Prodr., 1799, . . . 103, 108, 119 Calyptrseiformis (Calyptraea), Lam. Anirn. sans vt.,vii, 12, 122 Calyptrseiformis (Crepidula), Desb. Enc. Meth., ii, 27, No. 12, ... \ . ... 130 Cancellata (Calyptraea), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, 70, pi. ii, tig. 4. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . .137 Candeanum (Calyptraea), d'Orb. Cuba., p. 190, . .121 Candida (Crepidula), Risso. Hist. Nat. Ear. Merid., iv, 255, 1826. = C. unguiformis, Lam. . . . .130 Capensis (Crepidula), Quoy. Yoy. de 1'Astr., iii, 424, t. 72, f. 13, 14, '. . . 125 Capulacmsea, M. Sars, 105, 132 Capulus, Montfort. Couch. Syst., ii, 54, 1810, . . 105, 131 Caribbeense (Crucibulum Cumingii, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . .118 C.irinaria (Patella), Bonaimi. = Calyptraea Sinensis, Linn. 120 Cassida (Patella), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., 1032, 1815. ? = Hipponyx australis, Quoy, 136 Catillina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 744, 1867, . . . .102 Cemoria, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 258, 1826. = Mitrularia, Schum. ....... 108 Cepacea (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. 27, fig. 4, 1835. = Tectum-sinense (Calyptraea), Gray, . . 137 Cerithicola (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 225. = C. onyx, Sowb 129 Cernua (Patella), Gm. Syst. Nat., p. 3715, No. 120. = Hipponyx subrufus, Lam. 134 C ham ae for mis (Amalthea), Rocbebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 1881-2, p. 29 ; Nouv. Archives Mus., 2d ser., iv, 273. = H. antiquatus, Linn 134 Chiliensis (Crepidula), Lesson. Yoy. Coq., ii, 394, . . 130 142 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Chinensis (Galerus), Chenu. Man., f. 2350-2351. • = C. Calyptmeiformis, Lam. . . . . . .123 Chinensis (Calyptraea), Guild. Swains. Treatise, 233, f. 42, 1840. = C. Candeaim, d'Orb. . .121 Chinensis (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1257. = C. sinensis, Linn. Chinensis (Noicia), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 740, . 130 Chlorina (Calyptrsea). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 161, 1846. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 138 Cicatricosa (Calyptnea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 3, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. . . .138 Cinerea (Calyptrsea), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. .... 118 Clypeola, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 735, 1867. == Infundibulum, Montf. 103 Clypeolum (Trochita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 14, 1859. = Magellanica (Clypeolum), . . . .121 Cochlolepas, Klein. Ostrac., 119, 1753. = Hipponyx, Defrance, 108 Cornma-notata (Calyptrsea), Sowb. Tank. Cat., app. 7, No. 821,1825. =C.'Calyptraeiformis, Lam 122 Commodum (Pilidium), Midd. Siberische Reise., ii, 214, 1851. = Capulus radiatus, Sars, . . . . . 132 Complanata, var. (Crepidula), Krauss Sudafr. Moll., 69. = hepatica (Crepidula), Desh. 128 Compresso-conicum (Crucibulum spinosum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. .118 Concamerata (Lepas), Martini. Conch., i, 152. = C. radians, Lam. ........ 121 Concameratum (Crucibulum), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 23,1859. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var 117 Conica (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, t. 28, f. 6, 120 Conica (Amalthea), Schum. Essai nouv. gen., 181, t. 21, f. 4, 1817, 136 Contorta (Crepidula), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, f. 15,16. = monoxyla (Crepidula), Lesson, . . . 128 Contorta (Crepidula), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 35, 1851. == C. onyx, Sowb. Contort as (Galerus), Opr. Proc. Cal. Soc., iii, 215, . .121 Convexa (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., ii,227 125 Cornea (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. 27, f. 5. = M. equestris, Linn., var 138 Cornucopiae (Hipponyx), Hutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal.; Jour, de Conch., xxvi, 30. = H. australis, Quoy and Gaim. 136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143 PAGE. Corrugata (Calyptraea). Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc , i, pi. 27, fig. 2, 1835, " 138 Corrugata (Trochita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 9, 1859. = Calyptraea radians, Lam 122 Corruaatum (Cruuibulum), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856,204. == scutellatnm (Crucibulnm), Gray, . .117 Costata (Crucibulnm), Morch. Mai. Blatt., vii, 76. = C. scutellatum, Gray, ........ 117 Costata (Calyptraea, var. \ Morcli. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 100. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. ...... 137 Costata (Crepidula), Desh., Lam. Anim. sans vt., vii, 644. = C. aculeata, Gmel 129 Costellata (Calyptnea), Pbil. Archiv. fiir Xaturg., 1845, 62. = C. radians, Lam. . . . . . . . .121 Costellatns (llipponyx), var., Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., 4, 1856. . == H. subrufus. Lam 134 Costulata (Crepidula), Dkr. Menke, Zeitsch., 190, 1851, . 131 Cranioides (llipponyx), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 18G4 135 Crepidula, Lamarck. Prodr., 1799 103,123 Crepidula (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1257. = unguiformis (Crepidula), Lam. ..... 130 Cre pi patella, Lesson. Illust. ZooL, t. 42, 1830. = Crepidula, Lam. . . . . . . . .104 Crucibulum, Schura. Essai nouv. syst., 182, 1817, . 102, 117 Crvpta, Humphrey. Mus. Callon, 1797. = Crepidula, Lam 104, 129 Crystallinus (Hipponyx), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,ii, 161, 1846, . 136 Cumingii (Crucibulum imbricatnm), var., Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. = C. scutellatum, Gray. . . .117 Cuvieri (Calyptraea), Desh. Regne Animal, pi. 48, f. 4. = Crucibulum scutellatnm, Gra}', var. . . . .118 Cy at hell a (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 29, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . .138 Cytheraea (Pileopsis), Lesson. Voy. Coq., ii, pt. i, 387, 1830, . . . 133 Danicli (Hipponyx), Crosse. Rev. Zool., 81, 161, 1858; Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 205 ; 3 ser., ii, 22, . . . 136 Decipiens (Calyptraea), Ph. Archiv. fur Naturg., 1845, 61, 121 Dentatum (Crucibulum), Menke. Zeitsch., 1847. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, .... 117 Depressa (Crepidula), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 26. = C. dilatata, Lam .127 144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Depressa (Calyptrsea), Ad. and Reeve (not of Lamarck). Moll. Voy. Samarang, 70, pi. xi, f. 2 a, b. Mitrularia Adamsii, Rve 137 Depressa (Crepidula), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., ii, 225. = C. fornicata, Say, . 124 Depressus (Capulus), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 1861, 138. = C. radiatus, Sars. 132 Deshayesii (Crepidula), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, 29, 1867. = C. unguiformis, Lara.' 130 Diaphana (Calyptrsea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 23, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. . . . . .138 Diaphorostoma, Fischer. Man. de Conch, 756, 1885. = Platyostoma, Conr. . . . . . . .107 Dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Edit. Desh. vii, 644, 127 Dilatatus (Capulus), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Dec., 1860, 422. = C. radiatus, Sars. ... ... 132 Dillwynii (Calyptnea), Gray. 1825, Brit. Mus.~ Cat. xxvii, 48. = M. equestris, Linn. ...... 137 Dispar (Pileopsis), Michelotti. Foss. Mioc. It. Sept., 136, t. 5, f. 1, 2. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. . . . 131 Dispotrea, Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., iv, 131, 1824. = Crucibulum, Schum. Dorraitoria (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 5, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. .... 137 Dorsata (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, t. 28, f. 10, 1835, 127, 129 Echinus (Calyptrrea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 203, t. 29, f. 1. == Crep. aculeata, Gmel 112,129 Effodiens (Hipponyx), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 5, 137 Elegans (Capulus), Tapp.-Can. Museo Civico Genoa, ix, 286, 133 Equestris (Mitrularia), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit , xii, 1257, . 137 Ergsea, H. and A. Adams. Genera i, 370, 1854. = Siphopatella, Lesson, 104 Excavata (Crypta), Brod. Pro. Zool. Soc., 46, 1834. = C. adnnca, Sowb 129 Excisa (Crepidula), Phil. Menke, Zeitsch., 24, 1849, . 131 Exogyroceras, Meek and Wonhen, 1868, . . . .107 Explanata (Crepidula), Gould. Cal. and Mex. Shells, 4, t. 14, f. 7. ? = C. Lessonii, Brod 115,126 Extinctorium (Calyptrsea), Lam. Anim. saris Vt., Arii, 622. 118 Extinctorium (Crucibulum), Sowb. (non Lam.). Gen., f. 3. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, .... 117 Exuviata (Crypta), Nutt. MS. Gray, Zool. Proc., 738, 1867. = C. Lessonii, Brod. 115, 126 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 145 PAGE. Fastigiata (Calyptraea), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 161. = C. mamillaris,Brod 121 Ferrugineum (Crucibulum), Reeve. Conch. Icon., XL, sp. 5. 1858. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . . 118 Fibulata (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 11, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 138 Fimbriata (Crepidula), Reeve. Conch. Icon.,xi,sp. 11, 1859. = Lessoni (Crepidula), Brod. ...... 126 Fissurata (Crepidula), Sowl). Thes. Conch., sp. 10, 1883. — C. adunca, Sowb 129 Foliacea (Caliptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, t. 28, f. 9, 1835. ? = Crep. dorsata, Brod. . .127,129 Foliaceus (Hipponyx), Menke. Zeit., .1851, 30 (non Quoy. and G.). = H. serratus, Carp. . . . . -134 Foliaceus (Hipponyx), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 72, f. 41-45. = H. antiquatus, Linn. . . . . . . .134 Fornicata (Crepidula), Phillippi. Moll. Sicil., i, 119, 1836. = C. Moulinsii, Mich .113,126 Fornicata (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. 1257, . . .124 Ftisca (Trochita), Carp. Thes. Conch. Index. = Catyptnea mamillaris, Brod. ..... 121 Fusco-punctata (Crepidula excavata, var.), Morch. Mai. Bla'tt., vii, 74. = C. adunca, Sowb. . . . .129 Galericulus, Seeley. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., Ser. iii, vii, 292, 1861, ' 105 Galeropsis, Conrad (not ITupe), ...... 103 Galerus, Humphrey, 1797. = Calyptmea, Lam. Garnotia, Gray.' Zool. Proc., 739/1867, . . 104, 129 Garnotii (Pileopsis), Payraudeau. Cat. 94, pi. 8, figs. 3, 4. = Gadinia, 133 Gemmacea (Calyptrsea), var. Valenciennes. Voy. Venus., xv. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . .117 Gibbosa (Crepidula), Def. Diet. Nat. Sci.,xi, 397, No. 2. = C. fornicala, Linn 124 Gibbosa (Crepidula), Desh. Ann. sans Vert., Edit, ii, vii, 647. = C. Moulinsii, Mich 126 Glauca (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 125 Goreensis (Crepidula), Desh. Lam. Anim. sans Vt., vii, 645, 131 Grandis (Crepidula), Midd. Malaco. Rossica, 101. = C. dilatata, Lam. ........ 128 Granulatus (Capulus), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 176, 1853, t. 20, f. 3, . 136 Grayanus (Hipponyx), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 115, 1853, . 135 10 146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Haliotidea, Swains. Malac., 354, 1840. = Sigapatella, Lesson, 103 Harttia, Walcott. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 10, 18, 1884, 109 Helicoidea (Trochita), Sowb. Thes. Conch., xxxix, sp. 19, 1X83, . . • ' . • • 122 Hepatica (Crepidula), Desh. Enc. Me'th, ii, 20, No. 7. ? = C. onyx, Sowb 128 Hipponiciformis (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 26, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn 138 Hipponyx, Defrance. Bull, des Sc., 9, 1819, . . 108, 134 Hispida (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, xxvii, f. 10,1835. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray, var. . .112,118 Holurthii (Crepidula), Parry. Thes. Conch. Index, . Hungarians (Capulus), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1259, . 131 Hystrix (Calyptnsea), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 39, 1834. = Crep. aculeata, Gmel. . . . .112,113,129 lanacus, Morch. Yoldi Cat., i, 146, 1852, . . . 104, 130 Igoceras, Hall, 1859, ...... .107 Imbricata (Hipponyx), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 161, ... . .136 Imbricatum (Crucibulum), Brod. Zool. Jour., i, t. 27, f. 7. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . . Ill, 117 Immersa (Crepidula), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc. ,57, 1865. = C. rugosa, Nutt. 128 Immersa (Crepidula), Ad. and Reeve. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. = C. porcellana, Linn. Incurva (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3715. = C. intortus, Lam. Incurva (Crypta), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 40. = C. adunca, Sowb ... 129 Incurvata (Crepidula), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv, 370. = Incurva (Crypta), Brod. Infundibulum, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 106, 1810, . . 103 Intermedia (Calyptraea), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 463, t. 59, f. 4-6, . 122 Intortus (Capulus), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., vi, pt. 2, 18, 1822, . . . . . .131 Intusconcamerata (Lepas), Martini. Conch. Cab. = Calypt. radians, Lam. Italica (Crepidula), Defr. Diet. Sc. Nat., xi, 397. = unguiformis (Crepidula), Lam 130 Japonicus (Capulus), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 138, 1861, . ^ . 133 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 147 PAGE. Krebsia, Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 97, 1877. = Hipponyx, Defrance, 108 Krebsii (Piliscus), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 100, 1877. = Williamia, Monts. (Siphonariidse), .... 132 Lactucacea (Calyptraea), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, 139 Laevigata (Calyptraea), Chenu. Man., f. 2337. = C. extinctorium, Lam 119 Laevigata (Calyptrsea), Lam. Anim. sans vt, vii, 623. = C. Sinensis (Calyptraea), Linn. , . . . .120 Lamarckii (Calyptraea), Menke. Zcit. Mai., 186, 1847. — C. mamillaris, Brod. . . . . . . . 121 Lamarckii (Calyptnea), Desk. Lamarck, Anim. sans vt., vii, 627, 1836. == C. Calyptraeiformis (Trochita), Lam. Larnellosa (Crepidula), (Crypta), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., 297, 1862, 131 Lamellosa (Trochita), A. Ad. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., sp. 16, 1883. = Cal. Candianum, Orb 121 Lateralis (Trochita), Sowb. Thes. Conch., xxxix, sp. 9, 1883, 122 Layardii (Calyptrsea), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 28, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 137 Lentiginosa (Crepidula), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 18, 1883, 125 Lessonii (Crepidula), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. ,i, 204, t. 29, f. 5, 1835, . 126, 128 Liberatus (Capulus), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 284, pi. 24, f. 2, 1867. = C. intortus, Lam 132 Lichen (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, f. 4, 1835. = C. mamillaris, Brod 121 Lignaria (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, f. 8, 1835. = Scutellatum (Orucibulum), Gray, . .118 Lineolata (Crepidula), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, No. 4. Lingulata (Crepidula), Gould. Otia. Conch. = C. dorsata, Brod 127, 131 Lirata (Crepidula), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 30, 1859. = C. onyx, Sowb 129 Lithedaphus, Owen. Zool. Proc., 147, 1842. = Mitrularia, Sclium. ....... 108 Lividum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 25, 1859. = C. extinctorium, Lam 119 Longirostris (Lithedaphus), Owen. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. ...... 137 Lorica (Calyptraea), Brod. Brit. Mus. Cat., xxvii; Gray (Orb., So. Am.), p. 47. = mamillaris (Calyptraea), Brod. 121 Lyroscapha, Conrad. = Crepidula, Lam 104 148 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Maculata (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, 4. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . . . 118 Maculata (Trochita), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., iii, 422, pi. 72, f. 6, 9, 1834. = C. Calyptraeilbrmis, Lam. . . . 123 Maculosa (Crypta), Conr. Proc. Philad. Acad., 26, 1846. = Crep. fornicata, Linn. . . . . . . .124 Magellanica (Clypeolum), Gray. Zool. Proc., 735, 1867. = C. mamillaris, Brod 121 Mamillaris (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, 5, 1835, .120 Mamma (Calyptraea), Siemaschko. Bulletin des Natur. de Moscou, 1847, 122. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . . .120 Mammula (Dispotoea), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, 119 Marginalis (Crypta), Brod. Zool. Trans., i, 205, t. 29, f. 9, 1835. = C. onyx, Sowb . 129 Martiniana (Calyptraea),Rve. Conch. Icon.,xi, sp. 13, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. ..... 138 Metoptoma, Phillips. Geol. Yorksh., ii, 223, 1836, . . 106 Militaris (Pileopsis), Linn. Mantissa, 552. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn., juv 131 Militaris (Patella), Wood. Ind. Test., 1825. ? = Capulus intortus, Lam. . . . . . .132 Minor (Hipponyx), Garrett. Cal. Proc., vol. i, 103, . . 137 Minuta (Crepidula), Midd. Malaco. Rossica, 101. = C. dilatata, Lam 128 Mitella, Leach. = Calyptraea, Lam. Mitrella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 740, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum. 108 Mitrula (Patella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3708. = Hipponyx antiquatus, Linn. . . . . .134 Mitrularia, Schum. Essai nouv. Syst., 183, 1817, . 108, 137 Monoxyla (Calyptraea), Lesson. Voy. Coq., ii, pt. i, 391, 1830 • ... 128 Morbidum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi,sp. 24, 1859. = C. extinctorium, Lam. . . . . . . .119 Moulinsii (Crepidula), Mich. Bull. Soc. Linn. Brod., iii, 265. = Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 680, 1882, . . . . .126 Muricata (Patella), Costa, Cat., 124. = C. Sinensis (Calyptraea), Linn. . . . .120 Nautarum (Crypta), Humph. Cat., 9, Morch, Mai. Blatt. xxiv, 103, 1877. = C. fornicata, Linn 124 Nautiloides (Crepidula), Lesson MSS. 111. de Zool., pi. 42. = C. dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. = C. fornicata, Linn. 124, 127 Navicella (Crepidula), Less. Voy. Coq., ii, pt. i, 388, . 130 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 149 PAGE. Navicelloides (Crepidula), Nutt. Jay's Cat. of Shells, No. 3035. ? = C. Lessonii, Brod 116,126 Navicula (Crypta), Dkr. MSS. Morch, Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 105,1877. ? = C. convexa, Say. 125 Neleta, Gray. Zool. Proc., 743, 1867. = Crucibulum, Sebum. ....... 102 Neptunii (Calyptrsea), Dill. Descrip. Cat., 1017, 1885. = C. equestris, Linn. . . . . . . .137 Neritoides (Crepidula), Recluz. Jour. de. Conch., 205, pi. 6, f. 16, 19, 1851. = Latia, Ibid., iii, 260, 1852, . . 130 Nivea (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 234, 1852, 1 15, 126 Nobilis (Amathina), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 312, 1867. Nova2-Zelandige (Calyptrsea), Lesson. Voy. Coq., ii, 395, 1830. = C. Calyptneiformis, Lara 122 Noicia, Gray. Zool. Proc, 740, 1867. = Siphopatella, Lesson 104, 130 Nummaria (Crepidula), Gould. Bost. Proc. Otia. Conch. 15. = C. dilatata, Lam 128 Occidentalis (Trochita), Gray. Fig. Moll. An., 1850, iv, p. 84. = Calyptraea Candiana. d'Qrb 121 Onyx (Crepidula), Sowb. Gen. of Shells, No. 23, f. 2, . 128 Orientalis (Hipponyx), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1840, 207. — H. australis, Quoy, ....... 136 Ornata (Protomedea), Costa, p. 74, t. xi, f. 6 a, 6, c, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xii, 251. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. ...... 131 Orthonychia, Hall. Geol. N. Y., iv, 171, 1843, . . .107 Osculans (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 1852. = Scutellina. O.ssea (Calyptnea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 19, 185S. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .138 Paleacea (Pileopsis), Menke. Synopsis, p. 89, . . . 133 Pallida (Crepidula), Brod. Trans, Zool. Soc.,i, 204, pi. 29, f. 3, 1835. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 Panamensis (Hipponyx), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 218. = Antiquatus (Hipponyx), Linn. ..... 134 Papyracea (Calyptrsea), A. Ad. MS. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 6, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . .138 Parvulus (Galerus). Dkr. Juhrb. Mai. Ges., 1875, p. 244, . 121 Patagonica (Crepidula), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 464, pi. 58, 1, 2, 3. ? = C. fornicata, Linn .124 Patula (Crepidula), Desh. Encyc. Muth., ii, 27. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 150 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAOH. Pectinatum (Crucibulum), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, 168. == C. scutellatura, Gray, 117 Pellucida (Calyptraea), Rve. Trochita, f. 2, 1859, . . 120 Perforans (Calyptraea), Yal. Toy. Venus, t. 24, f. 9, 1846. = Crepidula Lessonii, Brod. . . . . 115, 126 Peruviana (Calyptraea), Desh. Encyc. Meth., ii, 170, 1830. = Radians (Trochita), Lam. ...... 121 Peruviana (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans Yert. edit. Desh., vii, 644. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 Phlyctiphera (Trochita), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, 122 Pileolus (Calyptrrea), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 463, t. 78, f. 5, 6, 122 Pileopsis (Calyptraea), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, figs. 19, 20. = Mitrularia eqnestris, Linn. . . . 138 Pileopsis, Lam. Extr. d'un Cours., 1812. = Capnlus, Montfort, ....... 105 Pileus (Trochita), Lam. Deless. Icon., t. 34, f. 2. = Calyptraea radians, Lam. PilidiunT, Midd. (not Forbes). Beitr. Mai. Ross., ii, 1849. = Capulacm&ea, Sars, . . -. . . . .105 Piliscus, Loven. Ofv. K. vet. Ak., 1859. = Capulacmaea, M. Sars. ....... 105 Pilosus (Pileopsis), Desh. Guerin's Mag. de Zool., pi. 9, 1831. = H. barbatus, Sowb 135 Plana (Calyptraea), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, pi. xi, f. 3. = C. Walshii, Hermannson, ... . 130 Plana (Orepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 226. = C. unguiformis, Lam .130 Planata (Crucibulum imbricatum, var.), Morch. Mai. Blatt., vii, 76. = C. scutellatum, Gray, . . . .117 Planatum (Crucibulum), Schum. Essai nov. syst. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . . . . . .118 Planatus (Hipponyx), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 298, 1857, . . 137 Platyceras, Conrad. Rep. Geol. N. Y., 1840, . . . 106 Poculina, Gray. Zool. Proc , 742, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum. . . . . . . .108 Poculum (Trochita), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 1, 1859. = Cal}Tpt. mamillaris, Brod. . . . . . .121 Polii (Calyptraea), Scacchi. Cat. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . 120 Porcellana (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1257. .126 Porosa (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 20, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .138 Praerupta (Crepidula), Conrad. U. S. Expl. Exped., x, 727, 19, 9, 9 a. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 151 PAGB. Peziza (Calyptrsea), Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 10. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray, var 118 Princeps (Crypta), Conrad. Gabb. Pal. Califr, ii, 82. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 Probus (Piliscus), Loven, 1851. = Capulus radiatus, Sars. ...... 132 Profunda (Crepidula), Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll. N. Zeal., 14,1873. = C. monoxyla, Lesson, 128 Proscenula, Perry. Conch., 1811. = Crepidula, Lam. . 104 Protea (Crepidula), d'Orb. (in part). Voy. de 1'Amer. Mer., 465; Voy. Cuba, ii, 192. = C. fornicata, Linn. . 114, 124 Protea (Crepidula), d'Orb. (in part). Voy. Cuba, 11, 192, t. 24, f. 30, 31 ; Voy. Amer. Merid., 465. = C. unguiformis, Lam. Quinquina (Calyptrsea), Lesson. Voy. de la Coq., 39*7, No. 157, 1830, . ' . .... . 118 Radians (Trochita), Lam. Anira. sans Vert., vii, 11, . . 121 Radiata (Calyptrsea), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 17, No. 3, 1830, 121 Radiatum (Crucibulum), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, f. 6, 1835, Ill, 118 Radiatum (Pilidium), Sars. Reise Lofoten, 64, 1850. Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xix, 321, 1877, . . 132 Radiatus (Hipponyx), Quoy et Gaimard. Voy. Uranie, 454, t. 69, f. 1-5, 135 Radiatus (Hipponyx), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 5, 1835. =3= H. Grayanus, Menke. . . . . . ... 135 Radiola (Caiyptraea), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 173, 1830, . 121 Radiosa (Calyptraea), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 160. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 138 Reducta (Pileopsis), (Brocchia), Desh. Cat. Moll. He Reunion, page 51, 18(53, 106 Regularis (Trochita), C. B. Ad. Panam. Shells, 224. = Mamillaris (Trochita), Brod. . . . .121 Riisei (Crepidula), Dkr. Menke, Zjitsch., 189, 1852. = C. foruicata, Linn. . . . . . . .124 Roissyi (Calyptraea), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat., Oct. 1841, f. 206. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. .... 137 Rostrata (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 235. = C. adunca, Sowb 129 Rostriformis (Crepidula), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 160. = C. adunca, Sowb 129 Rudis (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 196. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, . . . . .117 Rugulosa (Crepidula), Bunker. Menke, Zeitsch., 108, 1846, 130 152 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Rugulosa (Amalthea), Danker. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 151, 1871, 137 Rugulosa (Calyptrsea), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 150, 1871, 139 Rugosa (Crepidula), Nutt. Jay's Cat. of Shells, 41 ; Zool. Proc., 1856. = C. onyx, Sowb 128 Rugosura (Crucibulum), var., Lesson. Guer. Mag., pi. ii. = Scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . . .117 Sacchari-meta (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 15, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn., var. . . . . .138 Sagittifer (Capulus), Gould. Wilkes' Exp., 383, 1852, . 132 Sandalium, Schum. Essai nouv. sj*st., 183, 1817. = Crepidula, Lara. . . . . . . . .104 Scabies (Calyptrsea),Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 16, 1858. = Mitrularia tectum-sinense, Lam 139 Scabies (Crepidula), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 18, 1859. = C. Walshii, Herm 130 Scutellata (Patella), Gray in Wood. Ind. Test. Supp., pi. viii, 4, 127 Scutum (Calyptraea), Lesson. Yoy. Coq., ii, pt. 1395, 1830, 122 Scutulum (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 30, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .137 Sella (Calyptraea), Mke. Synopsis, 89, . . . .121 Serrata (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, f. 1. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, . . . .117 Serratus (Hipponyx), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 296, . . . 134 Shreevei (Capulus), Conrad. A. J. C., v. 105, pi. 13, f. 3, . 133 Sigapatella, Lesson. Zool. Voy. Coquille, 1830, . . 103, 122 Sinensis (Calyptraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit, xii, 1257, .119 Sinuosa (Crepidula), Turton. Zool. Jour., ii,364, t. 13, f. 5, = C. unguiformis, Lam. . . . . . . .130 Siphopatella, Lesson. Zool. Voy. Coquille, 1830, . 104, 130 Sitchana (Crepidula), Midd. Mai. Rossica, pt. ii, 100, t. 11, f. 3-5. ? = C. onyx, Sowb 129 Solida ( Crepidula), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur., 53, pi. 16, f. 7, 8. = C. adunca, Sowb. . . . . . . . .129 Solida (Trochita), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 10, 1859. = C. mamillaris, Brod. Sordida (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. i, pi. xxviii, 2. = C. radians, Lam. ........ 121 Spectrum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 13, 1859. = C. scutellatum, Griiy, var., . . . .118 Spinifera (Mitrella), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 741, . 121 Spinosa (Calyptraea), Sowb. Gen. of Shells, f. 4, 7. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . . 110,111, 118 Spinulosa (Trochita), Chemn. = C. sinensis (Troohila), Linn. , . . .120 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 153 Spirata (Calyptraea), Nardo. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . .120 Spirata (Calyptraea), Forbes. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, 271. = C. radians, Lam 121 Spiricella, Rang. Bull. Soc. Linn., Brod., ii, 226, 1883, . 106 Spirocrypta, Gabb. Pal. Catif. i, 137, 1864, . . .104 Squama (Crypto), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 205, 1839. = Crepidula Lessonii, Brod. .... .110, 126 Squama (Calyptra?a), Desh. Enc. Metli., ii, 176, No. 17. = C. Sinensis, Linn. 120 Stella (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 24, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. ...... 137 Striiita (Calyptrrea), Brod. (not of Say). Trans. Geol. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, 6. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray. var. Striata (Culyptraea), Brod. (not S;»y). Zool. Proc., 38, 1834. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. ... . 118 Striatum (Crucibulum), Sa}T. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 216,1826, .118 Strigata (Crepidula), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. 28. f. 12. == C. dorsata, Brod 127,129 Strigillata (Crepidula), Dkr. Mcnke Zeit., iii, 1853, . .131 Striolata (Crepidula), Menke. Zeit. fiir Malac., 1851, 35. = C. Lessonii, Brod 110, 126 Stultorum (Calyptrsea), Rve. Conch. Icon.,xi, sp. 12, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . , . . .138 Subreflexa (Calyptraea), Carp. Zool. Proc., 233, 1855, . 120 Subrufus (Hipponyx), Lnm. Anim. sans Vert., vi, p. 18, . 134 Subspirata (Crepidula), Blaiiiv. Malac., pi. 48, bis. f. 7, . 130 Succinea (Calyptraea), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. merid. = C. Siuensis, Linn. . . . . . . . .120 Suturalis (Hipponyx), Q,noy. Voy. de I'Astr./iii, 440, pi. 72, figs. 39, 40. ='ll. australis, Quoy, 136 Tectum-sinensc (Calyptraea), Lam. Anim. sans Yert., vii, 624, . 139 Teo-ulicia (Cryptax, Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 180, 1882-3, . 131 Tenue (Propilidium), JeiF. MSS. Monts. Bull. Soc. Mol. Ital., vi, 66. — Siphonariidffi, 132 Tennis (Calyptnua), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, f. 9. = Crucibulum scutellntum, Gray, var. . . .118 Tenuis (Trochita), Gray. P. Z. S., 1867, 735 ; Hutton, Jour. de Conch., xxvi, 30. = C. scutum, Lesson, . . .122 Tenuis (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 199, t. 27, f. 9. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray, var. Thyca, H. and A. Adams. Genera I, 372, 1854, . . 106, 133 Ticaonicus (Hipponyx), Sowb. Thes., 370, . . .137 154 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Tongana (Calyptraea), Quoy. Toy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, figs. 17, 18. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. .... 138 Tomentosa (Trochita), Quoy. Yoy. Astrol., t. 71. = Calyptrajformis (Trochita), Lam. . . . .123 Tortilis (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 2, 1858. = C. equestris, Lipn. var. . . . . . .138 Trelania, Gray. Zool. Proc., 744, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum 102 Trelania, Gray. Zool. Proc., 742, 1867. = Crucibulum, Schum. . . . . . . 108' Trioarinata (Amathina), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit, xii, 1259, = A. tricostata, Gmelin, . . . . . . .133 Tricostata (Amathina), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., Edit, xiii, 3698, 133 Trigona (Amathina), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, 251, . 133 Trigonalis (Calyptrsea), Ad. and Rve. Yoy. Samarang., 70, pi. ix, 7 a, b. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . 118 Trigonus (Hipponyx), Gm. Syst. Nat., 3714, ? = H subrufus,' Lam 134 Trochatella, Lesson. Yoy. Coquille, 1830. = Infundibulum, Montf. . . 103 Trochella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 735, 1867. = Sigapatella, Lesson, 103 Trochiformis (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat. = Cal. radians, Lam. ....... 121 Trochilina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 741, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum. ....... 108 Trochoides (Patella), Dillwyn. Cat., ii, 1018. = Calypt. radians, Lam 121 Trochita, Schum. Essai nouv. syst., 184, 1817. =. Infundibulum, Montf. . . 103 Tuberculatus (Hipponyx), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 4, 1856, 134 Tubifera (Calyptraea), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1807, p. 748. = Mitrularia equestris, var. aculeata, .... 138 Tubifera (Calyptraea), Lesson. Yoy. Coquille, ii, pt. 1, 391, 1830. = (Crucibulum), scutellatum, Gray, var. . 112, 118 Tubif'erum (Crucibulum), Say. Gray, in Zool. Proc., 746, 1867. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. Tumens (Hipponyx), Carpenter. Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., xv, 180, 1865. ... 135 Tylacus, Conrad. = Crepidula, Lam. .... 104 Tryblidium, Lindstrom. 1880. = Metoptoma, Phillips, . 106 Uncata (Crepidula), Menke. Zeitschrift fiir Malac , 1847, 184. = C. adunca, Sowb 129 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 155 Ungarica (Pileopsis), Lam. Anim. s. Yt.,vii, 609. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. ...... 131 Ungaricoides (Pileopsis), d'Orb. Yoy. Amer. Merid., 457, pi. 78, fig. 4, . . .131 Unguis (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, f. 3. = C. mamillaris, Brod. Unguis (Patella), Sowb. Min. Conch., 88, t. 139, f. 7, 8. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. ...... 131 Unffuiformis (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans Yert., vii, 642, 116, 123, 130 Umbrella (Calyptnea), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 173, No. 8. = Crucibulum scutellatnm, Gray, var. . . . ,117 Umbo (Calyptrsea). live. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 33, 1858. = Mitrularia eqnestris, Linn, . . . . . .137 Uncinata (Calyptnea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 17, 1858. = M. equestris, Linn., var 138 Yanikorensis (Calyptrsea), Quoy. Yoy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, figs. 21-23. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . 137 Yaria (Calyptnea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. 27, fig. 3, 1835. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 137 Yentricosa (Trochita), Carpenter. Mazat. Cat., 264. ? = C. radians, Lam. 122 Yerrucosum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 19, 1859, 118 Yestita (Calyptrsea), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 65, 1851, . . 121 Yiolaceum (Crucibulum), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856,167. = C. scutellatum, Gray, . . . . 118 Yiolaceus (Capulus), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 114, t. 13, f. 23, 132 Yulgaris (Calyptrsea), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sic., ii, 93. = C. Sinensis, Linn. ........ 120 Walshii (Crepidula), Hermanson. Reeve, Icon., xi, sp. 17, 1859. = Walshii (Crepidula), Hermann, . . .130 FAMILY XENOPHORID^E. Shell depressed or conical, trochiform, with carinated periph- ery, not nacreous, soldering shells, stones, etc., to its upper sur- face. Operculum large, horny, subannular, with lateral dextral nucleus, muscular impression sinistral, semilunar, extending the whole length. Animal with long, simulated muzzle, elongated, subulate ten- tacles, with sessile eyes at their external base ; foot small, used for jumping, not walking, with the anterior portion expanded, posteriorly tapering ; gill long, composed of narrow, laminae and filaments. Dentition, 2-1-1-1-2; the central tooth subtrigonal, multicuspid, laterals large, subtriangular, the margin reflected and multicuspid, the marginals very narrow and long, arcuated (PL 30, fig. 8). These mollusks scramble along like the Strombs ; they extend and fix the front dilated part of the foot, and draw the posterior portion up to it, jerking the shell forwards at every movement ; this mode of progression is adapted to the nature of the surface on which they move, which is usually composed of the debris of dead shells. The shell resembles a Trochus, but the texture is not nacreous. The peculiarity of this tribe is the habit of agglutinating foreign bodies to the upper surface of the shell, which is carried to such an extent in some instances as to con- ceal the volutions and give the structure the appearance of a small pile -of fragments of stones and shells. That this imitation of its surroundings is protective in its nature, there can be no doubt ; but in some of the species the protection is not apparent, the agglutinating process being restricted within narrow bounds, or sometimes not developed, and when exhibited is confined to a single row of small bivalves or stones on the suture or periph- ery, arranged with a degree of regularity as to size, and occur- rence indicating the existence of choice or artistic taste on the part of the mollusk. Of the shells attached, single valves of lamellibranchs are preferred, probably because they give more (150) %&> UNIVERSITY ^ XENOPIIORID^:. 157 ^NlA surface for their weight than univalves, and as the back affords the best surface for attachment, the interior of these is turned up and free, thus making the whole mass particularly uninviting to any creature disposed to essay the destruction of the structure with a view to molluscous food. The near relatives of the Xenophoridae, the Vermetids, are as well protected by soldering their shells to the surface of large bodies, but other groups not very distant appear to have no dependence but on their shell. Genus XENOPHORA, Fischer de Waldheim, 1807. SliL-11 conical, trochiform, upper surface carrying shells, stones and madrepores, irregularly arranged, so as sometimes to almost completely disguise the surface; imperforate or narrowly rimate ; lower face of. peripheral cnrina striate and granular. Tropical Seas. P/iorws,Montfort, 1810, and F8eudopJwrus,'M.eek,&i'e synonyms. Section TUGUIUUM, Fischer, 1880. Shell umbilicated, only agglutinating in the neighborhood of the suture, margin of the last whorl prolonged, thin, blac^e-like, smooth below ;-Operculum trigonal or trapezoidal. Section ONUSTUS, II. and A. Adams, 1854. Shell conical, depressed, widely and profoundly umbilicated, periphery spinose at intervals, suture, towards the apex only, more or less ornamented with small stones or shells agglutinated to the surface. Tropical Seas. Humphrey first used the faulty generic name (being an adjec- tive), in 1797, but the justifiable exclusion of this author's genera does not prevent its use in connection with the recognizable definition of H. and A. Adams ; hence I see no absolute neces- sity for adopting instead Haliphaebus, Fischer, 1880. Subgenus ENDOPTYGMA, Gabb, 1877. Shell umbilicated, agglutinating, the basal margin having one or two internal spiral plications, which have left their imprint on the cast from which the group is described. - E. UMBILTCATUM, Tuomey. Cretaceous of Alabama. 158 XENOPHORTD^E. Genus EUTROCHUS, Whitfield, 1682. Conical above, flat or concave beneath, broadly deeply umbili- cated ; aperture very oblique, periphery strongly carinated or expanded ; surface ornamentation unlike above and below. Dif- fers from the umbilicated forms of Trochidae in not forming a columella, and from Risella in being umbilicated. E. CONCAVA, Hall. Carboniferous, Illinois, Indiana. Genus AUTODETUS, Lindstrom, 1884. Shell small, widely conical, sinistral, attached by its truncated apex to foreign bodies, axis im perforate, suture not perceptible externally. A. calyptratus, Schrenek, Silurian of Gotland. An aberrant form placed in this family by Lindstrom. The apical fixation resembles that of certain Vermetidae, but the shell may be a tubiculate Annelid. Anticalyptraea, Quenstedt, 1884, is a synonym. Genus CLISOSPIRA, Billings, 1865. This curious form from the Silurian of Canada, which I have placed, with some doubt, in Trochiclse, is with equal doubt referred here by Fischer. It is trochiform, with reticulated surface ; there is some evidence that towards the apex it is spirally coiled, but the cavity occupied by the body of the a-nimal appears to be straight and central, with an aperture expanding trumpet-like all around. The XenophoricUe have been monographed by Reeve, in Con- chologia Jconica ; by Philippi, in Kuster's Conchylien Cabinet, and more recently by Dr. Fischer, in Kiener's Coquilles vivantes. They first appeared possibly in the Silurian, more probably in the Devonian, and have not been numerous at any period of the geological history. XENOPHORA. 159 Genus XENOPHORA, Fischer, 1807. X. CALCULIFERA, Reeve. PL 44, figs. 75, 76. Light yellowish brown, whorls convex, obliquely subgranu- larly undulately striate, suture and periphery agglutinating, the periphery undulated ; base widely umbilicated, closety radiately striated, the strict continued obliquely across the peripheral blade and there becoming corrugated or granose, middle of base with revolving grooves, Diam. 2'5 inches. China. X. Sineiixix, Phil., is believed to be identical, and should per- haps be preferred, its date being earlier. X. SOLARIOIDES, Reeve. PI. 44, fig. 77. Widely umbilicated, yellowish white, obliquely rugosely striated, copiously agglutinating ; base radiately arcuately cos- tulate, spirally granularly lirate, somewhat obliquely costulate at the periphery, umbilical area infundibuliform, subangular. Diam. 20 mill. Philippines. Yery like JT. calculi/era, but much smaller, and distinguished by its more profuse crop of foreign bodies. X. CORRUGATA, Reeve. PI. 45, figs. 81, 82. Stoutly conical, diagonally wrinkled and corrugated, suture and periphery closely .agglutinating fragments of shells ; base with curved radiating granose striae, and a few revolving grooves, imperforate. Diam. 2-5 mill. Indian Ocean, Japan. X. CAPERATA, Phil. PL 44, figs. 78, 80 ; PL 45, fig. 83. Obliquely perforate, light yellowish brown, suture and per- iphery agglutinating, surface obliquely striate ; base lamellarly striate and concentrically lirate, some of the lirse strong, ele- vated, becoming smaller and denser on the peripheral margin. Diam., 1-5 inches. E. Africa ; Pondicherry. Smaller, thinner, with less dilated periphery than the last species ; distinguished also by its basal sculpture and half-open umbilicus. 160 XENOPHORA. X. AUSTRALIS, Souverbie. PI. 47, figs. 94, 95. Perforate, elevated conical, light yellowish brown, obliquely subflexuously corrugated above, profusely agglutinating; base subconvex around the umbilicus and spirally sulcatc, subconcave and intricately rugate towards the margin, decussated by radia- ting striae, becoming subnodulous near the umbilicus. Diam., 1 inch. New Caledonia. X. CEREA, Reeve. PI. 45, fig. 84. Perforate, yellowish white, nearly smooth, profusely aggluti- nating ; base slightly concave, very minutely spirally and con- centrically striate. Diam. 25 mill. Philippines. X. PALLIDULA Reeve. PI. 44, fig. 79. Imperforate, yellowish white, obliquely striate, profusely agglutinating; base subplane, thinly arcuatety radiately striate, very minutely crispate. Diam. 2'5 inches. Japan. X. CRISPA, Konig. PL 45, fig. 85 ; PI. 4G, fig. 88. Umbilicated, rather thin, whitish or light yellowish brown, obliquely rugate, and profusely agglutinating at the suture and periphery ; base concentrically closely lirate, lirae about eight in number, granular, the vicinity of the periphery obliquely sub- radiate and granular; columellar callosity hiding a small part of the umbilicus, which is profound, lamcllarly plicate. Diam. 34 mill. < Mediterranean Sea. The operculum is thin, with unilateral lines; the earlier whorls of the shell are smooth. First described under the above name as an Italian tertiary fossil; as a living species, Tiber! called it X. Mediterranea. X. SENEGALENSIS, Fischer. PI. 45, figs. 80, 87. Umbilicated, conical, rather solid, whitish, earlier whorls smooth, subsequent ones with irregular, crispate, oblique strke and impressed lines, agglutinating at suture and periphery ; base a little concave, concentrically granosely lirate, the liras 5 or 6 in number, the liras of the peripheral carina oblique, XENOPHORA. Kil crowded, more minutely granular ; umbilicus slightly impinged on by the columellar callus, striate within. Diam. 16 mill. West Coast of Africa. Differs from the preceding species in having fewer basal costulations, with stronger granules upon them ; differs also in its subrhomboidal, thin, corneous operculum having the striae a little angular in the middle. It is X. caperata , Petit (non Phil.), and X. cri*>pa, Martens (non Konig). X. CONCHYLIOPHORUS, Born. PI. 4G, fig. 89. Light brown, rugosely obliquely striated, profusely agglu- tinating large shells, stones, etc., so as almost to conceal the upper surface, face concave, imperforate in the adult, with strong, crowded, curved growth-lines, and nearly obsolete con- centric low narrow ridges. Diam. 2 inches. West Indies. It is X. trochiformis, Barn, X. agglutinans, Lam., X. onustus, Reeve, ' X. meandrina, X. vulcania, X. tricostata, and X. l&vi- gata, Fischer de Waldh., etc. X. ROBUSTA, Verrill (unfigured). La Paz, L. Calif. X. DIGITATA, Martens (unfigured). West Africa. X. CAVELIERT, Rochebrune (unfigured). Senegambia. Section TUGURIUM, Fischer, 1880. X. EXUTA, Reeve. PI. 46, figs. 90, 91. Suture and periphery undulated, upper surface occasionally agglutinating at the suture near the apex, but usually free from foreign bodies, obliquely undulately striated and grooved ; under surface shining, smooth, surrounded by a border of several close, rugose revolving striae, umbilical funnel closely striated ; yel- lowish or orange-brown, lighter colored beneath. Diam. 2'15 inches. China. X. INDICA, Gmelin. PI. 46, figs. 92, 93. Finely obliquely striated, yellowish brown, under surface smooth, lighter colored, in fresh specimens surrounded by a brown band, but without the marginal spiral striae of the last species, umbilical funnel striated, periphery blade-like, only 11 162 XENOPHORA. irregularly slightly undulated on its edge ; agglutinating only at or near the apex. Diam. 2 inches. Indian Ocean. X. Wagneri, Phil., is a synonym. X. HELVACEA, Phil. PL 47, fig. 96. Differs from the preceding species in the umbilicus, which has convex sides and is not defined by an angle. Diam. 3 inches. Madagascar. Its distinctness from X. Indica is problematical. X. CARIB^A, Petit. PI. 47, figs. 97, 98. Thin, pale yellowish brown, white beneath, occasionally agglutinating on its irregularly undulating periphery ; upper surface obliquely, slightly undulatingly striate ; lower surface radiately finely striate, shining, with concentric obsolete grooves, bordered by a strong revolving rounded rib, beyond which is the smooth shining peripheral blade. Diam. 2*5 inches. Ixle of Marie Galante, West Indies. X. LAMBERTT, Souverbie. PL 47, figs. 99, 100. Umbilicus partly covered, its walls convex, not defined by an angle ; base subconvex, strongly spirally stilcato, the peripheral blade smooth; upper surface obliquely undulately striate, agglutinating at the suture, but not at the periphery ; light yel- lowish brown. Diam. 2 inches. New Caledonia. Section ONUSTUS, H. and A. Ad., 1854. X. SOLARIS, Linn. PL 49, figs. 1, 2. Upper whorls with a few small agglutinating pebbles and shells at the suture, then fringed with regular distant hollow spines on the periphery, surface obliquely granularly striate, radiately, granularly ridged below ; light yellowish brown. Diam. 78 mill. Malacca, Singapore. FAMILY VERMETID^. Shell tubular, septate within, attached or free; sometimes regularly spiral when young, always becoming irregular in the adult growth ; aperture rounded, usually entire, sometimes fis- sured. Operculum corneous, annular, sometimes spiral, rarely absent. Animal vermiform, elongated, with short snout and distant short tentacles, bearing eyes at their outer bases ; foot small ; a single elongated branchia, no copulatory organ ; two corneous jaws; dentition (PL 30, fig. 9). These aberrant mollusks were separated by Cuvier in 1830, as an order under the name of Tubuli branch iata, corresponding with Tubispira, Desh., 1830, and Protopoda, Gray, 1837. A more extensive acquaintance with the modifications of the breathing organs in mollusks has tended to diminish the importance which Cuvier attached to them. These animals, generally attached upon shells, or coral, or living in sponges, often gregarious in large colonies, although without copulatory organs are unisexual, oviparous or viviparous. The e£gs are often attached to the tube itself. The embryos (PI. 48, fig. 6) are furnished with a spiral shell and the young are often perforating. Like most attached shells the Yermetids are exceedingly irreg- ular in growth, sculpture and coloring, often reproducing the surface upon which they are fixed. The species are therefore very difficult to identify satisfactorily, particularly as in many specinens the parts wherein reside the characteristic marks, the mouth , the operculum , etc., are wanting. The difficulty is enhanced by the great resemblance of some of the forms to annelids of the genus Serpula — from which they may be distinguished by the spiral nuclear shell, and interior septa of the tube. The tube of Serpula is composed of two calcareous la}'ers, that of Ver- metidse of three. As to the lamellae occurring within the tube, on the columellar or parietal wall, they are often wanting, perhaps (163) 164 VERMETID^E. absorbed away by the animal, like the teeth of Pupa, and although they are made subgeneric and sectional characters, they may be present or missing in the same species, and are consequently of inferior taxonomic importance. Prof. 0. A. L. Morch made a special study of the Vermetidse, and to his papers in the Journal de Conchyliologie, and particu- larly in the Zool. Proceedings, London, 18GO-18G2, we are in- debted for the only scientific arrangement of them. Unfortunately this author has endeavored to name and describe every slight variation, and has thus amassed a large collection of forms, varieties and species, subgenera and genera, the study of which is even more perplexing than that of the specimens themselves. His genera are here reduced to subgenera, his subgenera to sec- tions. Illustrations ma}7" be found in the folio volume of Chenu, in Reeve's " Iconica " and Sowerby's " Thesaurus," but these respective monographs are only partial in their scope, the two latter being confined to Siliquaria, and leave much to be desired on the score of completeness. Dr. Leon Yaillant (Researches on Lamarck^s species of the Tubispirata in Nouv. Arch, du Museum, vii, 1871), thus classifies the Vermetidse : — A. Operculum wanting or rudimentary. 