'BERKELEY JBRARY JNIVERS1TY OF CALIFORNIA EARTH SCIENCE 11BRARV B e R K E L LIBRA! UNIVERSITY CALIFORH EARTH SCIENCE LIBRARY MANUAL OF ONCHOLOGY; STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH nj^USTKATIOXS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W.^RYON,) JR. CONTINUATION BY ^/ HENRY A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OP SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. XV. POLYPLACOPHORA, (Chitons.} ACANTHOCHITID.E, CRYPTOPLACID^E AND APPENDIX. TECTIBRANCHIATA. PHILADELPHIA : 3?u.blish.ed by Concliological Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, OF PHILADELPHIA. 1893. EARTH SCIENCE* UBRARt PREFACE. Iii this volume are contained monographs of two families of POLY- PLACOPHORA : Acantlwehitidce and Cryptoplacidce, with an Appendix, and an Index to the entire group. The APLACOPHORA are then described ; and the remainder of the volume is devoted to the various groups of spiral shelled TECTIBRANCHIATA. As it is not proposed to include the NUDIBRANCHIATA^ in the MANUAL, the present volume will complete the First Series, as orgin- ally projected by its illustrious founder. The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences contemplates the commencement of a Third Series of the Manual of Conchology, to include the Marine bivalve Molluslcs. The continued support of the subscribers to the First Series is earnestly desired, for without their liberal aid this great enterprise cannot be undertaken. E. J. NOLAN, M. D.,} ANGELO HEILPRIN, ( Publication Committee. J. H. BEDFIELD. H. A. PILSBRY, Editor. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, MONOGRAPH OF THE POLYPLACOPHORA. (CONCLUDED.) Acanthochitoid Phylum. The systematic position and genesis of this stock of chitons has been indicated on pages xxiv and xxvii of the preceding volume of this work. Two families, Acanthochitidce and Cryptoplacidce, are recognized, both containing some peculiarly modified forms. The following diagram expresses the approximate relationships and phytogeny of the genera. It must be remembered that those genera which have undergone the greatest modification are in this phylum distinctly degenerate in character, and represented by but few species of restricted range. The reverse is true of the most modified genera of Chitonidas. u >< C CS Cryptochiton. Amicula. Cryptoplacidse. Choneplax. Acanthochitoid Phylum. Cryptoplax. 6 ACANTHOCHITID^. Family ACANTHOCHITID^E Pilsbry. Chitons in which the valves are more or less immersed in the smooth or hairy (never scaly) girdle; the tegmentum or outer layer therefore being much smaller than the articulamentum or inner layer, and having the exposed surface (when present) divided into dorsal (or jugal) and latero-pleural areas, the latter formed by the union of the lateral areas with the sides of the central areas. Insertion teeth sharp, nearly smooth. Body not vermiform. Posterior valve either slit similarly to the head-valve or having a posterior median sinus ; the mucro submedian. Besides the positive and negative characters given above, the species of this family generally have 5 slits in the head-valve, and median or short gills. It is difficult to quote synonymy for the family name, as genera grouped here by me are scattered throughout the two grand divisions of the Carpenterian arrangement, being included in the Ischnoidea, Acanthoidea, Nopaloidea and Cryptoidea of his classification. The descent of this family from the primitive Ischnochitonidce can safely be affirmed, although no existing genus affords a clue to the exact branch of that family which gave rise to this peculiar series- The general prevalence of a short gill-row, the simplicity of the insertion-plates and teeth, and the low development of sense-organs in the shell, all indicate an ancestral stock not far removed above the LepidopleuridcR except in the development of slits and teeth. The genera of Acanthochitince are closely linked together by inter- mediate forms, although the superficial modification is considerable, The more normal forms (Leptoplax, Spongiochitori) have the tail valve many-slit, like the head valve, and perfectly "regular" in form ; these lead to forms with the posterior teeth uneven and vertical (Loboplax, Notoplax, Katharina), and then to those in which the posterior teeth are obsolete and lost, their place being excavated into a tail-sinus (Acanthoehites). So far, the course of development has been parallel to that followed by the Mopaliidce ; but the pro- gressive envelopment of the valves by the girdle, brings another factor into play at this point : viz., the backward growth of the pos- terior covered margins of the valves. This tendency is very clearly seen in the more covered species of Acanthoehites , etc., but it becomes much more pronounced in such forms as Oryptoconchw and Amicula; and in Cryptochiton the development of posterior lobes, as well as the burying of the valves themselves, reaches its culmination. ACANTHOCHITES. 7 The Chitonellidce betray unquestionable proofs of descent from a stock distinctly Acanthochitoid in its organization ; but their special characters render it useful to treat that group as a separate, though closely allied, family. See Vol. XIV, p. xxxii, paragraph bb for synopsis of genera. Subfamily ACANTHOCHITIN^E. Genus SPONGIOCHITON Carpenter. See Vol. XIV, p. 26. This is probably a valid genus, allied to Acanthochites but distinguished by the anterior dilation of the girdle and the more regular slitting of the tail valve. Genus (?) LEPTOPLAX Carpenter. See Vol. XIV, page 25, where this genus was erroneously included in the Ischnochitonince. Specimens should be critically examined now that it is placed next to Acanthochites, for it may prove to be a subgenus or section of the latter, near JVotoplax. Genus ACANTHOCHITES Risso, 1826. Acanthochites, Acanthochcetes and Acanthochiton of authors, + Phakellopleura Guild, (haud Shuttlw. \),-}-Phacellopleura, Macan- drellus and Stectoplax of Carpenter, -{-Notoplax Ad.,-{- Cryptoconchus (Blainv.) Guild. Valves partially buried in or covered by the girdle, the exposed part consisting of a smooth or striated dorsal band, and granulated side-areas, the latter sometimes lacking. Anterior valve with 5 sym- metrically placed slits ; median valves with 1 slit on each side ; pos- terior valve with two or several slits. Girdle varying from densely hairy to naked, but always having four bristle-bearing pores around the head valve, and a single series of pores on each side placed at the sutures. Gills short, extending forward from one-third to three- fourths the length of the foot. This genus is distinguished from Leptoplax, Spongiochiton and Katharina by the presence of bristle-bearing pores at the sutures, and from the first two moreover by the less regular slitting of the posterior valve. The genus Katharina differs from Acanthochites further in the more numerous, unsymmetrical anterior slits, and in the gill-row, which is as long as the foot. Acanthochites is the only genus (of more than one species) in which 8 ACANTHOCHITES. the girdle-pores seem to be a constant generic character ; and even in this genus some species have them very small, or even subobsolete (A. floridanus). The pores are normally 18 in number, but rarely one or two additional pores are developed behind the posterior valve. A number of sections have been proposed, based on the degree of covering of the valves, and the denticulation of the posterior valve. Part of them have been ranked as genera by authors, but the more I see of the species, the less rank I am disposed to accord these minor groups. Their differential characters are trivial, and intermediate forms may be expected to occur between any of them. Synopsis of sections, A. Anterior valve without radiating ribs; not obviously lobed around the lower edge of tegmentum. b. Tail valve with one slit on each side, and a wide, shallow sinus between ; girdle covered with spicules and having well developed tufts, Acanthochites. bb. Tail valve with several slits behind ; girdle encroaching at sutures on the valves. Notoplax. bbb. Tail valve with several slits ; girdle naked, leathery, covering the valves except for a linear band at the ridge ; tufts small, the pores sometimes raised on tubercles, sometimes sub- obsolete, hardly visible, Cryptoconchus. AA. Anterior valve having 5 radiating ribs, its lower margin 5-lobed ; tail valve multifissate ; girdle nearly naked, having small pore tufts, Loboplax. Section Acanthochites Risso, 1826. Acanthochites BJSSO (as of Leach ms.), Hist. Nat. de 1'Eur. Merid., iv, p. 268 (first species A. communis,==^ A. discrepans ; second species A. carinatus=A.fascicularis L.). — GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 66, 69.—Acanthochetes LEACH (MS. 1819) in GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 169 ; Guide, p. 186.— SOWB., Conch. Man., edit. 2, p. 57 (1842).— Acanthochiton HERRMANNSEN, Indicis Generum Malacozoorum Primordia, i, p. 2 (vid. ibid., " Acanthochitus"). — Acanthochiton of CARPENTER and many modern authors. — Acanthochistes COSTA, Faun. Reg. Nap., p. 2. — Phakellopleura GUILDING, Zool. Journ. v, ACANTHOCHITES. 9 p. 28(1829); type Ch. fascicularis Sow. Gen., f. 3. — Stectoplax CPR. in BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, pp. 284, 288, 289, 291 (1882) ; type S. porrecta CPR. Valves partly covered, the anterior lacking radiating ribs; the posterior valve having the insertion-plate with a single slit on each poster o- lateral edge, and a ivide, toothless sinus in the middle behind. Girdle with large, dense tufts of glistening spicules. Type, C. fasci- cularis L. In this, the typical section, the tail valve has been further differ- entiated from the primitive type than in the other sections. The hairs of the girdle, and especially the tufts, are more exuberantly developed than in any othe'r group of Chitons. The valves vary greatly in the degree to which they are buried in the girdle. The species are numerous, but owing to the similarity of the sculpture they are very hard to distinguish, even when well described. (1) Species of European and African Seas. A. FASCICULARIS Linne. PI. 4, figs. 77, 78, 79. Shell elongated, moderately convex, more or less distinctly car- inated. Surface dull, varying much in color, "brown, chocolate, orange, yellow, pinkish or red, now and then mottled or streaked with white, pale green or brown." Median valves broadly subtriangular (seen detached), the beak slightly projecting, latero-anterior outline of tegrnentum convex. Latero-pleural areas covered with flat or concave granules, which are ovate-oblong or drop-shaped and rather remote. Dorsal areas tri- angular, not abruptly defined at the edges, rather flattened and longitudinally obsoletely striated. Anterior valve granulated, the lower edge of the tegmentum slightly and obsoletely angular. Pos- terior valve with subcentral elevated mucro. Interior greenish, often roseate along the cavity. Insertion-plate of posterior valve having between the two slits a small posterior wave or sinus with a slight lobe on each side. Girdle moderately broad, more or less closely covered with short spicules which are usually tawny or grayish ; and a thick tuft of greenish or whitish bristles at each suture, four such tufts around the head valve. Periphery of girdle fringed with spines longer than those covering the rest of the girdle, but shorter than those of the tufts. 10 ACANTHOCHITES. Length 25, breadth 11, mill.; divergence 110.° Length 15, breadth 7 mill. Finmark and Great Britain, south to Mogador ; off the Strait of Gibraltar, (and perhaps the Canaries} ; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. On rocks, stones and oyster shells from low tide to 25 fms. Chiton fascicnlaris LINN., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1106 (1766), and of many authors, including LAM., PAYRAUDEAU, PHILIPPI, WEIN- KAUFF, FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., t. 59, f. 5. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 211 ; v, p. 197, t. 55, f. 3 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, p. 10; P. Z. S. 1882, p. 666, WOODWARD, Man. of Moll., t. 11, f. 30.— Sows., Conch. Illustr., f. 87, 87a.— AUDOUIN, Ex. PI. Savigny, p. 127; Savigny, pi. 3, f. 5. — Acanthochites fascicularis SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 117. — Anisochiton (Acanthochiton) fascicularis FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 881, f. 623 (bad). — Anisochiton (Acanthochites} fascicularis BUQ., DAUTZ. and DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 502, t. 61, f. 17-20; t. 62, f. 6.— Acanthochites car- inatus Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid, iv, p. 269 (1826).— Acantho- chcetes vulgaris LEACH, Synops. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 229 (1852). — Chiton crinitus PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 7J , t. 36, f. 1, Al (1777) ; edition of 1812, vol. iv, p. 142.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t.'26, f. 176. Not Ch. crinitus SOWB. — ? Chiton globulosus CHIEREGHINI MS., Brusina's Ipsa Chier. Couch., p. 43, 1870. This species is smaller than A. discrepans and the valves are much more coarsely granulated, the granules being ovate, at least toward the beaks. The median smooth area is wider than in discrepans, and less raised ; the tufts are larger, and the girdle is fringed at the margin. Var. attenuata Jeffr. Much longer and narrower in proportion to the breadth. England. A. ^NEUS (Risso) Monts. This Chiton resembles the other species of the group, but is more arched, reddish or bright colored, having distinct granules, and with the hairs of the tufts copper colored ; border thick and spinous. This beautiful species belongs to the laminarian zone, and has occurred at various points in the Mediterranean. The A. fascicularis is littoral, smaller, black with the keel chalky white ; and moreover its granulations are less numerous and more prominent. A. discre- pans Brown is also littoral, is larger and better known. Its colora- tion is ordinarily greenish, its granules minute and numerous; the hair-tufts are a beautiful silvery green. (Monts.') ACANTHOCHITES. 11 Back subcarinated, blackish ; margin wide, tuberculate ; tufts white, bronzed. The back is oblong, blackish, bordered by a wide tuberculous band ornamented with bunches of white or bronze hairs. Length 15 mill. Animal light red ; head rounded, gills reddish, etc. (jRiwo.) Balearic Is. (Hidalgo) ; Nizza (Risso) ; Genoa (Issel) ; Gorgona (Caifassi); Naples; Palermo (Monts.) Acanthochites ceneus Risso, Hist. Nat. de 1'Eur. Merid. iv, p. 269 (1826). — CARTJS, Prodromus Faunae Mediterranese ii, pt. 1, p. 182 (1889). — Chiton (Acanthochites^ ceneus MONTEROSATO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 147. — Chiton gracilis JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. Hist. (3), iii, p. 106, t. 3, f. 9a, b (1859).— SOWB., Illustr. Index Brit. Sh., t. 10, f. 6. — C. fascicularis var. gracilis JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iii, p. 212. With this form Monterosato identifies C. gracilis Jeffreys, the description which follows : " C. fascicularis var. gracilis Jeffr. PI. 4, fig. 83. Longer than usual, with finer sculpture; girdle broader and membranous, sparsely set with spines and mostly having an extra tuft (occasionally two) at the tail. Weymouth and off Milford Haven. Dredged in deep water. Differs from A. fascicularis in being slender, the girdle more sparsely pilose, and having one or two tufts behind the posterior valve, 19 or 20 tufts in all. The granulation of valves is finer than in fascicularis, coarser than in discrepans. As I have seen no Mediterranean specimens I cannot affirm their identity with those of the south of England ; but they are probably the same. The Mediterranean form has not been figured. Jeffreys in his later writ- ings considered this a delicate deep-water form of fascicularis, a con- clusion with which I am disposed to coincide. Further study with abundant material from the Mediterranean and Atlantic is necessary to establish the true status of the form. The form described by Rochebrune as A. hamatus is probably a synonym of A. ceneus. The original description follows: Acanthochites hamatus Rochebr. Shell elongated, ovate, roseate, intensely carinated, the carina very high, linear, rugulose, posteriorly acute. Anterior valve rounded, intermediate valves with the lateral areas intensely granulated all over, the grains polygonal, flattened, subumbilicated. Marginal ligament pale rufous, with 9 shining 12 ACANTHOCHITES. whitish bunches. Length 17, breadth 8 mill. Oran, Algeria, collected by Deshayes' expedition of 1842; types in the Paris Museum. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1881-1882, p. 191.) A. DISCREPANS Brown. PI. 4, figs. 80, 81, 82. Shell oblong,, rather elevated, carinated. Color grayish, variously mottled with dull reddish-brown ; the ridge often marked with lilac or blackish. Median valves, when detached, showing a broadly triangular tegmentum, slightly beaked in the middle of the subconcave poste- rior margin, the latero-anterior margin sigmoid, convex at the outer, concave or subconcave toward the anterior termination ; length of tegmentum contained If times in its breadth, except the 2nd valve, which is longer. Latero^leural areas sculptured with very fine and numerous round flat-topped granules, arranged in curving slightly irregular series, radiating from the beaks. Dorsal area narrowly triangular, elevated at the edges, somewhat convex, finely striated longitudinally. Anterior valve granulated, its lower margin feebly scalloped. Posterior valve with central, slightly projecting mucro; the tegmentum oval, wider than long. Interior white, faintly tinged with blue, and more or less suffused with lilac-pink along the middle of the cavity. Sinus rather deep angular. Posterior valve having no posterior sinus or wave in the insertion-plate, which has the usual single slit on each side, sometime, doubled on one side. Girdle broad, grayish, covered with a thick velvety pile, and hav- ing ttffts of white, yellowish or greenish spiculesat each suture, with four additional around the anterior valve ; periphery of girdle not furnished with a fringe of spicules longer than those covering the sur- face. Length 36, breadth 19 mill. ; divergence 105°-115°. Channel Islands to Morocco and Madeira; Mediterranean and A driatic Seas. Low water to 25 fnis., on stones. Chiton discrepans BROWN, 111. Conch. Gt. Brit, p. 65, t. 21, f. 20 (1827).— FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 396, t. 58, f. 4. — SOWB., Illustr. Index Brit. Sh., t. 10, f. 7. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 214; v, p. 198, t. 55, f. 4 ; P. Z. S. 1882, p. 667.— WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. Mittelm ii, p. 413. — Chiton fascicularis var. major PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 108, t. 7, f. 2 ; ii, p. 83.— C. fascicularis (part) DESH., in Lam., An. s. Vert. (2), vii, p. 492, and of POT. & MICH., REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 53, PETIT, Journ. ACANTHOCHITES. 13 de Conch. 1852, p. 71, WEINKAUFF, /. c., 1862, p. 333, et al — Chiton crlnitus Sows., Conch. Illustr., p. 2, f. 88, 88a, 93.— THORPE, Brit. Mar. Couch., p. 251, 1844 ; not of Pennant. — Anisochiton discrepans BUQ. DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 505, t. 61, f. 21-25 ; t. 62, f. 7. — ? Acanthochites commwiis Risso, Hist. Nat. de TEur. Merid., iv, p. 269. Smith (P. Z. S. 1891, p. 392) reports this species from Aden, and remarks that he cannot separate 0. scutiger Ad. & Rv., Corean Archipelago, and C. carinatus A. Ad. & Ang. from Port Jackson, from this species. A. discrepans is readily distinguished from A. fascicularis by its larger size, the much smaller, more numerous and round instead of oval granules ; the less conspicuous tufts, etc. A. ADANSONI Rochebrune. PL 8, figs. 33, 34. Shell elongated, whitish-violaceous, with black and green spots; anterior valve semilunar ; posterior valve small ; intermediate valves triangular, nearly concealed, closely and very minutely squamulose ; anterior areas of valves narrow, very smooth and longitudinally strio- late ; marginal ligament wide, pilose, hairs coarctate, generally red- dish, and with 9 bunches of glossy, roseate, slightly yellowish bristles. Length 20, breadth 8 mill. (Rocliebr.} Strait of Santiago ; Saint Vincent, Cope Verde Archipelago ; Goree and Dojcar, West Africa. Acanthochites adansoni ROCHEBR., Journ. de Conchyl. (3) xxi, p. 44 (1881); Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, 1880-'81, p. 116; Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2), iv, p. 238, t. 17, f. 9a, b.—Kalison ADANSON, Voy. au Senegal, pt. 2, p. 42, t. 2. f. 11 (young individual, teste Rochebr.) The posterior valve is excessively narrow, rounded, almost entirely covered by the girdle ; median valves triangular, carinated, the carina obtuse, covered with ovoid scales regularly arranged in radiating lines ; middle of the valves narrow, very finely striated longitudinally. (Rochebr?) The notes given under A. bouvieri on Rochebrune's figures of that species, apply also to this. They are false in most particulars. A. BOUVIERI Rochebrune. PI. 3, figs. 65, 66. Shell elliptical, carinated, black. Anterior valve elongated ; pos- terior valve rounded ; median valves triangular, wide, beaked, covered with minute points ; anterior area very narrow, transversely 14 ACANTHOCHITES. most minutely radiate. Marginal ligament wide, black or brownish, having 9 dense, elongated bunches, whitish or reddish. Length 15, breadth 9 mill. (Rochebr.} Strait of Saint Lucie ; Santiago, Cape Verde Archipelago. A. bouvieri ROCHEBK., Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 45 ; Bull.Soc. Philom. 1880-'81, p. 117 ; Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2) iv,p. 239, 1. 17, f. 10a, b. The front valve is triangular, the posterior valve quite wide, rounded. It occurs also at Dakar and Goree, on the mainland of Africa, living with A. adansoni. The artist who drew Rochebrune's figures omitted the slits in the insertion-plates ; he supplied several extra girdle-tufts ; and finally, he represented only seven valves, and these are very incorrect at the sutures. To what extent the figures may be otherwise faulty I can- not tell, but I have very grave doubts about the correctness of the sculpture of the dorsal areas represented in the detail figure. A. GARNOTI Blainville. PI. 14, figs. 11-16. Shell elongated, rather depressed, not carinated. Brownish, with two slightly diverging whitish stripes bounding the dorsal area. The median valves are rather beaked when not eroded. The tegmen turn varies on different valves from subpentagonal to sub- quadrangular. Latero-pleural areas closely and evenly covered with elongated granules. Dorsal areas triangular, rather wide in front, not sharply defined at the sides, closely striated longitudinally, the striae coarser at the sides, and becoming transformed into the gran- ulation of the side areas. Posterior valve small, the tegmentum broader than long. Posterior sinus shallow, with a slight lobe and on each side a slit. Mucro behind the middle. Interior a rather dark blue-green, the cavity and central callus of each valve purple-brown. Sinus wide and rounded; sutural lamince very large, well rounded at their anterior extremities, about equal in area to the tegmentum, side slits inconspicuous, posterior. Girdle "dirty-green, closely covered with clear or dark-green bristles, white at the periphery, and having 18 bunches of numerous radiating bristles, which are dirty-green, hyaline, very brittle and over 2 millim. in length." Length 20, breadth 10 mill, (specimen.) Length 1 inch, 6 lines, breadth 1 inch (Quoy & Gaim.) Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. AC A NTHOCHITES. 1 5 Chiton garnoti BLAINV., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 552 (1825). — QCOY & GAIMARD, Voy. de 1'Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 401, t. 73, f. 9-14. —LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 517. — KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 42._ ? Chiton danielli Sows., Conch. Illustr., p. 7, f. 48. The valves are more or less encrusted or eroded in most adult adult specimens. The Ch. danielli of Sowerby, figured in the Con- chological Illustrations, but never described, has been considered synonymous on account of its locality ; but as Krauss has pointed out, the figure represents that species with an additional pair of well developed tufts behind the tail-valve. It may prove distinct; but as the figure was drawn from a badly eroded example and in other respects agrees well with garnoti, it may be left here for the present. A. penicillatus differs from this species in both coloring and sculpture, v. Martens reports garnoti from Mauritius and Reunion (Mobius' Reise, p. 300.) A. PENICILLATUS Deshayes. PI. 4, fig. 84 ; -pi. 8, figs. 29, 30. Shell elongated, moderately elevated, carinated, the side-slopes nearly straight. Surface lusterless, varying from uniform cream- white to heavily blotched and maculated with blackish. Median valves slightly beaked. Dorsal areas not elevated at the edges, rather narrow, closely and finely longitudinally striated. Latero-pleural areas covered with rather coarse, flat or subconcave scale-like granules, varying from drop-shaped to angularly oblong in form, arranged in radiating rows, and less obviously in serie parallel to the outer-anterior contours of the tegmentum (fig. 81). Posterior valve having the tegmentum small, round, and equal in length and breadth, the mucro moderately elevated and near the pos- terior margin. Interior white ; sinus broad and angular. Slits of side insertion- plates posterior and small. Posterior valve having a slight upward wave behind, at each side of which there is a projection or angle ; the plate straight or concave from this angle to the lateral angles. Slits as usual. Girdle covered with short pile, having a rather small bunch of white spicules at each suture, four bunches around the head valve, and a fringe of similar long glassy spicules at the periphery. Length 22, breadth 11 mill.; divergence 110°. Reunion (Desh.) ; Mauritius ( V. Robillard.) Chiton penicillatus DESH., Moll. Reunion, p. 41, t. 6, f. 8-10 (1863). — Accinthochcetes p., MARTENS in Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der 16 ACANTHOCHITES. Insul Mauritius u. der Seychellen, (Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius), p. 300 (1880.) This species may be readily known by the light ground-color, the proportions of the posterior valve, and the fringe of long peripheral spicules, when these are retained. The sculpture differs markedly from the Cape species, the pustules being notably elongated, of a narrowly drop-shaped contour, averaging one-fifth of a mill, in length. (2) Species of New Zealand and Australia. A. ZELANDICUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 14, figs. 9, 10. Shell elongated, moderately elevated, hardly carinated. Greenish or gray, or " yellowish dotted with brown, some valves with a black line at the summit." The median valves are hardly beaked. Latero-pleural areas covered with closely -crowded, ovate, flattened granules. Dorsal areas narrowly triangular, closely and finely striated longitudinally. Posterior valve having the tegmentum small, transversely oval, decidedly wider than long. Interior dark blue-green, often stained with purple along the cavity. Sinus very wide and squarish. Posterior valve obtusely^ biangular behind, the edge of the insertion-plate, between the slits, minutely and distinctly crenulated. Girdle rather narrow (in the dried state), greenish, covered with very short spicules, and having a marginal fringe of longer spicules, and 18 tufts of light blue spicules. Length 28, breadth 12 mill. Length 25, breadth 10 mill. Pass of France (Q. & G.) ; Auckland to Dunedin (Hutton), New Zealand, on stones below low water-mark. Chiton zelandicus Q. & G., Zool. Voy. de 1'Astrol., iii, p. 400, t. 73, f. 5-8 (1834).— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 58,—Acanthochites zealandicus HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 117 (1880). — Acantho- chcetes hookeri GRAY, in Dieffenback's Travels in New Zealand, ii p. 262 (1843.) This species has been reported from Japan (Schrenck, Amurl. Moll., p. 273) but incorrectly, the Japanese species being distinct. The coloring is variable. Hutton writes : Mantle brown ; spines pale green ; valves generally greyish-black, more or less varied with ACANTHOCHITES. 17 yellowish ; often yellowish or reddish on the dorsal Hue ; occasion- ally greenish. The spines on the mantle vary from green to brown. Green is the more common color in the north, while brown appears to be universal in Otago. It is by no means certain that but one species of Acanthochiles exists in New Zealand. Especial attention should be given to the form and denticulation of the tail valve of specimens from different New Zealand localities, in order to settle this question. Specimens before me seem to indicate a second species, but they are not per- fectly preserved. A. CARINATUS Adams & Angas. Shell elongated ; valves moderate, strongly carinated, beaked behind ; whitish maculated with reddish-brown ; very closely pustu- lose, in the middle smooth and black-brown ; lateral areas indistinct. Girdle beset with minute white spicules, and bunches of pale spicules. Length 30, breadth 16 mill. (A. & A.} Port Jackson, New South Wales (Angas.) Aeanthochites carinatus AD. & ANG., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 194. — ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 224. A single specimen was collected by Angas. Mr. E. A. Smith has expressed the opinion that it is the same as the European species A. discr pans (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 392), but this view needs confirmation, being founded probably on a study of the external characters only. A. ASBESTOIDES Carpenter. PI. 2, fig. 55. Shell small, greyish-brown, with a pale line on each side of the middle of the central valves, slig-htly converging behind, leaving a dark-wedge shaped space between them. Surface covered with a coarseish granulation, the granules being somewhat flattened and those at the vertex of the central valves rather smaller than the rest. The lateral areas are not defined in these valves; the posterior curved margins are produced in the middle, at times almost forming a right angle; their insertion plates are large, thin, produced ante- riorly with a very slight notch quite close to the hinder margin on each side ; the sinus between them in front is deep and arcuate. The first valve has a straighter posterior margin than the succeeding ones, and a semicircular outline in front ; the lamina of insertion is rather deep, thin, feebly striated exteriorly, and interrupted by five very small subequidistant notches. The last valve is conspicuously ' 2 UXZVBBBIX1 18 ACANTHOCHITES. small, transversely subovate, depressed- conical, with a nearly central mucro; insertion-plate very large, laterally produced, with only two notches behind. Interior of the valves bluish. Mantle very minutely spinulose, bearing very conspicuous compact tufts of silky spicules along the sides, not at all unlike in their fibrous texture that of asbestos. Length 15 millim., width of the broadest central valve 5i (Smith.*) Flinder's Island, J3ass' Straits (Jos. Milligan) ; Port Molle, Queens- land (Coppinger), Australia. Chiton (Acanthochiton) asbestoides Cpr. MS., SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. 'Alert,' p. 83, t. 6, f. G (1884.) Numerous specimens are before me from the collection of the Canada Geological Survey. The species is characterized by the density of the narrow white asbestos-like tufts, well shown in the figure. (3) Species of Japan, China, and the Sandivich Is. A. RUBROLINEATUS Lischke. PL 2, fig. 50. Shell oblong-ovate, convex, very minutely granose, dull flesh- colored, here and there brown, having a wedge-shaped olive spot in the middle of the valves, and painted with obliquely longitudinal red lines. Sides of valves in large part covered by the girdle, the free portion about as long as wide. Anterior valve regularly convex ; posterior valve small, obtusely beaked ; the rest having a narrow smooth median area, slightly excavated on each side. Girdle clothed with minute, irregular spines, and 18 pores bearing dark bristles. Length 34, breadth 20 mill. (Lischke.) Nagasaki, Japan. Chiton rubro-lineaius LISCHKE, Malak. Blatt. xxi, p. 24 (June, 1873) ; Japonische Meeres-Conchylien, iii, p. 73, t. 5, f. 12 (1874.) Described from a single specimen. Compare A. achates. A. ACHATES Gould. Shell narrow, elliptical ; sooty, with a yellow streak on each side Valves scale-shaped, beaked and carinated, at the apices smooth and ebony colored, elsewhere scaly-granulated. Anterior valve semi- oval ; posterior valve small, triangular, the mucro subterminal ; interior glaucous. Ligament wide, provided with short, unequal opines and bunches of spicules. ACANTHOCHITES. 19 Length 30, breadth 20 mill. (Gl'd.} Kikaia and Hakodadi Bay, Japan (Stimpson.) C. (Acanthooficetes') achates GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, p. 165 ; Otia Conch., p. 118. One of the orginal specimens of this species is before me, but it is so eroded that the characters are quite obscured. A. DEFILIPPII Tapparone Canefri. PL 2, figs. 45-48. Shell ovate, the valves small ; girdle closely hairy, very wide. Valves heart-shaped, narrowed in front, dilated, and somewhat beaked in the middle behind; last valve small, subrotund. Umbones obscurely transversely striated, areas minutely and closely granulated. Girdle much dilated, thick, densely covered with short haiis, and having two series of setigerous pores. Color of the valves black-brown, sometimes variegated with white ; girdle olive-brown, the pore tufts black. (7.-C.) Yokohama, Japan. Amycula de-filippii T.-C. Zool. del Viaggio intorno al globo della R. Fregata ' Magenta,' Malacologia, p. 78, t. 1, f. 15, 15a-2c. (1874). — Stectoplax porrecta CPR., MS. and in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 288 (no description.) Canefri's figure of this species shows but seven valves, probably a mistake of the artist. The species described by Carpenter seems to be identical. Car- penter's name was applied some years before the appearance of the Zoology of the 'Magenta/ but unfortunately was never published. The Carpenterian species is evidently what Tapparone-Cauefri alludes to as a species of " Stretochiton " in the collection " del sig. E. Adams." Carpenter's description is as follows : A. porrectus Carpenter. (PL 2, figs. 36-44). Valves two-thirds immersed, brown-olive ; exposed part of the posterior valve rounded, the mucro a little behind the middle; anterior valve semicircular; median valves trilobed, projecting far forward at the ridge. Dorsal area smooth, in the young shell longitudinally striate and granulose. Side areas conspicuously granose. Interior : posterior valve mopaloid, slightly sinuated behind, hav- ing one slit at each side. Anterior valve having 5 slits; median valve 1 slit (or sometimes abnormally 2 on one side) ; posterior teeth long, the rest very long ; eaves minute. Jugal sinus very deep, wide, smooth, sutural laminae separated. 20 ACANTHOCHITES. Girdle produced in front, covered with countless minute whitish glassy spines, and having tufts of hairs at the margins of the valves. Length 44, breadth 27? mill.; divergence 120°. Japan (Cuming Coll., no. 97.) This curious shell may be described as a Katharina with the nor- mal tail-plate of Acanthochites, and a pore-bearing girdle. The hairs in the pores are horny, but over the surface white and nearly translucent. (Cpr.) This species was made the type of Carpenter's subgenus Stectoplax, on account of the valves being two-thirds covered ; but some species of Acanthochites have them even more immersed (such as A. exqui- situs Pils.), and others form a perfect transition to the less covered forms. A portion of girdle and valves is shown of the natural size in fig. 44. Figures 41-44 were drawn by Mr. E. A. Smith from the type in the British Museum. Figs. 36-40 were drawn by Emerton from Carpenter's specimens, collected by Arthur Adams. A. CIRCELLATUS Adams & Reeve. PI. 2, figs. 53, 54. Shell oblong ovate, valves somewhat produced posteriorly, smooth, peculiarly sculptured with circular grooves. Jet black. Ligament densely beset with short bristles spreading over the sides of the valves, and furnished with small tufts of spicules. (Rve.~) This is the largest of the tufted species, and quite peculiar in its style of sculpture ; the valves in all others are minutely granulated, but in this they are smooth and characterized by a number of fine grooves radiating in concentric order from the umbones. (Rve.") Island of Quelpart, Corean Archipelago (A. Adams.) Chiton circellatus Adams & Reeve, REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 27, f. 180 (Oct., 1847.J A. SCUTIGER Adams & Reeve. PI. 2, figs. 51, 52. Shell elongated, narrow ; valves smoothly keeled in the middle, slightly beaked, minutely and very closely granulated ; peculiarly burnt- red color. Ligament densely bristled, spread over the sides of the valves, and furnished with small tufts of spicula. (Reeve.} Island of Quelpart, Corean Archipelago (A. Adams.) Chiton scutiger Ads. & Rve., REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 27, f. 178 (Oct., 1847). Probably not Acanthochites scutiger ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188, and 1867, p. 224.— Of. Cooke, Ann. Mag. K H. 1885, p. 276, and Smith, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 392. ACANTHOCHITES. 21 The figures of Reeve indicate that this is a form in which the girdle encroaches much at the sutures, and the valves are coarsely granulated, somewhat as in A.rhodeus. Mr. E. A. Smith's inability to separate it from the minutely granulated A. discrepans is there- fore not easy to understand. A. ARMATUS Pease. Shell ovate, slightly oblong, elevated-convex. Greenish irre- gularly maculated with black, pale in the middle, with two longitu- dinal black lines. Lateral areas granulose, central longitudinally striated, not beaked. Girdle leathery, narrow, with shining white spicules, and having tufts of silvery-white, glassy spicules. Length 10, breadth 6 mill. (Pse.') Oahu, Sandwich Is. (/) Acanthochites armatus PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 195 (l&HJ—Aconthochites bceticus CPU. MS. A single specimen of this species before me is too much eroded for illustration. The species is quite similar to Gould's A. achates in general aspect. A. viRiDis Pease. Shell oblong ovate, but slightly elevated, green, with a pale or whitish line down the middle. The valves are semi-lunar in shape, the posterior side being straightly transverse or nearly so. They are without a ridge or umbonal elevation in the centre, where they are smooth ; the sides minutely granulose. The valves of insertion are entire plates on which the dorsal valves are set or imbedded. They extend from the sides of the dorsal valves, and produced anteriorly, the edges being smooth and rounded at their termination. On the posterior terminal valve, they are produced laterally, and are trun- cate at their termination. On the anterior terminal valve, they are produced at an equal distance around the front and sides. They are smooth and of a light bluish color. The ligamental border is covered with close-set short spiculaB. The spiculse of the tufts are dense, vitreous and dark green. (Pse.) Length 40, breadth 14 mill. Kauai, Sandwich Is. (Pse.) (/) Acanthochites vir id-is PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 194 (1871.) 22 ACANTHOCHITES. (4) Species of the West Indies and West America. A. SPICULOSUS Reeve. PI. 13, figs. 60, 61, 62. Shell some what elongately ovate, valves semilunar, rough through- out ; blackish-brown ; ligament horny, furnished with thick tufts of bright olive glassy spiculse. (Reeve.') West Indies. Chiton spiculosa REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 9, f. 47 (Feb., 1847). — Acanthochiton spiculosus CPU. MS. This form is probably merely a dark specimen of the species after- ward described by Reeve as C. astriger. Mr. E. A. Smith has expressed his belief that this is the case, in Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xx, p. 497. Var. ASTRIGER Reeve. PI. 13, figs. 55, 56, 57. Shell oblong, rather depressed, not carinated. Valves variously colored, green or olive-green, usually tinged with brown on the sides, often marked with rather wide white stripes at the sides. The valves are generally more or less encrusted. Dorsal areas narrow, slightly raised at the edges, convex and shining, marked by delicate longitudinal striae and transverse growth-lines. Latero- pleural areas very minutely and evenly granulated, the granules rounded. Posterior valve small, its tegmentum slightly longer than broad, the mucro near the posterior margin. Interior blue-green ; sinus wide, deep and subanguiar ; sutural- laminse large, blue-green. Insertion-plate of the posterior valve visible behind, as well as at the sides of the tegmentum when viewed from above ; posterior outline bilobed, having a median sinus, and slits outside of the lobes. Girdle minutely velvety, olive-green, having 18 very large con- spicuous tufts of greenish-white spicules ; the periphery bearing a fringe of spicules. Length 20-22, breadth 9 mill. Florida Keys to Barbados, West Indies. Chiton astriger REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 18, f. 109 (April, 1847). — Phakellopleura (Acanthocliites) astrigera SHUTT., Bern. Mittheil. 1853, p. 79. — Acanthochiton astriger DALL, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 174. — Chiton (Acanthochiton') astriger SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xx, p. 496 (1890.) Additional localities are : Guadeloupe (Swift} ; St. Thomas (Blauiier); Tortugas (Dali~), and Fernando Noronho (Ridley and Ramage.) ACANTIIOCHITKS. 23 In astriger the pustules are very minute, crowded, and rounded, each with a small central pit, as shown in fig. 56. The dorsal, areas are wide, triangular and closely striated longitudinally. A. PYGM.EUS Pilsbry, P. sp. PI. 13, figs. 58, 59. Small, oblong, elevated, carinated, the side-slopes flat. Uniform cream-white or olive-green, or variegated. Intermediate valves broad, somewhat beaked. Dorsal areas wide, triangular, sculptured with longitudinal striae. Latero-pleural areas evenly covered with rather large flattened pustules, which are rounded or but slightly ovate, and average one-tenth of a mill, in greatest diameter. Posterior valve having the tegmentum oval, wider than long ; mucro prominent, subcentral. Interior blue or flesh-white. Posterior valve nearly semicircular in outline behind, having a slit on each side, and a very slight upward wave behind. The insertion-plate is short behind. Girdle narrow, having 9 small tufts of silver-white spicules on each side, and an irregular fringe at the edge. Length 8, breadth 4 mill. ; divergence 100°. Cedar Keys and Key West, Florida (Hemphill.) This is the smallest species of the genus known to me. It differs from A. spieulosus in the smaller size, and high, roof-like form, in the smaller tufts, comparatively much longer tegmenta, and in the shape of the pustules, which are as coarse as in spieulosus, although the shell is so much smaller. The posterior valve differs widely from that of spieulosus. A. EXQUISITUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 44, 45, 46, 47. Oblong, the visible portion of the valves very narrow, generally less than one-fourth the entire width of the dried animal ; depressed. Valves dark olive color; girdle of dried specimens light green, the tufts very large and either green, pink or bronze colored. In well- preserved alcoholic specimens the girdle is very fleshy and wide, light yellow with green pubescence. The median valves are but slightly beaked, the tegmentum being extremely narrow, its area far less than that of one of the sutural- lamince. Dorsal area a rather narrow, longitudinally striated band, wider in front. Side areas narrow, sculptured with separated, flat- topped granules, round posteriorly, ovate or drop-shaped and con- cave toward the anterior of each valve (fig. 47). Exposed portion of anterior valve much shorter than the front slope of the insertion- 24 ACANTHOCHITES. plate. Posterior valve having the tegmentum very small, ovate, narrower in front, longer than wide, mucro situated at the posterior third. Interior blue, darker along the cavity ; sinus narrow, deep, sub- angular. Sutural lamime very large. Posterior valve biangular behind, strongly contracted on the latero-posterior sides. Girdle very wide, covering all but a narrow shield of each valve ; covered with a close, short velvety pile which has a longer fringe around each valve ; bearing 18 unusually large, dense tujts of exces- sively fine spicules, vsually 5-7 mill. long. Length 25-30, breadth 15-18 mill. La Paz, Lower California (W. N. Lockington.) This is one of the largest as well as the most beautiful species of the genus. The valves are more covered than in any other known form, and the bunches of shining bristles are larger. A large number of individuals preserved in alcohol and dry were presented to the Academy by Mr. W. N. Lockington, (no. 60107.) One specimen before me has the girdle pubescence of a pale buff tint, and the tufts are silvery, a trifle bronzed. Yar. AMPULLACEUS Pilsbry. PI. 4, fig. 85. Similar to the preceding, but exposed portion (tegmentum) of intermediate valves much broader behind, flask-shaped ; the lateral borders sigmoid. Tegmentum of anterior valve also larger. A. AVICULA Carpenter. Shell very similar to A. arragonites in form, size, girdle and general habit; but the sculpture and terminal laminae are different. Dorsal ridge having about 6 longitudinal grooves, the intervals appearing flatly scaled ; umbones wide ; diagonal areas hardly defined ; sides ornamented with oval, flattened scales, large for the size of the shell, and in indistinct diverging series. Mucro small, situated in front. Color livid and olivaceous-brown variously stained. Plates of insertion at sides as in A. arragonites; anterior plate with 5 slits. Length 4, breadth 2£ mill. (Q;r.) Catalina Island, 10-20 fins. ; rare (Cal. State Coll., no. 1072. Cooper.) Acanthochites avicula CPE., Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, p. 211 (Feb., 1866.) Like A. arragonites, but valves sculptured in large snake-skin pattern. ( Q;r.) ACANTHOCHITES. 25 Var. DIEGOENSIS Pilsbry, n. var. PL 12, figs. 52, 53, 54. Shell oblong, rather elevated, carinated, the side-slopes straight. Color buff or light gray, mottled on the sides with olive or olive- black ; girdle light green with whiter sutural tufts. The intermediate valves are rather minutely and acutely beaked when not eroded ; are wide posteriorly, tapering anteriorly, but the girdle does not encroach much at the sutures. Dorsal areas nar- rowly triangular, having about a dozen flattened longitudinal striae separated by narrower grooves. Latero-pleural areas covered with a rather coarse but regular scale-like granulation, the granules flat, oblong. Posterior valve having the tegmentum covering the greater part of the articulamentum, somewhat diamond shaped, wider than long, with the prominent mucro at the posterior third. Interior blue-green ; sinus rather wide, angular; sutural laminae moderate sized, rounded. Posterior valve obscurely bilobed behind, gently curved upward in the middle of the posterior insertion plate. frirdle (fig. 53) densely clothed with rather long, light green spicules, and having 18 or 20 tufts of longer whiter spicules, the tufts usually not very conspicuous, and sometimes a few of them are lacking. Length 19, breadth 9 mill; divergence 110°. Length IS-}, breadth 8 mill.: divergence 110°. Length 11, breadth 6 mill. ; divergence 110°. San Diego, California (Hemphill.) This may prove to be the adult form of Carpenter's A. avicula; but on account of the obvious discrepancy between my specimens and his description, it seems best to retain it under a separate name pending the re-examination of Carpenter's type. The covering of the whole girdle is more developed than in most species, resembling velvet with a deep pile ; and the tufts are less conspicuous than usual. The pustules are all drop-shaped and flat- topped. Black ones are scattered among the others, which are light colored, often almost whitish. The ridge has ten or a dozen excep- tionally deep longitudinal striae (fig. 54.) A. ARRAGONITES Carpenter. Shell slqngated, elevated (at an angle of 110°), pale brown, variedly painted with rose and olivaceous. Intermediate valves strongly beaked, the interstices strongly diverging from the beaks ; dorsal area wide, pale, very delicately longitudinally granulate-striate, transversely most minutely corru- gated; lateral areas indistinct; surface all strongly granulated, 26 ACANTHOCH1TES. furnished with an elegant pattern of spheroidal tubercles and chains of granules in lines diverging from the ridge. Posterior valve hav- ing the mucro subcentral and subconspicuous. Interior roseate or white ; the acute and lobed margins of the valves not separated, large, with a single slit on each side, the lobes angulate ; sinus large, flat ; very delicately wrinkled in the cavity of the ridge, laminated under the beaks. Posterior valve hexagonal, with two posterior slits. Girdle copiously adorned with translucid, erect spicules, and at the front and hind ends and sutures having tufts of spicules or needles. (Cpr.) Length 4, breadth U, alt. £ mill. Mazatlan, on Spondylus calcifer (Liverpool Coll.) Acanthochites arragonites CPU., Catal. of Mazatlan Shells, p. 198 (1857.) Whether the varied coloring of this shell, its elegant sculpture, the bird-like form of the medial or hexagonal shape of the bifissured terminal valves, or the adornment of the mantle with the transparent needle-like hairs, rising now in tufts, now in irregular crystals, be examined under the microscope, it would be difficult to find any shell of such surpassing beauty. Only one perfect specimen was found, but fresh valves belonging to several other individuals were detected among the Spondylus washings. The valves in the same shell greatly differ in color as in L. albolineatus. The posterior valve is peculiarly exquisite in its form, color and sculpture. There is considerable variation in the size of the tubercles and in the stria- tion of the j ugum. ( Opr.) A. RHODEUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 48, 49, 50, 51. Oblong, the exposed portion of the valves about one-third the entire width of the animal. Valves depressed, obtusely carinated, brown, the eroded apices roseate. The intermediate valves appear almost separated by the encroach- ment of the girdle at the sutures; a heart-shaped or subtriangular area remaining exposed. Dorsal band sharply defined and strongly differentiated from the side areas, very narrow, shining, having slight growth-lines but no longitudinal strice. Latero-pleural or side areas sculptured with rounded-oval concave-topped elevations arranged in rows subparallel to the ridge, becoming radial and then irregular at .U ANTIIOCHITES. 27 the sides. Posterior valve having the tegmentiun drop-shaped, nar- •roicer in front, longer than wide; mucro at the posterior fourth. Interior deep rose red, paler at the edges of each valve. Slits rather deep and narrow, arranged as usual. Insertion jrtates of all valves very distinctly rugose outside. Posterior valve normally slit ; not noticeably bilobed behind. Girdle wide and fleshy in alcoholic specimens, having 18 con- spicuous tufts. Gills extending forward two-thirds the length of the foot. Length 28, breadth 15 mill, (alcoholic specimen.) Panama (McNeill Expedition.) Described from an alcoholic specimen which has lost the cuticle and hairs from its girdle leaving a smooth whitish surface pitted at the sutures. The salient specific characters are (1) that the girdle encroaches much at the sutures ; (2) that the substance of the valves is rose-red ; and (3) that the sculpture is altogether peculiar. The insertion-plates are uncommonly rugose outside. It differs from A. hemphilli in the normal 2-slit posterior insertion-plate. The pustules (pi. 12, fig. 49 x 60) are mainly rounded or short drop-shaped, and are arranged in regular rows. They become some- what more spaced and less regularly arranged at the sides, and the valve illustrated has suffered erosion toward the beak. The individ- ual pustules (fig. 49) are seen to be decidedly concave. The dorsal area is narrow, elevated and smooth except for growth stripe. The insertion and sutural plates are distinctly and sharply striated. A. HIRUDINIFORMIS Sowerby. PI. 2, figs. 56, 49. Shell oblong, flattened, blackish-green. Valves rounded, granu- lose ; central areas elongated, acuminate behind, smoothish. Girdle very densely pilose, velvety, with 9 concolored bunches of hairs. Length 25, breadth 14 mill. (Sowb.~) Ancon, Lobos Island and Payta, Peru ; Chatham Island, Galap- agos, under stones at low water. Chiton hirudiniformis SOWB., P. Z. S. 1832, p. 59 ; Conch. Illustr. f. 23, 142.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 54. A. STYGMA Rochebrune. PI. 8, figs. 31, 32. Shell ovate-elliptical, the shell quite wide, pale brown, each valve regularly encircled with a wide concentric black band. Anterior valve rounded; posterior small, somewhat swollen; intermediate valves having the central and lateral areas most minutely punctic- 28 ACANTHOCHITES. ulate, surrounded by a wide smooth band. Girdle tawny, ornamented with gleaming white, glassy tufts. Length 35, breadth 20 mill. (Rochebr.} Strait of Magellan. Acanthochiton stygma ROCHEBR., Miss. Sci. du Cap Horn, vi, Zool., p. 134, t. 9, f. 2a, 2b (1889). Not C. stigma Costa. It is evident that but little dependence can be placed on the figures of this species. A. BISULCATUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 4, figs. 86, 87. Oblong, elevated, carinated, the side-slopes flat and straight. Buff, maculated with olive-green and dark green, or greenish with dark green and blackish mottling. Anterior valve having the evenly granulated tegmentum extend- ing two-thirds of the distance to the edge of the teeth. Intermediate valves (fig. 87) having a very broadly heart-shaped tegmentum ; the dorsal area triangular, convexly raised, longitudinally striated. Later o-pleural areas distinctly concave or hollowed out on each side of the dorsal area; covered with rather thickly distributed, drop- shaped flat or concave pustules (fig. 86) averaging about one-sixth of a mill. long. Posterior valve having the tegmentum symmetrically oval, the long axis of the oval transverse to that of the animal ; mucro prominent, subcentral. Interior bluish. Insertion-plates and teeth normal. Tract behind the sinus spongy. Posterior valve having one slit on each side, but hardly a perceptible sinus behind. Girdle rather wide, densely clothed with whitish spinelets, and having 9 tufts on each side. Length about 22, breadth about 9 mill.; divergence 100°-110°. Habitat unknown. Although the habitat of this species is unknown to me, I antici- pate no difficulty in its recognition. The shallow but distinct sulcus on each side of the dorsal area is a diagnostic feature, but unfortu- nately is not shown in the figure. (5) Undetermined, and unrecognizable species of Acanthochites. ACANTHOCHITES TRisTis Rochebr. Shell broad, ovate, sooty, carinated, subumbonate. The anterior valve rounded, posterior swollen ; intermediate valves having the central areas transversely roughened ; lateral areas with sparse, wide tubercles. Girdle wide, ACANTHOCHITES. 29 sooty, with 9 whitish tufts. Length 25, width 14 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-'82, p. 194.) Neiv Holland (Dussumier; Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES TURGIDUS Rochebr. Shell small, ovate-oblong, pale buff. Anterior valve elongated, posterior rounded, nearly con- cealed ; intermediate valves rounded, covered throughout with swollen tubercles. Girdle gray, with 9 blue tufts. Length 10, breadth 6 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 194). New Holland (Peron & Lesueur ; Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES JUCUNDUS Rochebr. Shell ovate-elongate, buff, with emerald-green lines and spots. Central areas of intermediate valves smooth ; lateral areas sculptured with radiating beaded lines. Girdle wide, roseate, with 9 green tufts. Length 24, breadth 13 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 194.) Xrw Holland (Belligny) ; Cook's Straits (Filhol). Not common ; Paris Mus. ACANTHOCHITES STERCORARIUS Rochebrune. Shell elliptical rather flat, dull olivaceous ; anterior valve rounded ; posterior small, swollen ; intermediate valves with the central area rugose, lateral areas covered with wide, concentric imbricating sulci. Girdle wide, t%hick, shistaceous, with 9 greenish bunches. Length 22, breadth 13 mill. (Rochebrune, in Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, 1883-'84, p. 32, 1884.) Cape Roxo, west coast of Africa (Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES BELLIGNYI Rochebrune. Shell elongated ; ashen, marbled with white and tawny. Anterior valve rounded elliptical, posterior very minute; intermediate valves having the central areas smooth, lateral areas concentrically scaly, scales spatuliform. Marginal ligament rather wide, brown, with 9 blue bunches. Length 15, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p. 37, 1884.) New Caledonia (Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES DAKARIENSIS Rochebr. Shell elongated, buff, with a conspicuous black spot ; anterior valve broad, rounded ; pos- terior valve nearly covered, semi-lunate; intermediate valves rounded, scale-shaped, beaked behind, granulose, the granules sub- imbricated ; anterior area of the valves wide, longitudinally sulcate, the sulci chain-like. Marginal ligament wide, pilose, blackish, beset 30 ACANTHOCHITES. very densely with whitish hairs; bunches 9, glassy, intense green. Length 35, breadth 12 mill. (Eochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1880-'81, p. 116 ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 44.) Rocks of Dakar, west Africa (Paris Mus.) ACANTHOCHITES JOALLESI Kochebr. Shell elongated, thick, almost always covered with a calcareous incrustation ; anterior valve semilunar ; posterior valve rounded, small ; intermediate valves rounded in front, semi-lunate behind ; lightly scaly at the base only. Marginal ligament very broad, olivaceous, having sparse, whitish long hairs ; 9 wide greenish bunches. Length 24, breadth 14 mill. (Eochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-'81, p. 117 ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 45.) Coast of Joalles ; rocks of Rufisque, West Africa (Mus. Paris.) CHITON ECHINOTUS Blainv. (Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 552). A species said to be from the Ocean coast (of France), figured in the Encyclop. Meth., pi. 163, f. 14, 15, copied from Chemnitz, vol. x, pi. 173, f. 1688. It is practically unidentifiable, but the figures were in all probability drawn from Acanthochites discrepans. CHITON POLYCHETUS Blainville. Body very small, oval ; girdle provided with 9 closely placed pairs of large tufts, the spicules equal, silvery. Shell very small ; the disc of the intermediate valves quite large and having 5 nearly equal sides; plates of insertion moderate, unifissate far backward ; that of the posterior valve with 3 nearly equal lobes. Color greenish-brown. • (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.) Seas of New Holland. CHITON ROSEUS Blainville. Body oval, a little elongated, sub- vermiform ; girdle much extended, covered with a very great quantity of crowded hairs, concealing the very small tufts of bristles. Bodies of the intermediate valves subtriangular, the anterior summits truncated ; covered with flat tubercles at the sides. Color of the shell rose; the rest of a gray black. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.) New Holland. Probably a species of Notoplax. CHITON SUEURII Blainv. Body small, oval, Oniscus-like. Girdle with 9 pairs of tufts of quite small bristles. Intermediate valves having the body trapezoidal, with a brush-like group of stride in the . ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX. 31 middle, the plates of insertion of medium size. General color gray- ish. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.) Port of King George. CHITON SCABER Blainv. Body oval, elongated, a little vermiform having the girdle very thick and very wide, covered with quite fine hairs and small tufts. Shell small, occupying only a third of the back, formed of 8 thin, fragile valves, the intermediate ones larger than the terminal, exposed portion triangular and very small in comparison with the plates of insertion, which are wing shaped. Insertion-plate of the anterior valve especially large, 6-lobed ; that of the posterior valve patelliform, with 4 lobes. General color of the shell whitish gray. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.) Seas of New Holland. Section Notoplax H. Adams. Notoplax AD., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 385 (type N. speciosa H. Ad.).— Macandrellus CPR. MS. in DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1381, pp. 284, 288 (type M. plumeus Cpr.) Acanthochites in which the posterior valve has the insertion -plate grooved outside and denticulate at the edge, between the usual two latero-posterior slits. Tegmentuin reduced in size by the encroach- ment of the girdle at the sutures, the valves nearly or wholly separated there. Anterior valve not distinctly ribbed radially, or lobed around the edge. A rather weakly characterized section, probably artificial, but decidedly convenient at present as a means of splitting the large mass of Acanthochites. It is intermediate between typical Acantho- chites and Cryptoconchus in characters. The girdle has the tufts rather smaller than in the more typical Acanthochites, and the spicular covering of th*e whole surface varies from nearly obsolete to a dense clothing. The true nature of the girdle in Notoplax was not known to Dr. Dall when he wrote the notes upon the group in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, p. 417. In the typical species, N. speciosa, it exhibits all the characters of the girdle of Acanthochites. There seems to be no character of more than specific value separating Notoplax and Macandrellus. As to Stectoplax, which Dall (I. c.) thinks may prove to equal Notoplax, it is absolutely nothing but a genuine Acantho- chites. 32 ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX. The type of Macandrellus is not M. costatus Ad. & Aug., as stated by Ball in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 299, but I/, plumeus Cpr., teste Ball, 1. c. 1881, p. 288. The first use of the name, being unaccompanied by a diagnosis, will fall. At the time Carpenter established the group for M. plumeus, he had never seen the species coxtatun. A. SPECIOSUS H. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26. Shell elongated ; valves acutely heart-shaped, olivaceous maculated with brown ; each valve with a wide, smooth dorsal ridge, the side areas coarsely granulose, the lateral area indicated by a raised line. Girdle brown, spinulose ; pores moderate sized, encircled by con- spicuous spicula. Length 72, breadth 24 mill. (H. Ad.} Tasmania (Mus. Cuming) ; Flinders Island (Jos. Milligan.) Cryptoplax (Notoplax) speciosa H. AD., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 385. This species resembles A. exquisitus Pils. in the narrowness of the exposed portion of the valves, but in typical specimens of that form the tegmentum is decidedly narrower. In A. hemphilli Pils. from Florida, which is a Notoplax in its apparently separated valves and denticulate tail-plate, the speciosus differs in the longer, narrower tegmentum, etc. The figures of my plate were drawn by Mr. E. A. Smith from the types. Carpenter gives the following useful notes on the specimens in the British Museum : The lateral areas are distinctly marked off" by larger granules along a raised diagonal line. The mucro of the posterior valve is raised, at an angle of about 160°, and situated at the posterior third of the tegmentum. The jugular areas are both smooth and raised ; the scales of the sides are also smooth flat and raised. The girdle is entirely covered by a dense mass looking spongy, but consisting of spicules of moderate length and extremely crowded. There are conspicuous pores but the hairs in them are not longer than the rest, and therefore it is difficult to distinguish them. The sinus is very narrow and deep. Slits all very short. The anterior valve has grooves with raised edges extending from eaves to the slits. Posterior valve having side slits, situated as in Acanthochites, but the posterior plate is pretty regularly grooved radially, so as to crenate the margin, almost amounting to little nicks from slit to slit. ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX. 33 A. FORMOSUS Reeve. PL 1, figs. 12, 13 (enlarged.) Shell oblong, rather narrow; valves very finely longitudinally striated at the summit, granulated at the sides. Bright scarlet. Ligament horny, thickly beset with shining white spicula at the side of each valve. Length £, breadth T3s inch. (Reeve.} Cape Rivers, N.- W. Celebes ; one specimen. Chiton formosus REEVE, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 25 ; Conch. Icon., t. 26, f. 173.— ADAMS & REEVE, Zool. ' Samarang,' t. 15, f. 8. Carpenter believed his MS. species Macandrellus plumeus to be the same as this, although he had not, I believe, compared the types. His description is as follows : A.plumeus Carpenter. Shell subelongate, subelevated, the dorsal ridge acute, mucro submedian, hardly raised, the slope behind it concave. Roseate at the sides, olivaceous in the middle. Exposed part of the valves small. Posterior valve subrotund ; anterior valve pectinated and 5-angled around the margin ; central valves strongly angular, beaked ; sutures deeply encroaching on the side-areas. Dorsal areas delicately and closely sublongitudinally lirulate ; lateral areas distinctly defined, sunken ; central and lateral areas scaly in radiating, somewhat plumose pattern. Interior : posterior valve hardly sinuated behind, having a slit at each side, the plate between them deeply grooved outside and sub- dentate, shallowly slit at the edge. Anterior valve having 5 slits, the teeth angular at the slits. Girdle leathery, smooth, sometimes somewhat spongy, having minute hairlets, and small tufts of hairs at the sutures. Length 21, breadth 11 mill. ; divergence 120°. Habitat nnknoivn (Mus. Cuming, no. 108.) Macandrellus plumeus CPU. MS. ; and in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 288 (no description.) The irregular, rugose lobes of the tail plate, behind, almost amount to teeth. The head valve is hexagonal. The sculpture resembles the feathers of a bird. The lateral areas are distinct, but sunken instead of raised. (Cpr.) A. ACUTIROSTRATUS Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 27, 28. Shell elongated, elevated in the middle, somewhat compressed at the sides ; valves obtusely keeled at the summit, smooth ; very closely flatly grained on each side ; umbones produced, sharply beaked ; lateral areas of the valves small, rather indistinct, concave. Whit- 3 34 ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX. ish, stained here and there along the summit with black. Ligament horny, furnished at the side of each valve with a small crest of spicula. (Rve.) Cape Rivers (Belcher.) Chiton acutirostratus REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 26, f. 137. July, 1847. Voy. Samarang, Moll., t. 15, f. 10. An elongated species of somewhat compressed growth, remarkably distinguished by the sharply beaked structure of the umbones ; the flat-grained sculpture of the valves approaches that of C. hirudini- formis, to which it offers a singular contrast of color. (Reeve.) A. HEMPHILLI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 65, 66, 67. Elongated, the valves somewhat exceeding one-third the total width in dried specimens. Valves rather elevated, carinated ; red, more or less maculated with white. Girdle rust-brown. The intermediate valves are not beaked, being somewhat produced backward on each side of the apex ; tegmentwn reduced to a heart- shaped area by the encroachment of the girdle at the sutures, leaving the valves in contact by only a small point at the ridge. The dorsal band is very narrow, parallel sided, slightly elevated, and having a few longitudinal striae. The latero-pleural or side areas are sculpt- ured with fine flattened pustules, those on the posterior portion of each valve being concave. Posterior valve elevated, the tegmentwn small, somewhat pear-shaped, narrow in front, longer than wide, mucro at about the posterior third. Interior light green at the sides, deep rose-red in the middle and at the posterior margin of each valve. Sutural-plates light greenish, the slits minute. Posterior valve not bilobed behind, having the usual two slits, and between them a number (6-8) of smaller, irregular and unequal slits or nicks ; posterior sinus obsolete. Girdle wide, rusty-brown, sparsely clothed with short microscopic hyaline spicules, having a fringe of longer spicules at the periphery, and 18 rather small tufts of whitish bristles. Length 24, breadth 11 mill. ; divergence about 115°. Key West, Florida (Henry Hemphill.) This species is allied to A. rhodeus in the peculiarly narrow dorsal band, the great encroachment of the girdle at the sutures, etc. ; but it differs in the less developed side slits, the higher and narrower tail valve and its peculiar multiple-slitting, and in other features. It was collected by Mr. Hemphill at Key West. There ACANTHOCHITES-CRYPTOCONCHUS. 35 are other specimens in the collection of the Geological Survey of Canada, without locality. The pustules are rounded, flat-concave topped, crowded, and arranged in distinct series. The dorsal area projects anteriorly beyond the latero-pleural areas ; it is narrow, elevated and longitu- dinally striated, the stride mostly rather indistinct and subgranulated. The white and crimson pattern gives an appearance of great elegance to the valves. A. CARPENTERI Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 1, figs. 14-22. A series of drawings left by Dr. Carpenter, represent an unnamed new species of Macandrellus, of which he had prepared no descrip- tion. It is so strongly marked, however, that the recognition of the form will be easy. Its prominent features are : (1) the broad, ante- riorly produced, slightly asperulate girdle with minute pore-tufts ; (2) the slightly scalloped border of the anterior valve (tegmentum) ; (3) the coarse scale-like granulation of the side areas ; and (4) the distinct slitting of the posterior insertion-plate into even, vertical teeth. Length 41, breadth 23 mill. Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. The figures of detached valves are double natural size. Compare Spongiochiton. A. INVOLUTUS Carpenter, n. sp. PI. 1, figs. 27-35. An unpublished species, of which excellent figures by Emerton were prepared for Carpenter. These are reproduced upon my plate, and are sufficient for the recognition of the species, although the sculpture is represented upon the head valve only. All the figures are magnified two diameters. Carpenter gives only the following notes : There are only six stumpy [branchial] leaflets on each side of the tail ; vent inconspicuous ; foot slight and very thin. Head very small, with copious " veil " and neck lappets, outside of which there is a sort of hood around the head, extending backward to the gills (fig. 33), without epidermis, like the foot; outside of all is the large girdle covered inside with granular epidermis." Zanzibar (Mus. Comp. Zool.) The figures were drawn from alcoholic specimens. Section Cryptoconchus Blainville & Guilding, 1829. Cnjptoconchus (BLAINVILLE MS. in Brit. Mus. ; BURROW, Elem. Conch., p. 190), GUILDING, Zool. Journ. v,p.28 (1829).— GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 66, 69, 169. Type C. porosus. 36 ACANTHOCHITES-CRYPTOCONCHUS. Valves entirely covered by the girdle except a linear area at the ridge of each. Posterior valve having the insertion-plate with several (5-7) slits, anterior valve 5-slit. Girdle leathery, naked, bearing a series (18) of sutural tufts on tubercles, or pores, sometimes sub- obsolete, along the sides of the valves. Gills extending along the posterior half of the foot. This subgenus cannot in fairness be dated from the time of its pullication in Burrow's Elements, for in that work it is in no way defined and is disowned as a valid genus. Burrows simply says that Blainville has affixed the names Cryptoconchus porosus and C. larvce- formis to two specimens in the British Museum. The latter belongs of course to Chitonellus. In 1829, Guilding adopts Cryptoconchus as a genus, and gives a generic diagnosis. Blainville himself ignores the name in his publication on Chitons in 1825, believing it a synonym of Chitonellus. This group is much more closely allied to Acanthochites than to Amicida ; its valves being exactly the form which would be pro- duced by a little further covering of the side areas in a species like A. (Notoplax) hemphilli. The backward prolongation of the sides into posterior lobes is just as great in that species ; the main differ- ence being that in Notoplax these posterior lobes are not covered by the girdle. The structure of the tail valve is practically the same in Notoplax, Loboplax and Cryptoconchus. A. POROSUS Burrow. PI. 3, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62. Shell elongated, all but a linear dorsal area of each valve covered by the integument continued upward from the girdle, but in the dried state showing through it the posterior outlines of the valves. Color when dry dark reddish or blackish-brown. » The outer layer of each intermediate valve is reduced to a narrow dorsal area, shaped like an exclamation point without the dot (') ; upon each side of the apex, the posterior margin of each valve is pro- duced backward in a rounded lobe, showing plainly through the con- tracted outer skin. A more or less developed groove extends to the lateral slits. Head and tail valves with minute circular exposed dots. Interior light blue-green. Anterior valve having 5, median valves 1, posterior 5-7 slits. Girdle reddish- or blackish-brown in the dried condition, naked, smooth, leathery ; bearing a series of prominent tubercles each with a ACANTHOCHITES-CRYPTOCONCHUS. 37 bunches of short bristles, situated near the sutures upon the sides of the valves, and four around the head valve. Length 34, breadth 14 mill, (dried specimen.) Length 38, breadth 20 mill. ( Q. & G.) Dunedin to Auckland, New Zealand. Chiton porosus BURROW, Elements of Conchology, p. 189, t. 28, f. 1 (1815). — Cryptoconchus porosus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, iii, t. 55, f. 4.— CHENU, Manuel, i, f. 2884.— HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 118 (1880). — Chiton monticularis QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. de 1'Astrol., p. 406, t. 73, f. 30-35, (1834).— SOWB., Conch. Illustr., f. 129.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 57.— Chiton leachi BLAINVILLE, Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 554 (1825). — ? Cryptoplax depressus BLAINV., I. c., vol. xii, p. 124 (1818). — ? Cryptoconchus stewartia?ius ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1881-1882, p. 194. The girdle varies from bright orange to light brown in the living animal (figs. 57, 58). The gills are posterior. A. FLORIDANUS Dall. PL 3, figs. 63, 64. Elongated and narrow ; black, purple-black or light brown, with a linear white space along the summit of each valve. Valves entirely covered except a round dot at the apex of the first, and a narrow band along the ridge of the other seven, the band slightly dilated at the apex of each valve. These exposed portions are whit- ish or purplish, smooth or showing faint transverse growth striae. The posterior edges of each valve, seen through the dried skin, are produced backward in wide but not deep rounded lobes on each side of the apex. Posterior valve with subcentral mucro. The disconnected valves are white or pink and purple ; the inter- mediate valves being rectangular in general shape, with a sinus before and behind, the posterior sutural lobes rather narrower than the anterior ; and there is one slit on each side. The posterior valve has a gentle wide upward wave posteriorly, with a single Mopaloid slit on each side, and several (4) unequal slits between them. Ante- rior valve having 5 slits. Girdle rather wide, leathery, naked ; when fresh having the color and "texture of a moist prime" ; bearing at each suture a minute bristle-pore, and four such pores around the head valve ; each pore bearing some short bristles, scarcely projecting above the surface ; pores and bristles always inconspicuous, frequently invisible (aborted?). 38 ACANTHOCHITES-LOBOPLAX. The gills extend forward half-way to the head. Length 21, breadth 7* mill, (dry specimen.) Length 24, breadth 13 mill, (large alcoholic specimen.) Key West and Key Largo, Florida, on the reefs near low tide (Heinphill); Dry Tortugas (Dr. E. Palmer); Cape Florida (Wurdeman.) Notoplax floridanus DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, Report on the ' Blake ' Mollusca, p. 416, (1889.) This species attracts the attention at once by its dark, glistening girdle, and the long line of white strokes along the median line, like exclamation points without the dots ('). It resembles no known species but A. porosus Burrow, of New Zealand ; but the latter differs in having the dorsal stripes slightly more reduced, and in having a row of projecting pore-hillocks along each side. In floridanus the pores are extremely indistinct even in alcoholic specimens, and in dried examples they can only be detected by looking through the specimen at a strong light. One of the specimens before me, collected by Hemphill lacks black pigment in the girdle, being of a light brown tint. It is prob- ably an albino. Dall says that the portion of the tail plate between the (two) notches is not serrate, but in my specimens it is very dis- tinctly slit. The number of pores around the front margin of the head valve is not 5, but 4, as is the rule in Acanthochites and its sub- genera ; this of course does not include the two at the suture. Section Loboplax Pilsbry, 1893. Phacellopleura CPU. MS., not Phakellopleura Guilding. Valves partly covered, the anterior valve having 5 radiating ribs, and the same number of lobes along the margin ; the posterior valve having the insertion-plate grooved outside, notched and slit along the edge, between the usual postero-lateral slits. Girdle leathery, having minute sutural tufts. Gills (of A. molaceus} extending along the posterior two-thirds of the foot. In the nakedness of the girdle and the form of the individual valves, as well as the strong denticulation of the posterior valve, this group recalls Katharina ; but in that genus there are no sutural girdle-pores or tufts whatever, and the tail valve is quite distinctly sinused behind. Loboplax differs from Notoplax in the lobed and ribbed head valve, the more distinct posterior slits, and more naked girdle. ACANTHOCHITES-LOBOPLAX. 39 Carpenter considered " Phacellopleura " (porphyretica, violacea) a genus of Ischnoid Acanthopleuroids, but he describes A. costatus in Acanthochites. I cannot give the group generic rank because Notoplax connects it with Acanthochites. A. VIOLACEUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 3, figs. 67-73. Elongated, rather depressed ; the valves all of the same width except the last which is narrower. Color typically a rich, dark purple-brown, the girdle darker, varying to violet with a buff tri- angle at the ridge of each valve enclosing a purple stripe or series of spots ; or sometimes ashy whitish, faintly tinged with purple along the middle. Intermediate valves (fig. 68) having the tegmentum trilobate, much narrowed in front by the encroachment of the girdle at the sutures ; beaks small. Dorsal areas triangular, wide in front, convex, polished, sculptured with elongated punctures along the sides. Latero-pleural areas sculptured with pebble-like low granules, coarser and often con- fluent along a diagonal line from the beak to the outer -anterior angle. Anterior valve (fig. 67) having 5 prominently projecting lobes, corre- sponding to radiating rounded ribs ; the scale-granules of the sur- face coalescing more or less on these ribs. Posterior valve (figs. 69, 70) having the tegmentum slightly broader than long, the mucro low, slightly post-median. Interior light blue-green, fading on the sutural-larninse. Sinus deep, angular. Anterior valve with 5, median valves 1 slit. Poste- rior valve having a deep Mopaloid slit on each side, and about 4 shallower slits between, the teeth vertical, deeply grooved outside and lobed at the edge. Girdle wide, leathery, smooth except for a minute pore at each suture and 4 around the head valve ; each pore bearing a small tuft of white spicules, usually broken short. Length 50, breadth 23 mill.; divergence of tegmentum 140°. Length 35, breadth 18 mill. ; divergence of tegmentum 130°. Length — breadth — (specimen rolled) ; divergence of tegmen- tum 150°. New Zealand at Tasman Bay (Q. & G.) ; Auckland (Hutton, Wright) ; Dunedin ; Cook Strait (Hutton.) Chiton violaceus Q. & G., Voy. de 1'Astrol. iii,p. 403, t. 73, f. 15- 20.— GOULD., U. S. Expl. Exped Moll., p. 331, f. 420. Not Chiton violaceus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 41. — Chiton porphyreticus REEVE, 40 ACANTHOCHITES-LOBOPLAX. Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 56 (April, 1847). — Phacellopleura porphyre- tiea CPU. MS. This species has a wide range of variation in coloring, in the angle of divergence of the valves, and to a less extent in the contours of the valves. A. COSTATUS Adams & Angas. PL 3, fig. 74. Shell elongated ; valves carinated, angularly heart- shaped, gran- ulated, pale brown. Lateral areas separated from the dorsal areas by a prominent rib ; dorsal areas smooth and whitish in the middle. Girdle beset with short, white, evanescent spicules, and having bunches of long white spicules. Length 18, breadth 7 mill. (A. & A.~) Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Acanthochites costatus A. & A., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 194. — ANGAS, I. c. 1867, p. 224. — Macandrellus costatus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 81, f. 40 (dentition). — Chiton (Macandrellus) costatus E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. « Alert/ p. 83, t. 6, f. F. Smith gives the following notes on the specimen collected by Coppinger : " The single specimen before me, preserved in spirit, shows the girdle to be of a pale buff color, thick, fleshy, the outer margin being delicately ciliated with a minute fringe of white spicules. The tufts of spicules are seven in number along each side, and four surrounding the front valve. The middle of the central valves is occupied by a raised, transversely substriated flattened ridge, on each side of which the surface is granulated or rather squamose, the scales being flat, imbricating, rather large, and dis- posed in rather regular series. The lateral areas are well defined by a .raised keel. The front valve has five radiating costse, and apparently the same number of slits in the thin lamina of insertion of which the three central are quite distinct and the two outer ones only feebly indicated. The single notch on each side the inter- mediate valves is also very slight. The posterior valve has a raised, somewhat excentric and pointed mucro, from which six more or less distinct radiating ridges descend to the margin, beneath which the lamina^f insertion is scalloped by a similar number of notches." A. TRIDACNA Rochebrune. Shell ovate-elongate, white, shining. Anterior valve rounded, strongly 7-lirate radially, the line thick, rounded, scaly, elevated in front. Intermediate valves broadly triangular, the central areas KATHARINA. 41 longitudinally striated at the apices, scaly at the sides ; lateral areas bi-lirate, the lirse scaly. Posterior valve very small, nearly con- cealed, subquadrate, bi-lirate. Girdle wide, gray, pilose, clothed with whitish down ; tufts 9, white, glassy. Length 27, breadth 16 mill. (Rochebr.} New Caledonia (Presented to the Paris Mus. by the Colonial Museum.) Acanthochites tridacna ROCHEBR., in Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 1880-'81,p. 121. This is evidently a form allied to A. violaceus and A. costatus. The seven anterior ribs mentioned evidently include the sutural margins, the number five being constant in this group. Genus KATHARINA Gray, 1847. Katharina GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 65. Type C. tunicatus Wood. — CPR. in DALL, Proc. U. S. Mus. 1878, p. 312. Valves two-thirds covered by the expanded girdle, the exposed portion divided into dorsal and side areas, instead of central and lateral. Insertion plates sharp, extremely long, thrown forward ; that of the head valve with 7-8 slits ; sinus deep, spongy. Tail valve with a wide caudal emargination or sinus, and several slits, often partly obsolete, on each side. Girdle broad, smooth, poreless, leathery. Gills extending the whole length of the foot. The poreless girdle, the long (ambient) gills, and the abnormally large number and irregularly placed slits of the head valve, all separate this well-founded genus from related groups. The irre- gularly placed anterior slits it shares with Amicula and Cryptochiton. The long gills are also a character of the last-named genus ; but in the multifissate posterior insertion-plate and the naked girdle it resembles Cryptoconchus and Loboplax. There is but one species known. K. TUNICATA Wood. PL 1, figS. 1-11. Shell oblong, elevated, the valves mainly covered by the black, leathery girdle, a small cordate or flask-shaped area of a dark brown color, remaining exposed. The exposed portion is about one-third the entire width of the valve; it is broad behind, and often hollowed out by erosion ; nar- rowing in front like the neck of a flask. The surface when not eroded shows a distinct, smooth and shining dorsal band, the sides 42 AMICULA. (which are not divided into pleura and lateral areas) being micro- scopically densely punctate. Anterior valve (figs. 3, 4) densely punctate and having a few feeble radii. Posterior valve (figs. 8-11) small. Interior white. Sutural plates enormously produced ; the sinus very deep, squared and notched at the sides, exposing a projecting lobe of the extremely porous outer layer. Anterior valve having 7 or 8, central 1 slit, the insertion-plates extremely long, grooved out- side from the short slits to the eaves. Posterior border of the black tegmentum broadly reflexed inward. Posterior valve (figs. 8-11) elevated, vertical behind, with a broad median notch or sinus and a variable number (1-4) of small slits on each side. Girdle leathery, smooth, black. Length 60-75, breadth 32-40 mill.' Length 50, breadth 20 mill. Kamchatka; Aleutian Is.; on the north side of the peninsula of Alaska to Port Hotter, on the south side east to Cook's Inlet and south to Catalina Island, California ; low water (chiefly) to 20 fms. Chiton tunicatus WOOD, Gen. Conch., p. 11, t. 2, f. 1 (1815) ; Ind. Test., Chiton, t. 1, f. 10 (1828).— SOWERBY, in Beechey's Voy., Zool. p. ]5, t. 61, f. 15.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 61.— Chiton (Phceno- chiton, Hamachiton, PLatysemus) tunicatus MIDD., Mai. Ross, i, p. 98, t. 10, f. 1, 2.—Katharina tunieata GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69 ; Guide Syst. Dist., p. 185.— H. & A. AD., Genera Rec. Moll, i, p. 479 ; iii, t. 54, f. 8.— CPR., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 648. — DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 3l3.—Katharina dougla- sice .GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69. " This unmistakeable shell, characterized when fresh by its broad, shining black girdle and almost covered valves, is eaten raw by the natives of the northwest coast, and is said to act as an aphrodisiac" (Dall). The K. douglasice of Gray is founded upon a specimen dried with the girdle flatter and wider. It has no specific or varietal characters. The contour of the exposed portion of the valves, and the number of slits in the tail-valve, vary considerably. The soft parts are of a salmon color in the Northern specimens. Genus AMICULA Gray, 1847. Amicula GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 66, 69, 169 ; Guide, p. 187 (and earlier in Syn. contents Brit. Mus. 42d. edit., 1840, pp. 127, 153, AMICULA. 43 without diagnosis; no species mentioned). Type C. vestitus Sowb. — Symmetrogephyrus MIDD., part, 1847. Valves almost covered by the extention of the girdle over them, leaving only a small rounded or heart-shaped portion exposed at the apex of each ; posterior borders of valves produced backward in rounded lobes at each side, the lobes completely separated by a posterior sinus having the tegmentum at its apex. Posterior valve having a posterior sinus and one slit on each side. Girdle more or less pilose, often having pore rows. The essential features of Amicula are its small exposed portion or tegmentum, situated at the posterior edge, and not extending for- ward to the sinus, its Mopaloid posterior valve, short contour and short gills. Dall has divided the genus into two subgenera thus : Amicula Gray s. s. Gills median, type A. vestita. Chlamydoconcha Dall. Gills ambient, type A. amiculata. On account of the doubt attaching to the identity of Ch. amicula- tus Pallas, we may well suspend judgment pending the receipt of fuller data. The presence or absence of tuft-bearing pores is a very mutable feature and of no specific or varietal valve in Amiula. As the same has been shown to be true of Mopalia (q. v.~) Plaxiphora, etc., it need occasion no surprise in this case. A. VESTITA Sowerby. PL 8, figs. 23-26. Oval, rather elevated, the valves nearly covered by a brown (or when young, yellow) skin continued upward from the girdle, but their outlines are plainly visible through this integument. The small exposed portion of each median valve is broadly heart- shaped, and situated at the posterior margin of the valve; it is sculptured with strong concentric grooves and a more or less distinct granulation. There is no differentiation into areas. The exposed portion of the posterior valve is heart-shaped, with the mucro incon- spicuous, near but slightly behind the middle. Interior pure white. Anterior valve having 6-8 irregularly spaced and unequal slits; posterior valve having a deep sinus behind, and a single small mopaloid slit on each side. Jugal sinus rather small ; sutural laminae rather less projecting forward than the posterior rounded lobes on each side. 44 AMICULA. Girdle thin, smooth ; adults generally having more or less devel- oped, but always sparsely scattered, small bunches of hairs. Length 50, breadth 35 mill. Arctic Ocean, extending southward in the Pacific region to Hag- meister and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea; in the Atlantic to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in 5-30 fms., mud and stones. Chiton vestiius BROD. & SOWB., Zool. Journ. iv, p. 368 (1829) ; Conch. Illustr., f. 128, 128a; Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 150, t. 41, f. l4.—Amicula vestita GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.— H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 480 ; iii, t. 55, f. 2.— STIMP., Sh. of N. Engl., p. 29.— CPR., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155.— DALL, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 307; p. 299, f. 43 (dentition).— Chiton emersonii COUTHOUY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 83, t. 3, f. 10 (1838).— Amicula emersonii GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69.— BINNEY'S edit, of GOULD, Invertebrata of Mass., p. 264, f. 527. — Chiton emer- sonianus GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 151, f. 19. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 11, f. 62. — Stimpsoniella emersonii CPR., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xiii, p. 122 (1874).— Chiton amiculatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 11, f. 59, not C. amiculatus Pallas. The relations existing between vestitus, emersonii and pallasii have been clearly stated by Dall, who writes as follows : " Much has been said about the presence or absence of pores and hair-tufts. I find from examination of a series that the young emersonii is usually smooth, the large ones always setiferous. These setse are, as described by Dr. Gould, in two rows on each side, or rather six in all if we count the pretty constant tufts behind the exposed apices of the shell. These rows are (1) two behind the shell points as above; (2) two, one on each side at the posterior angle of the submerged expansion of the valve; (3) a series, more or less irregular, along the margin of the girdle. Beside this, in old ones, there are irre- gular tufts all over the girdle, and some of the regular tufts may be missing." " This species is very close to A. pallasii, but is distinguishable by the larger and laterally much more expanded exposed portions of the valves, by its flatter form, and proportionally sparser and longer setee. When dry, the whole form of the valves is visible in vestita from above, like the bones of a Peruvian mummy; in pallasii, how- ever, the integument is so much more coriaceous and thick, that in dry specimens hardly anything of these outlines is visible." AMICULA. 45 The locality given by Sowerby for Ch. vestitus is " Arctic Ocean " ; but from our knowledge of Beechey's voyage it must have been collected on the American shore, north or north-east of Bering Strait. Var. ALTIOR Carpenter. Shell similar to emersonii, but much longer, narrower, higher ; the exposed part larger in proportion to the size of the valves, and wider, trilobate on the central valves and conspicuously rugose-granulate, hardly lirate around the margins. Inside normal; posterior valve unknown ; central valves with 1, anterior 8 short slits, with delicate grooves extending to the eaves. Length of a central valve 7£, breadth 3f mill.; divergence 90°. (Cpr.) Pleistocene Drift, Lower Canada (Mus. Dawson.) Only one anterior and two central valves have been found of this. On a careful comparison with the corresponding valves of the living species, it appears that the shape more resembles Crypto conchus ; that the exposed part was nearly as large (in the head-valve decidedly larger) as in a specimen of emersonii nearly double its breadth, and that the ribbed frame-work of the shield was wanting. (Cpr.) A. PALLASII Middendorff. PI. 5, figs. 1-11. Shell nearly concealed by the girdle, a somewhat heart-shaped tegmenturn only being visible at the apex of each valve; elevated at an angle of 98°-110° in the young, 120° in large adults ; oval, elongated. Valves white, smooth, fragile, the tegmentum cordiform, posterior. Slits in anterior valve 6-8, posterior valve 2. Girdle roundly covering the entire back of the animal, except for 8 small rounded holes along the median line ; color dingy buff; dorsal surface bearing all over unequal bunches of reddish hairs, appearing to be sparser in the young. Branchia? extending forward two-thirds the length of the foot. Length 67, breadth 48, alt. 21 mill. Okhotosk Sea (Midd.) ; Pribiloff, Aleutian and Shumagin Is. (Dall), in 3-10fms. Chiton pallasii MIDD., Bull, de la Classe physico-mathem. de 1'Acad. de St. Petersb., vi, p. 117 (1847).— Chiton (Phcenechiton, Dichachiton, Symmetrogephyrus) pallasii MIDD., in Middendorff's Reise in den iiussersten norden und osten Siberiens, ii, Zool. pt. 1, p. 46 AMICULA. 163, t. 13, f. 1-9; t. 14, f. 1-6; Mai. Rossica i, p. 98.— Amicula pallasii H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 481. — CHENU, Manuel, i, p. 383.— DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. SW.—Stimpsoniella pallasii CPU., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155. Although closely allied to A. vestita, this species differs in the more hairy, thicker girdle, the less exposed tips of the valves, which are smaller and less transverse. The figures do not represent dried specimens. The description is from Middendorff. A. AMICULATA Pallas. PL 5, figs. 15, 16. This species was described by Pallas from a dried specimen measuring 4 inches in length. Figures 15, 16, are copied from his plate. The following note contains all that is useful in his descrip tion : Valves covered with cartilage, scabrous and subverrucose out- side, the part surrounding the valves being thick, harsh, cartilaginous. The 8 valves are white and very fragile, the first being nearly horse- hoof shaped, crenulated on the front margin ; the intermediate valves are shaped as if made of two circular disks, and have a trans- verse obsolete swelling above. The first 7 valves have a pentagonal sharply margined piece (tegmentum), truncated behind, at the angle of the posterior sinus. The 8th valve is angular, as if formed of two pentagons, excavated behind. Pallas' figures of the upper surface (26, 27) do not differ from that of A. emersonii except that the exposed portions of the valves are smaller and of a different shape. His figure of the ventral surface (28) shows the gills to extend from the top of the head completely along both sides and uninterruptedly around the tail ! There can be no reasonable question that this is a mistake in the drawingjust as the omission of lateral slits in the intermediate valves is. The gills are probably short, as in vestita and pallasii. Kuril Is. (Pallas.) Chiton amiculatus PALLAS, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropo- litan*, ii, p. 235, t. 7, f. 26-30 (1786).— GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3206.— WOOD, Gen. Conch, p. 13.— MIDD., Mai. Ross, i, p. 96. Not C. amiculatus SOWB.J Conch. Illustr., f. 80, nor of Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169=P. stelleri Midd. Not C. amiculatus WOOD, Index, Test., f. 12, nor of Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 59— J.. vestita Sow. ? Chamydochiton amiculatus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, pp. 1, 310. AMICULA. 47 ? Chiton pallasii MIDD., see below. It would be a distinct advantage to science if the attempt to identify Chiton amiculatus could be given up. The figures of Pallas indicate a species externally very similar to A. vestita in the dry condition, except that the exposed portion of the valves, and as far as known their entire structure, accords completely with that of A. 2)allasii Midd. There is not much doubt in my mind that the A. pallasii really is the same as the original amiculatus, notwith- standing its apparently thicker and more hairy integument. Carpenter identified as amiculatus a form collected by Dr. New- comb on the Farallones Is., off San Francisco Bay. He describes it as follows : " Amicula amiculata (? Pallas). PI. 5, figs. 12, (13, 14 ?). Shell externally resembling a young C. stelleri, but the apices of the valves are present and rounded ; inside the insertion plate of the posterior valve is Mopaloid, having one slit on each side, like the intermediate valves; the caudal sinus is wide and deep. The ante- rior valve has . . . . ? slits. The anterior sutural-laminse of each valve are moderately connected across the broad sinus ; the posterior sutural-laminse are larger, regularly arcuate, hardly sinuated out- wardly, having a broad deep sinus behind, flat behind the apex and hardly laminated. Slits grooved up to the apices. Girdle coriaceous, smoothish, with two series of larger pores at sutures and margin, and series of smaller pores placed between the valves and irregularly, sparsely scattered over the girdle ; setae of the pores few, long, hardly spicular." "The shell here described must have been about 3 inches long when living, and rather more than half the breadth. It accords sufficiently nearly with the very brief description of Ch. vestitus Brod. & Sby. in the Zoological Journal, but not with the figure of the specimen there described in Conchological Illustrations. Moreover the gills of Ch. vestitus are median, of this (as far as I can judge from the dried remains) ambient, which is the character of Ch. amiculatus, teste Midd. It was sent by Dr. Newcomb to Dr. Gould as the young of Ch. amiculata Sby. (==stelleri') ; from which it differs (1) in the round mucro, which represents in fact the jugular, central and side areas squeezed up into a knob which alone projects at the posterior part of each of the 7 anterior, and the middle of the hind valve ; (2) in the posterior sutural laminae being a curved continuation behind of the side laminae not separated by waves at the sides, but separated 48 CRYPTOCHITON. by a deep posterior sinus reaching the external knob ; (3) in the long hairs of the bunches which are disposed in regular pores along the margin and across the,sutures, as well as irregularly over the surface." Middendorffhad never seen specimens of amiculatus, his informa- tion being derived wholly from Pallas' description and figures. Dall has given Carpenter's description in his paper on the Chitons of the north-west coast (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 310), and proposes the name Chlamydochiton for the species, on account of its ambient gills. See also under Cryptochiton stelleri. Subfamily CRYPTOCHITONIN^E. Genus CRYPTOCHITON Middendorff & Gray, 1847. Cryptochiton MIDD., Bulletin de la Classe Phys.-math.de 1'Acad. des Sci. de St. Petersb. vii, no. 8, p. 116 (separate copies distributed in Spring of 1847) ; Beitrage zur einer Malacozoologia Rossica, i, p. 33. — Cryptochiton GRAY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xx, pp. 70, 134 (July and August, 1847) ; P. Z. S. Lond. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169. Valves entirely concealed in the leathery girdle, and lacking tegmentum ; their posterior margins produced backward in a deep lobe on each side, the lobes united across the median line, causing the apices of all valves to be removed inward from the posterior edge. Slits subobsolete or lacking in the intermediate valves. Girdle covered with minute tufts of short bristles. Gills extending the entire length of the foot. This genus differs from Amicula, and from all other known Chitons, in the union of the posterior lobes of the valves across the median line, causing the apices of the median and anterior valves to bes placed subcentrally or at the posterior third, instead of at the posterior margin. C. STELLERI Middendorff. PI. 7, figs. 7-13 ; pi. 6, fig. 6. Oblong, rather depressed, the bilobed posterior outlines of the valves (in dry specimens) showing through the leathery integument, which completely covers the valves. Color a dull ferruginous or brick-red, very well preserved specimens being rendered much brighter by the closely placed fascicles of brilliant vermilion spines. CRYPTOCHITON. 49 The valves are wholly concealed, white or flesh-colored, entirely lacking the outer colored layer (tegmentum) of other Chitons ; their edges are more or less thinned and crenulated by radial stride. Anterior valve (figs. 8, 9) having the apex at the posterior third, and with 4 to 7 slits. Intermediate valves (figs. 12, 13) having the apex near the posterior third ; formed of two large anterior lobes expanded at the sides, and two smaller, narrow posterior lobes. Posterior valve (figs. 10, 11) having the mucro posterior or near the posterior third ; deeply sinused in the rear, and usually having a slit on each side of the sinus. Girdle leathery, thick, red, densely covered with countless minute fascicles of vermilion spinelets*(pl. 6, fig. 6.) Length 15 to over 20 cm. Endermo Harbor, south of Jesso, Japan ; Salcalin Island ; Kuril Is.; southern extremity of Kamchatka ; Aleutian Is. ; Alaska and the whole American coast southivard to Monterey and the Santa Barbara Is.; just below tide mark. Chiton stelleri MIDD., Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. vi, p. 116 (1846). — Chiton ( Cryptochitori) stelleri MIDD., Mai. Ross, i, p. 93, t. 1-9 ; Mem. de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., 6me Ser., vi, p. 101, 157, 1849 (full account of anatomy). — SCHRENCK, Amurl. Moll., p. 271. — Cryptochiton stelleri GRAY, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M., p. 185 (1857).— H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 479 ; iii, t. 55, f. 1.— CPR., Suppl. Rep., etc., Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 648.— GABB., Palseontol. Cal. ii, p. 87.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 159.— SMITH, Ann. Mag. K H. 1875, xvi, p. 115.— BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 311; p. 299, t. v, f. 44 (dentition).— Cryptochiton stelleri var. violacea NORDMANN, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, xxxv, 1862, p. 329, t. iv. — Chiton amiculatusSowE., Conch. Illustr., f. 80, SObis., and GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169. NOT of Pallas. — Chiton sit kensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., Chiton, t. 10, f. 55; t. 11, f. 55b (1847); not C. sitkensis Midd.— Chiton ehlamys REEVE, /. c., t. 11, f. 60. — Chiton calif ornicus PRESCOTT, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xxxviii, p. 185, fig. in text. (Sept., 1864). — ? ? Chiton giganteus Kamtschaticus TILESIUS, Me*m. de 1 'Acad. St. Petersb. ix, 1824, p. 473, t. 16, f. 1, 2 ; t. 17, f. 3-8 (in part).— Cryptochiton asm us in the Dorpat Collection, testeMidd., Mai. Ross i, p. 40. The foot and softer parts of this species are eaten raw by the Aleuts and Indians. 50 CRYPTOCHITON. Occasional individuals are variegated with gray-white or pinkish patches, the specimen figured being one so marked, received from Mr. Newcomb, of the Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Col- umbia. The valves of this specimen are of a beautiful pink color inside. The largest specimen I have seen is in the collection of Mr. John Ford ; if straightened out it would measure over 82 inches in length. Some other specimens before me are yellow on the back, but a minute examination shows that they have lost the red bunches of minute bristles. The number of slits, and even their presence varies greatly. Valves ii and vii are usually provided with slits, but the other inter- mediate valves lack them. The posterior valve generally has slits, even in individuals quite adult ; but sometimes they are obsolete, being filled in by an excessive thicken ing of the posterior edge of the valve. The mucro of each valve is in most cases quite inconspicuous, but on some valves of occasional specimens it is raised in a minute point, or marked by a puncture ; in either case being still covered by the general integument. It is by no means certain whether any true varieties or geographic races exist ; but the following may be accepted provisionally. Var. VIOLACEUS Nordmanu. PI. 6, figs. 1-5. (Living spec- imen.) Beautiful violet colored when living, fading in alcohol to a dark brick-red, with large rounded light gray spots. A dried individual is dirty gray-reddish above. Largest specimen measures along the convex back 152 mill. ; the smaller individual figured measures 90 by 63 mill. Sachalin I. The colors of the living animal are thus described by Arthur Nordmann : Cryptochiton stelleri varies much in its coloration ; in some examples the ground-color of the convex back is clear brownish- red; in others yellowish-red; in still others, but rarer, beautiful dark violet with lighter streaks undulatingly passing outward from the median line, and indicating the number of valves. * * * The under side is dirty yellowish, the foot sometimes butter-yellow, the long, narrow girdle of gills (consisting of 140-150 leaflets) being reddish. Var. APICALIS Pilsbry. All characters as in C. stelleri except that the apices of the valves are distinctly projecting as small circular elevations; substance of CRYPTOPLACID.E. 51 valves pinkish. Length of valves, measured around back of a curled specimen 117, breadth of widest valve 31? mill. Japan (no. 61399 U. S. Nat. Mus.) Family CRYPTOPLACID^ Dall. Elongated or vermiform Chitons, having proportionally small valves; tegmentum of each valve (except the first) divided into two latero-pleural areas and a dorsal area. Insertion and sutural plates strongly drawn forward, sharp, smooth, the anterior valve with 3-5 slits, the other valves with one slit on each side or none. Posterior valve having the mucro far posterior, insertion plate continuous behind, not sinused nor slit there. Girdle very thick and wide, spiculose, generally with small sutural tufts and four around the head valve. Gills occupying the posterior third of the parapodial grooves. This family is evidently a comparatively modern branch from the Acanthochitoid stock, differing in the degeneration of the valves in size, consequent upon the adoption of a life in burrows and holes. The number of slits is greatly reduced; and the insertion-plate of the tail-valve has no sinus or upward wave behind. The short gill- row is an inheritance from the Aeanthochitidce, which in turn inherited this feature from the low Ischnoid or high Lepidopleuroid stock from which they sprung; short, posterior gills being char- acteristic of the lowest Chiton stocks, as well as of the Aplacophora. The zoological rank of the Cryptoplacidce has been ably discussed by Haddon (Challenger Polyplacophora p. 46, 47), who concludes that " the genus Cryptoplax is a highly specialized branch of a low group of Chitons." To this it should be added that the specializa- tion has been in the direction of degeneration ; the gills are shorter than in the parent stock Aeanthochitidce ; the foot and valves are notably reduced in size and functional capacity, and the nervous system shows unmistakeable traces of reversion. Two genera, not very diverse in characters, are distinguishable : CRYPTOPLAX Blainv., in which the body is vermiform, the anterior valve having 3 slits, the others none ; valves disjointed or merely touching. CHONEPLAX Cpr., more like an ordinary Chiton, but much elongated, the valves all strongly overlapping or imbricating. 52 CRYPTOPLAX. Genus CRYPTOPLAX Blainville, 1818. Cryptoplax BLAINV., Diet, des Sci. Nat. xii, p. 124, for C. larvi- formis and depressus. — Chitonellus LAMARCK, An. sans Vert, vi, p. 317, for C. Icevis and striatus (1819.) — Ametrogephyrus MIDD., Mai. Ross, i, p. 33, (1847). Much elongated, distinctly vermiform, the valves not nearly cover- ing the entire dorsal surface, the posterior ones either separated from one another or in contact merely at their tips. Insertion and sutural plates very strongly drawn forward, the anterior valve having three slits, the other valves none. Girdle minutely setose, generally hav- ing minute sutural pore-tufts. Gills occupying the posterior third of the branchial groove. Distribution, Philippines to Tasmania and Polynesia. In this genus the sutural-laminse of each valve are entirely separated from the valve next forward, although they are deeply inserted in the muscular integument of the back. The number of slits is more reduced than in any other forms having insertion-plates, approaching in this respect the Lepidopleuridce. Only four species of this genus are recognized by Haddon, in his revision of the genus in the Report on the Polypi acophora collected by the Challenger Expedition. They may be recognized by these marks : , C. striatus Lam. Large or medium sized, convex above, flat below, the valves all in contact or nearly so, conspicuously wrinkle-sulcate at the sides, with a smooth dorsal band. Pores present or absent, the girdle densely spiculose, without a ventral bounding fringe. (?. burrowi Sm. Small ; valves iv, v, vi and vii very small and very widely separated from one another ; grooved at the sides, with smooth central bands. Pores minute. C. oculatus Q. & G. Smaller, having the latter four valves separated, longitudinally grooved at the sides, having triangular smooth dorsal areas. Pores wanting. Several front valves sur- rounded with fringes of black and of white bristles. C. larvceformis Blv. Large, cyclindrical, having the latter four valves widely separated, sculptured with grooves con verging forward to a dorsal sulcus, sometimes ill-defined. Minute pore-bunches generally present ; having a fringe of spicules bounding the ventral surface. Anterior several valves eroded, not surrounded with black and white fringes of spicules. CRYPTOPLAX. 53 C. STRIATUS Lamarck. PI. 9, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; pi. 11, figs. 37-39. Elongated, vermiform, very convex above, flat below ; hoary gray maculated with rust-brown ; when dry, dull reddish-brown. The valves are in contact with one another, or the posterior four may be separated by short intervals, always much shorter than the valves. Anterior valve having the tegmentum longer than wide, more than twice as long as the anterior teeth ; its surface cut into a coarse, irregular granulation by peculiar zigzag impressions [very badly rendered in pi. 9, fig. 11]. Median valves (fig. 13) sagittate, widest at about the posterior third, tapering forward ; sculptured with several deep, finely and irregularly zigzag grooves at the sides (sometimes transformed into a pattern of v-shaped granules) ; the dorsal area narrow, raised, smooth except for slight growth lines. Posterior valve (fig. 14) like the median valves externally, but having a short vertical granulose slope below the mucro. Interior light olive-green, generally becoming pink on the sutural- laminse and teeth. Anterior valve having 3 slits, other valves none ; posterior valve having the insertion-plate continuous, but somewhat emarginate behind. Girdle wide, fleshy, densely covered with minute calcareous spine- lets, and in most good specimens showing minute pores at some or all of the sutures, and four around the head-valve. Length 55, breadth 12 mill, (average dry specimen.) Length 61, breadth 22 mill, (alcoholic specimen.) Chitonellus striatus LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 317, 1819. — DESH. in Lam. vii, p. 481, 1836.— SOWB., Genera of Shells 1. 139, f. 4; Conch. Illustr., f. 62.— BLAINV.,. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 551, 1825.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 1 ; Conch. Icon., f. 4. — Chitonellus gunnii RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1847. — Ch. rostratus RVE., L c., f. 6. Ch. oculatus RYE., 1. c., f. la, b (not of Q. & G.). — Cryptoplax striata +gunni-\-rostrata H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 484. — ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 224, 225.— Chiton (Chitonellus] striatus SMITH, Zool. Coll. 'Alert,' p. 84. — Cryptoplax striatus HADDON, Chall. Rep. xv, p. 39, t. 1, f. 9 ; t. 3, f. 9a-9m. Raines Island, Torres Straits (Reeve, for C. rostratus and C. striatus), Port Lincoln (J. B. Harvey), Newcastle (Dr. Dieffenbach), Port Jackson (Coppinger, Richardson, Jukes, King), Flinders Island (J. Milligan) ; Tasmania (Reeve, C. gunnii) ; Tasmania (Macgillivray and Gunn). 54 CRYPTOPLAX. In one (alcoholic) specimen before me, figured on pi. 11, figs. 37, 38, 39, pores are completely absent. Figure 37 represents a portion drawn from the edge of the ventral surface, which, though minutely roughened is not spiculose. The figure is magnified 25 diameters. Var. GUNNII Rve. PL 8. fig. 14. " The variety gunnii, from South Australia and Tasmania, may be recognized by the valves being narrower, with the exception of the first two. This form also appears to attain a larger size than spec- imens from New South Wales and other localities further north. A specimen in spirit, from the mouth of the river Tamar, Tasmania, presented to the British Museum by J. Macgillivray, exceeds four inches in length. The mantle of the southern form also appears to be rather less densely covered with the minute conical spines. The number of gills on each side varies with age, and even in individual specimens I have found 30 or 31 on each side in specimens of equal size from both regions — that is, north and south ; and in the largest specimen before referred to there are 27 on the right side and 34 on the left, and there is no appearance of any having been removed. " (Smith.) C. BURROWI Smith. PL 9, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. This curious species is known by the small size of the valves, the remoteness from one another of the fourth, fifth and sixth, and the excessively short and densely packed spines on the mantle. The single specimen in spirit, from Port Molle, is of a buff color, copiously mottled with green : this accords with a specimen (also in spirit) mentioned by Reeve, collected by Capt Belcher in the Straits of Macassar. The dried specimens are greyish, more or less rose- tinted. The sculpture of the valves is very like that of C. striatus, consisting of a central smoothish ridge, with two or three finer and more or less wrinkled ones on each side, the front valve of course being wrinkled throughout and lacking the central smooth ridge. They are yellowish at the mucro or posteriorly, and pinkish red in front. The plates of insertion are like those of C. striatus, and of a pale greenish color. (Smith.) Chitonellus burrowi has pores, and is therefore a Cryptoplax. There is no trace of them externally, and they are only discernible by removing the outer scaly coat ; they are then seen (but not dis- tinctly as in the other species) upon the white skin beneath in just CRYPTOPLAX. 55 the same position and to the same numbers as in Cryptoplax larvce- formis and Cryptoplax striatus. (Haddon.) Port Adelaide (Eve.) and Port Nolle (Coppinger) ; Straits of Macassar (Belcher.) Chitonellus larvceformis REEVE, (not of Burrow or Blainv.), Conch. Icon., f. 3, 1847. — Chiton (Chitonellus) burrowi SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. < Alert/ p. 85, 1884.— Cryptoplax burrowi HADDON, ' Challenger' Polyplac., p. 42, t. 3, f. lla-llm. The gill-rows are very short, occupying less than a third the total length, and there are 22 branchiae on each side. C. OCULATUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. A chiton with the body small, equally hairy, roseate, and encircled with two black bands; valves glaucous, longitudinally furrowed, the front three ovate, encircled by black and white hairs. A small species which is separated from C. fasciatus, as well as from the two indicated by Lamarck, by its less cyclindrical form, less obtuse extremities and greater flatness ; by having the body covered with longer bristles and more crowded than in the above- mentioned species; finally it differs in having the anterior three valves oval, sea-green, surrounded by a circle of black bristles and another, outside of that, of white ones ; giving the appearance of eyes to these valves. The other valves are narrower, separated, claw- shaped, and red-brown colored. All except the first are parallel- grooved longitudinally, with a smooth triangle in the middle. It is probable that the plates of insertion are the same as in Ch. fasciatus, but we have not examined them in the single individual in our possession. The color is reddish, with two black transverse bands, confluent on the back. The ventral surface is yellowish. The mouth is encircled by a oval, fringed veil. The branchiae occupy a little less than the posterior third of the body ; there are 20 lamellae on each side. Length 2 inches, 6 lines ; circumference 1 inch, 5 lines. ( Q. & G.) f New Guinea or Vanikoro (Q. & G.) ; Samboangan, Philippines in 10 fms. (Challenger) ; Friendly Is. (Brit. Mus. Coll.) Chiton oculatus Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool. iii, p. 410, t. 73, f. 37, 38, (1834). — Chitonellus oculatus DH. in Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, p. 482 (1836). — Cryptoplax oculatus HADDON, Challenger Polyplac. p. 41, t. 1, f. 10; t. 3, f, 10a-10m.— Chitonellus fasciatus REEVE, 56 CRYPTOPLAX. Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 5 (only). — ? Chitonellus Icevis LAM. Not Ckitonellus oculatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 7a, 7b.= C. striatus. This species is peculiar in the circles of black and white bristles surrounding the anterior valves. The well-defined dorsal smooth areas, and the apparent lack of pores. These characters readily separate it from C. larvceformis, a species otherwise rather similar. It should be noted however, that some individuals of larvceformis lack pores. C. LARVCEFORMIS (Blainv.) Burrow. PI. 11, figs. 31-36, 40-43. Cylindrical and vermiform, wider posteriorly. Color pale buff, clouded and maculated with reddish, and having two or several transverse bands and a median dorsal line of the same ; the ventral surface of a uniform pale tint, separated from the lateral and dorsal integument by a distinct line of longer white spicules. The first four valves are in contact and eroded, the hinder four are widely separated, the greatest space being between valves vi and vii. Anterior valve having the tegmentum about twice as long as the anterior teeth, much eroded, the worn portion generally pink and dull white (the pink sometimes replaced by olive) ; the unworn outer rim smooth except for growth-lines, and usually reddish. Tegmentum of second valve somewhat pentagonal, broadest in front of the middle, eroded. The other median valves are sagittate, the posterior 3 or 4 being generally but little eroded, and showing a sculpture of coarse, uneven longitudinal furrows, converging forward toward a dorsal sulcus. Posterior valve (figs. 42, 43) having the mucro produced far backward ; cavity shallow. Interior of valves white, generally marked with pink in each valve, but sometimes suffused with pale green. Anterior valve with three slits, other valves having none. Girdle clothed with minute calcareous spicules, mostly red in color, but white on the light patches ; the spicules very short on the ante- rior part of the body, with some longer ones intermingled, longer on the posterior part (pi. 11, fig. 33). On the ventral surface the spicules are extremely short and blunt ; and at the junction of base and sides there is a crowded row of white spinelets (fig. 32). At each suture there is a minute bunch of white spinelets (fig. 34), and around the head-valve four such pore-bunches are found. In some specimens some of the posterior pores are absent, and others lack all pores. CRYPTOPLAX. 57 Length 105, breadth 24, thickness 19 mill, (alcoholic specimen.) ViH Islands (A. Garrett !) ; Tonga Tabu, Friendly Is. (Q. & G.) ; Kandavu, Fiji, (Challenger Exped.) , Dalaquete, Zebu, Philippines (Cuming.) Cryptoconchus larvceformis BLV. in Burrow, Elem. of Conch, p. 190, 1815 (no description). — Chiton larvceformw BURROW, 1. c., p. 191, t. 28, f. 2, 3, 4.— BLAINV., Manuel de Mai., p. 603, t. 87, f. 6, 1825. — Cryptoplax larvceformis HADDON, Challenger Polyplac., p. 37, t. 3, f. 12. — Cryptoplax larvceformis BLV., Diet. Sci. Nat. xii, p. 124, 1818. — ADS., Gen. Kec. Moll, i, p. 484. — Chiton ehitonellus BLAINV., Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxvi, p. 550. — Chiton vermiformis BLAINV., /. c., p. 553. — Chiton fastiatu* QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. de 1'Astrol., Zool. iii, p. 408, t. 73, figs. 21-29. — Chitonellus fasciatus DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 482.— REEVE, Conch. Syst., t. 135, f. 3,4; Conch. Icon., f. 2.— GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 333, atlas, t. 28, f. 429. — Cryptoplax fasdata ADS., Genera, t. 55, f. 6, 6a. — Chitonellus Icevis REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, 1. 135, f. 2. — Chiton eruciformis SOWB. Gen. Shells, t. 139, f. 5 (1820-1825.) Readily distinguished from C. burrowi by the form of the poste- rior valve and the absence of a raised smooth dorsal band on the valves. This latter feature seems to separate it also from C. oculatus, in which, besides, the longitudinal grooves on the sides of the valves do not converge forward. There is also a difference in, the profile of the tail-valve, in the spicules surrounding the anterior valves, and in the size. On plate 11, fig. 31, 40-43, represent the largest specimen before me. It was collected by Garrett at the Viti Is. Figures 32-34 were also drawn from this specimen, fig. 34 representing a single pore- bunch ; fig. 33 a square mill, from near the posterior valve, and fig. 32 a portion of the marginal row of spiuelets showing the minute spicules of the base below, the dark-colored spicules of the side of the animal above. This example shows the 18 minute bunches of white spinelets characteristic of the species, although the posterior ones are very minute. Another specimen (fig. 35) is somewhat differently marked, and lacks all pores or pore-bunches. As this example is excellently preserved in spirit, and not wrinkled, the absolute absence of pores can be affirmed with confidence. I can see no differences in the valves between this example and the Viti Island specimens. Part of the dried specimens before me seem to lack pore-bunches, but this cannot be determined with certainty. 58 CRYPTOPLAX. Haddon found the posterior pair of tufts wanting in one of the spec- imens collected by the Challenger. He further remarks : " The only conclusion at which we can arrive in this species is that nor- mally nine pairs of tufts are present, but that in some specimens more or fewer of the posterior pairs may be absent. This further leads us to the supposition that they may be entirely absent, although we have at the present time no direct evidence in support of the last alternative." False and insufficiently defined Cryptop laces. The following descriptions are of course worthless for purposes of identification. They are introduced here simply to save students the trouble of looking them up in the original publication. No information other than that here given has been published. Cryptoplax montanoi Rochebrune. Corpus ovoideum, crassum, antice rotundatum, intense villosum, aurantiaco fulvum, fasciis nigris luteo marginatis, cinctum ; valvis medianibus minutis, rostratis lateraliter striatulatis ; area centralis subsquamosa, squamis rectis, acutis ; valvis anticis rotundatis, rugosissimis. Ligamento marginis, pilis brevissimus obsito. Long. 0,045 ; lat. 0,016. (Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-'82, p. 190.) Borneo; Lucon (Drs. Montano and Rey). Rare. Paris Mus. This is probably a synonym of C. striatus. Cryptoplax peroni Rochebrune. Corpus angustum, antice rotundatum, rugosum, violaceum, fasciis albidis passim cinctum ; valva antica subtriangularis ; valvis centralibus ovatis, elevatis, radiatim sulcatis, postica lata. Long. 0,022 ; lat. 0,007. (Rocliebr.y Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 193.) New Holland (Peron and Lesueur). Rare. Paris Mus. Cryptoplax torresianus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, antice posticseque rotundatum, pilosissimum, luteo rufuni, valva antica rotundata, subfodiata, valva? centrales elongate, intense umbonatse, antice macula nigra pictse ; areis lateralibus longitudinaliter gran- ulose striatis, granulis squamiformibus; valva postica umbonata, umbone prealto, conico, obtusissimo. Long. 0,060 ; lat. 0,004. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-'82, p. 195.) Torres Straits. Rare. Paris Mus. Cryptoplax caledonicus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, insuper spinossimum, antice acuminatum, postice rotundatum, luteolum, CHONEPLAX. 59 maculis caeruleis marmoratum; valva antica elliptica rugosa; valvarum intermediarum area centralis angusta, rotundata, squamis imbricatis sculpta; areis lateralibus, sulcis divaricatis, rugosis, orn- atis. Ligamento marginis fimbriato. Long. 0,040; iat. 0,008. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-82, p. 196.) Koue, New Caledonia (MM. Beaudoin and Heurtel). Not common. Paris Mus. Cryptoplax heurteli Rochebrune. Corpus ovatum, villosum, antice posticeque rotundatum ; luteo roseum fasciis 2 latis, rubris cinctum ; valva antica rotundata, Isevis; valvis centralibus viridescentibus, minutissimis, areis medianis hevibus, lateralibus longitudinaliter striatis, striis denticulatis. Ligamento marginis, setis longis vestito. Long. 0,028 ; Iat. 0,009. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 196.) New Caledonia (M. Heurtel) ; Rare ; Mus. Paris. Cryptoplax unciniferus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, antice attenuatum, postice latum, glaberrimum, luteofuscum ; valvis coeruleis, antice subquadrata, postice intense umbonate, umbone acuto ; ceteris angustis, unciniferis ; area centrales minute punctata ; lateralibus circulariter sulcatis sulcis imbricatis, nodosis. Long. 0,068; Iat. 0,010. (Rochebr.). Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 197. New Caledonia (Museum of the Colonies ; M. Heurtel). Common. Paris Mus. Genus CHONEPLAX Carpenter, 1882. Choneplax CPR. in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, no. 49, p. 285, 288 (Jan. 20, 1882). Type C. strigatus Sowb—Chitoniscus CPR. (part) I. c., no. 49a, p. 285, 288. Types " Chitonellus striatus and strigatus Sowerby, Conch. 111., figs. 62 and 63." Much elongated, somewhat vermiform. Valves subequal in size and all strongly overlapping, the mucro of the tail valve projecting far backward. Insertion and sutural plates all strongly drawn for- ward, the anterior valve with 3-5 shallow slits, the other valves hav- ing one slit on each side or none. Girdle minutely setose, and hav- ing sutural tufts, sometimes obsolete. Gills posterior. Distribution, West Indies. This genus, whilst closely allied to Cryptoplax, differs in the strong imbrication of all the valves, and their much greater comparative 60 CHONEPLAX. size. The slits of the insertion-plates are less obsolete than in Cryptoplax. C. LATUS Guilding. PL 8, fig. 15. Elongated, narrow, vermiform ; the valves strongly imbricating, eroded, generally dirty white with a dull brown median band or area, the unworn side margins brown. Interior of valves bluish or gray, generally black in the cavity. The intermediate valves are squarish, very blunt behind, and when unworn are minutely granulated at the sides, with an indis- tinctly defined dorsal smooth band. Posterior valve smaller, with posterior mucro. Interior dark colored, the median valves having the sinus very narrow, deep and square. Anterior valve having 3 slits, other valves none. Posterior valve having a long sharp insertion plate, directed forward ; much hollowed out. Girdle wide, brownish, covered with minute spicules, having a fringe of longer white spinelets around the border of the ventral sur- face, and provided with 9 small tufts of brown spinelets on each side. Length about 25 mill. St. Thomas and Guadaloupe (R.Swift! in Coll. Phila. Acad.) ; St. Vincent (Guilding !) ; Portorico (Blauner !). Chitonellus latus GUILDING, Zool. Journ. v, p. 28 (1829). — Chiton strigatus SOWB., Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 289 ; Conch. Illustr., f. 63. — Chitonellus strigatus REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 6. — Phakello pleura (Acanthochites) strigata SHUTTLW., Bern. Mittheil. 1853, p. 80. — Chitonellus Icevis REEVE, Conch. Icon, f. 1. Not of Lamarck. — Choneplax serpens CPR. MS., olim. — Chone- plax strigatus CPR. MS. The name latus is not preoccupied in the Cryptoplacidce and being the earliest published it must be accepted. The valves of this species are greatly eroded in all the specimens I have seen. C. HASTATUS Sowerby. PL 8, figs. 16-22. Shell small, granulated ; valves reclining, acute, the first five very narrow, the latter three wider ; the last having a pointed terminal apex ; margin thick, rude, having minute red tufts at the valves. Length 9, breadth 3 mill. (Sowb.) Habitat unknown. Chiton hastatus SOWB., Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 290, Suppl. pi. 16, f. 4; Conch. Illustr. f. 127.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1 66. — Choneplax hastatus CPR., MS. CHONEPLAX. 61 This may prove to be the young of C. latus, the pointed shape of the valves being due to their non-eroded condition ; but the slits seem to be more strongly developed. Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19 are from Sowerby's illustrations; figs. 22 are from sketches made by Car- penter from the type. Carpenter writes of the type specimen : I cannot see the very long hairs figured by Sowerby, but here and there are a few very fine dark hairs, looking like pores, and occasionally but not always sutural ; round the margin there are a great many extremely minute, rather distinct hairs. Jugular areas long and narrow, in some valves sculptured and colored like the rest, only finer and with long lyrulse ; in others they are worn and dark colored ; in two last valves dark bordered with white, with fine granules over it. Central and side areas not divided, having about 10-12 rows of granules branching out. Inside : anterior valve having 4 slight slits at the end of very long teeth ; central valves with one little slit, near the sculptured part ; posterior valve with one very decided slit on each side. 62 LEPIDOPLEURUS-TRACHYDERMON. APPENDIX I. The following pages contain the descriptions of certain species omitted in the body of this monograph, and additional descriptive and bibliographic matter relating to other forms. Family LEPIDOPLEURID^ (Vol. XIV, p. 1.) Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso. L. ALGESIRENSIS Capellini. PI. 14, figs. 20, 21. Shell oval, not carinated ; whitish-tawny ; end valves and lateral areas ornamented with concentric folds ; central areas smooth to the naked eye, but longitudinally striated when viewed under a lens. Girdle with moderate scales. Length 16, breadth 10 mill. (Capellini,} Algesiras, Andalusia (Tarnier) ; Coast of Provence (Martin) ; Marseilles (Marion) ; Civitavecchia (Donati) ; Sicily (Calcara, Ara- das, Monterosato) ; Palermo (Monterosato). Chiton algesirensis CAPELLINI, Journ. de Conch., June, 1859, p. 327, t. 12, f. 3, a'", V", c"'.— CARUS, Prodromus Faunae Mediterra- nepe, ii, p. 180. — Leptochiton granoliratus CPU., MS. There can be no doubt of the identity of Capellini's species with the L. granoliratus of Carpenter, described from Mogador, which I have described and figured (vol. xiv, p. 14), from examples collected by McAndrew. Family ISCHNOCHITONID^E (Vol. XIV, p. 253.) Genus TRACHYDERMON, Carpenter. Trachydermon Cpr., PILS., Manual XIV, p. 67. Craspedochiton SARS, type C. marginatus Penn.— cmerews L. Boreochiton SARS, part (C. ruber and marmoreus). Lophyrus Sars, (C. albus L. and exaratus Sars). — THIELE, Das Gebiss ii, p. 379. (L. albus L). Adriella THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 391, 1893. Type A. variegata, Phil. Icoplax THIELE, 1. c., p. 392. Type J. punicea Couth. Shell oval, carinated. Valves delicate, the lateral areas indis- tinct ; surface minutely granulated, the granulation rather even and TRACK YD ERMON. 63 generally in quincuncial pattern. Insertion plates short and sharp, having slits. Eaves solid or slightly porous. Girdle densely clothed with very minute rounded or elongate papillae. Type T. flectens Cpr. This group was formerly considered a subgenus of Ischnoehiton by me ; but a critical review of the species, with the use of power adequate to thoroughly reveal the structure of the girdle, causes me to reinstate it as a genus. It differs from Ischnochiton, — even the smallest species and specimens — in the nature of the girdle cover- ing ; and the same is true of its relations with Chcetopleura, Callo- chiton and Tonieia. The first of these three is also distinguished by its peculiar sculpture ; the second by its continuous sutural laminae. Tonieia is the genus most allied to Trachydermon ; and it was no doubt derived from Trachydermon at no remote time. The types selected by previous authors for this group are in no case tenable. Carpenter's original list of Trachydermons comprised reteporoms, interstinctus, trifidus, dentiens, gothieus, hartivegii, nut- tatlii and flectens. Of these the first three are Ischnochitons ; hartwegii and nuttallii belong to Cyanoplax ; leaving only dentiens, gothieus and flectens available for the choice of a type. The last has been selected. Within Trachydermon three sections may be distinguished, but their differential characters are of little value. I. Trachydermon s. sir. (type flectens Cpr). Valves thin ; gills extending forward f to f the length of the foot. II. Boreochiton Sars (type ruber L.). Valves variegated ; gills median. Species, T. ruber, T.punicea, T. steinenii. III. Cyanoplax Pils. (type hartwegii Cpr.). Valves solid, thick ; eaves wide, pitted ; gills as long as the foot. Species, T. hartwegii, T. bipnnctata. Besides these, a subgenus (Spongioradsia) has been created for two divergent forms. The genus is one of great antiquity, being the least differentiated of the Ischnochitonidce. The girdle is unspecialized, being clothed with minute bodies which cannot be called either scales or spines, for they are of an intermediate character. See pi. 15, figs. 26 (dentiens) ; 25 (ruber) ; and 37 (flectens). Thiele has proposed the " genus " Adriella for one of the typical forms, founding it on a very slight difference in dentition, the value 64 TRACHYDERMON. of which he is himself undecided on. Another " genus," leoplax, he proposes for the Cape Horn species punicea ; this group also has slight peculiarities of dentition, and if such minute subdivision is desirable, it might be retained as a section. T. ALBUS Linne. (Vol. XIV, p. 70). Var. wfuscatus Schneider. Sculpture, girdle and radulaas in the type, but color yellow-brown or brown-black. West coast of Prince Charles' Promontory ; Spitsbergen, Quaenan- genfjord, Norway. See SCHNEIDER, Tromso Museums Aarshefter, vol. 4, 1881, p. 57, and KRAUSE Zool. Jahrb., 1892, p. 348. T. FLECTENS Cpr. PI. 15, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37. For original description see Vol. XIV, p. 75. Shell small, ovate-oblong, moderately elevated. Roseate or deep blood red, more or less maculated with blue, especially along the sutural margin ; the blue sometimes predominating on some valves. Median valves squared and slightly beaked ; minutely granulated all over, more closely on the lateral areas, which are otherwise scarcely defined (fig. 36). Mucro somewhat anterior, rather projecting (fig. 34). Interior of a beautiful deep rose color. Anterior valve having 8, median valves 1-1, posterior valve 7 slits. Eaves narrow, short and solid. Sinus slightly laminate. Girdle rather densely covered with minute, elongated but scarcely imbricating scales (fig. 37), and fringed with hyaline spinelets. Gills extending forward two-thirds or three-fourths the length of the foot. Length 12,"breadth 7 mill. ; divergence 110° Puget Sound (Cpr.) ; off Victoria, British Columbia (Newcombe, 1892) ; 8. Pedro (Cooper). This is a beautiful little species, the examples before me from Victoria, B. C., being especially remarkable for their deep colors. The sculpture and the spotting of the sutural margins reminds one of T. dentietis, which is evidently its nearest of kin. TRACHYDERMON. 65 T. GOTHICUS Cpr. PI. 15, figs. 28, 29. The original description will be found on p. 74, vol. xiv. The type of this little shell was collected at Catalina Island by Dr. Cooper. It is an exceptionally elevated species, the dorsal ridge being acute, and the angle of divergence about 80°. The type (Mus. Smiths. Inst. 16271) having been glued to a glass tablet formerly, is not in very good condition, but Carpenter's excellent description and the figures here given (representing the half of a median valve and a profile of the tail valve), will readily identify it. T. RUBER L. PL 15, fig. 25 (girdle-scales, x 125). T. DENTIENS Gld. PL 15, fig. 26 (girdle scales, x 250.) Subgenus SPONGIORADSIA Pilsbry, 1894 (n. s.-g.) Trachyradsia CPR. in part, exclusive of its type Ch. fulgetrum. Valves smoothish, having two or several side slits, and extremely spongy eaves and sinus, the latter squared. Girdle sparsely beset with minute elongated scales. Type Tr. aleutica. It is somewhat doubtful whether this group should rank under Callochiton or Traehydermon ; but as the girdle, sinus and gills more resemble the latter, I have placed it here. The spongy eaves and radsioid valves resemble Trachyradsia (plus Stereochiton), but the sinus in that group, as in typical Callochiton, is bridged by a lamina extending across from one sutural lamina to the other. But two species are known to belong here : aleutica Dall and multi- dentata Cpr. T. ALEUTICA Dall. PL 15, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33. The original description is given on p. 84, vol. xiv. This is a small, dull purplish-red species, much elevated but rounded at the ridge, valves broadly v-shaped, the anterior border of each being concave, the lateral areas a trifle raised but indistinct, whole surface obsoletely punctulated by the comparatively large megal aesthetes, and showing some lines of growth. The most prominent characters are presented by the interior of the valves, which are flesh-colored, rather thick, and have the pos- terior border of the tegmentum broadly reflexed. The wide eaves are coarsely and densely spongy, the teeth being reduced to very slight prominences or wholly obsolete on some valves ; but the num- ber of punctate slit-rays shows that the side-slits if developed would 5 66 TONICELLA. be several in number. The sinus is very wide and very spongy (fig. 33) ; the sutural laminae are high and narrow. The girdle is somewhat sparsely clothed with blunt white processes, between spines and scales in form, and some of them show under the lens an excessively fine longitudinal striation (fig. 30.) Gills extending forward two-thirds the length of the foot. The length is about 6 mill. ; divergence 90°-100°. Aleutian Is. Views of outside and interior of a median valve, and interior of the head valve are here given. The pores of the eaves and sinus are obviously more than sufficient to afford egress to the minute trunks innervating the megalsesthetes and micrsesthetes ; and they probably serve in large part for the attachment of the valves to the girdle, being occupied by connective tissue. This accessory means of attachment is perhaps the cause of the great degeneration of the insertion- plates, which are deprived of their main function. Tr achy r ads ia multidentata Cpr., from the Bonin Is., is evidently closely allied, but it is described as having more strongly developed teeth. Genus TONICELLA Carpenter. Vide vol. xiv, p. 40. Toniciella THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken ii, p. 389. Key to speeies of Tonicella. a. Shell small, less than 10 mill, long ; central areas red, lateral areas white, saccharina. aa. Shell larger, much variegated. b. Speckled and maculated with red ; minutely granulated ; dorsal angle 90°-100°, marmorea, vol. xiv, p. 41. bb. Having oblique reddish lines ; dorsal angle 110°-130.° c. Very minutely granulated; angle 120°-130°, submarmorea, vol. xiv, p. 42. cc. Not granulated ; angle 110°-125°, lineata, vol. xiv, p. 42. T. SACCHARINA Ball. PI. 15, figs. 22, 23, 24. See vol. xiv, p. 44. Figures are here given of a curled specimen, kindly supplied by Dr. W. H. Dall. The girdle is blackish and smooth outside, having a fringe of delicate spicules at the edge, which is curled up in the spec- CALLOCHITON. 67 imen illustrated. The median valves have an obtuse, projecting beak, the back margin being concave on each side of it, and they are nar- rowly rounded at the sides, broadly con cave in the middle in front (fig. 22). The granulation is hardly visible; the lateral areas are white, central areas red. The dorsal angle is blunt ; divergence about 110°. The T. sitchensis Midd., which has not been identified since MiddendorfTs time, should be compared with this species. Genus CALLOCHITON Gray. See vol. xiv, p. 48. Add to synonymy of the genus: Clathro- pkura TIBERI (part), Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. iii, p.-136, 1877. First species C. Icevls. C. L^EVIS Montagu. Vol. xiv, p. 49. As an additional synonym, is probably to be ranked Chiton euplcece O. G. Costa, Cat. Syst. e Rag. Test, due Sicil., p. i, iv, t. 1, f. 4, 1829. C. CROCINUS Reeve. Vol. xiv, pi. 10, fig. 7. Shell ovate; terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concen- trically sculptured with waved wrinkles, the surface being most minutely punctured ; central areas undulately decussated with minute ridges. Saffron yellow, stained in the middle with light purple. Ligament horny, tessellated. A species most peculiar in color, and not less in sculpture ; the surface of the central areas hav- ing the appearance of coarse cloth or canvas. (Eve.) Habitat / (Rve.); (New Zealand (Greenwood, et al.~) C. crocinus Rv., Conch. Icon., t. 22, f. 146, 1847. — Lepidopleurus empleurus HUTT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. iv, p. 178 ; Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 113, 1880, teste Hutton in private letter. This, if really from New Zealand, is probably distinct from C. platessa Gld. ; but Dr. Carpenter believed them to be identical. C. SANGUINEUS Deshayes. PI. 10, fig. 27, 28. Shell small, regularly ovate, much depressed, equally obtuse at the two ends ; blood red all over ; end valves semi-lunar ; inter- mediate valves narrow, tripartite, most minutely granulated when viewed under a lens. Marginal girdle narrow, clothed with small scales, regularly articulated with brown spots. Length 8, breadth 5, height 1 mill. (Desk.) Inlands of Reunion and Mauritius. 68 CALLOCHITON. Chiton sanguineus DESH., Catalogue des Mollusques de File de Reunion, p. 40, t. 6, f. 4-7. — Chiton (Lepidopleurus) sanguineus MARTENS in Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, p. 300. — Callochiton sanguineus THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 392, t. 32, f. 9 (denti- tion.) Figure 27 is much enlarged. Deshayes compares this species to a dried drop of blood. Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr., 1878. Trachyradsia CPR. in Dall, (part) 1878, type Ch. fulgetrum Rve. vide Manual, xiv, p. 83. — Stereochiton CPR. in Dall, 1882, type Ch. castaneus Wood ; vide Manual xiv, p. 52. Valves almost smooth, but minutely granulated or punctulate having several slits in each side insertion-plate, very spongy eaves, and shallow sinus, across which the sutural laminae are connected (see vol. xiv, pi. 9, fig. 90). Girdle bearing minute downy scales. Distribution S. Africa and Tasmania. This group, as here reformed, claims kinship with Callochiton ; and so close is the alliance that it has been by Carpenter and myself ranked as a subgenus or section under that genus. The North Pacific forms formerly referred here have been given place under the genus Traehydermon, in the section Spongioradsia. C. DENTATUS Spengler. ( C. fulgetrum Reeve. Vol. xiv, p. 83). The Chiton planatus Spengler (Skrivter af Naturhist.-Selsk. iv, p. 91), is probably the same as C. dentatus of the same author (I. c., p. 88), and both seem to agree with C. fulgetrum Reeve. Both are said by Spengler to be from the Cape of Good Hope. See also Mai. Bl. xvii,p. 113. C. CASTANEUS Wood. (Vol. xiv, p. 52.) Spengler's Chiton bicolor (I. c., p. 90, p. 6, f. 18) is this species, and the name has priority, but cannot fairly be adopted on account of the previous use of the name bicolor by Gmelin, for a smooth species apparently different and distinct. C. INORNATUS Tenison- Woods. PI. 13, figs. 63, 64. " Shell oval, thin, depressed, of a uniform deep brown, very finely dotted all over with minute depressions like the top of a thimble ; valves of a uniform width, keeled, slightly beaked ; lateral areas very little elevated, with obsolete radiate striations ; central areas finely CH^ETOPLEURA. 69 marked with concentric striae ; terminal valves not large, obscurely ribbed with broad rounded ribs ; margin membranaceous, covered with scattered short silvery hairs. " The distinction of this species is its very uniform ornamentation. In most of the Chitons there is some marked difference between the lateral and central areas of the valves, but here all seems uniform in the color as well as in the ornament. The lateral areas have con- centric lines like those of growth. The minute dots with which the surface is pitted is a feature which this species shares with many others in Australia, but the marks are finer and more shallow than usual. The species is very rare." ( Tenison- Woods.') Length 40, breadth 25, alt. 5 mill. Northern Tasmania. Chiton inornatus T.-W., Trans, and Proc. of the Roy. Soc. of Victoria, xvii, p. 82, pi., figs. 8, 9 (May 10, 1881).— Callochiton (Stereochiton) lobatus CPR. The representation of the sutural laminae upon the posterior, instead of the anterior border of the single valve illustrated in Mr. Tenison- Wood's drawing, is of course on error ; but it is difficult to to see how such a mistake could occur. I believe that this species is the same as Callochiton (Stereochiton) lobatus Cpr. (Manual xiv, p. 53) ; and it is upon this ground that I place the form in this genus and section. Teuison-Woods' descrip- tion and figure give no clue to its generic position. C. lobatus Cpr. becomes a synonym. CHITON FESTIVUS Blainville. Shell quite elongated, carinated ; valves narrow, angular like a roof, very finely granulated through- out; lateral areas little indicated; anterior plates of insertion (suture laminae) narrow, the end plate quadridentate. Color varied with brown, red and flesh color outside; white with a dash of rose within. (Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 541.) Seas of Australia. This is a Callochiton of the Section Trachyradsia, and may be either C. fulgetrum, Rv., C. castaneus Wood or inornatus T.- Woods ; The coloration described resembles the first of these. The locality assigned is not to be trusted. Genus CH^TOPLEURA Shuttleworth. Vide vol. xiv, p. 27. Add to synonyms : Ehyssoplax THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 368, 1893. — (R. janeirensis Gray 70 CH^ETOPLEURA. .and segmentata Eve.). — Helioradsia THIELE, t. c.t p. 385 (H. gemma Carp.). The valves are solid, porcellanous within, having rather long sharp teeth and squared sinus. Externally they are sculptured with longitu- dinal beaded riblets on the central areas, and pustules or pustulose ribs on the lateral areas. Mucro in front of the middle. Girdle having corneous hairs, sometimes rising from a dense mass of chaffy scales. Chcetopleura is closely allied to Pallochiton in sculpture and valve structure generally, but Pallochiton has the mucro far to the rear. Thiele has subdivided the genus, but his divisions are based upon trivial features of the radula, which characterize single species or groups of species of less systematic rank than the assemblages called " sections " in the present work. The species, although few in number, are found in most warm and temperate seas. C. HENNAHI var. JASPIDEA Gould. PI. 10, figs. 29, 30. Shell broad-ovate, thin and light, somewhat strongly carinated ; under a magnifier it is found to be everywhere punctured in quincunx. It is generally dark liver-red clouded with longitudinal pencillings of more or less deep rose red colors; central areas closely and minutely marked with granulated, longitudinal lines ; lateral areas small, distinguished by their greater smoothness, and having four or five rather imperfect granular lines upon them ; terminal valves with radiating lines of distant granules, the posterior one excavated and with a transverse ridge, and strongly marked with the lines of growth. Margin coriaceous, covered with short hoary down. (Old.) Callao. Chiton jaspideus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 143, July, 1846; Expedition Shells, and Otia Conch, p. 4; U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 325, atlas f. 414, 414a. — Chwtopleura jaspidea THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 380, t. 31, f. 12 (dentition.) This is probably a mere form or variety of C. hennahi, distin- guished by the greater prominence of the pustules upon the lateral areas. C. ASPERRIMA (Couthouy) Gld. PI. 14, figs. 1, 2. .Shell elongated-oval, narrowed anteriorly, moderately convex, sub- carinate, brownish-olive along the back, with a lilac bloom at the CH^ETOPLEURA. 71 margin ; posterior valves semi-lunar ; lateral areas large, extending quite to the anterior edge of the valves, ornamented with irregularly scattered, cylindrical eminences, which are easily detached, leaving a scar ; the central areas have thick-set, longitudinal ranges of similar eminences. Margin coriaceous, covered with short and scattered seise. (Old.) Length one inch ; breadth two-fifths of an inch. Ilha do Pai, at the entrance of Eio Janeiro Harbor (U. S. Expl. Exped.) Chiton asperrimus Couth. MS., GOULD, U. S. Exploring Exped. Moll., p. 326, f. 418 a-b. This is evidently a Chcetopleura of the C. apiculata group. Gould's figures do not show the girdle satisfactorily. Gould compares the granules to little cylindrical pedestals. C. TEHUELCHA Orbigny. Vol. xiv, p. 205. This seems to be a Chcetopleura, allied to C.fulva, rather than a Tonicia. I have not seen specimens. C. FULVA Wood. Vol. xiv, PL 44, figs. 62, 63, 64. . Shell oval or oblong, elevated, acutely carinated, solid. Color pale buff suffused with rich orange-red toward the apices of the valves, or dull reddish all over, with white threads on the central areas. Valves strong, somewhat beaked ; central areas sculptured with white longitudinal beaded threads, separated by flat dark spaces; the threads are irregular at the jugum, often divaricating or anasto- mosing. Lateral areas slightly raised, having several subobsolete radii ; end valves obsoletely radiated. Interior white, having faint brown streaks diverging from the apices. Sutural plates rounded ; sinus angular, not toothed. Ante- rior valve having 9-11, central 1, posterior 9-11 slits; teeth con- spicuously, coarsely, pectinated outside, crenulated at their tips, and rather obtuse. Eaves short, solid, narrowly grooved along the teeth. Girdle leathery, light brown, bearing small, scattered and whitish hairs. Length 33, breadth 19 mill. Portugal. Chiton fulvus WOOD, General Conchology, p. 7, t. 1, f. 2. — Sow- ERBY, Conch. Illustr., f. 53, 83.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 39.— Chcetopleura fulva ROCHEBRUNE, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 137. — THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 381, t. 31, f. 16 (dentition).— 72 CH,ETOPLEURA. Tonicia fulva GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 67, and of CPR., MS.— Ch. fulvus " var. f (yelatus)" SOWB., Conch. Illustr. no. 69, f. 53 (no desc.). Doubtful synonyms : Chiton angulatus SPENGLER, Skiivter af Naturhist. Selsk. iv, p. 71. — Chiton ferruginem SPENG., 1. c., p. 72. Cf. Morch, Mai. Blatter, xvii, p. 111. — Chiton lusitanicus TILESIUS, Jahrbuch der Naturgeschichte i, p. 221, t. 6, f. 3, 4, 5, (Leipzig, 1802). — Chiton candisatus gaditanus CHEM., Conch. Cab., x, p. 374, t. 173, f. 1691. Wood has given a perfectly recognizable portrait of this species ; and I have therefore hesitated to disturb the current use of his speci- fic name in favor of those proposed by either Spengler or Tilesius, about which there is more or less uncertainty. This species has hitherto been classed in Tonicia, but the total absence of eye-spots, the hairy girdle and the less obtuse teeth show it to belong rather to Chcetopleura. Said to have been taken at Cape Horn on ships cable, but this locality requires confirmation. C. PAPILIO Spengler. Vol. XIV, pi. 44, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61. Shell oval, rather elongated, elevated, the dorsal ridge obtuse. Of a deep chestnut color. Valves deeply indented at the sutures ; lateral areas moderately raised, and (with the end valves) generally marked with delicate radii ; central areas having some delicate longitudinal striae. Pos- terior valve with the mucro central and rather elevated. Interior: posterior valve having 8-10, central valves 1-1, ante- rior valve 8-10 slits ; teeth acute ; sinus rather wide, flat, laminate, with a slit at each side. Eaves solid. Girdle wide, clothed with rather stout and long curling black hairs. Length 63, breadth 33 mill. ; divergence about 105°. Cape of Good Hope. Chiton papilio SPENGLER, Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, iv, p. 86, t. 6, f. 15. — Ch. castaneus QUOY & GAIMARD, Zool. Astrol. p. 387, t. 74, f. 33, 34.— Ch. watsoni SOWB., Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 288; Conch. Illustr., f. 81, 82, 130.— KRAUSS, DieSiidafrik. Moll, p. 41. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, iv, t. 6, f. 32a, b. — Chcetopleura watsoni THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 380, t. 31, f. 15 (dentition.) CH^ETOPLEURA. 73 The following names are probably to be considered synonymous, but I have not seen the types, which alone can fix their identity. Chiton fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3204, founded upon Chiton Linter Indice orientalis Chemnitz, Conchylien Cab. viii, p. 279, pi. 95, f. 799, 800. This name, if it really belongs to the species, will take precedence of papilio, being anterior in date. The spec- imens figured by Chemnitz were from the cabinet of the Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Chiton linter REEVE, Conch. Icon, iv, pi. 13, f. 72 (March, 1847), identified by Reeve with Ch. linter Indice orientalis Chemn., in ignorance of Gmelin's prior binomial for the same Chemnitzian form. Reeve's description is as follows: "Shell oblong, a little attenuated anteriorly, valves swollen in the middle, smooth or very minutely impressly striated throughout ; yellowish-brown, painted along the middle of each valve with a remarkable triangular brown spot, yellowish on each side ; ligament horny, transparent, beset with rather distant rough horny grains. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. viii, p. 279, pi. 95, f. 799. Hab. East Indies. This is another interesting species of Chiton which I have the pleasure of restoring from the obscurity in which it has remained since the publication of the ' Conchylien Cabinet/ in 1785." Reeve's figure is copied on pi. 49, fig. 35 of vol. xiv. It is prob- ably a worn specimen of papilio. C. PUSTULATUS Krauss. PL 10, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26. Shell oblong-ovate, convex, beautifully painted with spots of white, yellow, rufous and brown, banded in the middle with white. Anterior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves very delicately punctulate and sparsely sculptured with elevated, cylindrical pustules. Central areas longitudinally subgranose and cancellated. The insertion-plate of the anterior valve is weakly striated, pro- jects widely beyond the eaves, and has 9 slits. Middle valves with 1 slit, posterior insertion-plate much shorter, having 8 slits. Girdle reddish-yellow, sparsely clothed with long brownish hairs. Length 13, breadth 8 mill. Natal, on the shore (Wahlberg.) Chiton pustulatus KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 42, t. 3, f. 7. I have not seen this pretty Chcetopleura, the description of which is translated from Krauss' excellent book. 74 CHjETOPLEURA-ISCHNOCHITON. C. ASPERIOR Carpenter. PL 15, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41. Shell small, acutely keeled, the side-slopes straight. Buff-white, marked with purple-black at each side of the dorsal ridge, and at the outer extremity of each valve. Girdle tessellated light and dark. The median valves are squared, minutely beaked ; lateral areas slightly raised, and sculptured with about three radial rows of sparsely placed pustules, subject to considerable irregularity. Central areas having 7-9 longitudinal series of beads on each side, those near the middle converging and smaller. Anterior valve having 18 radial rows of white pustules standing on slight, dark, narrow riblets. Pos- terior valve having the mucro slightly in front of the middle, poste- rior slope concave, with sparsely scattered pustules. Interior white, slightly stained under the beaks. Anterior valve having 8, median 1-1, posterior valve 9 slits ; teeth long and sharp ; eaves short and solid. Sinus narrow, supplied with a narrow con- cave-edged lamina, notched at each side. Girdle densely clothed with minute chaffy scales, with occasional long corneous hairs (fig. 38). Length 11 mill. ; divergence 130°. Off East Asia. "/ Trachydermon" asperior CPR. MS. ; vide Pilsbry, Manual xiv, p. 77. The type of this species is a single specimen (Smiths. Inst. Mus. 24121) in excellent preservation. Valves i, vii, and viii are detached, the latter two being illustrated on my plate. It is somewhat surpris- ing that Carpenter called this a Trachydermon, for it is an unequi- vocal Chcelopleura in girdle, eaves, sculpture and indeed the whole aspect. It belongs to the group of Ch. gemmea. Genus ISCHNOCHITON Gray (Vol. XIV, p. 53). Ischnochiton GRAY and authors, type longicymba. Radsiella THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken ii, p. 3G8, for punc- tulatissimus Sowb., concinnus Sowb., capensis Gray, caliginosus Rv., tessellatus Q. & G., rugulatus Sowb. Not Radsiella Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xiv, p. 54, 139 (July 25, 1892). Stereoplax THIELE, t. c., p. 383, for " multicosiata " C. B. Ad. Rhodoplax THIELE, t. c., p. 384, for squamulosa C. B. Ad. and erythronotus C. B. Ad. ISCHNOCHITON. 75 Lophyrlscus THIELE, t. c., p. 377, for textilis and oniscus. Beanella THIELE (not Dall !) t. c., p. 388 for rissoi Payr. and cajetana Poll ! Dr. Thiele has added a considerable number of synonyms to this genus. His group Radsiella consists of small subtypical Ischno- chitons and one true Chiton (capensis). His Stereoplax is founded upon the type of the Ischnoid section Ischnoplax Cpr. (see Vol. XIV, p. 64, 65) ; and he has placed the same species under another name in his " Stenoplax." He fails completely to understand the true characters of Stenoplax Cpr., including Lepidozonas only under that name. Rhodoplax contains two small species of Ischnochiton. Beanella is an odd compound of Ischnochiton and the type of Lepid- opleurus. The true Beanella belongs to Nuttallina, q. v. I. PURPURASCENS C. B. Ad. (Vol. XIV, p. 58.) Has been collected at Bermuda by Goode, I am informed by Dr. W. H. Dall. I. RADIANS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 48, 49. Shell oval, rather depressed, carinated, the side-slopes straight. Surface lusterless. Color olive-purplish, radially streaked with whitish dashes or flames, having some purple patches, and on the diagonal line a few snow white spots ; ridge of valves purple or white. Median valves smooth to the naked eye, the lateral areas indis- tinct, not raised, having a few subobsolete radial riblets. Entire sur- face of all valves evenly, densely and most minutely granulated. End valves having narrow, low, indistinct, numerous radial riblets hardly visible except toward the periphery. Mucro in front of the middle, moderately prominent ; the posterior valve being shaped as in J. retiporosus. Interior dark blue. Anterior valve having 10, central valves 1-1, posterior valve 10 slits. Sinus squared, the sutural-plates not con- tinued across it. Girdle speckled, densely covered with shining, rather weakly striated convex scales measuring about J- or } of a mill, in width. Gill row as long as the foot. Length about 12, breadth 7 mill; divergence 120°. Monterey, Cal. ; San Pedro (Cooper.) The original description will be found on p. 121 of vol. xiv. Car- penter's type was from Monterey, and was a larger specimen than that here figured and described, which is Mus. Smiths. Inst., 19470. 76 ISCHNOCH1TON. The prominent specific characters are the coloration, which is much like typical Mopalia lignosa Gld., and the apparently smooth surface, seen under a lens to be very densely, evenly granulated throughout, and having fine, low, subobsolete riblets on the lateral areas and end valves. These riblets are hardly visible unless viewed under a cross light with a good lens I. SCABRICOSTATUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 55, 56. Shell oval-oblong, rather elevated, the dorsal ridge strongly car- inated ; side-slopes slightly convex. Orange colored, with a few darker spots along the riblets of the lateral areas and the posterior margin of each valve. Median valves slightly and obtusely beaked (when not eroded), having slightly raised lateral areas, which are weakly, almost obsoletely tricostate, and bear a few inconspicuous low nodules, more numerous on the posterior riblet ; the entire lateral areas being covered with a granulation similar to that of the central areas. Central areas closely and minutely scaly -granulose in the middle, ribbed at the sides, the granulation extending over the riblets, crenulatiug them and causing the interstices to appear pitted. Anterior valve granulated, and having many (about 24) delicate riblets, which are obsoletely pustulose. Posterior valve smaller than the anterior, having the mucro slightly in front of the middle, sculp- tured like the head-valve, but with less distinct radii. Interior flesh colored. Anterior valve with 10, median valves 1-1 slits. Sinus wide, squared. Girdle orange colored, densely covered with very minute, unusu- ally wide and short, striated scales, each measuring about one-ninth of a mill, in width. Length about 7£, breadth about 4J mill.; divergence 95°. Catalina Island, California. Carpenter's description, given on p. 121 of vol. xiv, is misleading in the account of the sculpture. It has no " rows of prominent gran- ules." The entire surface is shagreened, the second valve (drawn in figure 56) has several short radiating riblets in the front of the dorsal tract ; the other valves have longitudinal riblets developed on the pleura only. The scale-like granulation of this species is coarse, when we consider the size of the shell, but the girdle scales are unusually small, very short and broad. But one specimen is known to have been found, this being no. 16268 of the Smiths. Inst. Coll. ISCHNOCHITON. 