1. Genus SERPULORBIS, Sassi. Operculum jnone' S" (rudimentary. S. G. BIVONIA. B. Operculum present and perfect. a. Shell smooth within. 2. Genus SIPHONIUM, Gray. i Concave, with (plain. S. G. SIPHONIUM. margins Ispinose. S. G. STEPHOPOMA. Formed of rnon eroding. S. G. VERMICULUS. stacked up •< eroding the body to which lamellae. Shell ( is attached. S. G. SPIROGLYPHUS. VERMETID^E. 165 b. Shell with interior plications or lamellae. 3. Genus VERMETUS, Adanson. With a single columellar plication. S. G. YERMETUS. With parietal lamellae. S. G. PETALOCONCHUS. Synopsis of Genera. Genus VERMETUS, Adanson, 1757. Animal having two pedal filaments, much longer than and situated in front and below the cephalic tentacles. Shell tubular, free or fixed, sometimes regularly spiral when young, but becoming irregularly protracted or contorted when adult, with interior septa; aperture circular ; operculum usually present, corneous, annular, circular, exteriorly concave. Inhabits temperate and tropical seas. Fossil, secondary and tertiary. Subgenus VERMETUS (sensu stricto}. Shell spirally twisted, attached, surface often decussated, columella bearing one to three longitudinal lamellae. Operculum very small, concave, scarcely spiral. Section VERMETUS (tj'pical). Laminae on the parietal wall. Section PETALOCONCHUS, Lea, 1843. Shell with two internal ridges running spirally along the colu- mella, becoming obsolete towards the apex and aperture. Mostly fossil. V. SCULPTURATUS, Lea. Tertiary. IT. S. (S. and S. Conch., t. 67, f. 76). Section MACROPHRAGMA, Carp., 1857. Internal laminae towards the middle of the columella ; superior lamina sharp, an gu lately deflexed, externally bicarinate. t Operculum small, very thin, corneous, smooth, subplanate, scarcely spiral. Section ALETES, Carpenter, 1857. Whorls larger than in preceding section, columella with a ver\* Ififi VERMETID,E. faint median thread-like line ; color usually yellowish brown, the early whorls chestnut. Operculum concave externally, with 5-6 spiral laminae, the last abrupt ; interiorly convex, shining, with irregular spiral line; muscular area irregular, opaque. Subgenus BIVONTA, Gray, 1842. Shell affixed, mostly spiral, with spiral, interruptedly nodu- lose lirae and a median elevated line ; aperture contracted, circular, columella without ridges. Operculum small, rudimen- tary. When these shells are not perfect, without the aperture margin, they are difficult to distinguish from Spiroglyphus. Dofania, Morch, 1860 (in part), is a synon}^m. Subgenus SPIROGLYPHUS, Daudin, 1800. Animal excavating a groove on the surface of shells or stones, covering it over with shelly material, and thus, forming a tubular planorbiform case. Considered by some naturalists an annulose animal allied to Serpula, but of this there is no proof. When first hatched, the shell is spiral and regular, consisting of one and a half whorls ; it soon attaches itself, the channel it excavates being at first shallow, afterwards deeper ; color bright purple to nearly black. The operculum is large, thick, convex exteriorly, with, strong concentric laminre, plane interiorly, con- centrically lirate, with central mamilla, and narrowly elevated margin. Stoa, Serres, 1855, is in part a synonym. Subgenus THYLACODES, Guettard, 1774. Shell adherent, frequently solitary, tubular, irregularly twisted, with 3-5 longitudinal nodulous lirse, aperture rounded, colu- mella not plicate, but frequently partitioned internally perpen- dicularly to the axis. No operculum, or minute when present. Dofania, Morch, 1860 (in part), is a synonym; others are Serpulorbis, Sassi, 1827 (a name frequently used for the genus), Serpulus, Montf., 1810, and Serpuloides, Gray, 1850. The sub- genera Cldrtopoda, Gray, 1840, Tetr anemia, Morch, 1859, VERMETID.E. 167 Hatina, Gray, 1847, and Lementina, Risso, 1826, are founded on differences of form in the mollusk, mostly as represented by published figures, and allowing that these are correct, their value is probably no more than specific. These characters will be referred to in the descriptions of the species. Subgenus SIPHONIUM (Brown, 1756), Morch, 1859. Shell adherent, irregularly twisted, carinated, without internal armature. Operculum large, smooth, circular, concave exter- nally, convex interiorly, the scar of attachment central, with rugose concentric striae, and plain margin. M. Rougemont has observed at Naples that S. maximum emits from its mouth a thin veil-like plaited substance, which entangles small natatory animals and is subsequently with- drawn (Bull. Soc. Neuch., xii, 94). Stoa, Serres, 1855 (in part), is a synonj^m, according to the text. Subgenus STEPHOPOMA, Morch, 1860. Adult shell adherent, spiral, solitaiy or clustered ; aperture slightly inflexed above, very obsoletely effused below, without internal lamellae. Operculum slightly concave, arctispiral, fur- nished with long divergent multifid setae. Recent and fossil. The shells are generally very small, and usually so tender as to be very rarely found fossil in a good state of preservation. Difficult to distinguish from Vermiculus. Subgenus BURTINELLA, Morch, 1861. Young shell adherent, the adult free, thick, widely conically elevated, trochiform or planorboid, usually sinistral, rarely dex- tral, last whorl protracted, more or less prolonged, tubular within, angular exteriorly, aperture circular, not contracted. Fossil only, 15 species. Oolitic, Cretaceous, Tertiary ; Europe, India. B. CONCAVA, Stol. (Struc. and Syst. Conch., t. 67, f. 69, 70). Subgenus TUBULOSTIUM, Stoliczka, 18G8. Shell planorboid to broadly conical, aperture contracted, pro- longed in a tube. 4 sp. Jurassic, Europe ; Cretaceous, India ; Tertiary, United States. lG8 VERMETID^E. Subgenus YERMICULARIA, Lam., 1799. Shell free, in its early stage regularly coiled like a Turritella ; subsequently uncoiled, the tube variously twisted or more or less straight and prolonged. Operculum size of the aperture. Carboniferous — living. Tropical and subtropical. There is apparently no other distinction between the shells of Vermicularia and Burtinella, except that the latter are coiled in a broad, largely umbilicated cone ; Tubulostium has a con- tracted aperture. Often called Vermieidus, Lister. Genus SILIQUARIA, Brug., 1789. Animal with rudimentary pedal tentacles ; mantle slit along the branchial cavity. Shell tubular, at first spiral, afterwards protracted and irregu- lar ; tube with a longitudinal fissure, which is sometimes simple, sometimes formed by a series of perforations ; often both varieties exist in the same specimen ; aperture circular, without internal septa or lamella. Operculum corneous, subc3rlindrical or conoidal, formed of a spirally rolled band, with ciliated margin; axis of the cone filled up internally by a series of spiral radiat- ing cells (PI. 48, figs. 9, 10). Mediterranean Sea, W. Africa, Tropical Pacific Ocean. Fossil, 20 sp. Tertiary, one species from the upper creta- ceous. The typical species, as well as several others, occur imbedded in sponges. Tenagodusj Gueltard, 1774, is the same, but the genus is much better known under its later name. Fischer proposes the following divisions, based on distinctions in the branchial slit. Section SILIQUARIA (sen*n Slit continuous, open. Section PYXIPOMA, Morch, 1860. Slit closed by a lamella, but not filled up outside, open near the mouth. Section AGATHIRSES, Moritfort, 1810. Slit composed of numerous isolated holes. VERMETUS. 169 As all three kinds of slit may exist in different parts of a single specimen, the above classification has but little to recom- mend it ; and }^et in a rough wa}r the distinctions of the slit hold good. About a dozen species have been recognized by Morch, Sowerby and Reeve. The monographs of the Thesaurus Con- chyl. and Conchologia Icon, are essentially the same ; an earlier one is contained in Chenu's Illust. Conchyliologiques. The recent species are tropical and subtropical in distribution. They live on rocks and corals ; the restricted group Siliquaria inhabits sponges. Genus CRYPTOBIA, Desh., 1863. Proposed for a perforation in polyps, sometimes lined by a shelly plate, sometimes without it ; spire regular, of 5 or 6 whorls, in the middle of the polyp ; the following whorls are unrolled ; on one of the walls is found a series of fissures, which traverse the polyp. C. Michilini} Desh., Isle of Bourbon. These perforations are filled by parasitic sipunculi, which may have destroyed in some cases the shell of the mollusk. Genus VERMETUS, Adanson, 1757. Subgenus YERMETUS (sensu stricto). Typical. V. ADANSONII, Daudin. PI. 49, figs. 20, 21 ; PL 48, fig. 12. Shell graceful of 5-12 whorls, loosely or more or less closely coiled, and terminating in a rather straight tube about an inch in length when adult, strongly striated by 6 to 12 raised longi- tudinal ridges or lines, sometimes chagreened ; dark brown, be- coming ash color in dead shells. Operculum very thin, with two small concentric grooves, about half the diameter of the aper- ture. Senegal. It is Vermetiis lumJbricalis, Roissy, not Linn. Yar. LAMARCKIT, Morch (fig. 21). Does not appear to possess any immutable distinctive charac- ter; the tube is said to be thin towards the mouth, the attach- 170 YERMETUS. ment is by the apex, the surface is sometimes transversely and not longitudinally sculptured. Yar. CARPENTERI, Morch. Is founded upon the presence and form of the interior lamellae as shown in section by the figure. Carpenter described it as Petaloconchus renisectus (fig. 12). Y. VARIANS, d'Orb. PI. 49, figs. 22, 23 ; PI. 48, fig. 1 1. Irregularly convoluted, longitudinally rugoscly costate or smooth, violaceous brown. Brazil to West Indies, W. coast of Florida. The varieties described by Morch need only to be named and figured here ; the}7 are scarcely of sufficient importance to justify separate headings and descriptions. They are : Yar. CARPENTERI (fig. 11), West Indies ; var. OCCLUSA, Morch, West Indies; var. MONILE, Morch, Honduras; var. IRREGU- LARIS, d'Orb.; var. ELECTRINA, Morch; var. BADIA, Morch; var. CANDIDISSIMA, Morch; var. PERLATA, Morch ; and var. COSTATA, Morch ; all from the West Indies. As to var. IRREGULARIS, Mo'rch quotes the text of d'Orbigny's Cuba, but writes, " I am nearly sure that the group figured is a SpiroglyphuSj perhaps mixed with a Vermetus." Y. CONICUS, Dillw. PL 49, fig. 24. Flexuose, spiral at base, tube rather thick, brownish white, the spiral portion irregularly wound, about 8 whorls. West Indies. The sculpture varies as in the preceding species, it usually consists of longitudinal striae ; the tube is much larger than in V. varians, and also differs in its light color. It is V. lumbri- calis,fl. of Gmelin. Morch has vars. PERSONATA, GORPIALIS (decus- satus. Lam. non Gruel.), PROBOSCIS, RETIFERA. Y. RENISECTUS (Carp.), Morch. PL 49, figs. 25, 2G. Brownish ash-color, attached, spirally contorted, lightly longi- tudinally lirate, the interstices rather smooth, especially towards the aperture, incremental striae rugose, regular, somewhat gran- ulated in intersecting the longitudinal lira1. Interior with two VERMETUS. 171 flattened laminae ; one on either side of the columella, and a dis- tinct line on the middle of the columella. Philippines. This is V. renisectus, Carp., in part. Morch describes vars. GORDIALIS, ASPERULA, ASPERELLA, WOODWARDII, Carp., EBENEA, PICEA, INDENTATA, MONILIFERA. Y. CONTORTUS, Carpenter. PI. 49, fig. 27. Laterally attached, chestnut-color, rather thin, irregularly con- torted, first whorls spiral, usually in contact, the last protracted, closely longitudinally lirate, decussated by incremental lines, the intersections very obsoletely nodulose ; interior without lamella, but with 3-5 spiral lime on the columella. Mazatlanand Gulf of California. Morch adds vars. REPENS, FAVOSA, CONTORTULA, INDENTATA and CORRODENS. V. NERINOIDES, Carp. PL 49, figs. 28, 29 ; PI. 48, fig. 13. Closely agglomerated, irregularly spirally twisted, orange- colored, almost eve^where superficially ashy; whorls separate, yet approximating, line somewhat compressed, very obsoletely nodosely contracted, interstices rather wide, with close incre- mental stria?; internal lamella (fig. lo) large, modifying the inte- rior as in a section of Nerinaea. Australia. Y. OCTOSECTUS, Carp. PI. 48. tig. 14. Solitary, laterally affixed, whitish, irregularly spirally twisted, longitudinal line rather remote, reticulated by closer, rugose incremental lines, with distant transverse orange lines ; interior laminae prominent, lateral, the exterior part of the chamber small in the first and large in the last whorl, columellar line acute. So. Africa ? Red Sea. " I have seen specimens with and without internal laminae attached on the same shell. One specimen shows on the outer wall a sharp keel pointing to the slit between the laminae, which I have never elsewhere seen so well developed. According to Carpenter, it differs from the following species in the absence of the * remarkable ' structure at the base, and in the comparatively small size of the outer chamber ; the former character is prob- ably quite accidental, and the latter is not constant in one and 172 VERMETUS1. the same species. The variety (below) is still more like the V. cereus, which perhaps will itself prove to be merely a variety when more specimens have been compared." — MORCH. Yar. DILATATA, Morch. Whorls a little flattened, suture depressed, dilated, the strong tran verse rugae approximating. This variety is from the Red Sea, to which locality the type also probably belongs. Y. CEREUS, Carp. PI. 48, fig. 15. Solitary, attached, orange-color, with depressed whitish sutures, the attached side with a series of nodules which, writes Morch, are the impressions of a coral. There is no sculpture, the specimen appearing as though it had been attacked by acid. It is a large species, the penultimate whorl having a diameter of 6-7 mill., the aperture of 4-75 mill. Lateral interior lamellae about central. Philippines. Morch has Yars. GYMNOGASTRA and TENUIS. Y. CARINATUS. Quoy. PL 49, fig. 30. Widely irregularly coiled, carinated, somewhat triangular, transversely striated, yellowish ash-color, aperture rounded within. Isl. Guam. " I have seen forms which I regard as intermediate between V. octosectus. Carp., and V. cereus, Carp., approaching to this." — MORCH. Y. LILACINUS, Morch. PL 49, fig. 31. Aggregated, subcylindrical, spirally twisted, purplish, whorls contiguous with dilated white suture, longitudinal lirae obsolete, remote, incremental rugae generally remote, stronger towards the aperture, last whorl slightly protracted; parietal laminae very short (broken?), approximating to the columella, median columellar lira somewhat acute. Zanzibar. Section PETALOCONCHUS, Lea, 1843. Y. SUBCANCELLATUS, Bivona. PI. 49, fig. 32. Solitary, or more rarely gregarious, reclining, almost entirely affixed, irregularly spiral, with the whorls in contact, brownish, surface eubcancellated by longitudinal and transverse striae, the VERMETUS. 173 anterior extremity free. Operculum plain, thin. Animal dark PurPle- Southern Europe. It is Ser/jida ylomerata, of Linn., 12th Eilit., but not of 10th Edit., and V. intortus, Weink. " I have examined five or six groups without finding- any internal laminae, as Sowerby and Moore appear to have done. In a comparatively few specimens I have found a distinct medial lira on the coluraella." — MORCH. This author describes vars. OCCLUSA, SUTURALIS and SCOLO- PENDRINA. V. VERMICELLA, Lam. PI. 49, fig. 33. Yellowish, filiform, narrow, transversely rugose, fiexuous, without longitudinal sculpture, conglomerated into a dense mass. W. Africa. It is V. ylomeratux, Daudin, V. Lixpe, (Adanson), Deshayes. Morch describes a var. FILARIS. Y. ANELLUM, Morch. PI. 49, fig. 34. Shell sinistral, spirorbiform, white, spire affixed, umbilicus open, whorls few, with transverse close ribs. Diameter of shell about 2 to 3-5 mill. Todas Santos Bay, L. California (on Haliotis). Very like a Spirorbis in shape, and " perhaps will prove to be the type of a new genus." — MORCH. Section MACROPHRAGMA, Carpenter, 1857. V. MAOROPHRAGMA, Carp. PI. 48, fig. 10. Shell small, chestnut-colored, laterally attached, often eroding, spirally twisted, first whorls flattened, contiguous, the last loosely contorted, with close longitudinal lirae and incremental striae ; interior armature (see figure). San Diego, Gal., L. CaL, Mazatlan, Eealejo. " V. contortus, Carp., is perhaps the adult stage of this species, which again possibly may be a form of Aletes centiquadrus." — MORCH. V. COCHLIDIUM, Carpenter. PL 48, fig. 17. Distinguished from the preceding species by its internal laminae ; the shell is of a lighter color and larger growth. Australia ; var. from Tahiti. 174 YERMETUS. Y. FLAVESCENS, Carp. PI. 48, fig. 18. " Shell externally closely allied to V. subcancellatus, from which it is principally known by the smaller size and stronger sculpture. Internally it most resembles V. cochlidium, from which it may be distinguished by the absence of keels on the upper lamina through a large part of the length ; and by the general absence of the third plait, which, when it appears, is like another fold of the lower lamina in the same direction." — MORCH. Sicily. Section ALETES, Carpenter, 1851. " The operculum seems to me only different from that of Vermetus in size, in consequence of the larger calibre of the shell. The variety of Vermetus conic us, Dillw., would be referable to this group, if I had not seen one and the same specimen successively in the different whorls change from Vermetus (Petaloconchus) to Thylacodes, and ultimately to Aletes." — MORCH. Yet Mo'rch himself admits these subdivisions and the distinction of species by small differences in the internal shell. Y. CENTIQUADRUS, Valenc. PI. 49, fig. 35; PL 50, figs. 36-40. Laterally attached, spirally twisted, earlier whorls rather narrow, rapidly increasing, the last wide, spread out and com- pressed at the margin ; light yellowish brown, with obscure narrow lines, earlier whorls dark brown, the interstices of the lirae impressed punctate. Panama to Gulf of California. " The first whorls are of a dark brown color and strongly sculptured with longitudinal linie and transverse rugae exceed- ingty like V. contortus, Carp., which I suppose to be only a form of this shell, judging from analogy with V. conic us, Dillw. The columella shows one exceedingly feeble median lira, scarcely to be seen except in a very favorable light, and two very conspicu- ous lateral lirae which seem to answer to the laminae in V. macrophragma, but they must perhaps be more properly re- garded as the margins of a thin layer covering all the interior of the whorls, except the larger median part of the columella, which shows a slight difference in color." Animal violaceous, VERMETUS. 175 deepest on the back, more bluish and lighter towards the mar- gins of the foot.— MORCH. It is V. effusus, Val. (fig. 36), V. angulatus, Rouss. (fig. 37). Var. PANAMENSIS, Rouss. (fig. 35). = Yar. maxima, Morch. Differs in its smoo h surface and deep transverse furrows. Var. PERONII, Val. (fig. 38). Without impressed punctations. Yar. SIPHONATA, Morch (fig. 39). = V. Peronii, Rouss., non Val. Subcylindrical, spirally twisted, vertically attached, suture dilated, with close, very obsolete nodulous lime, the interstices impressed punctate. Diam. apert. 5'5 mill. Puntarenas. Yar. TULTPA, Rouss. (fig. 40). Laterally attached, irregularly spirally twisted ; whorls oblique, smooth or very obsoletely sculptured on the later whorls, variegated violaceous and white. Yar. BRIEGESII, Morch (unfigured). Very like the last, but the color is mostly obliterated and the last whorl is partly free and erect. V. Rouss^i, Vaillant. PL 51, fig. 43. Earlier whorls spirally twisted, afterwards lengthened, undu- lated, longitudinally lirate, line fading towards the aperture, cancellate towards the base, which is flattened. Timor. The figures of Chenu's Illust. Conch, represent two species. One of these is selected by Morch as best answering the original description of F. sipho, Lam., and I have copied it; the other appears to be a F. polyphragma, Sassi. Vaillant, from an exam- ination of specimens in the Paris Museum, thinks that neither of these figures represents the type, and he therefore describes the sipho of Rousseau and Morch, as F. Boussaei, Vaillant. I may add that none of the figures cited by Lamarck himself agree with his description. Unfigured Species of Vermetus. V. BALANI-TINTINNABULT, Morch, and Yar. CRYSTALLINA, Morch. Philippines. V. PACHYLASMA, Morch. (Possibly a fossil.) f Guinea. 176 A'ERMETUS. Subgenus BIVONTA, Gray, 1842. V. TRIQUETRA, Bivona. PI. 50, figs. 41, 42. Solitary or gregarious, subtriangular, a little depressed, orbicu- larly or turbiuately twisted, transversely flexuosely rugose, anterior portion of the shell when free, becoming C3rlindrical, but if remaining attached, continuing subtriangular; whitish or brownish. Mediterranean Sea. V. contortuplicatuti, Var., A. Scacchi, is a synonym. Var. PINNICOLA, Morch. Irregularly spiral, with three crenulated longitudinal lines. It is V. granulatus, Graven., not Fabr., and perhaps V. rupestris, Risso. Tar. SPIRORBIS, Morch. Solitary, white, cretaceous, spirorbiform , with a crenulated dorsal carina, and one or two arcuate varices in the penultimate whorl. Yar. ALETES, Morch. Laterally affixed, whorls flattened, ob- liquely declined ; dorsal carina compressed, crenulated, approximating the umbilicus ; incremental striae membran- aceous, obsoletely undulated in the umbilical region. Vars. SERPULINA, EXPANSA and AMPLIATA, Morch. Var. FASCICULARIS, Morch (fig. 42). Shells aggregating, base spiral, anteriorly upright, rounded. Forms a transition to the next species, from which perhaps it does not differ. V. SEMISURRECTUS, Bivona. PL 51, fig. 44. Solitary, cylindrical, white, apex contorted, rugose, adnate, anteriorly the tube is free, flexuose, longitudinally striate or almost smooth. Mediterranean Sea. V. SEQUENSIANUS, Avadas and Benoit. PL 51, fig. 45. Irregularly spirally twisted and attached below, finally becom- ing erect; whorls at first angulated, rugosely longitudinally striate, and with stong incremental striae, the free portion be- coming cylindrical and smooth, rather fragile, gregarious. Sicily. V. QUOYI, H. and A. Adams. PL 51, fig. 46. Solitary, loosely contorted, rather thin, livid white, brown clouded, attached at the end, last whorl long, flexuous, with VERMETUS. 177 obsolete longitudinal lirse, and still more obsolete intermediate striae, incremental striae membranaceous ; aperture circular, diam. about 4 mill. Philippines. Shell very like the preceding. Morch adds vars. LTLACINA, PLANORBOIDES, LAQUEARIS, RUGOSO- SQUAMOSA, STRIGATA,PAPILLOSA, CORALLIOPHILA, TRIQUETRA, GRAN- IFERA, FULGURATA, PUNCTATA, VARTEGATA, FLOS-LACTIS. According to Vaillant Lamarck's V. eruca, from examination of the speci- men, is the same and should have priority. Y. GOREENSIS, Gmelin. PI. 51, fig. 47. Conglomerated, rounded, cancellated, yellowish, corneous within, with close longitudinal elevated striae. L. of tube 8-9 inches, diam. 6-8 mill. Operculum so small as to be hardly perceptible, not over a quarter of a millimetre in diameter. W. Africa. Un figured Species. y. EXSERTA, Dall. West Indies. y. CONSTRICTOR, Morch. Australia. y. SUTILTS, and vars. MAJOR and TRIQUETRA, Morch. Panama to Mazatlan. y. IONICA, Danillo and Sandri. Dalmatia. y. GREGARIA, Monts. Sicily. y. PANORMITANUS, Gregorio. Sicily. y. COMPACTA, Carp. Vancouver's Island. Subgenus SPIROGLYPHUS, Daudin, 1800. y. SPIRULIFORMIS, De Serres. PI. 51, figs. 48, 49. Spiruliforra, brownish or ash colored, or white, sometimes fas- ciated, the last whorl detached but continuing spiral, smooth or with growth-striae. Diam. 1 inch. Zanzibar, Philippines, Red Sea. Morch describes vars. SCAPHITOIDES, VORTEX, LEMNISCATA, SPI- RALIS, SOLIDISSIMA, TMMERSA (fig. 49), ERYTHR^ENSIS, DISCULUS. y. AMMONITIFORMIS, De Serres. PL 52, fig. 54. Planorbiform, last whorl closely wound like the others, with strong incremental striae. Diam. 20 mill. Indian Ocean, on Perna isognomon. 12 178 VERMETUS. Y. SPIRORBIS, Sowb. PI. 51, fig. 50. Planorbiform, white, smoothish, whorls not in contact. ? Cape of Good Hope. Y. ANNULATUS, D.audin. PI. 51, figs. 51, 52. Irregularly spiral, transversely lamellate. West Indies, on Shells. Yar. CORRODENS, d'Orb. (fig. 51). Having a peripheral carination, forming a tooth-like projection at the mouth. This is var. dentifera of Morch. Yar. IRREGULARIS, d'Orb. (fig. 52). Brownish black, irregularly contorted, transversely rugosely plicate. This is var. glome- rata, Morch. Yar. TROCHICOLA, Morch (unfigured). Y. GLOMERATUS, Bivona. PI. 51, fig. 53 ; PI. 52, figs. 55-58. Conglomerated, tubes cylindrical or subangulated, contorted, transversely undulately rugose. Mediterranean Sea. Morch has vars. CRUSTANS and TUBULOSA = ANNULATA, Lam. (fig. 58). V. cristatus, Biondi, is the young of this species. Yaillant remarks that Daudin's species is smaller than V. annulatus, Lam., and corrodes the surface upon which it is attached ; as Daudin has priority he proposes for the Lamarckian species V. annularium. Monterosato has substituted the name petrzea, because of Ser- pula glomerata, Linn.; he adds a var. minor. Embryonal whorls smooth, projecting in the centre of the shell, and not unlike a very small Amnicola. Has more regular whorls and wants the tooth-like process of the carina in the aperture of V. annulatus. Doubtful and Unfgured Species. SERPULA COSTALTS and S. iNFUNDiBULUM,of Chenu's Illust. Conch. Y. ALBIDUS, Carp. Mazatlan. Y. STRAMONIT^E. Morch. ? Guinea. Y. ANGULIFERA, Monts. Tripoli. Y. PLANORBIS, Dkr. PI. 52, fig. 51). Piano rbiform, somewhat solid, white, carinated, transversely sublamellate, whorls in contact. Japan, slightly immersed in the surface of Vermetus imbricatus, Dkr. VERMETUS. Subgenus THYLACODES, Guettard, 1774. V. POLYPHRAGMA, Sassi. PL 52, figs. 60-62. Solitary, irregularly twisted, commencing irregularly spiral, with dilated suture, afterwards rounded, longitudinally finely striate, the striae often alternately smaller, frequently granose, sometimes with three or four strong line, remote nodules and intervening brownish punctations ; color usually whitish or yellowish white. Aperture, 14 mill. wide. Mediterranean Sea. The synonyms are V. arenaria, Lam., in part, Serpula intes- tina, Salis, Dentalium intestiniforme, Linn., teste Hanley, F. gigas, Gray, in part. Yar. ALETES, Morch (fig. 62). Laterally attached, almost regu- larly spiral ; last whorl somewhat protracted. It is F. lineolata, Gravenh. Yar. AMPLA, Morch. Loosely contorted, rather thin, whorls scarcely contiguous, the last rather short, solute, with approxi- mating small longitudinal lirae decussated by incremented striae, interstices lightly punctate ; last whorl with two or three interrupted line above, elongately nodulose ; whitish, or yellowish white, first whorls light violaceous. Malta. Y. DENTIFERUS, Lam. PI. 52, tig. 63. Large, subsolitary or often conglomerated, irregularly twisted at first, with rugose growth-striae, fine longitudinal lines, and frequently two or three longitudinal riblets bearing distant tubercles. Indian Ocean, Australia. Morch describes a var. REPENS. The following species is probably only a variety, and both might be referred to V. poly- phragma. The Lamarckian examples appear to include several species, according to M. Yaillant ; I give the form as restricted by Morch. Y. Nov^-HoLLANDi^E, Rouss. PI. 53, fig. 64. Shells agglomerated, inferiorly contorted, then protracted, 180 VERMETUS. with numerous subdentate longitudinal costellse, and intervening striae ; brownish. Probably identical with the foregoing species. Australia. Described by Morch under the name of V. sulcatus, Lam., but one of the three types of that species is a fossil and different, the other two appear to be V. siplw, Lain. Y. MASTER, Deshayes. PL 53, fig. 65. Large and thick, irregularly spiral, not elevated, with about twenty longitudinal grooves ; grayish, yellowish brown or flesh- color, corneous within. Length, 1 foot, diam. 16-18 mill. Cape Verde Is. Le Masier, of Adanson. It is also V. sipho (Lam. in part), Blainv., and V. arenarius, Daudin. Y. BRAZILIENSTS, Rousseau. PL 53, fig. 66. Large, solitary, at first spiral, last whorl protected, lightly curved, erect, with slight distant spiral line. Diam. apert. 30 mill. Brazil. Y. ATRA, Pvousseau. PL 53, fig. 67. Usually solitary, thick, spirally twisted, laterally attached, last whorl protracted, rounded, the affixed ones with expanded sides ; surface with close growth-lines, and distant longitudinal lirulre ; black or very dark brown. Diam. of aperture, about 20 mill. Philippines, New Caledonia, East Indies. This is Serpula colubrina, Bolten, V. fuscata, Humphr., ? V. ochrea, Gmel. Morch adds vars. ALBINA, brown and blackish, mixed with white towards the aperture, VIOLACEO-FUSCA, LJEVI- USCULA, and AGGLOMERATA. y. IMBRICATUS, D linker. PL 53, fig. 68. Rather solid, laterally attached, anteriorly sometimes free and erect, light brownish, with longitudinal, subimbricated costnlse. Japan. y. NODOSO-RUGOSUS, Lischke. PL 53, figs. 69, TO. Whitish, yellowish or violaceous brown, somewhat solid, irreg- ularly twisted, anteriorly shortly erect, flat and attached below, obsoletely carinate and nodosely transversely wrinkled above, becoming smoother towards the aperture. Japan. VERMETUS. 181 V. DECUSSATUS, Ginelin. PI. 53, figs. 71, 72. Rather solid, variously twisted, solitary, laterally attached ; whorls rounded, sometimes contiguous at the commencements with longitudinal lirse and intermediate striae, decussated by incremental striae ; yellowish white, variegated and clouded by light brown. West Indies. Morch describes vars. TENUIS, INTERMEDIA, L^EVIGATA, with smooth whorls, represented in part by Y. PORITES, Rouss. (fig. 72), all from West Indies; and vars. PHILIPPINENSIS and BADTA, from the Philippine Islands. Y. SQUAMIGERUS, Carp. PI: 54, figs. 73, 74. Yellowish white, usually conglomerated, loosely twisted, becoming erect, closely longitudinally costate, with intermediate raised lines, scaly decussated, the erect anterior portion marked by rugose incremental striae only. Southern California, Lower California. Yar. PENNATA, Morch (fig. 74). Solitary, laterally attached, longitudinal lirse rather distant, compressed, nodosely serrated, alternately smaller, the inter- stices striate ; whitish, or 3rellowish, with angulated (pennate) incremental striae, which are occasionally chestnut-colored. California. This is V. margaritarum, of Yal. (Yoy. Yenus), in part. Y. MICHAUDII, Rouss. PI. 54, fig. 75. Yellowish white, laterally attached, longitudinally closely striate, with distant annular ribs. Hab. unknown. Y. PORITES Rousseau. PI. 54, fig. 76. Thin, laterally attached, very lightly longitudinally striated; incremental striae very close, obsolete, with regular, remote incremental sulci, the interstices slightly convex; yellowish white, darker within. Hab. unknown, on a coral. Y. LONGIFILIS, Morch. PI. 54, fig. 77. Reclining, laterally attached, loosely twisted, variegated with yellow and light brown, longitudinally lirulate, with three or 182 VERMETUS. four stronger, remote lirse, aperture transversely oval, bluish within. Australia. This is the type and only species of the subgenus Tetranemia, Morch, which is described as having very long pedal filaments, subulate, and not retractile, with an intermediate mamilla ; the mesopodium small, elongated, with two posterior short filaments. V. dentifemiS) Quoy, not Lamarck, is a synonym. Y. INOPERTUS, Riippell. PI. 54, fig. 78. Olivaceous, rather thick, twisted. Animal with conical rostrum ; tentacles short, thick, proceeding from a heart-shaped dorsal process ; no pedal filaments, metapodium large, cylin- drical, truncate, penis subulate. Red Sea. It is F. operculatus, Gray, and (according to Issel) F. eruca, Lam. Y. GRANDIS, Gray. PL 54, fig. 79. Clouded, yellowish brown, contorted, laterally affixed, longi- tudinally striate, flattened on the base, convex above, where there are two or three more prominent rugose ridge-like striae, aper- ture round, violaceous. Australia. This is the type of the subgenus Cladopoda, Gray, and the following species are included therein by Morch. The diagnosis is: Operculum none; foot elongate, front end simple, hinder extremity oblong, clavate or subtruncate. It is F. arenarius, Lam., of Quoy and Gaimard. Morch adds a Var. OXYGONA. Y. ELEGANS, Quoy and Gaimard. PL 54, fig. 80. Animal cinereous, the tentacles, head and foot maculated and spotted with red. Shell and habitat unknown. y. ZELANDICUS, Gray. PL 54, fig. 81. Animal with yellowish head, brown and red-spotted in front, foot yellowish, spotted with red, mantle widely margined with orange-red. Shell contorted, having no characters of importance. New Zealand. Possibly identical with the preceding species. It is F. Novse- Zelandise of Gray. VERMETUS. 183 Doubtful and Unfigured Species of Thijlacodes. Y. CUVIERI, Risso (PI. 48, fig. 19). Southern Europe. This unrecognized species is the type of the subgenus Lemen- tina, Risso, distinguished by the remarkably radiated metapo- dium. Dr. Gray regarded it as " probably only a badly described and figured Serpuloides arenarius." Y. ORYZATA, and var. ANNULATUS, Morcli. Panama. V. RUMPHIT, Blainv. (Y. protensa, Dillw., V. vermium, Petiv.). Hab. unknown. V. PROTENSUS, Gmel. Hab. unknown. V. SCABER, Gravenhorst. Hab. unknown. Y. NATALENSIS, Morch. So. Africa. Y. ERUCIFORMTS, and vars. ERYTIIROSCLERA and LUMBRICELLA, Morch. California. Y. RIISET, and vars. MUHLENPFORDET, and LTMACELLA, Morch. West Indies. Y. TURONIUS, Rouss. Definitely ascertained to be a fossil. See Yaillant, Nouv. Arch, du Mus., 193, 1871. Y. ANNULUS, Rouss. Hab. unknown. Y. SELECTUS, Monts. and vars. ARBOREA and RAMGSA. Mediterranean Sea. V. MELANOSTOMUS, Morch. Zanzibar. Y. SIPHO, Lam. Timor. Y. LAMARCKIT, Yaillant. Australia. Subgenus SIPHONIUM (Browne, 1156), Morch, 1859. Y. LITUELLA, Morch. PI. 54, fig. 82. Variously twisted, often openly spiral, laterally attached and deeply immersed, with a median carina or rib above, which is more or less nodulous, and close, rugose incremental lines ; color whitish or ash, often obsoletely brown clouded, early whorls chestnut colored. California, on Haliotis, etc. It is V. ammoniformis, Serres. Y. AFRUM, Gmel. PL 54, fig. 83. Yery solid, white, corroding and attached laterally, spiral, becoming thinner towards the aperture, with a superior rib and obsolete longitudinal striae, distant incremental sulci, and close arcuate incremental striae. Gaboon, W. Africa, on Chama. It is " Le Datin " of Adanson. 184 YERMETUS. Y. POLITUS, Daudin. PI. 54, figs. 84-86. Paucispiral, openly wound, like a hunting-horn ; whorls two, rapidly enlarging to the rounded aperture, laterally attached and corroding, white, smooth, with somewhat distant annular constrictions. Indian Ocean, etc. On Tridacna and Serpula. V. perforans, Serres, is a synonym. Y. NEBULOSUS, Dillw. PI. 54, figs. 87, 88. Young shell piano rbiform, corroding, chestnut-color to white, slightly spirally lirulate ; afterwards contorted, variegated with light brown and white, lirae rugose, with three squamiferous lirse above ; finally becoming free, with rugose annulations and sulcations, and longitudinal sculpture obsolete. West Indies. Morch describes Yars. SERRATA, ACULEATA, TURBOIDES = Ser- pula bicarinata, Sowb. (fig. 88), TMBRICATA = Serpula dentifera, Sowb., PLANORBOIDES, RUGOSA, ANAULAX, FISSURATA. Y. MARGARITARUM, Yal. (in part). PL 55, fig. 92. Large, spirally lirulate, with more distant nodose ribs, chestnut-brown to yellowish. Panama — Mazatlan. Y. MAXIMUS, Sowb. PL 55, figs. 89, 90. Large, irregularly twisted, rather smooth, annularly rugose, dorsal carina becoming spinose anteriorly ; often deeply im- bedded in coral ; diam. of aperture 1 inch. The young shell is subtriangular, with dorsal carina. Java — Polyn esia. Morch describes several varieties; among them he names SCANDENS, MEGACENTRO, PKJELONQA, BTANGULAR1S. Undetermined and Unfigured Species. Y. CARINIFERUS, Gray. New Zealand. Y. LAMELLOSUS, Hutton. New Zealand. Y. SUBGRANOSUS, Morch, with Yars. CARTNATA, COST ALE, and TRIQUETRA. East Indies. Y. LURIDUS, Morch. Society Islands. VERMETUS. 185^ Y. GJEDAROPI, Morch ( V. turboides, Chieregh.). ? Spain on Spondylus. Y. PICTUS, Morch, and Yar. TURBOIDES. East Indies. Y. TEXTUM, Morch, and Yars. SCAPTOIDES and UNGUIOULATA. Philippines. Y. SUBCRENATUS, Lam. East Indies, Philippines. YarS. SQUAMULOSA, BIFUNICULARIS, CRISTATA, SUBDECUSSATA, and SPINOSA, Morch. Y. DACOST^E, Morch (PL 55, fig. 91). Hab. unknown. Y. PLATYPUS, Morch. Sandwich Is. Y. TEREDULA, Morch. ? MOTOCCO. Y. LEUCOZONIAS, Morch. W. Africa. Y. MEGAMASTUM, Morch (PI. 55, fig. 93), and Yar. IMBRICATUS, Carp. California. ? Y. ADAMSII, Morch. ? Borneo, Japan. Y. PLICARIA, Lam. Australia. Subgenus STEPHOPOMA, Morch, 1860. Y. ROSEUS, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 55, fig. 94. Shell small, spirally twisted, cylindrical, rugose, rose-colored. Operculum round, brownish, multispira bearing a large number of divergent multifid corneous hairs. New Zealand. Y. PENNATUS, Morch. PI. 55, figs. 95, 96. Solitary, spirally angulately twisted, with open umbilicus; whorls obsoletely quadrangular or pentagonal, closely longitu- dinally lirulate, incremental striae irregular ; white, brownish or variegated. W. Coast of Central America. Morch describes a var. bispinosa, distinguished by a different form in the bristles of the operculum, when viewed under a lens. Unfigured Species. Y. SENTICOSUS, Morch. Hab. unknown. Y. TRICUSPIS, Morch. Australis. Y. LYNGBYANUS, Morch. Denmark. 186 VERMETUS. Subgenus VERMICULARIA, Lam., 1799. The animal is thus described by Stimpson : " Mantle fringed at its margin with short filaments ; foot very short and broad, dilated into rounded auricles anteriorly ; muz- zle broad, not cleft; tentacula short, conical, with eyes at their exterior base ; an elevated ridge runs along the back, becomes flattened into a membrane at the head, and passes round under the right tentacle, forming a kind of canal, near which is the anus; its color is light brown, with patches and spots of black. Viviparous. The young shell is helicoid and reversed. Oper- culum corneous, black and hard on the inner, and lamellated on the outer surface ; it is surrounded by a thin, membranous, flexible portion, about one-fourth its diameter ; thus it is enabled to close its shell perfectly at the aperture, and yet to retreat far into the narrower whorls." V. TORTUOSUS, Solander. PI. 55, fig. 97 ; PI. 56, fig. 1. Loosely twisted, whorls flattened or slightly concave on the exterior, smooth, rectangular above and below, margined by a rib, spire short, conical. Philippines. V. costalis, Rouss., is a synonym. It is doubtful whether this species is distinct from V. lumbricalis ; yet Morch has described vars. unicostalis (fig. 97) and nidificans. V. LUMBRICALIS, Linn. PI. 55, fig. 98. Yellowish chestnut color ; whorls rounded with or without one or two exterior carinse, sometimes with two slight inferior carinse, smooth or longitudinally stria?. Philippines, East Indies. This is the well-known type of the family Yermetida1. It is very doubtful whether it should be restricted to oriental speci- mens, as no permanent differential characters appear to charac- terize the forms from other localities which have received distinct names, as for instance, that of the Atlantic coast of the United States and West Indies. Morch has described vars. DIAPHANA, CORNEA, AMPLIATA, RUGULOSA and TERES (= Indicus, Rouss. in part). VERMETUS. 187 Y. SPIRATUS, Phil. PL 55, figs. 99, 100. Shell chestnut-colored, varying to light yellowish ash, more or less longitudinally striated and carinated. Atlantic Coast of the United States, West Indies, Gulf of Mexico. Var. MELANOSCLERA, Morch. Shell solid, chestnut-colored, with dark transverse striae, obtusely quadrangular, exteriorly angulated in the middle, the angle lighter colored, longitu- dinally lirulate, interior sides strongly lirate. Vera Cruz. Var. QUADRANGULARIS, Morch (= quadrangulus, Phil.). Reddish brown. Yucatan. Var. BICARINATUS, Morch. This is the ordinary West Indian and Florida type as figured above. Dall. describes a V. lumbri- calis, var. nigricans, growing in large patches, almost form- ing reefs on the West Coast of Florida. He can scarcely refer to this form ; more probably it is V. varians, d'Orb. This is V. lumbricalis, d'Orb., V. Knorri, Desh. Yar. RADICULA, Stimpson (fig. 100). Yellowish ash-color, with several unequal strong ridges, sometimes spotted with chest- nut, and intermediate fine lirulae. United States, Mass, to Fla. This is V. lumbricalis of Gould, and var. cinerea of Morch. Yars. UNGULTNA, SCALARIS and TERES are also given by Morch. Y. DIMORPHUS, Morch. PL 56, fig. 2. Solid, spirally twisted, variegated ash-color and cinnamon; whorls loose, laterally connate and affixed, longitudinally closely striulate, with three unequal remote exterior line, upper side with a plane surface destitute of sculpture. Ph ilippines. Morch adds a var. LITUINA. Y. PELLUCIDUS, Brod. and Sowb. PL 56, figs. 3-6, 9, 10. Pellucid, longitudinally striate, carinate towards the apex. West Coast of Central and South America. 188 SILIQUARIA. Tar. PLANOBOIDES, Mo'rch, fig. 9. Rather thin, irregularly plan- orbiform, laterally affixed, beautifully densely longitudinally striated and flatly lirate, spire turretelloid. It is Serpula regular is, Chenu. Yar. CRASSA, Morch, fig. 10. Lir^e prominent, shell irregularly twisted. Animal greenish maculated and reticulated with white, tentacles long, subulate, interruptedly lineated ; pro- boscis short, rounded. This is Serpula Panamensis, Chenu. Yar. EBURNEUS, Reeve (fig. 6). Shell white, thick, loosely whorled , with distant, subobsolete longitudinal sculpture. = Yar. volubilis, Morch. There are also vars. LAQUEARIS, CINNAMOMINA, PICTA, TIGRINA, CASTANEA, DISCIFER and SUBGRANOSA of Morch. Y. EFFUSUS, Yal. in part (PI. 56, fig. 7). Hob. unknown. Y. TURRITELLA, Rouss. (PI. 56, fig. 8). Hab. unknown. Y. SOLARINUS, Morch (unfigured). Philippines. Y. RASTRUM, Morch (unfigured). Hab. unknown. Genus SILIQUARIA, Brug., 1789. Section SILIQUARIA (sensu stricto). S. PONDEROSA, Morch. PI. 57, fig. 11. Yellowish white, very thick, large ; whorls broadly convoluted, apex obtuse, outer half of whorls much thickened by a deeply transversely fissured layer, slit continuous below, margined above by waved dentate lamellae, in the earlier whorls usually articu- lated, thin, filled within by shelly matter. Australia. S. SENEGALENSIS, Recluz. PL 57, fig. 12. Heavy, upper portion of spire-whorls a little convex, plane or excavated, closely radiately undulate-sulcate, closely volute, forming a narrow umbilicus, externally transversely deeply fis- sured, slit open, slightly undulate-dentate; pink or pale fulvous. Senegal. This is S. incisa of Morch, not Chemnitz. Yar. ROSEA, Morch. Deep rose-color, apex whitish, umbilicus pervious. SILIQUARIA. 189 Yar. LINEATA, Morch. Whitish, whorls with close longitudinal light orange-colored lines below. S. ENCAUSTICA, Morch. PL 57, fig. 13. Small, thick, rugose, irregularly pyramidal, pointed, tube small, umbilical region covered by an enameled callus, thickened, roughly wrinkled and transversely fissured on the peripheral side; slit closed in the upper whorls, then articulated, finally open, continuous. Ceylon. Described from a single specimen in the Cumingian collection. S. TROCHLEARIS, Morch. PL 57, fig. 14. Rather thin, umbilicus narrow, pervious ; whorls 6, at first close, then dissolute, plane above and below, transversely densely rugosely fissured, longitudinally very obsoletely striate and sulcate, with yellowish spiral lines, slit undulately dentate. Philippines. S. OBTUSA, Schum. PL 57, figs. 15, 16. Shell elongated, whorls large, spiralty rather finely li rated, smoother on the umbilical face, thickened on the outside and transversely fissured; spiral slit simple, frequently closed towards the apex. Mediterranean Sea. It is S. anguina, of Phil., Sowb., etc., but not of Linnaeus. There are Yars. ROSEA, Montr., and COST^E, Cantraine. Section AGATHIRSES, Montfort, 1810. S. AUSTRALIS, Quoy and Gaimard. PL 58, fig. 20 ; PL 57, fig. 17. Shell large, thick, apex pyramidal, tube finely longitudinally striated on the inner side, thick, rugose and transversely fissured on the outer side, slit represented b}- round holes, gaping open near the aperture. Australia. Morch describes Yars. SCALARIFORMIS, MULTILIRATA and T^JNIATA (fig. 17). S. REENTZII, Morch. Graceful, obsoletely longitudinally lirulate, rust color, whitish towards the aperture, with a chestnut line below the slit. First described as Yar. ferruginea of S. Australia. 