77 I. RETEPOROSUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 47, 50, 51, 52, 53. The original description will be found on p. 75 of vol. xiv. The shell is rather elevated, distinctly carinated, the side-slopes nearly straight. The color is either (1) dull buffish gray white touched with reddish orange at each beak, or (2) a very pretty shade of reddish-purple, uniform or with a white dorsal stripe and some faint light spots ; in either case the girdle is of the same color as the valves, with or without black scales scattered over it. The valves are parti- ally covered by a black deposit in all of the individuals seen. The slight beaks of the median valves do not modify the slightly concave contour of the posterior border. The lateral areas are not raised; sculpture consisting of a variable number (generally 4-7) of rather acute radiating riblets (spreading somewhat like those of a Pinna) bearing sparsely scattered, minute pustules which are often lacking on some or all valves ; the intervals between riblets finely granulated. Central areas sculptured with a very beautiful and clearly-cut pattern of squarish pits or cells formed by the crossing of fine forward-converging riblets by others curving in a radial direction (fig. 47). Anterior valve having many narrow radial riblets, like those of the lateral areas, some of them generally with minute pust- ules. Posterior valve (figs. 51, 52) having the mucro in front of the middle. Interior bluish-white or pink. Anterior valve having 11, median valves 1 -1, posterior valve 1 1 slits. Sutural lamince low and rounded, continuing in a narrow lamina across the shallow, wide, gently rounded sinus. Girdle covered with solid rather flattened scales measuring about one-sixth of a mill, in breadth, and coarsely, deeply striated (fig. 50). Length 15, breadth 8 mill.; divergence 95-100°. San Pedro, California (Cooper) ; Victoria B. C., 15 fms. (C. F. Newcombe.) The type (Mus. Smiths. lust, 14917) is a light colored specimen, touched with orange at the beaks, as first described above. Others before me from Victoria B. C. have the same coloration, but most of those I have seen from Victoria are purple. The small acute pust- ules of the lateral areas are very variable, often entirely wanting. The delicate riblets of the lateral areas are generally more numerous than shown in fig. 47, which is drawn from Carpenter's type ; they have a strong tendency to split. 78 ISCHNOCHITON. Var. PUNCTATUS Whiteaves. Sculpture as in reteporosus, but the riblets of en'd valves and lateral areas are more delicate, subobsolete; and the network of the central areas is shallower. Color pale cream, nearly white, with a spot of orange-brown on the ridge of valves ii to viii, and a few irre- gular spots of reddish on the white girdle. Length about 8 mill.; divergence 100° (specimen somewhat curled). Discovery Passage, at Duncan Bay, Vancouver Island, 10-20 fms. (Dawson). Leptochiton punctatus WHITEAVE:*, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, iv, Sect, iv, p, 125, figs. 1886. This very pretty form may for the present be retained distinct as a color-variety, but intermediate specimens must be expected. The occasional, rather spaced growth lines are more marked than in the typical reteporosus. I am indebted to J. F. Whiteaves F. G. S. for an opportunity of examining the type specimen (at present unique), which is the property of the Canada Geological Survey. I. SERRATUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46. The original description is given on p. 122, vol. XIV. The shell is moderately elevated, bluntly angled along the ridge, side-slopes nearly straight. Color light buff, with small olive spots sparsely scattered along the dorsal ridge and the posterior margins of each valve, and having some irregular orange maculae on the pleura of some valves. The intermediate valves are very minutely and densely granulated throughout ; lateral areas raised, composed of 2-3 (on one side of valve ii, 5) wide rounded ribs ; the hind border of each valve very unevenly toothed (fig. 43). Central areas having about 12 longitu- dinal low riblets on each side, crossed by several transverse riblets, pro- ducing a shallow and not very distinct appearance of grating. The head and tail valves each have about 20 low ribs, like those of the lateral areas. Tail valve with subcentral mucro (figs. 42, 44.) Girdle faintly tessellated with delicate green and whitish, clothed with solid, somewhat flattened scales, averaging one-sixth of a mill, in width, and when unworn they are very delicately striated (fig. 45, x 150 diameters). The individual scales are dull bluish, fading at the edge. Length 8*, breadth 5£ mill. Cape St. Lucas. ISCHNOCHITON. 79 The type of this species (Mus. Smiths. Inst., 16204) is a pale little Chiton, the color spots being very inconspicuous. The "grating" of the central areas is rather shallow ; the pits are mostly squarish. The posterior denticles of the valves are unequal and irregularly spaced. The girdle-scales have a stony appearance, and only reveal the stride under strong magnification, and some scales do not show it at all. I. COXCINNUS Sowerby. PL 10, figs. 21, 22. Shell oval, wide, subdepressed, most minutely granulated, sub- carinated : valves straight ; lateral areas inconspicuous ; margin wide, minutely scaly. Length one-half, breadth three-eighths inch. (Sowb.*) A very neat, small, dark colored species ; granulated, but so minutely as to appear smooth. It is distinctly keeled, yet depressed. The lateral areas are not very distinctly separated from the central. The margin is broad and scaly ; the color dark olive, in some spec- imens nearly black ; inside green. (Soivb.} Chonos (Mus. G. B. Sowerby, Sen.) ; Beloncabi (Dr. R. A. Phil- ippi). Chiton concinnus SOWB., Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist. (n. ser.) iv, June, 1840, p. 293 ; Conch. Illustr., f. 117, llS.—Radsiella concinna THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 369, t. 30, f. 19 (dentition). This form seems to be nearest to I. punctulatissimus Sowb. (vol. xiv, p. 115). I have not seen specimens. I. INCA d'Orbigny. Vol. XIV, PI. 27, figs. 52, 53, 54. Shell oblong, whitish, depressed, subcarinated ; evenly and very minutely granulated. Length 9 mill. This species is remarkable for its uniform white tint, for its much depressed, subcarinated form, the surface evenly marked with very small points throughout except on the median line, the lateral areas slightly indicated. The margin is very finely scaly. ( Orb.) Islay, Peru, in deep water. Chiton inca ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 486, t. 65, f. 20- 24. Probably belongs to the group of Iseh. punctulatissimus. The gills are represented as ambient. 80 ISCHNOCHITON. I. BERGOTI Velain. Vol. XIV, PL 27, %. 51. Shell elongated, quite narrow, oval, convex and subangulated on the median line, perceptibly narrower in front ; color a rather deep brown-grayish. Intermediate valves unequal, rather wide, ornamented with trans- verse lines impressed in the thickness of the shell, subimbricating, very strong in front and on the lateral portions, where they gener- ally number 3 or 4. The upper portions are smooth or marked with irregular punctations only. End valves semilunar, having impressed striae like the others, but more numerous, stronger and concentric ; anterior valve much narrower and more angular than the posterior ; intermediate valves unequal, with the lateral areas narrow, not distinctly indicated ; dorsal [central] areas wide, finely punctate. Border of the mantle yellowish, but little developed, without scales or spines, marked by fine granulations only. ( Velain.') Length 15, breadth 7, alt. 4£ mill. Island of St. Paul, on rocks in the littoral zone, rare. (French Transit of Venus Expedition to St. Paul and Amsterdam, 1874). Chiton bergoti VELAIN, Comptes Rendus de 1'Acad. des Sci., vol. 83, p. 285, July 24, 1876 (name only) ; Arch. Zool. Exper. et Gen. vi, p. 123, t. 4, f. 21, 22. 1877. The prominent features of this species seem to be the several con- centric grooves along the anterior and lateral borders of each of the valves, the surface elsewhere punctate. It is probably an Ischno- chiton, although Velain says that the girdle is not scaly but papillose, which suggests Trachydermon. It was collected only within the Crater. The surface is generally corroded, and covered with cal- careous incrustations and Serpulse. I. CONSTANTI Velain. Vol. XIV, PL 27, fig. 49. Shell oblong, quite thin, uncolored or yellowish-white, equally obtuse at the two ends. Terminal valves unequal, semilunar, the anterior more acute at the summit than the posterior ; both orna- mented with concentric strise, as in the preceding species (bergoti). Intermediate valves narrow and equal; lateral areas elongated, moderately developed but little prominent or distinct. External surface little convex, with a median angle more or less pronounced ; apparently smooth, but with a strong lens seen to be ornamented with fine granules in very regular series. Border of the mantle nar- row, whitish or gray, and distinctly scaly. Length 8-9, breadth 4-5, alt. 2£ mill. (Velain). ISCHNOCHITON. 81 Islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam (French Transit of Venus Exped., 1874). Chiton constanti VELAIN, 1. c., p. 124, t. 4, f. 21, 22. This species is abundant throughout the littoral zone of both islands, especially within the crater of St. Paul, where it covers some rocks. I. CESSACI Rochebrune. PI. 10, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Shell ovate-oblong, subcarinated, painted with various colors. Anterior valve and posterior area of the posterior valve lightly con- centrically lineated, the lines most minute ; intermediate valves hav- ing the central areas stria tulate, striae interrupted ; lateral areas very delicately undulated. Marginal ligament narrow, scaly. Length 18, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr.) Strait of Santiago, Cape Verde Archipelago, (Cessac and Bouvier.) Lepidopleurus cessaci ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881, p. 118 ; Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2) iv, p. 241, t. 17, f. 11, a-e. — Leptochiton cessaci ROCHEBR., Journ. de Conch. 1881, p. 43. This species is evidently allied to I. rissoi Payr. In the great number of specimens from Cape Verde and the whole west coast of Africa (Bank of Argain, Dakar, Goree, Rufisque and Madeline Is.), twelve color varieties are found, as follows. 1. Greenish yellow with a brown median line, mantle white. 2. Deep yellow orange ; mantle light yellow. 3. Dark brown with a white median line ; mantle gray. 4. Dark violet; mantle blue. 5. Light violet ; marbled with white ; mantle rose. 6. Olive ; mantle white or black. 7. Uniform gray ; mantle blue. 8. Gray-white ; mantle orange. 9. Gray marbled with orange ; mantle violaceous. 10. Rose ; mantle gray. 11. Rose, marbled with green ; mantle yellow. 12. Finely marbled with red, blue, yellow on a gray or rose ground. I. RUGULATUS Sowb. (Vol. XIV, p. 110.) The name was spelled " regulatus " in the text, by typographical error. 82 ISCHNOCHITON. I. VIRGATUS Reeve. (Vol. XIV, p. 78.) This is a smooth-scaled Ischnochiton, grouping with /. smarag- dinus and J. lentiginosus. I. LENTIGINOSUS SoWCrby. See Vol. XIV, p. 135. This species has been rediscovered by Dr. J. C. Cox at Port Hacking, N. S. Wales. It is a smooth form, with convex, polished girdle-scales, and is remarkable for the coloration of blue spots on an orange, orange-brown or olivaceous ground. It is apparently distinct from I. cyaneopunctatus Kr. Section HETEROZONA Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 65). H. CARIOSA Cpr. PL 14, fig. 8. A figure is here given of a larger specimen from the collection of the Geological Survey of Canada. It has the girdle scales more unequal than shown in pi. 24, fig. 21, and they are narrower and more elongated. The granulation of the central areas shown in fig. 20 is much too coarse. A considerable number of specimens received from Dr. J. C. Cox, show great variation in the girdle covering, fully covering the differences between figs. 21 and 23 of pi. 24. Section Lepidozona Pilsbry. Ischnochitons having the girdle-scales strongly convex, smooth or sftriated ; valves with a lamina across the sinus, separated from the sutural laminae by a notch, and often denticulate ; teeth subrugose ; mucro low, inconspicuous, nearly flat, subcentral. Sculpture consist- ing of pustules or graniferous ribs on lateral areas and end valves, and longitudinal riblets on the central areas, the interstices usually latticed. This section, as here amended, is a very useful one, comprising Ischnochitons of the mertensii group on the west coast of America, and^the coreanicus group on Sino-Japonic shores. I. CULTRATUS Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 57, 58, 59. The original description is given on page 131 of vol. XIV. The shell is rather elevated and rather sharply carinated, the side- slopes nearly straight. Color whitish or light green, indistinctly mottled and spotted with dark green. Intermediate valves squared, not in the least beaked. Lateral areas raised, having four low rounded ribs separated by rather acute interstices, each rib bearing widely spaced, elevated pustules of a red- dish-brown color, the posterior border of the valve having an addi- ISCHNOCHITON. 83 tional series of pustules which dentate the sutures. Central areas hav- ing about 16 acute, narrow, elevated longitudinal ribs, becoming divergent at the outer angle; those at the dorsal ridge smaller and more crenulated ; the deep and wide interstices being finely, irregu- larly wrinkled across. Anterior border oftegmentum elegantly scal- loped. Anterior valve having about 13 (or more) low rounded ribs, bearing brown pustules, like the lateral areas ; many of the ribs splitting into two or more toward the peripheral margin, the rows of pustules doubling to correspond. Posterior valve having the mucro flat, and a trifle in front of the middle; the posterior profile of the valve sloping regularly down from the front margin (fig. 59.) Interior white, with a wide dark green ray on each side behind, and a green patch on each side in front of the valve-callus. Anterior valve having 8, median 1-1, posterior 9 slits; teeth acute, but finely roughened inside and out toward the edge. Sinus straight, not denticulate, having a narrow lamina separated from the sutural- laminse by a notch on each side (fig. 58.) Girdle covered with convex, weakly striated scales, averaging '37 mill, in width (fig. 57). Length about 17, breadth about 12 mill. ; divergence 108°. Hakodadi, Japan. The specimen figured is one of the original lot, no. 24144 of the Smiths. Inst. Mus. The comparisons given on p. 132, of vol. xiv, readily distinguish this from the allied forms. The riblets of the second valve diverge at the ridge. I. BISCULPTUS Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 60, 61. The original description is given on p. 119, vol. xiv. The shell is thin, small, elevated, acutely carinated, the side-slopes nearly straight. Pale green or yellow, maculated with dull green. Intermediate valves (fig. 61) squared, not beaked. Lateral areas raised, very minutely granulated, showing a shalloiv sulcus down the middle, and bearing three (on valve ii, four) irregular radial series of sparsely placed pustules; the posterior ones few, and somewhat dentatiug the sutures ; the median series often reduced to very few pustules. Central areas having on each side about 10 narrow, elevated longitudinal lirce, their interstices wide and finely, densely, latticed across ; the ridge of each valve free or nearly free of ribs, minutely granulated. Anterior valve minutely granulated, and 84 ISCHNOCHITON. having about 18 radiating, irregular series of pustules. Posterior valve having the mucro subcentral, much depressed. iDterior whitish, but showing through the white layer the tints of the exterior. Anterior valve having 11, median valves 1-1, poste- rior valve 7 slits ; teeth short. Sinus with a concave, smooth lamina, separated from the sutural laminae by a notch at each side (fig. 61.) Girdle alternately gray -blue and whitish, densely clothed with scales, unequally but generally rather deeply striated, and measuring •2 to '25 mill, in width (pi. 17, fig. 60). Gills slightly over f the length of the foot. Length 11, breadth 6 mill. ; divergence 100° to 110°. Hong Kong, China. This types of the species (Mus. Smiths. Inst. 24117) are before me. The shell closely resembles J. cultratus in general characters, sharing with that species its general plan of sculpture, depressed mucro, etc. But it differs in the partial or total absence of ribs at the dorsal ridge ; in the concave lamina across the sinus; in the fewer pustules, and the smaller girdle-scales; but this last feature may be partly due to the fact that the specimens are much smaller than those of cultratus. The sculpture upon the ridge of the second valve is divergent, as in the other species of Lepidozona. I. CRATICULATUS Gould. PI. 17, figs. 62, 63. See p. 130, vol. xiv. Shell elevated and carinated, the side-slopes slightly convex. Color light olive-gray, with rather small dark blue-green spots, mainly visible on the central areas and along the sutural margins. Median valves squared. Lateral areas a trifle raised, sculptured with 8-10 low radial rib lets bearing elevated rounded pustules; the riblets fewer in young shells ; posterior row of pustules dentating the sutures. Central areas having 18-22 narrow longitudinal elevated threads, divergent on the ridge of each valve, their interstices minutely latticed. Anterior valve having about 50 pustuliferous riblets. Posterior valve elevated, high at the front margin, the the mucro central and inconspicuous. Interior bluish or greenish-white, each intermediate valve having a pair of wide posterior rays of olive-green, and a small patch of the same color at the bases of the sutural lamince. Anterior valve having 10, median valves 1-1, posterior valve 11 slits; the teeth unequal, and in the head valve distinctly notched or nicked at the edges and ISCHNOCHITON. 85 deeply, coarsely grooved outside. Sinus with a somewhat concave lamina, a trifle denticulate in some valves, and nicked at each side. Girdle gray, covered with convex, striated scales measuring *33 to '37 mill, in width (fig. 63). Length 25 mill. ; divergence about 95°. China Seas or Japan. The type is a well-grown specimen, evidently adult, and complete except that valve vii has been lost. Valves i, vi and viii are detached, and the last has lost its sculpture posteriorly from an ill- judged cleaning with some sharp instrument. The remaining valves and the girdle are perfect. This is a well-characterized species, being separated from other allied Lepidozonas by the more numerous radii of lateral areas and end valves. It must, however, be carefully compared with I. corea- nicus A. & R. (Vol. XIV, p. 129), which is prior in date, and which I suspect may prove the same, although I have not seen an authentic specimen. Reeve's figure of coreanicus is said by him to be enlarged, but the actual size is not stated. I. LUZONICUS Sowerby. Vol. XIV, pi. 38, figs. 31, 32 (enlarged). Shell oval, angulate, straw-colored with longitudinal streaks of green ; lateral areas and end valves radially granulated ; central areas acutely longitudinally sulcate ; margin nearly smooth. Length 9, breadth 5 mill. (Soivb.) Luzon, Philippines, on dead shells in 15 fms. Chiton luzonicm G. B. SOWERBY, JR., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 104.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 25, f. 167. Carpenter's remarks upon the type specimens are as follows : 6 specimens, Mus. Cuming. In very poor condition ; must have lost the girdle scales, and faded in color. Looks extremely close to the young of coreanicus, which I think it is. The lateral areas have 5 or 6 close granular ribs; central areas having 11 sharp, distinct riblets on each side ; the riblets are granulose and are a little decus- sated between ; jugum sharp. Girdle has very few scales to be seen, but these seem to be like Lepidopleurus, not very large but round- ish. Another specimen has about 17 very close moniliform riblets on the central areas, the side areas raised but ribbed only very indis- tinctly, with scattered grains on them. The scales of this shell are very much smaller, and Ischnoid, striated, flat. 86 ISCHNOCHITON. Posterior valve having 14, central 1, anterior 12 slits; typically Ischnoid ; teeth sharp, very thin ; sinus appears smooth, rather Length 8J, breadth 4f mill. ; divergence 108°. Carpenter does not state whether the interior described is that of the " Lepidopleurus" or the Ischnockiton which are included under this species. Probably both are young, and the types evidently require further study. The name luzonicus should be restricted to the form with convex, smooth scales, and the systematic position of it is probably in the section Lepidozona of Ischnochiton. Section Ischnoradsia Shuttlew. I. TRIFIDUS Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 64, 65, 66, 67. See Vol. XIV, p. 141, for the original description. The shell is elevated and carinated, side-slopes slightly convex. Color reddish-brown, maculated with buff and purple-brown, the dark color generally predominating. Valves squared, not beaked. Lateral areas slightly elevated, cut into three low, flat ribs by two radial narrow grooves, which are gener- ally somewhat pitted. Central areas having a number of rather strong wrinkles or grooves, in the direction of growth-lines, these grooves being conspicuously pitted or punctured, and closer toward the anterior margin of each valve. Immediately in front of the diagonal slope, especially toward the beaks, the pitting is finer and closer. Anterior valve having about 18-23 broad, low ribs, separ- ated by linear, punctured interstices. Posterior valve having the mucro central, bent downward, but little projecting. Interior white, with purplish-red rays posteriorly. Anterior valve having 13, median valves 2-2, posterior valve 13 slits, teeth dis- tinctly roughened, almost pectinated outside. Across the sinus there is a narrow lamina, notched where it joins the sutural-lamina3. Girdle compactly covered with solid, rather convex scales, which are about '3 to '33 of a mill, in width (fig. 66). Length 27, breadth 17 mill.; divergence 100°-110°. Sitka to Victoria, British Columbia, 9-18 fms. This species is more correctly referred to Ischnoradsia than to Radsiella, the scales being smooth and rather convex. It has no near allies, the pattern of sculpture being extremely peculiar and distinct from all other chitons which I have seen. The closeness of ISCHNOCHITON-CALLISTOCHITON. 87 the pits varies much. At the sides of the pleura there are generally visible slight forward-converging riblets, pitted where they cross the transverse grooves; and these give a key to the origin of this curious pattern of sculpture. Some black scales are scattered among the reddish ones, on the girdle, and it is besides slightly tessellated with lighter. Fig. 64, 65, is drawn from the type specimen (Mus. Smiths. Inst. 30946) ; fig. 67 is from a specimen taken at Victoria, B. C., in 15 fms., by Mr. C. F. Newcombe. I. AUSTRALIS Sowerby. (Vol. XIV, p. 144). PI. 17, figs. 68, 69. Young specimens of this species (and adults when not eroded) show a small area at each beak free from longitudinal riblets ; but these riblets are developed upon the ridge toward the forward part of each valve, being finer there than upon the pleura. The lateral areas are generally very coarsely sculptured, as in pi. 17, fig. 68 ; I have seen only one specimen in which the lateral riblets are as fine as in pi. 18, fig. 59 of Vol. XIV. Chiton lugubris Gld. (vol. XIV, p. 146), of which the types (Smiths. Inst. Mus., no. 2075) are before me, is merely a young australis, not eroded, and showing conspicuously the smooth, micro- scopically granulate space around each beak. As one of the type specimens is dismembered and the other is curled, I have figured a young australis from the Academy collection to illustrate the form ; the specimen selected being almost exactly like the type. /. lugubris will therefore be added to the synonymy of australis. Genus CALLISTOCHITON Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 260). C. DECORATUS Cpr. PI. 16, fig. 54. (Vol. XIV, p. 269). In some specimens of this species the smooth area at the jugal ridge is decidedly narrower than in the typical form, represented on pi. 58, fig. 18 of Vol. XIV, and the lateral ribs are more elevated, acute, and indistinctly granulated, the girdle being tessellated buff and brownish. Central areas buff, lateral areas olivaceous. Poste- rior rib of each valve split by a shallow, small sulcus; and in the individual described (Mus. Smiths. Inst., 58897) there are 12 ribs on the head valve. Surface lusterless. Sculpture of pleura coarser and sharper. The differences above noted are presented by a specimen from San Diego, collected by Hemphill. Although the divergence from the 88 CHITON. type is considerable, yet it seems insufficient for specific discrimina- tion, although possibly grounds may be found for separating the San Diego shells as a northern race of the Lower Californian decoratus. The gill-row in this specimen is as long as the foot, as usual in Callistochiton. Genus NUTTALLINA Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 277). N. PICEOLUS Shuttleworth. (Vol. XIV, p. 229). This is no doubt a species of the subgenus Middendorffia, not an Acanthopleura. Family CHITONID^E Pilsbry. Genus CHITON L. Chiton L. ; Man. of Conch, xiv, p. 149. Amaurochiton THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 362 for C. olivaceus, cumingi, striatus, tenuistriatus. Chondroplax THIELE, t. c., p. 363, for C. granosus and stokesi. Diochiton THIELE, t. c., p. 364, for 0. albolineatus. Pceciloplax THIELE, t. c., p. 365, for C. glauca Gr£Ly,—quoyi Desh. Sypharochiton THIELE, t. c., p. 365, for C. pellisserpentis. Georgus THIELE, t. c., p. 366, for C. rusticus Dh. and " nigrovir- encens " Blv. Clathropleura (Tib.) THIELE, t. c., p. 367, for C. siculus Gray and affinis Iss. Anthochiton THIELE, t. c., p. 377, for C. tulipa Q. The "genera" enumerated above are, in the opinion of the writer, founded on merely specific characters, or at most they indicate only groups of species of less value systematically than the groups called " sections" in this work. Such multiplication of generic synonyms seems unnecessary and positively harmful. C. SQUAMOSUS Linne". (Vol. XIV, p. 155.) Add to synonymy: Chiton spengleri BLAINV., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 538, and Chiton pictus BLAINV., /. c., p. 541 (incorrect description of teeth) ; this is C. cymbium of the Museum collection, according to Blainville. C. PUSIO Sowerby. This species was described under Ischnochiton in Vol. XIV, p. 133, but is is probably a true Chiton, and the same as C. murrayi Had- don, vol. xiv, p. 161. CHITON-TONICIA. 89 C. DISCOLOR Souverbie. (Vol. XIV, p. 175). PL 10, figs. 3, 4 (this vol.) The reference to plate is incorrect in the text. Synonym is: Lepi- dopleurus ectypus ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-1884, p. 37. A well grown specimen before me measures 28 mill, long, 16 broad. It is closely allied to C. canaliculatus Q. & G. C. RUBICUNDUS Costa. (Vol. XIV, p. 182). Has been reported from the Balearic Is. by Hidalgo. The name C. scytodesma should be removed from the synonymy. Scacchi's description in Cat. Reg. Neapolitan! p. 9, is insufficient for identifica- tion, but suggests Callochiton Icevis rather than this species. C. SULCATUS Wood. (Vol. XIV, p. 191.) The authority " Sowerby " was wrongly written in the text. Genus TONICIA Gray (Vol. XIV, p. 194.) Add to synonyms : Lucia GLD., Otia Conch, p. 242 (preoc.). — Lucilina DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 284, 287. (Type of both, terior valve elevated, lateral areas slightly elevated ; median valves obtusely carinated in the middle; dorsal areas longitudinally lirate, the lira closely pustulose. Girdle pale-brown, densely covered with minute scales. Length 8, width 4 mill. (Ad. & Aug.} Yorke's Peninsula, S. Australia, under stones at low water { Angas). Lepidopleurus liratus H. AD. & ANG., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 192.— ANGAS /. c. 1865, p. 187. The generic position of the species is unknown, but it may be an Ischnochiton of the contractus group. 102 POLYPLACOPHORA. LEPIDOPLEURUS VARIEGATUS Adams & Angas. Shell oblong, convex ; whitish, maculated with green and irregu- larly ornamented with brown, the spots closer at the sides. End valves minutely divaricately striated, at the margins radiately cos- tate and concentrically sulcated. Median valves subcar mated ; dorsal [central] areas minutely divaricately striated ; lateral areas scarcely elevated, with a few tubercles, radially ribbed, at the mar- gins concentrically sulcated, the interstices minutely granulated. Girdle pale brown, covered with close small scales. Length 18, breadth 8 mill. (Ad. & Aug.} Yorke's Peninsula, S. Australia, under stones at low water (Angas). Lepidopleurus variegatus H. ADAMS & G. F. ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 192.— ANGAS, 1. c. 1865, p. 187. Generic characters unknown. Probably an Ischnochiton allied to fruticosus, divergens, etc. CHITON coccus Menke. Shell elliptical, subdepressed, thin, pel- lucid, ashey. Terminal valves with granose-nodulose rays, the ante- rior 11, posterior 10; other valves with the median areas granulose, marked with a brown spot in the middle, roseate posteriorly ; lateral areas on each side furnished with a pair of strong radiating granose ribs. Girdle very subtly granulose, ho'ary variegated with dark spots. Length 4, breadth 2 lines. (Mice., in Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844, P. 62). North-west coast of New Holland, on Tridacna elongata. This may prove to be a Callwtochiton. GYMNOPLAX URVILLEI Rochebr. Shell ovate elongated, greenish. Anterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves granose, the grains generally subconical. Central areas strongly transversely sulcate, the sulci angulose. Posterior valve granulose. Marginal ligament wide, gray, with a minutely reticulated clothing of rhombic scales. Length 27, width 15 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom* Paris, 1880-'81, p. 121). King George Sound [S.- W. Australia]. Rare. (Quoy & Gaim- ard). Mus. Paris. Rochebrune thinks that the " Port du roi Georges " is in Poly- nesia ! POLYPLACOPHORA. 103 BIARMATA Rochebr. Shell ovate oblong, pale rose. Anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior valve radi- ally granate. Intermediate valves having the central areas covered with straight beaded lines ; lateral areas longitudinally papillose all over with papillae or obtuse conic granules. Marginal ligament gray, with scattered whitish seta?. Length 24, breadth 14 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 18Sl-'82. p. 195). King George Sound (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Paris Mus. This seems to be a Chcetopleiira. LEPIDOPLEURUS FODIATUS Rochebr. Shell ovate elongated, fus- cescent. Anterior valve minutely radially sulcate, the sulci inter- rupted by concentric lines. Intermediate valves having the central areas ornamented in front with minute undulating -sulci ; at the sides with many pits (" lateraliter multicavatis "), the pits minute, ellip- tical or rounded. Lateral areas longitudinally strongly sulcate and sculptured with thick concentric ribs. Anterior part of the poste- rior valve multicavate, posterior part radially sulcate. Marginal ligament rather wide, brown, scaly; scales minute, lenticular, imbri- cating. Length 35, width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1830-'S1, p. 120). Australia (Verreaux). Quite rare. Mus. Paris. SCIIIZOOHITON NYMPHA Rochebr. Shell elongated, very narrow, obtuse in front and behind, rounded above; schistaceous cinnamon color marked with white spots. Anterior valve smooth; posterior elliptical, hastate ; intermediate valves having the lateral areas thick, much raised, triangular. Marginal ligament narrow, schistaceous. Length 32, width 11 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883- '84, p. 36). Island of King (Peron & Lesueur). Very rare. Mus. Paris. CHITON TECTUM Blainv. Body oval, short, depressed, strongly carinated in the middle ; girdle quite narrow, covered with small very numerous and much crowded scales. Shell large, 8-valved, the end valves ornamented with subtuberculate rays; lateral areas of intermediate valves with 4 or 5 tuberculate rays; the central areas with some coarse straight and flat channelling. Color gray- whitish, with a series of pretty blue spots around the girdle. This pretty species, of which one example exists in the Museum, probably lives in the seas of New Holland. (Blainv. in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 539). 104 POLYPI, ACOPHORA. This species and the next four probably belong to the restricted genus Chiton. CHITON MULTIMACULATUS Blainv. Body oval, but little elon- gated, the girdle very narrow and finely scaly. Shell large, having 8 narrow valves. Median areas of the 6 intermediate valves smooth or having growth-lines only. Lateral areas with 6-8 granulous rays. End valves with the rays less granulous, straight and diverging from summit to circumference. Anterior insertion-plate divided into 15 teeth ; the posterior into 11 ; all pectinated. Color of the shell green within, and agreeably varied with interrupted lines of a black-violet on a gray ground outside. Three black spots on the posterior mar- gin of the lateral areas. (Blainv. in Diet. Sc. Nat., p. 540). Port of King George, Australia. CHITON CLYPEUS Blainv. Shell short, oval, swollen ; the lateral areas and end valves rayed from summit to circumference. Median areas nearly channelled longitudinally. General color greenish- brown, with small circular spots of aqua-marine or varied with yellow or greenish lunules. (Blainv. 1. e., p. 540). New Holland. CHITON TESTUDINARIUS Blainv. Body oval, swollen, convex, little or not carinated. Girdle covered with very small scales. Shell large, quite smooth and shining. End valves radiated above and especially below by grooves. Plate of insertion divided into 12 strongly pectinated teeth. Lateral areas of the intermediate valves indicated only by a slight carina, a little marked with lines of growth. General color greenish, with spots of darker at the border ; the shell tortoise-shell brown, varied with some lighter spots. (Blv.t Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 540). Habitat unknown, but probably Australia. CHITON ELEGANS Blainv. Shell oval, of the same form as the preceding species, but more carinated ; composed of 8 valves of nearly the same proportions; but the strongly elevated lateral areas are smooth as the median area ; the end valves equally smooth. Color varied with red, black and dull white above, greenish-white within. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 540). New Holland. This may very likely be Chiton tulipa Q. & G., a South African species. It may be mentioned in this connection that Angas has POLYPLACOPHORA. 105 reported tulipa from Port Lincoln, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 186. His species can hardly be the true tulipa however. CHITON ELONGATUS Blainville. Body quite long, narrow, convex, rounded equally at the two extremities, not carinated ; the end valves sensibly smaller proportionally than in the preceding species, but still alike. Anterior valve tuberculose throughout the greater part of its extent, its border of insertion divided into 15 very short teeth, not pectinated ; posterior valve short with 11 teeth, not at all pectinated ; the lateral areas of the intermediate valves are quite per- ceptible ; the margin subsquamose ; color extremely variable, green on each side, the middle of the back yellowish-white. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 542). Seas of Australia (Peron & Lesueur). Apparently an Ischnochiton, but certainly not determinable. CHITON LINEOLATUS Blainv. Body oval, quite long, the lateral areas of the intermediate valves less distinct than in the preceding species [C. pictus Blv.] and having numerous striae at the borders ; the scales of the girdle very small ; the teeth of insertion not pectin- ated. Color varied with small longitudinal brown spots on a yellow- ish ground. (Blainv L c., p. 541.) Island of King (Peron and Lesueur). CHITON ALBIDUS Blainv. Body oval, thick, quite depressed; the girdle moderate and covered with short and very fine hairs. Shell large, 8-valved, proportioned nearly as in the preceding species [C. hirtosits]: the lateral areas of the intermediate valves a little indicated by a plane surface, and bordered by some striae of growth. Anterior valve festooned on its margin of adhesion, divided into 9 large and entire teeth ; the posterior valve without slits in its plate of insertion. Color of girdle uniform gray-brown ; shell soiled white, or grayish below, of an aqua-marine green within. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 547). Seas of the Island of King. This is evidently a Plaxiphora. CHITON COSTATUS Blainv. Body oval, wider in the middle than at the ends ; girdle covered with quite long hairs. Shell subcarin- ated, 8-valved, the intermediate valves wider than the others, having the summit somewhat beaked, and the lateral areas separated from the median by a projecting rib. Anterior valve small, semicir- 106 POLYPLACOPIIORA. cular, with 10 radiating ribs. General color of the shell yellowish, with brown spots, darker outside ; white within. (Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxvi, p. 548). Port of King George. Probably a Plaxiphora. CHITON HIRTOSUS Peron. Body oval, wide, a little thick, depressed; the girdle moderate, covered with a multitude of little squamo-spinous tubercles. Shell of 8 valves, as in the preceding species [Liolophura gaimardi], but less long and broader; the mar- ginal strise of growth well marked, coarser ; the summits of the areas little pronounced. Anterior insertion-plate very short, having 11 pectinated teeth ; that of the posterior valve almost lacking, and entire. General color white, with irregular spots of brown on the girdle. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 546). Seas of the island of King. This may be an Onithochiton or a Liolopliura. 8. New Zealand species. ONITHOCHITON FILHOLI Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, subcarin- ated ; intense olivaceous concentrically ornamented with alternating buff and green lines. Anterior valve radially striated ; posterior part of posterior valve lightly sulcate. Intermediate valves smooth on the central areas; the lateral areas most minutely radially striated, at the posterior part, strongly and concentrically bi-lirate. Marginal ligament wide, rubescent, silky. Length 29, width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-'81, p. 120). Cooke's Strait (Filhol) ; common. Paris Mus. ONITHOCHITON DECIPIENS Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, subcar- inate ; olivaceous ornamented with concentric buff lines. Anterior valve radially striated ; intermediate valves having the central areas smooth ; lateral areas radially most minutely striated, laterally con- centrically bi-lirate. Ligament wide, rubescent, silky. Length 29, width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 196). Cooke's Strait (Filhol). Rare. Paris Mus. ONITHOCHITON NEGLECTUS Rochebr. Shell ovate-elliptical, sub- carinated; brown with scattered buff or huffish macula. Anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior valve most minutely gran- ulose. Intermediate valves having the central areas smooth, lateral POLYPLACOPHORA. 107 areas radially granose. Marginal ligament very wide, brown, satiny. Length 26, breadth 17 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-'81,p. 120). Wellington, Xew Zealand (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Paris Mus. ONITHOCHITON ASTROLABEI Rochebr. Shell ovate ; rubescent or green, conspicuously ornamented with concentric brown lines. Valves transversely rather narrowed, smooth. Lateral areas obsjurely lirute, longitudinally and laterally lineated, the lines granulose. Marginal ligament wide, brownish, silky. Length 16, width 10 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-'81, p. 120). New Zealand (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Mus. Paris. LEPIDOPLEURUS MELANTERUS Rochebr. Shell ovoid, rotund ; chestnut painted with black spots. Anterior valve, posterior part of posterior valve, and lateral areas concentrically lyrate, the lyrse wide and Flattened. Central areas most minutely tessellated. Mar- ginal ligament narrow, dull rufous. Length 20, width 6 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p. 37). Campbell Island (Filhol). Common. Paris Mus. LEPIDOPLEURUS CAMPBEL'LI [sic] Filhol. Length 17, width 8 mill. Color clear yellow, last valve larger than the first, covered with concentric lines, granulated. Lateral areas marked with con- centric lines, having a concavity above. (Comptes Rendus, xci, p. 1095, 1880). Campbell I. TONICIA GRYEI Filhol. Very variable in coloration. First and last valves smooth in old individuals, granulose in the young. Intermediate valves marked with concentric lines, parallel on the anterior border of the valve (7. c., p. 1095). Campbell T. PLAXIFORA CAMPBEL'LI [sic] Filhol. Allied to P. biramosa Quoy, but differing from it in the greenish color, by the last valve being covered with projecting concentric lines, and by the presence of very bushy bunches of hairs, not binary (I. c., p. 1095). Campbell I. TONICIA RUBIGINOSA Hutton. Oblong ; margin slightly tomen- tose ; valves rather elevated, subcarinate, flattened on each side ; 108 POLYPLACOPHORA. posterior margins straight, produced into an acute central point; lateral areas indistinct, the whole surface rather coarsely granular, the granules smaller on the back. Length '45, breadth '2 inch. Color pink, getting yellowish on the back. (Hutton.*) Cook Strait; Foveaux Straits (H. Filhol.) New Zealand. Tonicia rubiginosa HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. iv, p. 180 (1872) ; Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 114. — Chiton rubiginosus SWAINSON in coll. ACANTHOPLEURA coMPLEXA Hutton. Oval ; margin broad, velvety, with long spines scattered over it ; valves depressed, flat- tened on each side, subcarinate ; posterior margins not covering the next at the corners, rather convex, and pointed in the center; ante- rior valve with radiating moniliform ridges; lateral areas of inter- mediate plates gran u lose with two prominent, radiating, slightly curved ridges on each side ; median areas with finely granular trans- verse waved lines, which pass imperceptibly into the larger lateral granulations; posterior valve small, like the intermediate ones; centers of valves punctate internally. Length, 1 inch ; breadth '5 inch. (Hutton). Color: — margin reddish-brown, varied with darker; valves grey- ish, more or less varied with yellowish-white, yellow, or brown. (Hutton^ Habitat unknown. Acanthopleura complex? HUTTON, Trans. New Zealand Institute iv, p. 181 (1872). Hutton gives as synonyms " Chiton aculeatus Quoy and Gaim.,nec Linn., nee Barnes. Acanthopleura aculeatus Gray, Dieff. N. Z., vol. ii, p. 245 "; and in his Manual of N. Z. Moll., 1880, he places com- plexa in the synonymy of Mopalia ciliata. It is obvious that the first references are incorrect, Quoy's aculeatus being merely a form of Acanthopleura spinigera, with which species Button's description can in no way be made to agree. Whether complexa is astray spec- imen of Mopalia (an exclusively North Pacific genus) can only be decided by an examination of the type. Von Martens has so affirmed (Zool. Rec. x, p. 151). 9. West Indian species. LEPIDOPLEURUS CORROSUS Rochebr. Shell ovate, subcarinated ; ashen, covered with minute black points. Anterior valve, posterior area of posterior valve and lateral areas of intermediate valves cor- POLYPLACOPHORA. 109 roded. Central areas covered with minute rod-like (" virguliform") strife. Marginal ligament rather wide, white, ornamented with alternate ashen and orange spots. Length 15, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 36). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris. GYMNOPLAX SPICIFERUS Rochebr. Shell elongated, carinated ; rose red striated with green lines. Posterior valve obtusely umbo- nated. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves clothed with radiating beaded ribs. Central areas sculptured with branching sharp radial sulci. Marginal ligament narrow, white, ornamented with elongated green spots. Length 29, breadth 12 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p. 36). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris. OXITOCHITON [sic] PRUINOSUM Rochebr. Shell elongated, rotund ; whitish ornamented with green dots and red spots. Ante- rior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves regularly and concentrically sulcate; central areas sculptured with most minute, interrupted, subdichoto- mous striaB. Marginal ligament narrow, frosted. Length 27, breadth 10 mill. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p. 35). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Quite common. Mus. Paris. OXITHOCHITON MARGARiTiFERUM Rochebr. Shell elliptical ; pale rufous, painted with red spots. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves ribbed, the ribs tuberculate. Central areas minutely striated, strise clothed with acute denticles. Marginal ligament very narrow, rufous. Length 10, breadth 5 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 35). Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris. 10. South American Species. CHITON GLAUCOCINCTUS Frembly. PI. 10, fig. 12. Shell oblong ovate, reddish, marked with alternate brown and greenish blue stripes. Valves eight, the first and last radiated; dorsal valves smooth, divided into two parts by a transverse ridge ; posterior compartment grooved. Border broad, granulate, pink, 110 POLYPLACOPHORA. with brown spots. Length four-tenths of an inch, breadth one quarter. A solitary specimen of this elegant little shell was found at Valparaiso. I have, however, some doubts of its being adult. (Fremb.') Valparaiso (Fremb.) Chiton glaucoeinctus FREMB., Zool. Journ. iii, p. 201, Suppl., pi. 17, f. 2 (1827). Probably belongs to Chiton s. sir., but its generic position is not known. No other author has mentioned the species. C. GRANULOSUS Frembly. Vol. XIV, pi. 24, fig. 5. Shell narrow, granulated, granulations very fine ; brown marbled, back acute, elevated ; dorsal valves a little convex, not divided into compartments. Border narrow, covered with rather coarse granules of the same color as the shell. Length 10, breadth 5 mill. Conception Bay, Chili, on Calyptrsea. Chiton granulosus FREMBLY, Zool. Journal iii, p. 201, t. (suppl.) 17, f. 3 (1827). Frembly's description is given above, and his figure copied on the plate. It is doubtful to what genus it should be referred, as the internal characters are not known. €. CINGILLATUS Reeve. Vol. XIV, pi. 38, figs. 29, 30. Shell ovate; valves smooth, surrounded near the margin with two or three concentric ridges ; olive ; ligament granosely coriaceous. The ridges at the end of the lateral areas form rows of concentric circles round the shell, which are very characteristic. (Rve.) South America. C. cingillatus RVE., Conch. Icon., t. 23, f. 160 (May, 1847).— Mopaliopsis cingillata THIELE, Das Gebiss, p. 393, 394. The generic position of this species is doubtful. It may be either a Lepidozona or a Chiton. The locality given by Reeve is rather vague. Dr. Thiele has erected a new genus, Mopaliopsis, for this form, but as he characterizes it by the dentition alone, no light is cast upon the true systematic position of the species. C. FIMBRIATUS Sowerby. PI. 10, figs. 18, 19. Shell oval, depressed, broad ; central areas very finely granose- lineate ; lateral areas and end valves very finely cancellated ; girdle very finely granulate. Length 17? breadth 12 £ mill. (Sowb.) POLYPLACOPHORA. Ill The sculpture of this very pretty little species resembles the finest lace-work. The shell is rather flat and regularly oval ; the central areas finely and grauularly striated; on the lateral and terminal areas the radiating ridges are so regularly intercepted by concentric lines as to present a cancellated appearance. The margin is appar- ently smooth, but the lens discovers very minute sandy granulations ; its color is brown banded with darker patches. The general color of the shell is cream-white variegated with red. (Soivb.) Peru (Mus. Cuming.) C.fimbriatns SOWB., Mag. of Nat, Hist. 1840, p. 293 ; Conch. Illustr., f. 137. Known to me only by the above description and the figures. CHITOX DIMORPHUS Rochebrune. Vol. XIV, pi. 27, figs. 13, 14 (x 3). Shell ovate-rounded, umbonate, bright red. Anterior valve wide concentrically lineate. Posterior valve and central and lateral areas of the intermediate valves concentrically silicate and most minutely puncticulate. The central and lateral areas have quad- rangular pits at their intersections. Marginal ligament rufous, reg- ularly striated with white lines. Length 14, breadth 10 mill. (Eochebr. in Zool. Cap Horn, p. 142, t. 9, f. 10). Orange Bay, Patagonia. LEPIDOPLEURUS CULLIERETI Rochebrune. Vol. XIV, pi. 8, figs. 78, 79 (x 2). Shell ovate elliptical, carinated, buff tawny, maculated with chest- nut. Anterior valve wide, rounded, minutely radiated ; posterior rather small. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas punc- tate, margined with a smooth band ; central areas most minutely transversely foveolate. Marginal ligament brown. Length 50, breadth 31 mill. (liochebr., Zool. Cap Horn, p. 140,t. 9, f. 9). Orange Bay; Terra del Faego. Not common. Probably a Chcetopleura. CHCETOPLEURA DACRYDIGERA Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, sub- carinated, olivaceous. Anterior valve, posterior part of the poste- rior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves radially multigranose, the grains elevated, whitish, tear-shaped. Central areas longitudinally ornamented with beaded lines. Marginal liga- 112 POLYPLACOPHORA. ment rather wide, black, covered throughout with brown hairs. Length 22, width 14 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881- '82, p. 193). Central America. Not common. Paris Mus. Seems to be a true Chcetopleura. CHCETOPLEURA VENERIS Rochebr. Shell ovate, carinated ; sooty ; anterior valve radially ribbed, the ribs wide, lacunose. Posterior valve small. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas bicostate, punctate. Central areas sulcate, the sulci imbricating, spinulose at the sides. Marginal ligament wide, sooty, clotLed with white setae Length 25, width 14 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883- '84, p. 34). Punta Arenas, Patagonia (Mission Lebrun). Rare. Paris Mus. CHCETOPLEURA AHNNI Rochebr. Shell wide ovate, flattened, obtusely carinated, bluish-violaceous clothed throughout with brown striae. Anterior valve rounded, 10 ribbed ; posterior valve small, elliptical, subumbonated. Intermediate valves wide, the lateral areas very narrow and smooth, bounded by beaded ribs ; central areas concentrically lyrate and most minutely striated. Marginal ligament wide, brown, clothed with long tawny hairs. Length 00, breadth 41 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'S4, p. 34). Punta Arenas Patagonia (Mission Lebrun). Common. Mus. Paris. This and the preceding belong to the genus Plaxiphora. Roche- brune ignores them in his later publication on Cape Horn Poly- placophora. SCHIZOCHITON HYADESI Rochebrune. PI 14, figs. 6, 7. Shell elongated, strongly carinated, dull whitish-coerulescent. Anterior valve smooth, with 8 radiating ribs ; posterior valve nar- row, behind longitudinally sulcated, subemarginate, smooth, radiately bicostate. Intermediate valves having the median areas smooth, ornamented with articulated lines ; central areas lineate-denticulate ; lateral areas erect, isopleural, concentrically lineate, and strongly unicarinate in the middle. Girdle dull roseate, with sparse silky, shining hairs. Length 52, breadth 25 mill. (Rochebr. in ZooL Cap Horn, p. 132, t. 9, f. 1, 1889). Terra del Fuego, in 20 meters. Evidently a Plaxiphora. POLYPLACOPHORA. 113 CHITON CASTANEUS (Couthouy) Old. PI. 14, fig. 5. Animal with the under side of the margin pale brick-red ; foot narrow oval, dull olive color : head small, and laterally compressed ; branchiae pale ochreous-red, extending from the anterior margin of the foot to the rectum, leaflets conical, compressed, tapering to a fine point. ( Old.) Shell minute, elongated-oval, slightly narrowed anteriorly, sub- carinate, valves obtusely beaked, without distinct lateral areas, but marked throughout with coarse sublaminate ridges of increment, and covered with minute punctures arranged in quincunx ; posterior valve with an obtuse umbo. Color externally deep chestnut,, internally dull red. Margin narrow, thin, coriaceous, finely pubes- cent, having at the inner margin twenty-six fascicles of short, rigid, shining white setse, looking like minute polished tubercles. (Gld.) Length 7*, breadth 23 mill. Orange Harbor, Patagonia, on old shells and in tide pools. (U- S. Expl. Exped.). Chiton castaneus COUTH. MS., GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll.r p. 326, f. 411, a-c (not Ch. castaneus Wood, nor Q. & G.). — Acan- thochiton couthouyi ROCHKBR., Polyplac. Cap Horn, p. 133. A small but very distinct species, most of the specimens were con- siderably eroded showing that they had come to maturity. (Gld.y The generic position of this form is problematical. It cannot be an Acanthochites. Rochebrune gives no information except that it was collected in the Strait of Magellan by the French expedition of 1882-83 to Cape Horn. CHITON BRODERIPI Potiez & Michaud. It is oval, rotund, thick, of a brown or dirty white color ; the dorsal line is smooth and black- ish ; the anterior valve is marked with a white spot at the summit, and the posterior is swollen and retuse within ; these two valves and the intermediates valves are grooved, striated and somewhat gran- ulated at the lateral areas from base to summit. The margin is thick and leathery. Length 40, width 30 mill. (P. & M., Galerie des Moll, du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 533, 1838). Sea of Chili'.- TONICIA GAUDICHAUDI Rochebrune. Shell ovate, subcarinated,. shistaceous-tawny, pictured with small violaceous spots. Anterior valve and posterior part of posterior valve concentrically lineated ;: 8 114 POLYPLACOPHORA. intermediate valves having the lateral areas extremely narrow- central areas very minutely reticulated all over. Marginal ligament very narrow, rufous. Length 10, breadth 6 mill. (Eochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris. 1883-1884, p. 35). Chili (Gaudichaud) ; Mus. Paris. 11. North Pacific species. CH^ETOPLEURA THOUARSIANA Eochebr. Shell ovate oblong, compressed, carinated ; subrufous, covered throughout with greenish spots. Anterior valve 10-rayed, granulose, the granules concentric, ally disposed, bordered with a broad margin. Posterior valve small, umbouated. Intermediate valves having the median areas longitudin- ally sulcated, the sulci angularly arranged. Lateral areas with impressed pits [" favis impressis "],"laterally graniferous. Marginal ligament brown, with scattered rufous setae. Length 32, breadth 14 mill. (Eochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-1882, p. 191). Kamchatka (Du Petit-Thouars). Rare. Paris Mus. This is, of course, a Mopalia. CHITON SETOSUS Tilesius, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (1st ser.) ix, p. 484, 1824. Not identified. CHITON MURICATUS Tilesius, 1. c., p. 483, 1. 16, f. 3. Not identified. See Middendorff, Mai. Ross., p. 129. CHITON INCARNATUS Nuttall. Upper California. Jay's Cata- logue, 3d. edit., p. 37. Name only. CHITON INORNATUS Nuttall. Sandwich Is. I. c. Undescribed. CHITON TEXTILIS Nuttall. Upper California. I. c. Undescribed. 12. Species of unknown habitat. CHITON RUGULOSUS Sowerby. Median part of valves longitu- dinally rugulose ; lateral parts closely radiated. (Sowb., Cat. Tank. Coll., p. v.). Habitat unknown. CHITON VERSICOLOR Sowerby. Vol. XIV, pi. 27, figs. 45, 46. Shell oblong, scarcely carinated, subattentiated in front. Central areas striated at the sides ; lateral areas radially striated, the striae branching toward the edges. Margin most minutely scaly. Length 1 inch, breadth £ inch. ' (Sowb.~) The species is oval, oblong, rather narrower in front, the central areas nearly smooth in the middle, and striated at the sides ; lateral POLYPLACOPHORA. 115 areas covered with slight radiating ridges, which branch off toward the edges. The colors are sufficiently variable to justify the name given above; several varieties in the collection of Mr. Stainforth being variegated with rose, green and grey ; and one communicated by Dr. Stanger, nearly white, with grey spots. (Soivb.) Habitat unknown. Chiton versicolor Sows., Mag. of Nat. Hist., June, 1840, p. 292 ; Conch. Illustr., f. 75 and f. 122 (var.). This seems to be an Ischnochiton of the fruticosus group, perhaps the same as divergens Eve. ; but it has not been mentioned by later authors, and the present location of the type is unknown. CHITON PLATYMERUS Sowerby. PL 10, fig. 7. Shell ovate, scarcely keeled, slightly convex, smooth, of a dark chestnut color ; marginal ligament coriaceous ; anterior and posterior valves, and lateral arese of the middle valves obtusely radiately ribbed; central arese of the middle valves longitudinally striated; valves broad. (Sowb.~). Habitat unknown. Chiton platymerus SOWB. in Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voyage, p. 149, t. 41, f. 11. CHITON UNDULATUS Sowerby. PL 10, fig. 20. Shell oblong, rather convex, slightly keeled, marginal ligament coriaceous, undulated ; valves smooth, of a dull, pale, greenish- brown, light brown in the center. The specimen appears to have been worn. It is probable that small bunches of hairs existed on the marginal ligament. (Sowb., in Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voyage, p. 149, t. 41, f. 12). The recognition of this species is impossible without an examina- tion of the original specimen, which is probably lost. It is not the Ch. undulatus of Quoy and Gaimard. The habitat is unknown. CHITON ZONATUS Blainville. Body elongated, subcarinated ; girdle moderate, covered with small tubercles, mealy. Shell of 8 valves entirely perfectly smooth ; the intermediates, the first larger and as if trilobed in front, and unguiculate at the summit ; the others increasing from the front backward, with the lateral areas indicated by a carinated line. Color whitish gray, varied agreeably 116 POLYPLACOPHORA. with brown zones above, greenish beneath. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 545). Habitat unknown. This species is placed in the same section as the Acanthopleuras (granulata, picea, etc.) by Blainville. CHITON RARIPILOSUS Blainville. Body oval, thick, convex, not carinated ; girdle moderate, beset with large black flexible hairs, a little more numerous around the periphery. Shell of 8 thick valves, a little carinated ; the two end valves a little smaller, the anterior semicircular, with 9 large teeth of insertion, the posterior transversely oval, with the insertion plate entire, winged anteriorly ; intermediate valves alike, having a rounded projection in the middle of the ante- rior border ; the plate of insertion somewhat winged, with a single deep slit on each side. Color brown on the girdle, the valves russet white outside and within. Length more than 3 inches. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 547). Habitat unknown (coll. Blainv., from Dr. Leach). Seems to be a Plaxiphora. Rochebrune has identified it with Chiton setiger King (Polyplac. Cap Horn, 1889). CHITON MACULATUS Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3205. — Wood, Gen. Conch., p. 11. This is perhaps C. tulipa Quoy, but its identity is uncertain. CHITON INDUS Gmel. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3205. — Wood, Gen. Conch, p. 15 (=Chiton indicus Chem., Conch. Cab. viii, p. 287, t. 96, f. 811). Add to doubtful synonyms of C. squamosus Linn. CHITON BICOLOR Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3204. — Wood, Gen; Conch., p. 17. This is apparently a well characterized species, but I do not know of any to which it may be with confidence referred. The figures of Chemnitz (Conch. Cab. viii, p. 277, pi. 94, f. 794, 795) by which alone it is known, resemble such a shell as Tonicia chilcensis, figured on pi. 42, fig. 40, of vol. XIV. CHITON CERASINUS Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii, p. 278, t. 94, f. 796 and of GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3204, is probably a synonym of C. castaneus Wood. The dried animal is said to Ibe black. Hab- itat unknown. CHITON THALASSINUS Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3206. — Wood, Gen. Conch, p. 24 (Schroter, Neue Litterat. iv, p. 4, t. 1, f. 1) is a wholly unidentifiable small 6-valved species, from the West Indies. REFERENCE TO PLATES PLATE 1. IGURE. PAGE. 1. Katharina tunicata Wood After Reeve, . . .41 2. Katharina tunicata Wood ; foot. Emerton del., . . 41 3. 4. Katharina tunicata Wood ; head valve. Emerton del., 41 5. Katharina tunicata Wood ; median valve. Pilsbry del., 41 6, 7. Katharina tunicata Wood ; median valve. Emerton del 41 8-11. Katharina tunicata Wood; tail valve. Emerton del. 41 12, 13. Acanthochites formosus Rv. After Reeve, . . 33 14-22. Acanthochites carpenteri Pils. Emerton del., . . 35 23-26. Acanthochites speciosus Ad. & Ang. E. A. Smith del. 32 27-35. Acanthochites involutus Cpr. Emerton del., . . 35 PLATE 2. 36-44. Acanthochites porrecta Cpr. (=defilippii T.-C.). Emerton del., ........ 19 45-48. Acanthochites defilippii Tap.-Can. Viag. Magenta, . 19 49. Acanthochites hirudiniformis Sowb. (?) Emerton del., . 27 50. Acanthochites rubrolineatus Lisch. Jap. Meeres-Conch., 18 51. 52. Acanthochites scutiger Rve. After Reeve, . . 20 53, 54. Acanthochites circellatus Rve. After Reeve, . . 20 55. Acanthochites asbestoides Cpr. Zool. "Alert," . . 17 56. Acanthochites hirudiniformis Sowb. Couch. Illustr. . 27 PLATE 3. 57. 58. Acanthochites monticularis Q. & G. (=porosns'). Voy. Astrol., . . 36 59-62. Acanthochites porosus Burr. Emerton del., . . 36 63, 64. Acanthochites floridanus Dall. Emerton del., . . 37 65, 66. Acanthochites bouvieri Roch. Nouv. Arch. Mus., . 13 67-71. Acanthochites violaceus Q. & G. Emerton & Pils- bry del., 39 72, 73. Acanthochites porphyreticus Rv. (=violaceu%). Con- ch. Icon., . ..... .39 74. Acanthochites costatus Ad. & Ang. Zool. " Alert," . 40 PLATE 4. 77. Acanthochites fascicularis L. After Forbes & Hanley, . 9 78. Acanthochites fascicularis, sculpture x 60. Pilsbry del., 9 (117) 118 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 79. Acanthochites fascicularis L. side view of valve. Conch. Illustr., 9 80, 81. Acanthochites discrepans Brown. Conch. Illustr., . 12 82. Acanthochites discrepans, sculpture x 60. Pilsbry del., . 12 83. Acanthochites gracilis Jeffr. 111. Ind. Brit. Sh., . .11 84. Acanthochites penicillatusDh. Pilsbry del., . . 15 85. Acamhochites exquisitus v. ampullaceus Pilsbry. Pilsbry del., . 24 86. 97. Acanthochites bisulcatus Pils. Pilsbry del., . . 28 PLATE 5. 1-11, Amicula pallasi Midd. Sib. Reis., . . . .45 12. Amicula arniculata Cpr. Emerton del., . . . .47 13, 14. Amicula amiculata Cpr. Emerton del., . . .47 15, 16. Amicula amiculata Pallas. After Pallas, . . .46 PLATE 6. 1-5. Cryptochiton stelleri var. violaceus Nordm. After Nordmann, ......... 50 6. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Four square mill, of surface magnified showing bunches of spicules. . . . .48 PLATE 7. 7. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Ross del., . . . .48 8,9. Cryptochiton stelleri. Two head valves. Emerton del. 48 10, 11. Cryptochiton stelleri. Two tail valves. Ross del., . 48 12. Cryptochiton stelleri. Seventh valve. Ross del., . . 48 13. Cryptochiton stelleri. Second valve. Mai. Ross., . . 48 PLATE 8. 14. Cryptoplax striatus var. gunnii Rv. Conch. Icon., . 54 15. Choneplax latus Guild. Conch. Icon., . . . .60 16-19. Choneplax hastatus Sowb. Ann. Mag., . . .60 20, 21. Choneplax hastatus Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . .60 22. Choneplax hastatus. Head, median and tail valve. Car- penter del., ......... 60 23. Amicula ernersonii (^vestita). Emerton del., . . 43 24. 26. Amicula vestita Sowb. Conch. Illustr., . .43 25. Amicula vestita Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . . .43 27, 28. Acanthochites acutirostratus Rv. Conch. Icon., . 33 29, 30. Acanthochites penicillatus Dh. Moll. Reun., . . 15 31, 32. Acanthochites stygma Rochebr. Moll. Cap Horn, . 27 33, 34. Acanthochites adansoni Rochebr. Nouv. Arch., . 13 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 119 PLATE 9. FIGURE. PAGE. 1. Cryptoplax oculatus Q. & G. Challenger Rep., . . 55 2-5. Cryptoplax oculatus. Valves i, ii, iii and viii. Challen- ger Rep., 55 6. Cryptoplax burrowi E. A. Smith. Conch. Icon., . . 54 7-10. Cryptoplax burrowi. Valves i, ii, iii, and viii. E. A. Smith del., 54 11-14. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Challenger Rep., . .53 15. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Challenger Rep., . . 53 PLATE 10. 1, 2 Chiton subassimilis Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 99 3, 4 Chiton discolor Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 89 5, 6. Chiton tuberculosus Souv. Journ. de Conch. . . 99 7. Chiton platymerus Sowb. Beechey's Voy., . . . 115 8. 9. Chiton obscurellus Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 99 10, 11. Tonicia insculpta Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 89 12. Chiton glaucocinctus Fremb. Zool. Journ. . . . 109 13-17. Ischnochiton cessaci Roch. Nouv. Arch. Mus., . . 81 18, 19. Chiton fimbriatus Sowb. Conch. 111., . . .110 20. Chiton undulatus Sowb. Beechey's Voy., . . . 115 21, 22. Chiton concinnus Sowb. Conch. 111., . . .79 23-26. Chsetopleura pustulata Kr. Siidafrik. Moll., . . 73 27, 28. Callochiton sanguineus Dh. Moll. Reun., . . 67 29, 30. Chsetopleurajaspidea Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped., . 70 PLATE 11. 31. Cryptoplax larvseformis Burrow. Ross del., . . .56 32. Cryptoplax larvseformis. Edge of foot, showing marginal row of longer spicules. Pilsbry, del., . . .56 33. Cryptoplax larvseformis, One sq. mill, of upper surface. Pilsbry del., 56 34. Cryptoplax larvseformis. One of the sutural tufts. Pils- bry del., . .56 35. Cryptoplax larvseformis. Ross del., . . . .56 36. Cry ptopl ax larvseformis. Valves i,ii, iii, viii. Challenger Rep., .56 37. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Edge of foot, showing densely spiculose upper surface, and asperulate basal surface of girdle. Pilsbry del., 53 38. 39. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Ross del., . . 53 40-43. Cryptoplax striatus. Valves i, ii, viii. Pilsbry del., 53 PLATE 12. 44, 45, 47. Acanthochites exqui situs Pils. Pilsbry del., 46. Acanthochites exquisitus Pils. Ross del., . . .23 120 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 48, 49, 51. Acanthochites rhodeus Pils. Pilsbry del., . . 26 50. Acanthochites rhodeus Pils. Ross del., . ' . . .26 52. AcauthochitesdiegoensisPils. Ross del., . . .25 53, 54. Acanthochites diegoensis Pils. Pilsbry del., . . 25 PLATE 13. 55, 56. Acanthochites astriger Rve. Pilsbry del., . 57. Acanthochites astriger Rve. Conch. Icon., 58, 59. Acanthochites pygmseus Pils. Pilsbry del., 60, 61. Acanthochites spiculosus Rve. Conch. Icon., 62. Acanthochites spiculosus Rv. Emerton del., 63, 64. Callochiton inornatus Ten.- Woods. Tr. Roy. Soc. Viet. 65. Acanthochites hemphilli Pils. Pilsbry del., . 66. Acanthochites hemphilli Pils. Ross del., 67. Acanthochites hemphilli. Posterior view of tail valve Pilsbry del., PLATE 14. 22 22 23 22 22 68 34 34 34 1, 2. Chsetopleura asperrima Couth. U. S. Expl. Exped., 70 3, 4. Tonicia floccata Sowb. Conch. Icon., ... 90 5. " Chiton " castaneus Couth. U. S. Expl. Exped., . 113 6, 7. Plaxiphora? hyadesi Roch. Moll. Cap Horn, . 112 8. Ischnochiton cariosus Cpr. Ross del., . . 82 9, 10. Acanthochites zelandicus Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 16 11-16. Acanthochites garnoti Blv. Voy. Astrol., 14 17. Ischnochiton haddoni. Girdle-scale, . Vol. xiv 88 18. Ischnochiton longicymba var. Girdle-scales. Vol. xiv 87 19. Ischnochiton longicymba var. Ross del., 87 20. 21. Lepidopleurus algesirensis Cap. Journ. de Conch., . 62 PLATE 15. 22-24. Tonicella saccharina Dall. Pilsbry del., . . .66 25. Trachydermon ruber, girdle-scales. Pilsbry del., . . 65 26. Trachydermon dentiens. Girdle-scales. Pilsbry del., . 65 27. Ischnochiton smaragdinus Ang. P. Z. S., . Vol. xiv, 137 28. 29. Ischnochiton gothicus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 65 30-33. Callochiton aleuticus Dall. Pilsbry del., . . 65 34, 36. Trachydermon flectens Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 64 35. Trachydermon flectens Cpr. Ross del., . . .64 37. Trachydermon flectens. Girdle-scales. Pilsbry del., . 64 38-41. Chsetopleura asperior Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . .74 PLATE 16. 42-46. Ischnochiton serratus Cpr. Pilsbry del 78 47,50,51,52. Ischuochiton reteporosus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . 77 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 121 FIGURE. PAGE. 53. Ischnochiton reteporosus Cpr. Sheppard del., . . .77 48, 49. Ischnochiton radians Cpr. Pilsbry del. . . .75 54. Callistochiton decoratus var. Sheppard del., . . 87 55. 56. Ischnochiton scabricostatus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . 76 PLATE 17. >7-59. Ischnochiton cultratus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 82 60, 61. Ischnochiton bisculptus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 83 62, 63. Ischnochiton craticulatus Old. Pilsbry del., . . 84 64-66. Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Pilsbry del, . . 86 67. Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Sheppard del., . . .86 68. Ischnochiton luarubris Gld., (=australis Sowb.). Pilsbry del., 87 69. Ischnochiton lugubris Gld., (=australis Sowb.). Shep- pard del., ......... 87 INDEX TO POLYPLACOPHORA. NOTE. — The names of genera and other groups are printed in SMALL CAPITALS ; of species known or supposed to be valid in Roman type ; the names of all synonyms in Italic. Abyssorum Sars. xiv, . 18 Acanthochcetes Auct. xv, . 8 Acanthochistes Costa, xv, 8 ACANTHOCHITES Risso, xv, 7, 8 ACANTHOCHITID^E Pils. XV, 6 Acanthochitona Gray, xiv, . 150 Acanthochiton Herrm. xv, . 8 ACANTHOPLEURA G U 1 1 d. xiv, . . . .213 Achates Gld. xv, . . 18 Achatinus Brown, xiv, . 49 Acrior Cpr. xiv. . . 61 Aculeatus L. xiv, . .221 Aculeatus Rve. xiv, . . 219 Acutiliratus Rv. xiv, . . 65 Acutirostratus Rv. xv, . 33 Acutus Cpr. xiv, . . 297 A^damsii Cpr. xiv, . .111 Adansoni Roch. xv, . . 13 Adelaidensis Rv. xiv, .136 Adenensis Smith, xiv, . 276 Adriella Thiele, xv, . 62, 63 JEneus Risso. xv, . . 10 JSreus Rv. xiv, . .179 Affinis Issel xiv, . . 181 AfraRoch.xv, . . 96 Africana Roch. xiv, . . 181 Ahnni Roch. xv, . .112 Alatus Sowb. xiv, . . 60 Albidus Blv. xv, . . 105 Albilineatus Rv. xiv, . .160 Albolineatus Sowb. xiv, . 160 Albrechti Schr. xiv, . 147 Albus Barb, xiv, . . 256 AlbusL. xiv, 70; xv, . 64 Albus Pult. xiv, . . 4 Aleutica Dall, xv, . . 65 Algesirensis Cap. xv, . . 62 Alphonsinse Roch. xv, . 100 Alternatus Sowb. xiv, . 281 Altior Cpr. xv, . . 45 Altus Gray, xiv, . . 60 Alveolatum Roch. xv, . 96 Alveolus Sars xiv, . .6,4 Amaurochiton Th. xv, . 88 Ametrogephyrus Midd. xv, . 52 Amicorum Baird. xiv, . 249 AnicuLA'Gray, xv, . . 42 Amiculatus Pall, xv, . . 46 Amiculatus Rv. xv, . . 44 Amiculatus Sowb. xv, . 49 AMPHITOMURA Pils. xiv, . 230 Ampullaceus Pils. xv, . 24 Anaglyptus Roch. xv, . 97 Angasi Ad. & Ang. xiv, . 238 ANGASIA Cpr. xiv, . . 286 Angulatus Spengl. xv, . 72 Angusticostatus Q. & G. xiv, ... .187 Anisochiton Fisch. xiv, . xxi Anthochiton Th. xv, . . 88 Antiquus Rve. xiv, . . 274 Apicalis Pils. xv, . . 50 Apiculata Say, xiv, . . 35 Apparata Cpr. xiv, . . 38 Aquatilis Rv. xiv, . .169 Arbutum Rv. xiv, . . 139 Arcticus Sars, xiv, . . 5 Arenatus Nutt. xiv, . .295 Argyrosticta Phil, xiv, . 204 122 INDEX. 123 Ar * J\ S A« Armatus Nutt. xiv, . Armatus Pse. xv, Arniiilata Cpr. xiv, . Arragonites Cpr. xv, . ARTHURIA Cpr. xiv, . Articulatus Sowb. xiv, bestoides Cpr. xv, selloides Lowe, xiv, . Asellus Midd. xiv, Asellus Speug. xiv, Asmus xv, Asperrimus Couth, xv, Asperior Cpr. xiv, 77 ; Asper Shutt. xiv, Assimilis Rve. xiv, Astriger Rv. xv, Astrolabei Roch. xv, . Ater Pils. xiv, Atlantica V. cabridus Jeffr. xv, . . 94 :arabceus Rv. xiv, . . 158 ^HIZOCHITON Gray, xiv, [233, 234 JHIZOPLAX Dall, xiv, . 46 ;hrammi Shuttlew xiv, . 205 ;LEROCHITON Cpr. xiv, [151, 188 koticus Leach, xiv, . -14 jrobiculatus Midd. xiv, . 76 5culptus Sowb. xiv, . 92 tautiger Ads. & Rv. xv, . 20 ftoderma Sc. xiv, . 182 lesma Scac. xv, . 89 sntatus'Rv. xiv, . 38 lilcevis Cpr. xiv, . .184 imisculptus Pils. xiv, . 247 megalensis Roch. xv, . 95 rtemvalvis Mont, xiv, . 49 ;rerorum Roch. xv, . . 96 rpens Cpr. xv, . . 60 131 78 316 Serratus Cpr. xv, Setiger King, xiv, Setosus Sowb. xiv, . . 292 Setosus Tiles, xv, . .114 Setulosum Cpr. xiv, . . 20 Shuttleworthianus Pils. xiv, 273 Siculoides Cpr. xiv, . .179 | Sieulus Gray, xiv, . . 180 : Simplex Cpr. xiv, . . 320 Simpsoni Gray, xiv, . . 300 Smaragdinus Ang. xiv, . 137 ; Sinclair! Gray, xiv, . .174 Sinuata Cpr. xv, . . 303 Sinudentatus Cpr. xiv, . 128 Sitkensis Midd. xiv, . . 44 Sitkensis Rv. xv, . . 49 Solea Sowb. xiv, . . 98 Solidior Cpr. xiv, . . 76 Solidus Cpr. xiv, . . 64 | Sowerbiana Rv. xiv, . . 39 I Sowerbianus Rv. xiv, . 39 i Soiverbyanus Rv. xiv, . 39 : Sowerbyi Cpr. xiv, . . 92 Sowerbyi Rv. xiv, . . 39 Sparsus Sowb. xiv, . .197 Speciosus Ad. & Ang. xiv, 93, 95 Speciosus H. Ad. xv, . 32 Spengleri Blv. xv, . . 88 Spiciferus Roch. xv, . . 109 Spiculosus Rv. xv, . . 22 Spiniferus Fremb. xiv, . 219 Spinigera Sow. xiv, . 222 Spiniger Sow. xiv, . . 221 Spinosus Brug. xiv, . . 220 Spiuulosa Gray, xiv, . . 38 Spinulosus Gray, xiv, . 38 SPONGIOCHITON Cpr. xiv, 26; xv, . . .7 SPONGIORADSIA Pils. xv, . 65 Squalidus Ad. xiv, . . 291 Squammulosus Dollf. xiv, . 181 Squamosus Chem. xiv, .157 Squamosus Linn, xiv, 155 ; xv, . . . .88 Squamosus of authors, xiv, 154 Squamosus Pol. Payr. et aL, xiv, . 180 132 INDEX. Squamulosus Ad. xiv, . 106 Stangeri Rv. xiv, . .177 Stectoplax Cpr. xv, . . 9 Steiiienii Pffr. ... 82 Stelleri Midd. xv, . . 48 STENOCHITON Ad. & Ang. xiv, . . . .55 STENOPLAX Cpr. xiv, . 56 STENORADSIA Cpr. xiv, . 61 Stenosemus Midd. xiv, xvii Stercorarius Roch. xv, . 29 Stereochiton Cpr. xiv, 52 ; xv, .... 68 Stereoplax Thiele xv, . 74 Stewartianus Roch. xv, . 37 Stigma Costa, xv, . .95 Stimpsoniella Cpr. xv, . 92 Stirapsonii Gld. xiv, . . 307 Stokesii Brod. xiv, . . 165 Stramineus Sowb. xiv, . 79 Streptochiton Cpr. xiv, . 330 Stretochiton xv, . .19 Striatosquamosus Cpr. xiv, 168 Striatus Barnes xiv, . 161 Striatus Chier. xiv, . .181 Striatus Lam. xv, . . 53 Striatus of authors, xiv, . 1 63 Striolatus Gray, xiv, . 105 Strigatus Sowb. xv, . . 60 Stygma Roch, xv, . . 27 Subassimilis Souv. xv, . 99 Subatrata Pils. xiv, . . 201 Subcariosa Cpr. xiv, . . 143 Subcariosus Pils. xiv, . 67 Subclathratus Pils. xiv, . 124 Subfuscus Sowb. xiv, . .162 Subgigas Blv. xiv, . . 256 Submarmorea Midd. xiv, . 42 Sueurii Blv. xv, . . 30 Sulcatus Q. & G. xiv, . 138 Sulcatus Risso. xiv, . . 2 Sulcatus Risso. xiv, . .180 Sulcatus Wood, xiv, 192; xv, .... 89 Suezensis Rv. xiv, . . 206 Superba Cpr. xiv, . . 319 Swainsoni Sowb. xiv, . . 201 Swarinii Cpr. xiv, . . 304 Symmetrogephyrus Midd. xv, 43 Sypharochiton Th. xv, . 88 Tectum Blv. xv, . . 103 Tehuelchus Orb. xiv, . 205 Tehuelchus d'Orb. xv, . 71 Tenuisculptus Cpr. xiv, . 112 Tenuistriatus Sowb. xiv, . 188 Terminalis Cpr. xiv, . 326 Tessellata Pils. xiv, . 243 Tessellatus Q. & G. xiv, . 138 Tessellatus Wood, xiv, 154,157 Testudinarius Blv. xv, . 104 Testudo Speng. xv, . . 92 Tetrica Cpr. xiv, . . 287 Textilis Gray, xiY, .. .98 Textilis Nutt. xv, . .114 Thalassinus GIIJ. xv, . .116 Thouarsiana Roch. xv, . 114 Tigrinus Kr. xiv, . . 143 Tigris Speng. xiv, . .156 Tomochiton Fisch. xiv, xxi TONICELLA Cpr. xiv, 40, xv, 66 TONICIA Gray, xiv, . 149, 194 Toniciella Th. xv, . . 66 Toniciopsis Th. xv, . . 89 Torresianus Roch. xv, . 58 Tortuosus Cpr. xiv, . 331 TRACHYDERMON Cpr. xv, . 62 TRACHYRADSIA Cpr, xv, . 68 Tridacna Roch. xv, . . 41 Tridentatus Pils. xiv, . 140 Trifidus Cpr. xv, . . 86 Tristis Roch. xv, . . 28 Tropioalis Dall, xiv, . .19 Truncatus Sow. xiv, . .211 Tuberculatus L. xiv, . 153 Tuberculatus Schroet. xiv, . 228 Tuberculiferus Sowb. xiv, . 219 TuherculosusSouv. xv, . 99 Tulipa Q. &G. . .185 Tunicata Wood, xv, . . 41 Turgidus Roch. xv, . . 29 Unciniferus Roch. xv, . 59 Undatus Speng. xiv, . 154 Undulatus Q. & G. xiv, . 245 Undulatus Sowb. xv, . 115 \ INDEX. 133 Unouiculatus Blainv. xiv, . 228 Virgatus Rv. xiv, 78 ; xv, . 82 Unicolor Pils. xiv, 144 Virgulatus Sowb. xiv, . 166 Urvillei Rocb. xv, 102 Viridior Cpr. xiv, . 108 Ustulatus Rve. xiv, . 96 Yiridis Pse. xv, . 21 Viridis Q. & G. xiv, . . 172 Vaillantii Roch. xv, 97 Viridis Speng. xiv, . 156 Variabilis Ad. &Ang. xv, . 101 Viridulus Couth, xiv, . 141 Variegatus Ad. & Ang. xv, 102 Volvox Rv. xiv, . 237 Variegatus Phil, xiv, . 69 Vulgaris Leach, xv, . . 10 Velata Cpr. xiv, 306 Velatus Sowb. xv, 72 Wahlbergi Kr. xiv, . 322 Veneris Roch. xv, 112 Watsoni Sowb. xv, . 72 Veredentiens Cpr. xiv, 122 Wosnesseiiskii Midd. xiv, . 305 Vermiformis Blv. xv, 57 }'e'r*icolor Ad. xiv, 50 Yerburyi Sm. xiv, . 101 Versicolor Sowb. xv, . 114 Vespertinus Gld. xiv, 300 Zealandicus auct. xv, . 16 Vestitus Sowb. xv, 43 Zelandicus Q. & G. xv, . 16 Violacea Nord. xv, 49 , 50 Zigzag Hutt. xiv, . 328 Violaceus Q. & G., 39 Zonatus Blv. xv, . 115 Virescens Rv. xiv, 78 Zschaui Pffr. xiv, . 204 10 ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Suborder TECTIBRANCHIATA. Hermaphrodite, Opisthobranchiate, Gastropods, with one branch- ial plume situated on the right side ; mantle and shell developed. This suborder differs from the Nudibranehiata in the asymmetrical unpaired gill, the development of a mantle and shell, etc. It is a synthetic type, from which in the remote past, the Nudibranchiata and Pulmonata have no doubt been derived. Fischer has proposed a classification of this group which seems to be the best yet published covering the entire suborder. In the fol- lowing pages his general arrangement is followed ; but with numer- ous minor modifications. The group is primarily divided into three sections, whose characteristic features are well expressed in their names : I. CEPHALASPIDEA: Head with a fleshy disc or shield. (Bulla, etc.). II. ANASPIDEA : No head-disc nor dorsal shield. (Aplysia, etc.) III. NOTASPIDEA : no head disc ; back protected by a large shield or notseum, and by a true mantle and shell. ( Umbrella, etc.) The first of these sections will now be considered. I. TECTIBRANCHIATA CEPHALASPIDEA. " All of these animals are characterized by the presence of a head- disc, distinct from the back, bearing the sessile eyes and the tentacles when present. This disc appears to be a tactile organ. It varies in many ways, furnishing good characters for classification. Some- times it is split behind into two tentacle-like projections. Morpho- logically it is considered according to Cuvier, to be formed by the united buccal tentacles and the upper tentacles or rhinophores. The shell nearly always is present, but in some cases is rudimentary. (134) ACTION ID^. 135 It generally has an entire aperture, but a short basal canal is formed in the Ringiculidce." Dr. Fischer, from whom we take the above paragraph, divides the Cephalaspidea into families as follows : Operculata Actceonidce. C No radula Tornatinidce. ( Shell external -j ( Scaphandridce. ( Radula present j Bullidce. (I Aplustridce. [ Ringiculidce. C Radula present f Gastropteridce. Shell internal j ( Philinidce. (_ No radula Doridiidce. This grouping is open to some objections, for it places Actceonidce, one of the least differentiated, primitive families, next in the linear series to Tornatinidce, one of the most divergent; but until the soft parts of a number of the other types are better known, it will be advisable to retain Fischer's arrangement. In the more ancient, primitive forms the radula is wide, with many rows of similar teeth ; in the divergent groups the radula is often reduced to few longitu- dinal rows (as in tsenioglossate and rhachiglossate Pectinibranchs), and the teeth of each transverse series are dissimilar in form. The shell, originally well coiled, has become degenerate and partially un- coiled in numerous distinct genera. Family ACT^EONID^E Fischer. Acta'onidce ORBIGNY (in part). — MEEK, Amer. Journ. Science (2), xxxv, p. 84, 1863.— FISCHER, Man. de Conch., p. 551.— Cor?/. BOUVIER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xi, p. 441, etc. Shell entirely external and capable of containing the entire animal ; spiral, with projecting or depressed spire and moderately numerous whorls, the internal whorl-partitions not absorbed ; surface generally sculptured with spiral punctured grooves. Aperture rounded below, with or without columellar folds. Provided with an operculum. Animal having a well-developed head-disk, bearing the sessile eyes, and prolonged in two triangular processes behind ; lateral epipodial lobes not developed ; radula composed of many longitu- dinal rows of teeth, all of the same form. 136 SOLIDULA. Synopsis of Genera. a. Columella provided with a spiral fold. b. Genus SOLIDULA Fischer. Shell compact, solid, ovoid, with short spire ; aperture long, narrow above, the col- umella bearing a massive, bifid fold. bb. Genus ACT^EON Montf. Shell compact, with short spire and large, ovate body-whorl; aperture over half the length of the shell, narrowed above, the columella bearing a single, simple, spiral fold. c. S.