190 SILtQUARlA. S. TOSTUS, Morch. PL 57, fig. 18. Small, rust color, darker brown at the apex ; tube narrow, rather smooth, spire suborbicular ; fissure articulated, bordered by a dentate line on either side. Ceylon. Differs (insufficiently) from the next species in the elliptical, distant pores, the slit being bordered by a narrow elevated undulated line on both sides ; so that except in the last whorl, the slit seems situated on the top of a feeble carina. S. CUMINGIT, Morch. PL 57, fig. 19 ; PL 58, fig. 21. Whorls 5, the first scalariform, angulated behind, the angle evanescent in the last whorl, granularly lirate below, line distant, the interstices with intervening lirulae, externally transversely lightly fissured, the fissures evanescent in last whorl, umbilical region longitudinally undulately striate, decussated by sigmoid, distant radiating sulci ; slit at first closed, afterwards with open round holes, which finally coalesce into a denticulated open slit. Philippines, Japan. Morch describes Vars. RUDIS, CONIFER, PLATYOMPHALA, LUM- BRICALIS, L^EVILIRATA, JAPONICA. S. BERNARDII, Morch. PL 58, fig. 22. White, clouded with fawn color, thin, elongated, narrowly and loosely twisted, irregularly pyramidal towards the apex ; tube narrow, crenulately striated, slit band roundly articulated. Australia. S. ANGUINA, Linn. PL 58, figs. 23-25. Shell rather thick, broadly irregularly twisted, distantly spirally ridged, ridges sharply squamose or spined ; tube gener- ally very slowly increasing ; spiral fissure very narrow, partly consisting of oblong perforations, partly continuous and dentate by the coalescence of these ; white, yellowish or purplish, some- times two colors on the same specimen. Moluccas, Ceylon. The synonyms are S. muricata, Born., S. volvox, Dillw., S. ruber, Schum., S. sulcata, Gray, S. polygona, Blainv., S. Dunkeri, Morch, S. squamata, Blainv. (fig. 25). In the latter form the slit is simple and open, although otherwise the features are those of anguina. This is not an error in the representation of the CRYPTOBIA. 191 shell, for similar specimens are before me, besides intermediates. These sections of Siliquaria, I repeat, are founded on evanescent characters, and should be accepted with reserve,//^ bi- PYXIPOMA, Morch, 186 S. LACTEA, Lam. PL 58, fig. 20. Narrow, smoothish, pellucid, white, obsoletely brown-tinted, rarely striated, apical whorls slightly pyramidal, fissure articu- lated, partly closed by an internal lamina near the apex. Australia, China, East Indies. Gregarious, forming conglomerated masses. T. TAHEITENSIS, Morch. PI. 58, fig. 2T. Rather thick, smooth, fulvous, longitudinally lirulate, cancel- lated between the ridges, slit narrow, right margin thichkened. Tahiti. Shell much larger than the preceding, with stronger lirse, the interstices cancellated, slit coarctate. The only figure of the species is from a fragment in the British Museum. S. WELDII, Tenison-Woods. PL 58, fig. 28. Graceful, smooth or very lightly longitudinally striated, whitish, yellowish, or very light rosy, first three wjiorls with the slit filled below, afterwards it is open. _ So. Australia, Tasmania. Undetermined or Unjigured Species of Siliquaria. S. Cos™, Cantraine. Mediterranean Sea. S. GLABRA, Risso (= the above ?). Mediterranean. S. MOBII, Morch. Manilla. S. .GIGAS, Lesson. Moluccas. S. PAPILLOSA, Rees. Hab. unknown. S. SPIRALIS, Risso (? = '£ obtusa, Schum.). Mediterranean. S. ANGUILL^E, Morch. West Indies. S. MODESTA, Dall. West Indies. Genus CRYPTOBIA, Desh., 18G3. The two species, MICIIELTNI and HETEROPSAMMARIUM, are not described or figured. Isl. Reunion. FAMILY TURRITELLID^E. Animal with a short broad rostrum ; long, subulate, diverging tentacles, the eyes slightly prominent at their external base ; mantle margin fringed, slightly plicate or channeled in front and on the right side ; branchial plume single, very long ; foot very short, truncate in front, attenuated and obtuse behind, grooved beneath, operculigerous lobe simple. The lingual dentition varies in the number of margined teeth ; thus for T. acicula, the marginals are suppressed, and the for- mula is 0-1-1-1-0 (PI. 59, fig. 30); for T. ungulina, 2-1-1-1-2, (PI. 30, fig. 11), and for T. triplicata 3-1-1-1-3 (PI. 59, fig. 29). T. lactea, representing the group Mesalia, has the marginal teeth with smooth edges, formula 2-1-1-1-2 (PL 30, fig. 12). Shell spiral, not umbilicated, spire very long, of numerous whorls, with revolving striae or carinations, and curved growth- stride ; mouth obliquely oval or subquadrangular, usually entire, lip not thickened. Operculum multispiral. The genus Eglisia, Gray, 1840, included by man y conchologists in this family, belongs apparently to the Scalariidse. Yon Maltzan has recently described a genus Smithia, 1883, which is said to have a multispiral operculum, and is placed by him in Turritellidse, yet in the scalariform whorls, depressed superior portion, etc., it appears to be simply an exaggeration of the char- acters of Eglisia ; and it is connected with that group by Fischer. The Turritellidse have been monographed by : Kiener. Coquilles vivantes. 34 species. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica. 68 species. 1849. Boury has monographed the genus Mathilda, in Journal de Conchyliologie, 1883. Synopsis of Genera. Genus TURRITELLA, Lam., 1799. Shell pyramidal, the numerous whorls spirally striated or ridged, crossed by arcuated growth-lines, spire very long, aper- ture oval or subquadrangular, entire, lip thin. Operculum with fimbriated margin. (192) TURRITELLlD.il. About a hundred species are known, inhabiting all seas, but principally tropical and subtropical. The fossils number about four hundred species ; the genus commenced in the trias. The genus Proto, Defrance, 1824, is probably founded on a young Turritella : Proto of authors (Protoma, Baird) is different. Section I. TURRITELLA (restricted). Whorls rounded, spirally striate, unicolored, aperture rounded. Section II. HAUSTATOR, Montfort, 1810. Whorls flattened, mouth subquadrangular, outer lip sinuous ; usually undulatingly strigate with chestnut-color. Section III. TORCULA, Gray, 1847. Shell turriculated, usually white or' horn-c jlored with faint strigations of chestnut-color ; whorls subangular, with a median excavation ; aperture subquadrangular, the outer lip with a slight median sinus. Section IV. ZARIA, Gray, 184?. Shell turriculated, without color markings ; whorls carinated ; aperture subquadrangular, outer lip simple. Section Y. TURRITELLOPSIS, Sars, 1878. Shell like Tnrritella, the whorls of the spire grooved across ; aperture oval. The radula is without marginal teeth. Inhabits boreal seas. Tachyrhynchus, Morch., 1868, separated from Mesalia by a slight difference in the operculum, is a Synonym. I do not adopt it instead of Turritellopsis because the real dif- ferences of radula, size and habitat are not mentioned. Subgenus MESALIA, Gray, 1842. Shell turritelliform, the last whorl rounded; aperture oval, slightly produced in front into a rudimentary channel, lip sharp, arcuated, slightly sinuous behind, columella flattened, a little twisted at the base. Operculum with fewer whorls than in Tur- ritella, the nucleus central. Lateral and marginal teeth of the radula with smooth edges. West Africa ; fossil in the Eocene. 13 194 Tt'RlUTELLTthE. Subgenus ARCOTIA, Stoliczka, 1868. Turreted, elongated, spirally striate, the incremental lines straight, not curved ; columella excavated, aperture angulately rounded, subeffuse anteriorly. Jurassic and Cretaceous of India. T. INDICA, Stol. (S. and S. Conch., t. 67, f. 64). Subgenus LITHOTROCHUS, Conrad. Shell having the appearance of an elongated Trochus ; spire obtuse, the whorls numerous, transversely grooved, last whorl carinated, smaller than the spire ; there is a thickened sutural band, with very numerous growth-striae ; aperture subtetragonal, entire. Lias of Chili. T. HUMBOLDTII, Buch (S. and S. Conch, t. 07, f. 66). Genus PROTOMA5.Baird, 1870. Shell turreted, with flattened whorls, aperture oval, narrowly channeled and excised in front, with a basal swelling and a fasciole around the excision, lip sinuous behind. Operculum circular, corneous, multispiral. A single recent species is known, from West Africa. This is the genus Proto, of authors, not Defrance, represented in the Miocene of Europe. ? Genus GLAUCONIA, Geibel, 1852. Shell turriculated, conical, sometimes pupiform, the whorls less numerous than in Turritella, and crossed by costulations ; outer lip notched or sinuated by an impressed furrow which winds round the last whorl ; aperture rounded, continuous ; colu- mella usually distinctly umbilicated. There are about 30 creta- ceous species, Europe, India and America. Omphalia, Zekeli, 1852 (not Omphalius, Phil.), and Cassiope, Coquand, 1866, are synonyms. Usually considered a member of this family, but is remarkably allied to Melanatria. TURRITELLA. 195 Genus MATHILDA, Semper, 1865. Shell turriculated, rather solid, apex heterostrophe, abruptly turned from left to right ; whorls in the typical species trans- versely cingulated and reticulated, longitudinally striated ; aper- ture entire, subrotund, base sometimes subeffuse ; lip acute, columella smooth. Operculum corneous, rather solid, multi- spiral, the external face concave, nucleus central. Animal with very long thread-like, divergent tentacles, with rather large eyes on prominences upon their exterior side, about a quarter of their length from the base ; foot large, cut out in front, obtuse behind ; operculigerous lobe having a row of cilia in constant movement. Seas of Europe, China, Australia, Strait of Magellan. There are about thirty tertiary and a few secondary species. " Mathilda," writes Dr. Fischer, " has the shell of Turritella, with the heterostrophe embryonic whorls of Pyramidella ; the exterior form of the animal, the position of the eyes, and the structure of the operculum, relate it to the former." On the other hand, Monterosato finds in it affinities with Solarium, and Jeffreys places it in the Pyramidellidse. The radula is unfortu- nately unknown. Subgenus GEGANIA, Jeffreys, 1884. Shell small, conic, reticulated, imperforate, the nucleus glob- ular and twisted, not spiral and not sinistral. G. PINGUIS, Jeffr. Coast of Portugal (abyssal). Differs from Mathilda in its short spire and non- heterostrophe apex. Genus TURRITELLA, Lam., 1799. Section TURRITELLA (typical). T. TEREBRA, Linn. PL 59, figs. 32, 33. Whorls convex, each with about 6 revolving ridges and inter- mediate close strise, suture deep ; yellowish brown to chestnut- color. Length, 5-8 inches. Singapore, Java, Philippines. T.*Archimedis, Dillwyn, is a synonym, and T. spectrum, Reeve (tig. 33), is at most a variety, developing more numerous ridges. 196 . TURRITELLA. T. BACILLUM, Kiener. PL 59, figs. 34, 35 ; PL 60, fig. 42. Whorls somewhat flattened in the middle, but with deep suture, with about 6 revolving ridges and fine intermediate striae ; light yellowish ash to chestnut-color, the ridges on the larger whorls often marked by darker lines. Length, 4-5 inches. Ceylon, China. This is possibly only a variety of T. terebra, the essential differ- ence being that its whorls are somewhat flattened in the middle. T. cerea, Reeve (fig. 35) is a synonym. In the darker colored specimens, called T. crocea, by Kiener (fig. 42), there is often a more or less defined lighter colored sutural band. T. UNGULTNA, Linn. PL 60, fig. 43. Whorls about fifteen, convex, rather smooth, with about ten low ridge-like striae, the interstices superficially striulate ; chest- nut-color, becoming dark chocolate towards the aperture. . Length, 3 inches. T.fuscata, Lam., is a synonym. West Africa. T. NIVEA, Gray. PL 60, fig. 44. Whorls about 20, convex, a little slopingly flattened around the upper part, encircled by seven to ten low ridges and inter- mediate striae. Length, 3*5 inches. East Coast of Africa. I have some doubt about the correctness of the locality assigned for this species, and think it very probable that it will prove to be a colorless variety of T. ungulina. In one of the specimens before me the spire is chestnut-tinted. T. COMMUNIS, Risso. PL 60, figs. 45, 46. Whorls about 15, convex or somewhat flattened, the last some- times with an obtuse angle below, with spiral slight ridges and intermediate striae, often several of the ridges stronger ; yellow- ish brown to rusty chestnut color, often variegated in irregular longitudinal stripes, interior of aperture usually purplish tinged. Length, 2 inches. • Europe, The nomenclature of this species is somewhat involved. . It is Tl RRITELLA. 19t T. terebra of Linn. Faun. Suec., but not of the Systema, and some conchologists prefer this name ; it is more frequently known, however, as T. cornea, Lam., although its identification is not beyond question. Other synonyms are T. ungulina, Loven, etc. (not Linn.),!r. Linnsei, Deshayes, and T. imbricosoluta, Gregorio, the latter described as a variety. T. CAPENSIS, Krauss. PI. 60, fig. 41. Whorls about 15, rounded, brownish, white-clouded, with irregular obtuse revolving lines and deep suture, base a little angulated, aperture light brownish. Length, 28 mill. Cape of Good Hope. T. TRIPLICATA, Stucler. PL 60, figs. 48-50. Whorls 15, with deep suture, spirally striated, three-ribbed, ribs flattened, the middle one the largest, the upper one smallest, duplicate, and sometimes obsolete towards the apex ; whitish, variegated and flamed with chestnut, sometimes all chestnut. Length, 1-1*5 inches. Mediterranean Sea ; West Africa ; Canary Is., Coast of Spain. Includes T. incrassata, Sowb., T. tricarinata, Brocchi. Yar. TURBONA, Monts. Fig. 50. Shell larger, bicarinate. Near Civita Vecchia. T. FASCTALIS, Menke. PI. 59, figs. 36, 3T. Very slender ; whorls about 18, convex, four-ridged, suture deeply impressed ; yellowish, chestnut banded at the suture. Length, 1 inch. Japan, China Sea. Menke described his species without locality ; the shell which Reeve has figured for it is said, on the authority of Cuming, to have been dredged in " Bay of Montija, Central America (in coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms)." That this habitat is an error can scarcely be doubted ; not only has the locality failed to yield additional specimens, but Mr. A. Adams has recognized in the figure a Japanese species of which the unfigured 7\ gracillima, Gould, of Japan, likewise, is a synonym. My type .specimens of the latter confirm this. T. tricolor, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 37), is another synonym. 198 TURRITELLA. T. CINQULIFERA, Sowb. PI. 59, figs. 38-41. Slender, with about twelve whorls, contracted beneath the cleep suture, then rounded, with a number of thin, elevated spiral striae; whitish to yellowish brown, chestnut banded next the suture, sometimes with undulating transverse chestnut lines or a central chestnut band made up of two or three close parallel lines on the last whorl. Length, *75 inch. Australia. The t}rpe is lighter colored than usual ; T. fragilis, Kiener (fig. 39), better represents the ordinary appearance of the species, whilst T. fusco-cincta Petit (fig. 40) is a variety with different development of the ridging, and T. parva, Angas (fig. 41), is a juvenile. Section HAUSTATOR, Montfort, 1810. T. GONIOSTOMA, Yal. PI. 60, figs. 51, 52 ; PI. 61, figs. 53-57. Whorls 18 to 20, flattened in the middle, with fine spiral stride, and sometimes a few more prominent ridges ; when the latter are present they usually define the flattened area above and below, with occasionally some intermediate ridges upon the area, and a number of stronger ridges on the base of the body- whorl ; ridges sometimes irregularly nodulous ; first whorls of the spire unicarinate in the middle; whitish, thickly marbled, speckled and irregularly strigate with chestnut or chocolate- color. Length, 4-6 inches. Payta, Peru to Mazatlan. The synonyms include T. Broderipiana, d'Orb. (fig. 53), and T. Californica, Brocl. (teste d'Orb.) ; T. marmorata, Kiener (fig. 54) ; T. lentiginosa, Reeve (fig. 55) ; T. punctata. Kiener (fig. 56), and T. Banksii, Reeve (fig. 57), a juvenile. This list com- prises shells nearly smooth, and those with strong revolving ridges, also both slim and stout specimens, and shows a varia- bility which, if common to other species of the genus, would largely reduce their number. The specimens before me fully suffice to make out the synonymy as I have given it. T. VARIEGATA, Linn. PI. 61, fig. 58 : PI. 02, figs, 03, 04. Whorls 15 or 10, the first few carinatcd in the middle, the rest, flattened, swollen .-ibove the suture, with four or five distant TURBITELLA. 199 obsoletely granulated ridges, and intermediate fine striae ; whitish, boldly longitudinally clouded and strigated with chocolate-color. Length, 2'5-4 inches. West Indies. The difference between this and the preceding species is mainly locality, yet the clouded painting is usually of a bolder pattern. The T. goniostoma and all its varieties might be united with this without injury to science. This is T. lerebra, Donovan; T. marmorata, Chemn., perhaps T. meta, Reeve (fig. 63), and T. imbricata, Linn., figured by Reeve as var. elongata (fig. 64). T. TIGRINA, Kiener. PI. 62, figs. 65, 66. Whorls 18-20, rather narrow, flatly sloping, swollen below and obtusely angulated, encircled by eight to ten riblets and inter- vening close striae, suture deep; whitish, longitudinally irregu- larly strigate with dark chestnut or chocolate-color. Length, 3-4'5 inches. Panama to Mazatlan. The more scalariform whorls and more definite obliquely longitudinal painting distinguish this from the preceding species ; the upper whorls, also, have no central carina. T. Cumingii, Reeve (fig. 66), is a synonym. T. ROSEA, Quoy. PL 62, figs. 67, 68 ; PI. 61, fig. 59. Whorls about 15, flat, the last sharply angled around the base, the angle defined by a rib, above which is another rib ; encircled by rather close, raised striae, finer on the base ; yel- lowish, marbled with chestnut, the raised striae usually darker chestnut. Length, 2-2'5 inches. New Zealand. T. lineolata, Kiener (fig. 68), is described from a light colored or faded specimen. The coloring of none of the specimens before me justifies Quoy's specific name. I think that T. Han- leyana, Reeve (fig. 59), will prove to be a young specimen of this species. T. SANGUINEA, Reeve. PL 62, fig. (;«i. Whorls 18-20, slopingly convex to an angle above the deep suture, spindly grooved, with wider, flat-topped ridges; whitish variegated on the ridges with transverse oblong chestnut-colored markings. Length, 2-3 inches. Gulf of California. 200 TURRIT ELLA. T DECLIVIS, Ad. and Reeve. PL 62, fig. 70. Whorls about 18, flatly slanting to an angle above the suture, nearly smooth, very finely unclulately striated, plicate in the middle, towards the apex ; yellowish white, stained with livid brown, the earlier whorls spotted with brown in a row beneath the suture. Length, 2 inches. China Sea. T. SINUATA, Reeve. PL 61, fig. 60. Whorls 14, flattened, finely spirally ridged and striated, lip deeply sinuous ; light fulvous, with a red-dotted white zone beneath the suture. Length, -65 inch. Hob. unknown. T. CINGULATA, Sowb. PL 62, fig. 71. Whorls about 17, convexly flattened, spirally strongly three- ribbed, often with alternate smaller riblets, ribs usually gran- osely crenulated, suture deep ; whitish, the ribs very dark chocolate or nearly black, aperture numerously chocolate banded. T. tricarinata, King, is a synonym. Chili. T. COLUMNARIS, Kiener. PL 63, fig. 76. Whorls about 30, narrow, the earlier ones showing two approximate keels in the middle, the rest rather flattened and about ten-ridged, the ridges obsoletely granulated, with inter- mediate fine striae, suture excavated ; yellowish white, with light chestnut-colored waved longitudinal streaks. Length, 4 inches. Ceylon. T.' LEUCOSTOMA, Yal. PL 62, fig. 72. Whorls about 20, very narrow, contracted around the exca- vated suture, flattened, spirally about 6-ridged, the ridges narrow, rather distant, granose, the interstices very finely striated ; whitish, faintly longitudinally clouded with light chestnut, ridges chestnut-spotted. Length, 3 inches. West Coast of Central America. T. COOPERI, Carp. PL 61, fig. 61. Whorls about 17, slopingly flattened, excavated at the suture, two-ridged and finely striated spirally, the last whorl doubly ridged below, with a single ridge above ; yellowish, longitu- dinally flamed with chestnut or chocolate. Length, T75 inches. tionlhern California. TURRITEI-LA. 201 T. RUBESCENS, Reeve. PI. 61, fig. 02. Acuminately turreted ; whorls 13, spirally closely ridged and striated, the first few whorls keeled in the middle, keel quickly vanishing; light reel. Length, -05 inch. Bay of Monti j a, West Columbia. All the whorls are somewhat prominent in the middle, occupied by the keel in the first few whorls. The above is Reeve's description of a young shell which does not appear to possess any special characteristics ; it will possibly prove identical with one of the larger species from the same region. T. FLAMMULATA, Kieiier. PL 62, fig. 73. Whorls 18, the earlier ones two-ridged,, the rest convex, seven- ribbed, the middle ribs broader; fulvous white, stained with rose, dotted and clouded with chestnut, base rose color. Length, 2 75 inches. West Africa. T. TORULOSA, Kiener. PL 02, fig. 74. Whorls 15, flatly convex, the earlier ones two-ridged, after- wards becoming four-ridged, ridges obsoletely granulated, two lower ones always the most prominent, interstices closely spirally striate ; light yellowish white dotted and longitudinally flamed with light chestnut. Length, 3 inches. ? Red Sea. Is possibly a mere variety of the following species. T. TRISULCATA, Lain. PL 03, fig. 75. Whorls about 18, conspicuously three-ribbed, the intermediate grooves hollowed, striated ; whitish, violaceous towards the apex, sparsely longitudinally flamed with chestnut. Length, 2'5 inches. Red Sea. T. RADULA, Kiener. PL 63, fig. 77. Whorls about 22, doubly ridged above and below, the wide intermediate space concave, striated, ridges, except the lowest, rather obsoletely granose, last whorl sometimes lamellated ; light brownish, spotted, strigated and flamed with chestnut. Length, 2'75 inches. °f Guayaquil. 202 TURRITELLA. T. NODULOSA, King. PL 63, figs. T8-80. Whorls 14 or 15, nodulously ridged, a central ridge usually stronger, making an angulation, concave and striate in the mid- dle; light yellowish brown, longitudinilly chestnut-flamed be- tween the nodules Length, 2 inches. Gulf of Dalce, Central America. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. T. papillosa, Kiener (fig. 80), is a synonym. T. AQUILA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 63, fig. 81. Whorls 14-15, concavely sloping around the upper part, then somewhat obscurely broadly two-ribbed, conspicuously engraved throughout with grooved striae, last whorl neatly ridged and striated beneath ; swarthy brown, obliquely spotted and streaked with reddish chestnut. Length, 1-6 inches. Nagasaki Bay, Japan. " The painting of this species has rather'a dotted appearance from its being everywhere cut through by the striate grooves.'' —REEVE. C. BICINGULATA, Lam. PL 63, fig. 82. Whorls about 18, each bearing two strong, rounded, nodulous ribs, separated by a narrow, concave groove, which is closely striated, base concentrically ridged ; yellowish or purplish white, thickly covered with purple-chestnut longitudinal flames, aperture maculated purplish. Length, 2*5-3 inches. Cape Verd Is. It is T. biangulata, Blainv. T. MACULATA, Reeve. PL 63, fig. 83. Differs from the preceding species in the keels of the earlier whorls being comparatively obsolete, the base of the shell more concave, and marked by numerous colored linear striae, which are continued over the whole shell. There is none of the bold blotchy painting which distinguishes T. bieingulata, but the upper margin of the whorls has a row of irregular chestnut, spots immediately bciiea'li the suture. Length, 2'75 inclu's. China Sea. TURRITELLA. 203 T. KNYSNAENSIS, Krauss. PL 63, fig. 84. Whorls 17, convex, with profound suture, with two approxi- mate central keels (three on last whorl), and narrower spiral lines ; whitish marbled and longitudinally strigate with chestnut. Length, 1 inch. Cope of Good Hope. T. ANNULATA, Kieiicr. PI. 63, fig. 85. ' Whorls 20, sloping above, then two-keeled with a narrow intervening sulcus, closely striate, the striae above and below the keels stronger than in the sulcus; yellowish white, obscurely longitudinally darned with light chestnut. Length, 2'75 inches West Africa. T. GUNNII, Reeve. PL 63, figs. 86, 87. Whorls 18, flattened, irregularly inconspicuous^ ridged and striated, suture excavated ; whitish, with chestnut-colored waved flames, aperture light purplish. Length, 2 inches. Tasmania, Australia. Yar. TASMANICA, Reeve. Fig. 87. Whorls 15, rather flattened, ridged at the lower edge, encir- cled with two ridges and intermediate striae above, interstices very closely decussated with minute oblique raised strife. T. INCISA, Reeve. PL 63, fig. 88. Whorls 12, flatly convex, concavely angled at the base, spi- rally very closely marked with engraved striae ; ash-brown. Length, -75 inch. Sydney. Australia. T. INFRACONSTRICTA, Smith. PL 63, fig. 89. Whorls about 20, convexly flattened, with excavated suture, finely lirated and two-ridged ; brownish white, minutely dotted with chocolate-color on the liraa. Length, 2 inches. Andaman Is. T. HASTULA, Reeve. PL 64, fig. '.>.'}. Whorls 22-23, slender, flatly convex, concentrically plicately wrinkled, last whorl swollen at the base, with the wrinkles obsolete, all the whorls spirally impressly striated, the inter- mediate ridges being obsoletely granulated ; ash-white, arcuately streaked and variegated with purple-brown. Length, 2'25 inches. Bab. unknown. 204 TURRITELLA. T. VITTULATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 63, figs. 90, 91. Whorls 12, flatty convex, with deep suture, spirally sharply six-ridged and striated, the interstices showing oblique longitu- dinal striae, ridges thin, the two lower ones more prominent; yellowish white to light brown, irregularly interrupted^ stained with chestnut. Length, -75 inch. China Sea. T. canaliculata, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 91), is a bleached speci- men of this species. T. MULTILIRATA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 97. Shell delicate, translucent, whorls contracted round the upper part, gently slanting below, channeled round the lower part, spi- rally many-ridged, ridges very finely granulated ; pellucid, white. Length, 1 inch. China Sea. Although described as white, the original figure is decidedly colored a light violaceous brown. T. FASTIGIATA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 63, fig. 92. Whorls 18-20, narrow, convex, contracted above, slanting, then rounded, very finely ridged and striated, two-keeled towards the apex ; variegated with pale violet and white, and oblique brown- ish streaks, ridges dotted or articulated with light brown. Length, 1*75 inches. China Sea. T. CONGELATA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 94. Whorls 16, convexly flattened, smooth, obscurely three-ridged, ridges narrow, distant ; translucent white. Length, *75 inch. China Sea. T. PAGODA, Reeve. PL 64, fig. 95. Whorls 14-15, slantingly flattened, spirally sharply ridged, conspicuously encircled with a single sharp rib below, paired on the body-whorl, first few whorls two-ribbed; whitish, obscurely flamed with light fulvous. Length, *8 inch. New Zealand. T. CANDIDA, Reeve. PL 64, fig. 90. Whorls 18, spirally ridged, at first two-keeled around the upper part, concave in the middle, then with a single keel, two last whorls four-keeled, suture excavated ; white, without markings. Length, 2 inches. J/ah. unknown. TURRITELLA. T. DECIPIENS, Monts. PL 64, fig. 3. Whorls about 10, convexly flattened, the suture slightly marked, with crowded revolving lines, the earlier whorls carinate in the middle, afterwards becoming indistinct, the middle line a little more prominent than the others, base concave, defined by a sharp angle ; light yellowish brown to chestnut-brown, with fine flexuous chestnut stripes and spots. Length, 1 inch. Gabes, Tunis. It is T. subangulatd, Auct., not Brocchi. T. ALBA, H. Adams. PL 64, fig. 4. Turreted, thin, white; whorls 12, carinated in the middle, the last whorl bicarinate, with a broad intervening flattened space, a little concave, everywhere spirally striate. Length, 14 mill. Eed Sea. Apparently a young shell. Section TORCULA, Gray, 1847. T. EXOLETA, Linn. PL 64, figs. 98-1. Whorls 16 or 17, rudely ridged above and below, the broad intermediate space concavely excavated, and sometimes crossed by thin lamellae, lower rib of body-whorl double ; margin of the aperture sinuated in the middle ; yellowish white, obscurely longitudinally flamed with light chestnut, more conspicuous on the ridges. Length, 2-2*5 inches. West Indies. The longitudinal septse are frequently wanting. It is T. tor- cularis, Born, and T. obsoleta, Gmel. I regard T. cochlea, Reeve (fig. 100), as a specimen accidentally less closely coiled than usual, so that the paired lower ribs are exhibited on several of the whorls. T. excavata, Sowb. (fig. 1), said to come from Agulhas Bank, So. Africa, is also a synonym. T. MONILIFERA, Adams and Reeve. PL 64, fig. 5. Whorls 15, stout, with upper and lower moderate ridges and a slightly concave wide middle space, lower carina doubled in the body-whorl; pinkish white, upper ridge with chestnut spots. Length, 1*25 inches. China Sea. 206 TtlRRlflELLA. T. CLATHRATA, Kiener. PI. 64, figs. 2, 16. Whorls 18, narrow, flattened, smooth, strongly two-keeled, with intermediate sulcus, and sloping concave surface to the suture above ; fulvous, obscurely marked with spots or stripes pf chestnut, keels paler. Length 1'75 inches. Australia. With this species I unite T. constricta, Reeve (fig. 16). T. CONCAVA, Martens. PI. 64, fig. 6. Whorls about 10, alabaster white, obliquely striulate, the first two whorls smooth, the rest bicarinate, the carinse indistinct, the lower one at the suture, base concave, margin of aperture deeply sinuated. Length, 16 mill. Mauritius. T. CARTNIFERA, Lam. PL 64, fig. 7. Whorls 15, stout, turreted, slanting on the upper part, then encircled by two stout carinse, with an intermediate shallow sulcus, ever}rwhere finely, undulately, spirally striate ; white, sometimes with a violaceous tint. Length, 3'75 inches. ? Cape of Good Hope. T. GEMMATA, Reeve. PL 64, fig. 8. Whorls about 15, with two granulated approximate ridges next the suture, and a single plain ridge at the base, concave in the middle ; white, faintly stained here and there with light orange brown. Length, 1*5 inches. Hob. unknown. T. HOOKERT, Reeve. PL 64, fig. 9. Whorls 15, rather thin, with two sharp, remote keels and slightly concave interval, lower keel doubled on the body whorl ; translucent white. Length, 22 mill. Hab. unknown. T. ACUTA, Tcnison-Woods. PL 64, fig. 10. Whorls 12, narrow, flat, the earlier ones smooth, then encircled by a couple of slight ridges, and smaller elevated lines, the sur- face between the ridges slightly concave ; yellowish white, obscurely marked with chestnut. Length, 28 mill. Tasmania. Figured from a specimen. TURRtTELLA. 207 Section ZARIA, Gray, 1847. T. DUPLTCATA, Linn. PL 65, figs. 20-22. Whorls about 16, stout, ponderous, the first few with several subequal keels, afterwards first one keel and then a pair of them are developed more strongly, whilst the others become faint or obsolete, everywhere closely spiral^ striate ; fulvous cream color, becoming light chestnut towards the apex. Length, 5-6 inches. Indian Ocean. T. replicata and T. acutangula, Linn. (fig. 21), are synonyms. In the latter the second prominent keel is not developed. Var. ATTENUATA, Reeve. Fig 22. Reeve attempts to distinguish this from T. acutangula by the want of the single prominent keel, but the variations between these forms are infinite, so that attenuata can barely stand as a variety. T. acutangula, Desh., not Linn., is a variety. T. FERRUGINEA, Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 11. Whorls 16, convex, finely spirally ridged, first whorls two- keeled, keels gradually fading, the lower whorls becoming obtusely subangulated below the middle; whitish, longitudinally undulately strigate with chestnut. Length, 3'75 inches. Hab. unknown. T. AUSTRALIS, Lam. PL 65, fig. 23. •Whorls about 12, with deep suture, encircled by a prominent central nodulous carina, and a less prominent subnodulous on*e below the suture, spirally striate ; yellowish brown, brown banded on the base. Length, 1 inch. Australia, Tasmania. T. granulifera, Woods, is a synom-m. Section TURRITELLOPSIS, Sars, 1878. T. ACICULA, Stimpson. PL 64, fig. 12. Small, turreted, subulate, thin, white; whorls 10, very convex, longitudinally striate and spirally ribbed; aperture rounded, effuse anteriorly, peristome acute. Length, 5 mill. Cape Cod, northwards ; Norway to Sitka. Distinguished from the young of T. erosa by its much more convex whorls and prominent ribs. T. tenuisculpta, Carp., is a synonym. 208 TURRITELLA. T. EROSA, Couth. PL 64, figs. 13, 14. Whorls 9-11, rather flat, sloping towards the suture, with from three to five narrow revolving grooves, apex generally eroded; yellowish brown. Length, 12'5 mill. Massachusetts to Greenland, Alaska. T. polaris. Beck, and T. Eschrichtii, Midd. (fig. 14), are syn- onyms. In the Arctic regions the species attains double the above dimensions. T. RETICULATA, Mighels and Adams. PI. 64, figs. 15, 19; PI. 65, figs. 24-26. More slender than the preceding form ; whorls 11-12, rounded, with three to five spiral stria?, and longitudinal folds ; yellowish brown. Length, 17 mill. Maine to Greenland, Alaska. T. costulata, Mighels and Adams (fig. 24), M. lactea, Moller (fig. 25), T. lacteola, Carp., and T. erosa, var. costata, Aurivil- lius (fig. 26), are synonyms. The latter author appears to con- sider the present species identical with T. erosa: as Arctic shells are very variable, this may be the case ; yet I can readily distinguish the two species among the numerous specimens before me. Var. DECLIVIS, Aurivillius. Fig. 19. Shell without sculpture, Length, 27*5 mill. Unfigured, Undetermined and Spurious Species. T. RUNCINATA, T. ACCISA, T. CARLOTT^E, T. CORDISMEI, T. LAMEL- LOSA, Watson. S. E. Australia. T. ADMIRABILIS, Watson. Admiralty Islands. T. DELTCIOSA, Watson. N. Australia. T. AUSTRINA, Watson. Kerguelen Isl. T. PHILIPPENSIS, Watson. Pt. Philip, Australia. T. AREOLATA, Stimpson. =Turbonilla. T. PUSILLA, Jeffreys. Not a Turritella. T. YUCATANUM, Dull. Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. T. FULMINATA, T. viTTATA, Hutton. New Zealand. T. SOPHI^E, Brazier (T. incisa, Woods, not Reeve). Pt. Jackson, Australia. T. AURBOCINCTA, Martens. Friendly Islands. TURRITELLA. 209 T. SUBSQUAMOSA, D linker. Bass Strait, Australia. T. DURA, Morch. Realejo, Centr. Am. T. QRANOSA, Quoy. Not a Turritella. T. CERITHIUM, Quoy. =Cerithium. T. VIRGINIANA, Lam. (?) Virginia. T. TRICINGULATA, Anton., T. NiVEA, Anton. No locality. T..SPINA, Crosse and Fischer. Australia. T. PUNCTICULATA, Sowb. Agulhas Bank, So. Africa. T. IMPRESSA, Say, T. BISUTURALIS, Say. —Odostomia. T. NEBULOSA, Kiener. Not a Turritella. T. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. T. CONCAVA, Say, T. ALTERNATA, Say. =Terebra. T. ^EQUALIS, Say. = Turbonilla. T. TRICINCTA, Hutton. Described as a tertiary fossil, but is also living. T. symmetrica, Hutton and T. rosea, Mantell (not Quoy), are synonyms. N. Zealand. Subgenus MESALTA, Gray, 184-2. T. BREVIALIS, Lam. PI. 65, figs. 27-29. Whorls 15, convex, five-ridged, the upper one often forming a sutural margin, lower ones frequently faint, interstices finely closely striated ; aperture a little effuse below ; white, ash-color or brownish olivaceous, aperture often violaceous. Length, 2-2*5 inches. Northern and Western Africa. The synonymy includes T. mesal, Deshayes ; T. sulcata, Gray; T. suturalis, Forbes. T. VARIA, Kiener. PL 65, figs. 30, 31. Whorls 12, convex, about five-ridged ; yellowish white to violet ash-color, interior brownish. Length, 1 inch. West Africa, Cuba. T. Caribaea, d'Orb. (fig. 31), from the latter locality, appears to be identical ; it remains to ascertain whether this species is really distinct, or only a small variety of T. brevialis. T. MELANOIDES, Reeve. PI. 65, fig. 32. Whorls 10, slightly concave at the upper part, obliquely longi- tudinally plicately ribbed, decussated with numerous spiral striae 14 210 MATHILDA. and distant ridges, suture impressed ; whitish, sparsely dotted with chestnut. Length, 1'65 inches. Hob. unknown. T. OPALINA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 65, fig. 33. Whorls 12, rounded, stout, a little constricted above to a sutural fasciole, smooth, very minutely striate ; yellowish white, with light chestnut curved longitudinal stripes. Length, 1 inch. China Sea. Unfigured Species of Mesalia. T. PLICATA, A. Ad. Teneriffe. T. DECUSSATA, A. Ad. Philippines. T. FREYTAGI, Maltzan. W. Africa. Genus PROTOMA, Baird, 1870. P. KNOCKERI, Baird. PI. 65, figs. 34, 35. Elongate subulate, transversely, narrowly closely sulcate ; whorls 16, flattened, with well-impressed suture, base of shell with a spiral fasciole ending in a deep incision of the base of the aperture ; white or brown. Length, 2-5 inches. Whydah, W. Coast of Africa. Genus MATHILDA, Semper, 1865. M. ELEQANTISSIMA, Costa. PI. 65, fig. 36 ; PI. 64, figs. 17,18. Whorls 9, turreted, with rounded spiral ribs more or less granulated by longitudinal lines, suture narrowly channeled ; brownish. Diam. 11 mill. Mediterranean. M. cochlseformis (fig. 36), M. granolirata (fig. 17), and M. ratusa (fig. 18), Costa, and M. funiculata, Tiberi, are synonyms. M. ELEGANTULA, Angas. PI. 65, fig. 37. Whorls 14, thin, translucent, nearly flat, whitish, each with three rounded spiral ribs, the one next the suture smallest, between the ribs finely longitudinally striate, striae raised and very thin, base of last whorl smooth and flattened ; nuclear whorl sinistral. Length, 11 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. MATHILDA. 211 M. QUADRICINCTA, Brocchi. PL 65, fig. 38. Whorls carinated, turreted, convex, encircled by four narrow crenulated spiral ridges, the interstices longitudinally striate. Mediterranean. Described from an Italian tertiary fossil. Eglisia Macandrex, H. Adams, is a synonym. M. SINENSIS, Fischer. PL 65, fig. 19. Whorls 11, elongated turreted, rather thick, embryonal ones smooth, the others turriculate, subcarinate, cancellate, with deep suture, traversed by four spiral ribs, the interstices longitudi- nalljr costate ; yellowish. Length, 6 mill. Isle of Chusan, China Sea. Unfigured Species. M. TROCHLEA, Morck. St. Thomas, W. I. M. MAGELLANICA, Fischer. Sts. Magellan. M. CORONATA, Monts. Mediterranean. Subgenus GEGANIA, Jeffreys, 1884. M. PINQUIS, Jeffreys. Unfigured. Coast of Portugal. FAMILY Shell tubular, with a spiral plane nucleus which is caducous or persistent, then becoming cylindrical, curved, terminating in a simple, circular aperture, the posterior portion of the tube usually divided by one or more septa (PI. 66, figs. 47-51). Operculum horny, multispiral, margin sometimes fimbriated. There are usually three stages of growth in the shell of Caecum : first, the spiral or nuclear, soon lost by truncation, the end of the remaining tube closed by a septum; second, the adolescent stage, a curved tube, also lost subsequently ; and, third, the adult tube, of similar curved shape, and again closed behind by a septum (PI. 66, fig. 39). In Strebloceras the three stages of growth are persistent and the septa consequently absent. Animal with a long flat rostrum ; tentacles cylindrical, with sessile eyes at their outer base ; mantle thick, fleshy, circular, closely embracing the neck ; a single branchial plume ; foot short, narrow, truncated in front, attenuated and obtuse behind. Dentition 2-1-2 ? These minute mollusks have some points of resemblance with the Yermetidse, but are always free and the foot is without the anterior tentacular projections which distinguish that family. The animal is not at all shy, and crawls with considerable vivacity. The Csecidae, on account of their minuteness, have been neg- lected by collectors and students. No complete illustrated monograph of the family exists. P. P. Carpenter was the first naturalist to study them, and we are indebted to him for some of the subdivisions of the family at present recognized, as well as for others which must be relegated to the synonymy. Unfor- tunately the obvious distinctions of sculpture, often so charac- teristic of species and higher groups, have not the systematic importance here which Carpenter supposed them to have ; the Marquis de Folin, the latest monographer of the group, having shown that the same species will sometimes vary from a smooth to a ribbed surface. For this reason, and also because most of the species have not been figured, our knowledge of them (212) 213 remains very incomplete and unsatisfactory. About two hun- dred nominal species have been described, and they appear to inhabit temperate and warm seas, throughout the world, but are absent in cold waters. Some tertiary species have been discovered. Two of the principal works in which the Marquis de Folin has described new species, namely, " Les Fonds de la Mer," and "Annales Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire," xi, are unfortunately inac- cessible to me. The former publication is particularly import- ant for its illustrations. The Librarian of the Philadelphia Academy has made several unsuccessful attempts to secure this work through the Academy's agents in Europe, and I am reluc- tantly compelled to do without it ; my monograph is therefore necessarily very imperfect. On the other hand, I ain able to give illustrations of a number of species of Carpenter and C. B. Adams hitherto unfigured. Genus CAECUM, Fleming, 1817. This is the only genus ; the diagnosis consequently corres- ponds with that of the family. Odontina, Zborzewsky, 1834 ; Odontidium, Phil., 1836; Cornuoides, Brown, 1827; Brochus, Brown, 1829; Csecalium, Macgillivray ; Gorniculina, Minister ; Dentaliopsis, Clarke; Brochina, Gray, 1857, are synonyms. Costa has described the spiral portion only of the tube of a Caecum, probably Caecum trachea, under the name of Spiro- lidium Mediterranean ; but he included a second species in his genus, which appears to be a Parastrophia. The septum of the various species has a prominence upon the external face, which is directed backwards and presents consid- erable variation in form. Subgenus C^)CUM, sensu stricto. Shell commencing with two or three whorls, planorboid (PL 66, figs. 41, 42), which are subsequently lost by truncation, and the posterior extremity of the adult curved tube closed by a diaphragm. Broclnna, Gray, was founded on a single specimen, insuffi- cientl}7 characterized by its convex operculum. 214 Carpenter established the sections ElepTi antulum , Anellnm and Fartulum, but De Folin rejects these, because they are not in harmony with all the forms included in them and are insuffi- cient to meet the present demands of science ; he proposes instead : — Section I. LEVIA. Shells smooth. Section II. ANNULATA. Shells annulated. Section III. COSTULATA. Shells ribbed longitudinally. Section IV. QUADRILATA. Shells cancellated. Section Y. ARMATA. Shells spinose. Subgenus MEIOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. Young shell loosely spiral, not in one plane (PL 66, fig. 43);. the adult truncate behind, something like a cow's-horn, some- what inflated, smooth, aperture oblique; operculum externally concave, Most of the species occur on the east coast of America between Florida and Rio de la Plata. Subgenus STREBLOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. Shell not decollated and without septa, the permanent spiral nucleus lying in a plane obliquely perpendicular to the adult tube (PL 66, figs. 44, 45). Mostly fossil. Subgenus WATSONIA, de Folin, 1879. Nucleus caducous, tube scarcely curved, conical, aperture round, very oblique, encircled by a strong rib. Subgenus PARASTROPHIA, cle Folin. 1869. Shell tubular, with a scarcely spiral and entirely posterior pointed nucleus, the embryonic shell only having disappeared, anterior part of tube inflated (PL 66, f. 46). Moreletia, de Folin, 1868 (not Gray, 1855), and Spirolidium Costa (in part), are S3'nonyms. The feature of this group is the persistence of the second or adolescent stage of growth, in the adult typical Caecum always lost by truncation. The posterior end is septate, but pointed. (LECUM. 215 Genus CAECUM, Fleming, 1817. Section I. Levia. C. IJEVE, C. B. Ad. PL 66, fig. 52. Shell rather obese, short, smooth, shining, subdiaphanous, tinged with brown, slightly contracted in front, the aperture oblique ; operculum concave. Length, -07 inch. Panama to Mazatlan. Folin has described vars. subornatum and cylindrica. The figure is from a specimen identified by P. P. Carpenter. C. FARCIMEN, Cpr. PI. 66, fig. 53. Like C. l&ve, but whitish, aperture less contracted, more slen- der, septum submucronate ; operculum with a spiral marginal rib. Length, -064 inch. Mazatlan. C. VITREUM, Cpr. PL 66, fig 54. Subelongate, vitreous, shining, a little tumid towards the oblique aperture, septum prominent, mucronate. Length, '073-'107 inch. Teneriffe ; Mediterranean Sea. G. Sardinianum, Folin, and 0.gr£a&rwm,McAndrew,aresynonyms. Var. CLARKTT, Carp. PL 66, fig. 55. Shell smaller, straighter, septum ungulate, apex more obtuse. Teneriffe. C. DEXTROVERSUM, Carp. PL 66, fig. 56. Narrow, rather elongated, thin, septum tumid, submamillated, operculum concave. Length, *092 inch. Mazatlan. The specimen figured is a junior. Yar. ANTILLARUM, Carp. A single young specimen was found in W. Indian sponge, not presenting any characters by which it can be separated from G. dextr over sum. Why should it be designated by a varietal name ? C. GLABRUM, Mont. PL 66, fig. 57. Shell narrow, thin, smooth, subdiaphanous, aperture not con- tracted, nor tumid, white, septum without appendage. Length, '68 inch. Atlantic Coast of Europe. The operculum is external^ convex, constituting it the type of Gray's group Brochina. The synonyms include Dentalium minutum, Linn. ; Brochus laevis, Brown ; Cornuoides minor, Brown (juvenile); Odontidium levissimum, Cantr. ; ftrochus arcuatus, Brown ; Vermiculum incuruatum, Mont. 216 (LECUM. C. AURICULATUM, de Folin. PL 66, fig. 58. Shell thin, hyaline, cylindrical, a little curved, white, septum with rounded projection, mouth encircled by a rib. Length, '075 inch. Mediterranean Sea. This is G. Chiereghimanum, Brusina, and perhaps Odontidium glabrum, Cantr. C. GLABRIFORMTS, Carp. Like C. glabrum, but the septum more tumidly mamillate, nearly hemispherical. Length, *073 inch. Mazatlan ; San Diego, Gal. The shell is said not to differ from G. glabrum. C. ACHIRONA, de Folin. PI. 66, fig. 59. Rather solid, yellowish, shining, transversely very minutely striated, towards the aperture a little inflated and whitish, aper- ture a little oblique, subcontracted below, septum large, mamil- lated, subungulate. Operculum slightly convex, doubly margined. Length, '1 inch. Bahia, Brazil. C. SOMERI, de Folin. PI. 66, fig. 60. Elongated, conical, smooth, whitish, almost opaque, aperture not contracted nor oblique, septum projecting, mamillate at the apex. Length, '095 inch. Pernambuco, Brazil. Unfigured Species, and those of which the Figures are inaccessible to me. C. CORNEUM, Dkr. Brazil. C. ORCUTTI, Ball. San Diego, California. C. DECURTATA, Monts. Sicily. C. PARVULUM, C. MINUTUM, C. IMPERFECTUM. C. VALIDUM, C. COM- PLANATUM, C. MASSILIENSE, C. MODESTUM, C. CARMENENSE (I. Carmen), C. CUCCINA ( Vera Cruz), C. ORIENTALE (/. Rhodes), C. VERACRUZANUM (Mexico), C. STRIGOSUM (Rio Janeiro), C. BIMAMILLATUM (La Ouayra), C.CIRCUMVOLUTUM (Aspinwall), C. SUBFLAVUM (Cape York, Australia), C. suc- CINEUM (Cape York, Australia), all of de Folin. C.coRRUGATULUM,C.REVERSUM,and C. TERES, Carpenter. Mazatlan. C. SUBQUADRATUM, Carp. Port Elizabeth. C. BIMARGINATUM, Carp. Singapore. C. ARMORICUM, Folin. Gulf of Gascony. C. INCOMPTA, Monterosato ( C. glabrum, Brusina). Mediterranean. CAECUM. 217 Section II. Annulata. C. SUBIMPRESSUM, Carp. PL 66, fig. 61. Rather solid, the annulations rounded, with subimpressed interstices, septum mucronate, mucro small, obtuse, dorsal; operculum concave. Length, '115 inches. Mazatlan to Cape St. Lucas, L. G. C. FLORIDANUM, Stimpson. PI. 66, fig. 62. Arcuate, solid, white, shining, with about 32 acute, elevated annulations and much wider interstices, aperture a little oblique, not contracted, septum obtusely mucronate, mucro dorsal. Florida. C. PULCHELLUM, Stimpson. PI. 66, fig. 63. Somewhat solid, light brownish, adolescent stage graceful, with distant few annulations, adult with about 25 rounded annu- lations and more or less equal interstices, septum mamillate ; operculum concave, with about 8 whorls. Length, •! inch. New Bedford, Mass. C. FIRMATUM, C. B. Ad. PI. 67, fig. 66. Stout, young shell smooth, adult with 23-33 annulations, the earlier ones more acute, then becoming subquadrate, interstices also subquadrate, narrow, septum subangulate, the projection short. Length, •! inch. Panama, Mazatlan, Todas Santos Bay, L. G. With this are to be united, according to Carpenter, G. ebur- neum, C. diminutum (jun.), C. pygmseum. and C. monstrosum (both adolescent), of C. B. Adams. C. QUADRATUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 67. Short, solid, with 12-20 quadrate annulations, and deep quad- rate interstices, aperture subcontracted, septum mucronate, the mucro small, narrow, subdextral. Length, '072 inch. Mazatlan. Yar. COMPACTUM, Carp. PL 67, fig. 68. Annulations large, planate, interstices small or evanescent. C. ELEGANTISSIMUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 69. Diaphanous, vitreous, shining, white, aperture slightly con- tracted and oblique, young shell smooth, adolescent and adult with 14 to 18 distant acute lirae, the interstices ve^ elegantly arcuate ; septum submucronate and subungulate, the small apex obtuse. Length, 1 inch. Teneriffe. 218 (LECUM. Var. SEARLES-WOODII, Carp. Rings closer (about 24 in the young shell), scarcely sharp and often obsolete, growth scarcely tapering, very slender, septum ungulate, turned somewhat to the right. C. UNDATUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 70. Short, obese, young shell smooth, adult with 10-15 acute annulations and undulating concave interstices, contracted at each extremity, septum ungulate, with prominent, acute, elon- gate apex; operculum concave, with about 15 whorls. Panama to Mazatlan. The adolescent stage is C. parvum, C. B. Ad. Folin has described Vars. contraria and cornea. C. RYSSOTITUM, Folin. PI. 66, fig. 64. White, very shining, transversely obsoletely annulated, be- coming more distinct on the concave side near the aperture, aperture oblique, much contracted above, septum submamillate, submucronate. Operculum ? Length, -09 inch. Went Indies, Venezuela, Brazil. C. PARAUOXUM, Folin. PI. 67, fig. 78. Shell arcuate, subtranslucent, yellowish white, gra}ash or corneous, smooth, with three prominent distant rounded annu- lations near the apex, and wider interspaces, septum large, with bead-like projection. Length, *066 inch. Pearl Islands, Panama. C. SUBANNULATUM. de Folin. PL 67, fig. 72. Hyaline, slightly arcuated, very finely numerously annulated, the septum convex, hardly projecting, aperture encircled b}r a prominent rib. Length, -066 inch. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. C. CREBRICINCTUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 71. Rather large, solid, reddish brown, with darker longitudinal rays, often obsolete, with about 80 close, rounded, low annula- tions, without interstices ; septum subungulate, submucrouate. Length, '14 inch. Monterey, San Diego and Sta. Barbara, Cal. (LECUM. 219 C. CALIFORNICUM, Dall. PL 66, fig. 65. Small, rather narrow, whitish or brownish, with 34-38, close acute annulations, and subconcave interstices, septum subungu- late, apex obtuse, not elevated. Length, -09 inch. San Diego and Gatalina IsL, California. This is C. Gooperi of Carpenter, not Sanderson Smith. C. TRACHEA, Montagu. PI. 67, fig. 77. Solid, brownish corneous, young shell smooth, adult with 40-50 close annulations, the interstices small, very minutely longitudinally striulate, septum subangulate, submucronate, apex somewhat to the right, obtuse, more or less elevated ; operculum scarcely concave, with spiral elevated lines and about 15 whorls. Length, -128 inch. England to Mediterranean Sea. It is Dentaliam imperforatum, Mont.; Creseis rugulosa, Can- traine ; Brochus trachiformis, and striatus, Brown; Cornuoides major, Brown; Odontidium rugulosum, Phil, (in part); C.obsole- tum, Carp, (unfigured), is described as a variety. C. MAGNUM, Stearns. , PI. 67, fig. 83. Very finely, closely annularly striate, septum with sharp narrow ungulate apex, yellowish brown. Length, *2 inch. San Diego, Gal. On the label of this specimen it is said to = G. glabriformis, Carp. The latter is described as a much smaller species, one- third the length of the present, smooth, with hemispherical mucro. Undetermined Species, including those of which the figures are inaccessible to me. C. ELONGATUM, C. CLATHRATUM, Carpenter. Mazatlan. C. GRACILE, Carp. Japan. C. REGULARE, Carp. West Indies, Singapore. C. GURGULIO, Carp. West Indies. C. GRACILE, Gould (name used by Carpenter). China Sea. C. MTCROCYCLOS and C. ATTENUATUM (Cape York, Australia}; C. TORQUATUM and C. LINEICINCTUM ( West Indies)-, C. ELEGANS and Vars. RUBELLA and FLEXUOSA, C. SUPERBUM, C. OCCULTUM, C. STRANGULATUM and Var. ACUTA, C. VENUSTUM, C. ERUCA- TUM, C. T^NIATUM, C. AGONIATUM, C. BIPARTITUM, C. IMPAR- TITUM and Var. BICOLOR, C. SEMICINCTUM and Var. SUBACUTA, and C. EXILE (Tongatabou), all of de Folin. 220 CAECUM. Section III. Gostulata. C. CLAVA, de Folin. PI. 67, fig. 86. Shining, with subacutely rounded longitudinal costulations, becoming stronger towards the aperture, and evanescent annular striae, inflated towards the aperture, aperture contracted, nar- rowly margined, septum mucronate, prominent, apex obtuse. Length, *08 inch. Guadeloupe, W. I. C. BEEVE, de Folin. PI. 67, fig. 88. Verjr short, cylindrical, slightly bent, subpeUucid, white, with fine longitudinal lirre, and equal interspaces and a few annular striae towards the aperture, aperture encircled by a tumid rib, not contracted ; septum mamillate, subungulate, with dextral apex. Length, *05 inch. Jamaica. Undetermined Species. C. SUBSPIRALE, ABNORMALE, INSCULPTUM, OBTUSUM, Carpenter. Mazatlan. C. PLICATUM, Carpenter, W. Indies. C. POLLICARE, Carpenter. Teneriffe. C. LAQUEATUM, C. B. Ad. Panama. C. SEMITRACHEA, Brusina. Mediterranean. C. CRYSTALLINUM (Honolulu), C. STRIATUM, C. MTRABILE, Folin. Section IV. Quadrilata. C. ANNULATUM, Brown. PI. 67, fig. 76. Elongated, solid, with 20-30 rounded annulations, larger and more distant towards the mouth, and rather close longitudinal lirse, septum with a dextral finger-like mucro. Young shell with more acute annulations, the longitudinal sculpture obsolete. Length, -122 inch. Europe, West Indies, Aden. The more characteristic name of reticulatum was given to the adolescent form by Brown. It is Orlhocera trachea of Fleming. C. INSIGNE, Folin. PL 67, fig. 87. Elongated, subdiaphanous, shining, brownish, with wide flatly rounded annulations and narrow interstices, longitudinally striate OSCUM. 221 over the annulations ; aperture oblique, margined by a rib ; septum mucronate, mucro dextral, sharp pointed. Length, -125 inch. Jamaica. C. CORONATUM, Folin. PL 67, fig. 80. Yellowish gray, with wide, flatly rounded annulations and minute interstices, decussated by prominent, distant rounded longitudinal costse, with rather wide interstices, aperture bordered by a tubercular rib ; septum mucronate, mucro dextral, sharp pointed. Length, '08 inch. Jamaica. C. IRREGULARE, Folin. PL 67, fig. 82. Yellowish or grayish, with wide flattened annulations, becom- ing higher and more convex towards the aperture, interstices narrow, and longitudinally striate ; septum mucronate, the mucro dextral, finger-like. Length, -16 inch. Bahia, Brazil. C. PHRONIUM, Folin. PL 67, fig. 79. Shell well-curved, with numerous rounded annulations, and narrow interstices, decussated by longitudinal distant narrow sulci; mucro spinose. Length, '13 inch. Haiti. C. COOPERT, Smith. PL 67, figs. 84, 85. Shell with about 24, somewhat rounded longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous annulations, which are less marked towards the middle, white ; septum mucronate, with the apex inclining to the left, when looking at the back of the shell ; operculum con- cave. Length, *13 inch. New England, Long Island Sound. Because of C. Cooperi, Carpenter, Dr. Cooper changed the name of this species to C. Smithii and Prof. Yerrill to C. costa- tum, but as Smith's species was published before Carpenter's, both these names fall into the synonymy. It is a pity that such a little shell should be burthened with such a large synonymy — and for which there is no excuse. The desire to rush into print is so overmastering that no one is deterred by such a slight obstacle as being unable to refer to the literature of his subject. The figure given by Yerrill represents the adolescent stage of sculpture, with less numerous ribs (fig. 85). 222 Undetermined Species. C. LTRATOCINCTUM and C. HEPTAGONUM, Carp. Mazatlan. Of the latter species Folin has described vars. hexagonum and octogonum. C. IMBRICATUM, Carp. West Indies. C. INFIMUM (Aapinwall), C. MIRIFICUM, C. UNCINATUM, Folin. Section V. Armata. * C. SPINOSUM, Folin. (Description and figure inaccessible to me). Undetermined Species of Csecum. I am unable to refer the following species to their appropriate sections : — C. TRIORNATUM, C. ABBREVIATUM, C. 1NSTRUCTUM, C. CONTRACTUM, C. VESTITUM, of de Folin. C. FASCIATUM, and var. INTAMINATA, de Folin. Mediterranean. C. SYRIACUM, de Folin. Tripoli, in Syria. C. viTREUM,and var. SUBORNATA, C. INCLINATUM, C. MARGINATUM, de Folin. Gape Verde Is. C. VICINUM, C. CRASSUM, C. SENEGAMBiANUM, Folin. W. Africa. C. FORMULOSUM, and vars. DECussATyM, MARMORATUM and SUL- CATUM, de Folin. Bahamas. C. SEPIMENTUM, de Folin. Sandwich Is. C. SEPIMENTUM, var. ARCUATUM, de Folia. Tahiti. C. INFLATUM, C. VARIEGATUM, and var. MINIMA, de Folin. Hong Kong. C. CHINENSE, de Folin. China, Australia. Subgenus MEIOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. C. NITIDUM, Stimpson. PI. 67, fig. 73. Shell smooth, shining, whitish or light brown, inflated in the middle, contracted towards the aperture, aperture oblique, sep- tum submucronate, the mucro convexly rounded ; operculum concave, 5-whorled. Length, -088 mill. Florida, West Indies. Carpenter describes a species under the name of nitidum, Bean MS., which appears to be identical. CAECUM. 223 C. CORNUCOPIA, Carpenter. PI. 67, fig. 75. Like the preceding, but smaller and less inflated, being sub- cylindrical ; mucro very acute. Length, '064-'09 inch. West Indies, in sponge of commerce. C. COBNUBOVIS, Carpenter. PI. 67, fig. 74. Shell like the preceding, but the septum subangulate, with narrow, submucronate apex; operculum about 12-whorled, with an exterior strong spiral lamina. Length, '067-'082 inch. West Indies. Unfigured Species. C. SUBINFLEXUM (Bahamas), C. FJSCHERI and C. miKLis (Vera Cruz and Carmen), C. CUBITATUM, C. TENERUM, C. Coxi, C. UNDULOSUM, C. CROSSEI, C. DESHAYESII, C. MORELETI, C. BITUMIDUM, C. CARPENTERI and C. TUMIDISSIMUM, all of de Folin. Subgcnus STREBLOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. C. SUBANNULATUM, de Folin. Honolulu. This is the only recent species of the group, and it is unfigured. Subgenus WATSONIA, de Folin, 1879. C. ELEGANS, de Folin. Cape York, Australia. The only species, and unfigured. Subgenus PARASTROPHIA, de Folin, 1869. C. FOLINI, Bucq. Dautz. et Dollf. PI. 67, fig. 81. Shell elongated, rather narrow, thin, subopaque, white ; nucleus smooth, oblique, afterwards finely annulated, the annu- lations microscopically decussated. Length, *085 inch. Mediterranean. Spirolidium Mediterraneum, Costa, is identified with this species by Monterosato. Undetermined Species. C. ASTURIANA, de Folin. Atlantic Coast of Spain. C. CHALLENGERI, de Foliu. Cape York, Australia. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. XENOPHORID.E, VERMETIDJS, TURRITELLID.E, PAGE. Abbrcviatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Abnormale (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 316; Zool. Proc., 420, 1858, .220 Accisa (Turritella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc , p. 220, 1880, 208 Achirona (Brochina), de Folin. Jour, de Conch., p. 57, 1867, 216 Acicula (Mesklia), Stimp. Shells of N. Eng , p. 35, t. 1, f. 5, 1851 ; • Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 118, . . .207 Aculeata (Siphonium nebulosuin, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 162, 1861, ... .... 184 Acuta (Turritella), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, p. 143, 1875, . . 206 Acuta (Caecum strangulatum, var.), de Folin. Les Melea- grin., p. 44. 1867, 219 Acutangula (Turritella), Desh. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 259. = T. attenuata, Eve 207 Acutan-oula (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit. X, 766. = T. duplicata, Linn. ... . .207 Adamsii (Siphonium?) Morch. Gray, Figs, of Moll., t. 88, f. 1 185 Adansonii (Yermetus), Daudin. Recueil, p. 35, 1800, .169 Admirabilis (Turritella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., p. 227, 1880, .208 JEqualis (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phil., v, p. 208, 1826 209 Afrum (Siphonium), Gm. Syst. Nat., p 3745, No. 23, . 183 Agathirses, Montf. Conch. Syst., i, 398, 1808. = s. g. of Siliquaria, Brug 169,189 Agglomerata (Thylacodes colubrina, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc, p. 72, 1862, ... . .180 Agglutinans (Trochus). Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 14. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. . . . .161 Agoniatnm (Caecum), de Folin. Les Melea^rin., p. 42, 1867, 219 Alba (Turritella), H. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 9, 1872, . . 205 Albina (Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Monts. II. Nat. Sicil., iv, p. 61, 172 (224) INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 225 PAGE. Albidus (Vermetus), Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 307, 1857, . 178 Albina (Thylacodes colubrina, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 72, 1862, ... .180 Aletes ( Thylacodes polyphragma, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 66, 1862, 179 Aletes (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 63, 1862, 176 Aletes (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 55, 1862, 176 Aletes, Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 301, 1857. = S. G. of Vermetus, Adanson, .... 165, 174 Alternata (Turritella), Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 243. = Terebra, 209 Ammonitiformis (Spiroglyphus), De Serres. Ann. Sc. Nat., iv, 1855, 240, 177 Ammonitiformis (Stoa), M. de Serres. Ann. des Sci., 1. c. p., 242. = Siphonium lituella, Morch, . . . . 183 Ampla (Thylacodes polyphragma, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 67, 1862, . . .... 179 Ampliata (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 56, 1862, .... 176 Ampliata (Yermiculus lumbricalis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 172, 1861, . ...... 186 Anaulax (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 163. 1861, 184 Anellum, Carp. Mazat. Cat., 319,1857; Zool. Proc., 423, 1858, 214 Anellum (Vermetus), M?>rch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 359, . 173 Anguilhv (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 410, . 191 Anguina (Siliquaria), Blainv. Man., t. 1, f. 11. = Tenagodus Cumingii, Morch. Anguina (Siliquaria), Sowb. Genera. = Tenagodus obtusus, Sebum. . . . . . 189 Anguinus (Tenagodus), Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr., 701, No. 431, 1758, . 190 Angulatus (Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu. Illus. Conch., t. 5, f. 2. = V. centiquadrus, Valenc. . . . . .175 Angulifera (Bivonia), Monts. Enum. e Sin., p. 29 ; 111. Nat. Sicil., iv, 61, 178 Annularium (Vermetus), Vaillant. Nouv. Arch, du Mus., 190,1871. = S. annulatus, Daudin, ... 178 Annulata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 20, t. 13, f. 1, . 203, 214, 217 Annulntns (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827, . 220 16 226 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Annulatus (Tl^lacodes oryzata var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 78, 1862, Panama, " 183 Annulatus (Serpulus), Lam. Hist., v, p. 364, No. 10, 1818. = Spiroglyphus glomeratus, Daudin, var. tubulosa, Morch, 178 Annulatus (Spiroglyphus), Daudin. Recueil de Mem., p. 50, 1800, .-•' • . . . .178 Annul us (Vermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 1, f. 8, • . • .183 Anticalyptraaa, Qnenstedt, 1884. = Autodetus, Lindst., . 158 Antillarum (Caecum dextroversum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc , 433, 1858, .'.... . . 215 Antiquarius (Trochus), Meusch. Gev., p. 453, 1787. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Aquila (Turritella), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang, . . 202 Arborea (Lemintinaselecta, var.),Monts. II. Nat. Sicil.iv, 63, 183 Archimedis (Turritella), Dillw. Desc. Cat., ii, 871, = Terebra, Linn 195 Arcotia, Stoliczka, 194 Arcuatum (Caecum sepimentum, var.), de Folin. Les Fonds dela Mer, i, p. 84, Tahiti, . ... . 222 Arcuatus (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = C. glabrum, Mont 215 Arenaria (Septaria), Lam., vi, p. 32. = Thylacodes polyphragma, Sassi, . . . . .179 Arenarius (Vermetus), Daudin, p. 35, 1800. = Thylacodes Masier, Desh 180 Arenarius (Vermetus), " Lamck." Quoy, Toy. de 1'Astr., p. 289, pi. 67, f. 8-10. = Cladopoda grandis, Gray, . 182 Areolata (Turritella), Stimpson. Shells N. Eng., 35, 1851. = Turbinella, . ... . 208 Armoricum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 148, t. 23, f. 4, 5, 1869. = Brochfna incompta, Mont. . 216 Asperella (Vermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 347,1»61, .... .171 Asperula (Vermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 347,1861, .... .... 171 Asturiana (Parastrophia), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 218, t. 29, f. 7, .223 Attennata (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 4, 1849. = T. duplicata, Linn., var. . . . . . .207 Attenuatum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 809, 1879, 219 Atra (Vermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, 111., t. 5, f. 5, . .180 Aureocincta (Turritella), Martens. Sitz., Berlin, p. 107,1882, 208 Auriculatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . .216 Australis (Xenophora), Souv. Journ. de Conch. • xviii, 423, 1870, 160 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 227 PAGE. Australis (Siliquaria), Quoy. Voy. Astrolabe, . . . 189 Austrina (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 224, 1880 208 Australis (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. vert., ix, 258, . . 207 Autodetus, Lindstrom, 1884, 158 Bacillum (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 5, t. 4, f. 1, 196 Badia (Yermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 340, 1861, . .170 Badia (Thylacodes decussatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 76, 1862 ' 181 Balani-Tintinnabuli, Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 359, 1861, 175 Banksii (Turritella), Gray. MSS. Brit. Mus., Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 15, 1849. = T. goniostoma, Val. . . .198 Bernardii (Tenagodus), Mo'reh. Journ. de Conph., 1860, p. 368, . ...... 190 Biangulata (Turritella), De Blainv. = T. bicingulata, Lam. 202 Biangularis (Yermetus maximus,var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 168, 1861, 184 Bicarinata (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, . ..... 187 Bicarinatus (Vermetus), Sowb. Man., f. 4. = Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw. . . . . .184 Bicarinatus (Yermetus), Desh. Anim. s. vert., ix, 67, 1843, = Y. lumbricalis, Linn. Bicingulata (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. vert., ix, 256, . 202 Bicolor (Caecum impartitum, var.), de Folin. Les Melea- grin.,p. 41,1867, ... .... 219 Bicolor (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Yt>3r. Samarang, p. 47, = T. fascialis, Menke, 1848, . . .. . . .197 Bif'unicularis (Siponium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 158, 1861, . . 185 Bimamillatum (Caecum"), de Folin. Foncls de la Mer, t. 8, f. 6, 7 ; Jour. Linn. Soc., x, 261. Laguayra, . . . 216 Bimarginatum (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 431, 1858, . 216 Bipartitum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 219 Bispinosum (Stephopoma), Morch. Mai. Bliitt., p. 78, No. 7-2,1860. = S. penuatum, Morch, . ... 185 Bisuturalis (Turritella), Say. Journ. A cad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 256. = Odostomia, 209 Bitumidum (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, 223 Bivonia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 62, 90, 1842 ; Mrs. Gray's Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, 82, 1850, . . . 164, 166, 176 Bivouia, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 156 (not 1842). = Spiroglyphus, Daudin. 228 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Brasiliensis (Yermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 5, f. 5, 180 Breve (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 53, 1867, . 220 Brevialis (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. vert., ix, p. 256, . 209 Bridges!! ( Vermetus centiquadrus var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 363, 1861, 175 Brochina, Gray. Guide Moll , p. 101, 1857. = Caecum, Flem. . 213,215 Brochus, Brown. Recent Conch. Great Britain, iii, 1827. = Caecum, Fleming, 213 Broderipiana (Turritella), d'Orb. Yoy. Amer. Merid., p. 388. = T. goniostoma, Yal 1 98 Burtinella, Morch. Zool. Proc., 147, 1861, . . . .107 Caecalium, Macjgillivray. = Caecum, Fleming, . . . 213 Caecum, Fleming. Encycl. Edinb., t. 7, p. 67, 1817, . 213, 215 Calculifera (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 162, 1842, . 159 California (Turritella), Brod. Orb., Voy. Amer., 388. = T. goniostoma, Yal. . . . ' . . . .198 Californicum (Caecum), Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 541, 219 Campulotus, Guett. Mem. iii, p. 94, 1774. = Yermetus, Adanson. Canaliculata (Turritella), Ad. and Rve. Yoy. Samarang, p. 49, 1848. = T. vitulata, Ad. and Reeve, . . .204 Candida (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 38, 1849, . 204 Candidissima (Yermetus varians, d'Orb , var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 340, 1861 .170 Capensis (Turritella), Krauss. Sudafrik. Moll., p. 106, t. 6, f. 8, . ... . 197 Caperata (Xenophora), Phil, (not Petit). Zeits. fur Malak., 1851, 159 Caperata (Xenophora), Petit (not Phil.). Journ. de Conch., v, 249, pi. x, f. 3-5, 1856. = X. Senegalensis, Fischer, . 161 Caribaea (Xenophora), Petit. Journ. de Conch., v, 248, pi. x, f. 1, 2, 1856, 162 Caribsea (Mesalia), d'Orb. Cuba., ii, No. 190, t. 10, f. 21. = T. varia, Kiener, var. ....... 209 Carinata(Siphoniumsubgranosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 165, 1861, 184 Carinatus (Yermetus), Quoy and Gaim. Yoy. de 1'Astr., p. 298, t. 67, f. 25,26, . . 172 Carinifera (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., ix, p. 258, . 206 Cariniferum (Siphonium), Gray. Dieff. New Zeal., p. 242, 1843, ........... 184 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 229 PAGE. Carlottffi (Turritella), Watson. Linn. Soc. Journ., xv, p. 222, 1880, 208 Carmenense (Caecum), de Folin. Ponds de la Mer, . . 216 Carpenter! (Vermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 339, 1851, ....... .170 Carpenter! (Vermetus Adansonii, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 337, 1861, 170 Carpenter! (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, 1869, . .... .223 Castanea ( Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 179, 186.1, 188 Cavelieri (Xenophora), Rochbr. Bull. Soc. Philom., 178, 1883, . 161 Cellularia, Schmidt. Moll. Cat. Mus. Gotha, p. 70, 1833. = Thylacodes, Guett. Centiquadrus (Aletes), var. imbricatus. Carp. Cat., p. 302. = Siphoniuro megamastum, var. centiquadra, Morch, . 173 Centiquadrus (Vermetus), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 11, f . 1 a ; Jour, de Conch. ,2, v, 37, . ..'... 174 Cerea (Xenophora), Rve. Conch. Icon. (Phorus), fig. 9, 1843, .160 Cerea (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 25, 1849. == T. bacillum, Kiener, . . . . . . .196 Cereus (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 316, f. 7, 1856 172 Cerithium (Turritella), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., t. 55, f. 27, 28. = Cerithium, 209 Challenger! (Parastrophia), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 806, 1879, . . . 223 Chiereghiniana (Brochina), Bnisina. Journ. de Conch., p. 248/1869. = B. auriculatum, de Folin, . . . .216 Chinense (Caecum), de Folin. Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 80, t. 9, f. 3, 4, 222 Cinerea (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 164,1861. = V. spiratus, var. radicula, .... 187 Cingulata (Turritella), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 13, . 200 Cingulifera (Turritella), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 14, . 198 Cinnamomina (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 1861, 188 Circumvolutum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 3 ; Jour. Linn. Soc., x, 262, 216 Cladopoda, Gray. Fig. of Moll., p. 83, 1850. = S. G. of Thylacodes, Guett 166 Clarkii (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 432, 1858. = C. vitreum, Carp., var. ....... 215 Clathrata (Turritella), Ki-en. Icon. Coq. Viv.,p. 38, 1. 14, f. 1, 206 230 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGK. Clathratula (Turritella), Wood. Crag Moll., 1848. = T. erosa, Coiith. Clathratura (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 322 ; Zool. Proc., 428, 1858, . ...... 219 Clava (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 54, 1867, . 220 Clisospira, Billings. Paleoz. Fossils, 1865, ... . 158 Cochlea (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 29, 1849. = T. exoleta, Linn 205 Coehleaeformis (Mathilda), Brugnone. Misc. Malac., p. 5, f. 1, 1873, 210 Cochlidium (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 314 f. 2, 1856, ! 173 Colubrina (Serpula),Bolten. Verz., p. 50, No. 884, 1798. = Yermetus atra, Rouss 180 Columnaris (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 10, t. 7, f. 1 , 200 Communis (Turritella), Risso. Hist. Nat. Ear. Merid., iv, 106, . . 196 Compacta (Bivonia), Carp. Ann. and Mag:. Nat. Hist., xiv, p. 427, 1864, . .177 Compactum (Caecum quadratum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 428, 1858, . ... ... 217 Complanatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin.,p.41 ,1867, 216 Concava (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.. Phila., v, p. 207,1826, . 209 Concava (Turritella), Martens. Mobius Mauritius, p. 283, 1880, . 206 Conchyliophorus (Trochus), Born. Index Mus. Cttss, 333, 161 Congelata (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Yov. Samarang, p. 47, 1848 ... 204 Conicus (Vermetus), Dillwyn, ii, p. 1078, 1815, . . . 170 Conifer (var. of Siliquaria Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 404, 1860, 190 Constricta (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., pi. x, sp. 16, 1849, 206 Constrictor (Bivonia), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 63, 1W62, 177 Contortula (Vermetus contortus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 345, 1861, .171 Contortuplicatus (Vermetus), var. b. Scacchi, Cat. p. 18. == Dofania gregaria, Monts. . . . . .176 Contortus (Vermetus), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 305, No. 355, 1857, . .' 171-173 Contractum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Contraria (Caecum undatum, var.), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, 1869, 218 Contrarius (Spiroglyphus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 329, 1861. = S. spirulifbrmis, de Serres. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 231 PAGE. Cooperi (Turritella), Carp. Calif. Proc., iii, p. 216, . . 200 Cooperi (Caecum), Smith. Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, vii, p. 154, 1862, ix, 393, f. 3, 221 Cooperi (Caecum), Car p. (not Smith, 1862), Supp. Brit. Assoc. Rep., p. 655, 1864 ; Proc. Cal. Acad., iii, 216, 1866. = C. Californicum, Dall. . . . 219 Coralliophila (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1862, 177 Corallophora (Astraea), Bolt. Cat. p. 56. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Cordismei (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 224, 1880, .208 Cornea (Vermiculus lumbricaiis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 172,1861, 186 Cornea (Turritella), Lam. Kiener, Iconog. t. 13, f. 3. = T. communis, Risso . 197 Cornea (Caecum undatum, var.),de Folin. Les Meleagrin.,p. 41, 1867, . . . 218 Corneum (Caecum), Dkr. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ii, p. 244, 216 Corniculina, Munster, Beitr., Geogn. Tirols, 118, 119, 1841. = Caecum, Fleming, . . 213 Cornubovis (Meioceras), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 439, 1858, . 223 Cornucopias (Meioceras), Carp Zool. Proc., p. 439, 1858, 223 Cornuoides, Brown. Recent. Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = Caecum, Fleming, ........ 213 Coronata, Hunts. Poche Note Conch. Medit., 12, 1875, . 211 Coronatum (Caecum), de Folin, Journ. de Conch., p. 50, 1867, .... 221 Corrodens (Vermetus contortus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 346,1861, 171 Corrodens (Spiroglyphus), d'Orb. Cuba, p. 235, t. 18, f. 1, 3. = S. annulatus, Daudin, var. . . . . . .178 Corrugatus (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool Soc., 163, 1842, . 159 Corrugulatum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 327 ; Zool. Proc., 433,1858, 216 Costaa (Tenagodus), Cantr. Bull. Acad. Brux., 1836, p. 31. = Siliquaria anguina, Linn. ...... 189 Costae (Siliquaria), Cantr. Bull. Acad. Brux., 21, 1836; Morch. Zool. Proc., 413, 1860, 191 Costale (Siphonium), Lam. Hist., v, p. 366, No. 23, 1818. = S. subgranosum, Morch. ...... 184 Costalis (Serpuln), Lam. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 10, f. 11, 178 Costalis ( Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 3, f. 1. = Vermiculus tortuosus, Solander, . . . . .186 Costata (Turritella erosa, var.), Aurivillius. Vega Exped., p. 322, 1885. = T. reticulata, Migh. and Ad. . . 208 232 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Costata (Yermetus variaus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 341, 1861, . ... 170 Costatum (Caecum), Verrill. Am. Journ. Sci., 3d Ser., iii, p. 283, t. 6, f. 6, 1872. = C. Cooperi, Smith, . . .221 Costulata (Turritella), Mighels and Adams. Best. Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 50, 1842. = T. reticnlata, M. and A. 208-214 Coxi (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn,, Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . 223 Crassa (Vermiculus pellucid us, var.), Moroh. Zool. Proc., p. 178, 1861, . ... . . .188 Crassum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Crebricinctum (Caecum), Carp. Proc. Cal. A cad. Nat. Sci., iii, p. 215, . . .... 218 Crispa (Xenophora), Martens. Jahrb. der Deutsch. Mai. Ges.,p. 238, pi. ix,f. 1, 1876. = = X. Senegalensis, Fischer, 161 Crispa (Xenophora), Konig. Bronn, Jtaliens Tertiiir- Gebilde, 62, 1831, ICO Cristata (Siphonium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 158, 1861, . . 185 Cristatus (Vermetus),Biondi. Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia 1859, p. 120, f 5. = Y. glomeratus, Bivona, . . .178 Crocea (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 24, t. 11, f. 2. = T. bacillum, Kiener, 196 Crossei (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, 223 Crustans (Spiroglyphus glomeratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 333, 1861, 178 Cryptobia, Deshayes. Jour, de Conch., xi, 396, 1863, . 169, 191 Crystallina (Vermetus balani-tintinnabuli, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 359, 1861, . .... 175 Crystallinum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 812, 1879, 220 Cubitatum (Meioceras), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 223 Cuccina (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 216 Cumingii (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 13, 1849, = T. tigrina Kiener, .199 Cumingii (Siliquaria), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 403, . 190 Cuvieri (Lementina), Risso. Hist. Nat. Europe. Mer., iv, p. 114, t. 2, f. 16, 18, 1826 183 Cylindrella (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 410, 1860. Cylindrica (Caecum leve var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 39, 1867, .215 Da Costee (Spiroglyphus), Morch. Humph, and Da Costa, Conch., xi,f. 15,' 185 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 233 PAGE. Decipiens (Turritella), Monts. Enum. e Sinon., p. 29, . 205 Declivis (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848 ". . 200 Declivis (Turritella erosa. var.). Aurivillius. Vega Exped , p. 324. = T. reticulata, Mighels, var. . . . 208 Decurtata (Brochina), Monts. II Nat. Sicil., iv, p. 23, 1884, 216 Decussata (Mesalia), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., p. 279, 1851, . 210 Decussatum (Caecum formulosurn, var.), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 124, . . 222 Decussatus (Vermetus), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3745, No. 21, 1791, .... ... 181 Decussatus (Vermetus), Lain. Anirn. s. Vert , v, p. 363, No. 7 (non Gmel. ) = V. conicus, Dillwyn, var. gordialis. Deliciosa (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 226, 1880, . .208 Dendropoma, Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, p. 153. = Sect, of Siphonium Dentaliopsis, Clarke MS. Gray. Zool. Proc., 203, 1847. = Ctecum, Fleming, 213 Dentifera (Vermetus)", Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., p. 291, t. 67, f. 27, 28. = Thylacodes longifilis, Morch, . . .182 Dentifera (Spiroplyphus annuiatus, var), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 331, 1861, .... . . 178 Dentiferus (Vermetus), Sowb. Gen., f. 6. = Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw. . . . . 184 Dentiferus (Thylacodes), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v, 367, . 179 Deshayesi (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, ... .... 223 Dextroversuin (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 328, 215 Diaphana (Vermiculus lumbricalis, var), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 171, 1861, 186 Digitata (Xenophora), Martens. Sitz-Berich. Berlin, 135, 1S78, . . .161 Dilatata (Vermetus octosectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 351, 1861, 172 Diminutnm (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 161, 310. = C. firrnatnm, C. B. Ad 217 Dimorphus (Vermiculus), Morch. Proc Zool. Soc., p. 176, 1861, 187 Discifer (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. ZooL Proc., p. 180,1861, ... 188 Disculus (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 329, 1861, . . 177 Dofania, Morch. J. de C., 2d, iv, 34, 1860. = Thylacodes and Bivonia, in part, . . . .166 234 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. D linker! (var. of Tenagodus polygonus, Blv.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 403, 1860, . 190 Duplicata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit, xii, 1239, . 207 Dura (Turritella), Morjh. Mal.'Bliitt., vii, 78, . . . 209 Ebenea (Vermetus reniseutus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 349,1861, . . . . 171 Eburnenm (Caecum), C. B Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 161, 311. = C. firmatum, C. B. Ad 217 Eburneus (Vermetus), live. Conch. Syst, ii, pi. 152, f. 2. = Vermiculus pellucidus, Brod. and Sovvb., var. . .188 Echinata (Serpula), Gmel. Syst. Nat. = Siliquaria anguina, Linn. Effusus (Vermetus), Val. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 5, f. 4, 4 a. = V. centiquadrus, Val 175, 188 Eglisia, Gray. Synops. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Scalariidae. Electrina (Vermetus varians, d'Orb., var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 340, 1861, ........ 170 Elegans (Watsonia), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 808, 1879, . 223 Elegans (Cladopoda), Quoy and Gaim. L. c. p. 293, pi. 67, f. 11-12, 1833, 182 Elegans (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin,p. 45, 1867, 219, 323 Elegantissima (Mathilda), Costa. Microd. Medit., . . 210 Elegantissimum (Caecum), Cpr. McAndrew's Rep. Moll., N. E. Atl. Brit. Assoc., p. 149, 1856 ; Zool. Proc., 429, 1858 217 Elegantula (Mathilda), Angas. Zool. Proc., p. 15, 1871, . 210 Elephantulum, Carp. Zool. Proc., p 419, 1858. = Caecum, Flem. Elongata Turritella variegata, var.), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 19, 1849, . 199 Elongatuin (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 319; Zool. Proc.. 424, 1858, 219 Encausticns (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 408, I860, . 189 Endoptygma, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad. for 1876, 302, 1877," 157 Erosa (Turritella), Couth. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., ii, t. 3, f. 1 208 Eruca (Vermetus , Lamarck. Anim. sans vert., 2d edit., v, p. 634, .177 Eruca (Vermetus), Lam. Anim. sans vert., ed. 2, v, p 634. = Serpulorbis inopertus, Riippel, . . . . .182 Erucatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleigrin., p. 42, 1867, 219 Eruciformia (Tliylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862, p. 70, 183 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 235 PAGE. Erythraeensis (Spiroglyphus Spiroliformis, van), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 329, 1861 177 Erythrosclera (Thylucodes eruciformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 70, I860, 183 Esehrichtii (Turritella), Midd. Malac. Rossica, t. xi, f. 1,2. = T. erosa, Couth • 208 Eutroehus, Whitfield. 1882, 158 Excavata (Turritella), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 252, 1870. . = T. exoleta, Linn. . 205 Exile (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 811, 1879, . .219 Exoleta (Turritella), Linn. Svst. Nat., edit, x, No. 561 ; Edit, xii, No. 644, . 205 Expansa (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc. p. 56, 1862 176 Exserta (Bivonia), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 39, 1881, .177 Exuta (Phorus), Rve. Proc, Zool. Soc., p. 162, 1842, . 161 Farcimen (Cseeum), Carp. Cat. Maz-it. Shells, p. 326, . 215 Fartulum, Carp. Mazat. Cat., 425, 1858. = Caecum, Fleming. Fascialis (Turritella), Menke. Synopsis, p. 83, 1828, . .197 Fasciatum (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 66, t. 1, f. 2, 3, . ... .... 222 Fascicularis (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 56, 1862 176 Fastigiata (Turritella), Ad. and live. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848/ . . .... 204 Favosa (Vermetus contortus, var.), Morch, Zool. Proc., p. 345, 1861, .... 171 Ferruginea (var of Tenai>odus australis,Quoy), Morch. Zool. Proc., 407, 1860. = S Reentzii, Morch/. . . .189 Ferruginea (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 32, 1849, . 207 Filaris (Vermetus vermicella, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 357, 18(51, 173 Firmatum (Caecum), C. B Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 161, 311, . 217 Fischer! (Meioceras), de Folin. Fonds de Mer, 18, f. 3, 4, 223 Fissurata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 163. 1861, 184 Flammulata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq.Viv.,p. 7,t. 5,f. 1, 201 Flavescens ( Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 314, f. 3, 1856, . 174 Flexuosa (Caecum elegans, var.),de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 45, 1867, . 219 Floridaimm (Caecum), Stimp. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, 217 236 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Flos-lactis (Bivoniu Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 62, 1862, 177 Folini (Parastrophia), B. D. D. Moll. Mar. Roussillon, p. 283, t. f. 5, 1884, 223 Foimulosum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 124, 222 Fragilis (Turritella), Kiener. Iconog., 34, t. 8, f. 3. = T. cingulifera, Sowb 198 Freytagi (Mesalia), von Maltzan. Nachrichts. der Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., May, 1884, p. 68, . . 210 Fulgurata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 61, 1862, 177 Fulminata (Turritella), Button. Cat. Marine Moll. N. Zeal., p. 29, 1873, • . 208 Funictilata (Mathilda), Tiberi. Aradas and Benoit. Moll. Sicil.,313. = M. elegantissima, Costa, . . 210 Fuscata (Turritella), Lam. A aim. s. Vert., ix, 255. = T. ungulina, Linn. ....... 196 Fuscata (Serpula), Humpbr. Wood., Suppl., t. 8, f. 3, 1828. = Vermetus atra, Rouss, . . . . . . .180 Fusco-cincta (Turritella), Petit. Jour, de Conch., p. 368, t. 11, f. 3, 1853. = T. cingulifera. Sowb. . . .198 Gsederopi (Sipbonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 163, 1861, 185 Gegania, Jeffreys. 1884, 195 Gemmate (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 28, 1849, . 206 Gigas (Siphonium >, A. and G. Chcnu, 111. Conch., t. 5, f. 6, Qa 184 Gigas (Serpuloides), Gray. Figs, of Moll , i, t. 58, f. 6, 1850. = V. polyphragma, Sassi, . . . . . .179 Gigas (Siliquaria), Lesson. Yoy. de la Coq.,ii,pt. i, p. 409, 191 Glabra (Tenagodus), Risso. Hist., iv, p. 115, . . . 191 Glabriformis (Brochina), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 437, 1858, .216 Glabrum (Dentalium), Montagu. Test. Brit., ii, p. 497, 1803, .... 215 Glabrum (Caecum), Brusina (not Mont.). = Brochina incompta, Monts. ... .216 Glabrum (Odontidium), Cantraine, . . . . .216 Glabrum (Ciecum), McAndr. Geogr. Distr. Test.. 1854. = C. vitreum, Carp 215 Glauconia, Giebel, 1852 194 Glomerata (Spiroglyphus unnulatus, vtir.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 331, 1861, . . . . .178 Glomerata (Serpula), Linn. Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1266. = Vermetus subcancelhitus, Bivon 173 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 237 PAGE. Glomerata ( Vermicnlaria), Gravenh. Tergest., p. 60, in part. = Thylacodes decussatus, Gm., var. tennis, Morch. Glomeratus (Vermetns) Bivona. Nuovi Genera, 12, . .178 Glomeratns (Vermetus), Daudin. Rec. 35. = V. vermicella, Lam. 173 Glomeratns (Verrnetus), Ronss. Ghenu, Illus. Conch., t. 2, f. 2. = V. renisectns (Carp.), Morch. Goniostoma (Turritella), Val. Voy. Humboldt et Bon- pland, ii, p. 275, ... .198 Gordiulis (Vrermetus renisectus, var.), Mj'rch. Zool. Proc., p. 346, 1861, . . 171 Gordialis (Vermetus conicus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 342, 1861 170 Goreensis (Vermetns), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3745, . . 177 Gracile (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 429, 1858, . . 219 Gracile (Caecum), Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist, vii, 407, 219 Gracillima (Tnrritella), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 386, 1861 ; A. Adams, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 107, 1875. = T. fascialis. Menke 197 Grandis (Cladopoda), Gray. Fig. of Moll., iv, p. 83, pi. 56, f. 9, ..... .... 182 Granifera (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 61, 1862, ". 177 Granosa (Turritella), Quoy. Voy. del'Astr.,iii,t. 55, f. 29, 30, 209 Granolirata (Mathilda), Brugnone. Misc. Malac., p. 6, f. 2, 1873. = M. elegantissima, 0. G. Costa, .... 210 Grannlata (Vermicnlaria), Gravenh. Tergest in a, p. 65, No. 5, 1831. = Bivonia triquetra, Bivon., var. pinnicola, . 176 Grannlifera (Tnrritella), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 143, 1875. = T. Anstralis, Lam. . . 207 Gregaria (Dofania), Monts. En. e Sin., p. 28 ; II. Nat. Sicil., iv, 62 177 Gunnii (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 45, 1849, . 203 Gurgulio (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p 426, 1858, . .219 Gj^mnogastra (Vermetus cerens, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 351,1861, . 172 Haliphaebus, Fischer. Kiener. Trochidre, 450, 1880, . . 157 Hanleyana (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 36, 1849. = t. rosea, Quoy , .199 Hastula (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 31, 1849, . 203 Hatina, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mns., 62, 90, 1842; 62, 1844, . 167 Haustator, Mtf. Conch. Syst., ii, 182, 1810, . . 193, 198 Helvacea (Xenophora), Ph. Zeit. fiir Malak., 1851, . .162 Heptagonum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 319 ; Zool. Proc., 422,1858, 222 238 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Jleteropsammarium (Cryptobia), Desh. Moll. Reunion, p. 68, 1803, . . . 191 Hexagonutfi (Caecum heptagonum, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 46,1867, . . . . . . .222 Hookeri (Turritella), Kve. Conch. Icon., sp. 61, 1848, . 206 Imbricata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc , p. 163, 1831, 184 Imbricata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, No. 640. = T. variegata, var. elongata, Linn. . . . .199 Imbricatnm (Cttcum), Carp. Zool. Proc.. p. 422, 1858, 185, 222 Imbricatus (Thylacodcs), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., p. 240, No. 59, 1860, . ........ 180 Imbricosoluta (Turritella communis, var.), De Greg. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., x, p. 118, . . . . . .197 Imiklis (Meioceras), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 189, t. 26, f. 5, 6, . . . • 223 Immersa (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861. . . 177 Impartitum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 41, 1867, 219 I m per fee turn (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 40, 1867, 216 Imperforatum (Dentalium), Montagu. Brit. Shells, 496. = C. trachea, Mont .219 Impressa (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 244. = Odostomia 209 Incisa (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 65, 1849, . . 203 Incisa (Turritella), Tenison-Woods (non Kve.). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ii, p. 262, 1877. = T. Sophia-, Braz. Incisus (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 408, 1860. = T. Senegalensis, Recluz, . . . . . .188 Inclinatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 142, t. 22, f. 1,2, 1869, 222 Incompta (Brochina), Monts. II Nat. Sicil., iv, p. 23, 1884, 216 Incurvatum (Yermiculum), Mont. Test. Br., p. 518, = C. glabrum, Mont . .215 Indentata (Vermetus contortus, var.), Carp. Morch. Mai. Blatt., 77, I860, 171 Indentata (Vermetus renisectus var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 349, 1861, 171 Indica (Xenophora), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3575, . . .161 Indicus (Vermetus), Rouss. Clienu, Illus. Couch., t. 5,f. 2 a. = Vermiculus lumbricalis, Linn. var. teres, Morch, . . 