-g. ACTION Montf. Columella curving regularly into the basal lip. cc. S.-g. RICTAXIS Dall. Columella obliquely truncated at base. bbb. Genus LEUCOTINA A. Ad. Shell ovate or ovate-tur- rited, the spire produced ; aperture short, generally less than half the shell's length, ovate or oblong ; columella with a small oblique fold. act. Columella with no distinct spiral fold above ; shell imperforate or nearly so. b. Genus ACT.EONINA Orb. Shell shaped like Actceon, ovate, with elongated aperture, the columella with no fold above, not truncated at base ; whorls more or less angulated below the sutures. bb. Genus BULLINA Fer. Shell ovate or oblong, with short spire and long aperture; columella vertical, trunc- ated at base. bbb. Genus OVULACT^EON Dall. Shell Cyprseiform, in- volute, with an apical perforation as in Bulla. Aperture narrow, as long as the shell ; columella without plaits. aaa. Columella without plaits. Umbilicus open ; surface cancellated. b. Genus KLEINELLA A. Ad. Shell ovate, umbilicate, surface cancellated ; spire produced ; aperture elongated, angular behind, produced and entire in front. A doubt- ful member of this family. Genus SOLIDULA Fischer de Waldheim, 1807. Solidula F. de W., Mus. Demidoff, iii, 1807, p. 226, type Valuta solidula Linn. — A. AD., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 60. — Dactylus SCHUM., Essai, etc., p. 70, 234, 1817, type Voluta solidula Liune. — Buccin- 137 ulus H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 5, 1858. Not of Plan- ens. — Tornatella of authors. Shell ovate or oblong, solid, compact and imperforat?, with short, conical spire. Aperture two-thirds as long as the shell or more, narrow above, rounded below, the columella bearing a massive bir lobcd spiral fold, outwardly curving into the lower margin of the peristome ; parietal wall bearing one or more smaller folds. Oper- culum (pi. 49, figs. 17, 18) "transverse, elongated, curved, with im- bricate elements and a linear scar." Type S. solidula L. Anatomy and dentition unknown. This genus differs from Actceon by its more solid shell, and massive, bilobed, columellar fold. The species are all from subtropical and southern temperate Indo-Pacific seas; a few species extending northward to Japan, and others south to South Australia and New Zealand. The Americas have as yet furnished no species. This group has usually borne the name Buccinulus, introduced into binomial literature by the Adams' brothers. Plancus, in his original publication " Jani Planci Ariminensis de Conchis minus notis, etc.," (Venice, 1739), gives the phrase-name " Buccinulus Lit- toris Ariminensis Olivce Nucleum cemulans" to what is prob- ably a discolored Actceon tornatilis, for no other shell of that aspect is found in the Adriatic, and at all events it is a form with absolutely simple columellar fold. In the second edition (Rome, 1760) it is called " Buccinum medium maculis fusds etflavis donatum ex littore Ariminensi" but in the explanation of plates he repeats the earlier comparison with an olive stone. Of course the "Buccin- ulus" is not used in a generic sense. Schumacher's name Dactylus had previously been used by both Klein and Humphrey, but not in an acceptable manner. S. STRIGOSA Gould. PL 20A, figs. 60, 61. Shell ellipsoidal, elongated, rather solid, grooved by revolving punctured sulci, the interspaces chain-patterned with brown and whitish, and ornamented with median, sutural and basal bands of whitish. Whorls 5, the last three-fourths the length of the shell. Aperture two-thirds the length of the shell, very narrow ; columella deeply excavated. Alt. 8, diam. 3 mill. (Gld.) Loo Choo and Kagosima (Stimp.) ; Nagasaki (Birileft) ; Tokyo Harbor (Fr. Stearns). 138 SOLIDULA. Buccinulus strigosus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, p. 141 (October, 1859) ; Otia Conch., p. I14.— Tornatellastrigosa LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 104, pi. 5, f. 12, 13. Remarkable for its small size and slender form. Some specimens are much shorter than others, and nearly without the slaty lines ; so that the species appears to be quite variable. (Gld.~) Lischke has figured this species. His specimens have four spiral cords on the penultimate, 20-21 on the last whorl. The fifth and sixth cords from the suture are much wider than the others, espe- cially than the adjacent cords. The upper fold on the columella is small, the lower strong and split by a deep groove.; between the teeth the columella is deeply excavated. S. FRATERCULUS Dunker. PI. 20A, figs. 53, 54. Shell small, solid, ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, transversely, evenly sulcate ; banded and dotted with ashy or brown, with two encircling white bands. Spire conic, terminating in a somewhat obtuse apex ; columella bearing two white folds, the larger, anterior one bipartite, separated by a deep sinus from the smaller, posterior fold. Aper- ture dilated, thickened, in front, the lip acute. Alt. 12, diam. 5 mill. (Dkr.) Japan. Buccinulus fraterculus DKR., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 161, pi. 13, f. 21, 22, 23. A larger, slenderer shell than B. strigosus Gld., having two white bands, and 30-32 spiral grooves. S. ACUTA Philippi. Shell sublanceolate, transversely closely punctate-sulcate. Spire acute, two-fifths the total length. Aperture narrow, columella bi- plicate, the upper fold minute, the lower large, bifid. Alt. 2|, diam. H lines. (Phil.') China (coll. Largilliert). Tornatella acuta PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 125. There are about 5 coarsely punctate grooves on the penultimate, about 20 on the last whorl. Col umellar folds exactly as in T. solid- ula. The specimen is white, quite colorless. SOLIDULA. 139 S. rrsiLLA A. Adams. Shell ovate-conic, small, white, solid, shining; spire exserted, the apex obtuse ; transversely deeply sulcate, the grooves distant, can- cellated ; aperture elongated, narrow behind ; columeila biplicate, the posterior fold tubercle-shaped, the anterior fold bilobed. (Ad.}. Catbalonya, Samar, Philippines, in 8 fins. (Cuming). Solidula pusilla AD., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 61. This is a small white solid species, resembling in appearance the Actceon oryza of Reeve ; but the columeila is biplicate, and the front plica is double. (Ad.} S. INSCULPTA Reeve. PI. 20A, fig. 51. Shell ovate, transversely very densely punctured-grooved though- out ; whitish rather obscurely sprinkled with ruddy rose spots ; suture rather indistinct. Columeila two-plaited, upper plait rather obscure, lower prominent, duplicate. (Rve.). Island of Masbate, Philippines (Cuming). Tornatella insculpta RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 62 ; Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 206, f. 2 ; Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 3, f. 15. A strongly sculptured species, with the sutures less developed than usual, prettily sprinkled with ruddy rose. (Eve.) S. SUTURALIS A. Adams. PI. 20A, figs. 65, 6Sr#rV Shell cylindrical-ovate with elevated spire ; whorls rather flat- tened, angulated above, the sutures channelled ; white, frequentlv tes- sellated with ashy spots, longitudinally striated, transversely lirate, the interstices cancellated. Columeila uniplicate, the fold bilobed. (Ad.) Luzon (Cuming) ; Puerto Galero, Mindoro (Cuming) ; Evans B£*$\ UNIVEBBITl 142 SOLIDULA. Solidula affinis A. Ad., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 61. — Buccinulus affinis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 225.— BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 77.— TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1893, p. 202.- Actceon (Buccinulus) affinis WATSON, Challenger, Gastrop., p. 630, pi. 47, f. 1. More slender and elongated than B. solidulus, very finely tessel- lated with brown or black on a white ground, having sometimes on< or two white bands. (Braz.) S. SOLIDULA Linne. PI. 20A, figs. 37, 38, 44, 45. Shell. solid, oval, with conical, acute spire and obese body-whoi Surface spirally grooved throughout with impressed spirals, th( intervals mostly convex and cord-like; the last whorl having aboul 21 grooves ; those on the median part hardly more widely spaced than above and below. White, with close vertical chocolate stripes, occa- sionally broken into tessellation in places, and interrupted by tw< narrow white spiral bands. Aperture narrow above, the outer li] thin, interior of aperture very heavily calloused. Columella havinj a strong, bifid spiral fold, with a single smo,ll parietal fold above ii so deep-seated that it can scarcely be seen in a front view of thi shell. Alt. 23£ diam. 12 mill. Philippine Is. (Cunning) ; /Seychelles, Amirantes and Mauritius (Martens); Natal (Sowb.) ; Friday Island (Coppinger) and Darn- ley Island, Torres Straits ; Princess Charlotte Bay, N.- E.Australia Noumea, New Caledonia (Braz.). Bulla solidula LINN, Syst. Nat. (10), p. 728; Mus. Lud. Ulr Reg. etc., p. 590. — Voluta solidula LINN., Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1187, and of GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3437 (excl. ref.). — Bulimus solic ulus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., no. 68. — Tornatella solidula FER., Tab. Syst, p. 108. — LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 220. — KIENER, Iconogr. Coq. Viv.. p. 4, pi. 1, f. 2.— REEVE, Conch. Syst, ii, pi. 206, f. 7 Conch. Icon, xv, f. 3. — MARTENS, Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius, p. 302. — SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 86. — Buccinulus solidulus BRA; IER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 76. — A. solidulus SOWB., Sh. S. Afric., p. 52. In this species the spiral grooves are deeper and more evenl; spaced than in the next ; the color-pattern, even when most intei rupted, consists of solid, dark stripes or checkers; and the pariel fold is single and deep-seated. Mr. Smith considers Reeve's T. coccinata a variety, and S. affinis A. Ad., he regards as a small form of this species. SOLIDULA. 143, ir. COCCINATA Reeve. PI. 20A, figs. 40, 41. irge, with short, concave-sided spire ; white, profusely sprinkled scarlet dots. Cagayan, Mindanao, Philippines, in 25 fms. (Cuming).. Toru(), f. 10; Conch. Icon, xv, f. 1. Has been reported by Cooke (Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 128) from Suez. S. SULCATA Gmelin. PL 20A, figs. 39, 46, 47, 48. Shell solid, oval, with short conical spire and large body-whorL Surface spirally grooved throughout, the grooves rather shallow, separated by wider intervals on the median part of the body-whorl, about 21 in number. White, closely speckled and checkered inanir- regular, ragged pattern ivith mingled lawny and black. Aperture narrow and long, heavily calloused within; columella bearing a large, squarish, entering bifid fold, the parietal wall above it armed with a smaller transverse fold, above which are usually several smaller Alt. 23, diam. 12 mill. (Negros, Philippines). Alt. 16, diam. 8 mill. (Singapore). Xt'f/ros, Philippine* (Cuming) ; Seychelles, Mauritius and Red Sea (Martens) ; Palm Island, N.-E. Australia ; Sue and Darnley 2s.r Torre* cylindrical below ; the last is short and slightly tumid. Suture very little oblique, strong and somewhat channelled. Mouth oval to pear-shaped. Outer lip leaves the body at a right angle ; it is reg- ularly arched throughout, patulous in front. Inner lip : a thin de- fined glaze crosses the body and runs direct down the pillar with a straight sharp edge, behind which is a minute chink ; the tooth, which is close up to the body, is very slight and blunt. Alt. O31 in. ; diam. 0'18. Penultimate whorl, height O08. Mouth, height 0-17, breadth O'l. (Wats.}. Off Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger^* A. turritus WATS., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xvii, p. 285 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 628, pi. 47, f. 2.— Cow/. BALL, Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 40. This species is represented by only one specimen, of which the outer lip is somewhat broken. The spire is extremely high and scalar. In this respect, and in the rounded form of the whorls it somewhat resembles Actceon (Solidula) suturalis A. Adams ; but the apex is much blunter, and the sculpture much finer than in that species. ( Wats.}. A. MELAMPOIDES Dall. PI. 20, fig. 33. Shell short, stout with a depressed spire and shouldered last whorl ; white, with five whorls, sculptured with punctate spiral lines ; nucleus small, eroded ; other whorls with two, three, or (on the last) twenty to twenty-five spiral lines, which are distinctly punc- tate, with about ten punctations in the length of a millimeter; the spirals are crowded just in advance of the suture and near the pillar, and especially distant on the shoulder of the last whorl; suture distinct, with the anterior margin finely crenulate in the last whorl ; other sculpture of fine lines of growth and microscopic revolving strise as in the last species ; outer lip hardly oblique, join- ing the body at a wider angle than usual, owing to the shouldering. ACTION. 159' of the last whorl, thin, simple, passing imperceptibly into the short, twisted pillar which bears a single distinct fold ; body whorl with only a glaze, pillar hardly or not at all thickened ; aperture approx- mately lunate. Lon. of shell, 6'0 ; of last whorl, 5'25; of aperture, 4-25. Max. lat. of shell, 4'0 ; of aperture, 1'62 mill. (Dall). Off Bahia Honda, Cuba, 310 fms. (Blake); Off e. coast of the United States 2574 fms. (Verrill). Actceon melampoides DALL, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 95, 1881 ; Blake Rep., Gastr., p. 41, pi. 17, f. 2. — A. hebes VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 428, pi. 44, f. 15, 1885. The A. hebes, which Dall believes to be identical, is shown in fig. 12 of pi. 19. A. PERFORATUS Ball. PI. 20, fig. 36. Shell small, pointed, waxen white, with a narrow opaque yellow- sh band in advance of the suture, composed of about six whorls, ind with a distinct umbilical perforation ; nucleus eroded, small ; spire with about six, or (on the last whorl) eighteen strong and very regularly and distinctly punctate grooves, the punctuations at the rate (near the aperture) of about six to a millimeter, the grooves a ittle more crowded anteriorly and distant posteriorly, the inter- spaces everywhere wider than the grooves and with no intercalary grooves or strise whatever ; transverse sculpture of faint lines of growth ; aperture rounded in front, pointed behind; outer lip thin, simple, arched, and continuous with the reflected thin pillar lip, upon which a fold can hardly be made out ; body with a slight glaze ; umbilical perforation straight, with smooth walls, appar- ently very deep, and about 0'25 mm. in diameter. Lon. of shell, 7-75 ; of last whorl, 6'0 ; of aperture, 40. Max. lat. of shell, 4*62 ; of aperture, 2'0 mill. (Dall). Gulf of Mexico, 805 fms. (Blake). One specimen. A. perforatus DALL, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 96 ; Blake Rep. Gastr. p. 42, pi. 18, f. 3. It differs from A. exiguus Dkr. of the same region in its very much shorter spire and globular proportions, in its obsolete columellar fold and the strength and uniformity of its punctate sulci. The anterior part of the last whorl being a little larger than any part posterior to it, this shell has a somewhat pyriform appearance. (Dall). 160 ACTION. A. DANAIDA Dal). PI. 20, fig. 32. Shell elongated, moderately pointed, polished, white, and having about six whorls ; spiral sculpture of (on the spire) six, or (on the last whorl) over twenty-five punctate grooves, more crowded an- teriorly, but with two or three coarser than the rest, just in advance of the suture; between these original grooves in the latter half of the last whorl intercalary single or double grooves appear, which are seldom quite as deep as the originals, and at first are not punctate, but at last, and especially near the anterior extreme of the shell, be- come nearly as well marked as the original series ; transverse sculpt- ure consisting only of lines of growth, by a peculiar thickening of certain of which when they cross the grooves the punctate appear- ance is produced ; nucleus eroded, minute ; suture appressed, distinct, but the thin appressed anterior margin seems peculiarly liable to erosion, which in some cases takes place, so as to produce the appearance of a channelled suture; whorls slightly rounded ; outer lip thin, simple, somewhat produced in the middle, passing imper- ceptibly into the thin twisted pillar, which is slightly reflected, and bears one inconspicuous, very oblique fold ; body with a thin layer of callus ; aperture rounded in front, rather narrow, pointed behind : no umbilical chink in this or any of the preceding species. Lon. of shell, 11-0; of last whorl, 7'75 ; of aperture, 6'25. Max. lat, of shell, 5-25 ; of aperture, 3'0 mill. (Dall). Off Tortugas, 339 fms. (Blake). A. danaida DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 42, 1881 ; Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 42, pi. 17, f. 12. One specimen and a fragment obtained. It is an elegant and excessively punctate species, which looks as if it might have been pelted by a shower of little coins. A. INCISUS Dall. PI. 20, figs. 31, 34. Shell short, thin, inflated, waxen white, polished, with five or six whorls and a rather acute spire ; nucleus minute, more or less im- mersed, eroded to some extent in every specimen ; apical whorls smooth, polished, rounded ; suture very distinct, in the majority of cases not channelled ; the apical whorls with two or three distant narrow grooves across which in some cases, pass elevated lines of growth which appear nowhere else, or, if at all, only in the suture near the apex ; last whorl forming the largest part of the shell, in- flated, provided with ten or eleven spiral grooves, which are nearer ACTION. 161 together anteriorly ; these grooves are somewhat zigzag by exigencies of growth, but are not punctate, as in so many species ; other spiral sculpture consisting of microscopically fine slightly zigzag striae, about seventy in the width of a millimeter; transverse sculpture only of most delicate flexuous lines of growth most evident near the sutures; aperture rounded in front, pointed behind; outer lip thin, simple, arcuated toward the periphery, passing imperceptibly into the pillar ; body with a slight callus joining the rather slender pillar which carries one inconspicuous fold. Lon. of shell, 9'0; of last whorl, 7'0 ; of aperture, 5*75. Max. lat. of shell, 5'75 ; of aperture, 3'0 mill. (Dull). Yucatan St., off Cape San Antonio, 640 fms. A. incisus DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 95 ; Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 42, pi. 17, f. 1,16. In this, as in the preceding deep-water species, the fold or ridge on the columella is faint, though not entirely absent, and is best seen from the side; in fact, it is almost invisible in all, except A. melampoides, from in front as the figures are viewed. The columella in these figures, however, is drawn as straighter and broader than it really appears; but in these particulars it is very difficult to get a draughtsman who knows nothing of shells to catch the characteristic curves in every instance. (Dull). A. EXIGUUS (Bunker) Morch. Unfigured. Shell covered-perforate, flesh colored, ovate ; spire elevated, nearly half the length of the shell; last whorl with its lower half sulcate, the bottoms of the grooves punctate ; spire and upper half of the body-whorl smooth; suture subcontabulate, margined by an im- pressed line; columellar fold strong. Length 6£, diam. 3 mill. (Morch). Antilles (Riise). Actceon exiguus DKR. mss. MORCH, Malak. Blatter, xxii, p. 169, 1875. Var. ovalis Morch. Spire shorter, suture margined with two deep grooves. Alt. 6, diam. 3'1 mill. A. SPLENDIDULUS Morch. Unfigured. Shell elongate-ovate, very solid, whitish, bright and shining. Whorls about 5, the last with impressed spiral lines, punctate along their bottoms, very distant in the middle of the last whorl, but to- ward the base becoming closer and in pairs. Sutural region smooth. 162 ACTION. Spire elevated, with two punctate lines. Columellar fold oblique, ] but little projecting; lip thick. Alt. 4'75, diam. 2'25 mill. ; aper- ture 2-75 mill. high. (Morcli). St. Thomas (Riise), one specimen. A. splendidula MORCH Malak. Blatter xxii, p. 170, 1875. A. CUMINGII A. Adams. PL 19, figs. 16, 17. Shell oval, subcylindrical, flesh colored ; spire exserted ; whorls convex, transversely sulcate, the sulci beautifully cancellated, lon- gitudinally striated. Columella with a single fold below. Aperture white inside, the lip acute, subsinuous above. (Ad.}. Rio Janeiro (Martin) ; Porto Eico (Krebs) ; 5 miles off Cape Florida, in 8 fms. (Rush). A. cumingii A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 59. — MORCH, Mai. El. xxii, p. 169. — DALL, Blake Rep. Moll., p. 40. — Tornatella cumingii RVE., Conch. Icon, xv, f. 12. — Tornatella textilis GUPPY, Geol. Mag 1874, p. 407, pi. 16, f. 4. This differs from A. delicatus by its stumpier form, coarser an< ruder subcancellate striation, more prominent fold on the columella and particularly by its nucleus which, though small, is swollen am set on the peek of a very acute spire like a swollen terminal bud o a twig. In delicatus the nucleus, instead of appearing larger, is con siderably smaller than the whorl in front of it, in which it is als partially immersed. (Dall). A. DELICATUS Dall. PL 20, fig. 35. Shell ovate, white, or suffused with rose pink, not in bands bu generally, or in longitudinal flammules, with usually a white mar gin in front of the suture ; there are six or seven whorls, the las more than half the length of the shell, regularly rounded an grooved by, on the last whorl, 20-30 strong, rather deep, coarsel punctate grooves between rounded interspaces; lines of growt quite preceptible, suture somewhat appressed, not channelled ; apei ture more than half as long as the shell ; outer lip thin, inner li hardly callous, columella straight, without any chink behind and bearing a single moderate fold. Nucleus small, mostly im mersed in the succeeding whorl, apex not acute, surface usually no polished, but a little less coarsely sculptured than that of A. cum ingii Adams. Lon. of the largest specimen, lO'O ; max. lat. 5*6 ; Ion of aperture, 6'0 mill. (Dall}. ACTION. 1 63 Station 19,310 fms. (Sigsbee) ; Station 50 (Lat. 26° 31' and Lon. •85° 53'), in 119 fms.; Station 290, off Barbados, in 73 fms., coral, bottom temperature 70° 75°, F ; and Station 100, off Morro Light Havana, in 250-400 fms.; Off Point Gallegos, eastern Patagonia, in 50 i fms. A.fasdatusf BALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 94, 1881, not of Lam- -arck.— A. delieatus DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 41, pi. 17, f. 5, 1889; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 296, 1889. The difference between the nucleus of this species and that of A. Cumingii is noted under the latter species. It is just possible that that it is to the present species that is to be referred the single spec- imen obtained by Gabb, and which he referred to A. tornatilis. The latter is not known from this region. A. CURTULUS Dall. Unfigured. Shell small, short, subglobular, white, not polished; surface ^covered with sharp, deep, close set, spiral grooves minutely punctate at bottom ; whorls three, beside the prominent, polished, smooth, globular, sinistral nucleus; suture distinct, not channelled; outer lip thin, simple ; body with a thin wash of callus; pillar short, thin, very much twisted, so that its outer edge presents a plait-like appear- ance, while the shell seems almost canaliculate, though the pillar is continuous with the basal margin ; above the twisted edge and separated from it by a deep channel is a second less prominent plait; altitude of shell, 3 ; diameter, 2 mill. (Dall). West coast of Patagonia, 122 fms. (Albatross). A. curtulus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 296, 1889. This little shell is mostly comprised in the last whorl and appears mature. It recalls Stilifer, or a small snow-white Pedipes, as much as anything, and is different from any recent species of the group I have -seen. (Dall). A. BULLATUS Gould. PL 49, figs. 10, 11. Shell small, thin, smooth, whitish, covered with a most delicate straw colored epidermis. The whole surface is marked with regularly arranged, deep, linear, revolving grooves, of which there are about five on the upper whorls, and about sixteen on the principal whorl. In some parts the furrows seem to be crossed by delicate bars. The interspaces are flat. There are five whorls, which have a distinct, square shoulder; the large whorl is tumid, the upper one plane. 164 ACT^EON. The aperture is lunate, about three-fifths the length of the shell. The columella, about one-third the length of the aperture, is flat, and divided by a single groove. (Gld.~). Alt. 6-25 diarn. 4'16 mill. Of Patagonia (U. S. Ex. Exped.), Tornatella bullata OLD., Froc. Bost. Soc. K H. ii, p. 251 (Dec., 1847) ; U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 218, f. 263a-6. The following species is very closely allied to this. A. VAGABUNDA Mabille & Rochebrune. PI. 18, figs. 95, 96. Shell ovate-conic, rather thin, solid, shining, dull reddish, spirally sulcate; sulci on first whorls slightly elevated, about 5; on last whorl 20 or 22, flattened, regularly spaced. Spire elevated, conic- subpyramidal, the apex large, white, lirate, mammillate. Whorls 5 2, convex separated by an impressed suture, especially the earlier ones. Last whorl large, two-thirds the entire length, slightly swollen, narrowed toward the base, and descending slowly to its termination. Aperture nearly vertical, semi-ovate ; peristome nearly straight, slightly thickened, the terminations joined by a very thin white callus, outer margin well curved, simple; basal margin slightly thickened and effuse, columellar margin appressed. Columella white, thickened, twisted, divided by a superficial groove, prolonged to the base of the aperture. Alt. 9, diam. 5 mill. (M. & E.^). South of Cape Horn. Tornatella vagabunda MAB. & ROCH., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. ii, p. 208, 1885. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Moll., p. 12, pi. 6, fig. 2. Separated from Tornatella bullata Old. by the more elongated form, last whorl less swollen, greater number of whorls, same num- ber of spirals on the earlier, but greater number on the last whorl ; narrower aperture, with less arcuate and narrower outer lip, and stronger columella. A. VENUSTUS d'Orbigny. PI. 18, figs. 100, 101. Shell elongated-cylindrical, thin, roseate, transversely striated spire elongated, the apex obtuse ; whorls 5, the last large. Aperture narrow and long; columella with one projecting fold. Length 10, diam. 3.J mill. (Orb.'). Payta, Peru. (Fontaine). Tornatella venusta ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Mer. p. 399, pi. 56, f. 4-6. — Actceon venusta ORB., t. c., p. 700. ACTJEON. 165 A. iM-RcoNicus Dall. PL 18, fig. 83. Shell pear-shaped or conic, with rather acute spire, polished ivory white, with four whorls beside the nucleus; transverse sculpture of incremental lines ; spiral sculpture of three to five close-set, sharp, punctate grooves in front of the suture, more distant anteriorly, and a similar but more numerous and uniformly spaced series just behind the pillar, behind which again are four or five widely separated similar grooves the posterior near the periphery ; between them and near the periphery, as well as behind it, are no grooves or but faint spiral obsolete stride; suture distinct but not channelled ; last whorl much the largest; outer lip straight, simple, slightly thickened; body with a moderate deposit of callus ; pillar as in A. curtalus, but less strongly twisted and with the plait and recurved margin sub- equal ; although the margin is continuous, there is a rather deep sulcus behind the anterior end of the pillar, corresponding to a groove, which bounds the columella callus; longitude of shell, 5; latitude, 3 ; longitude of aperture, 3 mill. (Dall). Near Galapagos Is., in 812 fms. (Albatross). A. perconicus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 296, pi. 12, f. 7, 1889. This shell and the last species seem to stand in an intermediate position between Actceon of the typical kind and Cinulia. If the outer lip should eventually become much thickened, of which, how- ever, there is no satisfactory evidence, these shells might be referred to Cinulia. If the A. curtulus recalls Pedipes mirabilis Muhlfeldt in its form and sculpture, A. perconicus recalls P. elongatus Dall. (Dall). A. OVULUM Pfeiffer. Shell small, ovate, shining, white ; spire conic. Whorls 6, nearly flat, the last three times the length of the spire. Columella biplicate at base. Aperture entire, oblong, narrow ; lip simple, widened in the middle. Length T66, diam. -75 mill. (Pfr.). Cuba. Tornatella ovulum PFR., Arch. f. Naturg. vi, 1840, p. 256. — Actceon (Actceonideat) ovulum MORCH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 170. Da!l (Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 41) remarks that this may be an im- mature Marginella. ACTION AUSTRALIS Quoy & Gaim. (Astrol. ii, p. 317),=Elysia, in Nudibranchiata. 12 UNIVERSITY ] 166 ACT^EON-LEUCOTINA. Section RICTAXIS Ball, 1871. Ridaxis DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 136, type Tornatella punctoccelata Cpr. — Actceonidea GABB., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- i delphia, 1872, p. 273, type A. oryza Gabb. Shell like Actceon, but with the columella obliquely truncated at base or having a small projection there. A. PUNCTOC^ELATUS Carpenter. PI. 49, figs. 24. Shell oblong with conoidal spire ; white with two broad ashy or or brown zones. Whorls 5, convex, separated by impressed and narrowly channelled sutures. Surface sculptured throughout with spiral equidistant conspicuously punctate grooves, the raised inter- vals smooth except for a fine engraved line along the middle of each. Grooves on body-whorl about 26. Aperture two-fifths to two-thirds the length of the shell. Columella having a spiral fold above, obliquely truncated at base. Alt. 13-5, diam. 7 mill. Alt. 10, diam. 4'5 mill. Catalina Island and San Diego, California (Cooper, Gabb. et at.*) ; Monterey (Dall). Tornatella punctoccelata CPR., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 646 ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 139. — Actceon (Rietaxis) punctoccelata DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 136. This species is well distinguished by the obliquely truncated base of its columella. It occurs in the Pliocene of San Diego Bay. Genus LEUCOT1NA A. Adams, 1860. Leucotina A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1860, (3) v, p. 406, type niphonensis. — E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 298.- Myonia A. AD., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), v, p. 406, type M.ja\ ica. Not Myoma Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci., iv, p. 158, 1847.- Monoptygrna A. AD., (in part) P. Z. S. 1851, p. 222, and in Sowb. Thes. Conch, ii, p. 816. Not Monoptygma Lea. Shell ovate or elongated, usually rimate, thin, whitish, with coi vex whorls; sculptured with spiral punctured or subpunct grooves. Aperture rather small, oblong, produced and rounded b( low, the outer lip simple or crenulated within, columella with om small oblique fold. Type L. niphonensis A. Ad. LEUCOTINA. 167 Soft parts unknown. With the genus Leucotina, Mr. E. A. Smith unites Adams' Myonia, proposed for shells of somewhat more elon- gated contour. There seems to be no difference between the two groups of more than specific importance. Leucotina contains shells more elongated than the true Actseons, but with a similar, though weaker, columellarfold,andthesamepunct- ure grooved sculpture. The genus has therefore been generally held to belong to Actceonidce rather than to the Pyramidellidce, some members of which have a somewhat similar aspect. Fischer has constituted a group Adceopyramis for certain species formerly refer- red by Adams to Monoptygma, such as A. striata Gray, fulva A. Ad. and eximia Lischke. These seem to be quite distinct from Leucotina; but the other species of Adams' Monoptygma may, with the exception of some longitudinally ribbed forms, be referred with- out violence to Leucotina. Tryon, in the eighth volume of the MANUAL, has enlarged Fischer's group more than is justifiable, by including these Leucotinas. L. DIANJE A. Adams. PI. 18, figs. 68, 69, 88, 89. Shell ovate-conic, umbilicate, with elevated spire, the whorls con- vex, the last one ventricose ; white ; transversely strongly lirate, the interstices closely latticed. Aperture oval ; columella uniplicate, the inner lip subreflexed below, outer lip crenulated. (Ad.}. Bay of Jedo, Japan. Actceon diance AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 59. — Tornatella diance REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 4, f. 19. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 171 ; iii, p. 76. L. <;IGANTEA Dunker. PI. 18, figs. 92, 93. Shell ovate-turritted, white, sometimes yellowish, subsolid, trans- versely regularly costate [see detail fig.]. Whorls 8, convex, separated by impressed sutures, the last whorl half the length of the shell. Aperture ovate ; lip somewhat thickened, sulcate within ; columella sinuous, having a strong fold, the margin a little reflexed in the place of the umbilical chink, half covering it ; apex somewhat obtuse. Alt. 31, diam. 14 mill. Japan. Odontostomia gigantea DKR., Malak. Bl. xxvi, p. 71. — Action giganteus DKR., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 160, pi. 2, f. 8, 9. 168 LEUCOTINA. The rather solid shell is encircled by regular ribs flat above anilical region impressed, rimate. (Ad.). L. PUNCTATA A. Adams. Shell ovate, rather solid, imperforate; spire produced, acute; whorls a little flattened, transversely sulcate, the sulci deeply punc- itate; aperture ovate; lip somewhat thickened in front; parietal fold superior. (Ad.). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. (Ad.). Leucotina punctata AD., t. c., p. 139. L. JAPONICA A. Adams. Shell turrited-subulate, white, subpellucid ; whorls a little flat- tened, transversely sulcate, the sulci distant, interstices punctate ; aperture oblong, subreflexed in front ; inner lip rather straight, furnished above with a scarcely conspicuous oblique fold; outer lip sulcate within, the margin crenulated. (Ad.). Strait of Corea; off Niphon (Ad.). Mijonia japonica A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, p. 406, May, 1860. 170 LEUCOTINA. Most nearly allied to A. lauta A. Ad. This species is the type of the genus Myonia A. Ad. L. ELEGANS A. Adams. Shell subulate, thin, semi-opaque, graceful. Whorls 6, slightly convex, transversely sulcate, the sulci oblique, distant and punctate. Aperture ovate, acuminate posteriorly ; parietal fold thin, median, oblique; lip simple. (Ad.). Gulf of Pe- Chili, 5 fms. (Ad.). Myonia elegans AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), viii, p. 241, Sept., 1861. Most like M. punctigera A. Ad., but more slender and transparent, with longer whorls and a thin inner lip ; the transverse grooves, moreover, are not so coarsely punctate. (Ad.). L. SCITULA A. Adams. Shell subulate-ovate, white, opaque, shining. Whorls 4, a little flattened, transversely sulcate, the sulci distant, closely punctate; sutures impressed. Last whorl large, elongated. Aperture ovate,, dilated in front, acuminate behind; parietal fold conspicuous, oblique, lip simple. (Ad.). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. (Ad.). Myonia scitula AD., t. c., p. 242. A small species, somewhat similar in appearance to M. punctigera from the Gulf of Pe-chili, but shorter and more ovate. (Ad.). L. MODESTA A. Adams. PI. 49, figs. 8, 9. Shell elongate-conic, subpellucid, thin, white. Spire turrited- acute. Whorls' slightly convex, transversely sulcate, the sulci equi- distant, punctate ; longitudinally striated. Aperture oval ; col- umella oblique, uni-plicate. (Ad.). Corrigidor 7 fms. (Cuming). Actceon modestus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 60. — Tornatella mod- esta REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 4, f. 20. This is an elongated, semipellucid species, resembling more a Monoptygma than an Actceon, with the spire elevated, and the plait on the columella near the hind part. (Ad.). L. ESTHER Angas. PI. 49, fig. 19, Shell ovate, rather solid, scarcely rimate, whitish : whorls five,, transversely grooved and crossed with very fine longitudinal lines; LEUCOTINA. 171 aperture oblong-ovate, half the length of the shell ; columella white straight, parietal fold hardly visible. Length 2? lines, breadth 1] lines. Port Jackson, deep water (Coll. Angas). Leucotina esther ANG., P. Z. S. 1867, p. 116, 225, pi. 13, f. 31. L. SINUATA Angas. PI. 49, figs. 14, 15, 16. Shell elongately turreted, thin, semipellucid, white, transversely striated with narrow, equidistant, opaque diaphanous lines, and crossed on the last whorl with extremely delicate longitudinal stria3 ; whorls 8, convex ; sutures channelled ; aperture ovate, angled above, rounded below ; columella arcuate, a little flattened and reflected over the body-whorl ; outer lip deeply sinuous above, form- ing a sharp angle at its junction with the last whorl, rounded and effuse below. Alt. 3? lines, diam. H lines. (Aug.). Dredged on the " Sow and Pigs" reef, Port Jackson (Brazier). Myonia sinuata ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 39, pi. 5, f. 18. Although in this shell the slight plait or twist on the columella is not discernible, it otherwise resembles a Myonia; and I have, there- fore, placed it in that genus, which belongs to the Acteonidce, rather than with Monoptygma or Menestho. The sinuous outer lip is a re- markable feature in this species. (Aug.). L. MISUTA Smith. PI. 60, fig. 17. Shell minute, oblong, white ; whorls 5, the nucleus rounded, intro- verted, spirally lirate ; the following whorls convex, with spiral delicate lirse (about 7 on the penultimate whorl), the interstices a little narrower than the lirse and very delicately longitudinally sculptured. Aperture ovate, acuminate above; below, with the arcuate and dilated columella, slightly effuse ; columellar fold central, distinct. Alt. 2], diam, J mill. Shorter variety 2i mill, long, 1 mi 11. wide. (Smith). St. Helena. Leucotina minuta E. A. SM., P. Z. S. 1890, p. 298, pi. 24, f. 9. The apex of this species is peculiar, being introverted as it were, and partly enveloped by the succeeding whorl. It is not smooth as is frequently the case in other species, but obliquely spirally lirate. The raised lines in the grooves between the ridges produce a sub- punctate appearance. (Sm.). 172 LEUCOTINA-ACT^ONINA. L. ELONGATA Sowerby. PL 49, figs. 22, 23. Shell elongated, white ; spire turrited, very lightly convex, whorls 8, slightly convex, spirally sculptured with about 8 incised sulci, which are rather narrow, moderately deep arid obscurely punctured ; sutures deep. Last whorl oblong. Aperture oblong- ovate, small, the columella straight, peristome simple. Length 13, diam. 3i mill.; aperture long. 3i, width 2] mill. (Sowb.*). Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. Leucotina elongata SOWB., Shells of S. Africa, p. 52, pi. 11, f. 57. A white shell, spirally grooved, of a more elongated form than the known species of the genus. (Soivb.). L. PUNCTURATA Smith. See MANUAL VIII, p. 314. Whydah, W. Africa. Monoptygma (Myoma) puncturata E. A. S., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 734, pi. 75, f. 16. L. CASTA A. Adams. PL 18, fig. 72. See MANUAL VIII, p. 314. Monoptygma casta A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 223; Thes. Conch., ii, p. 818. — Leucotina casta SOWB., Sh. S. Africa, p. 52. — Odostomia (Parthenia*) casta WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 487. — Monoptygma concinna AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 819, pi. 172, f. 34. — Myonia concinna ANGAS., P. Z. S., 1867, p. 225. China Seas (Ad.) ; Port Jackson (Ang.) ; Bass Strait (Chall.) ; Port Elizabeth (Sowb.). L. LAUTA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 75. See MANUAL, VIII, p. 313. Philippines. L. AMOENA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 76. See MANUAL, VIII, p. 313. Philippines. L. SPECIOSA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 73, 74. See MANUAL, VIII, p. 314. Philippines. L. PURA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 77. See MANUAL, VIII, p, 314. New Zealand. L. SENEGALENSIS Malzan. Unfigured. Goree. Actceon (Amathis) senegalensis MALZ., Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., xvii, p. 29. Genus ACT^ONINA d'Orbignj, 1850. Acteonina D'ORB., Prodr. Paleont. Stratigr. Universelle, etc., p. 118, 226, type Chemnitzia carbonaria Koninck, Descr. Anim. Foss. Carb. Belg., pi. 41, f. 15. Paleont. Francaise, ii, p. 161, 1850. ACTJEONINA. 173 Shell shaped like Action, imperforate, oval or fusiform, with the spire prominent, but shorter than the last whorl. Whorls angular or channelled in the vicinity of the suture. Aperture long and nar- row, rounded at base, the columella concave, somewhat thickened, without folds or teeth. Type A. carbonaria Kon. This genus was proposed for fossil forms having the contour of a slender, long-apertured Actceon, but without folds upon the colum- ellar lip. Orbigny claims the date 1847 for Adceonina, but it was not actually published in that year. See Prodr. Pal. Strat. Univ., i, p. lix. The genus has been restricted by Meek, who removed from it the peculiar groups Conadceon and Euconactceon. The typical forms extend from the Carboniferous to the Portlandian formation. The two recent species referred to the genus are to be regarded as very doubtful members of it. They are more likely to be an in- dependent group of foldless Adceonidae near Bullina, than descend- ants of this long extinct genus, the shells of which have a fades quite different. A. EDENTULA Watson. PL 49, figs. 12, 13. Shell fragile, ovate, white, with a thin, chestnut-colored epider- mis, a bluntish scalar spire, a largish mouth, inner lip untoothed. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are very many close set minute lines of growth, with here and there one much stronger than the rest, which cuts in like a fault on the spirals, interrupting their con- tinuity. Spirals — there are many regular, but not sharp-cut nor stippled furrows which corrugate even the interior surface of the shell : about 70 of these are on the body ; about 20 on the penulti- mate whorl. They are strongest toward the middle of the body- whorl, and somewhat faint toward the upper suture ; the flat surface between them which is about thrice their breadth, is more or less distinctly scored by a very faint furrow. Color opaque white, covered with a thin, glossy chestnut-colored epidermis, which is a little darker below the suture and on the base. Spire rather high, roundedly and bluntly conical, scalar. Apex slightly eroded, but evidently blunt, large and slightly inverted. Whorls 5£, somewhat convex, of rather rapid but regular increase; the last is long and cylindrical, with a rounded produced base. Suture oblique, strong; axially impressed rather than channelled. Mouth long, transversely pear-shaped, narrowing very gradually above, open and rounded below. 174 ACT^ONINA. Outer lip a little patulous above, a good deal so on the base ; it rises from the body-whorl at a right angle but immediately bends downwards and runs forward to the base quite straight and parallel to the axis; across the base it is slightly emarginate. Inner lip; a thin, narrow glaze crosses the body and borders the pillar, which is narrow and concave, with a rounded, slightly twisted, and feebly marginated edge. There is no tooth. Alt. 1 in. ; diam. 0*5. Penul- timate whorl, height O2. Mouth, height O65 ; breadth 0'31. This fine species is represented by only one somewhat broken specimen. (Wats.). Balfour Bay, Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 60 fms. (Challenger.) Actceon edentulus WATS., Journ. L. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 284. — Actceon (Actceonina') edentulus WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 632,. pi. 47, f. 6. A. CHARIIS Watson. PL 49, fig. 5, 6. Shell small, ovate, thin, translucent white with flatly rounded whorls, a short subscalar very bluntly tipped spire, a largish roundish mouth, sinuated. outer lip, and edentulous pillar. Sculpture: Longitudinals — there are numerous, unequal, sinuous hair-like, obsolete lines of growth. Spirals — the whole surface is scored with flattish rounded threads and shallow furrows of half their breadth between ; these become feeble in the middle of the whorls ; the fur- rows are not stippled. Color translucent-white and glossy. Spire conical, scarcely scalar. Apex extremely blunt, being sud- denly truncated and flattened ; the extreme tip is very slightly in- verted. Whorls 4J, constricted above, flatly rounded in the mid- dle, and very faintly constricted below ; the last is very little tumid, with a rounded and slightly produced base. Suture strong, slightly oblique, impressed and slightly channelled. Mouth roundly pear shaped, very bluntly pointed above. Outer lip : there is a strong, shallowish and wide sinus above ; below this the lip edge (straight in its direction) is prominent, with a very slight emargi- nation on the patulous and rounded base-line. Inner lip : an ex- cessively thin and narrow glaze crosses the body, which is scarcely convex ; the line of junction with the pillar and out to the point of the shell is roundly concave: the lip edge on the pillar is narrow and sharp, and there is behind it a small furrow. Alt. O'l in.; diam. 0'05. Penultimate whorl, height 0'02. Mouth, height O05 ; breadth 0'03 inch. ( Wats.). Of San Miguel, Azores, in 1000 fms. (Challenger). BULLINA. 17t> Action (?) chariis WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 288.— A. (Acteonina) chariis WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 633, pi. 47, f. 7. This species is very slightly like Actceon exilis Jeffr., still more Actceon bovetemis Seguenza, but is obviously different from both. Genus BULLINA Ferussac, 1821. Bullina FER., Tab. Syst., p. xxx, 1821, proposed for Bidla undu- laid Brug., physis, amplustre, scabra and velum Dillw. — H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 8. — A. AD., in Sowb., Thesaurus Conch., ii, p. 5G3.—Bullimila (Beck) SWAINS., Malacol. p. 360, type B. lineata Sow., Man. f. 253.— GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 162. Shell oval, generally rimate, with short, projecting spire, sinistral apex, and large, swollen body-whorl ; rather thin, spirally punctate- grooved, decorated with red or brown lines. Aperture about three- fourths the shells' length, narrow above, widened below; the colum- ella vertical, often with an indistinct fold above, obliquely truncated at base. Operculum small, horny, linear, transverse. Type B. scabra. This genus differs from other Acheonidce in the style of coloring, the rather large distorted apex, and the very distinct basal trunca- tion of the columella, more marked than in Rictaxif. In Ferussac's publication of the name Bullina, no diagnosis is given, and his list of species includes representatives of four genera. The first species named, •' Bulla undulata Brug." (evidently an error for B. undata Brug.), cannot be considered the type because Brug- uiere described no species under that name, and Ferussac did not even have the true undata Brug. in mind, his "undulata" being probably an Oriental species. It would hardly be allowable to fol- low a type through paths so devious, especially when the identifica- tion rests upon the correction of two errors in Ferussac's work, on purely hypothetical grounds: first, that by " undulata Brug.," Ferussac meant " undata Brug. ; " and second, that by this name he intended to indicate the species brought from Guam by Freycinet, and subsequently described by Quoy as Bullcea guamense. This inference is based upon Ferussac's words, "deux tentacules dis- tincts," his information being probably obtained from Freycinet's specimens. It seems to me that we can hardly agree with Martens that B. guamensis, or with Fischer that B. undata is the type of Bullina; too many guesses being involved in either case. Ferussac included also in Bullina, " B. amplustre," the type of the prior genus 176 BULLINA. Aplustrum Sebum.; B. physis and velum, belonging to Hydatina Schum. ; and B. scabra, which H. & A. Adams and others have con- sidered the type of the genus. The few species are Indo-Pacific in distribution. Key to Species. a. Shell with spiral and longitudinal lines or bands of red. b. Spiral bands wide, B. bruguieri. bb. Spiral lines narrow, B. scabra. aa. Shell translucent, with or without two spiral brown lines. b. Columella obliquely truncated below, B. vitrea. bb. Columella not truncated at base, B. deshayesii. B. SCABRA Gmelin. PI. 45, figs. 18-22. Shell ovate, obese, rimate or perforate; white or faint roseate with two distant red spiral lines, and numerous arcuate or zig-zag longitudinal red lines. Spire very short; whorls about four, the nuclear whorl large, polished, reversed and distorted ; the following whorls closely spirally grooved, the grooves formed of confluent oblong punctures; interspaces flat above, becoming narrower and rounded on the base. Aperture large, narrow behind ; outer lip arched forward; columella vertical, straight, showing a very slight fold above, and obliquely truncated at base ; the free edge of the columella recurved over the more or less open umbilical chink. Alt. 12, diam. I'l mill. (Port Stephens, K S. Wales). Alt. 14, diam. 9 mill. (Nemoto, Boshiu, Japan). Java (Chemnitz) ; Mauritius, Polynesia. (Martens) ; Port Eliza- beth (Sowb.) ; Coogee Bay, Port Stephens, Middle Harbor, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, N. S. Wales, Australia (Brazier, Angas. Cox et a£.) ; Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand (Hutton) ; Sandwich Islands (Pse.) ; Nemoto, Boshiu, Japan (F. Stearns). Bulla scabra, etc., CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 118, pi. 146, f. 1352, 1353 ; GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3434, and of DILLWYN CataL, i, p. 484. LAMARCK, and other authors. — Bullina scabra AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 563, pi. 120, f. 1.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., xviii, f. 1. — MARTENS, Moll. Mauritius, p. 303. — DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 163. — Aplustrum scabrum WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 633. Voluta ziczac MUHLF., Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, Mag. fur die neuesten Entdeck., etc., viii, 1818, p. 5, pi. 1, f. 4. Conf. MKE., Mai. Bl., i, p. 4Q.— Tornatella ziczac MARTENS & BULLINA. 177 LANGKAVEL, Donum Bisniarckianurn, eine Samml. Siidsee- Conchyl., p. 51, pi. 2, f. 20, 187l.—Bulla lineata GRAY, Ann. Philos. (N. S.) ix, p. 408, 1825.— WOOD, Index Test, Suppl., p. 9, no. 1, pi. 3, f. 1. — Bullina lineata A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 563, pi. 120, f. 2.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., xviii, pi. 1, f. 2. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. Wales, x, p.' 92, 1885.— HUTVON, Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 120, 1880.— ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 225.— Bullina undata H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 8 ; iii, pi. 56, f. 5a, not Bulla undata Brug. — Bullina lauta PEASE, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 19. — SOWB., in Conch. Icon., xviii, f. 5. In the series of specimens before me from New South Wales (Cox), Sandwich Is. (Pease) and Japan (Stearns), I am unable to see differences of any specific value. The absolute size, the eleva- tion of the spire, the prominence of the obsolete columellar folds and the width of the umbilical perforation vary somewhat, but in iny opinion the supposed species lineata, ziczacand lauta are not distinct from the widely distributed Indo-Pacific B. scabra. B. BRUGUIERI A. Adams. PI. 45, figs. 23,. 24. Shell oval, ventricose, perforated. Pink, with two yellowish- white bands, crossed by longitudinal pink undulating lines; trans- versely ribbed, ribs flat, rough ; interstices with elevated longitudi- nal lines. Spire prominent, apex obtuse. Whorls 3, rounded. Aperture narrowly ovate, anteriorly produced; outer lip acute, grooved internally ; inner lip posteriorly thin, reflected, adnate, anteriorly twisted (Ad,~). Ceylon (Sibbald). Bullina bruguieri AD., in Thes. Conch., ii, p. 563, pi. 120, f. 3 (1855 ?).— SOWB., in Conch. Icon., xviii, pi. 1, f. 3, 1870. I have not seen this form, which seems to be distinguished from B. scabra by its longer spire and broad spiral bands. B. VITREA Pease. PI. 45, figs. 25, 26. Shell ovate, thin, fragile, white, with or without one or two sets of two or three fine transverse black lines on body whorl, transversely finely grooved ; interstices punctured ; spire obtuse ; apex acute ; whorls four; aperture oval, dilated at the base; slight fold at the base of the columella (not imperforate, umbilicated). (Pse.). Sandwich Is. (Pse.). Bullina vitrea PSE., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 19.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., xviii, pi. 1 , f. 4. 178 BULLINA-OVULACT^EON. Of the two specimens (types) in the British Museum, one is with- out the bands. The columella is obliquely truncated. This species differs from the preceding in being very pellucid, in the gray, not red color of the spiral bauds, and the absence of longitudinal wavy lines. B. DESHAYESII Pilsbry. PL 45, figs. 27, 28. Shell ovate-turgid, thin pellucid ; apex obtuse, white ; encircled by two narrow, distant black lines. Spire short, obtuse. Whorls 5, narrow, convex, separated by a subcanaliculate depressed suture ; last whorl large, obtuse with base transversely delicately sulcate. Aperture ovate-elongate, narrow and subemarginate behind, colum- ella cylindrical, narrow, straight. Alt. 15, diam. 10 mill. (Dh.). Island of Reunion (Dh.). Bullet vitrea Pease, DESHAYES, Moll. Reun., p. 56, pi. 8, f. 2, 3. — Bullina vitrea MARTENS in Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius, p. 304. This species differs from B. vitrea Pse. in the non-truncated colum- ella and more obese form. The shell is thin, semi-transparent, milk-white, with two lines of intense black-brown. The suture is deep and somewhat channelled ; last whorl five-sixths the entire length of the shell. Entire surface sculptured with fine, equal, shallow spiral grooves, in the bottoms of which a lens shows a regu- lar punctation like that of Actceon. The outer lip is arched forward, forming a sort of shallow sinus behind. Genus OVULACT^ON Dall, 1889. Ovulactceon DALL, Blake Gastropoda, Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 42. Shell cyprseiform, involute, with an apical perforation, as in Bulla\ columella simple, without plaits; margin of the aperture continuous, simple, thickened, the callus on the body elevated, parallel with the outer lip ; aperture narrow, almost linear, slightly effuse at the extremities, as long as the shell. Type 0. Meekii Dall. This interesting form resembles an involute Globiconcha with perforate apex and thickened aperture, or a rounded Actceonella .without plaits. In the unplicate series of the Actceonidce it holds a place analogous to that of Cyprceactceon White among the plicate forms. (Dall). O. MEEKII Dall. PL 49, figs. 20, 21. Shell with the outline of a small Cyprcea, like C. edentula, widest in its posterior third, white, polished with fine, distinct, im- OVULACT.*:ON-KL.EINELLA. 179 pressed incremental lines, and the faintest trace of spiral linear markings ; a depressed line or sulcus indicates a previous resting stage half a whorl behind the present thickened aperture in the older specimens ; in the younger, the varical sulcus is three quarters of a whorl behind the aperture. The apex in the older shell is per- forate, the whole rounding over the perforation, and the spire in- visible ; in the younger specimen the perforation is proportionally wider, and about half a turn can be seen. The lines of growth be- come stronger and more regularly grooved as they pass over the summit into the pit. The aperture is very narrow, curved with the profile of the shell, and extending beyond the summit. Unlike Cyproea, the thickening of the outer lip is altogether internal, simple, and, smooth, the callus opposite is narrow, with a sharply-defined abrupt outer margin, and the inner margin raised sharply up paral- lel with the outer lip, with which it is continuous at the extremi- ties: the flat part of the callus is widest anteriorly, polished but not smooth, but the raised edge is without teeth or transverse striation of any sort. The extremities of the aperture are elevated to follow the profile of the body of the shell. Lon. of largest specimen, 5'5 ; max. lat. 3'0 mill. (Dall.}. Off Havana (Sigsbee) in 450 fms ; West of North Bernini, Bahamas, in 200 fms., sand (Dr. Rush). 0. meekii DALL, I. c., p. 43, pi. 33, f. 3, 4. This extremely interesting shell is well shown by the figure. There can be little question as to its probable relations. The char- acters of the aperture are essentially different from anything among the Cyprceidce, and it has not the polished laquer which species of that family owe to the expanded mantle-margin. Only one speci- men was obtained at either locality (Dall). Genus KLEINELLA A. Adams, 1860. Kleinella AD., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), v, p. 302, April, 1860, type K. cancellaris. Shell ovate, thin, umbilicate, with cancellated surface ; spire pro- duced, the apex obtuse; aperture elongated, anteriorly produced and entire ; inner lip thin, simple ; outer lip angled behind, straight in the middle, margin acute. This genus most nearly resembles Adceon, but is without any fold on the columella; the umbilicus moreover is wide and deep, and the surface of the shell is cancellated. The outer lip forms an angle 180 KLEINELLA-TORNATINID^E. posteriorly with the last whorl, and is straight in the middle (Ad.\ This is a group of entirely problematic affinities, but, in my opinion, it does not belong to the Actceonidce. The species are here described because precedent has established this position for the group. K. CANCELLARIS A. Adams. Shell oblong, widely and profoundly umbilicated ; spire rather raised, the apex obtuse ; pale brown ; whorls 3$, slightly convex (the last ventricose), regularly cancellated. Aperture oval ; inner lip thin, simple ; outer lip straight in the middle, angulated behind. Length 3i mill. (Ad.'). Strait of Corea, 63 fms. (Ad.). Kleinella cancellaris AD., Ann. Mag. (3), v, p. 302. K. SULCATA A. Adams. Shell oblong, thin, turbinate, deeply umbilicated ; spire elevated, conoid; dull white; transversely silicate, the sulci distant, inter- stices longitudinally closely striated; whorls 3J, flat, angulated above ; last whorl ventricose. Aperture oblong, anteriorly everted and subeffuse; lip thin, angulated behind (Ad.). Suwonado Sea, Japan, 7 fms. (Ad.). Kleinella sulcata A. AD., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 295, April, 1862. Family TOENATINID^ Fischer. Shell spiral, cylindrical or fusiform, external, capable of contain- ing the soft parts ; spire short or sunken and concealed, the apex more or less turned over ; aperture long and narrow, wider below ; columella with a fold or simple ; umbilicus none or very narrow. Animal* with the foot shorter than the shell, entire behind ; head- shield short, quadrangular, produced in two erected processes behind, near the bases of which are the eyes. Radula-teeth wanting ; giz- zard armed with three oval, tuberculate plates (See pi. 60). These snails differ from Scaphandridce in the shorter differently shaped head-shield, the lack of epipodial (lateral) lobes and radula ; the differently shaped gizzard-plates, etc. They are unlike Actceon- idce in wanting operculum and radula. Although the characters of the animal are so obvious and distinc- tive, it is by no means easy to classify many species known by the shell alone, certain forms referred to Retusa being excessively similar in TORNATINID^E-TORNATINA. 181 shell characters to the Cylichna group of Scaphandridce. It is there- fore very important to observe the soft parts when they can be obtained, for it is only by such patient observation by local natural, ists that these interesting little snails can be understood and rightly classified. In Tornatinidce some whole genera and subgenera, such as Tornatina and Sao, are still known only by the shells ; and many species of the other groups are doubtless incorrectly placed at pres- ent. Synopsis of Genera. Genus TORNATINA A. Ad. Shell cylindrical, with conic or flattened spire, the apex projecting and mamillar, sinistral, tilted at an angle with the body-whorl ; suture channelled. Columella with one fold. Genus RETUSA Brown. Shell cylindrical, the spire slightly convex, flat or concaVe, apex intorted ; suture not distinctly channelled. Columella with onefold or none. Section Cylichnina Monts. Shell Cyftc/ma-shaped, with the summit perforated in the centre, spire sunken. Type B. umbilicata Mont. Section Pyrunculus Pils. Shell pear-shaped, wide below, narrow above ; spire as in Cylichnina. Type C. pyriformis. Genus VOLVULA A. Adams. Shell fusiform, the last whorl forming a projecting process above the spire, apical perforation narrow or closed ; aperture as long as the shell, narrow ; columella with no distinct fold. Genus TORNATINA A. Adams, 1850. Tornatiyia AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 554. — FISCHER, Manuel, p. 555. Shell cylindrical or oblong with conical or flattened spire, the apex projecting and mamillar, sinistral, tilted so that its axis lies at an angle of about 90° with that of the shell. Suture channelled. Aperture long, narrow above, dilated and rounded below, the outer lip arched forward, retreating at suture and base ; columella arcuate, calloused, with one spiral fold at its junction with the whorl. Type T. voluta Q. &G. Animal externally as in Retma (pi. 60, f. 18, T. voluta.} 13 182 TORNATINA. Tornatina differs from Retusa in the conspicuously channelled suture and the peculiar, projecting apex; but it has been united with that group by some authors, and until the soft parts are known, the exact status of the group is a mere matter of opinion. We pre- fer not to assume, with Fischer, that in anatomy it is like "Coleo- physis," although that is not in the least improbable; for that assumption would force us to disturb the received nomenclature to a radical degree ; and it is always better to continue to use well known generic names until the necessary changes can be placed upon a sound basis. At present, the dentition of Tornatina is absolutely unknown ; and as that name has become well established in conch- ological nomenclature, I consider that no good end would be reached by reducing it to a subgenus of Retusa— a course inevitable if Fischer's ideas are followed to their logical conclusions. This genus consists of small and minute shells, white or light brown in color, with peculiarly projecting, teat-like, uptilted, nuclear shell and one small columellar fold. The distribution of the group is practically world wide. They live at moderate or considerable depths, and probably subsist mainly upon Foraminifera. The species are numerous, but not especially difficult to distinguish if properly described and figured ; but, unfortunately, a considerable number of A. Adams' forms are known by poor, small figures only, with insufficient descriptions ; so that until these are refigured from the types, their identification will not be easy. Species of the Azores and West Africa. T. PROTRACTA Dautzenberg. PI. 25, figs. 39, 40, 41. Shell 1*5 mill, high, '75 mill, wide, ovate-cylindrical, convoluted, very shining ; first whorl intorted, very much projecting ; last whorl rather flattened below the suture, then becoming rather convex. Surface smooth, with very fine growth-lines only. Aperture elon- gated, contracted above, dilated toward the base ; columella simple, arcuate ; lip sharp, subarcuate ; color white, throughout (Dautz). Pico, Azores, in 1287 meters. Tornatina protracta DAUTZ., Res. Campagnes Sci. Prince Albert I, p. 22, pi. 1, f. 4, 1889. In its general form, as well as the conformation of the apex, this species approaches T. lepteJces Wats., but it is smaller, less elongated, with fewer whorls. TORNATINA. 183 T. KNOCKERI Smith. PI. 22, fig. 28. Shell cylindrical, whitish ; spire turrited, very short ; apex tuber- cular; whorls 5, the last polished, smooth, angular and plicate .above. Aperture nearly as long as the last whorl ; lip straight ; columella uniplicate. Alt. 4*5, diam. 2 mill. (Smith'). Whydah, West Africa. Tornatina knockeri SMITH, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 738, pi. 75. f. 30.— Con/. COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 129. Easily known by its flattish spire, tubercular apex, and the pli- cations at the upper part of the bodv-whorl (Smith'). This species is closely allied to the Red Sea forms mucronata Phil, and issellii Pils. Species of the East Coast of America and the West Indies. The forms found in this region all have a conspicuous, mamillar, upturned nucleus. «. Surface spirally striated. b. Large, alt. about 10 mill., bullata. bb. Small, alt. about 2 mill., recta. aa. Surface of body-whorl without spiral striae, canaliculata, candeit liratispira. T. BULLATA Kiener. PL 50, fig. 30 ; pi. 22, figs. 17-19. Shell solid, ivory-white, cylindrical, a little constricted in the middle, having faint growth-striae and very fine spiral wavy strice all over, but fainter on the shoulder. Spire conical, terraced, the apex minute, overturned, and projecting, mamillar. Suture deeply chan- nelled, but whorls not concave above. Aperture long and narrow above, the outer lip inflexed somewhat, columella short, concave, with one stout fold. Alt. 11, diam. 5 mill. ; alt. 9, diam. 3'8 mill. Florida Keys, entire West Indies. Tornatella bullata KIENER, Sp. et Icon., Coq. Viv., p. 5, pi. 1, f. 4. —Tornatina bullata MORCH, Mai. BL, xxii, p. 171. — DALL Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S. p. Sl.—Bulla canaliculata ORB. (not Say), Moll. Cuba p. 133, pi. 4 bis, f. 21-24.— Tornatina olivula A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 569, pi. 121, f. 34. This is the largest of the West Indian Tornatinas. It has the same general form of T. canaliculata and T. candei, but is distin- guished by its close spiral striation. The synonymous T. canalicu- lata Orb. (not Say) is shown in pi. 22, f. 17-19 ; and T. olivula Ad., also a synonym, in pi. 25, f. 47. 184 TORNATINA. T. RECTA Orbigny. PI. 22, figs. 13, 14, 15. Shell oblong, cylindrical, straight, thin, white, shining, delicately spirally substriate; spire short, the suture channelled. Aperture linear, straight above, suddenly dilated below, the columella with a slight fold. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. Florida Keys ; entire West Indies ; St. Helena. Sulla reeta ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 131, pi. 4 bis, f. 17-20.— Tor- natina recta MORCH., Malak. Bl., xxii, p. 171. — DALL, Rep. Blake Gastr., p. 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 84.— SMITH, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 297. Distinguished from T. candei by the weakness of the columellar fold and the spiral striation ; from bullata by its small size. T. CANALICULATA Say. PI. 22, fig. 23 ; pi. 50, fig. 25, 26. Shell small, cylindrical, with low, conoidal terraced spire and mamillar, strongly projecting minute apex. Ivory-white, with very delicate growth-lines but no other sculpture. Whorls separated by a channelled suture, concave-topped and more or less keeled at the shoulder; the last whorl cylindrical, tapering below. Aperture about eight-tenths the shell's length, narrow above, broadly rounded below, the outer lip thin, arched forward, retracted below ; colum- ella thickened, concave, with a strong spiral fold. Alt. 5'5, diam. 2'75 mill. (S. Carolina specimen). Alt. 4'2, diam. 2'] mill. (Massa- chusetts specimen). Cape God, Massachusetts, to Haiti, and Silam, Yucatan, 0 to 63 fms. Volvaria canaliculata SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., v, p. 211, 1822. — Bullina canaliculata SAY, Amer. Conch., pi. 19. — Bulla canaliculata GLD., Inv. Mass., p. 166, f. 97. — Vtriculus canaliculatus STIMP., Check-lists, 4. — BINNEY-GOULD, Invert. Mass., p. 219, f. 510. — WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 655. — Tornatina canaliculata AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 566, pi. 121. f. 25.— DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 84.— Bulla obstricta GLD., Silli- man's Journ. Sci., xxxviii, p. 196, 1840 ; Invert. Mass., p. 167, f. 96._ Tornatina obstricta AD., Thes., ii, p. 566, t. 121, f. 29. This is a larger species than the West Indian T. candei, with smaller nuclear shell. Plate 50, figs. 25, 26, represent New Bedford specimens. Fig. 23 of pi. 22 was drawn from a Massachusetts speci- men which had lost its apex, a common mutilation, even in living shells. The apex is uptilted at an angle of 90°, as in T. candei, etc., but it is much smaller than in that species, although the shell is TORNATINA. 185 larger. Fig. 24, of plate 22, represents B. obstricta Gould, which seems to have no distinctive characters. T. CANDEI Orbigny. PL 22, figs. 21, 22 ; pi. 50, figs. 27, 28, 29. Shell small, cylindrical, tapering below, milk-white, rather solid but thin ; spire conical, terraced, the apex large and projecting. Surface shining, smooth, except for faint growth-lines; whorls of spire concave or channelled above. Aperture long and narrow ; uter lip strongly arched forward, retracted at base ; columella short, concave, with a moderately strong fold. Alt. 2-6, diam. 1-3 mill. Alt. 3, diam. 1*4 mill. Alt. 4, diam, 1-8 mill. Off Hatteras ; West Florida and Fla. Keys, South to Martinique, 0- 48 fms. Bulla candei ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 128, pi. 4, f. 1-4.— Torna- tina candei VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 468, pi. 45, f. 13. — DALL, Blake Rep., 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll., S.-E. U. S., p. 84. This species is constantly much smaller than T. canaliculata, with larger apex and more strongly curved outer lip. The spire varies in height, being often somewhat scalar. Morch sees this species in Bulla pusilla Pfr., but the description of that form is hardly suffi- cient for positive identification. T. PUSILLA Pfeiffer. Shell oblong, solid, shining white ; spire short, the apex mamil- late; whorls 2, the last four times as long as the spire; columella uniplicate at base; outer lip arcuate in the middle; aperture nar- rowed above. Alt. 2, diam. | lines (Pfr.). Cuba (Pfr.). Bulla pusilla PFR., Arch. f. Naturg., 1840, p. 250. — MORCH, Mai. BL, xxii, p. 171. Probably identical with T. candei Orb. The T. pusilla of A. Ad. (Thes. p. 568) seems to be something different. It is said to have a rather wide umbilical fissure. T. LIRATISPIRA Smith. Unfyured. Shell cylindrical, a little wider above than at base, white, shining, striated with curved growth-lines. Whorls 5, acutely margined above, the first tubercular ; spire very short, turrited ; suture widely channelled, divided by a hair-like thread in the middle ; aperture 186 TORNATINA. narrow, dilated at base; columella spirally one-folded. Alt. 6, diam. 3 mill. ($w.). Rio Janeiro. T. liratispira E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 354. This species is allied to T. knockeri from West Africa, but it may be known from it by its larger size, and the absence of the plications at the upper part of the body whorl ; the columellar fold also is less strongly developed. The very fine ridge in the middle of the sutural channel produces the appearance of a double edge to the whorls Some specimens of T. canaliculata show a spiral thread in the sutural channel. Species of the Californian and Panamic Provinces. a. Shell without spiral striae or color lines. b. Upper part of body-whorl vertically ribbed, harpa. bb. Entire shell smooth except for growth-striae, cerealis, inculta, infrequens, carinata. aa. Shell large, solid, brown, with spiral striae, eulcitella. T. HARPA Ball, PI. 22, fig. 16. Shell small white of four and a half whorls ; tabulate and sharply carinate above, characterized by sharp grooves and raised lines parallel with the lines of growth, which extend half over the whorls and become obsolete anteriorly ; apex mammillated, minute, globular, prominent, suture can aliculated. Anterior portion of the last whorl smooth. Last whorl slightly narrower above. Aperture long, narrow, effuse below, with a deep narrow sinus at the suture. Columella thickened with a thin layer of white callus, columellar plait obsolete in the adult, rather prominent in young shells. Car- ina intersected by the grooves and slightly dentate. Alt. '24, diam. -12 inch. (Dall). Monterey, California; adhering to the tentaculae of Actinias; three specimens. Tornatina harpa DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 136, pi. 15, f. 11 (Nov. 2, 1871). This pretty and very distinct species is unlike any other from the coast, and is readily recognized by the characteristic grooves. (Da/0- TORNATINA. 187 T. INFREQUENS C. B. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric, not compressed about the middle ; white; smooth; apex papillary, very minute and prominent ; spire moderately elevated, convex ; whorls four and one-half, acutely shouldered, with a deeply channelled suture ; aperture long and narrow, ante- riorly rounded ; labrum very thin, much advanced along the middle ; columella terminating in a very robust spiral plait. Mean divergence about 130° ; length "28 inch ; breadth '11 inch ; length of spire -03 inch. (Ad.'). Alt. -14, alt. of spire '03, diam. '05 inch. (Cpr.*). Panama (C. B. Ad., 2 specimens) ; Mazatlan, very rare, on Spondylus ealcifer. (Cpr.). Bulla (Tornatina) infrequens C. B. AD., Panama Shells, p. 214, 319. — Tornatina infrequens CPR., Maz. Cat., p. 171. — ? Bulla (Torn- Una} gradlis MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 162, not of A. Adams. Menke's species being white, not horn-coloured like T. gradlis from the China Seas, and being identified from a single specimen wedged in the mouth of a dead Conus puncticulatus, is almost cer- tainly the same as that described by C. B. Ad. from Panama. T. infrequens is distinguished by the olive-like spire, more or less ele- vated and deeply channeled along the suture. The body whorl is not swollen anteriorly, and the fold lies slanting on its base. (Cpr.). T. CARINATA Carpenter. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, white, smooth, acutely carinated below the ap- pressed suture, between the suture and the carina excavated. Whorls 5, the two earlier being discoidaland affixed vertically upon the spire, which is more or less apparent. Aperture elongate, the lip acute and produced in the middle, slightly sinused behind ; inner lip thin, swollen above the junction with the columella proper. Columella provided with a stout spiral fold where it joins the parietal wall. (Cpr.). Alt. -037 (smallest specimen). Alt. -11, diam. '05 inch.; length of spire '02 inch. Mazatlan, on Chama and Spondylus, very rare (Liverpool Colin.) ; San Diego, California. Tornatina carinata CPR., Maz. Cat., p. 171. — Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 250, 313 ; Moll. Western America, Smiths. Misc. Coll. no. 252, pp. 37, 97, 133, 194. 188 TORNATINA. Known from T. infrequens (1) by the smaller size, and more irreg- ular spire ; (2) by the suture, which is not channeled ; (3) by the shoulder, which is sharply carinated, with the space hollowed be- tween the keel and suture; (4) by the swelling of the body-whorl at the base ; and (5) by the plait which runs more transversely, below the body whorl, instead of obliquely, almost on it, as in T. infrequens. By some of the above characters it is further distinguished from T. cerealis Old. which resembles T. infrequens much more closely than this species. All the three forms begin life as a small discoidal body, like a tumid Planorbis. After making about two turns of this, they proceed in the regular way affixing the disk vertically, or sometimes in a slanting direction at the top of the spire. The length of spire in this species, which is not so rare as T. infrequens, is ex- tremely variable. (Qor.). T. INCULTA Gould. PI. 59, fig. 15. Shell minute, ivory-white, rather solid, elongate-oval, longitudin- ally most minutely striated ; spire elevated ; whorls 4, squarely ter- raced ; aperture about seven-eights the length of the shell, dilated below; outer lip inflexed, rounded behind; columella arcuate, calloused, with one fold. The spire is sometimes scarcely exserted. (Gld.& Cpr.}. Alt. 5-5, diam. 2*5 mill. San Diego (Old.) ; Monterey (Gabb), California. Tornatina inculta Gld., GLD. & CPR., P. Z.S. 1856, p. 203.— CPR. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 227, 313, 351 ; Moll. Western N. A. p. 79. My figure is drawn from a beach-worn specimen collected by Gabb. The upper half of the body-whorl is rather contracted, the lower half swollen, and the sutures are rather deeply channelled. T. CEREALIS Gould. PI. 50, figs. 39, 40. Shell cylindrical, with very short spire, light brown. Surface smooth except for curved growth-stride. Aperture long, narrow, somewhat widened below, the outer lip arched forward ; columella rather straight, oblique, with a spiral fold. Alt. 4, diam. T9 mill. San Diego, California to Vancouver Island. Kulla (Tornatina} cerealis GLD., Bost. Journ. N. H. vi, 1852, p. 375 ; Otia p. 184.— GLD. & CPR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 203.— CPR., Rep. TORNATINA. 189 Brit. Asso. 1856, pp. 227, 313, 349 ; Moll. W. N. A., Smith. Misc. Coll. 252, p. 23, 133. The height of the spire varies, being sometimes nearly flat, some- times low-conoidal; the uptilted nucleus projecting. In all adult specimens I have seen, the nucleus has been lost by erosion, as in the figures. T. CULCITELLA Gould. PI. 50, fig. 38. Shell cylindrical-fusiform, with elevated, conical spire ; solid ; white under a very thin buff cuticle, densely marked with close finely undulating, chestnut spiral lines. Whorls 5, separated by deep sutures, the apical whorl mamillar and uptilted. Aperture long and narrow above, about eight-tenths the entire length of the shell, dilated below, the outer lip arched forward, abruptly and deeply retracted above, effuse below. Columellar fold very strong. Alt. 8*5, diam. 3*2 mill. (San Pedro specimen). Alt. 1, diam. } inch. (Old.). Santa Barbara (Jewett) and San Pedro, California. Bulla (Akera) culcitella OLD., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, vi, p. 375, Apr., 1852 ; Otia, p. 184.— Tornatina culcitella GLD. & CPR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 203.— CPR., Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 313, 349 ; Moll. W. N. A., Smiths. Misc. Coll. 252, p. 23, 133.— KEEP, West Coast Shells, p. 125. f. 114. The close spiral brown striae are characteristic, as well as the conically elevated spire. • T. EXIMIA Baird. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, greenish-buff, striated, the striae minute, close, undulating ; spire very short and concavely excavated. Aperture long, effuse at base ; lip acute , columella abruptly arcuate at base. Alt. 12-5 mill. (Bd.). Esquimalt Harbor, Vancouver's Island. Bullina (Tornatina) eximia BD., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 67, and in Lord's The Naturalist in Vancouver Isl. and Brit. Columbia, ii, p. , 361, 1866.— Tornatina eximia Bd., CPR., Moll. Western N. A., pp. 89, 90, 133. 190 TORNATINA. Indo- Pacific and Australian species. T. SANDWICENSIS Pease. Unfigured. Shell small, cylindrical, shining, white, finely striated transversely ; spire elevated ; whorls 4 ; aperture contracted posteriorly, dilated anteriorly; slight fold on columella. (Pse.). Sandwich Is. (Pease). T. sandwicensis PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 19. t. EXILIS Dunker. PL 22, fig. 25. Shell white, thin, subdiaphanous, ovate-oblong, very delicately longitudinally striated ; spire conical, channelled and mucronate. Aperture narrow above, dilated toward the base ; columella with an obsolete fold. Alt. 4£, diam. 2 mill. (D/b-.). Japan. Bulla emlis DKR., Malak. Bl. vi, p. 222 ; Moll. Jap., p. 25, pi. 2, f. 14; Index, p. 164. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conch., p. 105. T. DELICATULA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, white, thin, shining, the spire truncated, apex mammillate ; longitudinally substriate, aperture linear, dilated below, the inner lip with a conspicuous oblique fold ; lip margin slightly arcuate. (Ad.}. Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. (Ad.). T. delicatula AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153. In the obtuse, subtruncate spire and the papillary apex this species resembles T. pusilla Pfr. ; but it is longer and more slender, and the aperture is more produced anteriorly. (Ad.). T. PERSIANA Smith. Unfigured. Shell very minute, short cylindrical, white, roughened by curved lines of growth ; whorls 3, the first consisting of a large tubercle, the rest encircled above by a large rounded cord ; suture depressed. Aperture rather wide, shorter than the last whorls, sensibly dilated at base; columella short, thickened, hardly twisted. Alt. 1'33, diam. •75 mill. (tfro.). Persian Gulf, 14 fms. (Col. Pelly). T. persiana SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 354 (May, 1872). TORNATINA. 191 Its minuteness constitutes the principal distinctive character of this species. The tubercle which forms the apex is proportionately very large. ($m.). T. ISSELII Pilsbry. PI. 22, fig. 33. Shell minute, cylindrical, smooth, translucid, whitish ; apex mucronate; spire nearly flat; whorls 3, separated by a distinct suture, the first extremely narrow, the last long, a trifle tapering at the base. Aperture linear, wider below, rounded ; right margin simple nearly straight ; columella short, intorted. Alt. 2-25, diam. 1'2 mill. (Issel*). Harbor of Suez. Tornatina pusilla ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 172, pi. 1, f. 15, 1869. Not T. pusilla Pfr., or of A. Ad. T. MUCRONATA Philippi. Unfigured. Shell minute, oblong, linear, smooth, surface obsoletely longitu- dinally striated ; spire retuse, produced in a mucro in the middle; whorls 4, deeply plicated at the suture, subcoronated. Aperture narrowly linear above, dilated below, uniplicate; lip straight, a little reflexed in the middle. Alt. H lines. (Ph.). Aden (Phil.). Bulla mucronata PHIL., Malak. Bl. 1849, p. 22. — Tornatina mucro- nata Phil., ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 172. This is perhaps the species referred to by Mr. A. H. Cooke as- near to T. knocker i Smith. It evidently belongs to the group of knockeri and isselii. T. OLiv.EFORMis Issel. PI. 22, fig. 34. Shell minute, thin, cylindrical-oblong, whitish, smooth, shining, slightly subdiaphauous ; the apex a little acute, sinistral ; spire conic ; whorls 4, separated by a channelled suture, the first narrow, flat, the last large, subcylindrical, over three-fourths the altitude, attenuated at base. Aperture elongated, narrow above, dilated below androun ded ; right margin little arcuate, produced, acute ; columella white, callous, at the base uniplicate and a little reflexed. Alt. 4, diam. 1'5 mill. (Issel). Gulf of Suez. SAVIGNY, Descript. de PEgypte, Coq. ; pi. 6, f. 25. — Tornatina olivceformis ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 171, 1869. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. K H. (5), xvii, p. 129. 192 TORNATINA. Cooke finds no difference between this and T.fusiformis A. Ad., and considers them synonymous, the latter name having priority. T. PLANOSPIRA A. Adams. PL 25, fig. 45. Shell cylindrical, apex truncated (in the very poor type specimen), white, smooth, subpellucid, longitudinally grooved ; spire depressed, level-topped ; whorls 4, grooved, radiately striated ; aperture nar- row, anteriorly dilated; columella callous, with a single plait. (.Ad.). Sorsagon, Luzon, Philippines, 4 fms. (Cumin g) ; Red Sea (Cooke) Tornatina planospira AD. Thes. Couch, ii, p. 568, pi. 121, f. 32; Ann. Mag. (3), ix, p. 153. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130. T. INCONSPICUA H. Adams. PI. 22, fig. 26. Shell elongate-ovoid, rather solid, delicately transversely striated anteriorly, whitish ; spire little exserted. Aperture narrow, coarc- tate in the middle, dilated below ; columella furnished with a minute fold ; lip margin arcuate. Alt. 3, diam. T5 mill. (H. Ad.}. Red Sea. T. inconspicua H. AD., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 11, pi. 3, f. 12.— Conf. COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130. Mr. A. H. Cooke considers this very close to, or synonymous with, T. planospira. The " antice transversim tenuissime striata " of H. Adams' description seems, however, to be a distinguishing character. T. BIPLEX A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 46. Shell cylindrical, apex subtruncated, white, solid, shining trans- versely striated ; spire depressed, whorls four ; aperture linear, con- tracted in the middle, anteriorly dilated ; outer lip posteriorly pro- duced, a little receding, reflexed in the middle, anteriorly with a single strong tubercle ; columella with a single plait. (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming). T. biplex A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 568, pi. 121, f. 33.— BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. Wales, ii, p. 82. Brazier reports this from Torres Strait. T. POLITA A. Adams. PL 25, fig. 52. Shell ovately cylindrical, rounded above ; apex truncated, white, solid, shining, inferiorly transversely striated ; spire depressed, TORNATINA. 193 whorls three, rounded smooth; aperture narrow, posteriorly pro- duced, rather contracted in the middle, dilated anteriorly, outer lip rather bent in and thickened in the middle ; colurnellawith the fold very distinct. (Ad.). Say of Manilla, 3 fms. (Cuming). T. polita A. Ad., Thes., p. 571, pi. 121, f. 39. T. SIMPLEX A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 51. Shell ovately cylindrical, white shining, polished, smooth, covered with a fuscous epidermis ; spire elevated, whorls five, the first one mammillated ; spiral lamina conspicuous ; aperture narrow, dilated anteriorly ; columella slightly callous, plait obsolete. (Ad.}. Cagayan, Mindanao, Philippines, 35 fms. (Ouming) ; Japan (A. Ad.).' T. simplex AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 570, pi. 121, f. 38 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153. T. CINCTELLA A. Adams. PL 25, fig. 48. Shell cylindrically fusiform, apex acuminated, rather smooth, semipellucid, longitudinally sulcated, encircled with two white spiral bands ; spire acuminated, whorls four, the first prominent ; aperture narrow, anteriorly dilated ; columella with a very distinct plait ; umbilical fissure deep. (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming). T. cinctella A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 569, pi. 121, f. 35. The two white bands on a pellucid ground, and the umbilical fis- sure distinguish this species. T. COARCTATA A. Adams. Pk 25, fig. 44. Shell ovately cylindrical, somewhat narrowed in the middle, white, shining, engraved with very fine close spiral lines ; spire somewhat depressed, whorls four, suture deeply channelled, encircled with a spiral lamina from the columellar callus ; aperture narrow, contracted in the middle, inferiorly dilated ; columellar callus with an obsolete fold ; outer lip rounded above, subinflexed in the middle. (Ad.). Ticao, Philippines, in 6 fms. (Cuming) ; Mauritius (Martens). T. coarctata AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 568, pi. 121, f. 31.— MAR- TENS in Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, p. 303. 194 TORNATINA. T. GRACILIS A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 49. Shell cylindrically fusiform, slender, semipellucid, horn-colored, apex acuminated, transversely engraved with a very fine spiral stria? ; spire produced, pointed, whorls four, the first prominent ; aperture narrow, dilated anteriorly ; columella with a single plait. (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming) ; Japan (A. AD.) ; Torres Strait (Brazier). T. gracilis A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 569, pi. 121, f. 36 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153.— BRAZ. P. L. S., N. S. W. ii, p. 82. This differs from T. singaporensis in possessing minute spiral striaB. T. SINGAPORENSIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34. Shell white, slender, elongated-subcylindrical, with elevated spire and very large mamillar apex ; post-apical whorls nearly four, slightly convex, separated by narrowly, deeply channelled sutures ; last whorl tapering above and below, smooth except for delicate, curved growth-striae. Aperture narrow and long, two-thirds the entire length of shell ; columella calloused, with an extremely weak fold, and a slight groove in the umbilical region. Alt. 3'2, diam. 1-35 mill. Singapore (Dr. S. Archer !). This tiny species has an unusually long spire, with very large apical button. The surface entirely lacks spiral striae, and the col- umellar fold (fig. 31) is unusually weak. In the type specimen the spire of the apical whorl is directed away from the face of the shell. Fig. 32 represents a front view of the spire, showing the umbilical aspect of the uptilted apex ; fig. 33 represents a back view of the spire, showing the apical aspect of the nuclear shell. The figures being camera lucida sketches, may be depended upon for accuracy of outline and proportion, qualities unfortunately lacking in many of the figures of Sowerby's Thesaurus. T. FUSIFORMIS A. Adams. PI. 22, fig. 27. Shell cylindrically fusiform, white, smooth, semipellucid, longitu- dinally somewhat sulcated ; spire elevated, acuminate; whorls 5, somewhat channelled above. Aperture linear, contracted in the TORNATINA. 195 middle, dilated anteriorly ; columella slightly plicated, plait callous : outer lip inflexed in the middle. (Ad.}. China Sea (Cuming) ; Japan (A. Ad.) ; Port Jackson (Angas, Brazier), and Torres Strait, N. Australia (Brazier) ; Gulf of Suez (Cooke). T.fusiformis AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 570, pi. 121, f. 37; Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 226.— BRAZ- IER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 82. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 12.9.— DKR., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 165. T. CAPITATA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 35, 36, 37. Shell minute, white, smooth except for slight, curved growth- striae ; cylindrical, rather obese, with short spire and very large pro- jecting nucleus. Post-apical whorls about 3, hardly convex, separ- ated by deeply channelled sutures ; last whorl obese-cylindrical. Aperture long and rather narrow, slightly more than three-fourths the length of the shell ; columella calloused, having a weak fold and a slight umbilical groove. Alt. 3, diam. 1-4 mill. Singapore (S. Archer), 5 specimens. The columella is shaped like that of T. singaporensis, but the spire is notably shorter, and the entire form more obese. This should be -compared with T. fusiformis Ad., authentic specimens of which I have not seen. The uptilted apex is unusually large, and in the type specimen its spire is directed forward. Fig. 37, represents the spire viewed from the face of the shell ; fig. 35, the spire viewed from behind, showing the umbilical aspect of the nucleus. T. VOLUTA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 22, figs. 29, 30, 31. Shell cylindrical, elongated ; smooth except for sharp, fine, remote spiral striations ; white; spire produced, the apex acute; suture channelled, the top of the whorls excavated into another channel bounded by the upward continuation of the inner lip. Alt. 10, diam. 4£ mill. Guam (Q. & G.) ; Torres Sts. (Braz.) ; Levuka, Fiji (Challenger). Bulla voluta Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. ii, p. 359, pi. 26, f. 33-35.— Tornarina voluta ADAMS, Thes. Conch, ii, p. 566, pi. 121, f. 24; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 153. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 82.— E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 505.— COOKE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xvii, p. 129. — Utriculus (Torna- tina) voluta WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 656. 196 TORNATINA. Has been reported from Japan by A. Adams, and from the Gulf of Suez by Cooke. T. LACTUCA G. & H. Nevill. PL 27, fig. 1. Shell narrowly cylindrical, solid, smooth, shining, white ; whorls 3, channelled at the suture ; spire very short, a little exserted, the nucleus mamillate; last whorl a little constricted in the middle. Aperture narrow and linear above, incised at the suture, moderately dilated and rounded below ; lip acute, a little produced in the middle; the inner lip slightly convex, a little thickened ; columella bearing one very oblique strong fold. Alt. 8i, diam. 4J mill. (Nev.). S. Province of Ceylon. Cylichna lactuca G. & H. NEV., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. p. 2,pl.l,f.2,2a. T. INVOLUTA G. & H. Nevill. PL 27, fig. 91. Shell cylindrical, solid, white, smooth and shining ; whorls 3, joined by a somewhat channelled suture; spire subconic, exserted, the apex submammillate. Lip nearly straight, thin ; inner lip somewhat thickened, incurved below ; columella uniplicate. Alt, 83. diam. 3£ mill. (Nev.). S. Province of Ceylon ; Bombay; Penang. Cylichna involuta NEV., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. p. 3, pi. 1, f. 3, 3a. T. TERES Philippi. Un figured. Shell small, cylindrical, very smooth, milk-white ; spire very short, nearly retuse ; spire whorls channelled ; aperture linear, the base dilated and distinctly uniplicate. Alt. 21, diam. 11 lines. (Phil.). Habitat unknown. Bulla teres PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 65. Shell exactly cylindrical, as in B. cylindracea, but spire distinct, showing all the whorls, which are strongly marked by the canali- culation. It is quite solid for the size. (Phil.). T. AMBOINENSIS Watson. PL 25, fig. 43. Shell small, oblong, truncated at the top and a little so in front, with whorls sharply and expressedly angulated above, and very faintly spiralled, a channelled suture, a minute regularly incoiled TORNATINA. 197 apex, a shortish, oblique, toothed, and feebly furrowed pillar, and a small mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinal — the lines of growth are barely visible. Spirals — a little way below the middle a minute and very shallow furrow is found ; below this, at about five times the breadth of the furrow, is another similar, then at half the dis- tance below is another furrow, after which others succeed, becoming more crowded and slightly stronger on the point of the shell ; above there are none of these furrows, only round the top of the whorls runs a sharp keel expressed by a rounded furrow on its outer side and by a deeper and stronger furrow on its inner side. Color translucent glossy-white. Whorls 3i. Mouth barely the length of the shell, narrow, straight, small, enlarging quickly, but to no great extent. Outer lip rather thick, almost appressed above, but separated from the body by the sutural canal ; it reaches the top of the shell, but retreats a good deal at this part ; its edge line is curved and it is contracted at the middle, in front the edge retreats and is sub- emarginate on the base, where it is considerably thickened by the extention of the pillar tooth, which is continued round the front within, the edge of the lip, and separated from the edge by a minute furrow. Top : the shell is slightly contracted, and then sharply and flatly truncate ; round the edge and coiling in to the centre is a sharp, expressed keel ; the whole interval between one keel and the next is occupied by the deep, perpendicular-faced sutural canal, the horizontal top of the whorl, and the extracarinal furrow ; the apex is perfectly flat, and is minute and regularly incoiled. Inner lip: a strongish glassy defined callus runs down the rather cylindrical body, disappears in the extra columellar furrow, and reappears in the extreme edge of the outer lip ; a strong oblique tooth twists round the base of the pillar, is flattened back on the pillar, and is continued in a small intralabral callus on the base; behind the pillar edge is a strongish but shallow furrow, but no umbilical chink. Alt. 0-083 in. diam. 0'042. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'009 inch. ( Wats.'). Amboina, 15 to 25 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) amboinensisWATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 330 ; Chall. Hep. Gastr., p. 659, pi. 49, f. 7. This species is at first sight and especially in rolled specimens when the sculpture is effaced, deceptively like Utricidus aratms ; it is really, however, quite different, and in particular the difference 14 UNIVERSITY 198 TORNATINA. may at once be recognized in the top of each. The species seems considerably to resemble Bulla (Tornatina) polita A. Adams, from Manilla, but the lip is not posteriorly produced. (Wats.). T. MARm Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. Shell small, ovate, thin, white, smooth and polished ; spire slightly exserted ; whorls 5 ; nucleus situated vertically ; suture deeply channelled ; aperture narrow, scarcely constricted in the middle, the labrum acute, the columellar lip thickened and twisted in front. Alt. 5, diam. 2, spire hardly 1'5 mill. (7VTF.)- North-west coast of Tasmania (Petterd). Tornatina marice T.-W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 155. T. PACHYS Watson. PI. 24, fig. 33. Shell rather large, gibbously oval, being tumid in front and con- tracted upwards, truncated above, where the edge is carinated and furrowed, with an impressed top and a papillary apex. Sculpture : Longitudinals— the lines of growth are few, sinuous, and very slight. Spirals — round the edge of the impressed top is a rounded keel, with an exterior strongish rounded-furrow, outside of which is a narrow sharpish keel : within the apical pore the whorls are sharply keeled above the channelled suture ; the only other trace of spiral striation is behind the outer lip, where the fresh shell shows some trace of a spiral texture. Color horny yellowish-white. Mouth club-shaped, large, the full length of the shell being a little produced posteriorly, shortly curved across the body, ample in front. Whorls 4, the earlier ones only indistinctly visible in the impressed top; the apex is papillary. Suture deeply channelled, with a sharp keel above it ; this keel runs out not above but on the edge of the funnel-shaped top. Outer lip rises from the inner side of the apical depression, and slopes flatly outwards, forming thus the patulous opening of the funnel-shaped depression ; at the apical keel it is angulated ; from this point it makes a convex sweep, which has a slight-contraction about the middle ; it is patulous and somewhat elliptical in front. Top nearly flat, only the outer lip rises slightly above the level ; the apical depression is funnel-shaped, having a wide converging mouth and a small, not deep hole in the middle, with a papillary apex in the centre. Inner lip ; a broadish distinct white glaze extends across the body, on which the curve of the lip is very regularly convex on to the narrow7, long, low and twisted TORNATINA. 199 pillar tooth; beyond this the pillar lip is slightly concave, narrow, a little patulous, and appressed. Alt. 0'23 in. diam. 0*14 in. ; mouth, breadth at same place, 0'04. ( Wats.). I do not know any other Utriculus so rounded in its outlines as this ; it is also very broad relatively to its length. (Wats.). Northeast from New Zealand, Lat. 37° 34' £., Long. 179° 22' E 700 fms. Utricidus (Tornatina) pachys WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 331; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 660, pi. 49, f. 8. T. ARATA Watson. PI. 25, fig. 42. Shell small, oblong, truncated at the top, rounded in front, but not truncated, with whorls sharply angulated above and furrowed spirally from end to end, a channelled suture, a papillary apex, a longish, concave, toothed, and furrowed pillar, and a small mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very feeble. Spirals— from end to end the shell is scored with small but distinct furrows, which on the front of the shell are rounded, but above sharper, shallower and fretted ; they are parted by flattish surfaces of double their width in front, but much more than this above, where the furrows are slighter ; round the top of each whorl runs a sharp upstanding keel, within which lies the deepish and narrow, but at bottom rounded, sutural canal. Colour ivory-white, with a dull gloss. Mouth barely shorter than the shell, narrow, curved, slowly enlarging, elongately pear-shaped. Whorls barely 3. Outer lip almost appressed above, but separated by the sutural canal ; it does not rise quite to the top of the shell, it is very slightly arched, and the edge is scarcely curved, and is hardly emarginatein front. Top: the shell is narrowed and there sharply and flatly truncate ; round the edge and coiling in to the centre is a sharp but not expressed keel ; the whole interval between the keel of one whorl and that of the next is occupied by the sutural canal, which has a convex slope on the interior side, a rounded bottom, and a perpendicular face on the exterior whorl ; the central tip is a (rela- tively) large, glossy, translucent, flatly rounded prominent dome. Inner lip ; there is a very thin glaze across the slightly arched body ; round the base of the straight! sh concave pillar coils a strongish tooth, minutely furrowed longitudinally, and with a sharp twisted inner edge; outside the tooth-edge is a strong furrow with, a 200 TORNATINA. minute umbilical chink. Alt. 0'083 in., diam. 0*041. Mouth, breadth at same place, O'Oll inch. (Wats.'). West of Cape York, off south-west point of Papua, 28 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) aratus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 329; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 658, pi. 49, f. 6. This species very much resembles T. amboinensis, but may at once be distinguished by the top. T. LEPTEKES Watson. PI. 24, figs. 29, 30. Shell rather small, thin, oblong, cylindrical, rounded on the shoulder, very fine pointed, with sinistral upturned apex, narrowed in front, spirally striate, with long, narrow, slowly widening mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very slight and regular. Spirals — the whole surface is scored with sharp-cut fine furrows, which are about half the width of the interstices ; round the top of the whorls runs a slight but sharp-edged axial keel. Colour almost hyaline white from the extreme thinness of the shell. Mouth a little shorter than the shell, very elongately and slightly curvedly pear-shaped, rather narrow above and there channelled. Whorls 3, besides 1£ in the sinistral embryonic apex. Outer lip very gently curved ; its edge line retreats very much above and in front. Top : there is a very short scalar spire, in which the first regular whorl is elevated and is truncately conical, the second hardly shows above the third ; in the middle rises the small sinistral, more than half turned over apex ; the sutural canaliculation is a shallow rounded furrow, with a sharp-edged external border carinating the whorls. Inner lip ; there is a thin but distinct labial pad ; the curve of the body is convex, and contracts slowly from the top of the mouth to the front, which is not truncated ; the pillar is long, oblique, with a small reverted lip and a very slight-long-twisted tooth, behind which is a feeble furrow, caused by an impression made in the shell. Alt. 0'14 in. diam. 0'06 inch. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'02 inch. ( Wats.). Raine Island, Cape York, Australia, 155 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) leptekes WATS., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xvii, p. 327 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 656, pi. 49, f. 3. This species differs from Utriculus acrobeles in its narrower form and thinner texture, in its sculpture, in its larger mouth, in its spire, it sutural canaliculation, and its apex, which is more prominent. (Wats.). TORNATINA. 201 T. ACROBELES Watson, PI. 24, figs. 31, S2. Shell rather small, spirally scored, oval, subcylindrical, bluntly rounded in front, with a low subscalar spire crowned with a minute prominent sinistral apex turned up on its side. Sculpture : Longitu- dinals— there are faint growth-furrows drawn at the top into short very oblique folds. Spirals — the whole surface is scored with fine furrows, which are remote above bnt closer in front, where the inter- vening surface is rounded ; a rounded keel lies below the suture. Colour translucent white. Mouth markedly shorter than the shell, straightish, clavate to pear-shaped, narrow and channelled above. Whorls 4, exclusive of 1 J of the apex which is sinistral. Outer lip straight, very slightly appressed above, where it is separated from the body of the slight, shallow sutural canal. Top: there is a short distinct subscalar spire, in which the first regular whorl hardly shows, but which is crowned with the small sinistral half-turned over apex. Inner lip : there is a thin but distinct labial pad ; the curve of the body is nearly straight, but is convex in front; the pillar is very oblique, broad, flat and patulous, with a very broad, scarcely twisted tooth, which is longitudinally furrowed so as almost to be double ; in front of this tooth the pillar is truncated at its junction with the outer lip. Alt. O13 in., diam. 0055. Mouth breadth at same place, 0'014 inch. (Wats.). Wednesday Island, Cape York, Northeast Australia, 8 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina) acrobeles WATS., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xvii, p. 327 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 657, pi. 49, f. 4. This differs from Utriculus avenarius in the shape of the shell and of the spire, and in the apex and pillar. Utriculus canaliculatus (Say), is much stumpier, and has a lower spire. The upturned apex is like that of Odostomia lactea. (Wats.). T. APICINA Gould. Unfigured. Shell minute, cylindrical, elongated, white, sculptured with very delicate growth-lines; apex mamillated ; whorls 4; suture channel- led. Aperture three-fourths the length of the shell, very narrow; •columellar fold obsolete; lip arcuate when viewed in profile. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. (Old.). Sydney Harbor, N. S. Wales, Australia. T. apicina GLD., Proc. Bost Soc. N. H. vii, p. 139, 1859 ; Otia, p. 112.— TENSION- WOODS, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 256. 202 TORNATINA. The aperture is broader and pillar fold less definite than in T. fusiformis (Gld.). Compare T. brenchleyi Angas. T. BRENCHLEYI Angas. PI. 22, figs. 35, 36. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, shining, very finely striated by the lines of growth, and exhibiting only faint traces of spiral stria- tion ; whorls 4?, the two apical ones forming a small tubercle, the rest somewhat elevated, turreted, and separated by a deeply but not broadly channeled suture ; aperture narrow above, gradually dilat- ing and curved at the base ; the outer lip not extending to the top of the whorl and slightly contracted in the middle ; the columella furnished with a stout callus plication, which is 'connected above with the labrum by a thin callous deposit on the whorl. Length 3 lines, breadth li lines. (Ang.). Dredged outside Port Jackson Heads in 10 fathoms water (Bren- chley). T.brenehleyi ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 40, 189, pi. 5, f. 20. T. AVENARIA Watson. PI. 24, figs. 37, 38. Shell oval, rounded bluntly in front and sharply above where the papillary apex projects, smooth, angulated above round the outside of the channelled suture, with a strongly toothed twisted oblique pillar, and a smallish mouth, which is shorter than the shell. Sculpt- ure : Longitudinals — there are faint rounded furrows on the lines of growth. Spirals — on the upper part of all the whorls there seem to be close-set very faint spirals ; about the middle of the whorl they become stronger, like very fine remote furrows ; a bluntly angulated keel projects axially below the suture. Colour translucent white. Mouth a good deal shorter than the shell, conically elavate, slightly curved, a little blunt at the top. Whorls 4.to 4J, angulated above ; each rises distinctly above the one which follows. Outer lip almost appresed above, but separated by the deep sutural channel which runs into the top of the mouth ; in front it is very patulous, and obliquely truncate backwards, in the middle it is slightly contracted. Top : the whole upper part of the shell contracts and the spire is roundly conical and subscalar, with the glossy round papillary apex rising slightly above all ; it is scored with the sutural canal, which is narrow and not deep, but well defined by the sharp keel which lies below it. Inner lip ; there is a thick prominent labial pad ; the TORNATINA-RETUSA. 203 curve of the body is convex, and so passes on regularly to the point of the pillar, which is very oblique and carries a strong, twisted, oblique, longitudinally furrowed tooth ; between this tooth and the body is a very small furrow. Alt. 022 in. diam. 0*1. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'02. ( Wats.). Port Jackson, Sydney, N. 8. Wales, 2-10 fms. Utriculus (Tornatina') avenariits WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 328 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 658, pi. 49, f. 5. Compare T. apicina Gould, and T. brenchleyi Angas. This species a good deal resembles, not the Bulla turrita Moll., but Sowerby's figure of that species in Thesaurus, pt. 2, pi. cxxi, fig. 28. In perfectly fresh specimens the spiral furrows, which I have described as very faint, may be distinct; but in the ten Chal- lenger specimens they are only traceable with certainty near the edge of the labial pad. Utriculus canaliculatus (Say), is a much smaller and stumpier form, much broader above with a minute apex turned over on its side. ( Wats). T. HOFMANI Angas. PL 22, figs. 37, 38. Shell cylindrical, white very finely striated by the lines of growth, with a few distant irregular transverse striae discernible toward the lip on the body- whorl; whorls 5*, the upper ones slightly convex, and channelled at the sutures, the last a little shouldered above and very slightly concave in the middle ; apex sharp ; aperture narrow above, dilated below, and rounded at the base; outer lip thin, arched when viewed laterally, and slightly contracted in the middle ; columella somewhat thickened below, with a small blunt flexuous projection near the base, and covered by a callus extending nearly to the top of the whorl. Length 3£ lines, breadth H lines. ( Ang). Sow and Pigs reef, Port Jackson (Brazier)'. T. hofmani ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 39, 189, pi. 5, f. 19. Evidently not a typical Tornatina. Genus RETUSA Brown, 1827. Retusa BROWN, 111. Conch. Gr.Brit., Edit. 1, 1827 ; Conch. Text- book (edit. 4), p. 97. BUQ. DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 527, — Coleophysis FISCHER, Manuel de Conch., p. 555, 1883, type trun- catulus Brug. — Utriculus BROWN (in part), 111. Conch. Gt. Brit., 1844 (2 edit), p. 58. Not Utriculus Schumacher, 1817 (Conidce). 204 RETUSA. — Cylichnina MONTS., Norn. Gen. e. Spec., p. 143, 1884, type B. umbilicata Mont. Shell small, sub cylindrical, imperforate, with slightly raised, flat or depressed spire, the aperture as long, or nearly as long, as the shell, narrow above, dilated below. Columella thickened, with a small fold or none. Animal (pi. 60, figs. 1, 2, 3, R. truncatula; pi- 60, fig. 5, R. niti- dula) capable of being retracted into the entirely exposed shell, the head-shield short, produced backward in two narrow lateral tentacu- lar processes. Radula wanting. Gizzard provided with three small, elliptical corneous plates, irregularly tuberculate-dentate on their inner fa'ces, the tubercles longer near one end of the plates (pi. 60, fig. 7, stomach of R. nitidulus containing gizzard-plates and fora- minifera. Fig. 6, plates of the same species. Fig. 8, plates of R. umbilicata. Fig. 4, one plate of R. truncatula). This genus differs from Cylichna in wanting radula-teeth, in the posterior processes of the frontal disc, in the peculiar gizzard plates, and in the exposed spire of the shell. The species of this genus might be distributed into two groups, as Fischer has done. Part of them have a distinct fold on the colum- ellu, as in Tornatina, and for these the genus Retusa Brown was proposed, and also Coleopliysis Fischer, the types of both being Bnlla truncatula Brug. The other species have no distinct colum- ellar fold, although the pillar-lip is thickened ; and these fall into Utriculus as understood by Sars, Fischer, Dall and others. As this name is preoccupied in zoology, it must be rejected; and if the division is to be retained a new name must be coined for the forms like obtusa,pertenuis, etc. The value of the distinction seems to me to be hardly worth a name, however, as the strength of the colum- ellar fold is subject to great mutation, and it would be very difficult to decide upon the position of certain species in which the fold is slight, thus bridging the gap between the extreme forms of either group. Dall's proposition to make " Coleophysis " a subgenus of Tornatina and Utriculus a distinct genus with Retusa as a subgenus cannot be adopted, being barred by taxonomic canons. Monte- rosato's group Cylichnina has generally been placed in or next to Cylichna, but, according to Sars's observations, belongs to Retvsa It is distinguished by the narrowly, deeply umbilicated apex. What arrangements may be made when the soft parts'of these small dwellers in the deeps come under scalpel and microscope, cannot now be guessed ; the only thing certain is change. RETUSA. 205 K. TRUNCATULA Bruguiere. PI. 21, figs. 11, 12 ; pi. 23, figs. 62-64. Shell forming a conical cylinder, narrow on the upper half, more or less deeply constricted in the middle, and expanding on the lower half; it is nearly opaque and glossy: sculpture — numerous longitu- dinal striae or fluted ribs on the upper half; these are often sharp at the apex, not so distinct in the middle of the shell, and usually disappear towards the base, where they are replaced by lines of growth; the spire is frequently striated across, like an Ammonite; epidermis filmy ; color white ; spire involute, abruptly truncated, and encircled by a narrow arid solid rim or rounded keel ; whorls 3 —4, gradually decreasing in size towards the center of the apex ; the first or innermost whorl is globular ; suture deep ; mouth narrow for more than half its length on the upper part, pear-shaped and very wide at the base, which is rounded : outer lip gently curved and folded inwards in the middle ; the upper part projects (sometimes considerably) beyond the apex; outer corner rounded ; inner corner receding and obliquely incurved ; inner lip slight, continuous with the outer lip above, where it is folded a little over the apex, as well as over the pillar, behind which it forms a small and narrow um- bilical chink ; pillar short, thick, and flattened : fold tooth-like and strong (Jeffr.). Coast of Norway to the Canaries ; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Sulla truncatula BRUG., Encycl. Meth., p. 377, l792.— Utriculus truncations JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 421, pi. 94, f. 2. — SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 285, pi. 26, f. 2 ; pi. 17, f. 18 (var. pellu- cida). — Retusa truncatula BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., i, p. 527, pi. 64, f. 12-U.—Bulla truncata AD. (not Gmelin), Tr Linn. Soc., v, p. 1, pi. 1, f. 1, 2. — Volvaria truncata BROWN, 111. Conch., G. B., Ed. 1, pi. 19, f. 17, 18. — Cylichna truncata LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Skand., p. 42. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., iii, p. 510, pi. 114, f. 7, 8; pi. vv, f. 4 (animal).— MEYER & MOBIUS, Fauna der Kieler Bucht, i, p. 87 (animal). — Bulla retusa MATON &RACK., Descr. Cat. in Trans. Linn. Soc., viii, p. 128, 1804. —Retusa obtusa BROWN, Pop. Encycl., ii, p. 78, pi. 17, f. 110. — Volvaria pellucida BROWN, 111. Conch. G. B. Edit. 1, p. 4, pi. 19, f. 45, 46. — Utriculus truncatulus var.pyriformis MONTS., Norn. Gen. .). Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic from Norway to the Canaries, laminarian zone. Sulla mammillata PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 122. pi. 7,f.20; ii, p. 96. — Cylichna mamillata FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 514, pi. 114c, f. 4, 5. — Utriculus mamillatus JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 420; v, p. 223, pi. 94, f. 1. — Retusa mamillata BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 531, pi. 64, f. 18-20.— Bulla minuta MACGILL., teste Jeffr. Distinguished by the projecting apex and cylindrical form. Except in lacking a columellar fold, this species resembles Torna- tina. R. MARIEI Dautzenberg. PI. 24, figs. 34, 35, 36. Shell 1 mill, high, 2 mill, wide, minute, subsolid, convoluted, cylindrical, longitudinally arcuately striated, truncate above, con- tracted iu the middle, dilated toward the base. Whorls 3-4, the penultimate obliquely projecting above the last. Suture little im- pressed. Aperture as long as the shell, straight and a little thick ened ; lip simple, sinuous, iriflexed in the middle, expanded ante- riorly. Color milky, with a subhyaline zone at the middle (Dautz.). tian Miguel, Azores* Tornatina mariei DAUTZ., Contrib. a la Faune Malac. des lies Acores, Res. Camp. Sci., Albert I, p. 21, pi. 1, figs. 3a-3d, 1889. This interesting species seems distinct from all others of European seas, being well characterized by the formation of the summit. In 1. mamillata Phil., only the first whorl of the spire projects; in T. mariei this whorl is impressed, and the next-to-the-last whorl is prominent (Dautz.~). R. OLIVIFORMIS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 50. This large and very interesting species is in too bad condition for satisfactory description. I had called it Utriculus oliviformis from its shape, which is peculiarly stumpy, with an excessively short and broad mouth, and an unusually high and blunt spire; it is sharply fretted all over with spiral lines, and has a strong, little furrow be- hind the sharp-edged twisted pillar. It is like Utriculus culcitella Gould, or Utriculus lactuca Nevill, in its conical spire, and like 208 RETUSA. Utriculus simplex A. Adams in shortness of body. Tornatina olivula A. Adams is much slimmer, longer in the mouth, and much more cylindrical. It differs from Utriculus spatha Watson in its greater breadth, higher spire, shorter mouth, coarse, sculpture, more numer- ous whorls, and more abrupt truncation in front, where the shell is cut off almost at right angles to the axis. Alt. 0'32 in., diam. 0'17. Mouth, height 0'2, breadth 0'05 (Wats.}. West of the Azores, 1000 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus oliviformis WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 332. — Utriculus n. sp. WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 648, pi. 48, f. 6. R. LEUCUS Watson. PI. 21, fig. 1. Shell strong, cylindrical, with a very slight upward taper, rounded at either end, with an oblique flat apex and a minute perforation round which the edge of the penultimate whorl is visible, and in the middle the sunken apex; the mouth is small and narrow, and in front abruptly truncate, with a short truncate very bluntly toothed pillar. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are slight, unequal fur- rows on the lines of growth. Spirals — the whole surface is most faintly and doubtfully marked with very feeble furrows, both nar- row and superficial, parted by broadish, fiat interstices. Color translucent white, with faint brownish tinge, glossy. Mouth large, narrow, shorter than the shell, straight, with parallel sides, the en- largement in front sudden but very short. Outer lip straight, rounded above, where it springs from the callus of the inner lip ; it does not rise so high as the opposite side of the apex, which conse- quently is rather oblique ; its edge line is slightly produced in the middle, but not bent in ; in front, the lip, in common with the whole shell, is very abruptly truncate, and here it sweeps round with a strong, sharp, bevelled edge to join the pillar lip. Top roundly flattened down and slightly bent in, round the small apical perfora- tion— round which H to 2 whorl edges are visible. Inner lip: across the body runs a strongish callus, whose edge is parallel to the edge of the outer lip ; in front it is flatly and broadly appressed on the very stumpy pillar, round which twists a strongish but very blunt tooth. Alt. 0'25 in., diam. (Ml. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0-03 ( Wats.). West of Azores, 1000 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus leucus WATS., J. L. S. L., xvii, p. 334; Chall Gastr., p. 649, pi. 48, f. 8. RETUSA. 209 This species is very like Cylickna alba (Brown), but is squarer both above and below, the obliquity of the line of the top is exactly the opposite of that Oylichna alba, where from the outer lip rising above the top of the shell, the greatest height is at the mouth ; while in Utriculus leucus, the top is highest on the side away from the mouth. Utriculus vortex Dall, appears to present several points of resemblance ; but that species seems to taper much more toward the tip, to be differently and much more strongly sculptured, to have no pillar tooth, and to be very much broader in proportion to height. Alt. *3 in., diam. 0'17 in. The Tornatina eximia Baird has a more perfectly cylindrical form, a higher spire, and a much wider mouth R. TORNATA Watson. PI. 21, fig. 3. Shell small, cylindrically oblong, a little tumid in front, slightly narrowed backwards, rounded at the shoulder, longitudinally and spirally striate, with a flat top, a small papillary apex and straight club-shaped mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are many fine, rounded, feeble lines of growth. Spirals — there are many very faint minute superficial spiral lines which owe somewhat of distinct- ness to the color, and to the fact that at somewhat regular intervals there occurs one a little stronger than the rest. Color transparent white, irregularly banded with unequal spiral milky stripes, which are obsolete in many specimens. Mouth club-shaped, the full length of the shell, long and narrow above, slightly enlarged at the top, considerably so in front by the contraction of the body-whorl at the base. Whorls 3, far from distinct, slightly rounded, of very grad- ual increase; the extreme apex is minute, but papillary. Outer lip rises very slightly above the flat crown, and here it is very patulous, and almost emarginate ; just where it begins to run forward it is very slightly expanded, from this point to the base it advances quite straight, and a little inflected ; on the base it is freely rounded, truncated and patulous. Top is barely oblique, and the rise of the outer lip elevates that side, so that the whole top is almost flat, with more or less of a depression in the middle where the minute dome- shaped apex rises. Inner lip : there is a strong, well-defined labial glaze which runs quite straight and continuously from the outer lip across the scarcely convex body, and passes on with a quick deflec- tion to the left into the slightly concave, scarcely toothed, oblique, truncated pillar, where the lip is narrow, expanded, and appressed, 210 RETUSA. with a minute furrow behind. Alt. O092 in., diam. 0*046. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0'005 inch ( Wats.}. Madeira ; Tenerife, Canaries, 78 fms. Utriculus tornatus WATS., J. L. S. L., xvii, p. 335 ; Chall. Kep. Gastr., p. 651, pi. 48, f. 10. This is a species extremely abundant at Madeira, where I dredged many thousand specimens. They vary somewhat in the relation of length and breadth, and still more in the form of the crown, which is sometimes flat and broadish, with an impressed suture, at other times narrow, with a small, deep opening and a very depressed apex, the sutures in these circumstances being out of sight. I should ex- pect to find this species among Mediterranean shells, but have not been able to identify it. It is not unlike Utriculus mamillatus (Phil.), but is stumpier and not so cylindrical, being broader in front and more tapering backwards; its papillary apex, too, is much smaller and more sunken into the crown of the shell than it is in that spe- cies : the whole crown is very much like that of Utriculus trunca- tulus (Brug.), but the characteristic constriction and sculpture of that species are wanting ( Wats.). . R. UMBILICATA Montagu. PI. 29, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14. Shell oblong, not so much attenuated behind as 72. nitidula, more solid, nearly opaque, and glossy but not prismatic; sculpture .slight and sometimes wavy spiral striae or impressed lines, which vary in strength and remoteness on the body, and are more or less close-set near the base ; they are visible in fresh specimens by means of a low magnifying power, but are not easily observable in rubbed specimens picked out of drift sand; epidermis brownish-yellow, lia- ble to peel off; color creamy, becoming bleached and white in dead shells ; mouth somewhat open at the top, contracted and narrow in the middle, pear-shaped and wide at the base, where it is expanded and rounded ; outer lip gently curved ; the upper part is obliquely truncated, but it does not project so far beyond the apex or crown as in R. nitidula ; apex twisted and somewhat contracted, en- circled by a solid white rim (" periomphalus," Loven), and exhibit- ing a perforation in the center like that of C. nitidula; inner lip as in R. nitidula ; pillar short and thick, furnished with a rather strong tooth-like fold near the base ; it has a sharp curve to the left. Alt. 2-5, diam 1-2 mill. Norway to Gibraltar ; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. RETUSA. 211 Bulla umbilicata MONT., Test. Brit, (i), p. 222, pi. 7, f. 4.— Oy- liclma umbilicata FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 519, pi. 114c, f. 8, 9.— JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 413 ; Ann. Mag. 1880, p. 318. — Utrieulus umbilicatus SARS., Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 286, pi. 17, f. 14.— Cylichna strigella LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Skand. p. 142. — Bulla blainvilliana Recluz and Volvaria subcylindrica Brown, teste, JEFFR. — Bulla truncatula PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 122, pi. 7, f. 21 (not of Brug.). — Cylichnina umbilicata Monts., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 143. — Cylichna (Cylichnina} umbilicata BUQ., DAUTZ, & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 524, pi. 64, f. 6-8. This species is the type of Monterosato's genus Cylichnina. Dif- fers from nitidula in being somewhat broader in proportion to its length, and not so much attenuated behind, being spirally striated instead of smooth, having frequently a conspicuous epidermis, in the upper angle of the outer lip not being so prominent, the apical per- foration being larger, and the columellar fold more distinct (Jeffr.'). R. CREBRISCULPTA Monterosato. PI. 27, figs. 7, 8. The form is as in R. umbilicata, but it is larger, solider, date- shaped, the top more attenuated and profoundly umbilicated. The sculpture is composed of vertical and spiral striae, which give it a rough appearance (Monts.'). Palermo ; Naples ; Gulf of Gascony. Cylichnina crebrisculpta MONTS., Nomencl. Gen. e Spec. p. 143. — DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iv, p. 613, pi. 16, f. 1, 2. R. L^EVISCULPTA Granata. Unfigured. Shell of quite lengthened, subcylindroid form, contracted above ; with very fine spiral striae ; summit truncated ; spire profoundly and very narrowly umbilicated ; last whorl flattened above, rounded at the base. Aperture narrow in the middle; columella with a strong fold. Alt. 2-2 £, diam. 11-H mill. (Locard.). Marseilles to Italy and Sicily ; Malta. Cylichna Icevisculpta GRANATA, Descr., etc., Nap., p. 11, 1877. — LOCARD, Coq. Mar. Fr. p. 27. — Cylichnina Icevisculpta MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 143. R. CROSSEI Buquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. PI. 29, figs. 8, 9, 10. Shell 2 mill, high, 1 mill, wide, convoluted, thin, semipellucid, of an ovate form ; summit truncated, the spire sunken, having a very narrow and deep central perforation. Surface shining, a mi- 212 RETUSA. croscope showing arcuate growth lines and extremely fine descend- ing spiral strise toward the base. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow and nearly linear above, pyriform at the base : lip arcuate, simple, sharp ; columellar margin convex ; columella thick, twisted, provided with a well marked fold. Color uniform hyaline white (B. D. & />.)• Eastern basin of the Mediterranean. Cylichna (Cylichnina) crossei B. D. & D., Moll. Mar. Rouss. i, p. 526, pi. 64, f. 9-11. Smaller than J?. umbilicata, more regularly oval, not contracted at the summit nor enlarged at the base and the aperture is not wider at summit than in the middle. R. STRIATULA Forbes. Unfigured. Shell oblong, cylindrical, milk-white ; transversely undulately striated, longitudinally obsoletely striated ; vertex subtruncate, con- cave ; spire visible ; aperture linear above, dilated below, Length one-eighth inch (Fbs.~). Rio, Maori, Servi, Crete, etc., jEgean Sea (Forbes) ; Bay of Na- ples (Tiberi). Bulla striatula FBS., Rep. ^Egean Invert. Brit. Asso. Rep. for 1843, p. 188. — Utriculus striatulu* JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vi, p. 84. — [? Build (Cylichna} pyramidata A. Adams, teste Jeffreys]. — Cylichna hoernesi WEINKAUFF, Conchy 1. des Mittelm. ii, p. 197 ; Bull. Mai. Ital. iii, p. 92. — Cylichna cuneata TIBERI, Journ. de Conchyl. 1868, p. 181, teste MONTEROSATO, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 159. — WEINKAUFF, Bulletino Malacologico Italiano, iii, p. 92, 1870. This species is still unrecognizable to those who have not seen authentic specimens. It is a pity that so many of the Mediterra- nean shells are still insufficiently described and unfigured, notwith- standing the large literature upon them, and the multitude of lists by Jeifreys, Monterosato and others. R. NITIDULA Loven. PI. 23, fig. 54 ; pi. 60, fig. 5. Shell thin, subpellucid, white, oblong-cylindrical, rather narrow, more than twice as high as wide ; slightly tapering toward the apex, where it is obtusely truncated and narrowly perforated in the mid- dle, the spire indistinct. Aperture very narrow in the middle, dilated below, the outer lip projecting a little above the vertex, RETUSA. 21 & lightly inflexed in the middle ; columella short, receding, hardly folded. Surface very smooth and a little shining, without spiral' lines, the growth strise rather inconspicuous. Alt. 3'5 mill. (Sars.')> Scandanavia ; Northern shores of Great Britain. Cylichna nitidula LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Skand. p. 10. — FORBES & HAFLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 515, pi. 114c, f. 6. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 412. — Utriculus nitidulus SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 286, pi. 17, f. 13 (shell) ; pi. 26, f. 3 (animal). This species has somewhat the aspect of the forms referred to Cy- lichnina, but not their sculpture. Compare C. umbilicata Mont. Sars has shown nitidula to be a Retusa by an examination of the,- soft parts. R. ROBAGLIANA Fischer. PI. 27, fig. 6. Shell elongated, cylindrical, whitish, rather solid, not urnbilicated, a little dilated below, slightly narrower above ; longitudinally densely costellate, the costse close, regular, not sinuous, and some- what latticed with spiral strise, decussating the riblets. Spire um- bilicate, excavated. Aperture elongated, with subparallel margins ; columellar margin short, reflexed. Alt. 3, diam. H mill. (Folin.) Gulf of Gascony*- Bulla robagliana FISCHER, in Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 150, pi. 23, f. 2 ; Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xxix. p. 197. This species belongs to the group of nitidula and umbilicata, but is distinguished by the peculiar sculpture of the shell. R. LACTEA Jeffreys. Unfigured. A small fragment of another species occurred at Station 12, 145O fathoms. It consists of the anterior portion of a short cylindrical shell which is of a milk-white color, glossy, and marked with slight,, rather distant, spiral strise or rather impressed lines ; the sculpture does not extend to the crown ; the apex is semiglobose, and sunk within a sharp obliquely encircling ridge. The species may be called lacteus. I also dredged a young specimen of this species inr the ' Porcupine ' Expedition of 1869, off the west coast of Ireland., at a depth of 1443 fathoms (Je/r.). North Atlantic* Utriculus lacteus JEFFR., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xix, p. 334. 15 214 RETUSA. R. SDBSTRIATA Jeffreys. Unfigured. Shell represented by a single specimen, which was unfortunately broken in sifting the dredged material. It resembles Bulla hyemalis •Couthouy (=Amphisphyra globosa Loven, — Utriculopsis vitrea M. Sars) except in being smaller, shorter, and equally broad through- out, instead of barrel-shaped ; the crown is consequently longer in proportion and not so much raised at the point ; but the especial difference consists in this being beautifully sculptured, and not •smooth like the other species ; besides a few coarse spiral ridges the whole surface is closely and microscopically striated in the same direction. Length (M, breadth 0'075 in. (Jeffr.}. North Atlantic, 1750 fins. Utriculus substriatus JEFFR., Ann Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 334. UTRICULUS OBESUS Jeffreys, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1880, p. 387. Bay of Biscay (name only). UTRICULUS PUSILLUS Jeffreys, I. c. Same locality (name only). UTRICULUS EXCAVATUS Jeffreys, /. c. Same locality (name only). R. OBTUSA Montagu. PL 23, fig. 51. Shell forming an oblong cylinder, constricted in the middle, and becoming broader towards the base ; it is usually opaque, and rather glossy : sculpture, numerous slight lines of growth ; and in young and fresh shells may be somtimes detected under the microscope extremely close-set and fine wavy spiral lines; spire indistinctly striated across ; epidermis skin-like, cream-colour passing into brownish-yellow ; colour white ; spire short, but very variable in that respect, being in some cases almost truncated, while in others it is more or less extended ; whorls 4, slightly angulated at the top ; those in the middle gradually enlarge; the apical or central whorl is globular and turned inwards ; suture deep and narrowly excav- ated ; mouth flexuous, upper half narrow ; lower half wide, with a rounded base ; outer lip gently curved, never extending to the apex ; it recedes above, so as to leave a space between the outermost whorl and the next, and is contracted and inflected in the middle : outer corner rounded ; inner corner obliquely incurved ; inner lip thicker than in the last species, continuous with the outer lip above ; it is reflected over the pillar, behind which it occasionally forms a small RETUSA. 2l£> umbilical chink ; pillar broad, flattened and curved; fold obscure. (Jeffr:). Alt. 5o, diam. 3 mill. European Seas, from Godhavn, Greenland, to the Mediterranean. Bulla obtusa MONTS., Test. Brit, (i), p. 223, pi. 7, f. 3.— A. AD. in Sowb. Thes. Conch, ii, p. 571, pi. 120, f. 20. — Utriculus obtusus JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 423, pi. 4, f. 2, 3 (animal). — SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 5. — JEFFR., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi, p. 84 v. minor and (4) xix, p. 333. — Cyliehna obtusa LOCARD, Coq. Mar. Cotes France, p. 27, fig. 14. Var. IURRITA Holier. PL 23, fig. 52. Shell elongated, nearly twice as high as wide, slightly tapering above; the spire elevated, obtusely conical, with subscalariform whorls. Alt. 3-3 i mill. Greenland; England; Norway. Bulla turrita MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Groenl., p. 6. — A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 567, pi. 121, f. 28. — Utriculus turritus LECHE, K. Svensk. Akad. Handl. 1878, p. 71. — U. pertenuis v. turritus SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 288, pi. 17, f. 20. — U. obtususv. lajonkaireana JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 424. Var. CANDIDULA Locard. Unfigured. Smaller than R. obtusa, more cylindrical, with higher spire ; last whorl quite descending toward its termination, with more rectilinear profile ; aperture smaller and more regularly narrow. Alt. 2-3, diam. lf-2 mill. (Zoc.). Atlantic coast of France. Cyliehna candidula Loc., Coq. Mar. Fr. p. 28, 1892. — C. lajon- kaireana Loc., Prodr., p. 72. This does not seem to differ materially from the preceding variety. Var. MINOR Jeffr. Apex depressed, Mediterranean, 30 fms. (Jeffr.}. This form has also received the name Utriculus minutissimus H. Martin (Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 159.— -Con/. Locard, Les Coq. Mar. des Cotes de France, p. 29). It is characterized, according to Monterosato, by the small size, and median contraction ; the normally flat spire 216 RETUSA. is rarely mamillate or scalariform. This form is common in the Mediterranean. Alt. 1-1 4, diam. 2-4 mill. R. PERTENUIS Mighels. PI. 23, figs. 48, 49. Shell small, thin, translucent whitish or light brown, cylindrical, the spire very low-convex ; whorls 3?, the first somewhat turned in- ward ; sutures deeply impressed ; last whorl descending, sculptured with irregular, light, arcuate growth-strise. Aperture narrow above, dilated below ; outer lip strongly arched forward and bent slightly inward in the middle ; columella thickened but not plicate. Alt. 3-2, diam. 1-8 mill. Massachusetts Bay ; Fernandina, Fla. ; Coast of Maine ; Green- land; Norway. Bulla pertemds MIGHELS, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 346, pi. 16, f. 3.— Utriculus pertemds GOULD ( W. G. B. edit.) p. 218, fig. 509. — SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 287, pi. 17, f. 19.— AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 371, pi. 120, f. 19.— Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 4.— DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 86.— AURIVIL- LIUS, Vega-Exped. Vetenskap. Arbeten iv, p. 371. — Diaphana per- tennis VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p. 399. This species has been united with R. obtusa and R. semenby many authors, but the three are here retained distinct because proof of their complete intergradation is still lacking. R. obtusa seems to be a more solid, larger shell, replacing pertenuis in English and southern European waters ; B. semen is a somewhat shorter form from high latitudes. R. SEMEN Reeve. PL 23, figs. 55, 56, 57. Shell cylindrical-ovate, rather tumid, the spire depressed convex,, suture impressed ; whorls smooth, slightly convex, the last a little descending in front ; tawny-white. Of a short cylindrical form, somewhat swollen, with a depressly convex spire, having the suture faintly channelled. (Rve.}. Port Refuge ; Nova Zemblid. Alt. 6, diam. 31 mill. (Leche~). Alt. 41, diam. 3 mill. (Leche~). Bulla semen RVE., in Belcher's Last of the Arctic Voyages, ii, p. 393, pi. 32, f. 4a-c, 1855. — Utriculus semen LECHE, Kongl. Sv. Akad. Handlingar, xvi, no. 2, p. 71, 1878, (with v. elongata). Leche describes a form with higher spire as Var. elongata. It is not the same as R. turrita Moll. RETUSA. 217 Northwest Atlantic and West Indian species. R. GOULDII Couthouy. PI. 23, figs. 58, 59. Shell small, ovate, shining, of a dead white color, covered with a yellowish epidermis; whorls four, rounded at their upper edges, their dividing line well marked ; the last whorl is as long as the shell, and includes all the others; under the magnifier its surface appears covered with revolving lines ; the whorls all rise to about the same level, so that the summit is nearly flat ; the anterior extrem- ity is rather narrower than the posterior ; the aperture is narrow behind, and suddenly enlarged by the curvature of the inner mar- gin, which is a little thickened, white, and polished. The outer lip, from its junction behind, advances a little as it turns forward by a regular curve, and finally turning backward by a rather sharp turn, it joins the body of the shell with a gentle twist; umbilicus none. (Old.). Alt. 7£, diam. 3f mill. Maine to Hatteras. Sulla gouldii COUTH., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 181, pi. 4, f. 6, 1839.— GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 163, f. 94.— DeKay, N. Y. Moll, p. 15, pi. 5, f. 101. — Utriculus gouldii STIMP., Check-lists, p. 4. — GOULD, Inv. Mass. (Binney edit.) p. 217, f. 508. — Utriculus (Retusa) gouldii DALL, Cat. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 86.— Cylichna gouldii VER- RILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p. 399. — Aplustrum gouldii SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 1. R. PERPLICATA Dall. Unfigured. Shell ivory white with a very thin translucent epidermis, marked only with delicate lines of growth and a few faint incised spirals near the columella; anterior half of the shell wide and rounded, posterior half narrowing toward the apex with the sides somewhat compressed or flattened ; outer lip thin, straight except in front where it expands a little before rounding to the rather thick twisted pillar ; behind deeply notched and behind the notch arching over and turning forward to meet a carina which revolves about the apex ; apex truncate, carinated by a line which forms the outer boundary of the path of the notch ; within vorticiform, about one and a half whorls visible around the central perforation and descending into it ; body with hardly any wash of callus ; pillar strong, with a large horizontal fold and a minute chink behind it ; aperture as long 218 RETUSA. as the shell, straight and narrow behind, wide and somewhat oblique in front; max. Ion. of shell, 5*0 ; max. lat. 3'0 ; lat. of apex, 1/75 mill. (Dalt). Off Bahia Honda, Cuba, in 220 fms. ; Barbados, 100 fms, Coleophysis perplicatus DALL, Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 45. It is difficult, or rather impossible, to determine the generic place of these small Tectibranchs without a knowledge of the soft parts. They are referable to Coleophysis, Cylichna, or Diaphana, or even Sao, at the option of the describer guided only by the characters of the shell. The presence of the plait would indicate the first men- tioned section for the present species. It is perhaps nearest in general form to the Cylichna ovata of Jeffreys, or Diaphana gemma of Verrill, which has no plait and is much more attenuated behind. (DaU). R. SPATHA Watson. PI. 25, figs. 53, 54, 55. Shell large,, cylindrically oblong, gradually and slightly narrow- ing forwards, more abruptly so up the short stumpy and very blunt spire, thick, exquisitely reticulated, with a truncated and toothed pillar and a straight, slightly contracted outer lip. Sculpture : Lon- gitudinals— the whole surface is delicately and sharply scored in the lines of growth with very fine rounded furrows parted by sharper and much narrower ridges, which are about ysVo of an inch apart. Spirals — a little stronger than the longitudinals which they cut across, are spiral lines very distinct above, one or two on the shoulder being even stronger and remote, more delicate and similar to the longitudinals in front, and in the middle very faint indeed, only sufficient to produce a satiny sheen ; round the top of the whorls below the suture is a very broad shallow furrow or slight constric- tion bordered by a very feeble keel below, which forms a vague shoulder. Colour ivory-white. Mouth £ of the whole length of the shell, in shape somewhat clavate, being shortly broad in front, elon- gately conical throughout the most of its length, and rapidly con- tracted at the top. Whorls 2?, rounded above with a very slight concave constriction below the suture, subcylindrical in the middle and rounded in front. Suture linear, impressed, and very slightly horizontally margined below. Outer lip contracted amd appressed above, so that the top of the mouth runs up to a long and very nar- row point, bluntly angulated at the shoulder, below this it is straight but draws in towards the axis, in front it is patulous and well RETUSA. 219 rounded ; the edge line is convex, and retreats very rapidly in front, where the shell is abruptly truncate. Top very bluntly rounded, the apex being to some extent enveloped in the succeeding whorl, which rises slightly above it. Inner lip: a thick pad of glaze, with well-defined edge, extends down the slightly convex body, and passes with gradual sweep into the twisted subconcave pillar which is truncate in front ; at the top of the pillar the glaze is much thick- ened, and presents for a short distance two very oblique twisted parallel folds, which are parted by a small furrow; another furrow lies outside, between the exterior fold and the glaze edge. Alt. 0*3 in*, diam. (H4. Mouth, height 0*25, breadth 0'03 inch. ( Wats.'). North of Culebra 2., W. Indies, 390 fms. Utriculus spatha WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 333; Chall. Kep. Gastr. p. 649, pi. 48, f. 7. This exceedingly peculiar form in many respects recalls, rather than a Utriculus, one of the long narrow low-spired Marginellas, such as Marginella nevillii Jouss., or Margin ella avena Kien. ( Wats.'). R. MAYOI Dall. Shell solid, white, with a yellowish polished epidermis and well marked lines of growth, spiral striae very faint and few, or none ; whorls 3-2-4, spire distinct, little elevated, nucleus small, rounded, not prominent, aperture long, rather wide and straight, the posterior commissure rounded, the anterior wide, the margin spirally curved showing the axis (though this is not pervious) ; umbilical-chink none, pillar broad, white, oblique without any trace of a plication ; outer lip thin, arched forward in the middle ; suture very deep ; inner lip with a wash of callus. Lon. of shell, 8'3 ; of aperture, 7-0 ; max. lat. 4-6 mill. (Dall). Portland, Maine, from fish stomach (Mayo). Utriculus mayoi DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 46. This shell recalls Bulla turrita Moller, but is much larger, with proportionately shorter spire, straighter sides and more width ante- riorly. (Da//). R. FRiELEiDall. PI. 21, fig. 8. Shell rather large, solid, polished opaque white, broader behind than before its middle ; apex perforate, around which the margin of 220 RETU?A. about two turns is usually visible; this margin, formed by the rather broad P -shaped posterior sinus of the aperture, resembles the notch- band of some Pleurotomidse in that the surface is flattened, with a well-marked boundary on each side, and on this surface the succes- sive marginal edges are often raised into scales, one fitting into another, composed of an extension of the body callus on. one side and a reflection of the free margin on the other; the surface of the band varies in different specimens from nearly smooth to distinctly and regularly undulated or imbricately scaled as above mentioned ; -other transverse sculpture of lines of growth which are hardly visible while of spiral sculpture there is none, though, with a strong reflected light, under the microscope numerous spiral markings may be observed which are neither grooved nor raised, but are visible in most smooth spiral shells, and are probably due to growth, somewhat as are the lines commonly recognized as "lines of growth." Aper- ture nearly or quite as long as the shell, narrow, rounded in front, .and terminating in the P -shaped sinus behind ; outer lip straight, sharp, thin, not incurved, rounded to join the stout columella into which it passes imperceptibly; pillar broad, short, with a thin callus which also extends along the body ; shell widest about the posterior third; distinctly narrowed anteriorly. Lon. of shell and aperture (the latter occasionally a trifle less), 8*2. Max. lat. of shell (at pos- terior third), 40; at anterior third, 3'5 ; of aperture, 1*75; min. lat. of aperture, 0*5 mill. (Dall). Off Cape San Antonio ; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. Utriculw f frielei DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 104, 1881 ; Blake Gastr., p. 47, pi. 17, f. 4. Utriculus leucus Watson seem to approach this species as nearly as any known form, but has sundry distinctive characters. There is no doubt, however, that there are differences of form and develop- ment of the tip of the spire in these enrolled forms, in adult individ- uals, as well as during the stages of one individual. It will not do, therefore, to draw the specific lines too taut on this sort of character. (Dotf). R. PERVIUS Dall. Unfigurcd. Shell short, stout, truncate apically, white, polished, sculptured only with faint incremental lines ; form subcylindrical, larger ante- riorly, a little compressed just behind the middle ; aperture long, .narrow behind and rounded at the posterior commissure, where it RETUSA. 221 has a shallow rounded notch, the outer boundary of whose path is marked by the summit of a raised line ; anterior part of aperture wider, not very oblique, rounded in front ; outer lip straighjt, thin, arched forward in the middle ; pillar thin, simple, with no trace of a plait ; body without perceptible callus ; behind the pillar a small very deep umbilical perforation ; apex nearly flaj, bounded by the above mentioned raised line, within which the fascicle of the notch is rounded over but does not reach the level of the line referred to ; nucleus somewhat depressed, but not deeply : about three and a half whorls are visible on the apex. Max. Ion. of shell 4'0 ; max. lat. 2-5; lat. of apex 1-5 mill. (Dall.). West Indies (U. S. Fish Commission), probably from near Barba- dos, in about 80 fms., sand. Utrieulus pervius DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 48. This species is remarkable for its deep though minute umbilicus and its dish-like apex. Its general form is not unlike U. perplica- tus, but the sides are straighter and the other characters quite dif- ferent. The locality is unfortunately doubtful though it was some- where in the Antilles (Dall.). K. OMPHALIS Morch.' Unfigured. Shell subcylindrical, short, slightly contracted in the middle, with obsolete growth strife, regular and elegantly expressed toward the spire ; spiral strire very obsolete, irregular. Spire openly umbili- cated, surrounded by a while pellucid line. Aperture very narrow posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; columella straight, thick ; external margin acute. Alt. nearly 4, diam. 2 mill. (3f.). St. Thomas (Riise). Retusa omphalis MORCH, Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 172, 1874. Not dissimilar from Cylichnella bidentata, but larger, thinner, with umbilicate spire and straight columella, etc. (Af.) R. SULCATA Orbigny. PI. 23, figs. 73, 74. Shell cylindrical, white, dilated below, thin, pellucid, longitudi- nally sulcate, truncated at summit and concave, the spire umbili- cated. Aperture linear, suddenly dilated below. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. Cape Hatter as ; West Indies, 14-31 fms. Bulla sulcata ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 129, pi. 4 bis, f. 9-12.— Utri- cuhis (Retusa) sulcata DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 86. 222 RETUSA. R. CECILLII Philippi. PI. 23, fig. 53. Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, very thin, whitish, the spire depressed-conic ; sutures impressed and plicate ; aperture linear, at base dilated. Alt. 5'5, diam. 2'66 lines. Whorls 4-4*. (Phil.) Japan (Dkr.); China (Largilliert). Bulla cecillii PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844, p. 164.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 164, (as Utriculus). Shell almost exactly cylindrical, thin, smooth, shining; with arcuate growth-striae, but little conspicuous, but somewhat plicated at the suture. Spire much depressed, obtuse or somewhat acute. Aperture linear, dilated below. This species corresponds to B. jeverensis Schroeter of the German Sea, but is thrice the size J B. valuta Q. & G. is narrower with very deep sutures (Ph.) A. Adams gives the locality " Mexico." His description is as follows, the above figure being copied from the Thesaurus. Shell ovately cylindrical, thin, smooth, covered with an olivaceous epidermis, longitudinally substriated ; spire distinct, rather elevated, whorls five, suture corrugated ; aperture narrow, anteriorly widely dilated ; columella arched, simple. Mexico (Mus. Hanley). Bulla (Utriculus) cecillii, A. ADAMS, in Thes. Conch, ii, p. 572y pi. 120, f. 22.— U. cecillii Sown., Conch, on. f. 3. Southern and Indo-Pacific species. R. SUCCINCTA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, coarctale in the middle, the vertex truncate ; white, longitudinally striate throughout, transversely banded, bands pale and rather distant. Aperture linear, narrowed in the middle, dilated in front, the inner lip obsoletely plicate (Ad.). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fms. ; Awa-Sima, at low water (Ad.). Tornatina succincta AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 154. In form the species most resembles T. truncata J. Adams ; but it is more elongated and much narrower, and marked with indistinct pale bands ; the whorls of the spire are visible but sunken, and the parietal plica is not conspicuous (Ad.). R. BORNEENSIS A. Adams. PI. 23, fig. 46. Shell ovate-cylindrical, smooth, subpellucid, white, covered with a ferruginous epidermis, longitudinally striated ; spire distinct, flat,, RETUSA. whorls 4, rounded, the first mamillate, aperture narrow, dilated in front ; columella long, semitortuous, umbilicus none (Ad.}. Borneo (A. Ad.) ; Mauritius (Mobius.) Utriculus borneensis A. AD.. Thes. Conch, ii, p. 572, pi. 120, f. 23. — SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 6. — v. MARTENS, in Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius, p. 303. A much smaller shell than B. cecillii. It is narrower, more cyl- indrical; the aperture is more produced anteriorly; the colu- mella is longer and straighter, and the spire is more depressed. The mud flats at the mouths of many of the rivers of Borneo are parti- ally covered at low water with this animal ; the shell is always cov- ered, when the animal is alive, with a rust-colored epidermis (Ad.).. R. COMPLANATA Watson. PI. 21, fig. 2. Shell minute, cylindrical, truncated and flat on top, very much* and obliquely truncated in front, with whorls angulated above and furrowed longitudinally and spirally, a papillary apex, a longish pillar, and a club-shaped mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals — the furrows on the lines of growth are strong and curved. Spirals — the whole surface is scored with sharp irregular furrows parted by flat intervals of about three times their width. Color white. Mouth the full length of the shell, narrow above, oblong and roomy in front, club-shaped. Whorls 3 ; on the top of the shell they are rounded. Suture slightly impressed. Outer lip rises roundly, the least thing above the top ; its course is straight, with a very slight concavity ; its edge is prominent. Top perfectly flat, with a roundly angulated edge ; the individual whorls are rounded, and are parted by a somewhat impressed suture ; the central tip, which is glossy, is papillary, but depressed. Inner lip is, on the body, slightly concave in its course ; the pillar is oblique, nearly straight, and is patulous. Alt. 005 in., diam. 0'028. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0'013 inch (Wats.). West of Cape York, off southwest point of Papua, 28 fms. Utriculus eomplanatus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 335 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 650, pi. 48, f. 9. This is a very small species, the solitary specimen of which is not in good condition. It is a good deal like Utriculus truncatulus (Brug.) ; but the sculpture is a very marked feature of difference, and the form is more stumpy ( Wats.). "224 RETUSA. R. AMPHIZOSTUS Watson. PL 21, fig. 4. Shell small, rather broadly cylindrical, but contracted in the middle, and broadest below the contraction, very bluntly rounded in front, longitudinally striate and very finely spiralled, with a flat but slightly depressed crown and a small papillary apex. Sculp- ture : Longitudinals — there are a great many small hair-like ridges and furrows on the lines of growth ; they are nowhere strong, but are feeblest on the base. Spirals — the whole surface is very equally striated, with delicate shallow scratched lines parted by flat sur- faces four or five times the width of the lines ; there is a very slight and gradual constriction most apparent near the outer lip about the middle of the body, and in front of this the shell is slightly tumid. Color translucent white, with vague trace of spiral bands. Mouth the full length of the shell ; shaped like a racket, being oval in front, long and narrow above ; it is small and rounded at the top, which just rises to the crown. Whorls 4, of which only the small rounded tops are seen on the crown, where, they are slightly and radiatingly ridged, the last envelopes all the others. Suture impressed and distinct. Outer lip rounded at the top where it does not rise above the crown ; it runs straight and parallel to the inner lip till below the middle where it bends outwards in exact symmetry with the corresponding bend of the inner lip on the base, forming a very regular oval curve in front ; the edge line is regu- larly curved, retreating slightly behind and in front, and advancing in the middle where the lip is contracted. Top flat, but slightly de- pressed, with a small papillary apex in the middle, the outer edge is roundly angulated. Inner lip straight down the body, concave on the pillar, which has a very slight twist and a narrow patulous edge, behind which is a scarcely appreciable umbilical depression ; the point of the pillar projects in front clear of the sweep of the basal curve. Alt. 0'12 in., diam. 0*06. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0-02 inch (Fate.). Near Cape York, N. E. Australia, 6-8 fms. (Chall.). Utriculus amphizostus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 336 ; Chall. •Gastr. p, 652, pi. 48, f. 11. This species is very like Utriculus truncatulus (Brug.) ; but that has much stronger longitudinals, no spirals, and an oblique crown, sloping down from left to right on which side the top of the mouth and outer lip rise in a rounded loop very considerably above the top -of the body whorl ( Wats.). RETUSA. 225- K. FAMELICUS Watson. PI. 21, fig. 6. Shell long, narrow, subconically cylindrical, with straight out- lines, abruptly truncate above, with a deeply impressed papillary apex, rounded and slightly tumid in front, harshly striate above and delicately so below. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very slight, but round the top of the shell is a coronal of folds forming ridges and furrows of about equal strength ; these ex- tend over the top and into the hollow crown. Spirals — round the top, harshly scoring the coronal, are four or five deep, but not broad,, sharp cut furrows, parted by flat surfaces of about twice their breadth ; below these to a fourth of the length, there are distant furrows so obsolete as to be almost invisible ; below this the whole surface is superficially scratched with delicate sharp-cut fretted fur- rows parted by broadish flat intervals. Color translucent white. Mouth the entire length of the shell, being considerably produced posteriorly, where it is slightly enlarged ; in the middle it is nar- row, the two sides being almost perfectly parallel, in front it is elon- gately oval ; in its entire shape it resembles a spoon. Whorls 4, but the earlier ones are so deeply sunken, and the hole in the crown (where alone they are visible) is so small, that it is difficult to count them ; the apex is papillary. Suture slight. Outer lip rises straight from the crown, with a slight inclination in towards the center, is narrowly rounded above, and advances straight for about two-thirds of the shell's length, at which point it is slightly expanded and then becomes somewhat patulous ; it sweeps rather freely round to join the pillar. Top small, oblique, harshly radia- tingly striate and deeply narrowly impressed. Inner lip long and straight, slightly convex in front, oblique and slightly concave on the pillar which is bluntly toothed in front, and has a very narrow scarce patulous prominent edge with a minute furrow behind it. Alt. 0'18 in., diam. Ir06. Mouth breadth at same place, 0'019 inch (Wats.'). Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus famelicus WATSON, J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 338 ; Chall. Kep. Gastr. p. 653, pi. 49, f. 1. This species, whose thin and famished look suggested the name chosen, belongs to the group of which the Mediterranean Utriculus striatula (Forbes) may be taken as a type, though in that species the features attributed to the subgenus Sao (of Cylichna) are much more strongly developed. Compared to this species of the Chal- 226 RETUSA. lenger, Oylichna fijiensis E. A. Smith is broader, not squarely trun- cate above, and not so plicate around the top of the body. Utricu- lus phiala A. Adams, from Japan, is not nearly so long and narrow, .and is more cylindrical. Cylichna decusaata A. Adams, which is like in sculpture, is shorter, less cylindrical, and the outer lip rises much higher behind. Cylichna pyramidata A. Adams, which is puckered above, is much less cylindrical and is smooth in the body. R SIMILLIMA Watson. PL 21, figs. 9, 10. Shell small, short, truncately conical, with straightish outlines, a perforated crown, and a small papillary apex, rounded and tumid in front. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very slight ; but round the top of the shell is a coronal of delicate folds forming ridges and furrows of about equal strength ; these extend over the top and into the perforation of the crown. Spirals — round the top is a slight but marked constriction ; above this the top converges, and is finely scored with small close-set furrows ; the rest of the shell is superficially scratched with delicate, sharp-cut, fretted, remote furrows parted by flat surfaces ; on the base the furrows are closer and coarser, and the intervals rounded. Color translucent white. Mouth the entire length of the shell, being considerably produced posteriorly, where it is enlarged ; in the middle it is nar- row and slightly bent, in front it is large and oval. Whorls 3 to 4 ; the apex is papillary but very small and so deeply immersed as to be doubtfully visible. Suture very difficult to distinguish, but ap- parently impressed. Outer lip rises from the inner side of the per- foration and bends in over it so as partially to cover it ; it arches freely round and is not at all emarginate ; it runs pretty straight forward for about three-fifths of its length, at this point it is slightly constricted and contracted, but immediately bends to the right and curves very regularly round the base, where it is patulous. Top contracted, rounded, oblique, harshly radiatingly striate, and deeply .narrowly impressed. Inner lip convex, tumid in front, oblique and slightly concave on the pillar, which is feebly toothed, and has a very narrow, scarcely patulous, prominent edge, with a minute fur- row behind it. Alt. Ol in., diam. O047. Mouth breadth at same place 0-024 inch ( Wats.). Torres Straits and Fllnder's Passage, N. E. Australia, 3-11 fm?. Utriculus simillimus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 340 ; Chall. vGastr. p. 654, pi. 49, f. 2. RETUSA. 227 This species exceedingly resembles the young of Utriculus fameli- CHS Watson, but is very much broader in proportion to its length. Cylichna fijiensis E. A. Smith is much larger and slimmer (Wats.*). R. EUMICRA Crosse. PL 23, figs. 43, 44. Shell imperforate, small, thin, subcylindrical, shining, smooth, subpellucid, white ; spire nearly flat, the apex strongly projecting ; whorls 3£, the last large, nearly as long as the whole shell; aper- ture narrow, enlarged toward the base. Alt. 4£, diam. 2 mill. (C. & F.