186 Intimum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 2, . 222 Inflatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 121, t. 15, f. 5, 6, 1869, 222 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 239 PAQB. Infraconstricta (Turritella), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., p. 817, 1878, . . .203 Infimdibulum (Serpnla), Chenu. Illus. Conch., t. 10, f. 12, . 178 Incrassata (Turritella), Sowb. Min. Conch. Great Brit., i, p. Ill, t. 51, f. 6, 1812. = T. triplicata, Studer, . . 197 Inopertus (Serpulus), Riippell. Atlas Africa, t. 1 1, f. 3, . 182 Insculptum (Ciecam), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan shells, p. 315, Zool. Proc., 420, 1858, .220 Insigne (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 52, 1867, 220 Instructum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Intaminata (Caecum fasciatum, var.), Monts. Nat. Sicii., iv, 24 222 Intermedia (Thylaeodes decussatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 75, 1862, 181 Intestina (Serpula), Salis-Marschlius. Reise, p. 358, 1793, = Thylaeodes polyphragma, Sassi, . . . . .179 Intestiniforme (Dentalium), Linn. 1759. Hanky, Ms. of Mus. Ulric., 49. = Thylaeodes polyphragma, Sassi, . .179 Intortus (Vermetus), Weinkautf (non Lamarck). Conch. Medit., 328. = V. subcancellatus, Bivona, . . . 173 lonica (Bivonia), Danillo and Sandri. Elengo, ii, 65, . 177 Irregulare (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 47, 1867, 221 Irregularis (Vermetus), d'Orb. Cuba, p. 235. = Vermetus varians, d'Orb, var. irregularis, Morch, . 170 Irregularis (Vermetus), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 16, but scarcely desc. = Spiroglyphus aniiulatus, I)aud, var. . 178 Japonica (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Mj'rch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860 190 Juvenilis (Vermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 348, 1861, . . . 170 Knockeri (Protoma), Baird. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1870, . 210 Knorri (Vermetus), Desh. An. s. Vert., ix, 68, 1843. = Vermiculus spiratus, Phil. var. bicarinata, Morch, . 187 Knysnaensis (Turritella), Krauss. Sud'afrik. Moll., p. 106, t. 6, f. 9, 1848, .203 Lacquearis (Vermiculus pellucid us, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 1861. Lactea (Mesalia), Moller. Index Moll. Groenlandiae, p. 9. = T. reticulata, Migli. and Adams, 208 Lactea (Siliquaria), Lam. Hist., v, p. 338, No. 5, 1818, .191 Lacteola (Mesalia), Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Brit. As., p. 655, 1864. = T. reticulata, Migh. and Adams, . . . 208 Laeve (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311, . 215 240 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Laeve-Krata (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860, 190 Laevigata (Thylacodes decnssatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 75, 18f>2, . . .181 Laevigata (Xenophora), Fischer. Mus. Demidoff, pp. 213- 214,1807. = X. conchyliophorus, Born, . . . 161 Laevis (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = C. glabrum, Mont. . . . . . . .215 Laeviuscula (Thylacodes colnbrina, var.), M'irch. Zool. Proc., p. 73, 1862, . . ' . . 180 Lamarckii (Serpulorbis), Vaillant. Notiv. Archiv. du Mus., 1871, p. 199, . ... .183 Lamarckii (Vermetns Adansonii, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 337, 1861 169 Lamberti (Xenophora), Souv. Jour, de Conch., xix, 334, 1871 ; xx, 54, 1872, . .162 Lamellosa (Turritella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., p. 229, 1880, • 208 Lamellosum (Siphonium), Hutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal., p. 30; Manual, 85, . .184 Lapidifera (Astraea), Bolt. Cat., p. 56. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Lacqtiearis (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 59, 1862, . . . " . . . . . . 177, 188 Laqueatwm (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311 ; Carp. Zool. Proc., 420, 1858, . . 219 ? Lementina, Risso. Hist. Nat. Europe Mer., p. 114, 1826. = S. G. Thylacodes, Guett, .... .167 Lemniscata ( Spiroglyphus spiruliformis, var. ), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861, .... .177 Lentiginosa (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1849. = T. goniostoma, Val. . 198 Leucostoma (Turritella), Val. Voy. Humboldt et Bon- pland, ii, p. 275, ... . 200 Leucozonias (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 155, 1861, . . .185 Levissimum (Odontidium), Cantr. Bull. Brux., ix, p. 2, 1842. = C. glabrum, Mont. ... .215 Liratocinctum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazntlan Shells, p. 317; Zool. Proc., 421, 1858, ... . 222 Ligar (Turritella), Desb. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 261. = T. fiammulata, Kien. Lilacina (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 59, 1862, . 176 Lilacinus (Vermetus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 352, 1861, . 172, 177 IND^X AND SYNONYMY. 241 PAGE. Limacella (Thylacodes Riisei, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 69, 1862, . . 183 Lineata (var. of Tenagodas incisus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 408, 1860, , 189 Lineicinctum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 808, 18*79, 219 Lineolata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 25, t. 5, f. 2. = T. rosea, Quoy, . . .199 Lineolata (Vermicularia), Gravenh. Tergest., p. 57, No. 3. = Thylacodes polyphragma, Sassi, var. Aletes, Morch. Linnei (Turritella), Desh. = T. communis, Risso, . .197 Lispe (Vermetus), Desh. Anim. s. Vert., 2d Edit., ix, 65. = V. vermicclla, Lara 173 Longifilis (Thylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 79,1862, 181 Lithophorus (Trochus), Ghemn. Conch. Cab., v, pi. 172, f. 1 688-1 690. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Lithotrochus, Conrad, ........ 194 Lituella (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 154,1861, 183 Lituina (Vermiculus dimorphus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 18(51, ..... ... 187 Lumbricalis (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860, . . 190 Lumbricalis (Vermetus), Gould. Report Mass., p. 287. — Vermiculus spiratus, Phil., var. radicula, Stimp. . 187 Lumbricalis (Vermiculus), d'Orb. Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 234. = V. spiratus, Phil., var. bicarinata, Morch, . . .187 Lumbricalis (Serpula), B. Gm. Syst. Nat., p. 3742. = Vermetus conicus, Dillw. . . . . . .170 Lumbricalis (Vermetus), Lam. Hist. An. sans Vert., vi, pt. 2, 225. = V. Adansonii, Daudin, var. Lumbricalis (Vermetus), Roissy (non Linn.). Hist. Moll., v, p. 399, t. 56, f. 1. = V. Adansonii, Daudin, . .169 Lumbricalis (Vermiculus), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, 787, 17'58, 186 Lumbricella (Thylacodes eruciformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 70, 1862, 183 Luridurn (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 164, 1861, 184 Lyngbyanus (Vermetus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 83, 1862; Mall. Blatt., xviii, 128, 185 Macandrese (Eglisia), H. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 753, 1865. = Turritella quadricarinata, Brocchi. Macrophragma (Vermetus), Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 309, No. 359, 1857, . 173 Macrophragma, Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 308, 1757. = S. G. of Vermetus, Adans., 165, 173 Macrophragma (Petaloconchus), Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 309, f. 1, ... .173 16 242 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PA OK. Maculata (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 33, 1849, . 202 Magellanica (Mathilda), Fischer. Man. de Conch., p. 172, 1881, 211 Magnum (Caecum), Stearns, 219 Major (Bivonia sutilis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 58, 1862, 177 Major (Cornuoides), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = C. trachea, Mont., young, . . • . .219 Margaritarum (Yermetus), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 11, f. 2 (larger fig.), . . 181 Margaritarum (Siphonium), Val. Voy. Venus, pi. 11, f. 2. = Thylacodes squamigerus, Carp., var. pennata, Morch., . 184 Marginatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonda de la Mer, viii, 143, t. 22, f. 3,4, 1869, . . 222 Marmorata (Turritella), Kiener. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 23, t. 8, f. 4. = T. goniostoma, Val. 198 Marmorata (Turritella), Ch., iv, p. 259, f. 1422. = T. variegata, Linn. ... . .199 Marmoratum (Caecum formulosum, var.), de Folin. Foncls de la Mer, viii, p. 124, 222 Masier (Vermetus), Desh. Anim. s. Vert, ix, 65, 1843, . 180 Massiliense (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . .216 Mathilda, Semper. Jour, de Conch , xiii, 330, 1865, . 195, 210 Maxima (Vermetus centiquadrus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 362, 1861, . . . . . . . .175 Maximum (Siphonium), Sowb. Tank. Cat., p. 23, 1825, . 184 Maximus (Onustus), Humphr. Cat., p. 28. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Meandrina (Xenophora), Fischer. Mas. Demidoff, p. 213- 214,1807. = X. conchyliophorus, Born, . . . 161 Mediterranea (Xenophora), Tiberi. Jour, de Conch., xi, p. 157, pi. vi, f. 1, 1863. = X. crispa, Konig, . .160 Mediterraneum (Spirolidium), Costa. Microdoride Medi- terr., p. 66, t. xi, f. 4, 1861. ? = C. Folini, B. D. D. 213, 223 Megacentro (Siphonium maximum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc.. p, 168, 1861, . . . . .184 Megamastum (Siphonium), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 153, 1861, 185 Meioceras, Carpenter. Zool. Proc., p. 438, 1858. = S. G. of Csecum, Flem 214,222 Melanioides (Mesalia), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 3, 1849, . 209 Melanosclera (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, . . 187 Melanostomus (Thylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 99, 1865, 183 Mesal (Turritella), Desh. Anim. s. vert., ix, p. 261. = T. brevialis, Lam 209 Mesalia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, . . . 193, 209 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 243 PA1E. Meta (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 34, 1849. = T. variegata, Linn., var. . . . . . .199 Michaudii (Tbylacodes), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Concb., t. 2, f. 5, 181 Michelini (Cryptobia), Desh. Moll. He Reunion, pp. 65-67, 1863, . . , .191 Microcyclos (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 811, 1879, 219 Minima (Caecum variegatum, var.), de Folin. Fonda de la Mer, viii, p. 120, t. 15, ... . 222 Minor (Cornuoides), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = C. glabrum, young, 215 Minor (Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Monts. II Nat. SiciL, iv, p. 61, 172 Minutum (Dentalium), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed.xii, p. 1264. = C. glabrum, Mont. 215 Minutum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Me'leagrin., p 40, 1867, . 216 Mirabile (Caecum), de Folin. Les Mele'agrin., p. 45,1867, . 220 Mirificum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin.,p. 47, 1867, . 222 Mobii (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc , 1865, p. 98, . 191 Modesta (Siliquaria), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 39. Modestum (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . .216 Monile (Vermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 339, 1861, ' 170 Monilifera ( Yermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 349, 1861, .... ... 171 Monilifera (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Toy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, . . . . . . ' . . .205 Monstrosum (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311. = C. firmatum, C. B. Ad. . . . . ' . . .217 Moreleti (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . . . . . . . . .223 Moreletia, de Folin. In les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 120. = Parastrophia, de Folin. Morchia, Mayer. Jour, de Conch., viii, 309, Aug. 1860 (non A. Adams, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., Apr., 1860). = Burtinella, Morcb. Muhlenpfoidti (Thylacodes Riisei, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 69, 1862, 183 Multilirata (var. of Tenaorodus Australis, Quoy), Morch. Zool. Proc., 406, 1860, ~ 189 Multilirata (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, p. 47, 1848, 204 Muricata (Siliquaria), Born. Test. Caes. Yindobon, 446. = S. anguina, Linn 190 Mutabile (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, 1869. 244 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Natalensis (Thylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 70, 1862, 183 Nebulosa (Turritella),Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv.,p. 33, 1. 14, f. 2, 209 Nebulosum (Siphonium), Dillw. II, p. 1076, No. 19, . . 184 Nerinseoides (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 316, f. 6, 1856, .... . .171 Nidificans(Vermiculustortuosus,var.),Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 170, 1861, ... .186 Nigricans (Vermetus lumbricalis, var.), Ball. Proc. Nat. Mus., vi, p. 334. = V. vavians, d'Orb. NitidumCgecum),Stimp. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 1 12, 222 Nitidum (Meioceras), Bean. Carpenter, Zool. Proc., 438, 1858, . . .222 Nivea (Turritella), Anton. Yerzeich. der Conch., p. 61, .209 Nivea (Turritella), Gray,MSS. Brit. Mus. ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 44, 1849, . 196 Nodoso-rugosus (Vermetus), Lischke. Mai. Blatt., xvi, p. 106, .180 Nodulosa (Turritella), King. Zool. Journ., v,p,347,No. 56, 202 Novae-Hollandiae (Vermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 1, f. 4 a. = Thylacodes sulcatus, Lam. . . .179 Novae-Zelandiae (Vermetus), Gray. Fig. of Moll., ii, p. 28, t. 56, f. 6. = Cladopoda Zelandica, Q. and G. . 182 Obsoletum (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 426, 1858. = C. trachea, var 219 Obsoletus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3612. = T. Exoleta, Linn ... 205 Obtusum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 317 ; Zool. Proc., 421, 1858, 220 Obtusus (Tenagodus), Schum. Essai, p. 262, 1817, . . 189 Occlusa (Vermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc , 339, 1861, HO Occlusa (Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 356, 1861, . . . . 173 Occultum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin, p. 44, 1867, 219 Ochrea (Serpula), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3744. ?== Vermetus atra, Rouss. . . . . . .180 Octagonum (Caecum heptagonum, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 46, 1867, . . . 222 Octosectus (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 317, f. 8, 1856, • Hi Odontina, Zborzewski. = Caecum, Fleming, 1834, . .213 Odontidium, Phil. = Caecum, Fleming, 1836, . . .213 Opalina (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, 210 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 245 PAGE. Operculatus (Serpulorbis\ Gray. Zool. Proc., 156, 1847. = Y. inopertus, Riippell, 182 Onustus, Humphrey. Mas. Calonn., 1797 ; H. and A. Adams, Genera, 1, 362, 1854, 157, 162 Onustus (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 160. 1842. = X. conchyliophorus, Born. . . . . . .161 Orcutti (Caecum), Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,viii, 541, 1885, 216 Orientale (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, vi, vii, p. 107, t. 11, f. 5, 6, . 216 Oryzata (Thylacodes), Morch. Pro. Zool. Soc, p. 78, 1862, 183 Oxygona (Thylacodes grandes, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 81, 1862, 182 Pachylasma (Yermetus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 354, 1861, • 175 Pagoda (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon.,sp. 60, 1848, . 204 Pallidulus (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 162, 1842, . 160 Panamensis (Yermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 5, f. la,6. = Y. centiquadrus, Yal., var. .... 175 Panamensis (Serpula), Chenu. 111. Conch., t. 10, f. 5. -= Y. pellucidus, var. crassa, ...... 188 Panamensis (Serpula), Chenu. Illus. Conch., t. 10, f. 5. =Yermiculus pellucidus, Brod. & Sowb.,var. crassa, Morch. Panormitanus (Yermetus), De Greg. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., x, p. 119, 1884, ... 177 Papillosa (Bivonia Quo}Ti, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1862, 177 Papillosa (Turritella), Kien. Coq. Yiv., t. 14, f. 3. = T. nodulosa, King, 202 Papillosa (Siliquaria), Rees, Encyc. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 2,f. 16, . 191 Paradoxum (Csecum),de Folin. Jour.de Conch., p. 48, 1867, 218 Parastrophia, de Folin. In les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 174, 1869 ; Jour, de Conch., 203, 1877. = S. G. of Caecum, Flem 214,223 Parva (Torcula), Angas. Zool. Proc., p. 174, t. 26, f. 17, 1877. = T. cinguilifera, Sowb. Parvum (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 163, 311. = C. undatum, Cpr 218 Parvulum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 40, 1867, 216 Pellucidus (Yermiculus), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 369, . . 187 Penicillus, Grew. Mus. regal., p. 132 (non Rondelet). = Yermicularia, Lam. Pennata (Thylacodes squamigerus, var.), Morch. Zool. . Proc., p. 76, 1862, . . , 18} 246 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAOE. Pennatura (Stephopoma), Morch. Jour, de Conch., p. 43, 1860, ..185 Perforans (Stoa), M. de Serres. Ann. des Sci., v, p. 241, t. 8, f. 3-6, 1855. — Siphonium politura, Dauclin, . . 184 Perlata (Yermetus varians, var.), Morcb. Zool. Proc., 341, 1861, . 170 Peronii (Yermetus), Rouss. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 4, f. 6. = Y. centiquadrus, Yal., var 175 Personata (Yermetus conicus, var.), Morcb. Zool. Proc., p. 341,1861, . 170 Petaloconchus, Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1843, t. 9, p. 229. = S. G, of Yermetus, Adanson, . . .'165,172 Petraaa (Bivonia), Monterosato. II Nat. Siciliano, iv, p. 61. = B. glomerata, Bivona. Philippinensis (Thylacodes decussatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 75, 1862, ... ... 181 Philippensis (Turritella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., p. 223, 1880, . 208 Pborus, De Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 158, 1810. = Xenophora, Fischer, 157 Phronimum (Caecum), de Folin. Jour, de Conch., p. 44, 1867, .... 221 Picea (Yermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 349, 1861, 171 Picta (Yermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 178,1861, ... 188 Pictum (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 161, . 185 Pinguis (Gegania), Jeffreys. 211, 1861. Pinnicola (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 55, 1862. Planorbis (Spiroglyphus\ Dkr. Mai. Blatt., vi, p. 240, 1860, 178 Planorboides (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 59, 1862, ... . . 177 Planorboides (Yermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 1861, .188 Planorboides (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 163, 1861. Platyomphala (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860, 190 t Platypus (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 157, 1861, ...... . . 195 * Plicaria (Serpula), Lam. Anim. sans Yert., Y, p. 619, No. 5, 185 Plicata (Mesalia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 123, 1855, . .210 Plicaturn (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 421, 1858, . . 220 Polaris (Turritelk), Beck. Moller, Ind. Moll. Grcenl., 1842. = T. erosa, Couth 208 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. "X^^^_^- PAGK. Pollicare (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 432, 1858, . . 220 Politus (Spiroglyphus), Daudin. Recueil, p. 49, 1801, . 184 Polygonus (Tenagodus), Blainv. Diet,, xlix, p. 213, 1827. = S. anguina, Linn. ........ 190 PoljTphragma (Vermetus), Sassi. Jour. Ligur. Sc., v, 482, 1827, 175, 179 Ponderosus (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 409, 188 Porites (Thylacodes), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 2, f. 3, a, 6, c. ' (Not figs. d,e), 181 Porites (Vermetus), Rousseau (in part). Chenu, 111. Conch., t. f. 3, d, e. = V. decussatus, Gmel., var. laevigata. Pra'longa (Siphonium maximum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 169, 1861, 184 Proboscis (Vermetus conicus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 343, 1861, . . 170 Protensa (Serpula), Dillw. II, p. 1085, No. 38, (not Gmel.). = Thylacodes Rumphii, Gmel 183 Protensus (Thylacodes), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3744, No. 20, 183 Proto, Defrance. Diet. sc. Nat. pi., 1825 ; xliii, 410, 1826. = Turritella, Lam. Protoma, Baird. Zool. Proc., p. 59, 1870, . . .194, 210 Pseudophorus, Meek. = Xenophora, Fischer, . . . 157 Pulehellum (Caecum), Stimp. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, ...'.. 217 Punctata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 62, 1862, 177 Punctata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 19, t. 11, f. 3. = T. goniostoma, Val 198 Puncticulata (Turritella), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 253, 1870, 209 Pusilla (Turritella), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvii, p. 184,1856, . . . ... . . .' 208 Pygmseum (Caecum^, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 163, 311. = C. firmatum, C. B. Ad. . .... 217 Pyxipoma, Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 409. = S. G. of Siliquaria, Brug 168, 191 Quadricarinata (Mathilda), Brocchi. Conch. Foss. subap., 375, 1814, . .211 Quadrangularis (Vermieulus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, ........ 187 Quadrangulus (Vermieulus), Phil. Mke. Zeitsch, p. 17, No. 77, 1848. = V. spiratus, Phil., var. quadrangularis, Morch, 187 Quadratnm (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 325, Zool. Proc., 4-28, 1858 . .217 Quoyi (Bivouia), H. and A. Ad. Gen., p. 359, t. 39, f. 3 a, . 176 248 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Radicula (Vermiculus), Stimp. Shells of N. England, p. 38, = Y. spiratus, Phil., var. ....... 187 Radula (Turritella), Kien. Icon Coq. Viv., p. 13, t. 2, f. 1, 201 Ramosa, (Lementina selecta, var.), Monts. II Nat. Siciliano, iv, p. 63, 183 Rastrum(Vermiculus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc.,p. 180, 1861, 188 Reentzii (Tenagoclus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 98, 1865. . 189 Regulare (Caecuin), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 428. 1858, . .219 Regularis (Serpula), Chenu. 111. Conch., t. 10, f. 14. = Y. planorboides, Morch, 188 Renisectus (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 315, f. 5, 1856. = Vermetus Adansonii, Daudin, var. Carpen- ter, Morch, . ......... 170 Renisectus (Vermetus), Carp. Var. Zool. Proc., 315, 1856, Morch. Zool. Proc., 346, 1861, 170,171 Repens, (Vermetus contortus, var.), Moreh. Zool. Proc., p. 344,1861, .171 Repens, (Thylacodes dentiferus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 68, 1862. Replicata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit., xii, 1239. = T. duplicata, Linn, .207 Reticulata (Turritella), Migh. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 50, t. 4, f. 19, 1843, 208 Reticulatus (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit. 1827. = Caecum annulatum, Brown, .... 220 Retifera (Vermetus conicus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 343, 1861, . . . 170 Retusa (Mathilda), Brugnone. Misc. Malac., p. 6, f. 3, = M. elegantissima, Costa, . . . . . .210 Reversum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 329, .216 Riisei (Thylacodes), Morch. Zool. Proc., 69, 1862, . . 183 Robusta (Xenophora), Verrill. Am. Journ. Sci., xlix, 226, 1870, 161 Rosea (var. of Tenagodus incisus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 409, 1860, 188 Rosea (var. of Siliquaria anguina), Linn. Monterosato, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,v, 224 189 Rosea (Turritella \ Quoy. Voy. del'Astr.,iii,t. 55, f. 24-26, 199 Rosea (Turritella), Mantell (not Quoy). Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc., vi, t. 28, f. 16. = T. tricincta, Button, . . .209 Roseus (Stephopoma), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de 1'Astr., p. 300, t. 07, f. 20-24, 185 Rousssei (Vermetus^, Vaillant. Nouv. Archiv. du Museum, 1871, p. 197, .... . . 175 Rubella (Caecum elegans, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 45, 1867, . . . - 219 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 249 PAGE. Ruber (Tenagodus), Schum. Essai, p. 262, 1817. = T. anguina, Linn. . . . . . . . .190 Rubescens (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 63, 1849, . 201 Ruclis (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 404, 1860, . . . . . .190 Rugoso (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 163,1861, .184 Rugoso-squamosa (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1862, . . 177 Rugulosa (Creseis), Cantraine, p. 32. = Caecum trachea, Mont. . . . . . . .219 Rugulosa (Vermiculus lumbricalis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 173, 1861, 186 Rugulosum (Odontidium), Phil. Moll. Sic., i, p. 102, t. 6, f. 20. = Caecum trachea, Mont. . . . . .219 Rumphii (Thylacodes), Blainv., 1828, 183 Runcinata (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 217, 208 Rupestris (Serpula), Risso. Eur. Mer., p. 204, No. 25. = Bivonia triquetra, Bivon, var. pinnicola, . . .176 Ryssotitum (Caecum), de Foiin. Jour, de Conch., p. 46, 1867, 218 Sanguinea (Turritella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 27, 1849. = T. goniostoma, Val. . 199 Sardinianura (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 231, t. 19, f. 11, 12, 1869. = C. vitreum, Carp. . . . 215 Scaber (Thylacodes), Gravenh. Tergest., p. 55, No. 2, 1831. Hab. unknown, . . . . . . . . .183 Scalariformis (var. of Tenagodus Australis, Quoy), Morch. Zool. Proc., 406, 1860, .....'.. 189 Scalnris (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, -187 Scandens ( Siphonium maximum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 167,1861, 184 Scaphitella (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 160, 1861. Scaphitoides (Siphonium textum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc , p. 159,1861, .185 Scaphitoides (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 327, 1861, 177 Scolopendrina ( Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 356, 1861, .... ... 173 Searles-Woodii (Caecum), Cpr.-McAndr. Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl. ? = C. elegantissimum, Carp., var. .... 218 Selecta (Lemintina), Monts. Enum. e Sin., p. 281, 1878.; 11 Nat. Sicil., iv, 63, 183 Semicincttim (Crccum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 42, 1867, 219 250 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Serai-surrectus (Yermetus), Bivon. Nouv. Gen., p. 10, t. 2, f. 3, 1832, . . .176 Semitrachea (Caecum), Brus. MS. Monts Nat. Sicil., iv, 24, 220 Senegalensis (Siliquaria), Recluz. Morch., Zool. Proc.. 408, 18">0, . 188 Senegalensis (Xenophora), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., xxi, 123, 1873, .... 160 Senegambianura (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, W. Africa, . . 222 Senticosum (Stephopoma), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc.,p. 150, 1861, . .185 Sepimentum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 84, pi. 6, f. 7, . . . .222 Sequenzianus (Vermetus), Aradas and Benoit. Conch. Sicil., p. 151, 1870, . ... 176 Serpulina (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 56, 1862, 176 Serpuloides, Gray. Fig. of Moll., iv, p. 83, 1850. = Thylacodes, Guett. . . ' . . . . :. 166 Serpulorbis, Sassi. Journ. Ligur. Genes, T, 482, 1827. = Thylacodes, Guett, 164, 166 Serpulus, Montf. Conch. Syst., p, 22, 1810. = Thylacodes, Guett, 166 Serrata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 162, 1861, 184 Siliquaria, Bruguiere. Encyc. Meth., i, p. xv, 1789, . 168, 188 Siliquarius, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 38, 1810. = S. G. of Siliquaria, Brng. Sinensis (Mathilda), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., p. 304, t. 9, f. 3, 1867, 211 Sinensis (Xenophora), Ph. Funfter Jahresber. des Yer. Natur. Kassel, 8, 1841. == Onustus calculifera, Rve. . 159 Sinuata (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 62, 1849, . 200 Sipho (Yermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 4, f. 3, upper; Morch, Zool. Proc., 364, 1861. = Y. Roussaei, Yaillant. Sipho (Yermetus), Lam. Anim. s. vert., v, 367, 175, 180, 183 Sipho (Yermetus), u Lam." Blainv., Diet. Sci., 1828. = Thylacodes Masier, Desh. . . . . . .180 Siphonata (Yermetus centiquadrus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 363, 1861 175 Siphonium, Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, 82, . . 164, 183 Siphonium, " Browne." Morch, Jour, de Conch., vii, 353. = Siphonium, Gray. ........ 167 Smithii (Caecum), Cooper. Proc. A. N. S., 154, 1872. = Caecum Cooperi, Smith, 221 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 251 P^GB. Smithia, von Maltzan. Nachrichts. der Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., p. 97, July, 1883, .192 Solarinus (Vermiculus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 171, 1861, 188 Solarioides (Xenophora), Rve. Conch. Icon,, sp. 8, 1843, . 159 Solaris (Xenophora), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1229, . 162 Solaris (Trochus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, 127. = X. Indica, Gmelin. Solidissima (Spiroglyphus Spiruliforrnis,var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861, . ...... 177 Soluta (Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Monts. II Nat. Siciliano, p. 61, . . . . 172 Someri (Brochina,) de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 56, 1867, 216 Sophise (Turritclla), Braz. Proc. Linn. Sinn. Soc. N. S. W., viii,p. 227, 1883, 208 Spectrum (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 40, 1849. = T. terebra, Linn., var. ....... 195 Spina (Turritella), Crosse and Fisch. Journ. de Conch., p. 347, 1864, .209 Spinosa (Siphonium subcrenatnm, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 159, 1861, .... .... 185 Spinosum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, ii, p. 84, t. 3, f. 1, 222 Spiralis (Tenagodns), Risso. Hist., p. 115, No. 277, 1826, . 191 Spiralis (Spiroglyphus Spirulifbrmis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861, . . . . . . . .177 Spiratus (Vermiculus), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg., 244, 1836, 187 Spiroglyphus, Daudin. Becueil, p. 39, 1800, 164, 166, 170, .177 Spirorbis (Serpula) /?, Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3740. = Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, De Serres, var. immersa, Morch. Spirorbis (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 55, 1862, .176 Spirorbis (Spiroglyphus), Sowb. Man., f. 8, . . 178. Spiruliformis (Spiroglyphus , De Serres. Ann. des Sci., iv, p. 241, t. 8c,f. 1, 1855, ' . . . 177 Squamata (Siliquaria), Blainv. Diet, des Sci. Nat., t. 49, f. 213. = S. anguina, Linn .190 Squamigerus (Vermetus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 226, 1865, . . 181 Squamosa (Turritella), Borson. = T. quadricarinata. Squamulosa ' Siphonium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 157, 1861, 185 Stephopoma, Moerch. Journ.de Conch., 1860, p. 42, 164,167,185 Stramonitse (Spiroglyphus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 330, 1861, . . .... . . . . .178 252 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Strangulatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 44, 1867, 219 Strebloceras, Carpenter. Zool. Proc., p. 440, 1858. = S. G. of Caecum, Flem 214, 228 Stoa, M. de Serres., Annales des Sciences Nat., iv, p. 238, 1855. = Siphonium, Gray, and Spiroglyphus, Daudin,166, 167 Striattim ^Caecum), Folin. Fonds der la Mer, i, 49, 170, t. 5, f. 3, 220 Striatus (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = Caecum trachea, Mont 219 Strigata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc. p. 60, 1862, 177 Strigosum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 5, Journ. Linn. Soc., x, 261, 215 Suave (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, 1869. Subacuta (Caecum semicinctum, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 42, 1867, 219 Subangulata (Turritella), Monts. (not Brocc.) = T. decipiens, Monts. ....... 205 Subannulatum (Strebloceras), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 807, 1879, .... 223 Subannulatum (Brochina), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 230, t. 39, f. 9, 10, 1869, 218 Subcancellatus (Vermetus), Bivon. Cat. 12, . . . 172 Subcrenatum (Siphonium), Lam. Anim. S. Vert., v, p. 370, 1818, 185 Subdecussata (Siphonium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 158, 1861, 185 Subflavum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 810, 1879, . 216 Subgranosa (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 180, 1861, 188 Subgranosum (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 165, 1861, 184 Subimpressum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 320, Zool. Proc., 424, 1858, . . . . .217 Subinflexum (Meioceras). de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 165, t. 23, f. 8, . .223 Subornata (Caecum vitrea, var.), de Folin. Fonds dela Mer, viii, p. 142, 1869, ... .... 222 Subornatum (Caecum laeve, var.), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 1869, 215 Subquadratum (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 433, 1858, 216 Subspirale (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 315, Zool, Proc., 419, 1858 220 Subsquamosa (Turritella), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xviii, p. 152, . 209 Succineum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 810, 1879, . 216 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 253 PAGE. Sulcata (Caecum) formulosum, var., de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii,p. 164, 1869, 222 Sulcata (Siliqunria), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847. = Tenagodus anguinus, Linn. . . . . . .190 Sulcatus (Thylacodes), Lam. Anim. S. Vert., v, p. 367, No. 22, 1818, 180 Sulcatus (Mesalia), Gray. Syn. Brit. Mas., 1842. = M. brevialis, Lam 209 Sutilis (Bivonia), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 58, 1862, . 177 Superbum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 44, 1867, 219 Suturalis (Mesalia), Forbes. Rep. JEg. Inv., p. 189, 1843. = T. brevialis, Lam 173, 209 Suturalis (Vermetus subcancellatus, var), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 356, 1861, . . . . . . .172 Symmetrica (Turritella). Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll. N. Zeal., p. 30. = T. tricincta, Hutton, . .209 Syriacum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 114, t. 11, f. 7,8, 1869, . .222 Tieniata (var. of Tenagodus Australis, Quoy), Morch. Zool. Proc., 406, 1860, 189 Taeniatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 43, 1867, 219 Tachyrhynchus, Morch. Am. Jour. Conch , iv, 46, 1868. = Turritellopsis, Sars 193 Tahitensis (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 410, 1860, . 191 Tasmanica (Turritella), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 140, 1876 209 Tasmanica (Turritella). Jive. Conch. Icon., sp. 42, 1849, . 203 Tenagodus, Guett. Mem., 1774, p. 128. = Siliquaria, Brug. Tenerum (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, ... . .223 Tennis (Thylacodes decussatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 85, 1862, . ... 181 Tenuis (Vermetus cereus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 352, 1861, 172 Tenuisculpta (Turritella), Cpr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, p. 216, 1865. = T. acicula, Stimp 207 Terebra (Turritella). Don. Brit. Shells, t. 22, f. 2, dext. = T. variegata, Linn. . . . . , . .199 Terebra (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1239, . 195 Terebra (Turritella), Linn. Fauna Succica, 2171. = T. communis, Risso, . . . . . . .197 Tereduln (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 155,1861, 185 Teres (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., 434, 1858, . . .216 254 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Tcres (Vermicnlus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 175, 1861. Teres (Vermiculus lumbricalis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 173, 1861, 186, 187 Tetranemia, Morch. Jour, de Conch., 1858, p. 353. = S. G. of Thylacodes, Guett 166 Textnm (Siphoninm), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc.,p. 159, 1861, 185 Thylacodes, Guettard. Mem., iii, 143, 152, 1774, . .179 Thylacodes, Morch. Jour, de Conch., p. 48, i860. = Sect, of Vermetus, Adans. . . . . . .164 Tigrina (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Yiv., p. 29, t. 4, f. 2, 199 Tigrina (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 179, 1861, 188 Torcula, Gray. Zool. Proc., 155, 1847, .... 11)3 Torcularis (Turbo), Born. Mus., 358, t. 13, f. 8. = Turritella exoleta, Linn. ...... 205 Torquatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 2, 3; Jour. Linn., Soc., x, 262 219 Tortuosus (Vermiculus), Solander. Portland Catal.,p. 184, No. 3939 186 Torulosa (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 18, t. 6, f. 3, 201 Tostus (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc Zool. Soc., p. 405, 1860, 190 Trachea (Dentalinm), Montagu. Test. Brit., ii, p. 497, t. 14, f. 10, . .219 Trachea (Orthocera), Flem. Hist. Brit. An., p. 237, 1828. = Caecum annulatum, Brown, ...... 220 Trachiformis (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., p. 124, t. 56, f. 10, 1827. = Caecum trachea, Mont., 219 Trtcarinata (Turritella), Brocchi. = f. triplicata. Studer., 197 Tricarinata (Turritella), King. Zool. Jour., v, 346. = T. cingulata, Sowb . . 200 Tricincta (Turritella), Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll. N. Zeal., 13, 1873, . • . . . : . . . . .209 Tricingulata (Turritella), Anton. Verzeich. der Conch., p. 6 1 , 209 Tiicostata ((Xenophora), Fischer. Mus. Demidotf, p. 213- 214,1807. = X. conchyliophorus, Born 161 Tricuspe (Stephopoma), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 150, 1861, 185 Triornatum (Caecum \ de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Triplicata (Turritella), Studer. Enum. Moll. SiciL, i, p. 100, 1836, . 197 Triqueter (Vermetus), var. C. Bivona, Nouv. genre de Moll., p. 11, 1832. = Dofania gregaria, Monts. Triquetra (Vermetus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 105, 1861. = V. subgranosus, Morch, var. . . . . .184 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 255 PAGE. Triquetra (Bivonia), Bivona. Nuov. Gen., 11, 1832, . . 176 Triquetra (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc.,p. 61, 1862, ... 176 Triquetra (Bivonia sutilis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 58, 1862, . . 177 Trisulcata (Turritella), Lam. Anira. s. Vert., ix, p. 256, , 201 Troehicola (Spiroglyphus annulatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 332, 1-881, . . 178 Trochiformis (Xenophora). Born. Index Mus. Caes., 355. = X. conchvliophorus, Born. ...... 161 Trochlea (Mathilda), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxii. 165, 1875, . 211 Trochlearis (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 408, . 189 Tubulosa (Spiroglyphus glomeratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 334, 1861, 178 Tubulostium. Stoliczka. Pal. Ind., 237, 1868, . . .167 Tugurium, Fischer. Kiener's Trochidae, 450, 1880, . 157, 161 Tulipa (Vermetus centiqimdrus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 363,1861, . .175 Tumidissimum (Meioceras), de Folin. Annales Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . .... .223 Turboides (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 162,1861, ... 184 Turboides (Serpula), Chieregh. Venez., 1847. — Siphonium gaederopi, Morch. Turboides (Siphonium pictum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 161,1861, 185 Turbona (Turritella), Monts. Ann. del Mus. de Genova,ix, p. 420. 1877, . . . ... 197 Turonius (Thylacodes), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 4, f. 44, . ' 183 Turritella, Lamarck. Prodr., 74, 1799, . 192,193, 195 Turritella (Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 14, t. 3, . . , 188 Turritellopsis, Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Nouv., 186, 1878, . 193 Tulaxodes, Guett. Mem. iii, pp. 143-152, 1774. = Thylacodes, Guett. Uncinatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 47, 1867, 222 Undatum (Caecum), Carp. Rep., t. 9, f. 1.; Zool. Proc., 430, 1858, ' . . . .213 Undulosum (Meioceras), de Folin. Annales Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869', .... . 223 Unguiculata (Siphonium textum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 160,1861, .... .... 185 256 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Ungulina (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, 187 Ungulina (Turritella), Loven. Ind. Moll. Skand, 153. = T. communis, Risso, 197 Ungulina (Turritel'a), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th Edit., p. 1240, 190 Unicostalis (Vermiculus tortuosus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 170, 1861, .... . . . .186 Validum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 40, 1867, . 216 Varia (Turritella), Kien. Spec. Nr., 34, t. 2, f. 3, . . 209 Varians (Vermetus),rrOrb. Voy. Amer. Mer. pi. 54, f. 7-10, 170 Variegata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 62, 1862 177 Variegata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12 ed.. p. 1240, . 198 Variegatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 120, 1869, t. 15, f. 3,4,. . . 222 Venustum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 43, 1867, 219 Veracruzanum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds cle la Mer, .216 Yermetus, Gray. Gould, Adams, Stimpson, Carpenter (non Adanson). = Vermicularia, Lam 165 Yermetus, Adnnson. Hist. Sen., 161, 1757, . . 165, 169 Vermicella (Vermetus), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v, 3C5, 1818, 173 Vermicularia, Lam. Prodr., 1799; Syst., 1801, . . 168, 186 Vermiculus, Lister. Hist. Conch., t. 548, 1688, . . .164 = Vermiculus, Lam. 164 Vermium (Tubulus), Petiv. Gazophyl. Arab., t. 21, f. 18. = Thylacodes Rumphii, Blainv. ..... 183 Vestitum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Vicinum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . . 222 Violaceo-t'usca (Thylacodes colubrina, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 72, 1862, . . 180 Virginiana (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., iii, p. 259, . 220 Vitreum (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 142, . . 222 Yitreum (Caecum), Carp. McAndr., Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl , Br. Assoc., 1856, . . 215 Vittata (Turritella), Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll N. Zeal., p. 29, 1873, . . 208 Vittulata (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, ... 204 Yolubilis (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 178, 1861 188 Volvox (Serpula), Dillw., p. 1079, No. 26. = Tenagodus anguinus, Linn. . . . . .190 Vortex (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var ), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 327, 1861, 177 • INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 257 PAGE. Yulcanica (Xenophora), Fischer. Mus. Demidoff, p. 213- 214, 1807. = X. conchyliophorus, Born. . . .161 Wagneri (Xenophora), Ph. Krister, Conch. Cab., 345. = X. Indicus, Gmelin 162 Watsonia, Folin. Zool. Proc., 807, 1879. = S. G. of Caecum, Flem 214, 223 Weldii (Tenagodus),Tenison-Woods. Proc. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, p. 144, .... . . 191 Woodwardi (Vermetus renisectus, var.), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 316, 1856, 171 Xenophora, Fischer. Museum Demidoff, iii, p. 213, 1807, 157,159 Yucatecanum (Turritella), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 93, " . . 208 Zaria, Gray. Zool. Proc., 155, 1847, .... 193, 207 Zelandica (Cladopoda, Vermetus), Q. and G. Voy. de 1'Astr., p. 293, t. 67, f. 16-17, 182 17 FAMILY EULIMIDM. Animal with slender, subulate tentacles and eyes sessile at their outer bases, proboscis retractile, invaginate, when extended very long;, mouth without jaw or radula ; foot elongated, pro- duced in front, mantle with anterior rudimentary siphonal fold. Shell small, generally elongated, subulate or turriculated, shining, polished, with spire usually curved or distorted ; aper- ture oval, pyriforra, entire, with simple lip, the columellar margin more or less thickened. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, some- times absent. This family, together with the Turbinellidae and Pyramidellidae which follow it in the present volume of monographs, constitutes the division Gymnoglossa of Gray, including proboscidiferous mollusks having no radula ; the Solariidee and Cancellariidse, also originally included therein, have radulse and are otherwise related more closely to different groups. But-little is known of the animals of these little shells ; it is not certain, but probable that the sexes are separated. They creep with the foot much in advance of the head, which is usu- ally concealed within the aperture of the shell, the tentacles only protruding. They are more or less parasitic on sea-urchins, holothurians, etc. The small size of the shells, absence of color in most of the groups, and of sculpture, make the discrimination of species somewhat difficult. The Eulimidae have been monographed by Arthur Adams, Thes. Conchy liorum, ii, 793-805. G. B. Sowerby, Reeve's Con- chologia Iconica, xv, 78 species, 1866. Synopsis of Genera. Genus EULIMA, Risso, 1826. Shell imperforate, subulate, many-whorled, polished, porcel- lanous, spire usually curved or twisted to one side, bearing on one side only, a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths, apex acute ; aperture oval, entire, pointed above, rounded below, the lip simple, a little (238) 259 thickened, columellar margin reflected. Operculum corneous, pancispiral, the nucleus near the inner lip. Animal with subulate tentacles, approaching at the base, eyes large, nearly sessile, foot truncated in front, mentum bilobed, opercular lobe winged on each side, branchial plume single. Over fifty species have been described, from tropical and temperate seas. The genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the Tertiary period. The foot of Eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water. The parasitism of several species has been observed. E. distorta lives in the interior of HololTiuria intestinalis upon the coast of Norway; several species have been captured in the intestines of Holothurians at the Philippine Islands, and one of them insinuates itself so deeply in the integu- ments of the Holothuria that only the summit of its spire remains exposed ; at New Caledonia they have been observed attached to Asterise. The synonyms are Pasithea, Lea (in part), 1833, and Balds, Leach, 1847. Monterosato has proposed two sections Vitreolina and Acicularia, for some of the Mediterranean species. The first contains the small vitreous species without internal varices, with curved spire and slightly obtuse apex ; the second has the apex acute, the shell white, the internal varices occasional. Subgenus SUBULARTA, Monterosato, 1884. Shell subulately turriculated ; whorls a little flattened on the side, smooth, polished, often ornamented with spiral colored bands, a succession of slight varices on each side of the spire, not always apparent ; aperture oblong, narrow, entire ; inner lip thickened, a little sinuous in the middle, outer lip sharp, flexuous. I reluctantly use the above name in preference to the better known one of Leiostraca, H. and A. Adams, 1853, on account of Liostracus, Albers, 1850. Section HALIELLA, Monterosato, 1878. Animal blind. Subgenus BACULA, H. and A. Adams, 1863. Differs from Eulima in having spiral striae, and the columella twisted back so as to form an acute angle at the base of the aperture. Arcuella, Nevill, 1874, is a synonym. 