}. Spencers Gulf, S. Australia. Bulla eumicra CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 40, pi. 2, f. 7. -Utriculus eumicras ANG., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188. R. APICULATA Tate. PI. 23, fig. 45. Similar to U. eumicrus Crosse, but distinguishable by its sunken spire, the papillary apex of which is exserted beyond the level of the body whorl. The anterior extremity of the shell is more gradu- ally tapering, and the shoulder of the body whorl is less abruptly arched, consequently U. apiculatus is more fusiform than its ally. It is also much larger. King George's Sound, S. W. Australia. Utriculus apiculatus TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Philos. Soc. of Adelaide, for 1878-9, p. 138, pi. 5, f. 3. R. ORYCTUS Watson. PI. 21, fig. 5. Shell subcylindrically oblong, tumid below the middle and rounded in front, obsoletely striate in the lines of growth, truncate above, when the crown is sharply angulately edged and excavated with a papillary apex. Sculpture: Longitudinals — the ordinary ridges and furrows in the lines of growth are feeble, except on the crown, where the old lip edge scars are strongish, close and hair- like. Spirals — none, except that round the edge of the crown there runs a sharp angulation in continuation of the outer lip. Color ivory-white, somewhat streaked longitudinally. Mouth a little longer than the body, and at the top, to a small extent, enlarged, slightly curved on the inner side, and there in front gibbous ; on the outer side tt is nearly straight. Whorls 3 ; the last encircles all the rest, which only appear on the crown, where each rises above its predecessor in a round-faced curve ; the first is papillary and immersed, the last rises above on the margin in a sharp edge and is 228 RETUSA. a little tumid in front. Suture slightly impressed. Outer lip rounded and cut off backwards above, angulated at its upper outer corner, straight with a slight medial contraction, rounded and patu- lous in front ; its edge line is very regularly curved. Top deeply excavated, with a sharp edge. Inner lip: there is a very thin glaze ; the line across the body is much curved, the narrowing for- ward of the body beginning early and being considerable ; the pil- lar is very oblique, subtruncate, very bluntly and faintly toothed, with a narrow expanded sharpish bordered edge, and an almost im- perceptible umbilical chink behind it. Alt. O13 in., diam. 0'07. Mouth breadth at same place O01 inch (Wats.). Ascension Island, 420 fms. (Challenger). Utriculus oryctus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 337 ; Chall. Gastr. p. 653, pi. 48, f. 12. The very sharp outer rim of the crown in this species is character- istic. The species slightly resembles a large and stumpy Cylichna umbilicata (Mont.), but is posteriorly squarer and more truncate^ the whole top is different, the line of the pillar is straight in its obliquity, not roundly hollowed, and there is no spiral sculpture. ( Wats.). R. ANTARCTICA Pfeffer. PI. 23, fig. 47. Shell very thin, whitish, cylindrical-ovate, the width five-ninths the altitude; spire elevated, the vertex oblique. Whorls 3, separ- arated by a channelled suture, the last whorl three-fourths the length of the shell, tapering toward the base. Aperture narrower above, much dilated below, the outer lip slightly flexuous, sub- auriculate above, obtusely rounded below ; columella strongly ar- cuate, without fold. Alt. 2-7 mill. (Pfr.). South Georgia. Utriculus antarcticus PFFR., Jahrb. Hamburgischen Wissensch. Anstalten, iii, p. 109, pi. 3, f. 5, 1*86. Described from a single specimen found among roots of Hydroids. It is excessively fragile. The attenuation of the body-whorl below is its principal peculiarity. B. INVOLUTA Philippi. Unfigured. Shell small, cylindrical, transversely striated above and below, milk-white; apex retuse and with a profound pit like an umbilicus ; aperture linear, very narrow, suddenly dilated at the base, very ob- RETUSA. 229 tusely plicate; external-basal angle of aperture very prominent ; lip thin, contracted in the middle. Alt. 3£, diam. H lines (PA.). China (Largilliert). Bulla involuta PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 64. Has much affinity to B. convoluta Brocchi, but shorter, striated above and below, and base of the aperture suddenly dilated (PA.). The generic position is very doubtful. Perhaps it is a Cylichna. R. SEMINULUM Philippi. Unfigured. Shell small, subcylindrical, a little attenuated toward the base, very smooth, milk-white ; spire short, obtuse, distinct ; aperture linear, a little dilated at the base, obsoletely folded. Alt. H, diam. f lines (PA.). Manila. Bulla seminulum PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 64. This species is like B. obstricta Old., B. obtusa Mont , but differs in having the base of the shell attenuated and the aperture much narrower (PA.). Subgenus PYRUNCULUS Pilsbry, 1894. Sao H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 21, Sept., 1854, type S. pyriformis A. Ad. — Conf. SMITH, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ix, p. 354, 1872. Not Sao Billberg, Enum. Ins., p. 135, 1820 (Crustacea}, nor Sao Barrande, 1846 (Trilobita~) ; nor Sao Kolliker, 1853 (Siphonaphora, JForxkaliidas). Shell pyriform, wide below, narrowed above, the aperture as long as the shell, and of similar shape, columella thickened. Spire de- pressed and rather shallowly or deeply umbilicated. Surface gen- erally with some basal spiral strise. Soft parts unknown. Adams' name Sao being thrice preoccupied, has been changed to Pyrunculus. The systematic position of the species cannot be defi- nitely settled until the soft parts are known — Adams considering the group a subgenus of Atys, Smith placing it under Cylichna, while Fischer has Sao as a subgenus of Tornatina. The characters of the shells' apex seem more like Rttusa than Cylichna, so that it may be advisable to retain it as a section of that genus for the pres- ent. R. PYRIFORMIS A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 68. Shell small, ovate, greatly dilated at the base, gibbose, shining, white, smooth, pellucid, apex truncated, obsoletely longitudinally 16 UNIVERSITY 230 RETUSA. sulcated, above and below transversely striated ; spire not visible, apex slightly umbilicated ; aperture narrowed above and greatly dilated below ; outer lip acutely truncated above ; columella reflected, rather callous in the middle ; umbilicus deep (Ad.). China Sea (Cuming)- Bnlla (Atys) pyriformis AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 589, pi. 125, f. 128. — Sao pyriformis AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 21. R. NITIDA A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 65. Shell very small, obovate, white, opaque, shining, dilated at the base, apex rounded and deeply umbilicated, transversely striated above and below ; aperture produced above and narrow, inferiorly dilated ; columella simple, reflected ; umbilicus small ; outer lip rounded superiorly and arched (Ad.). Shores of Borneo (Cuming). Bulla (Atys) nitida AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 589, pi. 125, f. 127. R. LAGENULA A. Adams. Unfyured. Shell cylindrical-pyramidal, swollen below, the umbilical region impressed, transversely striated, the strise rather distant ; dull white ; apex perforated ; aperture linear, much dilated below ; inner lip short, thickened ; outer lip straight, posteriorly produced, anteriorly rounded and arcuate (Ad.). Gulf of Pe-chili, 5 fms. (Ad.) Sao lagenula AD., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), viii, p. 139. R. FOLLICULUS A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate, umbilicate, rather solid; base dilated, gibbous; smooth, transversely striated posteriorly ; apex profoundly perforate. Aperture dilated in front, narrow behind ; inner lip thickened ; outer lip strongly produced behind and acuminately angular (Ad.). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. (Ad.). Sao folliculus AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 160. The only species resembling this is S. pyriformis A. Ad., from the China Sea; but that species is much more ventricose, and more attenuated posteriorly (Ad). R. PHIALA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical-pyramidal, attenuated anteriorly [?], subcon- stricted below the summit, rimate, transversely striated above and below ; vertex profoundly perforated ; aperture linear, coarctate RETUSA. 231 behind, dilated in front ; inner lip straight, elongated, simple ; outer lip strongly produced behind (Ad.}. Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. Sao phiala AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 160. The peculiar contraction at the anterior part of the body-whorl just below the apex, the produced outer lip, and the straight simple inner lip are the chief peculiarities of this species (Ad.}. R. ELLIPTICA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell small, white, thin, elongate-ovate, subdilated in front, longi- tudinally streaked, transversely striated above and below ; aperture linear, dilated below ; inner lip straight calloused in the middle ; outer lip with arcuate margin, posteriorly produced, rounded (Ad.}. Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fms. Sao elliptica A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 160. A small white, longitudinally strigose, ovate species, differing in form and appearance from any other of the group (Ad.}. R. PELLYI Smith. Unfigured. Shell pyriform, the base double as wide as the top ; white, trans- versely, distantly striated at base; vertex umbilicated, surrounded outside by a lira (decussated by curved longitudinal, rather evanes- cent striae). Aperture narrow above, produced above the vertex, greatly dilated below. Columella short, thickened ; umbilical region perforated. Alt. 4, diarn. 2 mill. ($.). Persian Gulf (Col. Felly). Cylichna (Sao) pellyi E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ix, p. 354 (May, 1872). Considerably larger than C. nitida A. Ad., and proportionately narrower towards the upper end. R. OBESIUSCULA Brugnone. PI. 23, figs. 60, Gl. Shell 5 mill, high, 3 mill, wide, subconic-oval, truncated obliquely above, shining and smooth, with fine and numerous striae of growth, stronger toward the summit; last whorl ventricose. Aperture nar- row and linear above, below enlarged, rounded and everted a little to the left, the outer lip gently curved and projecting a little above the apex ; columella rather straight, inclined to the left, bending outwards, and with an obscure fold in the middle. The apex with a narrow, funnel-shaped, sharp edged umbilicus ; base with a small umbilical slit partly covered by the reflection of the columella. 232 RETUSA. Cylichna obesiuscula BRUGNONE, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., Ill, p. 39, pi. i, fig. 7, 1877. — Diaphana conulus VERRILL, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, p. 382, 1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., V, p. 543, pi. Iviii, fig. 25, 1882 ; VI, p. 273, 1884.— Return f obesiuscula Brugn., DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 49. Pliocene of Messina, (Seguenza) ; of Palermo (Brugnone) ; U. S. Fish Commission Stations 870, 949, 2595, 2602 and 2614, in 63-168 fms., living in about 100 fms. This species is quite distinct from Bulla conica or conulus of De- shayes, Wood, Sars, etc., from C. hcernesi and C. ovata, with all of which it has been confounded by various authors, especially Jeffreys. Professor Verrill in referring to it noted the discrepancies. (DatV). R. OVATA Jeffreys. PL 30, fig. 1 1. " Larger (than Cylichna umbilicata) narrower at the apex, and conical ; the upper angle of the outer lip is higher and more pro- jecting " (Jeffr.). Cylichna ovata JEFFREYS, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1870, Pore. Exp., p. 156 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, 5th ser., X, p. 34, 1882.— WATSON, Chall. Rep., p. 664, pi. xlix, fig. 9, 1885.— Utriculus conulus G. O. SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 287, pi. 17, fig. 17, 1878.— Cylichna umbilicata var. conulus Jeffr., Brit. Conch., IV, p. 414; V, p. 223. Not Bulla conulus Deshayes, Cylichna conulu* of Weinkauff, or Bulla conulus of Searles Wood. — Retusa f ovata DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 49. North Atlantic (Porcupine and Triton Expeditions); Bay of Biscay (Travailleur Expedition) ; Azores (Josephine, Porcupine and Challenger Expeditions); West Indies; off Pernambnco (Challen- ger Expedition); Straits of Florida, 150-465 fms. (Dr. Rush); East Coast of North America, 124-400 fms. (U. S. Fish Commis- sion); range 100-1000 fms. over a muddy bottom in all parts of the North Atlantic, with temperatures from 40° to 62° F. R. C^ELATA Bush. PI. 23, fig. 69. Shell rather thick, opaque white, with a slightly lustrous surface of moderate size, somewhat conical in shape, with a truncated tip and an elongated tapering base. Spire concealed within a very deep pit ; the two or three whorls are distinctly visible in an end view and are crossed by numerous delicate, little curved riblets which curve over the top of the body-whorl extending down a short distance, and gradually blend with the flexuous lines of growth. VOLVULA. 233 Commencing about the middle of the whorl and covering the base there are numerous, fine, punctate, spiral lines, very much crowded anteriorly. Aperture very narrow, expanded anteriorly ; outer lip a little produced at the top, bending round somewhat abruptly, then following the outline of the body-whorl, and joining the inner lip in a regular curve ; inner lip much thickened at its base, with a minute umbilical chink behind it. Color yellowish-white. (Bush'). Alt. 3, diam. 1*5 mill. (Bush). Cape Hatteras, N. (?., rare in 15-43 fms. (U .8. F. C.), Fernandina Florida. Cyliclma ccelata BUSH, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 468, pi. 45, f. 15. — Retusa ccelata DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 45. Genus VOLVULA A. Adams, 1850. Volvula A. AD. in Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, p. 558. Not Volvulus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 1815 (Moll.), nor of Brulle, Hist. Nat. Ins., 1835, (Coleoptera).— Volvulella R. B. NEWTON, Syst. List Edwards Coll. Brit. Oligocene and Eocene Moll., p. 268, 1891.— V R hizorus MONTF., Conch. Syst., ii, p. 338, 1810. Shell external, subcylindrical or long-oval, tapering at both ends, the body-whorl more or less produced in a beak or spine above. Spire concealed ; aperture as long as the shell, very narrow, the outer lip simple, produced above ; columella somewhat thickened, with the trace of a fold. Type V. acuminata. Animal with a squarish frontal disc, produced in two processes behind, as in Retusa, in front of which are the eyes. No epipodial lobes ; foot shorter than the shell, (pi. 60, figs. 9, 10, V- aeuminata'). The shell differs from Tornatina and Retusa in its attenuation at the ends, the upper extremity of the body-whorl being produced into a sort of spine in the typical species. The animal closely resembles Retusa in external features, but it is not known whether radu la-teeth are present or not. The generic term Volvula is not preoccupied. The names Vol- vulus of Oken, and Volvulus of Brulle seem to be sufficiently dis- tinct in form to preclude any danger of confusion with Volvula. V. SMITHII Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 26, fig. 65. Shell minute, elongate-ovate, rostrate above, polished, white, transversely striated at both ends, smooth in the middle ; aperture 234 VOLVULA. narrow above, dilated below ; coluraella thick. Alt. 5, diam. 3 milL (&), Whydah, W. Africa. Volvula cylindrica E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 738, pi. 75, f. 29. Not V. cylindrica Cpr. Peculiar for the beaked apex and the (about 12) spiral striae at the upper and lower portions. ($.). V. ACUMINATA Bruguiere. PL 26, figs. 61, 62 ; pi. 60, figs. 9, 10. Shell oval-cylindrical, elongated, about three times as high as wide, convoluted, acuminate at the summit, rounded at base, the spire concealed. Thin, translucent and shining, with very weak spiral striae toward the summit and the base. Aperture very nar- row, nearly linear, wider at base ; lip simple and sharp, flexuous, rounded at base ; columellar margin rounded. Columella visibly twisted, arcuate and thickened. Color hyaline white. Alt. 2'7, diam. 1 mill. ; sometimes larger. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, Atlantic from Norway to the Gulf of Gascony, laminarian and coralline zones ; Gulf of Suez (Cooke). Bulla acuminata BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 376, 1792.— PHIL., Enum. Moll, Sicil. i, p. 122, pi. 8, f. 18.— Volvula acumi- nata A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 596, pi. 125, f. 152.— BUQ. DAUTZ & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 534, pi. 64, f. 4, 5. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 130. — M. SARS, Bidrag til Kundskab om Christian- iafjordens Fauna, 1870, p. 62, pi. 11, f. 19-22 (living animal).— Ovula acuminata FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., iii, p. 500* pi. 164B, f. 3. — Cylichna acuminata JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 411; v, p. 222, pi. 93, f. 1 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), v, p. 448.— Bulla fucicola CHIEREGHINI, BRUSINA, Bib. Malac., ii, Ipsa Chier.C onch., p. 117, 1870, (no description). There can be no doubt that the slender Volvula of the Mediter- ranean is the type of Bruguiere's description ; his measurements corresponding closely to specimens, which are about three times as long as wide. His reference to Plancus (De Conchis minus notis, etc.) is less happy, for the figures cited can hardly be believed to be this shell. Whether V. oxytata Bush and V. persimilis Morch are the same f do not know, as I have not seen specimens of them ; but there is nothing in the descriptions, so far as I can see, to distinguish the American forms from the Mediterranean. Chiereghini's B* VOLVULA. 235 fucicola is a (posthumous) nude name, absolutely unknown except for Brusina's statement that it is the B. acuminata Brug. Var. BREVIS Pilsbry. PI. 60, fig. 11. Shell regularly spindle-shaped, or forming an elongated oval which is pointed above and broad below ; it is thin, almost trans- parent, and glossy; sculpture slight spiral strise at each end, and very faint microscopic lines in the same direction on the interme- diate space ; the striae near the apex are fewer and more remote than those near the base ; epidermis inconspicuous ; color, clear white. Mouth very long, commencing at the top in a short and slightly recurved spike, and gradually widening towards the base, where it is expanded and rounded ; outer lip flexuous, with a sharp edge ; inner lip consisting of a mere film on the upper part and in the middle, but thickened and reflected at the base, so as to give the pillar the appearance of having a short fold ; pillar twisted, and bending a little to the left. (Jeffr.}. Alt. 3-75, diam. 1'87 mill. Northern Europe ; Mediterranean. This form is far stumpier than the typical V. acuminata, the diameter being nearly one-half the altitude. The references to Forbes and Hanley, Jeffreys (Brit. Conch.), and Adams in the above synonymy, belong to this form. V. OXYTATA Bush. PI. 26, fig. 63. Shell rather small, somewhat cylindrical, with a sharp, spike-like apex and a tapering, rounded, anterior end, rather thin, semi-trans- parent, somewhat lustrous, with four or five very fine, indistinct, punctate spiral lines on each end, and very indistinct, microscopic strise on the intervening surface. Aperture long, very narrow, ex- panded anteriorly ; outer lip thin, following the curvature of the body whorl to just below the middle where it continues in a straight line and joins the inner lip in a broad curve; inner lip very thin, slightly reflected anteriorly over a slight umbilical chink. Color bluish-white under a pale yellow epidermis. Length of one of the largest specimens 4, breadth, T5 mill. (Bush). East coast of the United States, from Hatteras to Cuba, 5-63 fms. V. oxytata BUSH, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 468, pi. 45, f. 12, 1885. — DALL, Blake Kep. Gastr. p. 50.—? V. persimilis MORCH, Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 179, 1875. 236 VOLVULA. Dall gives the following notes upon this form ; but his Mediter- ranean oxytata are evidently typical acicminata, and the stout form from northern Europe is what I have called var. brevis: "In examining the Jeffreys collection I find this species represented from the Mediterranean from various collectors, and from Adventure Bank, Porcupine Expedition. The British and all the northern specimens, and one Mediterranean lot, are of another species, shorter and stouter, which I take to be the genuine acuminata of Bruguiere. It in its turn differs somewhat from the Crag fossil which has been called by the same name, but perhaps not specifically. I have not seen any specimen of Morch 's shell authentically identified, but his comparative remarks render it highly probable that he had the V. oxytata in view." Volvula persimilis Morch is referred to F oxytata by Dall, with a question mark. If identical, it has priority. The original descrip- tion here follows: V. persimilis Morch. Differs from F angustata A. Ad. in the shell being very subtly spirally striated, hardly visible under a lens ; more solid ; columella quite oblique, with thick straight fold. Differs from F. acuta in the subcylindrical shell. Alt. 4i, diam. If mill. V. ACUTA Orbigny. PI. 60, figs. 12, 13. Shell oblong, attenuated in front and behind, thin, white, smooth, transversely striated in front, acute behind, not perforated, trans- versely and longitudinally striated ; aperture narrow, sinuous, sud- denly dilated in front; columella subacute. Alt. 2, diam. "75 mill. (Orb). West Indies, north to Hatteras. Sulla acuta ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 126, pi. 4, f. 17-20.— Volvula acuta DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 50. — Volvula recta MORCH (not Orb.), Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 179. — ? Volvula minuta BUSH, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 469, pi. 45, f. 11, 1885. This species, when young, seems to me indistinguishable from F. minuta Bush, so fur as the shells are concerned. I have not seen the soft parts. Northern specimens are a little yellower and more earthy than those from the Antilles, as in the case of many other species having a wide geographical range. Miss Bush's figure is VOLVULA. 237 more ovate than that of Orbigny, and I find specimens agreeing with both figures in form, with others which appear more or less inter- mediate. This species differs from V. acuminata Brug, in being one quarter shorter with the same width, in having a well marked um- bilical chink, and an apical process averaging shorter in specimens of the same size. (Dall). The F. minuta of Miss Bush, which Dall believes identical with is described as follows : r. minuta (pi. 26, fig. 57), Shell very small, spindle-shaped, thin, semi-transparent, white, destitute of sculpture with the exception of three or four very indis- tinct, punctate, spiral lines on the base. Aperture very narrow, gradually expanding anteriorly from about the middle, with a reg- ularly curved outer lip. Columella with a slight twist or fold, with a very small umbilical chink behind it. Epidermis indistinct. Length of the largest specimen, 2*5, breadth, 1 mill. V. BUSHII Dall. Unfigured. This species is stouter, and its posterior process more acutely pointed than in V. acuta; its posterior end is more inflated and blunt than in V. acuta or acuminata, and the little sharp spine rises more abruptly from this dome. The anterior part of the shell is somewhat narrower than the posterior part, with very straight sides and columella, toward which it is evenly rounded in front. There is along chink behind the pillar, a faint wash of callus on the body, and fine microscopic spiral striae over the polished surface. The color is greenish-white of a cretaceous quality. The columella is slightly reflected, but not twisted. Lon. 46 ; lat. 2'3 mill. (Dall). Station 2602, 36 miles S. % W.from Cape Hatteras, N. C., in 124 fms., sand, (U. S. Fish Commission). F. bushii DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 51. V. ASPINOSA Dall. Unfigured. Shell white or yellowish, opaque, the young translucent, rather stout, ovate, the aperture as long as the shell, very narrow behind, wider in front, the outer lip sharp edged, thickened inside, evenly rounded to both extremities, its middle part nearly straight, the left or opposite side of the shell much more arched than the right side; surface with well-marked incremental lines, numerous small micro- scopic striae a little stronger toward the extremities ; columella thick, 238 VOLVULA. short, straight, with a very minute chink behind it covered mostly by callus; apex dome like, with a small rising in the center, which in the most perfect and especially young specimens is pointed ; callus on the body narrow, but well marked. Lon. 4*0; lat. 2'0 mill. (Dall). Off the North Carolina coast, in 18-168 fms. ; Straits of Florida,. 150-200 fms., (Dr. Rush). F. aspinosa DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 51. This very interesting species nearly bridges the gap between typical Volvula and Oylichna. Many of the worn or unfinished specimens show hardly a trace of an apical process ; with the best developed ones it is only a raised point barely as high as the eleva- tion of the outer lip beyond the apex, and never a spine as in the other species. There is something about its form and facies, how- ever, which indicates its relationship even when the point is absent. Apart from the spine it is perhaps nearer F. jBus/mthaii any of the others, but it is more cylindrical, smaller, and has a narrower aper- ture. The shell seems unusually heavy for its small size when a per- fectly mature specimen is examined. (Dall). V. PAUPERCULA Watson. PI. 26, figs. 58, 59. Shell small, cylindrically oblong, with a short, blunt, but pointed top, white, faintly spiralled. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are fine close-set lines of growth. Spirals — the whole shell is scored with fine, shallow, remote, scarcely fretted furrows. Colour ivory- white. Mouth arched, narrow above and throughout the greater part of its length, but widening in front, where the body of the shell contracts on the base ; above, it rises beyond the top of the body, and in front goes slightly beyond the point of the pillar. Outer lip is gently curved in the middle, with a quick bend at either end ; its edge seems to be nearly level, but emarginate in front. Top con- tracts rather quickly to a small central tip. Inner lip : a pretty distinct glaze covers the body ; in front of this the narrow pillar projects somewhat obliquely, with a slight twist and prominent edge, and is rather abruptly cut off at the point ; behind it lies a small furrow running up into a minute umbilical chink. Alt. 0'062 in. diam. 0'03. Mouth, breadth at same place, O'OOS inch. ( Wats.). North of Culebra I., West Indies, 390 fms. CylicJma ( Volvula) paupercula WATS., Chall. Rep., p. 669, pi. 50, f. 5. VOLVULA. 239 The Volvula acuta d'Orb. a Cuban species, is much sharper and more hunchy. Volvula angustata A. Adams, is more cylindrical and less stumpily pointed above. ( Wats.}. (West- American species.} V. CYLINDRICA Carpenter. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, white, shining, encircled by distant spiral strife ; flattened in the middle, the margins nearly parallel, rather effuse below, sudienly narrowed behind; canal very short; lip acute ; inner lip indistinct; columellar fold small, very sloping. Alt. -17, diam. '07 in. (Cpr.}. Sta. Barbara, California. Volvula cylindrica CPU., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xv, p. 179 (March, 1865) ; Moll. Western N. A., Smiths. Misc. Coll. no. 252, pp. 23, 133, 281. (Indo- Pacific, Japanese and Australian species). V. EBURNEA A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 66. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, smooth, solid, shining, inferiorly transversely striated, beaked at both ends ; aperture narrow poste- riorly, dilated anteriorly ; outer lip posteriorly inflexed ; inner lip callous; umbilicus none. (Ad.}. China Sea (Gaming). B. ( Volvula} eburnea AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 597, pi. 125, f. 155. V. STRIATULA A. Adams. PL 26, fig. 64. Shell small, ovately cylindrical, beaked at both ends, entirely transversely striated; spire concealed; aperture linear, anteriorly slightly dilated ; outer lip straight, slightly inflexed in the middle ; inner lip strongly twisted, with a single plait. (Ad.}. China Seas (Cuming). B. (Volvula) striatula AD., Thes. ii, p. 597, pi. 125, f. 156. V. OPALINA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate-oval, rimate, white, semipellucid, smooth, shining, obsoletely transversely striated in front ; mucro short, produced (with the lip) in an angle; aperture narrow, inner lip thin, oblique, incurved ; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 154, 1862). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. 240 VOLVULA. V. SPECTABILIS A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate oval, acuminate behind, rounded in front; apical mucro short, not produced ; rather thin, white, shining, most min- utely transversely striated. Aperture moderate ; inner lip thin, elongated, scarcely flexuous; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad., I. c., p. 154). Tabu Sima, Japan, 25 fms. V. CYLINDRELLA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, obtuse at both ends, transversely striated throughout, the striae close; summit short, acute, not produced; aperture linear ; inner lip subtortuous ; outer lip with somewhat straightened margin. (A Ad., t. c., p. 155). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. V. OVULINA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate-oval, subventricose, transversely striated through- out, umbilicated, somewhat swollen in front, mucro at the summit small, acute, produced (with the lip) in an angle; aperture wide; inner lip tortuous, elongated, widely reflexed in front ; outer lip reg- ularly arcuate. (Ad., t. c., p. 155). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. V. RADIOLA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell subcylindrical, acuminate at both ends, the mucro of the summit produced, acute; white, opaque, transversely striated throughout, the striae distant ; aperture linear, dilated in front ; inner lip oblique, straight, somewhat thickened ; outer lip with straight margin. (Ad., t. c., p. 155). Tabu Sima, Japan, 25 fms. V. ATTENUATA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate-cylindrical, narrowed at both ends, transversely striated throughout, the striae distant; mucro acute, produced. Aperture linear, slightly dilated in front; inner lip subtortuous, oblique; outer lip wiih subarcuate margin. (Ad., t. c., p. 155). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms. V. ANGUSTATA A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 67. Shell cylindrical, beaked at both ends, smooth, shining white, longitudinally substriated ; spire concealed ; aperture linear, nar- VOLVULA. 241 rowed in the middle, produced above, dilated below, outer lip con- tracted in the middle ; inner lip with a single fold. (Ad.~). Cagayan, Mindanao, 25 fms. (Cum ing) ; Endermo Harbor, Japan, 4-7 fms. (Smith) ; Off Katow, New Guinea, 8 fms. (Brazier). B. (Volvula) angustata AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 596, pi. 125, f. 153.— BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W., ii, p. 83.— SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 114. V. ROSTRATA A. Adams. PL 26, fig. 60. Shell elongately oval, white, pellucid, beaked at both ends, lon- gitudinally substriated. transversely (under the lens) very minutely striated ; aperture' narrow, linear ; outer lip equally arched ; col- umella tortuous, with a single plait. (Ad.*). Port Lincoln, Australia. B. (Volvula} rostrata A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 596, pi. 125, f. 154. V. SULCATA Watson. PL 26, fig. 56. Shell oblong, very symmetrically curved, bluntly pointed above, and still more bluntly in front, white, very faintly spiralled, but with the center part of the body plain. Sculpture: Longitudinals — there are very slight lines of growth. Spirals — at the lower end of the shell there are about ten very slight fretted spiral furrows ; those above are rather sparse and irregular, those toward the point are crowded and feeble; the larger part of the shell is plain, while above are a few spirals still feebler than those in front. Colour trans- lucent white. Mouth arched ; about the middle the arch is flattened and narrowed, broadening a very little above and somewhat more in front ; above, it rises bluntly beyond the top of the body, and in front it just passes the point of the pillar. Outer lip is very little curved in the middle, but bends in toward the axis at either end ; its edge retreats a little above, but only very slightly in front. Top is bluntly and roundly pointed. Inner lip : there is a small transpar- ent pointed pad where the outer lip rises from the tip, the curve of the body is regular, but just at the top of the pillar is a slight contraction ; the pillar, which has a very faint tooth at its base is slightly oblique, and markedly twisted out to the very point; it has a flat, expanded and broadening front, with a sharp reverted edge, behind which is a rather strongly marked furrow, but no umbilicus. 242 VOLVULA-SCAPHANDRID^E. Alt. 0-074 in. diam. 0'034. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'005 inch. (Wats.1). Torres Strait, 3-11 fms. Cylichna (Volvula) sulcata WATS., Chall., Rep. Gastr., p. 670, pi. 50, f. 6. In form this somewhat resembles Volvula angustata A. Adams, but the sculpture is quite different. Compared to Cylichna acum- inata A. Adams, the apex of the Challenger species is not spike-like and the spiral stride are stronger. ( Wats.). Family SCAPHANDRID^ Fischer. Shell spiral, external, the spire sunken or concealed. Animal with a short subquadrate foot, truncated or forked behind ; frontal disc without tentacles, the posterior lobes obsolete ; epipodial lobes well developed. Radula having the central tooth small, with a very large lateral on each side of it, and either a few smaller uncini or none. Gizzard containing three calcareous plates, which are not tuberculate. This family differs from Tornatinidce in the obsolescence of posterior lobes on the head-shield, in the well-developed radula, and the large lateral epipodial lobes. It differs from Bullidae in the highly specialized form of the radula-teeth and their small number in a transverse row. The form of the shell is so various in Scaphandridce that no useful diagnosis of the family can be drawn from that organ. It would be very difficult to indicate any means of distinguishing the shells of some species of Cylichna from the genera Retusa and Haminea, although the soft parts of these three genera are very different. As in the case of Tornatinidce, the present monograph does not pretend to be a sufficient account of all the species, much less to decide authoritatively questions of synonymy. In the present state of con- chology, all systematic work on Tectibranchs is of a tentative and superficial character ; and if the following account serves the tem- porary purpose of bringing together all of the described forms and their literature, the object of the writer will be attained. It remains for those who have opportunity to observe living examples to prop- erly classify many of the species. SCAPHANDRID^E. 243 Synopsis of Genera. Genus SCAPHANDER Montfort. Shell involute, oblong or ovate, the spire concealed by a callus, covered with a thin epidermis, spirally striated. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow above, much dilated below, the columellar lip concave, long; columella revolving around a hollow axis; parietal wall smooth. Subgenus SABATIA Bellardi. Shell like Scaphander, but parietal wall bearing an entering fold of callus. Genus SMARAGDINELLA Adams. Shell ovate, entirely open from the front and base ; whorls hardly more than one ; apex concealed ; aperture nearly as large as the shell, ovate ; parietal wall bearing a large spirally entering plate, forming a little cup projecting into the aperture. Subgeuus NONA H. & A. Ad. Shell white, the outer lip rising well above the vertex. Genus ATYS Montfort. Shell solid, involute, oval, usually with spiral striae at both ends ; aperture projecting beyond vertex and base, the lip typically folded above the vertex ; columella plicate or concave, generally partly re- flexed over a small umbilicus. See text for subgenera. Genus CYLICHNA Loveu. Shell rather small and subcylindrical, the spire sunken and um- bilicate or closed by a callus from the inner lip ; rather solid ; aper- ture as long as the shell, narrow above, somewhat dilated below ; columella short, thickened, sometimes sinuous. For subdivisonssee text. Genus DIAPHANA Brown. Shell small, thin, corneous-brown, umbilicated, swollen, the last whorl shouldered or globose ; spire low or sunken in an apical um- bilicus. Aperture as long as the shell, rising above the vertex ; peristome thin. For subdivisions see text. 244 SCAPHANDER. Genus SCAPHANDER Momfort, 1810. Scaphander MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 334. type S. lignarius. — Assula SCHUM., Essai, etc., p. 78, 258, type A. convoluta=B. lignar- ia L. (1817). — Gioeni GIOENI, Descriz. di ima nuova Fam. ediun nuovo Gen. di Testacei, trovati nel littorale di Catania, p. xxv, (iii to xxxiv), plate, figs, i-xiii, Naples, 1783 (Gizzard with plates, etc., of S. lignarius}. — Gicenia BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i. p. 502 (article "char"). — Tricla PHILIPSSON, Dissertatio Hist.-Nat, Nova Testa- ceorum Genera, p. 8, Lund, 1788 (gizzard with plates). Shell entirely external, imperforate, ovate, rather solid, with the vertex narrow, concave and closed by a callus over the spire ; aper- ture as long as the shell, sinused behind, narrowed above, dilated and effuse below ; columella long, simply concave, with reflexed, ap- pressed edge. Type S. lignarius. Animal (pi. 32, fig. 24, S. lignarius} with a lar^e pentagonal or hexagonal frontal disc, the posterior margin produced in two broad, short subobsolete lobes; no eyes; foot about the length of the shell, truncated behind ; lateral lobes large and well developed. Gizzard (pi. 61 fig. 36 lateral view, fig. 37 dorsal view) armed with two large flattened subtriangular plates (pi. 61, fig. S3, pi. 32, fig. 25) and one lanceolate, laterally-compressed plate (pi. 61, figs. 34, 35). Radula narrow and minute, tooth-formula 1*1' 1. The central teeth are small, subquadrate, subobsolete, not denticulated. Lateral teeth large, sickle-shaped (pi. 61, figs. 39, 40, S. lignarius}. The form of the shell is quite characteristic, but the main peculiarities of the animal are anatomical. The dentition is alto- gether peculiar, although showing much affinity to that of Diaphana and Atys ; the external anatomy is most like Atys ; the gizzard plates are characteristic, two being very large and subtriangular, while the third is folded upon itself and of a narrow, lanceolate form, fitting between the large ones. Not unnaturally, the gizzard with its plates has been described as an independent genus, and two generic names have been applied to it, both prior in date to Scaphander ; but Draparnaud in 1800 dis- covered their true nature, and it was also known to Montfort. Besides the typical group of Scaphander, in which the parietal wall of the aperture is smooth, a subgenus Sabatia has been institu- ted by Bellardi, for forms in which there is a parietal entering callous fold. These lead the way toward the genus Smatagdinella SCAPHANDER. 245 S. LIGNARIUS Linne. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22, 23, 17. Shell large, solid, ovate, attenuated above, abruptly truncated at the narrow vertex, dilated below. Surface unevenly grooved throughout, the grooves much closer above and below. Aperture as long as the shell, widely sinused above, where the excavated outer lip is inserted on the calloused, concave vertex ; much dilated below, and effuse. Columella very concave, bordered by an even reflexion of callus which continues up the parietal wall to the vertex. Viewed from the base, all the whorls are seen within the spiral turns of the columella. Color rich reddish brown. Alt. GO mill. Atlantic Ocean from Norway to Gibraltar; Mediterranean Sea. Bulla llgnaria LINN., Syst. xii, p. 1184. — Scaphander lignarins MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 334. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 443, v, p. 224, pi. 95, f. 5.— BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Mar. Rouss. i, p. 536, pi. 63, f. 1-3.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 292, pi. 1 8, f. 7 (Shell), pi. 26, f. 4 (Animal) ; pi. xi, f. 13 (dentition, anatomy). — Assula convoluta SCHUM., Essai, etc., p. 258. — S. giganteus Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. iv, p. 51, pi. 2, f. 12. — S. targionius Risso, t. c. pi. 2, f. 13.— £ brownii LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B. p. 40.— Gicenia sicula BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 502. Of this common and well known species we have given above but few references to books, but most of the others may be found in the works cited. It is the largest of the genus. Its food, according to Mme. Jeannette Power (Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xx, p. 335) con- sists of Dentalium, the shells of which are triturated by means of the solid gizzard-plates. Var. minuscula Monts. Small and pale colored, sometimes reddish above. Yar. targionia Risso. Rather less swollen than the typical form. Yar. brittanica Monts. Moderate sized, shorter and more swollen than the type. Atlantic (pi. 31, fig. 17). Yar. curia Jeffr. Very small and short. Var. hidalgoi B. D. D. Small, deep brown, with more numerous and closer spiral striae (fig. 22). Var. alba Jeffr. Entirely white, with a creamy cuticle. Fossil forms of this species have been described under the names S. sublignarius Orb., S. grateloupii Mich., and S.fortisii Grat. (not Brong.). It is wide spread in the Pliocene of Europe. 17 246 SCAPHANDER. S. PUNCTOSTRIATUS Mighels. PL 31, %. 16. Shell rather solid, ovate, somewhat narrower but not constricted above, the vertex very narrow, scarcely truncated. Surface sculpt- ured with tine spiral, distinctly punctured grooves. Vertex narrow, not distinctly margined, and but slightly concave, the lip inserted in the middle. Aperture narrow above, broad below ; outer lip reced- ing toward the upper insertion, somewhat effuse below. Columella broadly concave, bordered by a narrow white callus, the parietal callus slight and translucent. Only the last whorl is visible from the base. Color buff or pale brown, the interior of the aperture shin- ing, porcellanous, white. Alt. from 8 to 30 mill. Iceland, Shettland and Nomvay to Bay of Biscay, and off Azores (1000 fms.) ; Palermo, 60 fms. ; northwest Atlantic from Maine and Massachusetts to Culebra I., (390 fms.) and Barbados (288 fms.), and Gulf of Mexico, 533 fms. Ballapunctostriata MIGH., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. i, 1841, p. 49 ; Bost. Journ.' N. H. iv, 1842, p. 43, pi. 4, f. 10. — Scaphander puncto- str tutus OLD., Inv. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.), p. 215, f. 505.— VERRILL, Tr. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 273. — DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 52. — SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 292, pi. 18, f. 6.— JEFFREYS, Brit. Asso. Rep. 1884, p. 554.— WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 642.— A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 575, pi. 121, f. 50.— Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 2.— & librar- ius LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Scand. in Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., 1846, p. 142.— JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 446; v, p. 224, pi. 102, f. 9; P. R. S. Lond. xxv, p. 185, 194, etc. ; Ann. Mag. K H. (4), xix, p. 335. — MONTS., Enumerazione, etc., p. 51. This species inhabits comparatively shallow water in the north, but the southern localities are all for examples dredged in great depths. The regularly ovate form and conspicuously punctate striaa are its more prominent features. Var. clavus Ball. These specimens exhibit a bluntness at the apex and a more Bulla-like form than the typical ones, and may form a variety ciavus, distinguished from the type by the above features and by the simple apex, where the axis is prolonged into the outer lip directly without being twisted so as to form a sort of cup, as in the type of the species. West Indies, 288-553 fms. SCAPHANDER. 247 S. GRACILIS Watson. PI. 31, figs. 19, 20. Shell thinnish, oblong, slightly flattened, a little narrowed up- ward, obliquely truncate at the top, where the outer lip rises like a tooth on the right ; in front it is a little oblique toward the right, very little expanded, rounded towards the point. The mouth is pear-shaped and small for the genus. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very slight. Spirals — the whole surface is dotted over with fine remote stipplings somewhat variable in size and shape, running in rather oblique spiral lines, which are a little crowded above and distant in front, where, however, an additional finer line of minute stipplings is often intercalated. Epidermis mem- branaceous, pale lemon-yellow. Colour dead white, with occasional translucent longitudinal bands. Crown consists of the bluntly rounded edge of a small shallow round pit, which is partly or wholly choked up with the labial callus ; the line across the crown is very oblique. Mouth rather small, pear-shaped, and nearly straight. Outer lip slightly thickened and reflected on the crown of the shell, from which it rises upwards and projects forward like a tooth ; from this point it advances almost straight with a patulous and scarcely convex edge to the beginning of the base, whence it sweeps round, retreating and very patulous to the point of the pillar. Inner lip very slightly convex above, almost straight in its oblique course across the base; on all this part a thickish well-defined glaze is spread on the front of the body ; as the mouth begins to widen, this glaze is pressed out into a blunt angulation, almost a tooth, which is prolonged to the left in the narrow-edged, flat-fronted, truncated, twisted, concave pillar; here the reverted callus, which dies out at the point of the pillar, has behind it a small shallow flat furrow leading up into a pore-shaped umbilicus. Looking up the axis of the shell, though the opening is rather narrow, two whorls can be distinguished. Alt. Of62 in. diam. 0*34. Greatest breadth of mouth, 0-24 inch. (Wats.). West of Azores, and off San Miguel, Azores, 1000 fras. S. gracilis WATS., J. L. S. Lond. xvii, 345 ; Chall. Gastr. p. 645, pi. 48, f. 4. This is a long and narrow shell with little of the generic peculiar- ity of shape, though the anterior splay form is recognizable. The singular thickening of the pillar seems to increase with age. In the three specimens from station 78 it is much more strongly marked than in the somewhat younger shells from Station 73. The young 248 SCAPHANDER. shells of Scaphander punclo-striatus (Migh.) are squatter, rounder, with a flatter crown, and have the outer lip less produced behind ; their stippled sculpture, which varies a good deal, is often coarser, and forms more continuous spirals ; the pillar-lip, too, and shape of the body are very different. In one of the specimens, from station 78 in particular, the slow wasting away of the surface has scarcely attacked the stippled pits of the spirals which accordingly remain projecting as flat round tubercles. Specimens probably referable to this species are also said to have been collected by the ' Challenger' off Sydney, E. Australia, in 410 fms., an extraordinary distribution if really established (See Smith, Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. i, p. 60). S. WATSONI Ball. PI. 31, fig. 18. Shell slender, delicate, white or yellowish, polished, posteriorly attenuated, with the outer lip and aperture produced behind the apex ; transverse sculpture, none beside the delicate lines of growth, which are perceptible chiefly at or near the tips ; spiral sculpture consisting of some twenty-five sharp, strong, channelled, clear-cut grooves, not punctate or in any way irregular, except that they are more crowded near the summit than elsewhere, about half being within the posterior third of the shell ; between these near the ex- tremities, and near the margin of the outer lip, are a few more deli- cate intercalary grooves ; posterior apex a minute pit, punctured in the centre, from which the free margin rises, extends backward somewhat more than half a millimeter, then downward, forward almost in a straight line, then with a wide sweep up and around to join the slightly thickened margin of the body, into which it passes imperceptibly ; body with a light-wash of callus ; axis coiled so as to be pervious to the summit when viewed from in front. Lon. of shell and aperture, 8'75. Max. lat. of body, 2'5 ; of entire shell, 4-25 ; of aperture, 3'25 ; min. lat. of aperture, 0'75 mill. (Dall). Off Sombrero Island, 54-72 fms.; Barbados, 100 fms.; off Bahia Honda, 84 fms; off Hatter as, 63-324 fms. Scaphander f watsoni DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 99, 1881.— Scaphander watsoni DALL, Blake Rep., p. 52, pi. 17, f. 10. It is possible that this will prove to be a PhiUne when the animal is known, but the form and aspect are those of a Scaphander. In general outline it recalls S. lignarius L., though more slender, more attenuated and pointed behind and with the free margin more SCAPHANDER. 249 produced posteriorly. In the former characters it resembles Philine Loveni Malm, as figured by G. O. Sars, but is still more pointed be- hind, and the free margin is of quite a different shape. (Dall). Adults of this species were taken at station 2376 by the U. S. Fish Commission in 324 fins. The shells alone were received. They are the American analogue of the European Scaphander lignarius, which they resemble more closely than any other species, but from which they can be distinguished by their uniformly more slender and cylindrical form and greater posterior attenuation. These dif- ferences hold good for the young as well as the adults. The outer lip generally rises higher, and the space on the posterior end of the spire is less wide and excavated in S. waUwii than in the other species, but these characters vary somewhat in both species. I doubt if S. watsoni ever reaches the size of the Mediterranean form ; the largest I have seen measured 38'0 mm. long by 19'0 mm. in greatest diameter. 8. lignarius of the same length generally meas- ures about 24*5 mm. in diameter. The magnificent S. nobilis Verrill, first dredged in 1209 fms., off Delaware Bay, was also found in the Gulf of Mexico by the U. S. Fish Commission in 1639 fni:-., at Station 2127. S. NOBILIS Verrill. PI. 32, figs. 31, 32. Shell large, swollen, stout, broad-ovate in outline, thin, translu- cent, and of an exceedingly delicate texture. The body-whorl is very large in proportion to the rest of the shell. The aperture is large, broad-ovate in the anterior part, narrowed and curved poste- riorly, extending to the apex of the shell, where it terminates in a notch, the outer lip extending back considerably beyond the notch. The aperture is much encroached upon by the convexity of the body-whorl, but about the middle the inner lip is strongly excav- ated and forms a broad arid somewhat sinuous curve ; the outer lip is very broadly and evenly rounded throughout most of its extent ; anteriorly the curvature forms the arc of a circle; posteriorly it ex- tends back beyond the apex of the shell in the form of an obtuse and slightly everted process, with its posterior margin concave, somewhat sinuous and spiral, and a little thickened. The surface is smooth and polished, somewhat shining, and everywhere covered by spiral lines formed by series of oblong dots, which are decidedly sunken below the surface and separated by intervals about equal to or less than their own length. The spiral lines are unequal in fineness, the 250 SCAPHANDER. broader ones alternating with finer ones in which the dots are very narrow ; the intervals between the spiral lines are also variable in breadth. None of the specimens appear to have a distinct epider- mis. Length of shell to apex of one of the largest specimens 35 mill. ; breadth, 25 mill. ; length of aperture, 37 mill. ; greatest breadth of aperture, 18 mill. (F). Of Martha's Vineyard, in 906-1309 frns. ; off Delaware Bay, 1091- 1209 fins. ; East from Tobago, in 880 fms. (Albatross). 8. nobilis VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. vi, p. 209, pi. 32, f. 18, 18a, (shell) ; f. 186, c (dentition) ; f. 18rf (gizzard).— DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 53 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 297. This species bears some resemblance to S. pundostriatus (Migh.) H. and A. Ad., but is much thinner, with a far more delicate texture. Its form is much shorter and more swollen in the middle, and the spiral lines are less numerous, with wider intervals, and have the punctations larger and not so close together, giving a much smoother appearance to the surface, although the punctate character is quite as evident. The aperture is also much broader, especially in its anterior half, while the body-whorl projects into it much more strongly. The inner lip is much thinner and shows only a slightly thickened fold along the colurnella-margin. Posteriorly the shell is not at all narrowed, but is evenly rounded, instead of being pinched up as in S. pundostriatus. The posterior process of the outer lip is more flaring, and extends farther backward beyond the apex. The apex of the shell is nearly plain and smooth, though sometimes slightly indented, and does not have a thickened deposit of enamel extending beyond the edge of the notch, as in the latter. (F). S. INTERRUPTUS Dall. PI. 32, fig. 26. Shell in many respects resembling S. ligr)ariits,ai\d best described by comparison with it. Shell of a livid or grayish straw-color, not the yellow or reddish-brown of lignarius; the tip of the spire is smaller in proportion and more pointed ; the axis is pervious as in lignariKS, but the perforation is more cylindrical and does not become funnel-shaped as the shell enlarges to maturity ; the shell averages more slender; the callus on the body is not reflected so far, and especially on the anterior part of the pillar; the grooves of the sur- face in lignarius without exception are continuous, the punctures being arranged along their channels ; in 8. interruptus the spiral SCAPHANDER. 251 sculpture is composed of rows of short or longer punctations or grooves, which do not unite to form a continuous line except close to the columella in front, and here rather as the result of crowding and overlapping ; these short grooves are not punctate at the bottom as in S. lignarius, but are apt to alternate stronger and weaker, and are more close set than in lignarius of the same size. Alt. 33, diam. 17'5 mill. ; diam. of aperture 13'5 mill. (Dall). West coast of Patagonia, 1050 fms. ; near Galapagos Is., 812 fms. S. interruptus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 297, pi. 12, f. 12, 1889. S. MUNDUS Watson. PL 31, figs. 13, 14. Shell obliquely oval, thin, opaque, ivory-white, glossy, stippled in spiral lines, abovre narrowed obliquely, concavely truncated, and on the right bluntly pointed, below rounded. Sculpture : Longitudinals —there are very fine hair like lines of growth, with slight irregular interrupted and unequal undulations. Spirals— the whole shell is covered with small shallow distant impressed dots: these above are roughly rounded or obliquely longitudinal ; but from about one- third of the way down they become transversely elongated ; they are arranged in rows not quite equal, and which are parted by intervals of fully double the breadth of the dotted rows ; toward the point of the base the dots tend to return to the round shape, and the rows of largish dots are parted by rows of minute transversely elongated dots which occur in the intervals. Besides these, there are over the whole surface the close-set superficial microscopic spiral lines, which seem to be a characteristic of the genus. Epidermis excessively thin, membranaceous, and glossy, of a faint straw colour. Colour ivory-white. Crown oblique. There is a slight indentation or small conical pit almost completely coated with the glaze of the lip ; this little pit is encircled by a very slight and blunt keel. Mouth irreg- ularly pear-shaped, being somewhat narrowed above and expanded below. Outer lip projects a little angularly behind, and here it is reverted, thickened, and appressed ; from the highest point of its rite it sweeps round to the point of the pillar with a very equable curve ; it is very patulous on the base. Inner lip flexuous, being very con- vex on the body and openly concave on the pillar. A very thin glaze extends from the outer lip above across the body to the pillar, which has a pretty strongly reverted rounded and twisted edge, up which one can just see into the interior of the shell for nearly two 252 SCAPHANDER. turns. Alt. T15 in. diam. 0'78. Greatest breadth of mouth, 0*61 inch. ( JFafo.). Off Arr ou I., west of Papua, 800 frus. S. mundus WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 643, pi. 48, f. 2. This is a delicately beautiful shell, curiously intermediate between Scaf)hander lignarius (Linne), and Scaphander puncto-striatus (Migh), while perfectly distinct from both. In form it is less like a Bulla than the latter, while the attenuation above is less, and the expansion of the outer lip below is even greater than in the former. Lying on its face, it is broader and is more flattened, and that, too, more obliquely than either. Its puncto-striate spiral sculpture ap- proaches that of Scaphander punctosiriatus (Migh). Scaphander no- bills Verrill, is a good deal like, but then the proportion of the body- whorl to the size of the mouth is greater, and the outer lip rises higher and bends more to the left at the top oi the shell ; the whole shell, too, is narrower. (Wats.). S. MULTISTRIATUS Brazier. Un figured. Shell white, thin, transparent, oblong ovate, transversely, obliquely, and closely striated, attenuated towards the spire ; spire truncated, slightly umbilicated ; aperture pyriform ; outer lip slightly inflated above, from the centre to the base widely expanded a little thick- ened ; columella obliquely somewhat faintly plicated. Length, 3} lines; breadth at spire, 1 line; at centre, If lines; base, 1£ lines; aperture circle at spire, H lines; at centre, H lines. (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms, sandy mud. S. multistriata BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 84. S. NIVEUS Watson. PL 31, fig. 15. Shell thinnish, obliquely oval, slightly narrowed and rounded above, where the outer lip rises on the right like a tooth; in front it is rounded with a very blunt angulation at the point of the pillar; ivory-white, glossy, striate, but scarcely stippled. The body is rather tumid, and shaped like a Bulla. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are exceedingly faint hair like lines of growth, of which, at at frequent intervals, one more distinct produces a slight undulation of the surface. Spirals — the whole shell presents the microscopic and very superficial crimpings of the genus, which become rather strong on the base; there are also some very superficial and extremely obsolete bandings or furrows and ridges, which are SCAPHANDER. 253 •scarcely appreciable. Besides these, the upper half of the shell and the point of the base are scratched with fine square-cut strise, which, with a little difficulty, can be recognized as formed of minute con- tiguous stipplings ; these are very remote in the middle of the shell, but toward either extremity they become crowded. Epidermis membranaceous. Colour white, with a faint ivory tinge. Crown consists only of the flatly rounded margin of a very small pit-like depression in front of the origin of the outer lip, which rises abruptly above the top of the shell. Mouth curved, rather club than pear- shaped, being gibbously enlarged in front and elongate and rather narrow behind. Outer lip thickened, reflected, and sinuated above, where curving forwards, it rises in a tooth-like form above the crown ; from this point it sweeps very equably round to the point of the pillar, the curve being very slightly flattened above and some- what full on the base; it is patulous throughout ; the very thin edge is nowhere very prominent. Inner lip roundly convex on the body, bluntly angulated at the top of the short scarcely curved and barely truncate pillar. A thickish and rather prominent glaze joins the two extremities of the outer lip; near its edge on the upper part of the body this glaze has a few irregular rounded tubercles ; on the base, where it is thickened to a pad, these tubercles increase in size and number, while the reverted pillar-lip is harshly covered with them. The pillar lip is not quite closely appressed, having an over- hanging edge and a closed chink behind it. Alt. 1*15, diam. 0*8. Greatest breadth of mouth, 0*56 inch. ( Wain). South-east of the Philippines, 500 fms. S. niveus WATS., J. L. S. Lond. xvii, p. 343 ; Chall. Rep., p. 644, pi. 48, f. 3. Only one specimen of this species having been found, it is im- possible to say whether the roughening of the labial glaze is a specific feature as in some of the Volutes, or the result of disease. In this species the general form of the shell, and especially that of the body- whorl is even liker a Bulla than is the case with Scaphander puncto- ttriatus (Migh) ; but the apex is not perforated. As in that species one, looking up the pillar, can only see a single complete whorl. The minute stippling of the spirals resembles, on a still smaller scale, that feature in Scaphander lignarms (Linne). Compared to Scaph- ander mundus Watson, this is a much more tumid form, and the sculpture is markedly different. ( Wats.). UNIVEBSITI V r>*. °> ..* 254 SCAPHANDER. S. JAPONICUS A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate, elongate, narrowed behind, dull white, transversely- sulcate, the sulci rather closely puncticulate; spire concealed ; aper- ture coarctate behind, dilated in front ; inner lip thin ; outer lip, produced and obtusely angled posteriorly, rounded in front, the mar- gin regularly arcuate. (Ad., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 156). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. The punctate striae are common to most of the species of this genus. The present species nearly resembles S. lignarius in form, but is much smaller (only half an inch long) ; it is also less ventri- cose, and transverse grooves are puncticulate. (Ad.). S. CUMINGII A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell oblong-ovate, constricted behind, whitish, transversely obliquely sulcate, the sulci closely puncticulate ; aperture ample, strongly coarctate behind, dilated and slightly effuse in front ; inner lip lengthened, subreflexed outwardly; lip produced and acutely angled posteriorly ; hind margin inflexed, anteriorly crenulatedj (Ad., I. c.,p. 156). Mino-Sima, 63 fms. Differs from 8. japonicus, which it equals in size, in the last whorl being posteriorly constricted, in the close set oblique grooves, in the narrowness of the last whorl, and in the acute hind angle of the outer lip. (Ad.). S. ELONGATUS A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell thin, white, elongate-ovate, narrowed at both ends, trans- versely sulcate, the sulci distant, punctate; aperture produced in front and dilated, coarctate behind ; inner lip thin ; outer lip with regularly arcuate margin. (Ad., 1. c., p. 157). MinO'Siina, Japan, 63 fms. This species is elongate and narrowed at both ends, and the punc- tate grooves are wide apart. The spire of this and of all the other species is " truncata umbilicata," or " occulta." (Ad.). S. SULCATINUS A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate, somewhat solid, posteriorly narrowed, tawny,, shining, transversely sulcate, the sulci simple and distant ; aperture coarctate posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; inner lip simple ; outer lip- with regularly arcuate margin. (Ad., 1. c., p. 157). Korea Strait, 46 fms. SCAPHANDER. 255 This is a small, smooth, rather solid species, transversely sulcate ; r |the grooves fine, simple, and more strongly marked at the posterior r- (extremity. SIEBOLDII A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell small, oblong, white, rather thin, coarctate behind, rather swollen in the middle, transversely sulcate, the sulci distant and mnctate ; aperture ample, very much dilated below, narrow above ; inner lip reflexed behind, thin and arcuate in front ; margin of mter lip slightly straight, posteriorly produced and strongly angled. [Ad. 1. c., p. 157). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms. This may be a Philine. " The only species at all resembling this lis S. pectinatus ; from which, however, it differs greatly ; it is very (loosely convolute, and the last whorl is gibbose in the middle. Eu.). jS. DILATATUS A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate, posteriorly narrowed, loosely convoluted, white, thin, transversely striated, the striae close and simple; spire small; aperture ample, narrowed behind, much dilated in front ; inner lip 'thin; outer lip with regularly arcuate margin, posteriorly produced and acutely angled. (Ad., 1. c., p. 157). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms. This species is probably a Philine ; but as I have not seen it, and it was described as a Scaphander, the safest course is to leave the form in the latter genus. " This is a slightly convolute, thin, oblong species, with the transverse lines waved but not punctate, and the aperture greatly dilated." Subgenus SABATIA Bellardi, 1876. Sabatia BELL., Bull, della Soc. Mai. Italiana, ii, p. 209, type & isselii BELLARDI, 1. c., p. 210, pi. C, f. 5-8.— DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 53. Shell ovate or short-oval, with the aperture as long as the shell, dilated below as in Scaphander ; columella simply concave in adult shells, the parietal wall bearing a spirally entering plicate or smooth callus. Anatomy unknown. Type S. isselii Bellardi, pi. 32, figs. 33, 34. 256 SCAPHANDER. The type of this group is a pliocene fossil of Piedmont in which the callus is plicated. Fig. 34 shows the front view, fig. 33 a dorsal view with the body- wall removed to show the internal continuation of the spiral callus. Bulla grandis Seguenza (Form. Terz. di Reg- gio, p. 250, pi. 16, f. 4, 1880) is another fossil species of the same group. In the recent fauna it is known only from deep water in the Antillean district. S. BATHYMOPHILA Dall. PL 32, figs. 27 (adult) and 28 (young). Shell large, stout, white, polished, sculptured with numerous puncticulate stria3, crowded toward the ends and few and distant in the middle ; outer lip extending backward a short distance from the spire, then sweeping downward, forward, outward, and then up- ward, curving downward and backward again to join the subtruncate columella, above and behind which there is almost a canal; col- umella reflected, with a tolerably thick callus, but no umbilicus or umbilical chink ; body with a thin deposit of callus (in one instance much thickened and roughened, apparently by disease) ; aperture very narrow behind, very wide and somewhat oblique in front ; lines of growth on the surface hardly visible. Lon. of shell and aperture, 16*5; from summit to oblique truncation of columella, 13'75. Max. lat. of shell, 11*25 ; of aperture, 7'0; min. lat. of aperture, I/O mill. (Dall). Alt. 31, diam. 24 mill. In young specimens 3*5 mm. long there are three and a half whorls ; the nucleus is visible turned on its side and half immersed ; it is heliciform, translucent white and minute ; the striation is more uniformly distributed over the shell and is exceedingly fine ; the nucleus (but not the whorls outside of it) remains partly visible until the shell has attained a length of 8'25 mm. Like most young shells of this group the young are more pointed before and behind, and less expanded than the adult. 100 miles east from Delaware Say, 554 fms. ; Fernandina, Florida; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. ; east from Tobago, 880 tins. Atys ? bathymopkila DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 98, IS&L—Sab- atia bathymophila DALL, Amer. Nat. xvi, 1882, p. 884 ; Blake Oastr., p. 53, pi. 17, f. 9, 96; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 298, 1889. SMARAGDINELLA. 257 The exterior of this species has the general form of Scaphander nobiiis, but the minute sculpture and the characteristics in detail are alike distinct. Additional and mature specimens of this species appear in the collections of 1878-79, from Station 162, off Guadeloupe, in 734 fins., fine gray mud ; bottom temperature 40*0°. These specimens show that the truncation of the axis is a character of the immature shell, and that the adult shows nothing of it, but has the body from one end to the other supplied with a broad solid flattened callus, which is especially protuberant (into the aperture) at the beginning of the posterior third. The outer margin of the callus has a sigmoid curve parallel with the inner outline of the columella and body ; the inner margin is, however, somewhat irregularly transversely wrinkled, the mass of callus is much thicker in the middle third, and its surface is ornamented with flattened pustula? irregularly dis- posed. This gives to the shell an abnormal appearance, which I took, in the single large (but as we know, immature) specimen referred to in the description, as an indication of disease in the in- dividual. More material shows these characters to be normal and constant in their general features in the adult shells. The form of the aperture is well shown in the figures ; its anterior portion is very oblique, — a feature only visible in a side view. The type species, Sabatia isseli Bellardi, bears no special resem- blance to this shell ; it is of quite different shape, sculpture, and pro- portions, with a callus more simple and proportionately less developed. In the latter a minute dimple indicates the position of the wholly immersed apex in the adult, while inr'the young the rough callus, though thin, is distinctly apparent in a specimen only 4'0 mm. long, and which has the nucleus and about three turns visible on the apex. The nucleus is reversed and half immersed, smooth and translucent. It is not wholly covered by callus until the shell is more than 7'0 mm. in length. When half covered it resembles the genus Cryptaxis of Jeffreys. The sculpture in the very young is the same as in the adult. Scaphander niveus and gracilis of Watson probably belong to this group. (/)«//.) Genus SMARAGDINELLA A. Adams, 1848. Smaragdinella A. AD., Appendix to Capt. Belcher's Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang ii, p. 475, 1848. Type Sulla viridis Q. — H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 22. — Glauconella 258 SMARAGDINELLA. GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim, iv, p. 95 (for G. viridis, glauca, smarag- dina}, 1850.— Linteria A. AD., in Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 558 (1850).— Thecaphorus NUTT. ms..fide Ads. Shell mainly external, oval, formed of little more than one whorl, the entire interior visible from the open front and base. Apex con- cealed. Aperture occupying nearly the whole ventral surface, ovate, with a deep posterior sinus ; columella long, curved, with a reflexed adnate callus, the parietal wall bearing an oblique, curved, spirally entering plate, which projects downward into the aperture. Type S. viridis. Animal having a squarish frontal disc bearing well developed eyes, and obsoletely bilobed behind ; foot about as long as the shell, squarish-oblong ; epipodial (lateral) lobes well developed, partially covering the shell. Stomach with cartilaginous plates. Dentition unknown. Smaragdinella lives between tides, exposed to the waves. Its green coloring assimilates the creature to its surroundings. Two subgenera are recognized : SMARAGDINELLA Ad., shell oval, green. (2) NONA Ads., shell white, sub trigonal, the lip more produced above. S. VIRIDIS (Rang) Q. & G. PL 33, figs. 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49-53. Shell oval, sojid, dark green, consisting of about 1$ whorls; en- tirely open from the front and base, the aperture occupying nearly all of the ventral aspect; dorsal surface regularly rounded; apex concealed, the vertex in some old shells marked by a tiny keel-encir- cled cup ; sculptured with irregular growth lines. Aperture ovate, having a narrow sinus behind, elsewhere broadly rounded. Outer lip thin, rising somewhat above the vertex behind; columellar lip arcuate, nearly as long as the shell, slightly thickened, and with a reflexed adnate callus running backward to the vertex ; from this callus springs a wide entering plate, spirally twisted into a saucer- like process projecting into the aperture. Alt. 12, diam. 8J mill. Island of Bourbon ; Reunion; Guam; Sandwich Is. Bulla viridis RANG, in Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. ii, p. 350' pi. 26, f. 13-16.— Linteria viridis AD. in Thes. Conch, ii, p. 597, pi. 121, f. 52. — SOWB. in C. Icon., f. 3. — Smaragdinella viridis ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 23. — MARTENS, DonumBism., Sam ml. Siidsee- conch. p. 53 ; Meeres-Fauua Maurit. etc., p. 304. — Linteria glauca SMARAGDINELLA. 259 AD., Thes. p. 597, pi. 121, f. 53.-SowB., C. Icon., f. 4.-Glauconella viridis GRAY, Fig. Moll. Anim. iv, p. 95; Guide Syst. dist. p. 194. — Bulla calyculata SOWB., Genera, f. 5. — Linteria acwninata SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 2, 1870. We are unable to find characters in the shells sufficient to separ- ate the viridis (typical figures 49-52), catyculata, acuminata (figures 56, 57 " Guadaloupe and Sandwich Is."), and the glauca of Adams (fig. 42) and of Sowerby (pi. 33, figs. 45, 46). It is doubtful whether the glauca of Q. & G. will prove distinct. The species has also been reported from Pitcairn Island and Japan. Var. FASCIATA Sowb. PL 33, figs. 54, 55. Shell oblong, subovate, compressed, semipellucid, golden-brown, spirally 3-banded, slightly contracted above the center; aperture large, outer lip elevated, cuueate ; last whorl very narrow, append- age long, acuminated. (5W6.). Habitat unknown. Linteria fasciata SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1870. S. GLAUCA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 33, figs. 43, 44. Shell a little more convoluted, more oval and more swollen above than S. viridis ; sea-green. Animal about an inch long, the frontal disc quadrate, wide, pointed at the sides in front, a little excavated behind ; color of the entire animal apple-green, visibly peppered with black, the mouth reddish, eyes black. Port Carter et, New Ireland. Bulla glauca Q. & G., Zool. Astrol. ii, p. 352, pi. 26, f. 10-12. Described from one individual the shell of which was not in good condition. Adams and Sowerby have identified certain shells with Quoy's species, but their decisions are not to be trusted. The real distinctive characters are in the form of the frontal shield of the animal, and this may be due to the temporary condition of the individual seen by Quoy. The alleged conchological distinctions are quite insufficient. S. MINOR A. Adams. PL 33, fig. 58. Shell small, pellucid, yellow, thin, smooth, oval, aperture very wide, scarcely involute, longitudinally very finely, striated ; an un- guiculate process at the spire. (Ad.). Island of Zebu, Philippines (Cuming). 260 SMARAGDINELLA. L. minor AD., Thes., p. 598, pi. 121, f. 54.— Sows., C. Ic., f. 1. May be only a variety of S. viridis, but distinguished by its shorter form. S. ANDERSONI Nevill. PL 33, figs. 40, 41. Shell oval, glaucous, open, indistinctly longitudinally striate ; spire a little involute ; inner lip bearing a small appendage ; aper- ture large, dilated in front, the anterior margin oval-arched, poste- rior margins somewhat coarctate. Length 8*, diam. 6*, alt. 3* mill. (Nev.'). S. Province of Ceylon, on reefs at low water (Nev.) ; Penany (Stoliczka) ; Suez (Cooke). Glauconella andersoni G. & H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl, pt. 2, p. 2, pi. 1, f. 13. — Smaragdinella andersoni COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 133. This interesting species in shape closely resembles G. viridis Rang., the body of the shell is, however, considerably more in volute and the colour a pale apple-green ; it also differs from the above, as well as from all the other described species of the genus, in the small, almost rudimentary appendage. It is tolerably abundant on reefs at low water in the S. Province, Ceylon. Dr. Stoliczka also found it at Penang. The animal is dull greenish, mottled with brown, the eyes are sessile, very small and black ; the shell is completely hidden by the meeting of the lateral expansion of the mantle, in this respect differing from G. viridis, in which according to A. Adams, the shell is only partially hidden. Its mode of progression, at the time, strongly reminded one of us of that of Omphalotropis. (Nev.}. S. SIEBOLDI A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovate-oblong, slightly involute, open, thin glaucous, pellucid, the back longitudinally striated ; inner lip bearing a spiral lamella, scarcely dilated. (Ad.*). TaJcano-Sima, Japan, between tide marks. Smaragdinella sieboldi AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, p. 310, 1864.— DKR., Index, p. 167. This species differs remarkably from the other species of the genus in the breadth of the spiral lamella which winds round the inner lip. In S. viridis, S. glauca, and S. minor the lamella is so broad SMARAGDINELLA-ATY8. 261 that it forms, when it winds, a cup shaped appendage. In S. sie- boldi, however, the lamella is so narrow that a spiral ridge only is visible. (AdJ). Glauconella adamsii Gray, (Bulla smaragdina Adams Mss.) is known only by three sketches by Adams of a living Smaragdinella, published in Gray's "Figures of Molluscous Animals," pi. 178, figs. 1, la, 16; p. 95. It is, of course, quite unidentifiable. Section NONA H. & A. Adams. Shell internal, subtrigonal, slightly involute, white, fragile; inner lip with a cup-shaped appendage, spirally entering ; outer lip pro- duced posteriorly. S. ALGIR^E Hanley. PI. 33, fig. 59. Shell subtrigonal, white, thin, concentrically lightly undulated ; aperture very large, trigonal, outer lip elevated above the spire, angulated, acuminated, contracted in the middle, anteriorly pro- duced ; columella much arched, last whorl small, trigonal ; append- age small, acuminated. (Soivb.). Algiers (Me An drew). Linteria algirce Hanley, A. AD., Thes., p. 598, pi. 121, f. 55. — SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 6. — Smaragdinella (Nona) algirce H. & A. AD., Gen., p. 23. Genus ATYS Montfort, 1810, Atys MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 343, type A. cymbulus=naucum. — Alicula EHRENBERG, Symbolse Phys., decas 1st, 1831, type A. cylindriea. — Naucum SCHUM., Essai, p. 79, 259, type JV. striatulum Schum.=:J.. naucum L. — Roxania LEACH ms., GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 161, type B. cranchii=B. utriculus. — Roxaniella MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 145, type R. jeffreysi Weink. — Weinkauffia. ADAMS. Dinia ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 21, type D. dentifera. Shell varying from globose-oval to subcylindrical-oval, involute, the spire concealed ; aperture as long as the shell, produced above the vertex ; lip rising from the center of the vertex, and having an angular fold there ; outer lip simple and arcuate ; columella short, subreflexed, with a fold-like truncation, or arcuate, the umbilicus generally not wholly closed. Type A. naucum. 18 262 ATYS. The anatomy of the typical forms is unknown. In the section Alicula, the frontal disc is wide-ovate, with no anterior or poste- rior auricles; epipodial lobes developed much as in Scaphander, but more prolonged posteriorly (pi. 59, fig. 16, 17, A. cylindrical, after Ehrenberg). Eyes absent. In the subgenus Roxania, the large frontal disc is produced behind in two triangular lobes, the epipodial lobes being as in Alieula (pi. 59, figs. 13, A. utriculus). Eyes absent; foot quadrate, slightly bilobed behind. Gizzard-plates wanting. Dentition (of A. utriculus) with the formula I'l'l ; central teeth well developed, with multicuspid cusp, slightly emarginate in the middle. Laterals large, subtriangular, with no dentate cusps ; un- cini wanting. It, therefore, agrees with Diaphana or Cylichna in the form of the centrals, with Diaphana and Scaphander in the absence of uncini ; but it differs widely from all of these genera in the form of the lateral teeth (see pi. 61, fig. 32, A. utriculus, after Bars). The shell in this genus frequently resembles that of Cylichna or of Scaphander, and the exact limits of these groups have not yet been clearly indicated. It is likely that Atys should be restricted to those forms in which the upper lip has an angular fold above its insertion in the vertex, and the forms lacking this feature may then be removed to constitute one or two distinct genera. We prefer to leave the genus, for the present, in its old limits, believing that this is preferable to a re-assortment of its contents prior to the necessary examination of the soft parts in the various subgenera proposed. No really intelligent systematic work can be done in this group by the shells alone. The subgenera referred provisionally to Atys are as follows: ATYS s. str. Shell swollen, having the lip plicate above the ver- tex, the columella obliquely truncated or angularly folded. Type A. naucum. ALICULA Ehrenberg, 1831. Shell cylindrical ; lip plicate above the vertex ; columella not distinctly truncated or folded. Type A. cylindrica. ROXANIA Leach. Shell cylindric-elliptical, with spiral punctured strke ; lip not twisted at its superior insertion ; columella subvertical, slightly sinuous. Type A. utriculus. ATYS. 263 We have above expressed the opinion that this group and the next may eventually be removed from Atys. DINIA H. & A. Adams, 1854. Shell ovoid, subtruncate above, longitudinally striated ; columella abruptly truncated below, ending in a tooth-like prominence. Type A. dentifera Ad. The next two groups do not appear to offer any differential features of importance. All are characterized by the prominent truncation of the columella and the absence of a fold above the vertex. Roxaniella Monterosato, 1884. Shell diaphanous, date-shaped, with spiral plicate sculpture ; columella with a thickened sinuosity, simulating a fold. No fold above the vertex. Type A. jeffreysi. This group seems to be synonymous with Dinia. Weinbiuffia A. Adams. Type A. diaphana Arad. This group offers no tangible differences from Dinia. Subgenus ATYS Montf. A. NAUCUM Linne. PL 28, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Shell globose-oval, inflated, widest at the middle, solid ; white under a thin buff or chestnut cuticle. Vertex narrowly concave ; body whorl sculptured throughout with engraved spirals, much closer and uneven toward the ends, more spaced or altogether absent in the middle; base concave around the rimate umbilicus. Aperture as long as the shell, the lip rising high above the vertex and angularly plicate there ; columella vertical, angularly plicate or truncated in the middle ; outer lip everywhere well curved. Alt. 41, diam. 29 mill., often smaller. Singapore, Borneo and Philippines to Torres Straits, eastward to Viti Is., westward to Red Sea and Madagascar. Bulla naueum L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 726. — AD., in Thes. Conch, p. 584, pi. 124, f. 107-109.— Atys naueum SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 1.— E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 86.— BRAZIER, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 84. — MARTENS, Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius p. 302. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 131. — Atys cymbulus MONTF., Conch, Syst. ii, p. 343. — B. (A.) ferruginosa A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 585, pi. 124, f. 110 (not B. ferruginosa Gmel. p. 3432,=young Cyprcea') ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 344. — Atys ovoidea AD., Thes. Conch. 264 ATYS. p. 585, pi. 124, f. Ill, and SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 3 (not of Quoy & Gaimard). — Atysfreyi BRANCSIK, Jahresh. Trencs. Com. xiii, p. 80. Atys obovata MKE., Mai. Bl. 1854, p. 46; Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 75. Large specimens of this species are thinner than smaller adults ; and examples of any size frequently develop an obtuse keel above the middle. Adams' A. ferruginosa (pi. 28, figs. 14, 15) is longitu- dinally marked with brown. Brancsik has described specimens from Nossi-be as A.freyi (pi. 32, fig. 37) ; they are solid and free from spiral incised lines in the middle ; but some from Singapore before me agree in this, which seems to be only an individual vari- ation. The A. obovata of Menke (ovoidea Adams and Sowb), shown in fig. 16 of pi. 28, is a stunted form of this species. A. MUSCARIA Gould. PL 28, fig. 20. Shell minute, ovate-elliptical, thin, greenish, ornamented with transversely arranged brown dots, cut with striae above and below ; vertex funnel-shaped, imperforate. Aperture narrow, effuse in front, lip produced backward, toothed; coiumella short, twisted. Alt. 4, diam. 2 mill. (Old.'). China Seas (Stimp.). Atys muscaria GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 138. — SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 5. A. TQRTUOSA A. Adams. PI. 33, figs. 66, 67. Shell ovoid, produced at both ends, yellowish, pellucid, umbili- cated, anteriorly and posteriorly transversely striated ; outer lip posteriorly strongly twisted ; inner lip anteriorly straight, with a single fold (AdJ). Camaguin, Philippines (Cuming) ; Torres Strait (Brazier). B. (A.~) tortuosa AD., Thes. p. 587, pi. 125, f. 120.— SOWB., C. Ic. t 2, f. 15.— BRAZIER. P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 87. A. AMPHORELLA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovoid, ventricose, somewhat gibbous in the middle, rimate, thin, smooth, shining, buff, narrowed anteriorly, subacuminate poste- riorly ; inner lip nearly straight, slightly truncated in front ; outer lip arcuate, posteriorly produced, tortuous, rounded (Ad., Ann. Mag. (3), ix, p. 158). Lo-shan-koiv and Shan-tung, China. Atys tortuosa A. Adams, is the nearest approach to this species which, however, is not striated, and the outer lip has not the spiral ATYS. 265 twist so conspicuous in that species. My Chinese species is shaped like a little fat Amphora (Ad.). A. SCROBICULATA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovoid, ventricose, narrowed behind, acuminate in front, dull white, broadly and profoundly urabilicated, margin of the um- bilicus angulated ; aperture much produced at both ends ; columel- lar margin straight, simple; anteriorly rounded (Ad., I. c. p. 158). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. The only shell which resembles this singular little species is A. tortuosa A. Adams ; but the great peculiarity of the aperture, which is pointed at both ends and produced beyond the body whorl, dis- tinguishes it from all others (Ad.). Section ALICULA Ehrenb., 1831. A. CYLIXDRICA Helbling. PL 33, figs. 60, 61, 62, 63, 64. Shell elongated, oblong-oval or subcylindrical, solid, white under a very thin buff cuticle; apex closed; body whorl more or less con- vex, sometimes indistinctly angular above the middle, sculptured ivith incised spiral lines which become closer toward the ends, and are absent from the smooth middle third. Lip heavy, rising oblique- ly far above the vertex, contorted and angularly plicate; outer lip gently convex ; columella short, with a heavy, reflexed lunate cal- lus, its outer edge not appressed, inner edge subconcave, without fold or obvious truncation. Alt. 27, diam. 13-14 mill. Philippines to Torres Strait, eastward to Fiji Is.; westward to Ceylon, Andaman Is., Red Sea, Mauritius and Seychelles Is. Bulla cylindrica HELBLING, Abhandl. einer Privat Gesellsch in Bohmen, iv, p. 122, pi. ii, f. 30, 31, 1779.— A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 585, pi. 125, f. 114. — Atys cylindrica SOWB., Conch. Icon. t. 1, f. 4. — SMITH, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 819. — MARTENS, Meeres fauna Maurit. p. 303.— BRAZIER, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 85.— WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 639.— E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 344.— Bulla (Atys) elongata A. AD., Thes. p. 587, pi. 125, f. 121.— A. elongata SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 8.— BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. So.— Bulla solida BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 374, pi. 146, f. 1356, 1357.— AD., Thes. p. 585, pi. 124, f. 112, 113.— A solida SOWB., C. Icon. f. 4.— BRA/., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 85.— ISSEL, Malac. Mar. Bosso, p. 168. — Atys angustata SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346. See Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 132. — A. succisa A. AD., Thes. ii, 266 ATYS. p. 586, pi. 125, f. 116.— Sown., C. Ic. f. 10 (not of Ehrenb.).— Bulla albicita DOFO, Ann. Sc. Nat. xiv, p. 203. This solid, elongated species has several typically quite divergent forms. It is normally moderately convex (figs. 60, 61) ; but some- times much more cylindrical and elongated, and in this form has been called A. elongata (fig. 62). When subangular it has been named A. solida (figs. 63, 64) ; and another form, smaller than the type, has been called A. succisa (pi. 33, fig. 73) by Adams, but ac- cording to von Martens it is not the species so named by Ehrenberg. A. PARALLELA Gould. PI. 28, figs. 21, 22. Shell small, thin, pellucid, milk-white, cylindrical, rounded at base, obtusely conical at summit, imperforate at apex ; surface deli- cately marked with lines of growth, and these are crossed at the lower and upper third of the shell by somewhat conspicuous, minutely flexuous, revolving lines. The aperture is narrow, widen- ing downwards; lip sharp, rising considerably above the apex of the spire, and at the same time inclining towards it, then turning downwards and entering the aperture by a twisted fold, at base it is rounded, and rises upon the columella in the shape of a thick cal- lus, which is not appressed to the body of the shell (Gld.~). Alt. about 12i, diam. 5 mill. Tahiti (Martens) ; Levulca, Fiji (Challenger). Bulla parallela GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 251 (Dec. 1847) ; U. 8. Expl. Exped. p. 220, f. 267 ; Cylichna parallela GLD., Otia, p. 246. — Atys parallela MARTENS & LANGK., Donum Bism. p. 53.— SOWB., in Conch. Icon. f. 21 c (and 21 a, 6 /).— WATSON, Chall. Gastr. p. 640. A. DEBILIS Pease. PI. 33, figs. 69, 70. Shell cylindrically ovate, elongate, narrowed posteriorly, pellucid, fragile, white ; outer lip produced and twisted posteriorly ; apex umbilicated, and umbilicus striated or grooved, finely striated trans- versely, transverse raised lines at both ends ; columella with a fold at the base (Pse.). Alt. 10*, diam. 5 mill. Sandwich Is. ; Levuka, Fiji. Atys debilis PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20 ; Amer. Jour. Conch, iii, p. 231.— CARPENTER, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 516.— MARTENS, Donum Bism. p. 53, pi. 3, f. 3. — SOWB., Conch Icon. f. 28. — WATSON, Chal- lenger Gastrop. p. 640. ATYS. 267 A. COSTULOSA Pease. Unfigured. Shell elongate, subcylindrical, narrowest posteriorly, white, um- bilicate, longitudinally ribbed, crossed at either end by elevated striae, which become more remote towards the middle of the shell and gradually vanish ; outer lip posteriorly strongly twisted and produced ; columella everted at base, flattened and appressed ; aperture narrow. Oahu (Pse.). A. costulosa PSE., Arner. Journ. Conch, v, p. 73. I have met with but a single specimen of this interesting species, the sculpture of which is so distinct that it cannot be confounded with any heretofore described (Pse.). A. SEMISTRIATA Pease. PI. 28, fig. 30. Shell oval, contracted posteriorly, thin, fragile, pellucid, white, transverse raised lines at both ends ; aperture slightly dilated at the base ; apex perforate (Pse.). Sandwich Is. A. semistriata PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20.— SOWB., Conch. Icon. pi. 5, f. 27. — MARTENS & LANGK., Donum Bism., p. 53, pi. 3, f. 2. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. !N'. H. (5), xvii, p. 131. This is identical with A. ehrenbergi Issel, a fossil from the Red Sea region, according to Cooke. A. ALICULA A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 74. Shell half an inch in length, subcylindrical, thin, the anterior and posterior ends transversely striated, hyaline ; the under part brownish- white; outer lip not reflexed in the middle, with a single fold above, the other end rounded. Animal yellowish ; the head and dilated sides of the foot light green ; head rhomboid, subacute (Ad.). Near Suez and Djedda, Red Sea (Mus. Cuming). Bulla (Atys) alicula A. AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125, f. 126 (not Alicula cylindrica Ehrenb., = Atys cylindrica Helbl.). This is not the Alicula cylindrica of Ehrenberg, which von Mar- tens considers to be the species of Helbling, from an examination of the type now in the zoological museum of Berlin. A. SUCCISA Ehrenberg. Unfigured. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, transversely striate at both ends, white ; lip uniplicate near its insertion in the concealed spire, the other 268 ATYS. end truncated. Alt. 5, diam. 3 lines. There is the trace of a me- dian gibbosity (Ehrenb.). Djedda, Red Sea. Bulla succisa EHRENB., Symb. Phys., Bulla no. 5. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 131. May be a young A. cylindrica. A. NONSCRIPTA A. Adams. PL 28, fig. 19. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, subpellucid, longitudinally stri- ated, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly produced ; outer lip rather straight ; inner lip anteriorly strongly truncated, ending in a tooth-like plait (Ad.*}. B. C%*) nonscripta AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125 f. 125.— A. non- scripta Sows., C. Ic. f. 23. A. ATTENUATA Sowerby. PL 28, figs. 26, 27. Shell minute, narrow, white, thin ; finely spirally striated at both ends ; aperture narrow ; outer lip subtruncated, columella oblique, subtortuous (Ad.}. Habitat unknown. A. attenuata SOWB., C. Icon. t. 5, f. 29. A. AMYGDALA Sowerby. PL 33, figs. 71, 72. Shell subcylindrical, thin, dull white, concentrically finely stri- ated near the ends ; longitudinally striated, rather narrow towards the apex, rather inflated in the middle ; aperture narrow ; colu- mella arched ; outer lip raised, acuminated (Soivb.). Habitat unknown. A. amygdala SOWB., C. Icon. t. 2, f. 6 a, b (1869). Resembling Atys elongata, it is yet, nevertheless, less cylindrical than that species, and is slightly striated in the longitudinal direc- tion (Soivb.). A. PORCELLANA Gould. PL 28, fig. 23. Shell small, thin, ovate-cylindrical, milk-white, grooved with transverse striae increasing toward the ends ; apex funnel-shaped, imperforate. Aperture narrow, widened in front, the base subtrun- cate ; columella deeply arcuate, subperforate, provided with a strong callus. Alt. 12, diam. 5 mill. (Old.). Kac/osiina Bay, Japan. Atys porcellana GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 138. — SOWB. (as of Guilding), Conch. Icon. f. 30. ATYS. 269 Mr. Sowerby's mistakes in regard to the authority and localities of Gould's species have been corrected by E. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1872, p. 345. It is not easy to see how so many errors could be made as occur in the later volumes of the Conchologia Iconica, even when it is understood that they were written with- out reference to the literature of the groups monographed. A. LABIOSA Philippi. Unfigured. Shell small, short, ovate, cylindric, very smooth, very delicately transversely striated at the base when viewed under a strong lens ; spire retuse, whorls 2 ; aperture linear, dilated at base and unipli- cate, continued above in a channel to the center of the vertex ; margins of inner and outer lips thickened, obtuse. Alt. 1, diam. if lines. (Ph.*). China (Largilliert). Sulla labiosa PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 64. The generic position is uncertain. An error (probably typo- graphical) in Philippi's description has been corrected above. A. TRANSLUCENS A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, thin, pellucid, transversely striated at the ends, the striae distant, the median area glabrous. Aperture nar- row ; inner lip straight, truncated anteriorly ; outer lip somewhat straightened in the middle, posteriorly twisted and produced, ante- riorly crenulated (Ad.). Port Hamilton, lOfms. Alicula translucens A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H., (3), ix, p. 159. This species most nearly resembles Alicula succisa Ehrenberg, from the Red Sea, but is narrower and more cylindrical in form, and is thin and nearly transparent. (Ad.). A. SECALINA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, rimate, the apex subtruncate and slightly perforated, semi-opaque, corneous, transversely striated throughout, striae distant, obsolete in middle. Aperture linear; inner lip oblique, somewhat thickened ; outer lip a little straightened in the middle. (Ad.). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. Alicula secalina AD., Ann. Mag., (3), ix, p. 159. 270 ATYS. This is a small, grain-like, horn-colored species, with the apex small and truncate, and the outer lip hardly produced beyond it. (Ad.). A. VOLVULINA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, rimate, acuminate and transversely striated at both ends, the striae distant ; white, thin, opaque, shining. Aper- ture narrow ; inner lip obliquely flexuous, thickened in front ; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad.'). Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms. Alicula wlvulina AD., Ann. Mag. N. H., (3), ix, p. 159. A little, white shining species, acuminate at both ends, like a Volvula, but with the sunken spire and twisted outer lip of an Atys* (Ad.}. A. EXIGUA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 24. Shell small, elongately oval, posteriorly narrowed, white, shining, longitudinally substriated, under the lens very minutely striattd ; aperture narrow, linear, anteriorly dilated ; outer lip posteriorly produced, flexuous; inner lip subcallous. (Ad.}. Port Lincoln. B. (Atys} exigua AD., Thes., p. 589, pi. 125, f. 129.— A. exigua Sows., C. Ic., f. 19. A. PARVULA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 18. Shell small, oval, white, shining, transversely entirely striated, strife close together ; outer lip arched, posteriorly produced, ante- riorly dilated ; inner lip slightly tortuous, subtruncated. (Ad.}. Port Lincoln. B. (Atys} parvula AD., Thes., ii, p. 590, pi. 125, f. 130.— A. par- vula Sows., C. Ic., f. 25. A. HORDEACEA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 25. Shell small, oval, white, shining, transversely strongly entirely striated, strise rather wide apart ; outer lip arched, posteriorly pro- duced, anteriorly rounded ; inner lip anteriorly strongly twisted, subtruncated. (Ad}. Port Lincoln, Australia. B. (Atys) hordeacea AD., Thes., p. 590, pi. 125, f. 131.— A. hor- dacea Sows., C. Ic., t. 4, f. 20. ATYS. 271 A. HYALINA Watson. PI. 32, fig. 36. Shell oval, subgibbous, a little abruptly contracted and slightly constricted and truncated above, striated, thin, hyaline, umbilicated, with a longish curved mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are very many slight equal hair-like lines of growth. Spirals — with the exception of a narrow, nearly medial band which is smooth, the whole surface is scratched with fine, smooth, regular, square-cut, widely parted furrows. These are rather more regularly arranged above than below, where the interstices are more wide and less reg- ular ; but toward the end of the shell in both directions the furrows tend to become crowded ; they extend to the very edge of the fun- nel-shaped depression of the apex ; but the depression itself is smooth, except for the twisted edge of the outer lip, which at the generic sinus is reverted as usual, but somewhat narrowly ; in front they score the umbilicus on one side, but do not quite extend to the edge of the pillar. Colour hyaline to translucent. Mouth long, curved, rather narrow, and not much enlarged in front. Outer lip convex, posteriorly produced ; the generic twisted sinus is rather small, above it the lip rises and advances, and forms a sharp curve, from this point the lip runs out to the right, at first straight or faintly concave, and here a little contracted, but afterwards with a very regular curve, and increasingly patulous to the point of the shell. Top very obliquely truncate, with a bluntish edge and a small funnel-shaped depression, which, through the generic sinus leads into the interior of the shell. Inner lip : there is no glaze on the body, the curve of which is a little gibbous above ; the pillar edge is narrow, reverted, bluntly toothed, twisted and truncated in front ; at the top of the pillar this edge is very much twisted, and is there separated from the body, leaving a very narrow but deep fissure communicating with the deep umbilicus which lies behind, and is partly covered by the expanded and projecting pillar edge. Alt. O44 in. diam. O24. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0*07 inch ( Weds.). Levtika, Fiji, 12 fms. ; Wednesday Island and near Cape York, N» Australia, 6-8 fms. Atys hyalina WATS., Chall. Gastr. p. 640, pi. 48, f. 1. I do not know any Atys with which to compare this very beauti- ful and delicate species. It has something of the gibbosity of Atys cylindrica (Helb.), var. solida, in its stumpiest forms ; but the tex- ture of the shell, the sculpture, and the umbilicus, are very differ- 272 ATYS. ent. The specimens from Stations 186 and 187 are quite young shells, but are, I have no doubt, this species. From Honolulu, 40 fathoms, there is a specimen of Atys probably belonging to this species, but in too bad condition for identification with any cer- tainty. A. DARNLEYENSIS Brazier. Unfigured. Shell elongately oval, rather thin, shining, white, attenuated and umbilicated at both ends, longitudinally obliquely plicated, strongly transversely striated at each end, the centre or intermediate space with fine irregular waved striae, sometimes straight ; outer lip thick- ened within, nearly straight posteriorly, slightly twisted and pro- duced ; inner lip at the anterior end forming a thin callous ridge at the side of the umbilicus, slightly reflected, and ending in a denti- form plate. Length 6£ lines, breadth 3 lines (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. A. darnleyensis BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 85, 1877. A. CHEVERTI Brazier. Unfigured. Shell subcylindrical, white, thin, transparent, smooth and inflated in the middle, transversely striated at both ends, the upper striae •extending nearly to the centre ; aperture narrowly linear, wide be- low, outer lip slightly twisted and posteriorly produced, inflected and angled in the centre ; inner lip anteriorly, with a strong fold. Length 3 lines, breadth H lines (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms; Cape Grcnw'lle, North East Australia, 20 fathoms. A. cheverti BRAZ., P. L. S. K S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877. This species is like a miniature Atys elongata. Some specimens have an opaque appearance at the back of the aperture, others very thin and transparent (Braz.*). A. PULCHRA Brazier. Unfigured. Shell cylindrical, white, thin (under the lens) longitudinally closely plicated, and transversely very finely striated, giving the shell a rugose appearance, very minutely umbilicated at both ends, aperture rather narrow, wide below ; outer lip thin, reflected inside, slightly posteriorly produced ; columella with a slight curve, min- utely expanded and reflected, leaving half the umbilicus covered. Length 3 lines, breadth 1-1 lines (Braz.*). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. ATYS. 273 A.pulchra BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877. A pretty little species, having the whole surface of a rugose ap- pearance, the transverse sculpture being quite distinct. In some specimens the columella is sometimes straight and not curved. A. DENSA Brazier. Unfigured. Small, oval, thick, dirty white shell, finely plicated, strongly transversely striated ; interstices with finer lines (as seen under the lens) ; aperture narrow, wide below ; outer lip regularly arched, posteriorly produced, anteriorly twisted and produced, partly cov- ering the umbilicus. Length 2 lines, breadth 1? lines (Braz.'). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. A. densa BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877. A. DUBIOSA Brazier. Unfigured. Shell small, oval, white, thin, shining, umbilicated at both ends, the one at the base the largest, transversely very finely striated at each end (scarcely visible under the lens), more distinct at the base, intermediate space smooth, ventricose above the centre ; aperture narrow, outer lip angled, posteriorly slightly thickened and pro- duced, below straight ; columella with a single obsolete plait at the base. Length 2 lines, breadth Ii lines (l?raz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms. A. dubiosa BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877. A. M'ANDREWII Smith. Unfigured. Shell elongate-ovate, truncated above, pellucid, encircled by nu- merous narrow milky bands, one in the middle wider ; transversely distantly striated at top and base, the interstice smooth ; vertex ex- cavated, bounded by an acute margin. Aperture narrow, produced a little above the vertex, a little dilated and effuse at the base ; lip thin, inserted in the middle of the vertex and sinuated there ; colu- mella short, thickened, hardly twisted ; umbilical region slightly perforated. Alt. 5, diam. 21 mill. (&). Lancerote, Canaries. A. m'andrewii E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346. It is at once recognized by the numerous lacteous bands upon a pellucid ground. A. CANARIENSIS Smith. Unfigured. Shell ovate, white, pellucid, striated with irregular growth lines, and transversely deeply striated above and below, lightly so in the 274 ATYS. middle ; vertex depressed ; aperture moderately narrow above, pro- duced a little above the vertex, dilated somewhat toward the base ; lip thin, thickened toward the middle of the vertex ; columella ar- cuate, a little reflexed ; umbilical region distinctly perforated. Alt. 7, diam. 4£ mill. (&)• Teneriffe, Canary Is. A. canariensis E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346. Of the form of the young state of A. naucum; but the striae are less distinct and not so far apart ; also very like caribaea D'Orb., but rather broader (£). A. CARIBAEA Orbigny. PI. 48, fig. 12 ; PL 28, figs. 33, 34. Shell oval, oblong, thin, fragile, smooth, attenuated and trans- versely striated at both ends ; spire entirely concealed, marked by an imperforate umbilical depression ; aperture narrow, a little arcu- ate, wider in front ; columella acute, a little separated by an umbil- ical depression. Color uniform white. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. ( Or &.). Martinique, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, Cuba. Bulla caribcea ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 127, pi. 4, f. 21-24. Orbigny's description and figure, given above, are not good. The species' is better represented by fig. 12 of pi. 48. The shell is oblong, varying somewhat in length, somewhat more compressed above than below, marked by widely spaced spiral grooves above and below, these grooves becoming closer and deeper toward the ends. From the center of the narrow, concave vertex rises the distinctly plicate lip. The columella is vertical, thickened but not toothed in the middle, the edge reflexed, partly concealing the narrow but distinct umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. nearly 5 mill. Not having seen the types of the two species following, I am un- able to say whether they are forms of this one or deserving of spe- cific rank. A. GUILDINII Sowerby. PL 28, fig. 46. Shell ovate, thin, dull grayish-white, attenuated posteriorly, spir- ally striated near the ends, slightly longitudinally wrinkled, ven- tricose below the centre, slightly umbilicated at each end ; outer lip elevated above ; subacuminated, inflected ; columella thin, rather straight (Sowb.). This species is one of the very few in the genus Atys which pre- sents the character of possessing longitudinal wrinkles or strise (Sowb.). St. Vincent, West Indies. ATYS. 275 A. guildinii Sows., Conch. Icon, xvii, pi. 5, f. 26. Seems more pyriform than A. caribcea. Sowerby probably in- tended the name as an allusion to that clear-seeing pioneer, GUILD- ING ; but in this case, as in so many others throughout his mono- graph, the performance fell short of the good intention. A. SPECIOSA A. Adams. PL 28, fig. 42. Shell oval, perforated, posteriorly narrowed and subtruncated, anteriorly rounded and ventricose, white, semiopaque, shining, lon- gitudinally superiorly strongly striated, inferior striae evanescent, transversely striated at both ends ; outer lip thickened within, pos- teriorly twisted, with a single plait ; inner lip reflexed, anteriorly semiplicated (Ad.}. Habitat unknown. B. (JL) speciosa A. AD., Thes. p. 587, pi. 125, f. 122.— SOWB., C. Icon. t. 3, f. 14. A. RIISEANA Dunker. Unfigured. Allied to Bulla cylindrical Helbl., but much smaller. Alt. 10£, diam. 5 mill. (Jforc/i). St. Thomas (Riise, Ravn.) ; St. Martin ; New Providence ; Trini- dad; Anguilla ; Porto Plata (Krebs). Atys riiseana Dkr., MSS., MORCH., Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 173. This does not seem to be different from A. caribcea. A. SANDERSONI Dall. PL 28, fig. 47. Shell small, thin, fragile, polished, translucent-white, with the aperture longer than the axis of the shell, slender, elongated oval with the posterior fourth bevelled off slightly ; transverse sculpture solely of delicate evanescent lines of growth, sometimes lost in the general polish of the surface ; spiral sculpture of about a dozen in- cised lines near either extremity, more crowded toward the tips and obsolete toward the middle of the shell, reticulating the lines of growth when the latter are present, but delicate, extremely fine, and not puncticulate ; posterior apex a rather deep funiculate pit, from the center of which rises the margin of the aperture, which is here slightly reflected, extends behind the summit of the body and suddenly curves forward, leaving a very narrow aperture, which is produced into a rounded point in front, then sharply recurved and reflected to a point where the reflected part loses itself in the thin callus on the body within the aperture ; the anterior reflection is 276 ATYS. sometimes closely appressed and sometimes loose with a chink be- hind it, but there is no anterior pit ; the shell is more slender for- ward than behind, the bevelling is more marked in some specimens than in others a fragment from off Havana, if conspecific, as seems likely, indicates that it reaches a much larger size than the de- scribed specimens. Lon. of shell and aperture, 6'5. Max. lat. of shell, 3'4, of aperture 1-75 mill. ; lat. of aperture 0'5 mill. (Dall). 0/Bahia Honda, Cuba, 220 fms. ; Near Santa Cruz, 38 fms. Atys f sandersoni DALL., Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 99, 1881 ; Blake Gastr. p. 54, pi. 17, f. 7. A. CASTA Carpenter. Unfigurcd. Shell elongated, thin, subdiaphanous. whitish ; a little more swol- len anteriorly ; spire concealed, lacunate, in adult shells hardly umbilicated ; columella a little intorted, effuse ; umbilicus small ; lip produced posteriorly, obtusely angulated ; entire surface subtly spirally striatulate. Alt. .4, diam. '18 inch (Cjpr.). Cape St. Lucas. t Atys casta CPR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, p. 314, 1864 ; Moll. Western N. A. p. 104, 212. On the confines of the genus related to Cylichna ( Cpr.'). Subgenus DINIA H. & A. Ads., 1854. A. DENTIFERA A. Adams. PI. 27, fig. 81. Shell ovoid, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly produced, horny, pellucid, longitudinally sulcated ; outer lip simple, acute ; inner lip anteriorly strongly truncated, ending in a dentiform plate (Ad.~). Lord Hood's Island (Cuming) ; Suez (Cooke) ; Mauritius (Mart.); LevuJca, Fiji (Challenger). Bulla (Atys) dentifera AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125, f. 124.— .1. den- iifera SOWB., C. Icon. t. 2, f. 13.— COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 133. — MARTENS, Meeres-fauna Maurit. p. 303. — Atys (Di~ nia) dentifera ADS., Genera, ii, p. 21. — WATSON, Chall. Kep. p. 641. A. MONODONTA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 17. Shell subcylindrical, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly pro- duced, solid, opaque, longitudinally grooved ; outer lip indexed in the middle ; inner lip strongly truncated anteriorly, and ending in a dentiform plate (Ad.'). Shores of Borneo (Cuming). ATYS. 277 B. (.4.) monodonta A. AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125, f. 123.— SOWB., Conch. Icon. pi. 2, f. 12. A. MIRANDA Smith. Unfigured. Shell elongate-ovate, pellucid, transversely delicately striated and with irregular growth lines ; vertex depressed, perforated in the middle, whence the outer lip rises. Aperture very narrow above, rising little above the vertex, sensibly dilated and effuse toward the base ; columella very short, arcuate, abruptly truncated (as in the genus AcJiatiiict). Alt. 10, diam. 4 mill. (£) Gulf of Suez. A. miranda E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix,p. 347. R. JEFFREYSI Weinkauff. PI. 59, figs. 1, 2. The obese-cylindrical shell is truncated above and below, nar- rowly umbilicated above ; under the lens fine striae are visible on the upper and lower parts, becoming indistinct in the middle. The aperture is narrow, the margin projecting above, scarcely arcuate, and very little dilated below ; columella but little thickened. The shell is thin, translucent, yellow-greenish, smooth and covered with very fine growth stripe. Alt. 8, diam. 3* mill. ( Weink.}. Piedmont Coast; Sicily; Algeria; Provence. Bulla ovulata Broc., JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xvii, p. 188, pi. 2, f. 18, 19, 1856. Not B. ovulata Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subapp., 1814. — Cyllchna jeffreysi WEINK., Journ. de Conch, xiv, 1866, p. 238 ; Conch, des Mittlm. ii, p. 199. — EoxanieUa jeffreysi MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 144. R. BROCCHII Michelotti. PI. 59, fig. 3 ; pi. 28, fig. 45. Shell cylindric-oblong, hyaline, sculptured with very fine spiral stride, invisible to the naked eye ; apex obtuse, umbilicated ; colu- mella obsoletely uuiplicate below (P/u7.). Alt. 5 lines, diam. slightly less than 2 (Brocchi). Sicilian Coast (Phil.) ; Adria-Zara (Sandri) ; Algeria (Weink.). Bulla ovulata BROCCHI, Conch. Foss. Subapp. p. 277, pi. 1, f. 8 (not B. ovulata Lam., Ann. du Mus. 1801). — A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 586, pi. 125, f. 118.— PHIL., Enurn. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 122.— B. brocchii MICH., Foss. Mioc. de Pit., p. 151. — Cylichna brocchii WEINK., Conch, des Mittelm. ii, p. 200. The figure on pi. 59 is copied from the original illustration. Fig. 45 of pi. 28 is from Sowerby. See Weinkauff' for references to the palseontological literature of the species. 19 278 ATYS. A. DIAPHANA Aradas. PL 32, figs. 29, 30. Shell ovate, turgid, very shining, hyaline, smooth in the middle, sculptured with about 10 flexuous, concentric stride above and be- low, becoming closer toward each end ; vertex subtruncate, umbili- cate, thickened at the outer margin. Aperture coarctate in the middle, patulous and angled above, canaliculate below ; columella with one fold at base. Alt. nearly one-fifth, width one-tenth inch (Jeff,:}. jEgean Sea to Italy. Bulla diaphana ARAD., Catal. Rag., etc., p. 40 (1840).— PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 215. — Weinkauffia diaphana MONTS., Norn. Gen. e Spec. p. 145. — Bulla turgidula FORBES, Kep. Aeg. In- vert, p. 188, (1843).— Bulla semistriata REQ., Coq. de Corse, p. 42 (1848). — Sca}^hander aibbulus JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xvii, 1856, p. 188, pi. 2, f. 20, 21.— SOWB., Conch. Icon, xviii, f. 8. According to Monterosato it varies in being more or less swollen. A. BLAINVILLIANA Recluz. PI. 43, fig. 16. Shell oblong, subcylindrical, umbilicated, shining, milk-white ; a little convex in the middle, very smooth, striated at the ends, the marginal striae deeper, the others sensibly smoother. Aperture ob- long, wider at base ; columella obtusely one-toothed below. Alt. 10, diam. 5i mill. (Red.}. Coast of Provence and of Sicily (Reel.). Ovula triticea BLAINV., in Faune Francaise, ou Hist. Nat., Gen. et Partic. des Anim. que se trouv. en France, Moll., p. 251, pi. 9 A, f. 4 (good) ; not of Lam. nor Payr. — Bulla blainvilliana RECLUZ, Rev. Zoologique la Soc. Cuvierienne, 1843, p. 10. — Cylichna blain- mlleana Reel., LOCARD, Coq. Mar. Fr., p. 27. — C.jeffreysi LOCARD, Prodr., p. 75. The apex is umbilicated, the umbilicus being a millimetre in width and rounded within ; the umbilicated end is a little more at- tenuated than the base of the shell. This species is a real Bulla and not an Ovula, always of a beautiful whiteness, not red-orange (KM.). The description of this shell in Faune Francaise is partly hypo- thetical, the author of that work being under the impression that Iris shell was a dead specimen of a red Ovula, described and figured by Payraudeau. Recluz has also given a very poor description (translated above), but his citation of Blainville's figure as a good ATYS. 279 representation of his species, is sufficient to fix its identity beyond doubt. Compare A. dinphana Arad. Subgenus ROXANIA Leach, 1847. For anatomy see under Atys. A. UTRICULUS Brocchi. PI. 28, figs. 28, 29. Shell oval, with a tendency to become cylindrical, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy . sculpture, numerous spiral striae or im- pressed lines, which are visible to the naked eye ; towards each end they are stronger, and alternately large and small (sometimes two or three smaller striae between two of the larger size), and they are throughout closely punctate in consequence of the interstices being crossed by fine longitudinal stride ; the spiral striae are much slighter in the middle of the shell, which in the young is usually quite smooth ; epidermis reddish-brown, it is chiefly persistent on the spiral striae, which are, therefore, darkly lineated ; color pale yel- lowish or cream color, occasionally milk-white ; spire partly ex- posed ; crown perforated, and obliquely encircled by a thick angu- lar rim ; mouth as in H. navicula., but narrower, its length ex- ceeds that of the spire ; outer lip not much curved in the middle, nor folding inwards ; it projects a little beyond the crown ; inner lip slight ; pillar short, thick, and flexuous ; at its base is a rather strong fold, which makes the lower part of the mouth appear chan- nelled ; behind the pillar is a small and groove-like umbilicus G/e/r.). Alt. 12, diam. 7J mill. Var. oblonga. Smaller, longer in proportion to its breadth, and more cylindrical (J«#V.). Finmark to the Canary Is. ; Mediterranean Sea. Bulla utriculus BROCCHI, Conch. Foss. Subap. i, p. 633, pi. 1, f. 6. — Bull a utrindus JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 440 ; v, pi. 95, f. 4. — Bulla cranchii LEACH, in Flemings' Brit. An. p. 292. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 533, pi. 104, f. 8, 9, and pi. VV, f. 2 (animal).— Atys cranchii AD., in Thes. ii, p. 586, pi. 125, f. 115. — Sown., in Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 9. — Sulla punctura JOHNSON, Edinb. New Philos. Journ. 1828, p. 79. — Roxania utriculus MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 145. — Bulla intermedia ARADAS. A. PUNCTULATA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell ovoid, solid, perforate, rounded at each end, decussate stri- ate, transversely profoundly sulcate, the sulci strongly punctate. 280 DIAPHANA. Aperture narrow, dilated in front ; inner lip straight, truncated be- low ; outer lip produced behind, rounded (Ad.). Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. Roxania punctulnta AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 158. No species hitherto described resembles this ; the nearest approach to it is R. cranchii Leach. R. intculpta Totten is sculptured rather like it. The shell is solid, very strongly punctate-striate, and deeply umbilicated, and the inner lip is truncate anteriorly (Ad.). Genus DIAPHANA Brown, 1837. Diaphana BROWN, Conchologist's Text Book, 4th edit., p. 98 (type D. Candida Brown = Retusa minuta Brown, 1827). — SARS, Moll. Reg, Arct. Norv. p. 288. — Amphisphyra LOVEN Ofversigt Kongl. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1846, p. 142 (A. globosa Lov. and .4. pellucida Brown). — Utriculus (in part) of BROWN, JEFFREYS, Sow- ERBY, et al. — Physema H. & A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 21, type D. hiemalis. Shell thin and fragile, capacious or subglobose, umbilicated, the spire either projecting, flat, or sunken in a narrow apical umbilicus. Aperture narrowed above, rounded below, the lip sinuous ; colu- mella not thickened, long and rather straight, neither folded nor truncated, its edge a little reflexed above. Type D. minuta Brown. Animal (pi. 61, fig. 22, D. expansa) capable of being contained in the shell ; frontal disc small, produced in two conical processes at the anterior angles ; eyes present or wanting ; epipodial lobes apparently wanting ; foot auriculate at the anterior angles, split into two triangular tails behind. No stomach plates. Radula short, with the formula 1.1.1. Central teeth are delicate, erect, oblong laminse, with bilobed and closely serrate upper mar- gins ; laterals are large and falcate, the long, rather straight, obtuse cusps crossing above the centrals ; uncini wanting (pi. 61, figs. 20, 21, D. minuta). Distribution, mainly North Atlantic. Capt. Brown seems to have included the species of this genus at first in Retusa, then in Diaphana, and finally in Utriculus. I have not seen the first edition of the " Conchologist's Text Book," issued in 1833, and do not know whether Diaphana was published at that time or not. It appears, properly defined, in the fourth edition, 1837 ; but in 1844 Brown places the species under Utriculus as a DIAPHANA. 281 second section of that genus. Utriculm is, however, a mere syno- nym for Ifetusu-, which Brown proposed as a substitute for his own earlier name. The genus differs from Retusti in possessing a radula, in the ab- .sence of stomach plates, etc. The shell is more globose and fragile than in Retus« or Oylichna, with a larger umbilicus, thin columella and without distinct sculpture. The lack of epipodial lobes and of uncini also distinguishes this genus. D. DEBILIS Gould. PI. 59, fig. 27. Shell thin, fragile and somewhat transparent, light brownish corneous, irregularly ovate, broadly globose below, narrow and sub- angular above. Apex large, globose, obliquely and mamillarly pro- jecting ; subsequent whorls 2], the inner very narrow; convex, planorboid, separated by deep sutures, the latter part of the last whorl somewhat descending. Body-whorl compressed above, swollen below, very lightly sculptured with indistinct growth-lines. Aper- ture nearly as long as the shell, narrow and biangular above, broadly rounded below ; outer lip thin and sinuous : columella long and nearly straight, not thickened, the edge somewhat reflexed above, partly closing the narrow umbilicus. Alt. 3-i, diam. 2-] mill. Greenland to Connecticut. Bulta debilis OLD., Amer. Journ. Science xxxviii, p. 196 (1840); Otia Conch., p. 179 ; Invert. Mass., p. 164, f. 951.— DsKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 17, pi. 35, f. 329.— Bulla (Aplustrum) debile AD., Thes. Conch., ]). 564, pi. 120, f. 8. — Aplustyum debile SOWB., Conch. Icon, f. 3. — Diaphana debilis STIMPSON Check-Lists, p. 4 ; — W. G. BINN. in Invert. Mass., p. 216, f. 507.— LECHE, Kongl. Sveusk. Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, 1878, p. 71. — Akera subangulata MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Groenl., p. 6. SOWB., C. Icon, xvi, f. 1. I have retained this species separate from D. hyalina because in the specimens before me the apex projects as in D. seguenzce, which does not seem to be the case with Scandinavian specimens of hyalina. D. LOTT.K Bush. PI. 59, figs. 32, 33. Shell rather large, short and stout, abruptly tapered at the ends, truncate at the top with the two whorls of the spire showing in a shallow pit ; translucent, yellowish-white, with a slightly lustrous 282 DIAPHANA. surface covered with distinct punctate spiral lines. The outer lip rises considerably above the level of the body whorl, arches well forward, and follows the curvature of the body whorl to near the base, where it is a little expanded, and joins the columella in a broad curve. The inner lip is formed by a rather wide, closely adhering layer of enamel, which is considerably thickened on the columella, spreading out over the umbilical region Avith a thick, free outer edge. The spiral lines are distinct and rather coarsely punctate, a little crowded on the apex of the shell, nearly uniformly separated to just below the centre (five to the millimeter), where there are two quite fine, widely separated ones, below which they become again coarser and considerably crowded on the base. Epidermis thin, very slightly tinged with yellow. Lines of growth inconspicuous. Length of shell, 8 mill. ; breadth, 5*5 mm. ; length of aperture 8-5 mill. (Bush). . Off Cape Lookout, N. C., in 603 fms. Diaphana (?) lotta BUSH, Bull. M. C. Z. xxiii, p. 222, pi. 2, f. 8,9. A smaller, somewhat worn specimen (No. 45,604), differing from the above only in having fewer spiral lines, was dredged by the U. S. F. C. in 1882, at Station 1142, off Martha's Vineyard, in 322 fathoms. This species bears considerable resemblance to Cylichna occulta Migh. & Ad. ; but that is a much smaller and more slender species, more gradually tapered toward the ends, with finer and more numerous spiral lines. D. SEGUENZ^E Watson. PI. 26, figs. 76, 77. Shell small, oval, glossy, finely spirally stippled, with the large open mouth and simple lips of a Bulla, but with a small prominent mamillate apex. Sculpture: Longitudinals — there are over the whole surface fine close lines of growth. Spirals — there are fine sharp lines made of minute round stippled dots ; above, these lines are crowded, in the middle they are sparse, towards the point they are again closer. Colour semi-translucent white, with a greyish sur- face. Spire very short and blunt, sometimes not raised at all. Apex a small but coarse, slightly prominent, mamillate tip. Suture im- pressed. Mouth resembling that of a Bulla and shaped like a long bent pear. Outer lip rises slightly above the body, sometimes to a DIAPHANA. 283 level with the tip, retreats above and below, and is roundly prom- inent in the middle, where it slightly bends inwards, elsewhere it is patulous ; its sweep is very regular throughout. Inner lip roundly curved on the body, rather deeply concave at the top of the pillar, along which it runs nearly straight ; a broad pad with defined edge spreads across the body, and is pretty broad and reverted on the pillar with a very slight twist on its front edge and a minute umbil- ical chink behind ; the lip is not emarginate in front. Length 0'15 diara. 0*1. Greatest breadth of mouth in front, 0'05 inch. ( JFafe.). Off Pernambuco, 350 fms. ; West of Azores, 1000 fms. (Watson). Middle Pliocene of Calabria (Seguenza). Bullina undata Chiaje, SEGUENZA, Form. Terz. Calabria, p. 251, pi. 16, f. 9 (Not of Chiaje). — Amphisphyra seyuenzce WATSON, Chall. Gastr., p. 641, pi. 48, f. 5. D. MINUTA Brown. PI. 26, figs. 70, 71. Shell very thin and fragile, hyaline, cylindric-ovate, dilated in the middle, the base obliquely rounded ; vertex narrower, truncated and depressed, spirally involute. Whorls 3-4, separated by a distinctly impressed suture. Aperture shorter than the last whorl, quite ample below ; outer lip flexuous, obtusely rounded at the upper angle, slightly inflexed above the middle, roundly expanded beneath ; coluruella short, slightly flexuous; umbilicus narrow, chink-shaped. Alt. 5 mill. (gars.*). Scandinavia and British Is., south to Kiel Bay ; Ocean coast of France ; Madeira and Canary Is. ; Palermo ; Naples. Bulla hyalina TURTON, Mag. Nat. Hist, vii, p. 353. Not Bulla hya- lina Gmel. — A tnphitphyra hyalina LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Skand. MEYER & MOBIUS, Fauna Kieler Bucht i, p. 67, f. 8, 9 (shell).— FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 521, pi. 114D, f. 1, 2 (shell) and pi. UU, f. 2 (animal).— MONTS., Journ. de Conch. 1874, p. 280.— LOCARD Coq. Mar. Fr. p. 29, f. 15. — Utriculus hyalinns JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 428 ; v, pi. 94, f. 7 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 335. — Diaphana hyalina SARS, Moll. Keg. Arct. Norv., p. 289, pi. 18, f. 1 (shell); pi. xi, f. 10 (dentition).— Utriculus minutus BROWN, 111. Conch. G. B., (edit., 1844), p. 58, pi. 19, f. 7, 8 (very young shell). — U. pellucidus BROWTN, t. c., p. 59, pi. 19, f. 10, 11. — SOWB., Conch. Icon, xviii, fig. 1. — U. candidus BROWN, t. c., p. 59, 284 DIAPHANA. pi. 19, f. 13, 14. — Diaphana Candida BROWN, Conch. Text Book, p. 98, pi. 14, f. 30. This species has generally been known by the preoccupied name B. hyalina Turton, which is, besides, later than the names given by Brown. D. EXPANSA Jeffreys. PI. 26, fig. 69. Shell very thin, hyaline, irregularly ovate, quite ventricose, the width nearly equal to the alt. ; base obliquely expanded ; vertex nar- row, truncate, spirally involute ; whorls 3-4, the penultimate slightly projecting. Aperture narrow above and removed from the vertex, very much expanded below ; outer lip narrowly rounded at the superior angle, then slightly inflexed, beneath obliquely arcuate ; columella nearly straight ; umbilicus narrow but distinct. Alt. 6 mill. Shetland Is. ; Norway ; Bay of Biscay ; Palermo. Amphisphyra expansa JEFFR., Rep. Brit. Asso. 1864, p. 330. — MONTS., Journ. de Conch. 1874, p. 280. — Utricnlusexpansus JEFFR,., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 426 ; v, pi. 94, f. 6 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi, p. 318.—? Bulla globosa CANTRAINE, Mai. Med. et Lit. p. 82, (ex. Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, xiii). — Diaphana expansa SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 289, pi. 18, f. 2a (shell), 2b (animal) and pl.xi, f. 11 (dentition). Shell more inflated, less angular in the middle than D. minuta, with a larger umbilicus. The animal lacks eyes, and the foot is'nar- rower and longer than in D. globosa. D. QU ADR ATA Monterosato. Unfigured. Small, wider than high, very fragile, transparent and without any sort of sculpture; spire truncated, composed of 3 convex whorls, angular at the lower part, and separated by an excavated suture. Aperture nearly squared, the outer margin detached at the insertion as in the genus Akera; columella perpendicular, um- bilicus profound. Off Cape St. Vito, and Palermo, Sicily, in deep water. Amphisphyra qnadrata MONTS., Journ. de Conchyl., 1874, p. 280. D. VENTRICOSA Jeffreys. PI. 59, figs. 29, 30, 31. Shell globosely ear-shaped (not like a Vehitinci), nearly trans- parent, glossy and slightly prismatic; sculpture, numerous fine, DIAPHANA. 285 curved, minute longitudinal striie, which are very closely set on the upper edge of the body whorl ; these stria? are crossed by a few in- distinct spiral lines, but not so as to make the surface reticulated ; epidermis inconspicuous. Color whitish, with a faint tinge of red- dish-brown near the outer lip, spire small, truncated and flat ; whorls 3, slightly angulated at the top ; the last is disproportion- ately large, and the first or central whorl is oval and intorted ; suture very deep and channelled, mouth expanded, nearly oval, contracted above by the projection of the periphery ; base even and curved, outer lip semicircular ; the upper part is on a level with the spire ; outer corner rounded, inner corner not receding nor in- curved, as in R. obtusa, (but my solitary specimen is imperfect in this part) ; inner lip forming a whitish film, which is spread over the upper part of the under side, it is folded over the pillar, behind which it forms a narrow umbilical groove ; pillar slight and curved, fold obscure. Length 0*125, breadth 01 inch. (Jeffr.). AmpJnsphi/ra globoxa JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H., (3), i, p. 47, pi. 2, f. G. Not of Loven. — Amjihixphyra ventncosa JEFFR., Rep. Brit. Asso., 1864, p. 332. — Utriculus ventrosus JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 425 ; v, pi. 94, f. 5, (1867). Sars thinks that this may be the same as Philine velutinoides. The soft parts are still unknown. Mr. Barlee procured a single specimen by dredging off Glenelg n Skye ; this is now in my collection. I tried the same ground with Mr. Norman last year, in the hope of confirming the discovery, but we were unsuccessful. Its nearest ally appears to be the Am- phisphyra globosa of Loven (a Scandinavian species). Our shell, however, is ear-shaped, instead of globosely oval, the spire is pro- portionately broader, the mouth much wider, and the sculpture peculiar, U. globosus exhibiting only the lines of growth. (Jeffr.}. D. DEXSESTRIATA Leche. PI. 26, figs. 72, 73, 74. Shell external, inflated, subglobose, rather solid, pellucid, with very close, impressed longitudinal strise ; spire concealed, the apex .perforated ; aperture ample, rounded but not dilated in front, nar- row behind, extending above the spire ; lip acute, arcuate, produced behind ; columella sinuate-arcuate, covered with a strong callus. Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill. (Leche). Karisch Sea, 9-70 fms. 286 DIAPHANA. Utriculopsis densistriata LECHE, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xvi, p. 74, pi. 1, f. 20, a, b, c (shell), f. 20 d (dentition), 1878.— Diaphana densistriata AURIVILLIUS, Vega Exped. Vetenskap. lakttagelser, iv, p. 371. D. GLOBOSA Loven. PI. 26, fig. 75. Shell very thin, vitreous, subglobose ; base obliquely rounded ; vertex narrowly truncated, narrowly perforated, the spire nearly concealed. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow and supine above, expanded below ; outer lip produced above the vertex and subangu- late, obliquely arcuate below; columella flexuous; umbilicus dis- tinct. Alt. 4 mill, (gars'). Scandinavia. Amphisphyra globosa LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Scand., p. 11 (Ofv. Kongl. Vet. Akad., 1846, p. 143).— Diaphana globosa SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 290, pi. 18, f. 4 (shell), f. 3 c (animal) ; pi. xi, f. 12 (dentition). — Utriculus ylobosus SOWB., Conch. Icon., xviii, f. 2. — Utriculopsis vitrea M. SARS, Bidrag til Kundskab Christiania- fjordens Fauna, ii, p. 65, pi. 11, f. 16-18 (shell only ; not f. 15, ani- mal, which is Philine vitrea, q. v). D. HIEMALIS Couthouy.* PL 59, fig. 28. Shell minute, globose, thin and fragile, subtranslucent, horn col- ored ; body whorl very convex, widest in the middle, narrowly truncated at the vertex, which shows a minute umbilical perfora- tion. Aperture narrow above, rising well above the vertex, broad below ; outer lip strongly sinuous, receding toward the upper inser- tion, rising high above the vertex of the body of the shell ; colum- ella long, thin, slightly sinuous, partially closing the narrow umbil- icus. Alt. 2-2-, diam. 2 mill. Maine to Massachusetts Bay ; Scandinavia. Sulla hiemalis COUTH., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 180, pi. 4, f. 5.— DEKAY, N. Y., Moll., p. 18, pi. 35, f. 335.— GLD., Inv.Mass., p. 163, f. 100. — Diaphana hiemalis STIMPSON, Check-Lists, p. 4. — W. G. Binn. in Glds. Inv. Mass., p. 216, f. 506.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 291, pi. 18, f. 3. More globose than any of the preceding species. The figure i8 drawn from a Massachusetts specimen. D. NIVEA Petterd. Unfigured. Shell globose, very thin, semitransparent, milky-white, shining ; whorls 4, spire small, scarcely projecting; longitudinally striated DIAPHANA-CYLICHNA. 287 with fine lines of growth ; aperture narrowly ovate, inflated. Alt. 14, diam. 7 mill. (Petterd). Near River Leven, Tasmania (Miss Lodder). Diaphanna nivea PET., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1885, p. 321. Section Austrodiaphana Pilsbry. Shell like Diaphana, but columella abruptly truncated below. D. BRAZIERI Angas. PL 26, fig. 68. Shell subglobose, with a long, narrow open umbilicus, thin, hya- line, covered with a fine membranaceous olive epidermis ; last whorl inflated; spire flatly depressed; whorls 3 J, rounded above, suture impressed ; aperture contracted above, subovate below ; outer lip sharply angled posteriorly, slightly sinuous, arcuate below; columella abruptly truncate below the umbilicus. Length 2 lines, breadth !•} lines. (Any.*). Sow and Pigs reef, Port Jackson, N. S. Wales, Australia, 4 fms. Diaphana brazieri ANG., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 175, pi. 26, f. 20 ; t. c. p. 189. Genus CYLICHNA Loven, 1847. Bullma Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 51, 1826. Not Bul- Una, Fer., l&22.— Cylmdrella SWAINS, MalacoL, pp. 135, 326, type C. alba Sw. Not Cylindrella Swains, t. c. p. 311, (s. g. for Conus asper Chem.), nor of Pfr., Wiegrn. Archiv f. Naturg., i, p. 38, (1840).— Cylichna LOVEN, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forhandl., 1846, p. 142, 1847. Not Cylichnus Burmeister, Handb. der Entomologie, iv, p. 171, 1844 (Coleoptera).— Bullmella R. B. NEWTON, Syst. List Edwards Coll. Brit. Oligocene and Eocene Moll., p. 265, 1891.— Cryptaxis JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H., (5), xi, p. 400, 1883, type C. parvuhi JefFr. Not Cryptaxis Lowe (Helicidse). — " Oliva, Klein " H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 657. -f Cylichnelta GABB., and Mnestia H. & A. Adams. Shell rather small and subcylindrical, the spire sunken and um- bilicate or closed and concealed by the calloused inner lip ; moder- ately solid, smooth or with spiral stride; aperture as long as the shell, narrow above, somewhat dilated toward the base ; columella rather thickened, simple or somewhat sinuous; outer lip reced- ing toward the suture. Type C. cylindracea. Animal (pi. 61, fig. 23, C. cylindracea*) with long head disc, trun- cated in front and behind. Mouth armed with a pair of jaws com- 288 CYLICHNA. posed of imbricating prickly elements ; gizzard containing 3 equal, oval calcareous plates (pi. 61, figs. 26, 27, C. alba). Radula with the central teeth small, erect, with bilobed, serrate apices ; laterals large, hooked, with a series of fine denticles near the edge ; uncini small, simple, from 2 to 5 in number on each side (pi. 61, figs. 24, 25, C. alba). In regard to the several names quoted in the above synonymy, Bullina of Risso is clearly preoccupied. Cylindrella Swainson was first acceptably defined on page 326 of the Treatise on Malacology, and is preceded by Cylindrella proposed for a section of Conus on p. 311 of the same work, and probably by Cylindrella Pfr. also, pro- posed for a well-known genus of land snails. The name Cylichna of Loven has recently been rejected by Mr. R. B. Newton, on account of the prior Cy/ichnu* of Burmeister in Coleoptera, and a new name, Bullinella, substituted ; but if the generic name given by the great Scandinavian naturalist be ruled out, the genus must be given the name of one of the recognized subgenera. In the present stage of our knowledge, it is practically impossible to definitely locate many species of small Bulloids, as the shells afford so slight a clue to the modifications of the soft parts. There are, therefore, numbers of forms which can equally well be placed in Cylichna as in the section Cylichnina of Retusa. Others might be. placed in either Cylichna or Haminea; whilst the distinction between Cylichna and Atys is by no means clear in certain cases. At the same time, it must be clearly understood that the anatomical distinctions between Cylichna, Cylichnina, Haminea, etc., are very great. In these small smooth Bullidse, as in the Zonitoid Helices, the differentiation has been mainly in the soft parts, the shells undergoing but little change. Besides this confusion in the genera, there exists at present a semi-chaotic condition of the species ; and so many Cylichnas are inadequately described, so many are still unfigured, that the identi- fication of specimens is often an extremely difficult task. One could spend years of work over these groups of small species ; but as the writer has neither the requisite time or facilities for redescribing the types and figuring them on a uniform and sufficiently enlarged scale, the present account may be considered as simply a digest of the literature of the group. As such, it is believed to be nearly complete. CYLICHNA. 289 Subdivisions of Cylichna. Subgenus CYLICHNA Loven. Shell subcylindrical, the apex either concealed or umbilicated ; surface unicolored whitish or brownish ; columella with one indis- tinct fold or none. A further division of this subgenus will eventu- ally be made, but in tbe present state of our knowledge of the group, the natural sections of Cyliclma cannot be defined. Subgenus MNESTIA H. & A. Adams. Shell ovate-cylindrical, marbled or banded. Spire immersed in the deep umbilicus. Anatomy unknown. Subgenus CYLICHNELLA Gabb. Shell oblong-oval ; spire concealed, imperforate ; columella with a callous fold, and below it a nodule-like fold. Anatomy unknown. Subgenus CYLICHNA Loven. Species of the North Atlantic, Arctic and Mediterranean Sea~s. C. CYLINDRACEA Pennant. PI. 29, figs. 15, 16, 17. Shell cylindrical with parallel sides slightly tapering toward each end, squarely truncated above; solid and opaque. Surface slightly glossy, covered with a brownish-yellow cuticle; sculptured with numerous fine, superficial spiral strite. Apex appearing like a slightly concave disc bounded by an angular keel, the whorls not visible. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow and parallel-sided above, suddenly expanding at the base. Lip strongly retracted above, forming a large, deep sinus ; straight in the middle, and again retracted and effuse at base. Columella thickened, with a broad but indistinct fold. Alt. 7?, diam. 2.1 mill. European seas from Norway to the Canaries and Azores ; Mediter- ranean; Whydah, W. Africa; St. Helena (Smith); Ascension I., 420 fins, and Tristan da Canha (Challenger). Sulla cylindracea PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 117, pi, 70, f. 85, 1777.— Cylichna cylindracea LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 142, 1846. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 415 ; v, pL 93, f. 4-5. — BARS, Moll. 290 CYLICHNA. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 283, pi. 17, f. 12; pi. 11, f. 4.— BUQ. DAUTZ. &DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 521, pi. 64, f. 1-3.— WATSON, Chal- lenger Gastrop., p. 663. — MOBIUS, in Die Zweite Deutsche Nord- polarfahrt, 1869-70, (Koldwey), ii, p, 250, pi. 1, f. 4-9 (digestive tract and dentition).— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 738; P. Z. S. 1890, p. 297.— A. AD. in Sowb., Thes.iii, p. 590, pi. 125, f. 132.— FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 508. — Bulla olivet GMEL., Syst, Nat. (xiii), p. 3433.— £. cylindrica BRUG., Encycl. Meth., p. 37 not of Gmelin.— B.producta BROWN, Illustr. Conch., pi. 19, f. 15, 16.— B. convoluta BROCCHI, Conch, foss. Subapp., p. 277, pi. 1, f. 7. — SCACCHI, Catal. Conch. Req. Neap., p. 10, 1836.— Cylindrella alba SWAINSON, Malacol. p. 326, fig. 94b. The cylindrical form and for the group large size of this species readily distinguish it from other European forms. The literature of the species is extensive, and only the more important references are given above. For others see Moll. Roussillon, Forbes and Hanley, and the Challenger Report. Var. LINEARIS JefFr. Shorter, nearly smooth and decidedly glossy, marked at each end with yellowish-brown spiral lines, few and remote at the top, close-set at the bottom. Apex invariably perforated and showing part of the internal spire. England; St. Helena. C. cylindracea has been reported from Bombay by Melvill and Aber- crombie. C. ALBA Brown. PL 60, fig. 16. Shell oblong, somewhat cylindrical, tapering toward both ends. White, covered with a pellucid buff cuticle ; polished ; surface sculptured by extremely close, fine, superficial spiral stria, visible only under a strong lens, on fresh specimens. Aperture narrow above, dilated below, wider than in C. cylindracea ; the lip curved as in that species. Columella thick but hardly folded. Apex im- perforate, somewhat concave, bounded by a keel. Alt. 5£, diam. 21 mill. Tooth-formula 5,1.1.1,5. Spitzbergen and Greenland to the Bay of Biscay, and to Cape Cod. Volvaria alba BROWN, Illust. Conch. G. B., p. 3, pi. 19, f. 43, 44. — Cylickna alba LOVEN, Ofversight Vet. Akad. Forh. 1846, p. 142. JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 417, pi. 8, f. la (dentition) ; v, p. 223, pi. 93, f. 6 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), x, p. 241 ; (4), xix, p. 333 ; (4) CYLICHNA. 291 xx, p. 139, 237 ; P. Z. S. 1883, p. 393.— SARS, Moll. Arct. Norv., p. 283, pi. 17, f. 15, 16.— A. AD., Tbes. Conch, ii, p. 591, pi. 125, f. 137.— GOULD, Inv. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.), p. 220, f. 98.— LECHE, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. 1878, p. 72. — WATSON, Chall. Kep.Gastr., p. 661. — AURIVILLIUS, Vega Exped. iv, p. 369. — Bulla triticea COUTH., Bost. Journ. N. H. ii, p. 88, pi. 2, f. 8. — Cylichna elongata, LOCARD, Coq. Mar. Cotes France, p. 25, 1892. Shorter and less cylindrical than C. cylindracea , and with far less obvious spiral striation than C. occulta. Var, CORTICATA (Beck) Moller. PI. 60, figs. 14, 15. Shell with a thick, dark broiunish epidermis ; somewhat narrower than the typical alba, cylindrical; vertex broadly truncated; col- umella indistinctly folded. Alt. 8 mill. • Norway ; Greenland. Bulla corticata (BECK) MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Groenl.Naturh.Tids- krift, p. 79, 1842. — Cylichna alba var. corticata SARS, Moll. Arct. Norv. p. 283, pi. 17, f. 16.— AURIVILLIUS, Vega Exped. iv, p. 370. — B. (Cylichna} corticata AD., Thes. ii, p. 592, pi. 125, f. 138.— Bulla nucleola REEVE, in The Last of the Arctic Voyages (Belch- er's) ii, p. 393, pi. 32, f. 2, 1855. C. CHEVREUXI Dautzenberg. PI. 29, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell 6 mill, high, 2'7 mill, wide ; solid, rather shining, cylindrical truncated above and below. Whorls 3, convoluted, the first immersed, the last smooth but with arcuate, obsolete growth-striae. Aperture narrow, at base dilated. Columella very oblique, calloused, very shining. Lip acute, arcuate above, then straight- ened. Color white. (Dautz.). Pico, Azores, 1287 meters. C. clievreuxi DAUTZ., Res. Camp. Sci. Albert I, p. 23, pi. 1, f. 6. Differs from C. alba in the wider, thicker columella, and more effuse base of the aperture. C. GRIMALDII Dautzeuberg. PL 27, figs. 99, 100. Shell 9 mill, high, 5 broad, rather solid, convoluted, subcylin- drical, the base rounded. Apex obtusely truncated, imperforate, depressed in the middle. Last whorl with arcuate growth-lines and regularly ornamented with numerous impressed distinct spiral striae. 292 CYLICHNA. Aperture narrow above, dilated below; columella short, arcuate; lip acute, projecting a little above the vertex, expanded toward the base. Color whitish, hyaline, under a brown epidermis. (Dautz.^). Dakar, W. Africa. CylicJma grimaldii DAUTZ., Mem. Soc. Zool. France iv, p. 26, pi. 3,f. 1,1891. Compared with 0. alba, this species is of larger size, less elongated form and thinner shell. The spiral strise, which are effaced in the middle of C. alba, are more strongly marked, and cover the whole surface. It is larger than C. propinqua Sars, more cylin- drical, less globose, with shorter, more arcuate columella, thinner shell and more distinct stride. C. OCCULTA Mighels. PL 28, figs. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41. Shell solid, white, covered with a very thin whitish yellow epider- mis ; ovate, rather short and swollen, the diameter about two-thirds the altitude. Vertex obtusely truncated, slightly concave in the middle ; base rounded ; aperture not very narrow, dilated below, the outer lip projecting above the crown of the shell, a little arcuate and inflexed in the middle ; columella nearly straight, with a broad fold. Surface smooth, polished, shining, but covered with many impressed, subundulating lines, which are quite conspicuous. Alt. 9 mill. Radula with the formula 2,1.1.1,2. (Sars, C. propinqua). Norway, Spltzbergen and Greenland, south to Maine. Bulla striata BROWN, Illustr. Conch. G. B., pi. 38, f. 41, 42 ; 1827. Second edit., p. 57, pi. 19, f. 41, 42. — Cylichna striata JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 492.— SMITH, t. c., p. 140. Not Bulla atriata Brug. — Bulla occulta MIGHELS, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. i, p. 50, 1841 ; Bost. Journ. N. H. iv, p. 54, pi. 4, f. 11.— OLD., Invert. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.), p. 223.— KRAUSE, Zool. Jahrbiicher, vi, p. 363. — Bulla reinhardi Holb., MOLLER, Index, Moll. Groenl. p. 6, 1842. — Cylichna reinhardi LECHE, K. Sv. Vet.-Akak. Handl. 1878, p. 72, pi. 1, f. 21.— AURIVILLIUS, Vega-Exped. iv, p. 370.— Bulla scalpta REEVE, in The Last of the Arctic Voyages (Belcher's), ii, p. 392, pi. 32, f. 3 (bad). — cf. Cylichna scalpta LECHE, t. c., p. 73, pi. 1, f. 22.— -Bulla propinqua M. Sars, 1858, G. O. SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 284, pi. 18, f. 5. This species is distinguished by its rather inflated form and obvious spiral striation. Jeffreys and others have called it C. striata CYLICHNA. 293 Brown, but Brown's Bulla striata is preoccupied by ]>ull,re curved ; the strongly reticulated sculpture is ab- sent, what there is being much feebler and less regular, this is espe- cially the case with the longitudinal furrows ; the outer lip rises less high behind and does not lean in at all to the perforation ; the edge of the top is less oblique ; the pillar lip has a fold at its base, and the lip edge is reflected and appressed, and has no umbilicus behind it ( Wats.). 318 CYLTCHNA. C. ARACHIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 27, figs. 92, 93. Shell solid, long cylindrical, transversely very delicately striated ; white, covered with a cinnamon colored epidermis ; spire perforated. Alt. 8, diarn. 3* lines (Q. & £.). King George's Sound (Q. & G.) ; Tasmania (Tenison-Woods) ; Port Jackson, N. S. Wales (Angas, Coppinger, Challenger, et al.) ; Cape York and New Guinea (Brazier). Sulla arachis Q. & G., Voy. de PAstrol. Zool. ii, p. 361, pi. 26, f. 28-30.— Build (Cylichna) arachis AD., in Thes. ii, p. 590, pi. 125, f. 133, 134.— Cylichna arachis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 226.— BRA- ZIER, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 79.— SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 86.— WATSON, Challenger Rep. Gastr. p. 662. — Cylichna regularis GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 141 ; Otia, p. 113. Con/. TENISON- WOODS, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 256. C. ATKINSONI Tenison-Woods. Shell small, cylindrical, narrow, thin, ferruginous, spire umbili- cate, hidden, very slenderly lengthwise and transversely striate. Sordid white, outer lip thin, acute, drawn in at the middle, and sub- dilate anteriorly ; inner lip narrow, reflexed (T.-lf7.). Alt. 4J, diam. 2 mill. Long Bay, Tasmania. C. atkinsoni T.-W., Papers and Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1875, p. 156 (1876). A very small shell, brought up occasionally by the dredge from 10 fathoms ; sandy bottom. The other Tasmanian species is C. arachis, which is Australian also. In its young state it can always be distinguished from the foregoing by the dense undulating trans- verse stride with which it is covered (T'-TF.). C. ELEGANS Angas. PI. 27, fig. 89. Shell elongately ovate, umbilicated, rather thin, white, irregular- ly and faintly longitudinally striated, the stride more distinct and equal near the apex, transversely ornamented with numerous rows of very fine close-set, crenate, interrupted lines, which, together with the longitudinal stride, become very nearly obsolete towards the center ; apex perforate, somewhat tumid around the perforation ; aperture narrow above, wider below ; outer lip thin, simple ; colu- mella short, smooth, very slightly expanded over the umbilicus* Length 6, breadth 3 lines (Ang.). Port Stephens, N. S. Wales, Australia (Brazier). CYLICHNA. 319 Cylichna etegans ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 175, 189, pi. 26, f. 19. More ovate than others of the genus ; beautifully transversely crenulately sculptured (Any.). C. PYGM^EA A. Adams. PI. 59, fig. 9. Shell small, subcylindrical, contracted in the middle, apex um- bilicated, white, shining, smooth, longitudinally striated ; outer lip posteriorly produced, rounded, inflexed in the middle ; inner lip anteriorly subcallous ; aperture narrow, linear, anteriorly dilated (Ad.). Port Lincoln (Mus. Metcalfe) ; St. Vincent's Gulf (Tate) ; Sea of Japan (A. Ad.). B. (Cylichna) pygmcea A. ADAMS, Thes. ii, p. 595, pi. 125, f. 150. — TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Philos. Soc. Adelaide, S. Austr. 1878-9, p. 138.— Haminea pygmcea A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 155. C. ORDINARIA E. A. Smith. PI. 27, fig. 90. Shell cylindrical, white, shining, imperforate, the excavation at the apex scarcely profound, encircled by an impressed carina ; aperture very narrow, dilated below, subtruncate ; columella some- what twisted, excavated, surrounded by a keel. Alt. 7, diam. 3 mill. (Sin.) S. lot. 34° 13', E. Ion. 151° 38', off Sydney, N. S. Wales, 410 fms. Cylichna ordinana SM., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 442, pi. 35, f. 21. The distinguishing character of this species is the excavation of the lower part of the columella, which is circumscribed by a keel, a continuation of the inner lip (8m.). C. STRFATA Hutton. PI. 59, figs. 11, 12. Shell cylindrical, with slightly convex outlines; showing some unevenly spaced growth lines, and an excessively fine spiral stria- tion, which is coarser at the crown, and becomes coarser and spaced toward the base. Vertex abruptly truncated ; the whorl rounded above, passing into a funnel-shaped apical umbilicus, the edge of which is defined by a sort of keel or ledge ; the perforation narrow and deep. Aperture narrow in its upper two-thirds, dilated below ; outer lip rising above the vertex, nearly rectilinear in the middle, or even slightly incurved, rounded below ; columella eloping, rather 320 CYLICHNA. heavily calloused and slightly tortuous ; parietal wall lightly cal- loused. Alt. 7£, diam. 3 mill. Auckland, New Zealand (Hutton, Wright). Oyliehna striata HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 52 ; Manual N. Z. Moll. p. 120.— C. arachis HUTTON, The Pliocene Moll. N. Z. p. 37. The above description and the figures are drawn from Auckland specimens sent by Mr. G. W. Wright. They seem to differ from C. arachis in the narrower apical umbilicus. Button's description of 0. striata is as follows: "Small, smooth, white, longitudinally finely striated ; aperture scarcely produced above the spire. Length •1, breath '05 inch." This would indicate a much smaller form than mine, which may prove distinct. C. ZEALANDICA Kirk. Unfigured. Shell white, strong, smooth, faintly longitudinally striated. Aper- ture produced above the spire. Alt. *35 inch (Kirk). Waikanae, New Zealand. Cylichna zealandica KIRK, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 15 ; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii, p. 307. Compare C. striata. C. TAHITENSIS Watson. PL 30, fig. 10. Shell cylindrical, thin, glassy, spirally striate from end to end, with a small body, rounded outlines, no depression nor central point at the apex, and a toothless but abruptly truncated and prominent pointed pillar. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are scarcely per- ceptible lines of growth. Spirals — the whole surface is covered with fine grooves, not quite regular, about ^ inch apart, but weaker and more crowded in the middle than at either extremity. Color bluish transparent glossy white. Mouth rather large and long. Outer lip has a sinus just above the body, rises and is angu- lated at the outer upper corner of the shell ; from this point its edge advances and its line is slightly convex, tending in front to be- come straight ; at the lower outer corner it is angulated, and across the base is abruptly truncate. Inner lip has a very thin glaze, it is flatly convex on the body, straight and elongately oblique on the pillar, which presents no tooth, but has a thin, defined, hardly twisted edge, and is abruptly cut off in front, being there a strong CYLICHNA. 321 prominent point. Alt. 0*083 in., diam. 0'044. Mouth breadth at same place O'OOT inch (Wats.). Tahiti Harbor, near the reefs, 20 fms. C. tahitensis WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 665, pi. 49, f. 11. This is very possibly a young shell. C. FIJIENSIS E. A. Smith. Un figured. Shell very much elongated, narrow, cylindrical, a little contracted in the middle, white, transversely very finely striated, the striae more distant toward the vertex, longitudinally striated with indis- tinct growth lines. Vertex (which is surrounded by an acute mar- gin) profoundly umbilicate ; base subperforate. Aperture very nar- row above, dilated below ; columella a little thickened, spirally twisted, joined to the apex by a thin callus. Alt. 6, diam. 2 mill. <#».>. Fiji Is. C.fijiensis SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 352. A pure white shining species, of nearly the same form as C. bi- plicata A. Ad., but rather narrower, with the columella only spiral- ly twisted, and the transverse strise finer ($»i.). C. NITENS E. A. Smith. Unfiyured. Shell ovate, semi-pellucid, bluish- white, shining, longitudinally indistinctly and transversely at top and base striated. Vertex minutely umbilicated. Aperture narrow, dilated at base ; lip solid, thick ; columella thick, provided with a small tooth or tubercle in the middle ; umbilical region subperforate. Alt. 5, diam. 2 \ mill- (8m). Fiji Is. C. nitens SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 351. A small semitransparent bluish-white species, chiefly character- ized by the thick labrum and columella which has a small tooth or tubercle on the middle of it ($m.). Var. : Shell larger, less solid ; alt. 6, diam. 3 mill. South African and South Atlantic Species. C. TUBULOSA Gould. Unfigured. Shell of moderate size, elongated, cylindrical, sensibly enlarged above and below, whitish ; smooth or sculptured with revolving 322 CYLICHNA. lines ; vertex obliquely truncated, crateriform, imperforate. Aper- ture very narrow, linear ; coluraellar fold conspicuous. Alt. 8, diam. scarcely 3 mill. (Old.}. Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope. C. tubulosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. vii, p. 140 ; Otia, p. 113. Allied to C. involuta Ad., but the outlines are more rectilinear (Old.). C. ATLANTICA E. A. Smith. PI. 27. fig. 97. Shell ovate-cylindrical, thin, pellucid-white, shining, rimate, nar- rowly perforated at the vertex, transversely very delicately striated, especially above and below. Aperture very narrow above, slightly dilated below ; lip thin, produced above the vertex ; columellar margin covered with a thin reflexed callus, obsoletely subtruncate below. Alt. 5i, diam. 2i mill. (&».)• St. Helena. Cylichna atlantica SMITH, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 297, pi. 24, f. 10. This species has more curved outlines than C. eylindracea, has a perforate apex, and an umbilical chink. The thin columellar cal- losity extends up the whorl, and joins the upper extremity of the outer lip ($m.). Spedes of unknown habitat. C. SARSII (Phil.) A. Adams. PI. 59, fig. 6. Shell ovately cylindrical, posteriorly truncate, anteriorly pro- duced, apex perforated, white, transversely very finely striated; aperture narrow ; columella anteriorly with a single fold ; outer lip posteriorly produced (Ad.). Habitat unknown (Mus. Hanley). B. (Cylichna) sarsii Phil., A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 591, pi. 125, f. 135. I cannot find that Philippi ever described this species. C. LACTEOCINCTA E. A. Smith. Unfigured. Shell minute, cylindrical, pellucid, encircled by several inter- rupted milky bands ; with longitudinal, very fine, curved striae, and transversely striated below ; vertex umbilicate, surrounded by a rounded margin. Aperture narrow above, sensibly dilated be- low ; columella thickened, obliquely subtruncate. Alt. 2£, diam. II mill. (Swi.). Habitat unknown. C. laeteocincta SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 352. CYLICHNA. 323 This species may be at once recognized by the lacteous bands upon a hyaline ground, and by the peculiar subtruncation of the columella, which almost forms a short channel with the outer lip (Sm.). Subgenus MNESTIA H. & A. Adams, 1854. Mnestia ADS., Genera Recent Mollusca ii, p. 10 (for C. bizona and C. marmorata). This group is at present restricted to species with variegated col- oration. C. MARMORATA A. Adams. PI. 27, tig. 86. Shell ovate, contracted above, produced and rather acuminate below, smooth, shining, variegated with pale red-brown and white, the spots in some specimens disposed in distinct bands, transversely very minutely striated ; striae most distinct above and below ; spire conspicuous, in the deep umbilicus of the apex ; aperture narrow, acuminately produced above and below ; columella straight, rather callus, umbilicus distinct (Ad.). Capul, Philippines. B. (Cylichna) marmorata AD., Thes. p. 594, pi. 125, f. 145. C. BIZONA A. Adams. PL 27, fig. 84. Shell ovately cylindrical, fulvous, encircled with two pale red brown bands, longitudinally obsoletely plicated, engraved with dis- tinct transverse finely undulated striae ; spire immersed in the deep umbilicus of the apex ; aperture produced above, linear, dilated in- feriorly ; columella slightly plicated, rather reflected, umbilicus covered ; outer lip inflexed superiorly (Ad.). Alt. 5, diam. 2'2 mill. China Sea (Cuming) ; Singapore (Dr. S. Archer) ; Levuka, Fiji (Challenger) ; Torres Strait (Brazier). Bulla (Cylichna} bizona A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 595, pi. 125, f. 148. — Cylichna (Mnestia) bizona H. & A. AD., Genera, ii, p. 10. — WATSON, Challenger Gastrop. p. 671. — Mnestia bizona BRAZ., P. L. S.N.S. W.ii, p. 81. In the specimens from Singapore before me the bands are a little more widely spaced than in Sowerby's figure. 324 CYLICHNA. C. GRANOSA Brazier. Unfigured. Shell small, ovate, light straw yellow, variegated with two nearly obsolete white bands, in some specimens not visible, contracted above, produced and rather acuminate below ; longitudinally and transversely rugosely striated, interstices smooth, the whole surface of the shell having the appearance of somewhat square-like grains, spire conspicuous in the deep umbilicus of the apex, outer margin of the umbilicus white and very rugose ; aperture narrow, acumin- ately produced and thickened above, slightly produced below ; col- umella thickened, straight, slightly reflected, umbilicus minute, with a white margin, peristome moderately inflexed. Length 2 lines, breadth 1 line (Braz.). Darnley Island, Torres Straits, SO fathoms. Mnestia granosa BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii, p. 81, 1887. The whole surface of this species is covered with a series of small grains, after the style of a double cut file (Braz.). C. PUNCTOSULCATA E. A. Smith. Unfigured. Shell wide ovate, a little narrowed at the base, thin, scarcely pel- lucid, brown-white, transversely delicately sulcate, sulci 27, equi- distant, closely punctate. Vertex umbilicate, striated within, sur- rounded by a rounded margin. Aperture wide, a little produced above the vertex ; lip thin ; columella thickened, sinuous ; umbili- cal region subperforate. Alt. 4£, diam. 3 mill. ($m.). Tunis, North Africa. C. (Mnestia) punctosulcata SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 353. This appears to be very distinct from any other species ; and it is at once recognized by the 27 closely punctured striae, which are at equal distances from each other ($ra.). C. ALBOGUTTATA E. A. Smith. Unfigured. Shell ovate, somewhat attenuated at base, thin, semipellucid ; whitish, closely ornamented with opaque milky spots ; smooth, shin- ing, finely striated with growth lines and transverse lines, more dis- tinct above and at the base. Vertex deeply umbilicated, trans- versely striated within, surrounded by a rounded margin ; aperture rather wide above, wider at base ; lip thin ; columella thickened, white, reflexed, nearly closing a small fissure. Alt. 8, diam. 4J mill. OSWi.). West Indies. CYLICHNA. 