260 EVLIMID^). Subgenus APICALTA, A. Adams, 1862. Shell solid, spire twisted with decidedly mucronated apex, aperture oblong. Subgenus MUCRONALIA, A. Adams, 1862. Shell subulate, straight, often colored, pupoidal, with mu- cronate apex ; aperture oval-oblong. The distinction between this group and Apicalia is a very slight one. Subgenus SELMA, A. Adams, 1864. Shell oblong-ovate, subdiaphanous ; spire short ; last whorl large ; aperture elongately ovate ; columella arcuate, obliquely subplicate. Subgenus STYLIFERINA, A. Adams, 1860. Shell oval-conic, diaphanous, thin, smooth ; whorls numerous ; apex inucronate, nucleus sinistral ; aperture subquadrangular. Parasitic on Asteria and Ophiura. Subgenus LAMBERTIA, Souverbie, 1869. Shell pu pi form, white, very smooth, polished ; spire mucro- nate, cylindrical, the summit mamillated ; whorls few ; aperture semilunar, peristome continuous ; the outer lip sharp, the inner lip a little reflected at the 'base, columella slightly twisted. Operculum unknown. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. Shell small, oval, imperforate, white, shining, summit mamil- lated ; lip and columella thick. Resembles Macrocheilus in miniature, and is, perhaps, more nearly related to Stylifer. Subgenus EULIMOPSIS, Brugnone, 1880. A fossil group ; the base concentrically striate, whorls scarcely convex, suture distinct, aperture subrhomboidal, lip sinuous, columella twisted, base subchanneled. E. CARMEL^E, Brugn. Pliocene, Sicily. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 84.) Subgenus IOPSIS, Gabb., 1873. Shell very small, smooth, polished, spire elevated, suture nearly obsolete, columella slightly twisted, forming an imperfect EULIMID^E. 261 basal channel. E. FUSIFORMIS, Gabb. Tertiary, West Indies. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 86.) Genus SCALENOSTOMA, Desh., 1863. Imperforate, turriculated, surface not enameled, suture mar- gined ; whorls numerous, the last with carinated periphery ; aperture sub trigonal, entire, a little arcuated, columella simple, rectilinear, forming an angle at its junction with the lip, lip obliquely, deeply notched near the suture. Isle of Bourbon. Subgenus SUBEULIMA, Souverbie, 1875. Shell much twisted, not enameled, whorls margined at the suture and with a series of varices on the right side, as in Eulima,\&s\, whorl with carinated periphery, but the lip without superior sinus. New Caledonia. Genus NISO, Risso, 1826. Shell deeply umbilicated, turriculated, many whorled, polished, apex acute ; whorls slightly convex, the last with angulated periphery, aperture angulated above and below. Operculum as in Eulima. China, Philippines, W. America. Bonellia, Desh., 1838, and Janella, Grat., 1838, are synonyms. Section YOLUSIA, A. Adams, 1861. . Shell longitudinally ribbed. Section PAL^EONISO, Gemmellaro, 1878. Shell thicker, more dilated at the base, more pupoidal in form, lip with a slight posterior sinus. Secondary. N. pupoides, Gemm. Lias. Genus HOPLOPTERON, Fischer, 1876. Shell very small, imperforate, elongate-turreted, shining, with obtuse summit ; suture linear ; whorls continuous, the earlier ones smooth, rather flattened, the others bearing on each side a long, triangular, wing-like varix ; aperture rounded oval, entire, lip simple, sharp. China. The minuteness of this shell and its bizarre appearance suggest that it is embryonic. It is only 1-15 mill. long. 262 Genus STYLIFER, Broderip, 1832. Imperforate, hyaline, thin, ovoid or elongated, smooth, pol- ished ; whorls numerous, apex very sharp, sometimes bent, nucleus sinistral, last whorl globular ; aperture suboval, inner lip smooth, arcuated, outer lip slightly sinuous, thin, simple. No operculum. Body ciliated ; tentacles slender, subulate, with eyes sessile at their outer bases ; mantle reflected upon and more or less sur- rounding the shell, forming a siphonal lobe on the right side ; foot linguiform, narrow, tubular in front, where it extends much beyond the head, attenuated behind, with a median groove below; verge sharp, elongated, resembling a tentacle. About twenty species are known from warm seas. Stylina, Fleming, 1828 (Gray), is a synonym. Stylifer is commensal or parasitic in its habits, occurring on Echinoderms ; some are found in the teguments of Asteriae, others on the upper face of the shells of Echini, between the spines, and generally near the anal opening ; S. Orbignyanus lodges itself in a spine of Cidaris, which becomes deformed in growth, forming an interior cell containing a pair of Stylifers and some young ones, the cell having a small mouth on either side ; other species are obtained from Holothurians, Comatulse, etc. The species mentioned above, inhabiting the spines of Cidaris, appears to be viviparous, but S. Turtoni, on the contrary, is oviparous. Those which live upon the external surface of their host are probably commensal rather than truly parasitic. How does the S. Orbignyanus obtain nourishment ? Subgenus CYTHNIA, Carpenter, 1864. Imbedded in star fishes like Stylifer, from which it is distin- guished by its normal nuclear whorls, and thin concentric oper- culum. W. Coast of N. America. Subgenus PLICIFER, H. Adams, 1868. Imperforate, ovately subulate, not shining; spire styliform, nucleus sinistral, columella plicate ; lip floxuous, sinuate behind, aperture entire in front. Found on coral, at Ceylon ; the shell resembles Leptoconchus in texture. EULIMID^E. 263 [Genus ENTOCONCHA, J. Miiller, 1852. Shell obovate, smooth ; spire short, very obtuse, apex not elevated, whorls rapidly increasing ; aperture transverse, semi- lunar, angulated above, rounded below, width almost equaling the height, margins disunited, the columellar margin straight. Operculum non-spiral. — E. MIRABILIS, Miiller. Found parasitic in Sinapta digitata, one of the Holothuriidse, at Trieste. A larval mollusk, sometimes referred to the present group, but now placed, doubtfully, with the Nudibranchiata]. Genus EUCHRYSALIS, Laube, 1866. Small, thin, pupoid, attenuated at its extremities; whorls numerous, short, smooth, suture shallow ; aperture long, narrow, the lip sharp and thin, columella terminated by an indication of a siphon. Silurian — Cretaceous; Europe, India. Subgenus MITCHELLTA, de Koninck, 1877. Shell elongated, cylindrical-conic, many whorled ; aperture long, extremely narrow, sinuous, attenuated at its extremities, rostrated and prolonged but not canaliculated in front ; peris- tome continuous, the lips subparallel, outer lip reflected ; surface spirally striated. Devonian, Australia. The type is sinistral. Genus MACROCHEILUS, Phillips, 1841. Shell thick, imperforate, ventricose, aperture effuse below, outer lip thin, coluinella callous, slightly tortuous and plicate in front. Devonian — Carboniferous. M. SCHLOTHEIMII, d'Arch. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 91). The synonymy includes Polyphemopsis, Portlock ; Plectostylus, Conrad ; Macrochilina and Duncania, Bayle, 1879. Subgenus PASITHEA, Lea (Restricted), 1833. Spire short, last whorl ventricose. Rather more slender and cylindrical than the typical Macrocheilus. M. CLAIBORNENSIS, Lea. Eocene ; Alabama. Genus BOURGUETIA, Desh., 1871. Shell large, turreted ; spire long, pointed ; whorls convex, spi- rally striated or grooved, last whorl large ; mouth oval, angular behind, widened and rounded below. B. STRIATA, Sowb., Jurassic. 264 EULIMID^E. Genus LOXONEMA, Phillips, 1841. Shell elongated, many-whorled ; aperture simple, attenuated above, effused below, with a sigmoidal edge to the outer lip ; spire interiorly septate. Like many other palaeozoic genera, the bad condition of many of the species and the variation in form and sculpture render it difficult to place it properly in a systematic work ; some of the species might go into Turbonillidae, others appear closely allied to Chemnitzia, and might even be synonymous with it. Michelia, Romer, and Holopella, Sandberger (in part), are synonyms. L. COSTATUM, Sandb. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 97). Genus STROBEUS, de Koninck, 1881. Shell small, smooth, spire sharp, of 5-7 convex whorls ; mouth long-oval, outer lip sharp, inner lip callous, with an anterior fold. Dist. 3 sp. Carboniferous, Belgium. Genus ORTHONEMA, Meek and Worthen, 1861. Shell elongate, many-whorled, with revolving carinse, crossed by nearly straight growth-lines ; aperture angular above, slightly effuse below, lip simple, nearly straight; axis imperforate. Devonian and Carboniferous, United States. Allied to Loxonema, but has distinct revolving carinae, and wants the sigmoid outer lip of that genus. Genus RIGAUXIA, Qossmann, 1885. Shell narrowly elongated, nearly cylindrical, spirally striate; aperture rounded in front, lip a little sinuous above, inner lip thickened behind and separated from the columella in front by a groove. Fossil, Bathonian. Genus CL1MACINA, Gemmellaro, 1878. Shell imperforate, many-whorled, elongated, very finely longi- tudinally striated ; aperture oval, rounded in front, lip simple. C. CATHERINE, Gemm. Lias. Genus SUBULITES, Conrad, 1842. Shell fusiform, spire produced ; volutions convex, the last large ; columella bent and truncated at the base, where it is separated from the outer lip by a notch as in Achatina ; outer EULIMID.E. 265 lip very slightly notched near the upper end ; surface of shell smooth. Palaeozoic', United States. Bulimella, of Hall (not Pfeiffer) ; Bulimorpha, Whitfield, 1882, and Polyphemopsis, Portlock (in part), are synonyms. Genus FUSISPIRA, Hall, 1872. This Silurian group, which I have placed in Buccinidse. may possibly belong here. F. VENTRICOSA, Hall (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, 141 ,t. 51, f. 50). Genus CHEMNITZIA, d'Orb,, 1850. Shell comparatively large, elongate conical ; spire many- whorled, the last rather large, somewhat produced below ; aper- ture ovate, somewhat effuse at base, peristome not continuous, outer lip sharp, sinuous at or above the middle, columella smooth, imperforate ; surface longitudinally striate or costate, sometimes decussated, rarely nodular. Secondary and Tertiary. C. CON- DENSATA, Desh. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 96). The recent shells known as Chemnitzia, and which were origi- nally included by d'Orbigny in his diagnosis of 1839, are referred to Tu.rbonilla, Risso ; they are smaller, ribbed, and do not possess the broad posterior lip-sinus of the fossil group. Section CHEMNITZIA (restricted). Shell lengthened, with cross ribs ; mouth oval, rounded or angular in front ; spire straight or slightly curved, somewhat callous ; outer lip sharp. Section RHABDOCONCHA, Gemellaro, 1878. Whorls striate or ribbed longitudinally, sometimes punctate or tuberculate. Section PSEUDOMELANIA, Pictet et Campiche, 1862. Shell elongated, thick ; whorls smooth, with fine curved growth- lines ; mouth rounded or angular in front ; spire straight or slightly curved. Section OONIA, Gemellaro, 1878. Shell egg-shaped, smooth, with growth-lines ; last whorl large ; mouth oval, rounded in front; spire slightty curved. Section MICROSCHIZA, Gemellaro, 1878. Shell usually with cross ribs ; narrowly perforate ; whorls 266 EULIMA. sharp, mostly scalar! form ; mouth oval, rounded in front ; inner lip and spire callously thickened. Section BAYANIA, Munies-Chalmas, 1877. Shell elongated, spire sharp, earlier whorls reticulated, the last generally smooth, or feebly sculptured, basal lip subsinuous. About twenty Eocene and Miocene species. Genus EULIMA, Risso, 1826. Section EULIMA (sensu stricto). E. GRANDIS, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 89. Solid, opaque; whorls 15, rather flat, with lateral continuous varices, last whorl angulated on the periphery. Length, 40 mill. Island of Burias, Philippines. E. MARTINII, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 90. Whorls numerous, flattened, with varices obliquely impressed, obliquely continuous to the apex, last whorl rather angular on the periphery. Length, 35 mill. China Sea; Singapore. Reeve gives St. Helena as locality, which requires confirmation. E. CANDIDA, Marrat. PI. 68, figs. 91, 92. Whorls numerous, short, somewhat rounded, the varices im- pressed forming a continuous oblique line not reaching the apex. Length, 44 mill. Formosa. A stouter species than the preceding, with shorter whorls, not angulated on the periphery ; the varix-line does not extend to the apex. E. MAJOR, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 93, 94. Spire more or less curved to the right, often with a sutural band, very highly polished, white, sometimes blotched or clouded with chestnut or bluish chocolate, varix-line impressed, contin- uous. Length, 37 mill. Tahiti, Sandwich Is., Mauritius. E. arcuata, Sowb. (fig. 94), is a much curved specimen ; inter- mediate degrees of curvature are before me. PhasianeUa inflexa, Blainv., is possibly this species. EUL1MA. 267 E. FLEXUOSA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 95. Whorls 15, flattened, with a semitransparent sutural line, the last whorl rounded, aperture broadly oval, outer lip flexuously produced in the middle. Length, 31 mill. Sab.? Very close to the preceding species, but the aperture is more rounded, and the spire is slightly curved to the left above. E. PICTA, Sowb. PL 68, fig. 98. Solid, pyramidal; whorls 11, slightly convex, those near the apex white, the last very obtusely angular, painted above the angle with an obscure interrupted rose-colored band. Length, 1 inch. Habitat unknown E. CUMINGII, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 96. Whorls 13, a little rounded, spire nearly straight, varices irregular, impressed, here and there not apparent. Length, 35 mill. Sandwich, Lord Hood's and Viti Islands. E. TEINOSTOMA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 9Y. Spire straight; whorls 12, rather flat, with an impressed line beneath the suture, somewhat pellucid, last whorl rounded, aperture narrow. Length, 1 inch. Viti Is. on coral reefs. Too close to the preceding species ; appears to be narrower. E. LACTEA, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 99. Opaque, solid, nearly straight; whorls rather flat, the last subangulate on the periphery, varices impressed, continuous. Length, 28 mill. Philippines. E. BREVIS, Sowb. PL 68, figs. 1, 2. Short; whorls convex, spire acuminated, the apex a little turned to the left, hyaline, whitish or pale fawn color. Length, 9-19 mill. Pacific Ocean, on shells of the Pearl Oyster; Isle Annaa. I am unable to separate E. labiosa, Sowb. (fig. 2), from this species. 268 EULTMA. E. PORCELLANA, A. Ad. PI. 68, figS. 100, 15. White, opaque, solid, long, narrowly subcylindrical, apex slightly curved ; whorls flat, the periphery subangulated, varices irregular, conspicuous. Length, 1 inch. Hab. unknown. E. ACUTA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 3. Subulate, white, opaque, nearly straight ; whorls flat, body- whorl long, not angulated, aperture oblong, rather turned back- wards in front, outer lip thin, not much curved. Length, 1 inch. Isl. of Luzon, Philii^pines. Figured in Conch. Icon, as acuta, Sowb., but that is a much smaller species, from W. Coast of Central America, and referred to Leiostraca, by Carpenter. E. SOLIDA, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 5, 4. Solid, subulate, curved, distorted, white, suture margined, last whorl swollen, somewhat produced obliquely, spire at- tenuated. Length, 10 mill. Paumotus, Viti Is., Sandwich Is. E. inflexa, Pease (fig. 4) is a synonym. E. PUSILLA, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 6, Y. Solid, subcylindrical, acuminated, narrow, white ; whorls rather flat, the last oblong, aperture narrow-. Length, 10 mill. Viti Is., St. Helena? I have from two respectable sources Stylifer acicula, Gould, under this name, and as that species has the same outline, it is difficult to decide which is the proper identification of pusilla. In making my selection, as above, I am compelled to make E. exilis. Pease (fig. 7), a synonym. E. VENUSTA, Pease. PL 68, fig. 8. Rather solid, vitreous, ashy white, elongate, subulate, very narrow, spire very slightly twisted ; whorls 9-10, flatly convex, distinctly margined at the suture. Length, 6 mill. Tahiti. Occurs associated with Stylifer acicula, Gld., but is smaller, more solid and slender, the spire more curved. EULIMA. 269 E. RETRORSA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 9. Solid, white, tinged with pale fawn color above, narrow, the apex recurved ; whorls flat, rather straight, aperture small, oval- oblong, outer lip thickened, nearly straight. Length, 11 mill. Tahiti. Differs from E. pusilla only in the slightly recurved apex. E. AUGUR, Angas. PI. 68, fig. 10. Rather narrow, white, opaque, solid, apex very slightly curved to the left ; whorls 10, rather flattened, suture margined, periphery rounded. Length, 12 mill. St. Vincent's Gulf, So. Australia. E. PROXIMA, Sowb. PL 68, fig. 11. Solid, white, opaque, arched backwards; whorls 11, flat, the last obscurely angular, suture faintly margined. Length, 15 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. E. ARTICULATA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 12. Acuminately pyramidal, white, articulated and marbled with chestnut; whorls rather rounded, varices somewhat prominent; outer lip thickened. Length, 23 mill. Australia. Scarcely looks like an Eulima, but the varices indicate its position here. E. TENISON, Try on. PI. 68, fig. 16. Obtusely turreted, slightly curved, translucid, whitish ; whorls 7, flattened above, penultimate rounded, last subinflated, aperture pyriform, the outer lip thin, produced, inner lip reflected. Length, 3 mill. Tasmania. The name is substituted for E. micans, Tenison-Woods, pre- occupied by Carpenter. E. CONOIDALIS, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 17. Shell pyramidal, rather broad below, solid, white, opaque ; whorls flat, periphery angulated, varices irregular. Length, 16 mill. Sandwich Is. (Sowerby); Singapore (S. Archer!) 270 EULIMA. E. POLYGYRA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 18. P3'ramidal, straight, narrow, angular at the base, white, opaque ; whorls numerous, short, flat, aperture obliquely diamond shaped, small, produced at base. Length, 10 mill. 1st. Mindanao, Philippines. E. CONICA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 19. Small, white, solid, pyramidal, rather straight ; whorls short, flat, the last angulated, apex sharp, suture distinct, aperture obliquely subquadrangular, outer lip thick, columella rather tor- tuous. Length, 5 mill. Hob. unknown. Differs from the preceding species in the lower part of the aperture being acuminated ; it is also more solid, and the whorls are not quite so short. E. MODICELLA, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 20. White, semipellucid ; whorls 11, flattened, varices continuous, last whorl slightly angulated in the middle ; aperture oval, outer lip anteriorly produced. Length, 6 mill. Isl. Zebu, Philippines. Appears to be too closely allied to E. retrorsa, Sowb. E. OPACA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 13. Rather straight, subulate, white, opaque, solid ; whorls a little convex, the last oval; aperture ovate, outer lip thick, nearly straight. Length, 12 mill. Sandwich Islands (Sowerby). Somewhat stouter than E. pusilla, Sowb. E. PYRAMIDALIS, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 14. Shell rather short and stout, nearly straight, white, subpellu- cid ; whorls 10, scarcely convex, the last rounded ; aperture small, rather rounded, laterally produced, outer lip thin, pro- duced below the middle. Length, 9 mill. I. Capul, Philippines (Cuming!); Singapore (S. Archer!) E. CUSPIDATA, Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 22. Subulate, subventricose, spire straight, apex acuminated ; whorls a little convex, the last oval, varices inconspicuous. Length, 12 mill. Isl. Zebu, Philippines. EULIMA. 2?1 E. TORTUOSA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 23. Shell solid, white, narrow, tortuous in the middle and at the apex ; whorls rather flat, obliquely varicose, aperture small, oval. Length, 20 mill. China Sea. E. SOLIDULA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 21. Abbreviately turreted (apex lost), somewhat solid, tortuous, varicose; whorls 9-10, convex ; aperture small ; white. Length, 9 mill,1 China Sea. E. NITIDULA, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 24. Shell white, opaque, rather ventricose, straight ; whorls 10-11, somewhat convex, the last not angulate ; aperture oval, outer lip slightly curved inwards above. Length, 9 mill. Singapore. Mistaking this name for nitida, which is preoccupied, Sowerby changed it to E. Adamsi. E. SUBANGULATA, Sowb. PL 68, fig. 27. Pyramidal, thin, banded here and there with pale yellowish brown blotches ; whorls flat, the last slightly angulated. Length, 20 mill. Indian Ocean. Closely allied to E. hastata, Sowb., from west coast of Central America, but narrower. E. ACUFORMIS, Nevill. PI, 68, fig. 28. Very narrowty elongated, sharp pointed, flexuous, solid, white ; whorls 17, cylindrical, varices obliquely continuous, last whorl rounded. Length, 10 mill. Andaman Islands. E. ROBUSTA, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 25. Pyramidally subulate, flexuous, apex recurved ; whorls a little convex, the last large, oblique, rounded at the base, suture mar- gined ; aperture ovate, produced, inner lip thickened above, outer lip arcuate ; white, semiopaque. Length, 4'5 mill, Japan. Figured from an author's specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy. 272 EULIMA. E. MUNDULA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 26. Subulate, twisted, spire laterally curved ; whorls 9, a little convex, the last large, oblique at base ; aperture ovate, produced ; inner lip thickened, outer lip arcuate, scarcely inflexed ; white, subopaque. Length, 3 mill. Japan. Figured from an author's type. E. MICANS, Carp. PL 69, figs. 29, 30. Straight, white, semipellucid, shining; whorls flattened, the last oblong oval ; aperture narrowly oval, outer lip somewhat straight and scarcety thickened. Length, 9 mill. San Diego, Cal. I think that E. Elodia, Folin (fig. 30), from pearl oysters, West Coast of Central America, is synonymous. The figure is greatly magnified. E. GRACILLIMA, Sowb. PL 69, fig. 31. Yery narrow, tortuous, solid, opaque, shining ; whorls numer- ous, the last oblong, aperture narrow, laterally produced, outer lip rather thick, straight. Length, 12 mill. Guatemala. E. PARVA, Sowb. PL 69, figs. 32, 33. Yery minute, white, rather pellucid, arched in the middle; apex distorted, last whorl ovate, aperture oval. Length, 3 mill. Mazatlan. E. adamantina, Folin (fig. 33), from Meleagrinse, West Coast of Central America, is a species only 2'5 mill, long and of similar form ; it is very probably identical. E. SUBROSTRATA, Sowb. PL 69, fig. 34. Small, white, narrow, tapering, near the apex arched and attenuated ; whorls few, the last oblong and slightly angular ; aperture oblong, acuminated beneath, columella rather straight, outer lip thin. Length, 5'5 mill. Hob. unknown. E. GIBBA, Folin. PL 69, fig. 35. Yentricose, spire acuminating and much curved, the apex somewhat obtuse, crystalline, very shining; whorls 9, somewhat convex, the last large, tumidly inflated. Length, 3 mill. W. Coast of Centr. America, on Meleagrina. EULIMA. 273 E. OPALINA, Folin. PL 69, fig. 37. Rather pyramidal, straight, opaque, opaline, streaked with chestnut, spire subacute ; whorls 10, slowly increasing, a little convex, the last obtusely angulated in the middle, base contracted, aperture subquadrangularly oblique. Length, 3 '5 mill. W. Coast Central America, on Meleagrina. E. PROCA, Folin. PI. 69, fig. 38. Elongate acuminate, whitish, blotched and triangularly clouded with flesh-color, especially below the sutural band ; whorls 10-11, somewhat rounded, body-whorl rather long. Length, 3*3 mill. W. Coast Central America, on Meleagrina. E. HASTATA, Sowb. PI. 69, fig. 39. Rather straight, pyramidal ; whorls somewhat flattened, the last with angulated periphery ; rosy, brownish above the middle. Length, 22 mill. St. Elena, W. Coast of Central America. E. OLEACEA, Kurtz and Stimpson. PI. 69, fig. 36. Subulate, solid, straight or but slightty curved ; whorls 12, flattened, closely coiled, suture inconspicuous; white, the spire- whorls marked in a banded manner with pale brown. Length, 6-25 mill. New England — North Carolina. Animal white, hyaline, its eyes visible through the shell. E. CONOIDEA, Kurtz and Stimpson. PI. 69, fig. 40. Conic lanceolate, white, with 13 flat whorls, the last subangu- late, aperture rhomboidal. Length, 9 mill. North Carolina to Florida. Figured from a specimen which is believed to be correctly identified. E. JAMAICENSIS, C. B. Ad. PI. 69, fig. 41. Whorls about 10, a little convex, spire nearly straight, suture well marked, body-whorl long, rounded, aperture rather narrow. Length, 6 mill. West Indies. E. SUBCARINATA, (TOi'b. PL 69, fig. 44. Pyramidal; whorls 8, flat, last one obtusely carinated, suture narrowly margined. Length, 3*5 mill. West Indies. 18 274 EULIMA. E. IOTA, C. B. Ad. PI. 69, fig. 42. Yery small, conical, white ; whorls few, flat, the last wide and angulated on the periphery ; apex acuminated and a little curved ; aperture subrhomboidal ; outer lip sharp; columella perpendicu- lar. Length, 2 mill. Jamaica. Evidently a young shell. E. INTERMEDIA, Cantraine. PI. 69, fig. 43. Rather solid, very smooth, semipellucid, white tinged with light chestnut, narrow ; whorls 13, flattened ; spire subulate ; apex acute ; body-whorl long, a little tumid, about one-third the length of the shell; aperture narrow. Length, 7 '5 mill. Norway to Mediterranean, Canary Is., N. England to Florida. Is E. nitida, Phil, (not Lamarck.) E. POLITA, Linn. PI. 69, figs. 45, 46. Pyramidal, acuminated, straight, or a little curved, solid, opaque, very shining, white, more or less tinged with fawn or flesh color; whorls about 10, a little convex, nearly flat, narrow, last whorl obsoletely angulated ; aperture small, rather narrow. Length, 17 mill. Europe. It is Melania Bosci, Payr. ; E. anglica, Sowb. ; E. elegantissima and E. glaberrima, Risso ; Melania Gervillei, Collard ; Turbo j Donovan. Yar. INFLEXA, Monts. Spire slightly curved. Yar BREVIS, Requien. Fig. 46. Shorter, more conical, periphery obtusely angulated. ? E. Petitiana, Brusina and E. minor, Monts., are synonyms. E. INCURVA, Renieri. PI. 69, figs. 48, 47, 51. Thin, diaphanous; spire aciculate, composed of 10 nearly flat whorls ; flexuous, body-whorl long, attenuated below. Length, 2'8 mill. Europe. The following are synonyms: E. distorta, Phil., et auct., non Defrance (which is a fossil of the Paris basin, and a different EULTMA. 275 species), E. Philippii,Weiuk. (not Rayn. and Ponzi), E. curvata, Chiereg., E. sinuosa, Scacehi. Yar. GRACILTS, Forbes and Hanby. Fig. 47. Larger and scarcely curved. England. Monterosato has added vars., ore-rotundato, ore-angusto, devi- ans and exilis, the latter subsequently made a species under the name of antiflexa (fig. 51). The figure, which is cited with doubt by Monterosato, is from Sars, and purports to represent E. distorta. E. CURVA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, figs. 49, 50. Spire elevated, composed of 8 or 9 sjtrongly curved, slightly convex whorls, suture superficial ; hyaline white, translucent. Length, 3'4 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Yar. ELONGATA, B. D. and D. Fig. 50. More elongated, the last whorls narrower. E. COMPACTILIS, Monts. PI. 69, fig. 52. Slender, rather thick, semitransparent, whitish ; whorls 7, the last one half the total length, suture inconspicuous, aperture narrow. Length, 3'75 mill. Bay of Biscay to Azores, Mediterranean. It is E. obtusa, Jeffreys (figured). E. STALIOI, Brusina. PL 69, fig. 53. Slightly curved ; whorls 9, flattened, compact, apex rather obtuse, body-whorl rounded, aperture small, oblique. Length, 4 mill. Dalmatia to Madeira. E. Petitiana, Brusina, which I have made a synonym of E. polita, var. brevis, is referred to this species by Jeffreys. E. ABBREVIATA, Jeffreys. PL 69, fig. 56. Conical, thin, semitransparent, glossy, minutely striate, ivory white, three apical whorls light brown, apex rather blunt ; whorls 7, a little convex, the last long, rounded ; outer lip straight. Length, 3-75 mill. Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.). 276 EULIMA. . E. PYRIFORMIS, Brugnone. PI. 69, fig. 54. Pyriform ; whorls 9, slightly convex, apex rather acute, body- whorl obtusely subangulated, large, outer lip nearly straight, white, apical whorls sometimes brown-tinted. Length, 6 mill. Bay of Biscay to West Coast of Africa, Mediterranean. Some specimens are more or less curved. Described as a fossil. According to Dr. Jeffreys E. chaunax and perhaps E. hians of Watson are synonyms. The characters are the swollen shape of the last whorl, the remarkably flexuous character of the outer lip, and acuminated apex. Var. BIZONATA, with two narrow chestnut bands, one below the suture the other at the periphery, both showing on the spire- whorls. E. FUSCO-APICATA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 55. Slender, thin, transparent, very glossy, microscopically striate, periphery sometimes slightly keeled, vitreous, the apical whorls chestnut brown; whorls 9-11, narrow, rather convex, outer lip remarkably flexuous. Length, 5 mill. Bay of Biscay to Gape Verd Is. E. JEFFREYSII, Tryon. PL 69, fig. 59. Very slender, thick, transparent, very glossy, periphery more or less distinctly keeled, apex obtuse, glassy white; whorls 8, compact and flattened, the last about two-fifths the total length ; mouth rather small. Length, 5 mill. Bay of Biscay to W. Coast of Africa, Azores. Described by Jeffreys as E. solida, a name preoccupied by Sowerby. E. SUBUMBILTCATA, Jeffreys. PL 69, fig. 5t. Short conical, solid, apex obtuse, nearly opaque, white, periphery obtusely angular ; whorls 5, compressed and somewhat rounded, the last two-thirds the total length ; umbilicus shallow, with a small perforation behind the pillar. Length, 1'25 mill. Atlantic Ocean. Probably a young shell. E. MINUTA, Jeffreys. PL 69, fig. 60. Club-shaped, thin, semitransparent and glossy, whitish, per- iphery rounded, apex blunt; whorls 5-6, the last about half the EULIMA. 277 total length ; mouth oval, pointed above, outer lip somewhat thickened. Length, 2 mill. Strait of Messina ; Morocco. E. GLABRA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 61. Awl-shaped, solid, semitransparent, polished, whitish, tinged with brownish yellow, apex blunt, periphery rounded ; whorls 8, flatly convex, the last half the total length. Length, 3'75 mill. W. Coast of Africa. E. ACUTALTS, Jeffreys. PL 69, fig. 62. Thin, semitransparent, periphery keeled, white, apex sharp; whorls slightly convex ; aperture a little pointed below. Length, 1-25 mill. Mediterranean. E. PERMINIMA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 63. Slender, rather solid, semitransparent, white, slightly tinged with yellowish brown on the body-whorl, apex bluntly pointed ; whorls 6-7, compressed and compact. Length, T25 mill. Zetland, Mediterranean. E. GENTILOMIANA, Issel. PL 69, fig. 64. Subulate, very slightly curved, white; whorls 11, flattened, suture margined, periphery rounded, apex acute. Length, 4 mill. Eed Sea. E. PAIVENSIS, Watson. PL 69, fig. 58. Solid, whorls 7-8 ; a little rounded, suture slightly margined ; transparent white, obsoletely stained with rust color, forming indistinct bands. Length, 4 mill. Madeira. E. DENTIENS, Dunker. PL 70, fig. 1. Thick, white, very shining ; whorls 6-7, a little convex, the last half the total length ; lip thickened, dilated, obsoletely minutely tridentate within, at the base. Length, 8 mill. Viti Islands. Un figured and Undetermined Species. E. AFFINIS, E. CONICA, E. GRAciLis, E. ARCUATA, C. B. Adams. Jamaica. E. NUTANS, E. EBURNEA, Muhlfeldt. West Indies. E. BREVIUSCULA, D unker. Brazil. 278 EULIMA. E. COMPACTA, E. THERSITES, Carpenter. California. E. FUSCOSTRIGATA, Carpenter. Gape St. Lucas, L. California. E. BERYLLINA, E. NANA, E.ciONELLA, Monterosato. Mediterranean. E. MICROSTOMA, Brusina. Mediterranean. E. CARNEOLA, Gould. Japan. E. ACICULATA, Pease. Sandwich Islands. E. CHYD^A, E. CYLINDRATA, E. GOMPHUS, E. IJYALINA. E. PSILA, E. FASCIATA, E. CHASCANON, Watson. West Indies. E. EPHAMILLA, E. oxrLATA (Philippines), E. ACANTHYLLIS (Sand- wich Islands), E. ACERRIMA (Cape York, Australia), E. SA- RissA.(Pernambuco),E.-LATiPES ( Torres Straits), E. FAMELICA (Azores), E. CHYTA (Ascension Island), E. CAMPYLA (Cape York, Australia), E. FALLAX (Viti /*.), E. AMELIA (between Marion and Prince Edward Is.), E. HEBES (Pernambuco), E. DISSTMILIS (Port Jackson, Australia), E. EURYCHADA ( Cape York. Australia) , all of Watson (Challenger Exped. Shells). E. ANGULATA, E. ACICULARIS, E. CHRYSALLIDA, E. CLAVULA, E. CURVATA, E. DENTALIOPSIS, E. DEBILTS, E. EBURNEA, E. FLEXA, E. GIBBOSULA, E. INDEFLEXA, E. ODONTOIDEA, E. PINGUICULA, E. PANDATA, E. RECLINATA, E. SUBULA, E. SCITULA, E. SEMI- TORTA, E. STENOSTOMA, E. STYLATA, E. VALIDA, all of A. Adams. ' Japan. E. PETTERDI, E. LEGRANDI, Beddome. Tasmania. E. MARGINATA, E. APHELEs, E. TASMANIA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. E. CHATIIAMENSIS, Hutton. = Rissoa variegata, Angas. E. NITENS, $. AMABTLIS, Brazier. Torres Sts., N. Australia. E. AURANTIA, E. VITREA, Petterd. Tasmania. E. INCERTA, E. DUBIA, Anton. Hob. unknown E. BIPARTITA, Morch. Sonsonate, Central Ama. E. GUILDINGII, A. Ad. West Indies. E. ACLTS, A. Ad. Singapore. E. INCERTA, d'Orb. Cuba. Subgenus SUBULARIA, Monts., 1884. E. VARIANS, Sowb. PI. 70, figs. 65-67. Narrow, thin, pale fawn color, broadly brown banded, or with two narrow bands, or entirely brown. Length, 10-12 mill. Xipixapi, Central America. EULIMA. E. RUTILA, Carpenter. PL 70, fig. 68. ^ — ' — - — -^*- Thin, glassy, narrow, apex attenuated ; whorls 10, irregularly banded and blotched with pale red. Length, 7 mill. California. E. ELEGANTISSIMA, Folin. PL 70, fig. 69. Pellucid, very shining ; whitish, with two pale chestnut, nar- row, distant bands and oblique chestnut strigations ; whorls 10, rather convex ; lip brown tinted. Length, 5 mill. W. Coast of Central Ama. E. BIVITTATA, H. and A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 70. Attenuated, pale with two linear approximate chestnut bands in the middle, showing on the spire whorls. Length, 10 mill. Sooloo Sea. Described by Adams and Reeve as E. bilineata, preoccupied by Alder. E. SUBULATA, Donovan. PL 70, fig. 71. Narrow, rather thin, semitransparent, yellowish white, with three pairs of narrow chestnut bands on the body-whorl, and two pairs on the spire whorls, sometimes each pair coalescing into a single wider band. Length, 12-16 mill. England to Mediterranean. It is Strombiformis glaber, Dacosta ; E. fasciata, Renieri ; E. trifasciata, Adams ; E. flavocincta, Megerle ; E. Cambes^e- desii, Payr.; E. Donovani, Forbes ; E. lineata, Sowb. Yar. PALLIDULA, Jeffreys. Bands of a paler color, and more or less interrupted. E. BILTNEATA, Alder. PL 70, figs. 72-74. Like the preceding species, but usually smaller ; with a single pair of bands in the middle, and sometimes an obscure band just below the suture; upper whorls with a pair or occasionally a single band ; some specimens have a tawny streak or blotch at the base. Length, 8 mill. Norway to Mediterranean Sea. Scarcely more than a variety of E. subulata. E. BIFASCIATA, d'Orb. PL 70, fig. 75. Acicular, spire sharp pointed; whorls about 12, white, with two distant narrow chestnut bands, visible on the spire. Length, 6 mill. Cuba. 280 EULIMA. E. ruLVOciNCTA, C. B. Adams. PL TO, fig. 76. Whorls few, subventricose ; whitish, with two interrupted chestnut bands. Length, 4 mill. Jamaica. E. VINCTA, A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 77. Subfusiform, thin, pale, with two narrow chestnut lines on the middle ; whorls a little convex, apex sharp pointed. Length, 4 mill. Japan. The species figured as E. vincta in the Conch. Icon, has no authority appended, but as the description corresponds, I sup- pose it to be this species. E. SAMOENSIS, Crosse. PL 70, fig. 78. Highly polished, pellucid white, with obscure, interrupted chestnut lineate maculations, and occasional chestnut-tinted varices; whorls 10-11, somewhat flattened, margin of aperture chestnut. Length, 9 mill. S 'a moan Is. This may be a highly colored state of E. acicula, Gould. E. UNILINEATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 70, fig. 79. Thin, white, with a single narrow peripheral chestnut line, appearing on the spire. Length, 12 mill. Sooloo Sea. E. METCALFEI, A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 83. Whorls very few, the last large, oval, subpellucid, white, orna- mented with an interrupted chestnut band, and undulating oblique lines. Length, 11 mill. Sandwich Is. (W. H. Pease). E. RECTA, C. B. Ad. PL 70, fig. 81. Semipellucid, white, with a very pale rosy tinge; whorls few, straight, the last oval, ventricose. Length, 10 mill. Panama. E. ACUTA, Sowb. PL 70, fig. 82. Elongate, subcylindrical, dull white; whorls 12, rather flat- tened ; aperture narrow. Length, 8 mill. Bay of Montija, W. Coast of Central Am. The apex is rather obtuse than acute. EULIMA. 281 E. NIVEA, A. Ad. PL tO, fig. 84. White, semipellucid ; whorls a little convex, suture margined, columella subtortuous and thin. Length, 7 mill. Japan. E. PURA, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 85. White, pellucid ; whorls numerous, short, straight, suture mar- gined ; aperture narrow, columella rather tortuous. Length, 7*5 mill. Japan. Narrower than the preceding species. E. PAUXILLUS, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 86. White, pellucid ; whorls short, rather flattened, suture margined, aperture short, columella tortuous. Length, 6 mill. Japan. Judging by the figures, this species ought to be united to the preceding. E. clara^A. Ad. (unfigured) is made a synonym by Sowerby. E. MARI.E, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 87. Whitish, opaque, subcylindrical ; whorls short, rather straight, suture distinct, apex obtuse, columella long, rather straight. Length, 10 mill. Japan. E. MANZONIANA, Issel. PL 70, fig. 88. Subulate, smooth, very shining, white, apex acute ; whorls 8, "planulate, the last attenuated at the base ; aperture small, narrow. Leno'th, 2*5 mill. Gulf of Suez, Bed Sea. E ACUTISSIMA, Sowerby. PL 70, figs. 89, 90. Pellucid, wrhite, very thin, acuminated; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last large ; aperture narrow, columella long, rather straight. Length, 9 mill. Sydney, Australia. I consider E. Lesbia, Angas (fig. 90), a synonym. E. PEASET, Tryon. PL 70, fig. 91. Small, white, pellucid, short, somewhat arched and depressed in the middle ; whorls few, suture margined ; aperture expanded below. Length, 4'5 mill. Sandwich Islands. Appears from the figure to be more like a true Eulima. 282 EULIMA. Described by Pease as E. distorta, a name preoccupied by Defrance. E. ACICULA, Gould. PI. 70, figs. 92-95. Transparent white, blotched and obsoletely margined at the suture with pale fawn color, highly polished ; whorls short, rather straight, numerous. Length, 8-9 mill. Fiji and Sandwich Is. Described as a Stylifer, and may possibly belong to that genus. The synonyms are E. aciculata, Sowb. (fig. 93), E. pyramidalis, Sowb. (fig. 94), and E. vitrea, A. Ad. (fig. 95). E. ATTENUATA, Sowb. PI. 70, fig. 97. Elongated, subcylindrical, narrow, semipellncid, white, faintly banded at the suture; whorls 13, flat, the last oblong, apex mucronate ; aperture narrow, outer lip produced in the middle, subernarginated beneath, cplumella oblique. Length, 13 mill. Viti Is. Probably only a large form of the preceding species. E. HEMPHILLII, Dall. PI. 70, fig. 96. Slender, subulate, brilliantly polished ; whorls 9-10, flattened, suture inconspicuous ; dark chocolate brown to blackish, with a lighter stripe at the suture. Length, 3 mill. Cedar Keys, Fla. A beautiful little species, remarkably colored. Section HALIELLA, Monts., 1S7S. E. STENOSTOMA, Jeffreys. PL 70 fig. 80. • Thin, white, semipellucid ; whorls very slightly convex, the last subangulated in the middle, aperture narrow, columella long, vertical. Length, 6-5 mill. Norway — Mediterranean. Un figured Species of Leiostraca. E. CLAVELLA, E. NIXA, E. NITIDA, E. LANCEATA, E. LEACHII, E. LABIATA, E. TURGIDULA, E. TANT[LLA,E.LEPIDA, E. SPICULUM, E. ARIEL, E. TITANIA, E. OBERON, E. CONSTANTIA, E. CASTA, E. LENTIGINOSA, E. HAST ATA, E. SUBULINA, E. MlRANDA, E. EtJLIMA. 283 METULTNA, E. PISTILLUM, E. CKYSTALLINA, E. PUS1LLA, E. PYGM^A, E. PUSIO, E. EXIGUA, E. NANA, E. PUMtLA, E. PICTURATA, E. CONSPURCATA, E. BIZONA, E. CIRCUMCINCTA, E. BIFASCIALIS, E. T.^NIATA, E. BALTEATA, E. GRACILENTA, E. C1NCTELLA, E. CINGENDA, E. INTERRUPTA, E. TANTILLA, E. CRASSULA, E. INQUINATA, E. SC1TULA, E. SPRETA, E. HUMIL1S, all of A. Adams. Japan. E. MONTROUZIERI, Souverbie. N. Caledonia. E. JEFFREYSIANA, Brusina. Adriatic Sea. E. ONYCHINA, Folin. (Desc. and Fig. not accessible to me.) West Indies. Subgenus BACULA, H. and A. Adams, 1863. E. MIRIFICA, Nevill. PI. 70. fig. 98. White, shining; whorls 15, very narrow, tortuous, closely, minutely, spirally striated ; columella bent backwards below ; aperture striate within. Length, 8 mill. Ceylon. E. STRIATA, H. and A. Adams (unfigured). China Sea. Subgenus APICALTA, A. Adams, 1862. The distinctions between Apicalia and Mucronalia are slight. The type species of the present group is unfortunately unfigured, and the two additional species appear to me rather to belong to Mucronalia, the spire being straight. E. HOLDSWORTHT, A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 99. Thin, polished, ashy white, light brownish towards the apex, suture distinct, with a subpellucid, narrow margin; whorls 10, convex, apex styliform. Length, 6 mill. Ceylon. E. GUNTHERT, Angas. PI. 70, fig. 100. Thin, subpellucid, shining, horn colored; whorls 7, narrowly shouldered below the suture, the last large, inflated, scarcely angulated at the periphery, apical whorls wanting. Length, 14 mill. New South Wales. E. GIBBA, A. Ad. (unfigured). Japan. 284 EULIMA. Subgenus MUCRONALIA, A. Ad., 1862. E. GRACILIS, Pease. PL 70, fig. 4. Solid, polished, shining, white; whorls 7, convex, with deep suture. Length, 4 mill. Tahiti. Resembles somewhat in form Apicalia Guntheri, Angas. E. NITIDULA, Pease. PL 70, fig. 2. . Solid, shining ; whorls well rounded, stained with brown, apex white, mucronate, aperture small, columella short, rather twisted. Length, 4 mill. Sandwich Is. E. SUBPELLUCIDA, Pease. PL 70, fig. 3. Short, ventricose, thin, lower part of body-whorl semitrans- parent; whorls few, spire straight, suture narrowly margined, last whorl obscurely angulated on the periphery, varices few, indistinct. Length, 20 mill. Tahiti. In this species the columella is somewhat drawn back below, making the aperture a little oblique ; the tenuity of the body- whorl below the angle is the most distinguishing feature. E. MUCRONATA, Sowb. PL 70, fig. 5. Cylindrical, pellucid, narrow, with seven flat whorls and three additional apical ones which are suddenly contracted, mucronate, suture margined, aperture narrow, columella oblique, slightly tortuous. Length, 10 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. E. SANDWICHENSIS, Sowb. PL 70, fig. 2i. Yentricose, thin, white, opaque ; whorls few, convex, the last rounded, opaque below. Length, 1C mill. Sandwich Islands. E. OBESULA, A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 6. Yentricose, rather transparent, tinged with pale rose-color ; whorls few, convex, rapidly increasing. Length, 9 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. E. ROSEA. Pease. PL 70, fig. 7. Conical, solid, rosy-brown ; whorls 7, rounded ; aperture rather round. Length, 5 mill. Sandwich Is. More conical in shape than E. nitidula. EULIMA. 285 E. FULVESCENS, A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 11. Small, hyaline, light brown, ventricose ; whorls few, rounded ; apex mucronate ; aperture a little laterally produced. Length, 4'5 mill. Ins. Labuan. E. CALEDONICA, Morelet. PL 70, fig. 10. Shining, smooth, polished, rather solid, whitish, more or less stained with light fawn-color ; whorls 7-8, slightly convex, a little curved, suture submargined, apex sharply mucronate. Length, 6 mill. New Caledonia, Viti Is. E. obesula is larger, with more rounded whorls ; E. rosea and E. fulvescens have more convex whorls and the spire is straight. E. SURVENTRICOSA, Sowb. PL 70, fig. 13. White, short, rather solid, oval ; whorls few, inflated ; aperture oval, short, outer lip thin. Length, 6'5 mill. Hab. unknown. E. MINDOROENSIS, Ad. and Reeve. PL 70, fig. 8. Whitish, thin, short, ventricose ; whorls few, inflated, the last large, oval, aperture rather oval, columella slightly tortuous. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. It has been extensively distributed from the Viti Islands under the name of E. brevicula, Bunker. I do not know whether this name has been published. E. BICINCTA, E. EXILIS, E. LACTEA, E. suBULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. Subgenus SELMA, A. Ad., 1864. E. SUCCINIOLA, A. Ad. Elongately oval, thin, rimate, subdiaphanous, corneous, tinged with chestnut-color, spire short ; whorls 3^, scarcely convex, the last large ; aperture oblong ; inner lip chestnut-stained, with a spiral, chestnut-colored plica, outer lip simple. Japan. This, the only species, is unfigured. No dimensions are given. 286 EULIMA. Subgenus STYLIFERINA, A. Adams, 1860. Adams writes concerning this group : — The genus Entoconcha of J. Milller, which is parasitic on Sinapta, also has "the columellar margin straight;1' but the form is described as being very different from Styliferina, there being almost no spire, and the aperture being transverse and semilunar. I have never seen a specimen of Entoconcha, which is also said to be operculate. My shells were, unfortunately, in the case of both the species, dredged dead, though perfect. I examined dozens of the blue Asterinse that came up with them, but found no parasite, nor was I more fortunate with Spatangi or Clypeasteres. In describing E. callosa, Mr. Adams places the group in Litio- pidse ; Dr. Fischer and myself have continued to regard it as a member of the present family. E. ORTHOCHILA, E. GONOCHiLA, A. Adams (unfigured). Japan. E. CALLOSA, A. Adams (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. E. TURRITA, Carpenter (unfigured). California. Subgenus LAMBERTIA, Souverbie, 1869. E. MONTROUZIERI, Souverbie. PI. 70, fig. 15. Pupiform, thin, very smooth, polished, translucent, white, with very numerous milk-white lineolations ; whorls 5, convex, rapidly enlarging, apex short, styliform, mamillary. Length, 10 mill. New Caledonia. Described from a single specimen. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 186T. E. JAPONJCA, A. Adams. PI. 70, fig. 16. Rather solid, globose, short, spire produced, attenuated, acuminated, last whorl globose, aperture rather short, acuminated below, columella tortuous, rather solid. Length, 6'5 mill. Japan. E. GLABRATA, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 12. Small, white, polished, spire with few whorls, the last one elongated, columella rather straight. Length, 11 mill. Japan, NISO. 287 E. SEMISTRIATA, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 17. White, partially very finely spirally striated; whorls 4, the last ovate, oblong. Length, 12 mill. Japan. Subgcnus SCALENOSTOMA, Desb., 1803. E. CARINATA, Desh. PI. .70, fig. 14. White ; whorls 11, the earlier ones a little convex, subsequently planulate, the periphery carinate, base convex. Length, 13 mill. Ide of Bourbon. E. APICULATA, Souverbie. PI. 70, fig. 18. White, translucent; whorls 13, rather convex, the last only showing a strong peripheral carina. Length, 7 '5 mill. New Caledonia. E. RANGII, Folin. PI. 70, fig. 20. . Yellowish; whorls 12, smooth, periphery carinate. Length, 2 '7 mill. Panama. E. DESHAYESII, A. Ad. (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. Subgenus SUBEULIMA, Souverb., 1875. E. LAMBERTI, Souverb. PI. 70, fig. 19. Shell much curved, consisting of twelve whorls, with carinated periphery, the upper whorls with fine spiral striae, soiled white. Length, 19 mill. New Caledonia. On the right side are varices as in the curved species of Eulima ; in fact this appears to be simply a Scale nostoma with curved spire. Genus NISO, Risso, 1826. N. SPLENDIDULA, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 24. Solid, smooth, whitish purple, interruptedly brown-banded on the periphery, above and below the suture, and surrounding the umbilicus ; whorls numerous, suture and varices impressed and edged with brown. Length, 1*5 inches. S. Elena , W. Co. of Central America. 288 Niso. N. MARMORATA, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 21. Solid, whitish tessellately marbled with chestnut; whorls rather convex, the last rounded. Length, 23 mill. Philippine Islands. N. INTERRUPTA, Sowb. PI. 71, figs. 22, 23. Whitish, shining, with linear chestnut truncated spots at the varices, sometimes obsolete ; whorls numerous, the last with angular periphery. Length, 19. mill. West Coast of Central America (Cuming). Dunker includes it in his Japanese list (Moll. Mar. Jap., 89). N. BRUNNEA, Sowb. PL 71, fig. 25. Solid, chocolate brown ; whorls convex, the last slightly angu- lar on the periphery, and paler on the angle, umbilicus small. Length, 17 mill. Isl. of Hanan, China Sea. N. GONIOSTOMA, A. Ad PI. 71, fig. 26. Solid, pale fawn-color, with a wide light chestnut-colored band; whorls numerous, short. Length, 20 mill. Isl. of Burias, Philippines. N. TEREBELLUM, Chemn. PI. 71, fig. 27. Solid, fawn-color, paler at the suture and around the umbilicus ; whorls numerous, short, a little convex, umbilicus surrounded by a keel. Length, 23 mill. Nicobar. N. CANDIDULA, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 28. Solid, white ; whorls short, rather convex, umbilicus moderate, columella arched. Length, 23 mill. Philippines. N. SANDWICHENSIS, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 29. > White, solid, last whorl broad, angular ; umbilicus small, round, aperture acute below. Length, 8 mill. Sa n dwich Isl an ds. N. ^GLEES, Bush. PI. 71, fig. 39. Thin, semitransparent, smooth, shining; whorls 12, suture indistinctly defined by a dark chestnut line; above and below this there is an indefinite band of yellowish white, becoming gradually yellowish, light brownish or purple-brown towards the middle of the whorls, periphery angulated, umbilicus margined 289 by a chestnut line, margin of aperture also chestnut-colored, at irregular intervals the whorls are somewhat obliquely crossed by chestnut lines. Length, 7'5 mill. Cape Hatter as, North Carolina. N. TRILINEATA, Morch (unfigured). Guinea. N. OBTUSA, Anton (unfigured). Hab. unknown. Section YOLUSIA, A. Ad., 1861. N. IMBRICATA Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 31. Whitish, longitudinally striated and lineated with red ; whorls concave above the periphery— which is subangular. Length, 19 mill. St. Elena , W. Coast of Central America. Genus HOPLOPTEROX, Fischer, 1876. H. TERQUEMI, Fischer. PI. 71, figs. 33-35. Minute, thin, white, translucent, shining ; whorls 7, the first four smooth, minutely flexuously striated, the others developing a long wing on either side. Length, 1-15 mill. China Sea. A section of this singular shell shows it to be similar to Eulima as to its interior. The figures represent different stages of growth. Genus STYL1FER, Brod., 1832. S. STIMPSONIT, Verrill. PL 71, fig. 37. White, swollen, spire short, rapidly enlarging; whorls 4-5, the last very large, smooth, a slightly impressed revolving line just below the suture. Length, 3*75 mill. George's Bank, Block Island, off Coast of New Jersey, on Echini. S. TURTONI, Brod. PI. 71, figs. 32, 36. Subglobose, spire small, acuminated, produced ; whorls angular above, the last very large ; outer lip very sinuous. Length, 4'5 mill. Northern Europe to Canary Is., on Echini. This species is found near the anal opening of its host, and Dr. Jeffreys was therefore of opinion that it derived its nourish- 19 290 STYLIFER. merit from the excrement of the urchin, and that its suctorial proboscis, and the absence of a radula or jaw supports this view. It is Pliasianella stylifera, Turton, S. astericola, Brown, and S. globosus, Johnston. S. ASTERICOLA, Brod. PI. 71, fig. 38. Ovate globose, spire short, acuminated ; whorls few, the apical ones minute, lip sinuously produced above. Length, 10'5 mill. Galapagos Is/., on Astcrias helianthus. S. Broderipii, Adams, is a synonym. S. OVOIDEUS, H. and A. Adams. PI. 11, fig. 39. Subglobose, spire moderately produced ; whorls convex, the apical ones very minute ; aperture pyriform, outer lip slightly compressed above, sinuously produced. Length, 11 mill. Borneo, on an Asterias. This is S. astericola, Ad. and Reeve, not Brod., but I really can see no valid differences between this and the two preceding species. S. ORBIGNYANUS, Hupe. PL 71, fig. 40. Short, ovate, inflated, pellucid, very shining, yellowish white ; whorls 7, well-rounded, with deep suture. Length, 6 mill. Australia. Found -imbedded in the deformed spire of Cidaris imperialis. S. DUBIA, Baird. PI. 71, fig. 41. Shell globose, spire produced, pyramidal, acuminated, apical ; whorls attenuated. Length, 6'5 mill. New Caledonia. S. MITTREI, Petit. PI. 71, fig. 42. Yery smooth, pellucid, yellowish white; whorls 7-8, rounded, suture profound. Length, 11 -5 mill. Indian Seas (Mitt re.), Polynesia (Pease). I have received from Mr. Pease, under his MS. name of Mucro- nalia tumida, a shell which I refer to this species. S. EBURNEUS, Desh. PI. 71, fig. 43. Ivory-white, very shining, polished ; whorls 9, the first two cylindrical, the others very convex, with deep linear sutures. Length, 10 mill. Isle of Bourbon. STYLIFER. 291 S. APICULATUS, Souverbie. PI. 71, fig. 44. Thin, very shining, translucent, subhyaline white, apex milky; whorls 10, very convex, with deep sutures, the five superior ones slowly increasing, the others rapidly, thinly subobliquely striu- late. Length, 1T5 mill. New Caledonia. S. BRAZIERI, Angas. PL 71, fig. 47. Smooth, pellucid, white, polished; whorls 6, flattened just below the suture, which is finely, callously margined, apex styliform. Length, 4 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. S. CuMiNGrANUs, Adams. PL 71, figs. 48, 46. Spire acuminated, apex styliform ; whorls numerous, the last inflated ; aperture short, the coluraella rather straight. Length, 12 mill. Hob. unknown. S. PYRAMIDALTS, Reeve (fig. 46), figured but not described, and no locality given, appears to be very similar. Deshayes ascribes to it a shell from the Isle of Bourbon. S. SUBULATUS, Brod. & Sowb. PL 71, figs. 49, 50. Whorls 9-10, the superior ones styliform, afterwards rounded, suture linear, lightly impressed. Length, 15'5 mill. West Indies. S. bulbiformis, Sowb. (fig. 50), is probably a synonym. S. SPECIOSUS, II. Ad. PL 71, fig. 57. Hyaline, spire attenuated and styliform above and somewhat twisted, lower whorls inflated, somewhat straight-sided ; aperture short, columella rather straight. Length, 16 mill. Mauritius. S. BARRONI, A. Ad. PL 71, fig. 51. White, shining, semipellucid, apex mucronate ; whorls 7, con- stricted, angulated above, longitudinally obliquely striated. Length, 6'5 mill. Hob. unknown. Found on a tropical asterias ; evidently deformed. S. EXARATUS, A. Ad. PL 71, fig. 52. White, shining, semipellucid ; whorls a little convex, trans- versely sulcate, longitudinally lightl}7 striate, suture impressed, 292 STYLIFER. apex mucronate; aperture subeffuse at base, the lip sinuous, the, margin thickened and expanded. Length, 19 mill. Philippines. S. CORALLINUS, Chemn. PL 71, fig. 45. White, subulate, very smooth, thin, pellucid ; whorls about 12. Length, 16 mill. West Indies. S. SUBANGULATUS, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 53. White, shining, semipellucid, apex mucronate, twisted ; whorls numerous, a little convex, with transverse elevated lines, the last with subangulate periphery. Length, 18 mill. West Indies. Morch describes a var. abbreviata. S. THOMASUE, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 58. Attenuated and suddenly contracted towards the apex, last whorl obtusely angular; aperture obliquely subquadrate,colum- ella rather straight, acuminated below. Length, 21 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. S. ATTENUATES, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 55. Yery narrow; whorls numerous, the last one subangular on the periphery, apex a little twisted. Length, 16 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. S. PAULUCXM, Fischer. PI. 71, fig. 54. White, smooth, shining, semipellucid ; whorls 11-12, the em- bryonal ones laterally deflexed, the others subrotund, suture lightly impressed. Length, 10 mill. Eed Sea. S. DEFORMTS, Pease. PI. 71, fig. 56. Thin, smooth, shining, pellucid, white, indistinctly longitudi- nally striated; whorls 6-10, convex, suture narrowly margined, last whorl swollen. Length, 12 mill. Paumotus. Pease writes : " scarcely two specimens agree in shape," a lesson to the species makers. S. FASTIGIATUS, A. Ad. PL 71, fig. 59. Slightly perforated, spire acuminated, apex attenuated and obliquely bent; whorls numerous, rather convex, the last large, round, aperture narrow. Length, 19 mill. Hob. unknown. STYLItfER. 293 S. SOLIDUS, A. Ad. PL 71, fig. 60. Subulate, rather solid, opaque ; whorls numerous, the apical small, tortuous ; aperture rather short, acuminated below. Length, 12'5 mill. Hob. unknown. S. TASMANICUS, Tenison-Woods. PL 71, fig. 61. Milky-white, pellucid, smooth, shining; whorls 7, convex, suture impressed. Length, 4 mill. Tasmania. Figured from a specimen. Is it not rather an Eulima ? Unfigured Species. S. CURTA, Yerrill. Off Martha's Vineyard, 410 fms. S. BRYCHINA, Watson. So. Atlantic. S. COMATULICOLA, Graff. Mediterranean. S. LODDER^; and S. ROBUSTUS, Petterd. Tasmania. S. ROBUSTUS, Pease. Sandwich Is. Subgenus CYTHNIA, Carp., 1864. S. ASTERIAPHILA, Carp, (unfigured). Cape St. Lucas, L. Gal. S. TUMENS, Carp, (unfigured). Mazatlan. S. ALBIDA, Carp. Southern California. Subgenus PLICIFER, H. Adams, 1868. S NEVJLLI, H. Adams. PL 71, fig. 62. Thin, semiopaque, whitish, suture distinct; whorls 6J, styli- form at the apex, the rest irregularly flexuosely striate and spirally lirate ; columella callous, spirally plicate ; lip profoundly sinuated behind. Length, 3*5 mill. Ceylon. FAMILY PYRAMIDELLID^. Shell turriculated, composed of numerous whorls, with long spire, the apex heterostrophe ; aperture entire, the outer lip generally sharp, the columella with one or several plications. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus, the columellar margin sinuated. Animal with flattened, ear-shaped tentacles channeled outside towards their extremity, connate at the base; eyes sessile, immersed at the inner sides of the base ; proboscis long, retrac- tile, coming from an orifice situated immediately below the base of the tentacles; veil distinct, elongated, entire or divided in front reaching to the anterior margin of the foot ; foot truncated or sinused in front, extending far beyond the head, attenuated behind. Probably carnivorous, but the lingual teeth are want- ing, or rudimentary. No zoological characters of importance separate this family from the Turbonillidse ; the distinction is mainly one of conve- nience, the present group containing those shells, usually larger, having two or more columellar plications (only one in Syrnola), the Turbonillidoe being composed of minute shells having a single small plication, or without any. The heterostrophe and turned-over summit of the spire is one of the most remarkable features of the shell, a character found in few other families of mollusks. In the animal the presence of a mentum or veil is also a curious feature. It is developed below the mouth, and may be derived from the conjunction of buccal tentacles, or perhaps represents the propodium, as in Natica. The genus P37ramidella and its subgroups contain all the living species of the family, and a few fossils, cretaceous and tertiary ; the other genera are exclusively fossil. " The Pyramidellidae present subjects of much interest to the students of extinct mollusca ; numerous forms, bearing all the aspect of being mem- bers of this familj- occur. . . . Mai^ of them are gigantic compared with existing species, and the group, as a whole, may (294) 295 be regarded rather as appertaining to past ages than the present epoch." — FOBBES. Pyramidella and Obeliscus have been monographed by : Kiener, Coquilles vivantes, 6 species. Arthur Adams in Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, 53 species. Reeve, Conch. Icon., xv, 45 species, 1862. Synopsis of Genera. Genus PYRAMIDELLA, Lam., 1799. Shell turriculated, of many whorls, longitudinally ribbed or smooth ; aperture semioval, entire, rounded in front, the columella straight, with anterior strong plications, outer lip sharp, often plicate within. Inhabits tropical seas. Fossil, cretaceous and tertiary. Subgenus PYRAMIDELLA (sensu stricto). Shell smooth — typically with perforated axis. P. DOLABRATA, Linnaeus. Obeliscus (Humphrey, 1791), Morch, 1852, is a synonym. Section LONCH^US, Morch, 1874. Shell imperforate, last whorl with a median sulcus. P. PUNCTATA, Chemn. Section TRIPTYCHUS, Morch, 1874. Shell subulate, spirally paucilirate, aperture lirate within, sub- sinuated in front, columella triplicate. P. NIVEA, Morch. Section AMOURA, de Folin, 1873. Shell subcylindrical, elongated, with feeble longitudinal ribs and two spiral cords ; last whorl concentrically striated at the base ; columella biplicate. P. ANGULIFERA, Folin. Section TIBERIA, Jeffreys, 1875. Shell very small, umbilicated, columella biplicate. P. NITIDULA, A. Ad. Subgenus OTO PLEURA, Fischer, 1885. Shell oval, turriculated, pupiform, with longitudinal ribs; aperture oval, subchanneled at the base of the columella ; colu- 296 mella with several plications, lip thickened, often expanded. P. AURIS-CATI, Chemn. This is the restricted Pyramidella of H. and A. Adams and most of their successors ; the smooth shells which Lamarck designated by that name, being generally known as Obeliscus. The erroneous application of these names has become so well- established that I confess I follow Dr. Fisher with some reluc- tance in his correction of the errors. Subgenus SYRNOLA, A. Adams, 1860. Shell small, subulate, polished ; whorls flattened, suture well marked ; columelia with a single plication, outer lip simple. The Syrnolae are small, slender Pyramidellids, with a single columellar plait. P. GRACILLINA, A. Ad. Section AGATHA, A. Ad., 1860. Shell oval acuminated ; spiral plication very strong. P. AUS- TRALIS, Angas. Section AMATHIS, A. Adams, 1861. Aperture dilated, rounded in front, acute behind. Possibly synonymous with Agatha. P. VJRGO, A. Ad. • Section OSCTLLA, A. Adams, 186T. Shell solid, ovate or pyramidally turreted, im perforate; whorls strongly spirally lirate ; aperture oval or subquadrate, with a strong, transverse, median parietal plication. P. ANNULATA, A. Ad. • Section ORINA, A. Adams, 1870. Shell conoidal, profoundly umbilicated ; whorls flattened, smooth ; aperture subquadrangular, with a single columellar fold. O. PINGUICULA, A. Ad. Section ELUSA, A. Adams, 1861. Shell subulate, turreted ; whorls longitudinally plicate ; aper- ture ovate, columelia with a single plait, outer lip lirate within. P. SUBULATA, P. TERES, A. Ad. The above groups are all founded on Japanese species, mostly unfigured ; the characters appear to be unimportant. PYRAMIbELLID^. 29? Subgenus CHRYSALLTDA, Carpenter, 1857. Shell small, pupiform, generally cancellated; peristorne con- tinuous, edge of lip simple, columella profoundly but distinctly plaited ; operculum (in the typical species) radiately corrugated. West Coast of America, Japan, West Indies. P. COMMUNIS, C. B. Ad. This group might be equally well placed in Odostomia. Section MORMULA, A. Ad., 1863. Subulately turreted, rissoid, solid, thick, longitudinally plicate ; aperture large, columella spirally tortuous, lip thickened within, margin acute. P. RISSOINA, P. ACLIS, A. Ad. Lancea, Pease, 1867, is a synonym. Section STYLOPTYGMA, A. Ad., 1860. Shell pupiform, subpellucid ; whorls a little convex, with transverse grooves ; aperture subquadrangular, lip dilated, colu- mella obliquely plicate above. P. STYLINA, A. Adams. Subgenus ACT^EOPYRAMIS, Fischer, 1885. Shell elongate, imperforate, subconical ; whorls numerous, with spiral striae, sometimes cancellated; aperture oval-elongated, rounded in front ; columella with a strong spiral fold. P. STRIATA, Gray. The name is substituted for Monoptyyma, Gray, 1840, preoc- cupied by Lea, 1833. These shells recall the genus Actseon by their form and sculpture, and may possibly include some of the small groups Myonia, Kleinella and Leucotina of A. Adams, now arranged with that genus. Section MUMIOLA, A. Adams, 1863. Shell thin, elongate or ovate; whorls convex, cancellate or granulose; aperture ovate, the lip-margin regularly arcuate. P. SPIRATA, A. Adams. Philippines. Section CARELTOPSIS. Morch, 1874. Shell turriculated, having the form of Carelia Cumingii. P, STYLIFORMIS, Morch. Went Indies. 298 PYKAMIDELLID^E. Genus SYRXOLOPSIS, E.. A. Smith, 1880. Shell subulate, smooth, imperforate ; aperture broadly sinuated at the base, outer lip sinuous, slightly thickened, furnished far within with one or two prominent lirae, columella with a distinct plait. Operculum unknown. S. LACUSTRIS, Smith. Lake Tanga- nyika, E. Africa (fresh water). The systematic position of this group is very uncertain : being lacustrine, Dr. Fischer has included it with doubt in the Hydro- biinse, but the characters of the shell (the apex is eroded) ap- pear to me to be closer to the present family. * * * Genus NERIXJBA, Defrance, 1825. Shell elongated, many-whorled, nearly cylindrical; aperture channeled and produced in front, with plications within the outer lip and on the columella. About 150 species, Jurassic and Creta- ceous. N. TRINODOSA, d'Orb., Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 10; N. TRACHEA, Desh., Ibid. t. 68, f. 13. Section NERIN^EA (sensu stricto). Folds simple, two or three on the columella, one or two within the outer lip ; axis solid or perforated. Section NERINELLA, Sharpe, 1850. Columella solid, folds simple, one on the outer lip, and one or none on the columella. Section TROCHALIA, Sharpe, 1850. Columella perforated, with one fold, outer wall simple, or thickened, or with one simple fold. Section PTYGMATTS, Sharpe, 1850. Columella solid or perforated, usually with three folds ; outer wall with one to three folds, some of them complicated in form. Subgenus HALLOYSTA, Briart and Cornet, 1878. Shell elongated, turriculated ; whorls numerous, axis widely umbilicated ; aperture rounded or subquadrangular, columella biplicate. N. BIPLTCATA, Br. et Corn. Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 14. L. Eocene of Mons, Belgium. PYRAMIDELLA. 299 Subgenus CRYPTOPLOCUS, Pictet and Campiche, 1854. Shell like Nerinaea, but without columellar or labral plaits ; there is one plication on the posterior face of the aperture (as in some Cerithiums) ; aperture rounded in front, without channel; axis umbilicated or imperforate ; 7 species, Jurassic and Cre- taceous. Europe. N. MONILIFERA, d'Orb. Subgenus APTYXIS, Zittel, 1873. Shell turreted, nearly c}^lindrical, imperforate; whorls numer- ous, not embracing; aperture lengthened subquadrangular, without plications, the columella with a fold-like thickening. The synonyms are Pachystylus, Gemmellaro, 1878, and Aptyxi- ella, Fischer, 1885. The latter name was given because of Aptyxis, Troschel, 1868 — which, however, is a synonym. A. SEXCOSTATA, d'Orb. Jurassic. ? Genus SOLENISCUS, Meek and Worthen, 1860. Shell fusiform, smooth, bodj'-whorl contracted below into a distinct canal, columella with a single oblique plait. S. TYPICUS, Meek. Carboniferous, Illinois. Genus PYRAMIDELLA, Lam., 1799. Typical Group. P. VENTRICOSA, Guerin. PI. 72, figs. 63-65. Slightly striated longitudinally, the last whorl ventricose ; yellowish white with irregular light chestnut undulating longi- tudinal stripes, more or less intensified into revolving bands ; columella triplicate. Length, 1-25 inches. Viti Islands, Vanikoro, Singapore. Besides the type, I figure a white variety. P. scitula, A. Ad. (fig. 65), is only a younger state of this species. P. CINCTA, Reeve. PL 72, fig. 66. Smooth, white, with a broad central chestnut zone, appearing on the spire whorls ; columella triplicate, perforation narrow. Length, 20 mill. / Philippines. 300 PYRAMIDELLA. P. FASTIGIUM, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 67. White, polished, narrowly umbilicated, last whorl large, obso- letely angulated on the periphery ; columella triplicate, outer lip strongly plicate within. Length, 18 mill. Isl. of Bohol, Philippines. P. PERFORATA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 68. Widely and deeply umbilicated, white, polished, with a spiral pale chestnut band ; whorls flattened, the last large, subangulate on the periphery. Length, 16 mill. St. John's, W. I. P. BALTEATA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 69. Umbilicated, white, shining, with a chestnut band, the whorls flattened, the last one subangulated on the periphery, columella biplicate. Length, 6'5 mill. Isl. Mindanao, Philippines. P. PUSILLA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 70. White, perforate, apex obtuse ; whorls rather flattened, suture deep, last whorl subangulate ; columella biplicate. Length, 4*5 mill. L u zon ,N Philippin es . P. DOLABRATA, Linn. PI. 72, figs. 71-74. Umbilicated, smooth, white, with three or four narrow chest- nut spiral lines on the body, and two on the spire-whorls ; outer lip often lirate within. Length, 1-1 '4 inches. West Indies. Strombus columella, Meusch., is a synonym. Yar. SUBDOLABRATUS, Morch. Shell thin, shortly conical, last whorl inflated, lip without ridges. Runs into the type form. West Indies. Yar. TEREBELLUM, Mull. Fig. 73. Whorls somewhat less convex, bands a little wider and choco- late colored. Sandwich Islands, Viti Is., Mauritius, Eed Sea. Usually known under the name of the next variety, with which it is probably synonymous. Yar. TEREBELLOIDES, A. Ad. Fig. 74. More slender than the last variety, columella with two instead of three plicae ; whorls with two or three slim chestnut lines. Length, 1 inch. Polynesia. PYRAMIDELLA. 301 P. PULCHELLA, A. Ad. PL 72, fig. 75. Shell polished, yellowish white, with a sutural chocolate band, appearing on the periphery of the last whorl ; columella with two plications. Red Sea, Japan. Described as having a single plication on the columella, which would place it in Syrnola, but a second plica is more or less developed. Section LONCIUEUS, Morch, 1874. P. ACUS, Gmel. PL 72, figs. 76-78. Polished, white, with dark chestnut or chocolate spots, usually arranged in three revolving series on the spire whorls and five series on the body; columella three-plaited, the upper plait largest, lip sometimes lirate within. Length, 1*25-2 in. Polynesia, Mauritius, Red Sea. It is P. punctata (Chemn.), Morch ; P. guttata, Link, and P. maculosa, Lam. The peripheral groove becomes in this, as in most of the other species of the section, either obsolete or indicated by a slight angle. P. SULCATA, A. Ad. PL 72, figs. 79-83. White, nebulousl}7' longitudinally strigate with pale orange- chestnut, frequently breaking up into revolving series of dots ; aperture channeled at the aperture, columella three-plicate. Length, 1-1-5 in. Sandwich Is., Philippines, Australia, Mauritius, Red Sea. Adams has used for this species a MS. name given it by Nuttall; P. tessellata, A. Ad. (fig. 80), is founded on a younger slimmer individual ; P. monilis, A. Acl. (fig. 81), represents a faded specimen of the same form and age, and P. teres, A. Ad. (fig. 82), is from a still younger, faded specimen. All these forms, and the intermediates, are represented in the series before me. I am inclined to place here also, P. Pratii, Bernardi (fig. 83), a specimen from unknown locality, having the characters of coloration and basal sinus of P. sulcata, but with a deeper per- ipheral groove and angle than usual. P. TURRITA, A. Ad. PL 72, fig. 84, 85. Fulvous, obsoletely maculated with a deeper tint ; whorls 302 PYUAMIDELLA. flattened, suture deep, crenulated, frequently whitish, last whorl with a distinct me'dian sulcus, aperture produced in front. Length, 22 mill. NorLh Australia, New Caledonia. The shell which is figured in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum as P. gracilis, Brocchi (fig. 85), appears to be very similar to this species ; the true P. gracilis is a Turbonilla and = T. lactea, Linn. Issel identifies a Red Sea species with the figure of gracilis in Kiener, but recognizes the distinction of that figure from Brocchi 's species, and calls it P. Kieneri. P. CHEMNITZIANA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 86. Narrowly elongated, white ; whorls numerous, rather flattened, with angle at the suture, and on periphery of last whorl, aperture small, columella two-plaited. Length, 9 mill. Viti Is. P. GARRETTII, Try on. PI. 72, fig. 87. Whorls flattened, yellowish, with chestnut colored nebulous longitudinal strigations, suture channeled, last whorl with a per- ipheral sulcus ; columella three-plicate, the upper fold very strong, lower ones approximate and more oblique. Length, 15 mill. Viti Islands (Garrett). P. CONICA, C. B. Adams. PL 72, figs. 88, 89. Whorls flattened, with deep channeled suture, which is some- times slightly crenulated, periphery also channeled ; fulvous, faintly banded with darker color; aperture produced below, columella triplicate. Length, 13-15 mill. Florida, Panama, Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Cal. Described from Panama; P. variegata, Carp., from Cape St. Lucas, etc., also answers to the description perfectly. I have received -the same species from Sarasota Baj^, Fla., under the erroneous name of P. tessellata, Ads. It was dredged there in two fms. water by Mr. Henry Hemphill. P. hastata, A. Ad. (fig 8(,)), from St. Elena, W. Columbia, is another synonym; it is included by Morch in his West Indian catalogue as a synonym of P. Candida, Meuschen. P. CANALICULATA, Sowb. PI. 73, fig. 90. Whorls flattened, yellowish, banded and spotted with chestnut, with fine longitudinal white raised strigations, appearing like low PYR AMI BELLA. 303 rounded riblets, with occasional darker mac illations, especially on the base, suture and periphery channeled ; aperture channeled at the base, columella straight, three plaited. Length, 15 mill. Sandwich Islands. P. ACHATES, Gould. PI. 73, fig. 91. Shell pupiform, with obtuse apex and elongated aperture ; light fulvous, with pale chestnut maculations in revolving series; suture and periphery channeled ; columella triplicate. Length, 12 mill. W. Coast of Mexico. P. clavulus, A. Ad., is a synonym. P. JUCUNDA, Angas. PI. 73, fig. 92. Smooth, shining, white, with two chestnut bands on each whorl, three on the body-whorl, suture impressed ; u columella with a prominent twisted fold encircling the pillar." Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. According to the description this would be a Syrnola, but the figure shows two columellar folds. P. PAUMOTENSIS, Tryon. PI. 73, fig. 93. Shell thin, smooth, hyaline, white, upper whorls suddenly taper- ing to an acute apex, base slighty produced ; whorls 9, convex, suture margined ; columella slightly callous, with two oblique plaits, the lower one most conspicuous, the upper smaller and deep-seated. Length, 10 mill. Paumotus and Society Islands. The form of the spire and position of the plicae indicate for this species a distinct section of the genus. It much resembles Agatha Australis, Angas, in the lower plication. Described as P. hyalina, Garrett; I have changed the name on account of P. hyalina, D linker. Unfigured Species of Pyramidella and Lonchasus. P. VITREA, A. Ad. (Described as a Syrnola, but afterwards made an Obeliscus = Pyramidella). Japan. P. TRIFASCIATA and P. EBURNEA, A. Ad. Japan. P. SOLIDA, Sowerby. Tranquebar. P. TASMANICA, Petterd. Tasmania. 304 PYRAMIDELLA. P. ROSE A, H utton. New Zealand. P. MINUTA, Phil. Red Sea. P. SUTURALIS, Maltzan. Ins. Goree, W. Africa. P. FLORIDANUS, Morch. West Indies. P. BICOLOR, Menke. California. Section TRIPTYCHUS, Morch, 1874. P. NIVEA, Morch. PI. 73, fig. 1. White, slender ; whorls flattened, each with three spiral ribs, the two upper ones nodulous, body-whorl with two plain ribs below the nodulous ones, and three revolving ridges below the periphery, forming columellar folds ; aperture produced below. Length, 8-5 mill. Key West, Fla. ; West Indies. P. vincta, Dall, is a synonym. The shell is scarcely a Pyra- midella — the sculpture and plications are different. Section AMOURA, de Folin, 1873. P. ANGULIFERA, de Folin. (Description inaccessible to me.) Section TIBERIA, Jeffreys, 1875. P. NITIDULA, A. Adams. PI. 73, fig. 96. Deeply umbilicated, small, white, often banded, smooth ; whorls few, rather flat, suture impressed, columella two-plaited. Length, 4 mill. Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Cape Verd Is., West Indies. These localities are all abundantly confirmed. Dr. Jeffreys writes : " 1 have carefully compared my ' Porcupine ' and Medi- terranean specimens with those from Japan and Corea, which I received from the late Mr. Arthur Adams and my friend Capt. St. John, and I cannot detect the slightest difference between any of them in shape, colored band, umbilicus or dentition of the pillar" (Zool. Proc., 364, 1884). Dr. Jeffreys considers the following synonymous : P, MINUSCULA, Mpnts. ; P. MEDITERRANEA, Monts. ; P. SUBFAR- CINATA and P. TINCTA, Watson ; P. L^EVIUSCULA, Jeffreys (not S. Wood); P. EXILIS (var.), Jeffreys. PYKAMIDELLA. 305 Subgcnus OTOPLEURA, Fischer, 1885. P. AURIS-CATI, Chemn. 'PL 73, fig. 95. Smooth, white, longitudinally ribbed, ribs ending in nodules at the sutures, with spiral rows of chestnut spotsr interstices of the ribs spirally striated. Length, '75-1 inch. Philippines, Mauritius. The synonyms are P. spiralis, Wood, P. plicata, Lam. P. NODICINCTA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 100. White, with spiral rows of chestnut spots ; whorls angulated above, with longitudinal ribs produced into nodules at the angles ; lower part of body-whorl pitted, forming a sort of network be- tween the pits. Length, *75-l inch. Philippines. I think this will prove to be a variety of the foregoing species. P. MITBALIS, A. Ad. PI. 73, figs. 94, 97, 2, 3. Whitish, clouded and indistinctly banded with pale brown; whorls rather convex, longitudinally ribbed, slightly angulated at the suture, interstices spirally striated. Length, 15-18 mill. Philippines, Talieiti ; Mauritius, Red Sea. P. PROPINQUA, A. Ad. (fig. 97). P. VARIEGATA, A. Ad. (fig. 3), and P. MAGNIFICA, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 2), appear to be syno- nyms. P. GLANS, Reeve. PI. 73, fig. 98. White, with a narrow chocolate band above and below the suture, the lower half of the body-whorl chocolate colored, longi- tudinally closely ribbed, the interstices spirally striated. Length, 12 mill. Philippines. Possibly only a variety of the foregoing species. P. NITIDA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 99. Oral, shining, white, sometimes marbled with pale chestnut ; longitudinally flatly ribbed, interstices pitted. Length, 7 '5 mill. Philippines, Viti Is. P. CORRUGATA, Lam. PI. 73, fig. 4. White, with small sparse yellow spots near the suture, longi- tudinally plicate, the interstices spirally striated ; columella three-plaited. Length, 23 mill. Isle of France (Coll. Lamarck). A doubtful species ; looks like a fossil. 20 306 PYRAMIDELLA. Subgenus SYRNOLA, A. Adams, 1860. P. ELEGANS, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 7. Subperforate, longitudinally and spirally striate, apex very acute ; fulvous, with a chestnut line on the periphery and suture ; suture channeled ; whorls flat, periphery obtusety angulated. Length, 9 mill. Singapore. P. BRUNNEA, A. Ad. PL 73, figs. 9, 8. Solid, narrow, yellowish brown; whorls 15, flatly convex, aperture ribbed within. Length, 15 mill. Japan. This species is figured twice in the Conch. Iconica, first under the above name, and again as P. fulva, Sowb. (fig. 8), with brunnea, A. Ad., as a synonym ; Mr. Sowerby being under the impression that his figures represent different species, and that Mr. Adams had described them both as brunnea, whereas the latter only described brunnea once. P. ATTENUATA, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 5. Slender, whitish, shining, finely spirally striated ; whorls flat- tened, suture profound. Length, 11-5 mill. Ins, Bohol, Philippines. P. ADAMSI, Tryon. PL 73, fig. 6. Subulate, polished, smooth, orange-brown ; whorls numerous, flatly convex, suture deep; lip lirate within. Length, 10*5 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. For Obeliscus aclis, A. Ad. Preoccupied by himself in section Mormula. P. ACICULATA, A. Ad. PL 73, figs. 10, 11. Slender, fulvous white; whorls numerous, convex, flattened in the middle, longitudinally substriate, suture deep. Length, 12'5 mill. Ins. Cagayan, Philippines (Cuming); Viti Is. (Garrett). Described as an Obeliscus, and afterwards placed in Syrnola. Sowerby, who includes both in his Pyramidella, apparently supposes them to be distinct species, and changes the name of the one to P. denticulata (fig. 11). If his much enlarged figure is accurate, this is probably a distinct species. PYRAMIDELLA. 307 P. CROCATA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 12. Solid, smooth, yellowish brown; whorls rather flat, suture impressed, periphery rounded. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. GRACILLIMA, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 13. Slender, yellowish white ; whorls flat, the last obtusely angular at the periphery. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. CINCTELLA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 14. Smooth, white, with a chestnut line at the periphery and above the suture; whorls 9, sloping!}-, flatly convex. Length, 10 mill. Japan. P. STRIATULA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 15. Whitish, subpellucid ; whorls 8, slopingly convex, spirally striated ; aperture lirate within. Length, 6 mill. Viti Is. P. ORNATA, Gould. PI. 73, fig. 16. Narrowly cylindrical, smooth ; yellowish white, with a chest- nut line on the periphery and above the suture ; whorls numerous, convex. Length, 6 mill. Coral Sea. According to Sowerby S. columnella, A. Ad. (unfigured), is a synonym. P. CYLINDRELLA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 17. Narrowly subcylindrical, whitish, with a chestnut line on the periphery, appearing above the suture on the spire ; whorls numerous, rather flat, a little swollen near the impressed suture. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. PUPINA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 19. Smooth, white, with a spiral chestnut peripheral line, showing above the suture ; whorls 9, flatly convex, suture impressed ; aperture a little expanded in front. Length, 5 mill. Japan. A little wider than P. cylindrella. P. MODICA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 20. Narrowly cylindrical, obtuse, white with pale bands and a chestnut line above the suture ; whorls 9, flattened, suture impressed. Length, 4 mill. Japan. Appears to be more narrow than P. cylindrella. 308 PYRAMIDELLA. P. SEROTINA, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 21. Narrowly subcylinclrical, white, with a chestnut line above the suture and on the periphery ; whorls 7, the last long, suture well-impressed ; plication far back. Length 3-5 mill. Japan. P. MINUTA, H. Adams. PL 73, fig. 22. Subulate, tumid in the middle, rather solid, polished ; whitish, with a chestnut line above the suture and at the periphery ; suture impressed; whorls 10, flattened; columellar plication conspicuous, transverse. Length, 4 mill. Orotava, Teneriffe. Appears precisely like P. serotina, except that the plica is stronger. P. SUBULINA, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 23. Tapering, pointed, smooth, whitish with a chestnut line above the suture and at the periphery ; whorls numerous, slopingly, flatly convex. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. SMITHII, Try on. PL 73, fig. 18.- Narrowly elongated, polished, white ; whorls 11, plano-convex, with a diaphanous band below the suture; columella with a small plait. Length, 6*5 mill. Whydah, W. Ajrica. Described by Mr. E. A. Smith as S. gracillima, preoccupied by A. Adams. P. TINCTA, Angas. PL 73, fig. 24. Rather solid, smooth, shining, whitish, irregularly banded and marked with brown; whorls 10J, flatly convex, suture deep; columellar plait rather prominent. Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson , Australia. P. SOLIDULA, Dkr. PI, 73, fig. 26. Rather solid, yellowish white; whorls 7, somewhat flattened ; lip.lirate within, columella short with a strong plica. Length, 5 mill. Japan. Var. FASCIATA, Jickeli. Upper whorls with a single chestnut line, two lines on the penultimate and three on the body whorl. Red Sea. PYRAMIDELLA. 309 P. HYALINA, Dkr. PI. 73, fig. 25. Whitish, hyaline, smooth, polished; whorls somewhat convex, suture deep; lip quadrilirate within, columella uniplicate and sinuate above. Length, 5*5 mill. Japan. Unfigured and Undetermined Syrnolx. P. BUXEA, Gould. Japan. P. BIFASCIATA, Woods. Tasmania. P. BIZONALTS, P. D^EDALA, P. LACTEA, P. MERA, P. PISTILLUM, P. TERETIUSCULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. SUBULA, Gould. China Sea. P. LUOIDA, A. Ad. Eed Sea. P. TENUISCULPTA, Lischke (figure inaccessible to me). Japan. Section AGATHA, A. Ad., 1860. P. AUSTRALIS, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 27. Acuminately ovate, rather thin, opaque, whitish; whorls 8, slightly convex, suture a little channeled ; columella with a strong spiral plait. Length, 8 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Section AMATIITS, A. Ad., 1861. P. VIRGO, A. Adams (unfigured). Korea Strait; 46 fms. The following species are added by Mr. Adams, all of them unfigured and from Japan : P. PRODUCTA (Odostomia) and P. PELLUCIDA, P. EBURNEA and P. CONCINNA, described as Menestho. Section OSCTLLA, A. Ad., 1867. P. ANNULATA, A. Adams. PI. 74, fig. 28. Whitish; whorls numerous, flattened, spirally ribbed, the interstices longitudinally striated ; columella with a single posterior plication, lip subcrenulated, interior lirate. Length, 5 mill. Philippines; Singapore; Japan. 310 PYRAMIDELLA. P. LIGATA, Angas. PI. 74, fig; 29. Rather thin, rosy-white, spiral ribs prominent; whorls 6; outer lip simple, columella with a small transverse plait. Length, 2 mill. Botany Bay, Australia. Unfigured Species. P. L1RATA, P. SULCATA, P. CINGULATA, P. CIRCINATA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. ZIZIPHINA, P. EXARATA, Carp. Mazatlan. Section ORINA, A. Ad., 1810. P. PINGUICULA, A. Ad. (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. P. PYRAMIDALIS (Syrnola), A. Ad. (unfigured). Japan. Section ELUSA, A. Ad., 1861. P. SUBULATA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 30. Umbilicated, apex mucronate, smooth, pellucid, whitish, some- what shining ; whorls plano-convex, strongly longitudinally costate, interstices punctate ; columella uniplicate in the middle, aperture produced and subchanneled below. Length, 9'5 mill. Philippines; Japan; Red Sea. P. GRACILIS, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 31. Whitish, shining, with a chestnut line above the suture, and on the periphery of the last whorl; whorls flattened, distantly longitudinally costate, interstices smooth. Length, 9 mill. Philippines; Japan; Red Sea. P. RUPPELLT, Jickeli. PL 74, fig. 32. Subrimate, rather solid, white, a little shining, longitudinally elegantly plicate, lightly impressly spirally striate ; whorls 11, planulate, scarcely submargined above; lip slightly sinuate above, columella callously thickened. Length, 12 mill. Red Sea. P. METULA, A. Ad. TL 74, fig. 33. Whitish, apex a little obtuse; whorls 10, planulate, closely regularly longitudinally ribbed, the interstices spirally striate; lip and columella thickened, the latter with a median plica. Length, 13 mill. Philippines. PYRAMIDELLA. 311 P. KREBSII, Morch. PL 75, fig. 13. Yellowish or brownish, shining, closely costate, and spirally punctate in the interspaces, the costse becoming broader at the suture, and evanescent on the last whorl, suture with a wide ash- colored band ; aperture Clausiliform, constricted above, inner lip thick, the columellar plication oblique, wide. St. Thomas, W. I. Yar. PINGUIS, Morch. Shell more solid, with more strongly marked costae. P. ELEGANS, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 14. Thin, white, longitudinally costate ; whorls 9, subscalariform, angularly convex and spirally striate below, suture crenate, columella uniplicate. Length, 3'5 mill. Cuba. Unfigured Species of Section JElusa. P. CASTANEA, P. BADIA, P. STRIGULATA, P. CTNNAMOMEA, P. TERES, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. ERYTIIROSCLERA, Mo'rch. St. Thomas, W. I. Subgenus CHRYSALLIDA, Carp., 1857. All the typical species, with one exception, occur on the west coast of Mexico, Panama, and in the seas of Japan ; they have been described by Carpenter, C. B. Adams and Arthur Adams, and none of them are figured. C. TELESCOPIUM, C. RfilGENI, C. ANGUSTA, C. CREBRISTRIATA, C. EFFUSA, C. FASCIATA, C. INDENTATA, C. OVULUM, all of Carpenter. Mazatlan, etc. C. PUMILA, Carpenter. California. C. MARGINATA, C. COMMUNTS, C. PAUPERCULA, C. B. Adams. Panama. C. CURTINA, Gould. So. Carolina. C. F1LOCINCTA, C. ERUCELLA, C. RUFOLINEATA, C. GALBULA, C. METULA, C. PLICATA, C. GEMMA, C. COSTELLATA, C. MUN- DULA, C. TENUICULA, C. INCONSPICUA, C. TEREBRA, C. NANA, C. MUMFA, C. MUNDA, C. ALVEATA, C. CONSOBRINA, C. CON- SIMILIS, C. PUPULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. 312 PYRAMIDELLA. Section MORMULA, A. Adams, 1863. P. ACLTS, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 34. White, shining ; whorls 8, somewhat flattened, longitudinally plicate, the interstices smooth; lip dilated, columella somewhat thickened. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. ELONGATA, Pease. PL 74, fig. 35. Longitudinally closely ribbed, spirally striate ; whorls 14, convex, with a simple varix on each whorl, suture well impressed ; columella twisted below, lip widely varicose on its outer edge, strongly lirate within. Length, 19 mill. Paumotus (Pease); Viti Is. (Garrett). P. GRANDIS, Ads. and Reeve. PL 74, fig. 36. Longitudinally costate, the last whorl smooth below, white. Length, 15 mill. Eastern Seas. P. VARTCOSA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 35 a. Light-brownish, with pale chestnut bands; whorls flattened, varicose, closely longitudinally costate, crossed by spiral lirae, the interstices with spiral raised lines. Length, 1 inch. Eastern Sea*. P. CORNELLIANA, Newcomb. PL 74, fig. 37. Solid, white, shining, lightly longitudinally costate, and spirally striate ; whorls 8, rounded, the 4th and 7th with an obscure varix ; lip thickened, indistinctly bilabiate. Length, 10 mill. Honolulu, Sandwich Is. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. P. AMBIGUA, Gould. = Rissoina. P. EGREGIA. A. Adams. Philippines. P. MACANDR^EA, A. Adams. Gulf of Suez. P. RISSOINA, A. Adams. Japan. Section STYLOPTYGMA, A. Ad., 1860. P. TYPICA, Tryon. PL 74, fig. 38. White, shining, subpellucid, spirally striate ; whorls flattened, the last with a central sulcus, apex suddenly acuminated ; colu- mella posteriorly uniplicate. Length, 8 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. The name is substituted for P. sty Una ^ A. Ad., preoccupied. PYRAMIDELLA. 3l3 P. AURANTIACA, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 40. Rather thin, shining, fulvous orange, with a pale band at the suture, darker on the lower whorls, fading into white towards the apex ; wiiorls 8, finely transversely striated ; lip-fold very small, rudimentary. Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Un figured Species. P. CLAUSILIFORMIS, Carpenter. Mazatlan. P. PUPIFORME, P. SUBULTFORME, P. CEREUM, P. G1BBUM, P. LAR- VULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. LENDIX, A. Adams. Japan, Gulf of Suez. P. NIVEA, A. Adams. Gulf of Suez. Subgenus ACT^OPYRAMIS, Fischer, 1885. P. STRTATA, Gray. PI. 74, fig. 39. Solid, olivaceous, deeply, distantly, spirally sulcate ; aperture white. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. P. FULVA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 42. Slender, solid, fulvous, spirally sulcate; whorls flattened, suture deep ; aperture brown. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. P. GRANULATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 43. White, solid ; whorls rather flat, gradate, longitudinally cor- rugately plicate, spirally, deeply, distantly grooved ; columellar fold prominent. Length, 6 mill. Philippines. P. LAUTA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 44. Thin, somewhat pellucid, whitish ; whorls flattened, longitudi- nally striated, spirally, distantly grooved. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. AMCENA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 41. Thin, rather pellucid, white, substriated longitudinally, spirally distantly sulcated, interstices elegantly punctate. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. 314 PYRAMIDELLA. P. CASTA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 45. White, thin, semipellucid ; whorls rather convex, spirally rather closely grooved, interstices beautifully striated ; columella oblique, somewhat tortuous. Length, 11 mill. China Sea. P. SPECIOSA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 46. White, thin, semipellucid ; whorls 8, rather convex, with elevated spiral ridges, the interstices longitudinally striatefl ; columella nearly straight, with an oblique faint plication. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. P. STYLINA, A. *Ad. PL 74, fig. 47. White, subpellucid, middle whorls somewhat enlarged, a little flattened, thinly spirally striated, substriated longitudinally. Length, 8-5 mill. Philippines. P. SUTURALIS, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 48. Subumbilicated, white, shining, subdiaphanous ; whorls 7, flattened, suture channeled, spirally sulcate, last whorl subsolute, with white articulated bands ; columellar plication evanescent. Length, 8 mill. Philippines. P. CONCINNA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 50. Grayish white; whorls 6, rather flattened, spirally grooved, interstices microscopically crenulated ; columellar plait oblique, somewhat obsolete, lip lirate within. Length, 9 mill. Moreton Bay, Australia. P. PURA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 49. Rather solid, white ; whorls somewhat convex, spirally grooved, intermediate lirse smooth, grooves longitudinally striated. Length, 9 mill. New Zealand. P. PUNCTURATA, E. A. Smith. PL 78, fig. 52 a. Subpellucid, brownish white ; whorls 4, spirally punctate- sulcate ; columella obliquely twisted. Length, 5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. Unfigured Species. P. EXIMIUM, Lischke (figure inaccessible to me). Japan. P. CLATHRATULA, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I. SYRNOLOPSIS. P. CCELATA, P. SULCIFERA, P. PUNCTIGERA, P. METULA, P. VITTATA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. TENELLA, A. Adams. Philippines. P. PUNCTICULATA, P. siNUATA, Gould. China- Seas. P. ACUMINATA, Gould. Japan. Section MUMIOLA, A. Ad., 1863. P. SPIRATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, figs. 52-54. White, under a }Tellowish or brownish epidermis, longitudi- nally plicate, transversely grooved, suture channeled; whorls 8, gradate ; columella with an oblique fold. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. CINCTA, Carpenter. PI. 74, fig. 51. White; whorls somewhat rounded, with deep suture, spirally costate, decussated by longitudinal riblets, most apparent near the suture. Length, 3 mill. Southern California. Figured from a specimen. Unfigured Species. P. TESSELLATA, P. RETicosA, A. Adams. Japan. P. OVATA, P. ROTUNDATA, P. OBLONGA, P. NODOSA, all of Carpenter. Mazatlan. Section CARELIOPSIS, Morch, 1874. P. STYLIFORMIS, Morch. (Unfigured.) West Indies. Genus SYRNOLOPSIS, E. A. Smith, 1880. S. LACUSTRIS, Smith. PI. 74, figs. 55, 56. Smooth, glossy, imperforate, yellowish horn-color, banded with white beneath the suture; whorls 12, flattened, finely striated by flexuous growth-lines, sometimes showing traces of spiral stride ; columella strongly plaited above ; outer lip with one or two lamellae, far within. ^Lake Tanganyika, E. Africa. Bourguignat, who describes (but without figures) several new species, divides them into two groups, the first having two 316 SYRNOLOrSlS. lamellae, the second a single one. In consequence of this divi- sion, the above species is placed among those having two lamellae, and the figure of it given by Mr. Crosse (fig. 56) is made a new species under the name of S. Grandidieri, because of having only one lamella. I do not believe the distinction will hold good, as these plicae are either developed or entirely absent in the same species in Pyramidellidne. Unfigured Species. S. HAMYANA, S. ANCEYANA, S. GIRAUDT, S. MINUTA, all of Bourguignat. Lake Tanganyika. FAMILY TURBONILLID^. Shell minute, white, slender, elongated, many-whorled, usually longitudinally or spirally sculptured ; columella without plica- tions or with a single small fold ; apex sinistral. Animal as in Pyramidellidjo. Operculum corneous, pauci- spiral. The species are very small, and mostly more slender than in Pyramidellidne ; they are numerous, and have been separated into a number of inferior groups, which are, for the most part, poorly defined — so that their classification is difficult and uncer- tain. As most of these groups are founded on European species, I have not, as a rule, included any extra-limital forms, preferring for my purposes a geographical division of the species. Hitherto the species have neither been monographed nor catalogued. Synopsis of Genera. Genus TURBONILLA, Risso, 1826. Shell slender, elongated, many whorled, generally costulate, apex sinistral, columella vertical, not plicate. Operculum horny, subspiral,the columellar margin entire, face with a spiral groove. Animal with wide tentacles, mentum elongated, flattened, usually bilobed in front ; foot large, anteriorly auriculated. Comprises a great number of small, graceful, usually white shells ; distribution universal. Fossil, tertiary. The synonyms are Chemnilzia, d'Orb., 1839, not 1850; Pyrgiscus, Philippi, 1841 ; Orthostelis, Aradas. Section TRAGULA, Monts., 1884. Sculpture fenestrate ; spire elevated, acute, apex twisted; whorls scalariform ; columella without fold or tooth. T. FENESTRATA, Forbes. Section TRABECULA, Monts., 1884. Whorls rounded, longitudinally lamellose ; aperture semicir- cular, with an exterior rib ; no apparent spiral sculpture ; apex (317) 318 TURBONILLTD^l. retrorse; colamella without fold or tooth. T. JEFFREYSIANA, Seguenza. Section PYRGISCULUS, Monts., 1884. Whorls scalariform, lamellarly ribbed, peculiarly spirally sculptured ; aperture tetragonal, no columellar tooth. T. SCA- LARIS, Phil. Section PYRGOLIDIUM, Monts., 1884. Rather stout, with one or more intercostal nodes in the centre of each whorl ; no columellar fold ; apex inclined to the right. T. ROSEA, Monts. Section PYRGOSTELTS, Monts., 1884. With longitudinal ribs, crossed by spiral striae, forming pit- tings ; color fulvous or banded ; columella with a re-entering fold. T. RUFA, Phil. Section PYRGOSTYLUS, Monts., 1884. Shell varicose, the columella dentate. T. STRIATULA, Linn. Subgenus DUNKERIA, Carpenter, 185?. Whorls rounded, cancellated. T. PAUCILTRATA, Carp. Section CINGULINA, A. Adams, 1860. Shell turriculated, subulate; whorls numerous, spirally ribbed, the interstices striate, aperture oblong, entire in front, columella straight, simple, lip sharp, arcuate. C. CIRCINATA, A. Ad. ; Salassia, de Folin, 1870, is a synonym. Genus LIA, de Folin, 1872. Shell oval conic, spire whorls decussated, lip undulated by the spiral sculpture — which appears on the colamella, simulating two plications. L. DECORATA, Folin. A doubtful group, possibly described from a young specimen. Genus MURCHISONIELLA, Morch, 1875. Shell small, elongate, thin, pellucid, many-whorled, the apex heterostrophe ; lip profoundly sinuous ; whorls subangular on the periphery, and having two spiral lines which define a sort TURBONILLID.E. 319 of sinus-band. M. SPECTRUM, Morch. West Indies. A fossil form from the Parisian eocene is referred to the genus. Genus VANESIA, A. Adams, 1861. Shell melaniform, decussated by longitudinal and spiral ridges, subperforate, thin ; whorls very little rounded ; aperture oval, rounded in front, entire, lip sharp. V. TRIFASCIATA, A. Ad. China. Resembles a Melania. but is a true marine shell ; the character of the apex and the animal are unknown, and the classification is provisional. Genus EULIMELLA, Forbes, 1846. Shell elongated, turriculate, solid, smooth, polished; whorls numerous, apex sinistral ; aperture subquadrangular, lip not continuous, columella straight, without plications. Animal with short tentacles ; mentum lobed in front ; anterior extremity of foot truncated. Section BAUDONIA, Bayan, 1873. Shell aciculate, very long ; whorls numerous, convex ; aper- ture small, subquadrangular, columella a little sinuous. Recent and fossil. E. GRACILIS, Desh. Eocene of Paris basin. The synonyms are Aciculina, Desh., 1862; Raphium, Bayan, 1873; Anisocycla, Monts., 1880. This section may well be merged in the typical group. Section OCEANIDA, Folin, 1870. Shell conical, elongated. E. GRADUATA, Folin. West Indies. I know nothing of this section. Section LIOSTOMIA, 0. Sars, 1878. Shell relatively shorter, resembling Odostomia, subperforate ; aperture oval. L. CLAVULA, Loven. Section MICROBELISCUS, Sandberger, 1874. Shell cylindrically subulate ; whorls but slightly convex ; aperture rounded oval, columella arcuate. E. INASPECTA, Fuchs. L. Pliocene, Hungary. Section STYLOPSIS, A. Adams, 1860. Shell subulate, opaque, smooth, not polished ; whorls flattened, 320 TURBONILLID^:. suture well-impressed ; aperture subquadrangular, coluraella straight, simple, lip subangular in front. E. TYPICA, A. Adams. Corea. Subgenus MENESTHO, Moller, 1842. Shell turriculated, with spiral striae, or decussated ; aperture oval. M. ALBULA, Fabr. Boreal Seas. PyramiS) of Couthouy, 1839 (non Schumacker, 1817), is a synonym. Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming, 18^8. Shell small, perforate, oval, conoidal or turriculated ; colu- mella with a feeble, oblique, more or less marked tooth ; aper- ture oval or subrhomboidal, peristome not continuous. Oper- culum horny, lamellar, subimbricated, with a median spiral groove, inner margin indented. Animal elongated, the head large and robust, bearing two conical tentacles, with e}'es at their bases, foot depressed, trun- cated in front; mentum anteriorly bilobed. Very minute, usually smooth shells, having the habit of Rissoa3, and, like them, sometimes found in brackish water. The species are numerous, of universal distribution, from low- water to 40 fathoms. Fossil, eocene. 0. PLICATA, Montagu. Europe. The synonyms are Odontostoma, Turton, 1829; Odontostomid, Jeffreys, 1837. The sections will only be used for the division of the Euro- pean species on which they were founded ; those of other localities will be described simply as Odostomia3. Section ODOSTOMIA, sensu stricto. Whorls smooth; lip not grooved wkhin, columellar tooth well marked. 0. PLTCATA, Mont, BracJiystomia, Monts., 1884, is a synonym. Section MEGASTOMIA, Monts., 1884. Shell smooth ; aperture large, lip finely grooved within. 0. CONSPICUA, Alder. Section ONDINA, Folin, 1870. Shell oval, thin; whorls smooth or spirally striated, colu- mellar tooth obsolete. 0. OBLIQUA, Alder. TURBONILLID^J. 321 Generally known as Auriculina, Gray, 1847, a name pre- occupied by Grateloup, 1838. Section DOLIELLA, Monts., 1880. Shell Doliiform, smooth, apex immersed ; peristome con- tinuous ; columellar tooth feeble. 0. NITENS, Jeffreys. Section AURISTOMTA, Monts., 1884. Shell smooth, aperture large, auriculate. 0. ERJAVECIANA, Brusina. Section EVALEA, A. Adams, 1860. Shell ventricose, spirally ornamented ; columella plicate. 0. ELEGANS, A. Adams. Odetta, Folin, 1870, is a synonym. Section POLYSPIRELLA, Carpenter, 1861. Whorls with spiral ribs, the interstices thinly clathrate, colu- mella scarcely folded. 0. TRACHEALIS, Gould. Section PYRGULINA, A. Adams, 1863. Conoidal, longitudinally ribbed, crossed by spiral striae, colu- mella feebly plicate. 0. DECUSSATA, Montagu. The synonyms are Parthenia, Lowe (in part) ; Ncemia, Folin, 1870 ; Parthenina, Buc., Dantz. et Dollf., 1883. Section ODOSTOMTELLA, Buc., Dautz., Dollf., 1883. Shell pupoidal, longitudinally ribbed ; columella plicate. 0. DOLIOLUM, Phil. Section ELODIA, Folin, 1870. Shell conical, longitudinally ribbed ; columella plicate. O.IIoR- TENST^E, Nansouty. Section SPIROCLIMAX, Mb'rch, 1874. Shell subcylindrical ; whorls scalariform ; aperture somewhat ear-shaped, lip sigmoid ; columella scarcely plicate. 0. SCALARIS, March. Section MIRALDA, A. Ad., 1863. Solid, ovate or elongated; whorls flat, plicate posterior^, spirally lirate anteriorly ; lip subangulate behind, margin crenate. 0. DIADEMA, A. Ad. Several Japanese species. 21 Genus TURBONILLA, Risso, 1826. I. European and West African Species. Typical. T. LACTEA, Linn. PI. 74, fig. 57 ; PI. 75, fig. 77. White, rather solid, opaque, glossy, strongly longitudinally ribbed, ribs terminating below the periphery of the last whorl ; whorls 12, moderately enlarging, slightlj- convex; columella usually without fold. Length, 8'5 mill. Europe. It is T. elegantissima, Macg. ; T. acuta, Donovan ; T. alba, Penn. ; T. plicatula, Risso ; T. turritella, Scacchi, and T. gra- cilis, Desh. Yar. CAMPANELL,E. Phil. Fig. 77. Whorls more flattened, costae more oblique. Sicily. T. elegantissima, var. similis, Monts., is a synonym. T. SINUOSA, Jeffreys. PL 75, fig. 84. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy, closely longitudinally flexuously ribbed, ribs fading out at the periphery of last whorl, white ; whorls 8, flattened ; columellar tooth slight but distinct. Length, 4'3 mill. Mediterranean, W. Coast of Africa. T. ACUTICOSTATA, Jeffreys. PL 75, fig. 85. Rather thick, opaque, glossy, with longitudinal ribs and wider interspaces, ribs terminated at the periphery of the last whorl lay a spiral, thread-like line; whorls 9, rather convex; columella without tooth. Length. 3 mill. Mediterranean Sea. T. MAGNIFICA, Seguenza. PL 75, fig. 96. White or pinkish white, often beautifully iridescent ; whorls 11-12, somewhat flattened, rounded at the impressed suture, longitudinally ribbed, ribs curved, low and rounded ; columella not dentate. Length, 12 mill. New England, Azores, Bay of Biscay. First described as a Sicilian tertiary fossil, but found living by the " Travaillieur " and " Talisman " expeditions. Mr. Yer- TURBONILLA. 323 rill described it as T.formosa, which being preoccupied by Dr. Jeffreys, he subsequently changed to T. Bushiana. T. PUSILLA, Philippi. PI. 75, fig. 79. Whorls 9, flattened, with about 16 oblique ribs, spirally striate. Length, 3 mill. Sicily, Vigo Bay. T. GRADATA, Monts. PL 75, fig. 82. Rather solid, cylindrical; whorls 9, longitudinally ribbed, with wider interspaces ; aperture subquadrangular. Length, 4'6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Described as a variety of T. lactea, Linn. Jeffreys considers it a variety of T. pusilla, Phil. T. limitum, Folin, is said to be a synonym. T. INNOVATA, Monts. PL 75, fig. 76. Differs from T. pusilla, Phil., in its larger size, straighter ribs and absence of spiral sculpture. Jeffreys described it in his British Conchology under the name of T. pusilla, but subse- quently doubted its identity with that species, and Monterosato separated it as above. Length, 6'8 mill. England to Mediterranean Sea. T. DELICATA, Monts. PL 75, fig. 81. More slender than T. lactea, white, shining; whorls 10, flat- tened, closely longitudinally plicate, interstices smooth. Length, 3 mill. Ireland to Mediterranean. The name is substituted for T. gracilis, Phil., non Brocchi. T. MTCANS, Monts. PL 75, fig 83. Thin, semitransparent, very glossy ; whorls 7, flattened, with from 18-20 long, sharp, curved longitudinal ribs and equal, smooth interstices. Length, 3 mill. Gulf of Marseilles; off West Coast of Africa. This is T. attenuata, Jeffreys, not Odostomia (Ealim^lla) at- tenuata, Monts. T. FULGIDULA, Jeffreys. PL 75, figs. 86, 87. Rather solid, subcylindrical, nearly transparent, lustrous ; whorls 7, flattened, ribs 15 or 16, narrower than the interspaces, 324 TURBONtLLA. both crossed by numerous microscopic spiral strioe, ribs fading out at the periphery of the last whorl. Length, 2 mill. Atlantic Ocean. T. COMPRESSA, Jeffreys. PI. 75, fig. 88. Cylindrical, a little compressed in the middle of each whorl, thick, semitransparent, glossy ; whorls 11, with about 25 longi- tudinal ribs and subequal interspaces ; color white, a young specimen having a broad, obscure chestnut-colored band. Length, 6'25 mill. Mediterranean, Azores, Cape Verd Is. T. PAUCISTRIATA, Jeffreys. PI. 75, fig. 90. Rather thick, semitransparent, lustrous; whorls 9, flatly con- vex, with about 20 straight, slight, irregular longitudinal ribs, fading out on the body-whorl. Length, 6-8 mill. Mediterranean ; W. Coast of Africa ; Culebra, Danish West Indies. Dr. Jeffreys was somewhat doubtful of the distinctness of this shell from T. compressa. T. SEMICOSTATA, Jeffreys. PI. 75, fig. 89. Rather thick, semitransparent, glossy ; whorls 9, flattened in the middle, with a few slight longitudinal ribs, sometimes cover- ing the upper whorls only, but in most disposed irregularly over the shell ; in one specimen the whole surface is microscopically spirally striated. Length, 3'75 mill. Cape Breton, Gulf of Gascony. T. MACANDRE^, H. Adams. PI. 74, fig. 59. Solid, whitish or light fulvous ; whorls 16, slopingly flattened, with numerous rounded ribs, fading at the periphery, and equal smooth interspaces. Length, 18-24 mill. Vigo. Described by Mr. Adams as T. speciosa, preoccupied. T. OBLIQUATA, Phil. PL 75, fig. 80. Hyaline; whorls 9, convex, with about 14 oblique small ribs and much wider, smooth interspaces. Length, 3 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Unfigured Species. T. ACUTISSIMA, Monts. Mediterranean. T. ROSEA, T. MULLERI, T. SfiNEGALENSis, Maltzan. Ins. Goree, W. Africa. TURBONILLA. 325 Section TRAGULA, Monts., 1884. T. FENESTRATA, Forbes. PI. 74, figs. 58, 60, 61. Rather solid, almost opaque, glossy ; whorls 8-9, shelving, with about twenty longitudinal ribs, crossed by fine spiral lines, ribs terminating at the periphery where there are two strong spiral ridges, appearing on the spire-whorls, white or yellowish white. Length, 3'75 mill. Europe. It is T. Weinkauffi, D tinker (fig. 61). T. JEFFREYSIANA, Seguenza (unfigured). Mediterranean. It is T. clathrata, var. Jeffreysiana, Monts. Section PYRGISCULUS, Monts., 1884. T. SCALARIS, Phil. PL 75, fig. 78 ; PL 74, fig. 65. Shell moderately solid, opaque, rather glossy; whorls 9, nar- rowly shouldered, pale yellowish or cream-color, with frequently two or three faint tawny bands on the last whorl ; longitudinally ribbed, with wider interspaces, not reaching the base of the body- whorl, interspaces spirally striate, the striae often arranged in pairs. Length, 6'25 mill. Europe. T. RUFESCENS, Forbes. PL 74, figs. 62-64. Whorls convex, flexuously ribbed, with subequal, spirally striate interspaces ; yellowish brown, with two or three chestnut bands. Length, 6'25 mill. Europe. Dr. Jeffreys considered this a variety of T. scalaris, Phil. He also places here T. indistincta, Fleming. T. FORMOSA, Jeffreys. PL 74, fig. 66. Narrowly elongated ; whorls 13, narrowly shouldered, making a channeled suture, with straight longitudinal ribs and somewhat wider interspaces, which are spirally costulate, a peripheral ridge terminates the longitudinal ribs on the body-whorl. Length, 8 mill. ? Shellness, Kent, England. Dr. Jeffreys suspects that this shell is exotic. 326 TURBONILLA. T. INDISTINCTA, Montagu. PI. 74, figs. 73, 74. Whorls 8, rounded, with deep suture, white, flexuously costate, with fine spiral stria? in the interstices. Length, 4 mill. Europe, Canary Is. The synonyms are T. areolata, Rayneval ; T. Julise, de Folin ; T. nanodea, Monts. ; T. curvicostata, S. Wood ; 7?moa Ballise, Thompson ; T. speciosa, Bean. Section PYRGOLIDIUM, Monts., 1884. T. ROSEA, Monts. Shell rosy ; whorls flattened with straight narrow ribs, becoming evanescent at the periphery of the last whorl, interspaces much wider, with two spiral series of nodules. Length, 6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. It is T. internodulosa of Monterosato, not Searles Wood. T. CALAMELI, Jousseaume (unfigured). Algiers. Closely allied to, and perhaps = T. rosea. Section PYRGOSTELIS, Monts., 1884. T. RUFA, Phil. PI. 74, figs. 68-70 ; PI. 75, fig. 91. Moderately solid, opaque, glossy, with 20-30 longitudinal, narrow and shallow ribs, evanescent at the periphery, the inter- stices crossed and base encircled by rather broad impressed lines ; pale fawn-colored or tawny, frequently with a narrow chestnut band above the periphery. Length, 8'75 mill. Europe. T. crenata, Lowe; T. scalarioides, Kisso; T. simillimus, Mont. Dr. Jeffreys (Zool. Proc., 356, 1884) thought T. inter- rupta, Totten, identical and that it ought to be adopted, being a prior name ; he also thought T. Rathbuni,\evi'\\\ and Smith, the same. Yar. FULVOCINCTA, Thompson. Figs. 69-70. Shell thinner, more slender, base narrower, whorls not so much compressed, band always present and more conspicuous. Yar. DENSECOSTATA, Phil. Fig. 91. WhoVls 9, very slightly convex, with numerous smooth, straight longitudinal ribs, wider than the interstices. Mediterranean Sea. Yar. exigua, Monts., is a synonym. TUIIBONILLA. 327 T. COSTIFERA, E. A. Smith. PL 75, fig. 92. Light fulvous ; whorls 8, rather flattened, longitudinally cos- tate, the interstices finely spirally striate, with a diaphanous band below the suture; columella uniplicate. Length, 5'5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. T. SPECTABILIS, Monts. (unfigured). Mediterranean. T. CLATHRATA, Jeffreys. PI. 74, figs. 71, 72. Shell solid, opaque, shining; whorls 7, convex, with about 20 strong flexuous longitudinal ribs, extending to the base of the body-whorl, with equal interstices, which are crossed by two strong spiral interrupted riblets (three on the last whorl) ; color whitish or pale reddish brown ; columella without tooth. Length, 4 mill. Great Britain. T. SIGMOIDEA, Monts. PI. 75, figs. 93, 94. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy; whorls 8, flattened, with about 25 very flexuous oblique ribs, the wider interstices spirally striate. Length, 3'75 mill. Algiers, Palermo. T. FLEXUOSA, Jeffreys. PL 75, fig. 95. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy; whorls 5, flattened, with 15-20 sharp, flexuous longitudinal ribs, abrupt or sub- nodose at the suture, almost disappearing at the periphery where they are crossed by a few spiral striae. Length, 2*5 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Section PYRGOSTYLUS, Monts., 1884. T. STRIATULA, Linn. PL 74, fig. 75. Shell thin, pale brown, with three darker bands, closely longi- tudinally ribbed, with much narrower interspaces, both crossed by distant spiral striae, of which there are four on the spire- whorls ; whorls (normal) 9, rounded, with well impressed suture. Length, 9 mill. Mediterranean. The synonyms include T. striolata, Weink. ; T. varicosa, Forbes ; T. potamoides, Cantraine ; T. pallida^ Phil. T. CAiNDiDA, T. RUGOSA, Folin. We*>t Africa. The work in which these are described and figured is not accessible. 328 TUEBONILLA. II. Species of East Coast of the United States and West Indies. T. EMERTONI, Yerrill. PL 75, fig. 6. White, lustrous; whorls 11, not very oblique, broadly rounded, a little flattened on the sides, suture strongly im- pressed ; surface with slight, rather indistinct and irregular longitudinal furrows, which are often absent. Length, 4- 8 mill. Martha's Vineyard. Smaller than T. nivea, Stimp., with a larger nucleus and less distinctly ribbed. T. NIVEA, Stimpson. PI. 75, fig. 11. White, shining ; whorls 11, flattened, longitudinally straightly ribbed ; the interstices smooth, nucleus small, prominently upturned. ^Length, 7 mill. Maine, northwards. T. RATHBUNI, Verrill and Smith. PI. 75, fig. 5. White; whorls 12, rather convex, suture impressed; whorls rather flattened, crossed by about 30, smooth, even, longitudinal ribs, intervals as wide, showing eight or ten spiral strijE. Length, 13 mill. New England, deep water. Dr. Jeffreys considered this to = T. rufa, Phil., of Europe. T. ELEGANS, Yerrill. PL 75, fig. 8. Light yellowish ; whorls 10 or more, well-rounded, not dis- tinctly flattened, with rather deep suture ; surface lustrous, with numerous rounded longitudinal ribs, narrower than the concave interspaces, fading out below the middle of the last whorl, and with numerous revolving grooves, interrupted by the costse, but continuous on the lower part of the body-whorl ; sometimes there is a darker band on the middle of the last whorls and the revolving striae are darker. Narragansett Bay, Vineyard Sound, Long Island Sound. T. AREOLATA, Yerrill. PL 75, fig. 9. Whorls 8 or 10, moderately convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, crossed by about 25 longitudinal ribs, the interstices with rather conspicuous impressed spiral lines, dividing them TURBONILLA. 329 into pretty regular, small, squarish pits ; body-whorl subangu- lated below the middle, the base only marked by fine spiral striae. Length, 4 mill. Long Inland Sound, Vineyard Sound. T. COSTULATA, Verrill. PI. 75, fig. 1 0. Translucent, glossy white, faintly banded with pale brown ; whorls 6 or more (besides a large apical whorl), flattened, but slightly convex, with about 20 longitudinal ribs and narrower, deep interspaces, the latter crossed by close microscopic revolving strias, which are continued below the subangulated periphery, the costaa vanishing; bands two on the body, one on the spire- whorls. Length, 4 mill. Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound. T. INTERRUPTA, Totten. PI. 15, fig. 7. Whorls 10, almost flat, crossed by 20 to 30 obtuse ribs, the interstices with about 14 subeqnal revolving lines arranged in pairs, often confounded in one ; ribs obsolete below, where the revolving lines are uninterrupted ; the whorls are slightly shouldered, making the suture distinct ; whitish brown or amber- colored. Length, 6'25 mill.. Mass, to N. Carolina. Very probably identical with T. rufa, Phil., of Europe, over which it has priority of publication. T. TEXTJLIS, Kurtz. PI. 75, fig. 12. Whorls 6 or 7, shouldered, with close, prominent, smooth, longitudinal ribs, the interspaces crossed by impressed revolving lines ; white, waxy or chalky. Length, 3 mill. So. Carolina. Un figured Species. T. SPJRATA, Kurtz and Stimpson. No. Carolina. T. EQUALIS, Say. Vineyard Sound; Southern Coast. T. STUICTA, T. GRANDIS, Yerrill. Long Island Sound. T. PERLEPIDA, Verrill. Chesapeake Bay. T. VIRIDARIA, and vars. VIRGA and PUNICEA, Ball. Cedar Keys, Fla. 330 TURBONILLA. T. ORNATA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 15. Thin, white, closely longitudinally ribbed and spirally striate; whorls 10, slightly convex, suture deep, crenulated. Length, 6 mill. Cuba. According to Morch, Chemnitzia latior, C. B. Ad., is a synonym. T. MODESTA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 17. Thin, white, longitudinally ribbed, ribs terminating at a spiral ridge below the periphery of the body-whorl, base smooth, suture deep ; whorls 6, moderately convex. Length, 2 mill. Cuba. T. PULCHELLA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 18. Thin, white, longitudinally costate, the costre terminating on the body-whorl at a spiral ridge, below which the surface is smooth; whorls 12, moderately convex. Length, 7-8 mill. West Indies. Morch considers T. levis, C. B. Ad. (unfigured\ a probable variety. T. PUSILLA, C. B. Ad. PL 76, fig. 19. White, with about 12 strong longitudinal ribs terminating about the periphery of the last whorl; whorls 10-11, besides the nucleus, moderately convex, with well impressed suture. Length, 3-3 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. TURRIS, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 20. Thin, white, longitudinally costate, terminating in a peripheral line, below which the base is spirally striate; whorls 14, suture impressed. Length, 7 mill. St. Thomas, W. I.; Rio, Brazil. T. SUBSTRIATA, C. B. Adams. PL 76, fig. 21. White, wax-colored next the suture; whorls 8, flattened, with 22 to 24 longitudinal ribs, and very numerous, scarcely per- ceptible spiral strirc in the interspaces and on the lower part of the body-whorl ; on the middle of the whorls is a spiral series of shallow, intercostal pits, suture distinct. Length, 2'75 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas.* Morch remarks : " If d'Orbigny possibly has overlooked the TURBONILLA. 331 minute spiral striae, this species is perhaps the same as the preceding." T. AMERICANA, cTOrb. PL 76, fig. 16. Thin, white, coarsely longitudinally costate, with intercostal spiral striae ; whorls 9, convex, with a small deep-seated colu- rnellar plication. Length, 3 mill. Rio Janeiro, Brazil to San Bias, Patagonia. The figure does not show the plication, which must be small and obscure. T. PUNCTA, C. B. Adams. PI. 76, fig. 22. White; whorls 10-11, , besides the nucleus, scarcely convex, with distinct suture ; white, with about 26-30 rather prominent longitudinal ribs, not produced below the periphery of the last whorl, and numerous crowded intercostal striae, one of which strise a little above the middle of the whorls and another along the suture are wide and deep, resembling spiral series of punctures. Length, 5-5 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. SUBULATA, C. B. Adams. PL 76, fig. 23. White, or pale brownish white, with two spiral bands of pale wax-color, and a third on the lower part of the body-whorl ; whorls 10, rather convex, with well impressed suture, with 28--30 slender prominent longitudinal ribs, not quite obsolete below the periphery, and very fine spiral stria? between the costae and anteriorly, the one next the suture larger. Length, 4'25 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. FLAVOCINCTA, C. B. Adams. PL 76, fig. 24. White, with a broad yellowish brown sutural band; whorls 8-9, besides the nucleus, slightly convex below the middle, a little shouldered, with distinct suture; with about 28 rounded, slender ribs, becoming obsolete anteriorly, and very minute spiral striae intercostal and anterior. Length, 3'5 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe. T. FASCJATA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 25. Thin, white, with a broad chestnut subcentral band ; whorls 9, gradate, with deep suture; longitudinally costate, the ribs 332 TURBONILLA. terminating at the periphery, with intercostal spiral strife con- tinued and becoming stronger on the base. Length, 3 mill. Rio JaneriOj Brazil ; San Bias, Patagonia. T. PUPOIDES, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 26. Shell strong, white or yellowish brown ; whorls 8, flat, with strong, subcontinuous costse, suture margined, base spirally striate. Length, 3 mill. Cuba, St. Thomas. Differs from the preceding species by its margined suture, stronger and more distant ribs and spiral striae only anteriorly. T. RIISET, Morch. PL 76, fig. 27. Thick, orange colored, with two darker bands, one above the suture, the other median ; with about 40 eostre, and very finely spirally striate ; columella with an indistinct plication. Length, 3'5 mill, St. Thomas. Figured from the type. T. DUBIA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 28. Thin, whitish or fulvous with a white band, whorls 10, longitudinally undulately plicate, the wider interstices spirally striate, base without costse but the spiral sculpture stronger. Length, 4 mill. West Indies, Eio Janeiro. Un figured Species. T. BET1CULATA, T. MULTICOSTATA, T. OBEL1SCUS, T. EXILIS, of C. B. Adams. Jamaica. T. TURRITELLA, Pfr. Cuba. III. Species of the Pacific Coast of America. T. CORA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 29. Strong, whitish ; whorls 8, flattened, with well impressed suture, strongly, longitudinally costate to the base, interstices wider spirally impressed striate, three of the striae (four on the body-whorl) more conspicuous. Length, 5 mill. Near Payta, Peru. TURBONILLA. 333 T. FESTIVA, Folin. PL 76, fig. 30. Whitish, suhdiaphanous, with a few, very distant longitudinal costre, extending to the base, the very much wider interspaces spirally striute ; whorls 7, suture profound. Length, 2*5 mill. Panama. T. TENUICULA, Gould. PL 76, fig. 31. Rather solid, shining, wax^ellow, a little dusky below the suture; whorls 10, flat, slightly shouldered above, with about 20 straight, longitudinal ribs, the summits of which are cut b^y numerous fine revolving striae, deeper in the interstices, which extend over the base of the shell, the ribs terminating about the periphery ; revolving strias showing through the aperture. Length, 7*5 mill. Southern California. T. SUBCUSPIDATA, Carp. PL 76, fig. 33. Differs from the preceding in being more distantly ribbed, with broader interspaces, closer and deeper spiral sculpture, the tops of the ribs elegantly muricated with projecting, curved lines between; the suture more deeply impressed. Length, 6 mill. S. Diego, Gal. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. T. TORQUATA, Gould. PL 76, fig. 34, 32. Solid, white ; whorls 8, a little convex, with about 16 oblique, flexuous longitudinal ribs, not extending to the base, periphery subangulate, no spiral sculpture, base smooth. Length, 5 mill. Sta. Barbara, Gal. T. Vancouver ensis, Baird, is a synonym. 3 V"~ Yar. STYLINA, Carp. (fig. £$), is a narrower form than the type ; T. gracillima, Gabb, is a synonym of it ; T. Gabbiana, Cooper, another. Unfigured Species. T. LORDI, E. A. Smith. _ Vancouver's Island. T. ViRGO, T. CREBRIFILATA, T. CCELATA, T. AURANTIA, T. CHOCO- LATA, T. TRIDENTATA, all of Carpenter. California. T. TENUILIRATA, T. MURICATA, T. G1BBOSA, T. PROLONGATA, T. C.B.ADAMSI, T. GRACILLIMA, T. FLAVESCENS, T. TEREBRALIS, T. UNIFASCIATA, Carpenter. Mazatlan. 334 TtRBONtLLA. T. GRACILIOR, T. PANAMEXSIS, T. SIMTLTS, T. STRIOSA, T. TURRlTA, T. ACUMINATA, C. B. Adams. Panama. T. ACULEUS, T. AFFINIS (T. uYidata, Carp., a syn.), C. B. Adams. Panama and Mazatlan. T. CINCTELLA, T. CRATICULATA, T. SUBULA, Morch. W. Co. Gentr. Am. IV. Polynesian and Australian Species. T. HOFMANI, Angas. PI. 76, figs. 41, 42. Rather thin, white, shining; whorls 13, slightly convex, lon- gitudinally broadly ribbed, interstices narrow, smooth, ribs abruptly ceasing at the periphery of the last whorl. Length, 10 mill. Port Jackson, Australia; Tasmania. Described as T. nitida, Angas, a name preoccupied by A. Adams. T. Marise, Tenison-Woods (fig. 42), from Tasmania, appears to be identical. T. FESTIVA, Angas. PI. 76, fig. 45. Semipellucid, white, with a narrow chestnut band on the middle of the whorls, two bands on the body-whorl; whorls 8, rather convex, finely longitudinally plicate, the interstices microscopically spirally striate, suture deep, last whorl smooth at the base. Length, 4 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. T. FUSCA, A. Ads. PI. 70, figs. 46, 47. Whorls 8, very narrow, rounded, with deeply impressed suture ; yellowish or brownish, with a central darker band, two bands on the body-whorl, closely longitudinal^ plicate, the ribs becoming obsolete towards the base. Length, 6 mill. Australia, Tasmania, Japan. In the darker-colored specimens the bands are obscure ; in the lighter-colored, they are distinct (= T. bifasciata, A. Adams (fig. 47). The form is narrower, more cylindrical, longer than T. f estiva, but may be only a variety of it. T. MACLEAYANA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 76, fig. 44. Narrowly cylindrical, thin, translucent, white; whorls 12, flatly convex, with deep suture, longitudinally ribbed, ribs ter- minating at the periphery, interstices and base smooth. Length, 9 mill. Tasmania. 335 T. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 76, fig. 40. Solid, white; whorls 8, convex, suture impressed, with strong, somewhat oblique rounded ribs, terminating at the periphery, the narrower intercostal spaces and base smooth. Length, 7 mill. King's Isl. Bass Straits, Tasmania. Unfigured Species. T. NEOZELANDICA, Hutton. New Zealand. T. BEDDOMEI, Petterd. Tasmania. T. CIRCUMDATA, Gould. Sydney Harbor, Australia. T. IOTA, Gould. Hab. unknown. T. ACICULARIS, T. CONCINNA, T. BonoLENSis, A. Ad. Philippines. T. CORNEA, A. Ad. Eastern Seas. T. BICARINATA, T. POLYZONATA, T. BiTTiFORMis, Carpenter. Philippines. T. DECUSSATA, Pease. Sandwich Islands. Y. Japanese and Chinese Species. T. PHILIPPIANA, Dunker. PI. 16, fig. 37. Rather thick, whitish ; whorls plano-convex, slightly angulated above, strongly longitudinally plicate, plicae straight, fading out at the periphery, interstices and base thinly striate, the base stronger. Length, 9 mill. Japan . T. VARICOSA, Dunker. PL 76, fig. 38. Whorls 13-14, closely longitudinally costate, here and there varicose, terminated on the body-whorl b}" a peripheral spiral line, decussated by spiral strise, base thinly spirally lirate. Length, 11 mill. Japan. T. MULTTGYRATA, D unker. PI. 76, fig. 43. Pellucid, white ; whorls 17-18, convex, with deep suture, covered throughout with wide oblique, curved costae. Length, 16-17 mill. Japan. Unfigured Species. T. COMPTA, T. ALBELLA, T. SCTTULA, T. TEREBRA, T. CERINA, T. CANDIDA, T. DEBILIS, T. METULINA, T. SPECIOSA, T. SCALIOLA, 336 TURBONILLA. T. BICINCTA, T. MUNDA, T. CINCTA, T. FRAGILTS, T. SCULPTILTS, T. COMMODA, T. N1TIDA, T. MONOCYCLA, T. MODICA, T. VENUS- TULA, T. EXIMIA, T. PERFECTA, T. MACILENTA, all of A. Adams. Japan. T. RUBROFUSCA, T. CuMiNGii, Carpenter. China Sea. T. CJELATA, T. ORNATA, Gould. Hong Kong. VI. Indian Ocean Species. T. VELAINT, Tryon. PI. 75, fig. 99. White ; whorls 8, shouldered, longitudinally straightly plicate, the wider interspaces with slight spiral impressed striae. Length, 3'25 mill. Isl. of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. Described by Velain as T. scalaris, preoccupied by Philippi. T. DISCULUS, Velain. PI. 75, fig. 97. White ; whorls 9, rather flattened, with fine, close longitudinal ribs, terminating at the periphery of the body-whorl. Length, 3 mill. Isl. of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. T. PERONII, Velain. PI. 75, fig. 98. Grayish white, thin, with 7 convex whorls, with irregular longitudinal riblets, becoming more or less evanescent about the middle of the whorls. Length, 2'75 mill. Isl. of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. T. TENUICOSTA, Issel. PL 75, fig. 4. White, a little shining; whorls 6J, a little convex, suture margined, thinly, obliquely, longitudinally plicate, plicae fading out on the last whorl, interstices much wider. Length, 2'25 mill. Eed Sea. T. SOLIDULA, Issel. PI. 75, fig. 3, Yellowish white, a little shining, obliquely longitudinally plicate, interstices much wider, suture not margined ; whorls 8-9, somewhat convex, plications extending over the last whorl. Length, 3 mill. Eed Sea. T. CRYSTALLINULA, Issel. PL 75, fig. 1. White, pellucid, shining, fragile, with thread-like longitudinal oblique plications extending over all the whorls, and much wider smooth interspaces; whorls 9-10, convex. Length, 2 mill. Red Sea. TURBONILLA. 33 7 T. NITIDISSIMA, Issel, PL 75, fig. 2. White, translucid, very shining, rather strongly distantly longitudinally plicate, and no spiral lines • whorls 9-10, a little convex, with well-impressed suture, the ribs evanescent on lower part of body-whorl ; aperture a little obliquely channeled below. Length, 3 mill. Red Sea. T. VENUSTA, Issel. PL 75, fig. 100. White, a little shining, with numerous, vertical costse ; whorls 8-9, somewhat convex, with impressed suture, last whorl suban- gulated, and without costse below. Length, 3*25 mill. JRed Sea. T. CHRYSOZONA, Martens. PL 76, fig. 48. Densely cancellated, white, with a single narrow orange band on the upper whorls, two on the middle ones, three on the last; whorls 12-13, convex, occasional!}' varicose, last whorl subangu- late ; columella slightly plicate at the base, where the aperture is a little channeled. Length, 15 mill. Mauritius. T. LACTEA, Krauss, PL 76, fig. 49. Solid, white, closely, obliquely, obtusely plicate, with equal smooth interstices; whorls 10-12, slightly convex, lower half of body-whorl smooth. Length, 3*5 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Un figured Species. T. TRACHEALIS, T. OBELiscus, Gould. Simon's Bay, So. Africa. T. LTRATA, T. DECUSSATA, T. TRILTNEATA, A. Ad. Ceylon. T. WOOD-MASONI, T. VITTATA, T. T^NIATA, T. SUBEMARGINATA, T. MICROCHEILOS, T. 1NTUSLIRATA, T. CORPULENTA and var. MINIMA, all of Folin. (Desc. and figures inaccessible to me.) Andaman Is. Subgenus DUNKERTA, Carp., 1857. T. CANCELLATA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 50. Thin, corneous, spirally ribbed, with equal interspaces, ribs decussated into granules by longitudinal sulcations ; whorls 5, suture channeled. Length, 2 mill. Cuba. 22 338 TURBONILLA. T. LAMINATA, Carp. PI. 76, fig. 51. Whorls 8 (besides 2 nuclear ones), convex, with deep suture; longitudinally and spirally ribbed, the interstices of the decus- sations appearing pitted, on the last whorl the longitudinal sculp- ture becomes evanescent below the periphery ; yellowish or fulvous, more or less distinctly narrowly fasciate with lighter color on the spire, bifasciate on the body-whorl. Length, 6*25 mill. San Diego, Sta. Barbara, Gal. Un figured Species. T. INTERMEDIA, T. SUBANGULATA, T. CANCELLATA, T. PAUCILIRATA, of Carpenter. Mazatlan. T. MAJOR, C. B. Adams. Panama. T. GEMMULOSA, C. B. Adams. West Indies. T. SUTURALIS, Gould. So. Carolina. T. LATELIRATA, Folin. Andaman Is. T. FASCIATA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. Section CINGULINA, A. Adams, 1860. T. SPINA, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 76, figs. 52, 53. Whorls numerous, flattened, with scarcely distinct suture, encircled by three spiral ribs, four on the body-whorl, the lower part of which is smooth, white. Length, 9 mill. Gulf of St. Vincent, Australia. I think T. Brazieri, Angas (fig. 53), will prove synonymous : it is from Port Jackson, Australia. * T. CINGULATA, Dunker. PI. 76, fig. 35. Whorls numerous, scarcely convex, suture distinct, with three revolving ribs on the spire-whorl, seven on the body, intersticess striate, white. Length, 10 mill. Japan. T. TEREBRA, Dunker. PI. 76, fig. 36. White, shining ; whorls 12, scarcely convex, those of the spire with three revolving ribs, body-whorl with eight ribs, the lower ones smaller. Length, 8 mill. Japan. LIA, MURCHISONIELLA, VANESIA. 339 E. ISSELI, Tryon. PI. 76, fig. 64. A little shining, translucent, white, spirally cingulated, inter- stices longitudinally striated ; whorls 9, the last with 4 cingula- tions, base smooth. Length, 3'5 mill. Red Sea. Described by Issel as Eulimella cingulata, the specific name preoccupied in Cingulina by Dunker. Unfigured Species. T. CIRCINATA, A. Adams. Japan. T. AUSTRALTS, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. T. CARINATA, Folin. (Paper inaccessible to me.) Genus LIA, de Folin, 1872. L. DECORATA, Folin. I am not able to consult the description of this species. Genus MURCHISONIELLA, Morch, 1875. M. SPECTRUM, Morch (unfigured). St. TJiomas, W. I. Genus VANESIA, A. Adams, 1861. Y. TRIFASCTATA, Y. SULCATINA, A. Adams (unfigured). Manchuria. Genus EULIMELLA, Forbes, 1846. I. European Species. E. SCILL^E, Scacchi. PI. 76, figs. 63, 56. White, rather solid, polished ; whorls 11-12, flatly convex, the last subangulated on the periphery. Length, 9 mill. Europe. E. crassula, Jeffreys, and E. Macandrei, Forbes (fig. 56), are synonyms. E. COMPACTILIS, Jeffre}Ts. PI. 76, fig. 58. Shell thinner, much smaller, not so strongly keeled. Length, 2'5 mill. Boreal and Arctic Europe. E. superflua,~M.onts. (Mediterranean), is possibly a synonym, according to Jeffreys ; it has not been figured. 340 EULIMELLA. E. ACICULA, Phil. PI. 76, figs. 59-61, 54, 62, Rather thin, semitransparent, polished, glassy white in live, milk-white in dead specimens ; whorls 8-9, narrow, flattened, periphery scarcely angnlated. Length, 4*33 mill. Europe. Monterosato has changed the name to E. commutata on account of Auricula acicula, Lam., a fossil species which is a very doubtful Eulimella. Yar. TURRTS, Forbes. Shell of nearly equal breadth throughout, with rather convex whorls. Yar. VENTRICOSA, Forbes. Shell thinner, with tumid whorls and deeper suture. E. gracilis, Jeffreys ; E. turritellata, Requien, and E. affinis, Phil. (fig. 62), are synonyms. Monterosato, who considers ven- tricosa a distinct species, has described a var. minima (unfigured). Yar. OBELISCUS, Jeffreys. PI. 76, fig. 54. Shell smaller and narrower, with more compact whorls. E. STRIATULA, Jeffreys. PI. 76, fig. 55. Yery slender ; whorls 8-9, flattened, suture distinct ; white with distinct spiral striae. Length, 2-5 mill. Spezia, Italy. E. NITIDISSIMA, Mtg. PI. 77, fig. 79. Yery thin, transparent, lustrous; whorls 7 (besides the nucleus), convex, finely spirally striate, white. Length, 2-5 mill. Europe. E. CRASSA, Jeffreys. PL 77, fig. 81. Thick, opaque, glossy, smooth, white ; whorls 8-10 (?), flat- tened, suture slight; lip thick, with 8-LO spiral striae within, columella with a strong spiral tooth. Length (a fragment only), 6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. This species has the mouth of an Odostomia, but the form of the shell and want of sculpture together constitute an Eulimella as to external appearance. EULIMELLA. 341 E. PROLONG A, Jeffreys. PI. 77, fig. 72. Thin, semitransparent, very glossy, white ; whorls 10, flattened, suture slight ; columella with a small, tooth-like thickening. Length, 6'75 mill. Mediterranean Sea, West Coast of Africa. Another problematical species as to its generic position ; the tooth, however, is not nearly so distinct as in the last. It might almost rank as a colorless variety of E. unifasciata, Forbes (see American species). Unfigured Species. E. ANGUSTA, and Yar. PERANGUSTA, Monts. Mediterranean Sea. E. CINGULATA, Requien. Corsica. E. POINTELI, Folin (desc. and figure inaccessible). Port Said, Egypt. E. nitidissima, var. pura, Monterosato, is a synonj^m. It was found at St. V ito. E. MACTLENTA, Moiiterosato. Mediterranean. Name substituted for Odostomia debilis, Monts., not Pease. E. FOUNT, Fischer. (Probably exotic.) France. II. Oriental Species. E. ARABICA, Issel. PI. 76, fig. 57. Shining, very minutely decussated, translucent, whitish, with narrow yellowish bands ; whorls 12-13, flattened, the suture impressed, margined. Length, 5 mill. Eed Sea. E. PHILIPPIANA, Dunker. PI. 77, fig. 75. White, subpellucid, ve^ smooth and shining; whorls 9, flattened. Length, 11 mill. Japan. Unfigured Species. E OPACA, E. VITREA, E. HYALiNA, A. Adams. Japan. E. CYLINDROPSTS, E. iNFUNDiBULATA, Folin. Andaman Is. 342 EULlMELLA. III. American Species. E. UNIFASCIATA, Forbes. PI. 77, fig. 73 ; PI. 76, fig. G5. Smooth, polished, white, with a median, narrow, light chestnut band ; whorls 11, flattened. Length, 6 mill. New England, Azores, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean. This is Eulimella Smithii, Yerrill (fig. 65). The columellar tooth is inconspicuous, and the form of the shell places it in Eulimella rather than Odostomia. E. POLITA, Yerrill. PI. 77, fig. 67. Whorls 12, well rounded, smooth and glossy. Length, 8 mill. Eastport, Maine. Appears to be closely allied to E. ventricosa, Forbes. E. LUCID A, Yerrill. PI. 77, fig. 68. Whorls 11, flattened, smooth, polished, with very indistinct growth-lines, suture distinct, but scarcely at all impressed, trans- lucent pinkish white. Length, 8 mill. New England (2033 fathoms). E. CHARISSA, Yerrill. PI. 77, fig. 69. Small and delicate ; whorls 11, very slender, translucent white. Length, 5'6 mill. New England (2033 fathoms). Smaller, with much more slender spire and smaller apical whorl than the last ; there are also more whorls in the same length, they are somewhat more convex and the suture more impressed. E. NITIDA, Yerrill. PI. 77, fig. 70. Smooth, polished, rather large for the genus, moderately elongated, with a tall, regularly tapering spire of more than eight moderately convex whorls (apex broken), separated by a well-defined, somewhat impressed, rather oblique suture. Length (broken), 6'5 mill. New England (2033 fathoms). Most like E. lucida, but the whorls are more convex, the suture more oblique and more impressed, the body-whorl longer, more produced anteriorly, the aperture narrower, more elongated, and effuse in front. EtJLlMELLA. 343 E. LISSA, Yerrill. PI. 77, fig. 71. Small, white, polished; whorls 8, flattened, smooth, suture distinct. Length, 6 mill. Off Cape Hatteras, N. C. (142 fms.) Remarkable for the small size of the apical whorl and for its pupiform outline. E. ENGONIA, Bush. White, lustrous ; whorls 7^, flattened, distinctly chamfered above the channeled suture, b6dy-whorl distinctly angulated at the periphery, where there is a prominent rounded thread — there are also numerous indistinct, unequal striae only visible under a microscope ; columella with a small distinct fold, not seen in a front view. Length, 6*5 mill. Cape Hatteras, and Beaufort, N. C. Described as an Odostomia, and placed here with some doubt on account of the long slender shell. Yar. TERES, Bush. PI. 77, fig. 82. More slender, with flatter whorls, with a distinct impressed spiral line just below the angle. E. ALBA, Calkins. PI. 76, fig. 66. Small, white, shining, pellucid; whorls 12-13, smooth, flat, suture lightly impressed. Length, 7 '5 mill. Cedar Keys, Florida. E. SIMPLEX, d'Orb. PL 77, fig. 74. Shell thin, white, finely spirally striate ; whorls 7, slightly convex, with a shallow channel next above the suture. Length, 2'3 mill. Jamaica. Unfigured Species. E. OBSOLETA, Carpenter. Mazatlan. E. PELLUCENS, E. OPALINA, A. Adams. Japan. Section OCEANIDA, Folin, 1870. E. GRADUATA, Folin. (Desc. not accessible). West Indies. 344 EULIMELLA. Section LIOSTOMIA, Sars, 1878. E. CLAVULA, Loven. PL 77, fig. 76. Thin, transparent, polished, microscopically longitudinally striated, white ; whorls 4-5, rather convex, suture slightly margined ; umbilicus ver}' small and narrow, but distinct ; colu- mella witk