325 C. (Mnestia) alboguttata SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 353. Var. : Pale roseate, variegated with numerous round white blotches. This species is at once known from marmorata A. Ad., by the dif- ference of form. It is without the contraction just below the ver- tex, the apical umbilicus is smaller and not surrounded by so sharp an edge, the stride above and below are not so strongly marked, and the aperture is not so produced upwards as in that species (*Sw.). Subgenus CYLICHNELLA Gabb, 1872. Cylichnella GABB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 273, type C. bidentata. The soft parts of the species are unknown ; so that we do not yet know whether this group belongs to Tornatinidce or to Scaphandri- dce. C. BIDENTATA Orbigny. PI. 22, fig. 42 ; pi. 27, fig. 9. Shell minute, oblong-oval, shining, smooth, except for indistinct growth striae, and sparse, impressed, spiral lines at the basal part. Spire concealed ; body whorl tapering at both ends ; aperture as long as the shell, very narrow, widened below ; columella short, with a spiral callous fold, and an indistinct nodule below. Alt. 2-6, diam. 1-4 mill. Cape Hatteras to S. Domingo and Barbados, 7-168 fms. ; Florida to Texas, near low water mark ; St. Helena. BuUa.bidentata ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 125, pi. 4, f. 13-16 (1841). — Cijlichnella bidentata GABB, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 273, pi. 10, f. 2.— MORCH, Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 171.— DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 4Q.—Bulla biplicata LEA, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. i, p. 204 (1844) ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, v, p. 286, pi. 26, f. 2.— Utriculus biplicatiis TRYON, Amer. Mar. Conch, p. 104, pi. 13, f. 213.— Cy~ lichna bipficata BUSH, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 467, pi. 45, f. 14. — Oylichna bidentata Orb., SMITH, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 297. C. ORYZA Totten. PI. 22, fig. 39 (enlarged). Shell not very small, not very thin, translucent, white, regularly diminishing from the middle towards each end, the tip being de- pressed into a shallow pit, and the front being rather pointed ; last whorl enclosing all the others ; surface marked with minute lines of growth, a few revolving lines on the anterior portion, and a few 22 326 BULLID/K. more obscure ones near the shoulder, none of them perceptible with- out a magnifier ; aperture as long as the shell, narrow behind, and widening forward ; outer lip simple and sharp, commencing beyond the axis of the shell and rising a little, then turns and passes for- wards by a regular curve ; the left margin is thickened and forms a smooth, glossy pillar, which is twisted so as to form an oblique fold ; at the base it terminates abruptly, so as almost to form an ob- tuse tooth ; a thick callus, commencing at the junction of the outer lip, runs round within the whorl, giving strength to the region of the spire. There is no umbilical opening either at the tip or base. Length three-twentieths of an inch, breadth one tenth of an inch Maine to Connecticut. Bulla oryza TOTTEN, Silliman's Journal of Science, xxviii, 1835, p. 350, fig. 5.— OLD., Invert. Mass. p. 168, f. 93.— DE KAY, New York Moll. p. 18, pi. 31, f. 327.— Cylichna oryza STIMP., Check- Lists p. 4.— GLD., Invert. Mass. (W. G. B. edit.), p. 221, f. 512.— Tornatina (Cylichnella) oryza DALL, Rep. Gastr. p. 45. — Haminea oryza SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 1. Family BULLID^ (Auct.) Pilsbry. Shell wholly external, globose, oval or oblong-cylindric, with umbilicated vertex (rarely covered) and sunken spire, mottled color- pattern and smoothish surface. Aperture as long as the shell, ris- ing above the vertex, narrow above, dilated below ; columella simply concave with reflexed crescentic callus and no fold. Animal capable of complete retraction into the shell, with a large head-disc, truncated in front, bilobed behind, bearing eyes about in the middle. No epipodial or parapodial lobes ; foot long, tapering behind. Stomach containing three dumb-bell shaped horny plates. (pi. 48, fig. 4). Radula having few longitudinal rows of teeth (formula 1-2'1'2'1), the centrals transverse, bar-shaped with reflexed, multi-dentate cusp, a submedian denticle smaller ; laterals two on each side, claw shaped with numerous denticles. A cusp-less plate lies outside of the outer lateral. (PI. 48, fig, 4.) This family, now for the first time separated from its rather dis- tant allies the Akeridce, represents a very distinct line of differentia- tion from the original Tectibranch stock with many longitudinal rows of similar teeth. In the reduction in number of teeth, and the BULL A. 327 specialization in form of those retained, it parallels the Scaphand- ridce ; but the specialization has been in a different direction corre- sponding to the wide difference in food of the two groups, — Scaph- andridcc being carnivorous, whilst Bullidce are exclusively herbivor- ous. The absence of epipodial lobes is also different from Scaphan- dridcc, the animal in Bullidce having the external form of that of Tornatinidtc. From both of these families the Bullidce differ more- over, in shell characters, form and non-calcification of the gizzard plates, etc. The Akeridce are a much lower stock of Tectibranchs than Bul/idce, retaining the primitive multi-dentate radula, and the epipodial lobes, and having a thin, fragile unicolored shell. A few unicolored species, none of them known anatomically, are referred to the genus Bulla ; but as a rule the shells are well distin- guished from all other Tectibranchs by their characteristic mottled coloration. But one genus is. represented in the recent fauna. No extinct groups are known to be referable to this family. Genus BULLA Linne, 1758. liulla L., Syst. Nat. (x), p. 725.— BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 368, and of most modern authors. — Bullus MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 330, type B. ampula. — Bullea BLAINV., in part, section B, Malacol., p. 478, and of MENKE and MORCH, not Bullcea Lam. — Vesica SWAINS. Malacol., p. 360.— Nux, DACOSTA Elem. of Conch., p. 174, 1776 (not binomial). — Conf. VAYSSIERE, Rech. Zool. et Anat. sur les Moll. Opisthobr. Ire pt. Tectibranches, p. 13 (anatomy of B. striata). Shell oval or ovate, compactly involute, generally solid and with a mottled color-pattern ; spire sunken, umbilicated. Aperture as long as the shell, rising slightly above the vertex, its upper portion narrow, expanded toward the base ; lip simple, flexuous ; columella short and concave, with a crescentic white reflexed callus ; parietal wall smooth, with a light parietal callus. Type B. ampulla L. Animal capable of complete retraction into the shell. Head-shield rounded in front, produced behind in two rounded posterior pro- cesses separated by a median sinus ; eyes small, wide apart, about half-way back on the shield. Epipodial lobes wanting. Foot large, nearly as long as the shell, roundly subtruncate behind, wide and blunt in front (pi. 43, figs. 7, 8, B. quoyi). 328 BULLA. Gizzard containing three subequal nearly similar horny or chiti- noid plates which are dumb-bell shaped on the outer surfaces (pi. 48, fig. 1.5) the inner or grinding surfaces being somewhat truncated wedge-shaped with flat tops (fig. 17). The side view (fig. 16) shows a ledge (where the muscles of the stomach-wall are attached) separating the outer face from the grinding face. The figures repre- xsent the plates of B. nebulosa Gld. Those of B. ampulla are shorter, with the external processes nearer together. Radula (pi. 48, fig. 4, B. ampulla) large, with dark chitinous teeth according to the formula 1'2'1*2*1. Laterals not differentiated from uncini. Rhachidian teeth like a transverse bar, its reflexion bearing numerous denticles of which the median one is smaller. Laterals claw-shaped, with about 6 long denticles. Outside of the second lateral lies a small, thin basal-plate without cusp, the rem- nant of a third lateral tooth. In B. nebulosa Gld. this plate is larger and thicker, but still lacks the cusp. B. striata presents a radula and gizzard-plates of the same type. The Linnsean genus Bulla consisted of species of the genera Ovula, Physa, Auricula, Melampus, etc., besides the tectibranchiates then known. Bruguiere in the Encyclopedic Methodique eliminated all but the last, which form a perfectly natural group. Finally Lam- arck, in the Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, 1801, cites only B. ampulla L. as an example of the genus, thus fixing that species as the type. The attempts of Menke, Morch and others to substitute other names for the typical group of species, are therefore without basis. "The species of this genus inhabit sandy mud-flats, the slimy banks of river-mouths, and brackish places near the sea ; at low- water some of them conceal themselves in the mud and under sea- weed, exuding large quantities of mucus to maintain the moisture of their skin. The shells of Bulla, as restricted, are rather solid, smooth, and marbled and mottled like birds eggs." (H. & A. Ad.~) The gizzard of a specimen of B. nebulosa Gld. examined by my- self contained a mass of vegetable fibers, probably algse, but no animal remains. SPECIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, ATLANTIC AND GULF OF MEXICO. The littoral Bullas of this area form a very difficult assemblage, requiring a great mass of material for its elucidation. The creatures BCLLA. 329 themselves are mostly not thoroughly differentiated into " species," if by that term we understand isolated and unconnected races. There are, however, geographically restricted forms which in their average features constitute moderately tangible races; and ratherthan lose sight of these average differences which are certainly correllated with geographic range, we have herein recognized the conventional . amygdalus DILLW., Descr. Catal. Rec. Shells, i, p. 480. — AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 575, pi. 122, f. 63.— MKE., Mai. Bl. i, p. 44.— Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 7. — B. striata ORBIGNY, Moll. Cuba, i, p. 122.— B. multistriata A. AD., index to Bulla, Thes. Conch, ii, p. 607 — B. media PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 121.— AD. in Thes., f. 70.— Sows., Conch. Icon., f. lla, 116. — ? Bulla (Bulled) marginata MENKE, Mai. Bl. 1853, p. 139. The name proposed by Meuschen is not adopted because it was unaccompanied by a description, and refers to a very indifferent figure. The chief characteristics of this species are (1) its solidity, (2) the absence of microscopic striae over the whole shell, (3) the compression of the latter part of the body-whorl, producing a straight outer lip,. (4) the thickness of the lip at the vertex, and the very heavy, re- flexed columellar callous with elevated edge. Some of these char- acters, such as the straightened outer lip, occur in B. occidentalism but taking all into consideration, the B. amygdala seems to be a moderately well-defined type. In some specimens the blackish spots or clouds coalesce to form longitudinal irregular or curved stripes (%. 62). B. RUBIGINOSA Gould. PL 39, fig. 76. Animal with the head flat, compressed, bilobed in front, the lobes semicircular, with a deep fissure between, on each side of which, in a small circular depression and rather remote, are the eyes ; poste- riorly the head is furnished with two thin, prolonged, subtriangular lobes. The mantle is very narrow, hardly surpassing the edge of the shell. The color of the body is light-ochreous, powdered, as it \\ere,, with black. Its motions were sluggish. («/". P. f '.). The general contour of the shell is like that of Bulla amycjd. amygdala by its thinner, moreshining, microscopally spiral- led shell. Some forms are small, very thin, fragile, subcylindrical, densely wave striated spirally throughout, with the basal grooves s-carcely differentiated (pi. 38, fig. 60, pi. 39, f. 78, from a Lake Worth, E. Florida specimen). Some are solider, with close zebra stripes (pi. 38, f. 59) as in certain Bahama shells. The prevalent form along the mainland, Texas to Aspinwall and Trinidad, is larger and moder- ately solid, (1) closely mottled with reddish and white (figs. 51, 52, Vera Cruz) or olivaceous and white, or (2) mottled with olivace- ous and clouded with black and white (figs. 53, 55, 56, Pro- greso, Yucatan). In unworn examples microscopic spiral strire may be seen over the whole surface, and also basal spaced grooves, but the latter are sometimes very weak and hardly seen on the small thin forms from Florida. The coarser shells sometimes show some 332 BULLA. faint grooves above, but this is exceptional. The umbilicus rarely lacks internal lira?, but they are generally weak. Alt. 11, diam. 6 mill, (typical ocddentalis, Bahamas). Alt. 34, diam. 19 mill. (Vera Cruz specimen). Alt. 21, diam. 12i mill. (Jamaica specimen of ordinary size). Entire West Indies ; Mainland from Trinidad to Vera Cruz, Cor- pus Christi, etc., Florida; Bahamas. B. ocddentalis A. ADAMS, in Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f. 72, 73 (1850).— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 14.— BALL, Blake Rep., p. 55. — Bulla alba TURTON, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 364, pi. 13, f. 6 (worn and bleached specimens, teste Dall, from Turton's types). — ? B.per- striata MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 138.—? B. nux MKE., i. c., p. 140. — B. striata BRUG. (part of synonymy) and of many authors. This is the most abundant and universally diffused of the West Indian Bullas. In examining hundreds of examples, covering the entire region, we are unable to separate the small form originally named ocddentalis, from the larger shells known to collectors as " B. striata." Every connecting link occurs. Many of the main patterns of coloring are illustrated on my plate, but there are others ; and some have a delicacy quite beyond any published figures. Bulla (Bullea} tenuicula Mke., (Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 139, and Malak. Bl. i, p. 45, from Puerto Cabello), is probably a form of this species. B. STRIATA Bruguiere. PI. 37, figs. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46. Shell moderately solid, oblong-subcylindrical or oblong ovate, tapering toward the ends; whitish, mottled and clouded all over with purplish and usually showing an indistinct girdle of heavier, darker blotches above the middle ; surface smooth, usually showing under a lens an excessively fine, close spiral striation, and having deeper spaced grooves toward the base and a few near the vertex. Toward the top the body-whorl is rather compressed, the vertex being a very narrowly rounded, compressed margin around the ivide open and deep apical umbilicus, which is closely spirally grooved within (fig. 46). Aperture narrow above, wider below ; columella with a brown-stained, lunate, reflexed callus; parietal callus thin. Alt. 24, diam. 13 mill. Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic coasts of Portugal and Morocco; Pliocene of Florida (Dall), and living at Clearwater Harbor, W. Florida (Johnson). BULLA. 333 Bulla striata BRUGIERE, Encycl. Meth. i, p. 572. — PHIL. Moll. il. i, p. 121. — WEINKAUFF, Coach yl. Mittelm. ii, p. 191. — B.om- plmlodes MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 137; Malak. Bl. i, p. 44. — B. columnte DELLA CHIAGE, Test. utr. Sicil. iii, 2, p. 24, t. 46, f. 17, 18.— B. dactyli* .MKE, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 137.— 7?. stri- tita i'(/r. attenuata DALL, Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia iii, pt. 2, p. 219, pi. 13, f. lOa. The prominent features of this Mediterranean species are its nar- row vertex, widely open apical umbilicus, and the striation of both ends of the shell. There is a variety (from Algeria, etc.) in which the umbilicus is much narrower, not striated within, and without spiral grooves at the upper end ; but my material is not sufficient to show what status this form has. It may be a variety or a mere random variation. Smith has reported striata from St. Helena, but his synonymy is incorrect. Specimens from the western Mediterranean are large, dilated below, with compressed outer lip and rounded basal lip ; the super- ior stride few or even obsolete, color as in the type, or boldly clouded with black longitudinally. Figures 42, 43 represent shells of this sort. Alt. as much as 30 mill. I have satisfied myself by a comparison of specimens that Ball's var. attenuata from the Pliocene of Shell Creek, Florida, is absolutely identical with typical Mediterranean shells, such as the Grecian specimen drawn in fig. 46 of pi. 37. It is likely that in Pliocene times the species striata had a wide range embracing the Mediter- ranean, West African and Antillean regions. It has persisted almost unchanged in the former of these, and in West Africa and America has diverged to form several ill-defined species, adansoniy occidenta/is, amygdala, etc. However, a recent specimen collected by C. W. Johnson at Clearwater Harbor, W. Florida, is indistin- guishable from the Mediterranean types, having the same com- pressed and widely umbilicated vertex, and subtruncate columella. B. ADANSONII Philippi. PI. 38, fig. 61. Shell ovate-oblong, solid ; whitish variegated with gray and black, striated below. Vertex perforated. Aperture dilated below, narrow above, the lip depressed and rectilinear in the middle. Alt. 11, diam. 6J lines. Shell smaller and more ventricose than B. striata of the Mediterranean, and differing in the very narrow apical 334 BULLA. umbilicus. Smaller than B. media, with narrower umbilicus, (Ph.-). Seneyambia. B. adansonii PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 121.— A. AD., Thes. p. 576, pi. 123, f. 13.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 13.— DAUTZ., Mem. Zool. Soc. France, iv, p. 25, 1891. — B. adansonii f var. minor DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer, p. 4, pi. 4, f. 11, 12. Some specimens I have seen of this species differ from B. striata in the points mentioned by Philippi. The figure on pi. 38 is copied from Reeve, and is larger than the shells before me. Dunker has given two figures of a var. minor. See pi. 39, f. 74, 75. Specimens referable to B. adansoni are also before me from Corisco, W. Africa. They constantly possess basal grooves, but there are none at the vertex. The apical umbilicus is nearly as wide and open as in typical B. striata. The color-pattern is a close, even speckling of white dots, each with a dark brown or blackish dot at its left side, and there are two or three dark girdles. Alt. 24, diam. 13 mill. One of these is shown in pi. 48, fig. 21. It is indeed difficult to distinguish some West African specimens from the Antillean B. amygdala; but as the geographic ranges of the two are now so widely sundered, I consider it best to make the distinction between them here. The only alternative to this course would be to " lump " the whole striata group. Perhaps mala- cologists may eventually rank the various forms of this group as "subspecies" or geographic varieties; and this would be by no means an unphilosophical procedure. VAR. COMPRESSA Rochebrune. PI. 39, figs. 66, 67. Shell distorted elongate, thick, longitudinally intensely striated, concentrically, very minutely lirate at the anterior margin, lira? dis- tant ; vertex obtuse, profoundly umbilicate. Aperture subample, pyriform, narrow in front, dilated behind [sic] ; lip equalling the spire; flattened in the middle, thickened and recurved below ; col- umella arcuate thickened. A k. 17, diam. 10 mill. (Rochebr.*). Fossil in the conglomerates of Santiago, Cape Verdes. B. compressa ROCHEBR., Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2), iv, p. 265, pL 18, f. 10. Closely allied to B. adansonii and var. minor Dkr. KULLA. 335* (Group of J>. tolid«\ B. PEKDICINA Menke. Unfigured. Shell elliptical-ovate, somewhat narrowed below, narrowly um- bilieated above, solid, opaque, nearly smooth, the longitudinal striae scarcely seen, spiral stride wanting; lip subarcuate, with obtuse mar- gin. Bright rufous-reddish, everywhere with whitish blotches and brown dots articulated and somewhat banded. Alt. 10, diam. 6'5 lines. (Mke.~). Guinea; Sierra Leone ; Benguela. Bulla (Eidlea) perdichw MKE., Mai. Bl. 1853, p. 140.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Gum. Inf., p. 5. The quite egg-shaped form, solidity, opaqueness, smoothness and light coloring of the shell, distinguish this species from others. (Jflfec.)- B. SOLIDA Gmel. PI. 43, figs. 1, 2; pi. 38, fig. 54; pi. 37, figs. 36, 37, 38. Shell oval, solid and strong, clouded with purple ou a diffused light ground-tint of purple and white, spotted with darker dots shad- ing on the left side, bordered with ivhite on the right side. Surface smooth with no spiral grooves whatever, but showing under a strong lens, very dense and minute, spiral stria;, much ivaved and crenulaied. Vertex rounded, with a moderate apical umbilicus, showing more or less spiral liration within. Outer lip rising but little above the ver- tex, its outer margin a little arcuate, base widely curved ; colurnella arcuate, with a wide, reflexed whitish or tinted crescentic callus; parietal callus strong. Interior rather livid, the lip-edge reddish. Alt. 35, diam. 25 mill. Gulf of Maracaibo (Capt. A. P. Foster !) ; Vera Cruz, Mexico (Heilprin Exped., 1890!); St. Thomas (Krebs; Riise) ; Cuba (Orb.); Martinique (CandtV) ; Guadeloupe (Hotess.). Bulla solids GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13;, p. 3434, founded upon the Violetfarbigc* Kibitz Ey of KNORR, Vergniigen der Augen und des. Gemiiths, pt. 6, p. 40, pi. 21, f. 2.— MORCH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 173.— B. ampulla ORB., Moll. Cuba, p. 121 ; not of Liune. This is very distinct from other West Indian species in its solid- ity, rounded contour, entire lack of spiral grooves at base or top, etc. The identification of Gmelin's very inaccurate description is 336 BULLA. not unquestionable, but is likely. Some specimens before me agree very well with Knorr's figure. On pi. 43 , figs. 1,2,1 have illus- trated what I take to be a typical specimen from the Gulf of Mar- acaibo. Fig. 54 of pi. 38 is also typical, but worn, from Vera Cruz. Figs. 36-38 of pi. 37 represent a large individual with the outer whitish coat worn off, showing the brown under-color; for the 'purple tint of unrubbed specimens seems to be the effect of a milky film laid over brown markings, just as we find it in many bird's eggs. B. ROPERIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 48, figs. 19, 20. Shell oval, similar in contour and general appearance to B. solida Gmel., but smaller, thinner, with the internal columellar ledge of callus more developed. Color purplish, irregularly and copiously sprinkled with whitish dots, sometimes coalesing into short zigzags, each shaded on the left side with slaty- or purplish-black. Surface polished, with no spiral grooves at base or vertex, but showing under a strong lens an ex- cessively fine (in places vanishing) spiral striation — far more minute and indistinct than in B. solida. Apical umbilicus moderate, about as in B. solida, with 7-9 spiral grooves on the last whorl within. (In B. solida they are fewer and more spaced, sometimes obsolete). Outer lip evenly arcuate; columella arcuate, with a reflexed crescentic callus the outer edge of which is lead-brown ; inner edge thickened below by a ledge of callus somewhat as in the typical B. striata. Parietal callus thin, extending far out of aper- ture, and downward to the middle of the columellar crescent, the outer edge of which is elevated below the junction of the appressed parietal film ; no umbilical chink. Alt. 22, diam. 15 mill.; a smaller specimen measures, Alt. 20, diam. 14 mill. Balearic Is. Several specimens occurred among B. striata of the form shown in figs. 42, 43 of pi. 37, communicated to me by Mr. E. W. Roper of Revere, Mass. Its only ally in the Atlantic seems to be the West Indian B. solida. B. perdicina Mke., which I have not seen, is a much narrower species; Meiike's measurements being (in millimeters) about 20 by 11 mill. (Deep sea species, white or without mottled color-pattern.') B. GUERNEI Dautzenberg. PI. 39, figs. 68, 69 70. Shell 3 mill, high, 2 mill, wide ; convolute, solid, ovate-globose. First whorl almost wholly concealed ; last whorl very narrowly per- BULLA. 337 forated or false-umbilicate above, rimate beneath ; smooth, shining, showing when strongly magnified, numerous very weak growth- striaB ; toward the base there are some well-marked, spaced spiral stride. Aperture kidney-shaped, as long as the shell ; columella thick, arcuate, a little reflexed ; lip acute and arcuate ; color sub- hyaline white. (Dautz.}. 'Pico, Azores, 1287 meters, Bulla cjuernei DAUTZ., Res. Camp. Sci. Albert I, fasc. i, Contr Fauna Malac. des lies Azores, p. 24, pi. 1, f. 5ad., 1889. B. SEMILJEVIS (Jeffr.) Seguenza. I have not access to the work containing a description and figure of this species. Bay of Biscay (Jeffr.); Wed of Azores, 1000 fins.; off Faya.1, Azores 450 fms., and off San Miguel, Azores, 1000 fms. (Chall.) ; Middle Pliocene of Calabria (Seguenza). Bulla semilcevis JEFFREYS, Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1880, p. 10, name only. — SEGUENZA, Form. Terz. Calabria, in Mem. Acad. di Lincei, Ser. 3, vi, p. 251, pi. xvi, f. 5. — WATSON, Challenger Gastr., p. 638. BULLA SUBROTUNDA Jeffreys (Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1873, p. 113, name only. Monts., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vi, p. 77). Off Jij- eli, Algerian coast of Mediterranean ; also Atlantic, and fossil at Ficarazzi. B. KREBSII Dall. Unfigured. Shell nearly the form of B. occidentalis A. Adams, but more cylindrical and of an ivory porcellanous white. The posterior angle of the aperture is more sharp and the aperture near it narrower, while on the columella there is a faint revolving ridge which sug- gests a plait, though too obscure to be so named. The surface is brilliantly polished, with perceptible incremental lines. Callus on the body thin, with a very minute chink behind that on the pillar. Apex deeply sunken, pervious, scalate, showing nearly four volu- tions, the margin of the vertex rounded, with faint indications of a carinal line. Max. Ion. 8*0 ; max. lat. 5*0 mill. (Da//). Near Guadeloupe, in 769 fms., East from Tobayo, 880 fms. Bulla krebsii DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 56; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1889, p. 298. 338 BULLA. I cannot make this fit in with any previously known species. It may prove not to be a typical Bulla. (Dall). B. CLAUSA Dall. Unfigured. Shell small, subtranslucent, solid, of the form of B. solida (Gmelin, non Brugiere) pale yellowish-brown verging towards salmon color in the darkest parts ; surface polished, with well marked incre- mental lines and extremely fine microscopic wavy spiral striae over the whole surface. Aperture as long as the shell ; wide anteriorly with a strongly arched callus, white columella having a groove be- hind it and a thin callus on the body. Apex impeforate, meeting the descending outer lip with hardly a dimple. Max. Ion. 11/5; Max. lat. 7-75 mill. (Dall). Bulla. clausa DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 57. Florida, collector unknown, U. S. Nat. Museum, JS"o. 55188. This is the only shell, except the abyssal species like eburnea and abyssicola, having the solidity and characteristic form of typical Bulla, which I have found without an apical perforation or distinct pattern of coloration, yet it seems too heavy and porcellanous to be referred to Haminea. It was probably collected by Stimpson. (Dall). B. ABYSSICOLA Dall. PI. 36, fig. 31. Shell of moderate size, and nearly the shape of B. ampulla, but proportionately wider behind, white with an ill-defined band of pale yellow-brown encircling the periphery ; aperture as long as the shell ; outer lip simple, nearly straight, rounded before and behind, not extending beyond the summit of the left side of the shell ; apex depressed, immersed, forming a slight pit with none of the whorls visible ; surface ornamented with fine, minutely punctate spiral grooves, more crowded before and behind, more distant about the periphery, from four to twelve in the width of a millimeter and from eight to ten punctations in the length of a millimeter, according to the part of the shell examined, besides these there are numerous still finer striae, also punctate, but more finely, which, when very faint, appear like rows of very faint puncticulations; otherwise the sur- face is smooth, or even polished, the lines of growth hardly per- ceptible ; aperture narrow behind, wide in front, the pillar reflected, and a thin layer of callus evenly spread over the body within the aperture; proportions of younger specimens much the same, but a BULLA. 339 little more pointed at the extremities. Lon. of shell and aperture* 12*75. Max. lat. of shell, 9*0 ; of aperture, 5'25 ; min. lat. of aper- ture, 1-5 mill. (Dall). Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. ; off Frederikstadt, Santa Cruz, 508 fms. (Blake) ; Bay of Biscay (Travailleur) ; off Fayal, Azores 450 fms. (Chall.). Bulla abyssicola DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 97 ; Blake Gastr., p. 56, pi. 17, f. 11. — B. pinguicula JEFFR., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vi, p. 318 (name only). — WATSON Chall. Gastr. p. 638. The nearest relative of this species appears to be the Bulla utri- culus of Europe, which is longer, less cylindrical, and has a deep pit at the apex. I have been enabled from an inspection of his type to determine that the manuscript name of Dr. Jeffreys applies to this species. (Dull). B. GEMMA Verrill. Unfigured. Shell white, rather solid, resembling, in size and form, Cylichna occulta (Migh.), but distinguished by having a small, distinct um- bilicus, and also a narrow deep pit at the apex of the spire. Sculpt- ure, a few distinct spiral lines at each end ; middle region of shell smooth. Length, 4*2 ; breadth, 2*5 mill. ( F.). Outer banks, off Southern New England (U. S. Fish Com. sta- tions 871, 873). Dvaphana ( Utriculus) gemma V., Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p. 399 (1880). Dall believe this to be the same as his later described B. eburnea. B. EBURNEA Dall. PL 36, fig. 21. Shell small, ivory-white, polished, ovate, the aperture extended posteriorly a little beyond the left hand summit of the whorl ; sculpt- ure, a few spiral grooves near either extremity, more numerous and crowded anteriorly ; these grooves somewhat zigzag from irregular- ities of growth, but not puncticulate; remainder' of the shell with- out sculpture, except most minute microscopic faint indications of spiral strite and faint lines of growth ; apex minutely pitted, but the pit nearly covered by a small reflection of the lip where it joins the posterior face of the body ; outer lip thin, sharp, curved round and reflected at the anterior end of the axis ; a thin deposit over the 340 BULLA. body within the aperture. Lon. of shell and aperture, 7'25. Max. lat. of shell, 4'25 ; of aperture, 2'0 ; mill. lat. of aperture, 0'75 mill. (Dall). Blake Station 43, 339 fms. Bulla f eburnea DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 98, 1881 ; Blake Rep. p. 55, pi. 17, f. 6. — ? Diaphana gemma VERRILL Amer. Journ. Sci. (3) xx, p. 399. I have seen only one specimen of each of the above species, and they certainly appear very different in some respects ; but the range of variation in these forms is little understood, and I do not feel con- fident that it may not be larger than generally supposed. In that case it is possible that the two forms may represent the extremes of one species. This should not be confounded with the Bulla eburnea of A. Adams, which is a member of the genus Volvula. Not possess- ing the soft parts, I have preferred to refer this species to the genus Bulla, though it may belong in the preceding family. (Z)a//). SPECIES OF THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. B. GOULDIANA Pilsbry. PI. 36, figs. 22, 23, 24. Shell large, ovate or oval, thin ; pinkish fawn-colored dappled with slate-black spots, each shading into the ground-color on the right and bordered with whitish on the left, or with similarly shaded ^ -shaped or £> -shaped markings ; covered when fresh by a yellow- ish-brown or mahogony epidermis. Surface smoothish, with irregular growth-wrinkles ; showing under a strong lens an extremely minute granulation. Apex narrowly umbilicated, the interior of the per- foration showing no spiral striae, or but a few in its depth. Col- umella thickened with a crescentic callus. Interior of mouth shoiv- ing the external markings viewed by reflected light. Alt. 55, diam. 37 mill. Alt. 40, diam. 30 mill. San Pedro, Santa Barbara and San Diego, California, to Cape St. Lucas ; Guaymas, West Mexico and Mazatlan. Bulla nebulosa Gould, A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 578, pi. 123, f. 79, 80.— MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 162.— CARPENTER, Moll. Western N. A, pp. 22, 26, 79, 85, 107, 132, 151, 153 ; Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 198, 233, 234, 237, 284, 289, 313, 352, 353; Mazatlan Catal., p. 173, 540 ; P. Z. S. 1856, "p. 220.— Sown., BULLA. 341 Conch. Icon, xvi, f. 6.— KEEP, West Coast Shells, p. 126, f. 117. Not B. nebulosa Schroeter, 1804. This large species is much thinner than B. ampulla. It is larger than any other American form, and has a characteristic pattern of coloration and microscopic sculpture. B. ASPERSA A. Adams. PI. 37, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28. Shell oblong-ovate, narrowed anteriorly, solid, opaque, longitu- dinally substriated, with numerous very fine stria?, painted with white punctured spots; outer lip rather straight, its upper angle produced ; inner lip thickened, white internally. (Ad.*). Payta, Peru, 6-8 fms. (Cuming). B. aspersa AD., Thes. p. 578, pi. 123, f. 78.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 18. This species is evidently closely allied to B. punctulata, but the exact relationship of the twro can be settled only by an examination of the type specimen. Figs. 27, 28 represent a lower Californiau shell referred to this species, but not without some doubt. It differs from punctulata in having the interior of the apical umbilicus sculptured with fewer (3-5) widely spaced spiral impressed stria?. B. PUNCTULATA A. Adams. PI. 37, fig. 39 ; pi. 36, figs. 29, 30. Shell oval, solid ; indistinctly clouded with flesh-color on a lighter ground, and usually obscurely blotched with dark, forming two ill- defined girdles ; the whole showing few or many dark dots shaded on the lefty white-edged on the right side. Surface smooth, showing under a strong lens an excessively dose and fine wavy spiral striation. Vertex umbilicated, the interior of the umbilicus sculptured with deep spiral grooves, about a dozen in number. Aperture lined with whitish, scarcely showing the external markings. Columella bear- ing a heavy lunate callus which is often brown-edged ; parietal callus thick and heavy. Alt. 25, diam. 16 mill. Panama (Cuming) ; Mazatlan ; Cape St. Lucas. Sulla pundata A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f. 77. Not of Schroeter. — B. punctulata A. AD., t. c., p. 604. — SOWERBY, Conch. Icon. f. 8. — Bulla adamsi Mke., CPR., Maz. Catal., p. 172 (and per- haps B. adamsi Mke., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 162, excl. synonymy). — ? B. quoyi A. AD., Thes., p. 576, pi. 123, f. 71, and SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 19. 23 342 BIILLA. This species may prove the same as the earlier described B. rufo- labris. It is smaller and much solider than B. nebulosa, with the apical umbilicus wider and strongly grooved spirally within. The external sculpture of close microscopic wavy striae is also character- istic. It is not perfectly clear what Menke intended to indicate by his B. adamsi. He expressly states that it has no spiral striation, and he says that it is the B. australis of Adams (see pi. 35, figs. 15, 16, copies of Adams' figures), not australis Quoy. Now Adams' figures show none of the dark and white dotting so characteristic of this west coast species, and are certainly different ; and as Menke's description certainly does not apply well to the species under con- sideration, the name adamsi has better be dropped from the list of We$ American Bullas. Angas reports B. punctulata from Port Jackson and New Caledo- nia (P. Z. S. 1867, p. 226). A tray of Australian specimens before me, sent by Dr. J. C. Cox, show no variation whatever from the many specimens before me from Panama, Mazatlan and Cape St. Lucas. B. punctata (A. Ad. MS.) Sowerby (Conch. Icon. f. 15) seems to me only a large form of B. punctulata. In any case the name cannot be used, being preoccupied. Sowerby's figures are copied on pi. 37, figs. 40, 41, and his description is as follows: Shell ovate-ventricose, solid, smooth, slightly narrowed posteriorly, reddish-grey, clouded with brown, sprinkled with small spots, posterior end obtuse, sides rather compressed, umbilicus large, columella thick, rather straight, outer lip thinly expanded. While the form is like that of Bulla eruentata, the markings of this shell resemble those of B. aspersa, which is more tapering towards the upper end. (Sowb.}. Bulla quoyi of A. Adams (pi. 34, fig. 9) is probably a synonym of B. punctulata or B. aspersa. At all events, it is certainly not the true quoyi of Gray. B. RUFOLABRIS A. Adams. PI. 37, figs. 47, 48. Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, opaque, longitudinally grooved ; reddish, painted with dark ash-colored spots, dotted with white ; lip rather straight, bent in in the middle, the margin of a red color. Galapagos Is., 6 fms. (Cuming). BULLA. 343 Balla rufolabris AD., Thes. ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f. 76.— SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 17. I have not seen this species, which seems to be distinguished from B. pundulata mainly by its red-edged lip. B. PANAMENSIS Philippi. Unfigured. Shell oblong-ovate, solid ; whitish marbled with brown ; destitute of transverse strice ; vertex umbilicated, spirally striated; aperture dilated below, narrow above ; lip straight in the middle. Alt. 1 1 , diam. 8 lines. (Phil.'). Panama (E. B. Phil.). B. panamensis PH., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 141. Distinguished from B. media and B. striata by the lack of all striae (Ph.'). This is probably identical with pundulata or aspera, but the description is not sufficient for identification. B. EX A R ATA Carpenter. Unfigured. Shell small, elliptical, compressed, aperture elongated, narrow ; brown, covered with a thin epidermis ; spirally delicately grooved, the lines more or less distant, nearly vanishing in the middle ; spire hardly deeply umbilicated, with transverse divaricate striae within ; lip produced above ; inner lip forming an umbilicus-like chink toward the columella. Alt. '125, diam. '055 inch. (Cpr.). Mazatlan, on Spondylus, Liverpool Coll. Bui la exarata CPR., Maz. Cat., p. 173. Distinguished by the acuminated form, fine, rather distant spiral grooves, narrow produced aperture, and slight umbilical chink formed by a fold of the labium. The small spiral umbilicus ap- pears slightly denticulate within, from the striae of growth being there well marked. The labrum extends '005 beyond the spire. INDO-PACIFIC SPECIES. B. AMPULLA Linne. PL 34, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell large, solid, globular-oval, with the lateral outlines every- where well rounded. Closely and finely mottled or speckled all over with pinkish-gray on a creamy or flesh-tinted ground, usually with darker clouds, irregular or > -shaped ; covered when fresh with a 344 BULLA. thin yellowish-brown epidermis. Surface smooth, showing under a lens neither spiral striae nor granulation. Apical umbilicus very small and deep, without spiral stride within when adult. Aperture narrow and curved above, dilated below, lined with white callus; columella heavy and thick, with a crescentic white callus ; parietal callus strong. Alt. 51,diam. 39 mill. Viti Is. (Garrett); Fiji Is. (U. S. Expl. Exped.) ; Lombok (Tudor) ; Philippines (Ad.) ; Port Jackson (Challenger) ; Port Stephens and Bellenger River (Brazier) ; Red Sea (Issel) ; Seychel- les, Amirantes, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, (Martens) ; Natal Say (Krauss). Bulla ampulla L., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1183. — SOWERBY, Genera, pi. 31? f. 4— AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 575, pi. 122, f. 59-62.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 3.— ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 167, 281. — MARTENS, Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 303 ; Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1879, p. 737._CooKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130.— WATSON, Chal- lenger Gastr. p. 637. — KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll. p. 70. — ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 189.— £. villosa MARTYN, Univ. Conch, ii, pi. 95 ; Chenu's edit. p. 26, pi. 32, f. 3a. The largest species of the genus. It is distinguished from nebu- losa by the greater solidity and the coloration, which never shows dark shaded spots edged with white on the right side. It is more globose than B. australis or B. adamsi. Var. bifasciata Menke. PL 34, fig. 5. Shell smaller, mottled all over as in the type, but encircled by two dark bands ; columella often with a low projection. Fiji Is.; Moluccas ; Philippines. Bulla collumellaris var. bifasciata MKE., Mai. Bl. i,p. 43, founded upon Martini Conch. Cab. vol. i, f. 190, 191. — B. bifasciata GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 220, f. 264, 1852, (as of Martini and Chemnitz). Var. trifasciata Sowb. PL 34, fig. 4. Shell mottled and encircled by three dark bands. Hardly dis- tinct varietally from the preceding. Philippines (Cuming) ; Hall Sound, New Guinea ; Solomon Is* (Brazier). BULLA. 345 I*, trifasciata SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 1, March, 1868. — BRAZIER, P. L. S. K S. W. ii, p. 83. Menke attempted to separate from B. ampulla certain forms under the name B. columellaris (Mai. Bl. 1854, p. 26) ; these shells, he claims, are mostly smaller than ampulla, thinner, more translucent, with narrower apical perforation ; the upper process of the lip is broadly rounded " like the wings of a brooding hen ; " the columella is flattened, and has a low projection. In the suite before me I am unable to make the separation he indicates, as the characters seem to be too variable, and those he mentions are not always correlated with each other. B. CRUENTATA A. Adams. PI. 34, figs. 6, 7. Shell ovately-globose, inflated, solid, opaque ; variegated with blood-red spots, punctated with white ; white within. (Ad.). Shell ovate-subpyriform, narrowed above the center, solid, smooth, red, variegated with large red-brown patches and blackish spots ; aper- ture large, pale reddish, expanded at the lower part ; outer lip rose colored, raised above the apex, rounded ; inner lip white, thickened ; columella thick, broad, arched; apical umbilicus rather wide. <&w&.)' Reunion (Desh.) ; Moluccas (Cuming). B. cruentata Ad., Thes. p. 577, pi. 126, f. 75.— Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 2. — Probably Bulla rubicunda SCHROETER, Archiv fiir Zoologie u. Zootomie (Wiedemann's) iv, pt. 1, p. 18 (Con/. Mai. Bl. i, p. 43, and Meeresfauna Maurit., etc., p. 303). Besides the difference in general coloring and the rose bordering of the outer lip, there is a difference in shape between this species and Bulla ampulla, the former being more compressed above the center. (Sowb.). B. ADAMSI Menke. PL 35, figs. 15, 16, 19, 20. Shell ov&l-cylindric, solid, closely marbled with reddish on a pale ground, much as in B. ampulla; generally having three or four bands of darker mottling. Vertex umbilicated, the umbilicus not spirally striated within in adults. Outer lip nearly straight in the middle ; columella and parietal wall strongly calloused. Alt. 45, diam. 30 mill. Tahiti (Cuming) ; Tonga (Phila. Acad. Coll.) ; Islands in Torres ^Straits and off N. E. Australia (Brazier). 346 BULLA. Bulla adamsii MENKE, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1850, p. 162 ; Mai. BL 1854, p. 43. — B. adamsi BRAZIER (again), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S, Wales, x, p. 92, 1885.— B. austral is A. ADAMS, Thes. ii, p. 576, pi. 122, f. 64-66.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 12.— WATSON (in part) Challenger Gastr., p. 638. Not B. australis Gray nor Sowerby. A more cylindrical, less inflated shell than B. ampulla, and wider than B. australis, with wider umbilicus. In his attempt to rectify the error of Adams, Mr. Brazier added another synonym to this species ; but the name he gives had been anticipated by Menke,, thirty-five years previously. B. AUSTRALIS (Gray) Quoy & Gaimard. PL 35, figs. 17, 18. Shell elongated, cylindrical ; color variable, but usually pale,, marbled with reddish, with longitudinal deep brown flames, some- times traversed by a narrow, well defined band. Aperture rising above the spire, enlarged toward the base ; vertex impressed and perforated by a very small apical umbilicus. King George's Sound (Q. & G.) ; between Freemantle and Wood- mans Point, W. Australia (Menke) ; also Tasmania (Beddome et al) ; Port Jackson (Brazier) ; Spencer and St. Vincent Gulfs (An- gas) ; Port Lincoln and Adelaide ; New Zealand (Yates and Dief- fenbach). B. australis GRAY, Annals of Philos. (n. s.) ix, p. 408, 1825; Capt. King's Surv. Intertrop. Austr. ii, appendix, p. 490, 1827. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, x, p. 89, 1885.— 5. austra- lis Q. & G. (de novo~), Zool. Voy. de 1'Astrol. ii, p. 357, pi. 26, f. 38,. 39. Not B. australis A. Ad. or Sowerby. — Bulla oblonga A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f. 74.— SOWB., in Conch. Icon., f. 9.—? B. substriata MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p. 136. The typical australis is elongated with the apical perforation minute or closed. This form may be confined to the western and southwestern coasts of Australia. Gray's several descriptive notices of the species are wretchedly inadequate, and I have therefore left Quoy & Gaimard's names stand for it. Brazier has given the synonymy almost in full. The distribution of this species in New Zealand requires confirmation and comparison with Australian spe- cimens. Var. OBLONGA A. Adams. PL 35, figs. 12, 13, 14. Shell oblong, a little narrower above, the side outlines slightly convex. Surface polished, showing when strongly magnified very BULLA. 347 close, fate, crennkded spiral strim. Apical umbilicus about '2 mill, wide, not spirally grooved within ; lip thin at its origin on the ver- tex, curving strongly forward above, straightened in the middle; columella short, concave, the edge of the reflexed crescentic callus appressed ; parietal callus light. Alt. 53, diam. 30 mill. Philippines and Island of Annaa, on the reefs (Cuming) ; Port Jackson. This variety seems to be less narrow than the type, and the um- bilicus is wider. The specimen described above is from Port Jack- son, collected by Godeffroy. A. ANGASI Pilsbry. PI. 36, figs. 32, 33. Shell thick, subcylindrical, rather short, posteriorly subattenuated, anteriorly rounded, smooth, whitish, variegated and clouded with red band and broad spots, with white angular lines; aperture white, outer lip thickened within, inner lip strongl}7 arched. (Sowb.) Middle Harbor, Port Jackson (Angas). . B. solida A. Ad. MS., SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 10. — B. solida, Gmel. MS. ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 226. Not B. solida Gmelin. Among the many B. solida before me, none show any approach to the style of painting of this species, which I know only from the works of Sowerby and Angas. The latter author says : a prettily painted species, peculiarly marked with large angular blotches of rose liver-color on a grayish-white ground. Length 1 inch. B. TENUISSIMA Sowerby. PI. 34, figs. 10, 11. Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, subpellucid, very thin, pale brown, variegated with subquadrate, dull brown spots, principally arranged in four rows, umbilicus wide, margin of the aperture rather straight, columella margin white, flat, arched, narrow. (Sowb.). Swan River, Australia. B. tenuissima SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 4, Jan., 1868. Remarkable for the thinness of its half-transparent texture. (8owb.). B. INCOMMODA Smith. PI. 39, fig. 72. Shell small, narrowly umbilicated, ovate, white, shining, sculp- tured above and below with few transverse stria?, striated with lines of growth ; apex very narrowly perforated. Aperture narrow, a little dilated beneath, produced above the vertex above ; columella 348 BULLA. slightly twisted, arcuate below, reflexed, expanded. Alt. 5 £, greater diam. 82, lesser diam. 3 mill. ($.). Off Sydney; S. Lat. 34° 13', E. Long. 151° 38' (Challenger). Bulla incommoda E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 442, pi. 35, f. 20. The few spiral striae at each end are rather far apart with the exception of those immediately around the umbilicus, which are more approximated. ($.). B. QUOYI Gray. PL 39, fig. 71. Shell oval, solid, indistinctly and closely marbled with fleshy pur- ple gray on a pale ground, with two or three ill-defined encircling zones of heavier, darker mottling. Surface smooth, but sculptured toward the base by separated spiral grooves, becoming closer below ; apical perforation moderately wide, either spirally grooved within or nearly smooth. Columella with a moderate, lunate white callus ; parietal callus thin. Interior whitish or fleshy. Alt. 25-26, diam. 16 mill. Bay of Islands (Quoy) ; Auckland (Hutton ; Wright). Bulla striata Q. & G., Voy. de 1'Astrol., Zool. i, p. 354, pi. 26, f. 8, 9. Not of Linne. — B. quoyii GRAY, Dieflfenbach's N. Z. ii, p. 243.— SMITH, Zool. Erebus & Terror, p. 5, pi. 1, f. 11.— HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 121. Not B. quoyi A. Ad., Sowb. or Cpr. Well distinguished from other species of the southwest Pacific by the spiral grooves at the base. B. PEASIANA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 34, fig. 8. Shell ovately-oblong, thin, light, perforate ; outer lip straight ; longitudinally finely striated, and marked with fine microscopic spiral striaB. Color chocolate-brown, mottled with darker, and freckled and blotched with white. (Pse.). Sandwich Islands (Pse.), Bulla marmorea PSE., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 431.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 16. Not B. marmorea Schroeter. The specimens before me are excessively similar to the West Indian B. occidentalis ; in fact would be considered that were it not for the difference in locality. Can the Sandwich Islands specimens be ballast shells? The name of the species is preoccupied by Schroeter. BULLA. 349 B. CONSPERSA Pease. PI. 39, fig. 73. Shell ovate, rather solid, perforate, smooth, marked faintly with longitudinal stride of growth ; aperture contracted above, expanded below ; outer lip slightly produced posteriorly ; white, promiscuously spotted and mottled with white, black and brown of different shades, towards the base encircled with a single red band which is generally obsolete or altogether wanting. (Pse.). Marquesas Is. £. conspersa PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch., v, p. 72, pi. 8, f. 9. 1869. Compare B. ovula Old. with which this may prove identical. B. VERNICOSA Gould. Unfigured. Shell ovate-globose, solid, smooth, widely perforated ; ashy, variegated with rufous, and encircled by four bands of brown spots sometimes angular. Aperture narrow, lip straight, slightly inflected, rufous-edged ; throat porcellaneous. Alt. 1*3 in., diam. '8 in. ( Old.}. Liu Kin Is. (W. Stimp.). B. vernieosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 138, Oct., 1859; Otia Conch., p. 111. Very shining, less inflated and narrower aperture than B. am- pulla ; more globose and more polished than B. australis (Old.). The following seems to be a synonym or variety of vernieosa. TAR. OVULA (Gld.) Sowb. PL 36, figs. 34, 35. Shell oblong but with convex, not flattened lateral outlines; slightly narrowed above; apical umbilicus narrow (1 to H milL diam.), white and weakly spirally grooved within. Brown with scattered white dots, and showing three or four spiral ill-defined bands of darker clouding or mottling. Columella rather straight- ened, with a chink along the edge of the reflexed crescentic white callus. Alt. 24, diam. 16 mill. Alt. 21, diam. 13£ mill. Boshiu, Japan ; Liu Kin Is. (Fr. Stearns). B. ovula (Gould, where?) SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 5, Jan., 1868. Evidently nearly allied to B. conspersa Pse. Perhaps this is the :shell Dunker called " B. ampulla." Angas (P. Z. S., 1867, p. 227) ias quoted " B. ovulum Gld. MSS. in Mus. Cuming " as a synonym CNIVEBSIIY 350 AKERIDJE. of his B. magdelus Lister, from Middle Harbor and Long Bay, N~. S. Wales. The name " magdelus " seems to be an odd error for amygdalus (Lister, pi. 714, f. 72), a West Indian form. The following species described by Schroeter are in my opinion not identifiable with certainty unless the types can be found. All but the latter three or four are undoubted typical Bullas. The localities of none of them are known. B. MAPPA Schroeter, Archiv fiir Zool. u. Zoot. (Wiedemann) iv, p. 17, 1804, may be B. oblonga Ad. or solida Gmel. The coloring is hardly that of ampulla. B. ADSPERSA Schroeter, t. c. p. 18, may be B. aspersa Ad., B.. solida Gmel., or some other white-sprinkled form. B. CINEREA Schroeter, t. c. p. 18, may be amygdala Dillw. B. TIGRIS Schroeter, L c. p. 19. Undetermined. B. RUFESCENS Schroeter, t. c. p. 19. Undetermined. B. DISCORS Schroeter, t. c. p. 19. Undetermined. B. NEBULOSA Schroeter, t. c. p. 20, may be B. australis. B. MARMOREA Schroeter, /. c. p. 20, may be B. adamsi. B. PENNATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 21. Undetermined. B. PULVERULENTA Schroeter, t. c. p. 21. Undetermined. B. LIGATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 21. Undetermined. B. ANNULATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 23. Undetermined. B. PUNCTATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 24. Undetermined. B. PURPUREA Schroeter, t. c. p. 24, =Ackaiina purpurea Gmel. BULLA (BULLEA) CYPRAEOLA Menke, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p. 140, habitat unknown. BULLA (BULLEA) NUX Mke., t c. p. 140, from Cuba, may prove to be either B. occidentalis or B. amygdala. BULLA (BULLEA) SPLENDENS Mke., t. c. p. 137, habitat un- known. Family AKERID^E Pilsbry. ==Bullid(je in part, of FISCHER, Man. de Conch., p. 558. Shell oval or cylindrical, thin and fragile, of a light yellow.. brown or green tint, the spire low or concealed. . 351 Radula having many longitudinal rows of teeth, the central* narrow, hardly larger than the side teeth, with the cusp serrate ;-. side teeth falcate with the cusp long and serrate, becoming simple on the outer teeth. The genera here assembled agree in the common character of a light-colored, thin shell, and (as far as known) a multidentate rad- ula with teeth of the primitive Tectibranch type found in Aplysii- dce, etc When the anatomy of Cylindrobulla and Volvatella is better known, a division into two or three families may become nec- essary. Synopsis of Subfamilies and Genera. ^Epipodial lobes developed, large. Subfamily AKERIN^E (Aceridce Mazzarelli). Shell fragile, elastic, with entirely exposed, nearly level spire,, deep sutural slit and wide anal fascicle. Animal with long narrow- head disk, large epipodial lobes reflexed over the shell, and many cartilaginous stomach plates. Contains the single genus Akera (see pi. 42, figs. 11-18). Subfamily HAMINEIN^E Pilsbry. Shell brittle, with concealed spire; a posterior sinus, but no sutural slit or anal fasciole ; the interior not wholly visible iron* base. Animal with a quadrate head disk, bilobed behind ; epipo- dial lobes large, reflexed over the shell. Principal stomach plates? three. Contains the single genus Haminea (see pi. 40, 41). * * No epipodial lobes. Subfamily VOLVATELLIN.E Pilsbry. Shell fragile and elastic, with concealed spire, and either a sutural slit or a posterior "spout"; no distinct anal fasciole; aperture very narrow above, effuse and open below, showing the whole interior from the base. Animal with a quadrate head disk, bilobed' behind. No epipodial lobes. Dentition unknown. a. Shell cylindrical, the aperture with a deep narrow slit follow- ing the suture. Genus Cylindrobulla (see plate 42, figs. 19.. 20). b. Shell swollen, contracted at vertex into an erect " spout " ; no* sutural slit. Genus Volvatella (see pi. 42, figs. 21-23). "352 HAMINEA. Genus HAMINEA Leach, 1847. Haminea Leach MS. GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 161 (H. liydatis). A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 557. — SOWB., Conch. Icon., xvi. — VAYS- SIERE, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ix, 1879-80, arid Recherches sur les Moll. Opisthobr., Ire pt., Tectibranches, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Zool. ii, p. 18, 1885, (anatomy).— Hamincea LEACH, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 40, 1852. Shell thin and rather fragile, unicolored, corneous, yellowish or greenish, covered with a thin cuticle, globose, ovate or cylindric- oval, the spire sunken and concealed, vertex concave, imperforate or minutely perforate; body whorl large; aperture as long as the shell, broadly rounded below, narrow above ; columella simply con- cave, thin, its edge narrowly reflexed, showing a slight fold where it joins the body of the shell ; lip retreating above, but not distinctly sin used. Type B. hydatis L. Animal capable of retraction into the shell ; cephalic disc large, truncated in front, strongly bilobed behind, the eyes small. Mantle rudimentary, covered by the shell. Epipodial lobes large, reflexed over and partially covering the shell, (pi. 43 fig. 6). Sole long, tapering behind ; gizzard very muscular, armed within with three large corneous .curved plates (pi. 48, figs. 2, 3), and three pairs of .small plates. (See pi. 48, fig. 1, H. navicula; also figs. 9 to 13). Radula having the formula , 1, 1, 1, oo . Central tooth small, adjacent laterals large, with a long serrate cusp ; uncini many (55 in H. navicula) with long, simple cusps. The shell in this genus differs from all other Akeridce in being more compactly convoluted with less developed posterior sinus in the outer lip. It differs from Sulla in being thin, unicolored and imperforate or nearly so at vertex. The anatomical distinctions from Bulla are many and important; and it is not easy to see why Fischer placed Haminea under that group as a subgenus. The anatomy has been studied and figured by Vayssiere, and the -shells have been monographed by Arthur Adams and Sowerby. A good figure of the dentition is still lacking. No useful subdivision of the group other than a geographic one can now be made, although the different modes of the insertion of the outer lip at the vertex offers a good character (compare H. nav- icula with H. elegans Gray). The animals of the European and West Indian species seem to have a finely peppered or dotted HAMINEA. 35$ color-pattern, while such of the oriental forms as are known are more boldly spotted. The food of the European species is exclus- ively vegetable, consisting of algre and zostera. European species. There are three European species vfHaminea: H. NAVICULA, distinguished by its large size, very concave columella and spiral striation. H. HYDATIS, smaller (rarely over 12 mill, alt.) with straighter columella and more effaced spiral striation. H. ORBIG- NYANA, about the size of hydatis, but having the upper curve of the lip prolonged high above the vertex. H. NAVICULA Da Costa. PI. 41, figs. 17, 18. Shell thin, oblong-cylindric, truncated above, rounded below ; sur- face corneous or lemon-yellow, marked by irregular growth wrinkles? and showing all over under a lens, excessively fine spiral wavy en- graved grooves, far narrower than their interspaces. Vertex imper- forate, concave and white in the middle. Outer lip slightly arcu- ate, rounded above and below, a little thickened, but not twisted toward the upper insertion. Columella very concave, thin, reflexed ; parietal callus thin. Alt. 23, diam. 16 mill. Atlantic coast of Europe from England to Spain; Mediterranean Sea. Sulla ampulla PENNANT (not L.) Brit. Zool. no. 84, 1776.— £, navicula DA COSTA Brit. Conch., p. 28, pi. l,f. 10, 1778 — BUQUOY, DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 517, pi. 63, f. 4-7.— B. hydatis BRUG., Enc. Meth., p. 374, in part — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist, Brit. Moll., iii, p. 530, pi. 104d, f. 7 (shell) ; pi. uu, f. 3 (animal). — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iv, p. 437; v, pi. 95, fig. 3. — SOWB.. Conch. Icon., f. 4, and of authors generally. Not B. hydatis Linne. —Bulla conieaLAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 36, 1822. — Haminea cuvieri LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 41, 1852. — Haminea subpellucida H. AD., P. Z. S. 1869, p. 275, pi. 19, f. 13. This species is generally known as H. hydatis, but it is quite dis- tinct from that species in the larger size, much stronger spiral stria- tion, more marked growth wrinkles, more concave columella, etc. The bibliography of the form is extensive, as usual with European species, but is mostly under the names hydatis L. and cornea Lmk. Var. globosa Jeffr. (pi. 41, fig. 17). More globular. Var. globoso major Monts. Large and globose. Venice. Var. expansa Monts. HAMINEA. Aperture much dilated. Var. subquadrata Monts. Subangular above and below. Var. albina Monts. Entirely white. Var./er- ruginosa Monts. Ferruginous tawny. Var. glaucescens Monts. Pale yellow or greenish. H. HYDATIS Linne. PI. 41, figs. 19, 20. Shell thin, subpellucid, oblong-oval, truncated above, rounded below ; surface clear corneous or pale greenish -yellow, with slight growth lines and extremely minute close wavy spiral striae. Ver- tex imperforate, narrowly concave; outer lip arcuate, rounded above and below, slightly thickened toward the upper insertion. Columella short, vertical, rather straightened, its edge reflexed but not closely appressed. Alt. 11, diam. 8 mill. Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic coasts of Spain and France; north to South coast of England. Sulla hydatis LINN., Syst. Nat. xii, p, 1183, 1766. — HANLEY, Ipsa L. Couch., p. 204.— SOWB., Illustr. Ind. Brit. Sh., pi. 20, f. 19. — HOGG, Tr. Roy. Mic. Soc., xvi, pi. 13, f. 78 (dentition). — Bulla pisum DELLE CHIAJE, An. s. Vert, iii, p. 26. — Bulla hyalina GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3432. — Haminea elegans of many authors. — HIDALGO, Moll. Mar. Esp., p. 3, pi. 21, f. 4, 5. Not H. elegans Leach I— Bulla Jolliculus MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p. 141. — Haminea hydatis BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 515, pi. 163, f. 8, 9. This species is distinguished from B. navicula by its smaller size, smoother surface, straighter columella, etc. The following color variations, sufficiently described by their names, have been noted by Monterosato : major, media, minor, oblonga, globosa, virescens, albescens, violacea. For the facts relating to Haminea elegans see under West Atlan- tic species. H. ORBIGNYANA Ferussac. Unfigured. Shell similar to H. hydatis, but outer lip dilated above, rising high above the vertex. Alt. about 12 mill. Ocean coast of France, dept. Charente-Inferieure (Fischer) ; fiochelle (Fer.) ; /. of Aix (Le Bahezre) ; /. of Re (Jeffr.) ; Canary Is. (McAndrew) ; also reported from Falmouth (Leach) ; Dublin Bay (Turton) and Cork Harbor (Humphreys). HAMINEA. 355 Bnlla orbignyana FERUSSAC, Diet, classique d'Hist. Nat., ii, p. -573, Dec., 1822. — FISCHER, Journ. de Conch., 1879, p. 21.— B. dilatata LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42, 1852. West Atlantic and Antillean species. Analysis of forms. a. Vertex perforated, the lip arising on left side of perforation, and angled near its insertion. b. Large, with close, conspicuous engraved spirals all over, elegans. bb. Small, surface polished, with fewer spirals, glabra. •ni. Lip arising on right side of the center of the vertex, not angled. b. Grooved throughout with distinct, spaced spirals, solita- ria, succinea. bb. Spiral strife obsolete or excessively fine. c. Shell subcyliudrical, oolumella gently concave, petitii. cc. Shell globose-ovate, columella very concave, antil- larum. H. ELEGANS Gray. PL 41, figs. 37, 38, 39 ; pi. 40 fig. 88. Shell roundly oval or someivhat cylindrical, truncated above, rounded below. Color pale brownish-yellow or pale greenish, fading to white at vertex and base. Surface with irregular growth wrinkles, sometimes rather coarsely plicated; and showing plainly to the naked eye, close, fine spiral striation. Under the lens the sculpture is seen to be formed of clear-cut incised straight spirals, as if machine engraved, the entire surface being scored with minute, mingled with much coarser unequally spaced grooves. Vertex con- cave and minutely perforated, the outer lip arising from the left side of the perforation^ which is encircled by a crescentic projection from the parietal callus, at the upper termination of which there is a salient angle of the arising lip. Outer lip equably arched, well rounded above and below. Columella deeply arcuate, thin, with very narrow white reflexed and appressed edge, and a small fold above; parietal callus unusually thin. Alt. 19, diam. 13 mill. Alt. 20-1, diam. 16 mill. West coast of Florida and Texas; West Indies; St. Thomas, Cur" acoa, etc. ; Rio Janeiro. 356 HAMINEA. Bulla elecjans GRAY, Annals of Philos. N. Ser. ix, p. 408, 1825 ; Index Testae. Suppl., pi. 3, Bulla f. 2 (Good !) ; and Haminea ele- gans LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42, at least in part. Not H. ele- gans of authors ! — Bulled guildingii SWAINS, Malacol. p. 360, and 251, f. 4Q.—B. (Haminea) guildingii AD. in Thes. p. 580, pi. 124, £ 87-89. — H. guildingii SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 5. — MORCH., Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 174.— DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 57, and Cat, Mar. Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 88. — ? Bulla diaphana Couth, in GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, p. 91, 1849; Expl. Exped., p. 222, f. 265 (animal and shell). This is one of the most distinct species. The engraved spirals are clearly visible without a lens, and are uncommonly clear cut and straight. The open apical perforation and the mode of inser- tion of the upper end of the lip are also good diagnostic features. The description of Bulla elegans given by Gray applies undoubt- edly to this form, not to any European species ; and Leach's H. elegans is also the same, although he may have confused other shells with it. Leach always meant " spiral " by his term " longitudinal strise." By no possible means can Gray's or Leach's descriptions be made to fit the H. hydatis of Europe. The spirals of that form would never have been seen by them, and it never attains the length of three-fourths of an inch. The B. diaphana of Gould from Rio Janeiro, which I think is very likely synonymous, is illustrated on pi. 48, fig. 8. H. GLABRA A. Adams. PL 43, fig. 18. Shell fragile, pellucid, translucent, ovate, roundly truncate above, rounded below, color pale greenish-corneous. Surface polished and shining, showing under a strong lens some unequally spaced spiral incised strise, fewer or obsolete in the middle. Vertex concave, with a minute central perforation. Outer lip arising on the left side of the perforation, which is surrounded by the continued parietal callus, at the termination of which there is a salient angle of the rising lip. Columella very concave, with narrowly reflexed edge, hardly folded above. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. St. Thomas (Swift). Bulla (Haminea) glabra A. AD., Thes. p. 581, t. 124, f. 96.— Haminea glabra SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 27. — SMITH, Ann. Mag. (4), ix, p. 349. HAMINEA. 357 This form is closely allied to H. elecjans Gray, but is smaller, more polished and shining, and with the spiral striation far weaker. H. SOLITARIA Say. PI. 28, fig. 44 ; pi. 41, fig. 32. Shell thin, subcylindrical, with gently convex sides, truncate ver- tex and rounded base ; color horny or light brown. Surface shin- ing, having irregular growth wrinkles and (under a lens) fine, deeply impressed spiral grooves, much narrower than their intervals, sometimes with smaller ones intercalated. Vertex white, somewhat impressed in the middle, subperforate. Lip arising to the right of the center, slightly thickened ; outer lip gently arched forward. Columella thin, concave. Alt. 10, diam. 6} mill. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Bulla solitaria SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii, p. 245, 1822. Complete writings of Thomas Say, W. G. B. edit., p. 84.— GOULD, Invert. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.) p. 222, f. 513.— DALL, Cat. Mar. Moll. 8. E. U. S., p. 88.— Bulla insculpta TOTTEN, Journ. of Sci., xxviii, p. 350, f. 4,.— GLD., Inv. Mass., f. 92.— AD., Thes. f. 84. — Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 1. — Haminea novce-eboraci SOWB., C. Icon., f. 6, 1868. This species has the spiral grooves unusually well developed. This, with the cylindric-oval form is the main distinctive character. The species occurs sparingly along the whole Atlantic seaboard. It has also been reported from high northern latitudes. See K. Svensk. Akad. Handl., 1878, p. 72, and Vega Exp., 370. H. SUCCINEA Conrad. PI. 48, fig. 18. Shell fragile, horny or whitish, cylindrical, somewhat wider at base ; vertex truncated, narrowly and deeply impressed, minutely perforated, the lip inserted on right side of perforation. Surface densely evenly and deeply striated spirally throughout, the stria? slightly wavy, aperture long, its upper five-eighths narrow and parallel sided, lower part expanded ; columella very concave, folded above, the lip reflexed and closely appressed in the umbilical region. Alt. 10, diam 5j mill. Indian River to West Coast of Florida. Bulla succinea CONR., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, p. 26, pi. 1, f. 5, 1846.— AD. Thes. p. 584, pi. 124, f. 106.— H. succinea SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 25.— DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 57 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 324. 24 358 HAMINEA. More cylindrical and elongated than H. solitaria, with the colu- mella more concave. H. ANTILLARUM d'Orbigny. PL 41, figs. 35, 36. Shell fragile, subtranslucent, globose-ovate, narrower above, swol- len below ; color pellucid-horny, or slightly green tinted. Surface seen under a lens to be marked by growth striae ; and under a high power fine, close, rather effaced and wavy spiral striae, but this is hardly seen with the ordinary hand lens. Vertex narrowly im- pressed, imperforate, the slightly thickened outer lip arising from the right side of the center, produced high above the vertex ; outer lip produced forward above. Aperture more than twice as wide below as above ; columella very concave ; parietal callus light. Alt. 10, diam. 7-8 mill. Tampa and southward, West Florida ; St. Thomas ; Porto Rico. Bulla antillarum ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 124, t. 4, f. 9-12. — Ham- inea antillarum MORCH., Mai. Bl., xxii, p. 175. — DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 57, and Cat. Mar. Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 88.— Bulla (Hami- nea) cerina MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p. 142, cf. Mai. Bl. i, p. 45. — Haminea guadaloupensis SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 14, 1868. The typical H. antillarum is a small shell, nearly white in color. It is abundant on the west coast of Florida. If. cerina Mke. is, I believe, absolutely synonymous. Var. GUADALUPENSIS Sowerby. PL 41, figs. 30, 31, 33, 34. Shell thin, but rather solid, globose-ovate, distinctly compressed above, swollen below; the vertex narrow, concave in the middle. Color greenish-yellow, subtranslucent when young, rather solid and opaque when adult. Surface having irregular growth wrinkles, often even plicate above in adults, and showing under a strong lens, excessively fine, close and somewhat wavy spiral strice. Outer lip slightly thickened toward its apical insertion, where immediately to the right of the imperforate center of the vertex it is connected by a short vertical curve with the parietal callus. It rises high above the vertex, sweeps forward, and then as it descends, backward to the broadly rounded basal lip. Columella extremely concave, with a, very narrow white callus, making a small fold above ; parietal cal- lus light. Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill. White Water Bay, West Florida, (Johnson) ; Cuba, St. Thomas, Giiadaliipe, Tortola, West Indies. HAMINEA. 359 Much larger than antillarum, and more deeply colored. The •contour is the same, except that in this the upper part is often more constricted. This species is well distinguished by its swollen form, compressed above, excessively fine spiral striation, very deeply concave colu- mella and greenish-yellow color. There is sometimes a slight umbili- cal chink behind the insertion of the lip at the vertex, but there is no trace of a true umbilicus at base. The flexure of the lip forward above is also noteworthy. (See figs. 31, 33). H. PETITII d'Orbigny. PI. 41, figs. 23, 24. Shell cylindric-oval, truncated above, rounded below. Color light yellowish-green. Surface having indistinct growth-lines but free from spiral striae at least under ordinary magnification. Vertex wide, somewhat impressed in the middle, imperforate, the outer lip arising immediately from the right of the center. Columella rather straightened, subvertical, its reflexed edge not appressed but leaving a narrow chink ; not folded above. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. St. Thomas (Orb., Swift) ; Tampa, west Florida (Dall). Bulla petitii OK*., Moll. Cuba i, p. 130, R!. 4 bis, f. 13-16.— Haminea petitii MORCH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 174. — DALL, Cat. Mar. Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 88. This species is similar to H. antillarum in form of the apex and obsolescence of spiral striae ; but it is much more cylindrical and the columella is straighter than in any other West Indian Haminea. This is not well shown in Orbigny's figure. West American species. H. VESICULA Gould. PL 41, figs. 28, 29. Shell thin and fragile, globose-oval, slightly narrowed above, rounded below. Color " pale greenish-yellow." Surface sculptured with indistinct growth-lines and close, fine microscopic spiral im- pressed striae. Vertex narrowly but deeply impressed, imperforate ; lip arising from the left side of the center, slightly but quite visibly angulate or sinuous near the insertion; lip bending forward above, broadly rounded at base. Columella very concave, with a narrow reflexed and appressed callus, folded above. Alt. 18, diam. 13 mill. San Pedro, California, south to Cape St. Lucas. 360 HAMINEA. Bulla vesicula GLD., Rep. Expl. and Surv. Pacif. R. R. v, appen- dix, p. 334, 1854. — ? Haminea vesicula SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 19. — KEEP, West Coast Shells, p. 126, f. 116. The insertion of the lip above is much as in H. elegans of the Antilles, but there is no apical umbilicus. Var. VIRGO Pils. PI. 41, figs. 25, 26. Rather shorter and more swollen, translucent white. Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill. Santa Barbara, etc., California. H. CYMBIFORMIS Carpenter. Unfigured. Shell very thin, whitish, the axis contorted ; much inflated, spire small, concealed. Aperture ventricose anteriorly, produced behind; ornamented with close spiral striulse, growth lines subextant. Inner lip very thin. Only one rather imperfect specimen was found of this beautiful species, which resembles in form a small inflated Cymbium. Length '07, diam. '05 inch. Mazatlan. Haminea cymbiformis CPR., Maz. Catal., p. 174. May be a young shell, and perhaps the same as the last-described form, but Morch reports it from Puntarenas, west coast Central America (Mai. Bl. vi, p, 123). H. VIRESCENS Sowerby. PI. 40, fig. 5 ; pi. 43 fig. 19. Shell ovate, much compressed and contracted above, globularly ex- panded below ; thin. Color greenish-yellow, subopaque. Vertex very narrow, impressed and minutely perforated in the middle; the rising outer lip thickened, inserted on the right side of the perfora- tion, ascending far above the vertex. Upper third of aperture nar- row, lower two-thirds much dilated, the columellar outline more arcu- ate. Columella simple and thin, regularly and deeply concave, with narrowly reflexed, appressed edge. Alt. 14, diam. 103 mill. ; often larger, alt. 18 mill. San Pedro, San Diego, etc., California. Bulla virescens SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, Cephala, pt. 39, Bulla fig. 2, (1833 ? See R. B. NEWTON Br. Olig. and Eoc. Moll. p. 322, and SHERBORN, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiii, Apr., 1894, p. 371). HAMINEA. 361 AD., Thes., p. 579, pi. 124, f. 83. — H. virescens Sows., Conch. Icon, f. 22 (false ? locality, " Pitcairn's Island "). This species is remarkable for the compression of the upper part of the whorl, more marked than in any other species. H. PERUVIANA d'Orbiguy. PI. 43 figs. 3, 4, 5. Shell oval, ventricose, very thin, transparent, greenish-yellow very finely spirally striated, visibly umbilicated. Aperture wide in front, narrow behind ; columella with a prominent cord, which above, where it turns inward, is not applied to the epidermis but stands out in the form of a sharp lamina. Alt. 20 mill. Animal greenish-yellow, peppered with close black dots, less numerous be- low. A salt lake near the sea, south of Callao, Peru. Bulla peruviana ORB., Voy. dans FAmer. Me*rid., p. 211, pi. 19, f. 4-6 (under the name B. hydatis, on plate). — Haminea natal- ensis SOWERBY, Conch. Icon. f. 7, not of Krauss; Cf. E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 347, 1872. The color and striation is the same as in H. navicula, but H. per- uviana is more swollen, less oblong, and the columella is elevated in a sharp plate above, not appressed as in the European species. The three stomach-plates are smooth. PL 41, fig. 27 represents the synonymous H. natalensis Sowb., the assigned locality of which is evidently incorrect. Orbigny's figures (copied on my plate) are double natural size. Species of Japan and China. H. ANGUSTA Gould. PL 40, fig. 93. Shell small, thin ovate-cylindrical, widened in front, obtusely rounded; yellow-green, engraved with transverse striae; vertex obliquely truncate, subperforate. Aperture enlarged in front ; col- umella hardly excavated, folded and surrounded with a callus. Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill. (Old.). Simoda, Japan (Stimpson). Haminea angusta OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 139. — H. angustata SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 32. Conf. TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 283, and SMITH, Ann. Mag.N. H. (4), ix, p. 348. 362 HAMINEA. H. STRIGOSA A. Adams. Unjigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, rounded at both ends, white, shining, sub- opaque, transversely most minutely striolate throughout, longitu- dinally streaked ; aperture narrow, dilated in front ; columellar margin simple, arcuate; lip straight, posteriorly produced and, rounded (Ad., Ann. Mag. (3), ix, p. 156). Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. White, with longitudinal slightly raised streaks, and entirely trans- versely striated. In form it resembles H. lucida A. Adams ; but the aperture is rounded anteriorly, and not produced as in that species. (Ad."). H. GRISEA Smith. Unjigured. Shell shortly cylindrical, subplanate above, rounded below, thin,, imperforate ; blue-white under a thin gray epidermis, tinged with buff toward the apex, shining ; most minutely and closely spirally striate, obsoletely decussated by arcuate growth-lines; aperture nar- row above, slightly produced above the vertex, dilated at base; columella obliquely somewhat twisted ; lip thin, inserted in the middle of the vertex and thickened there. Alt. 6, diam. 3 mill. (£).. Of Japan, Lat. 42° 52' N.t long. 144° 40' E., in 48 frns. (St. John). Haminea grisea SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, 1875 p. 114. If. corticata Moller, is the nearest ally of this species ; but the lateral outlines of that species are more convex, and the epidermis of a more yellow color. In JET. grisea the columellar portion of the body-whorl is of a yellowish color, and the termination of the slightly olive-grey epidermis is defined by a blackish edge. (&). H. EXARATA Philippi. PI. 40, fig. 97. Shell grooved by simple impressed transverse lines ; superior angle of the aperture produced, base rounded. Alt. 8, diam. 6, thickness 4 lines. Northern China (Largilliert).. Bullcea exarata PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 141. — Haminea ex- arata MKE., Mai. Bl. i, p. 46. — B. (Haminea) sinensis A. AD., p. 584, pi. 104, f. 98.— H. sinensis SOWB., C. Icon., f. 21. IIAMINEA. 363 Adams' figure is copied on the plate, and his description is as fol- lows : " Shell somewhat oval, open, semiopaque, white, longitudinally substriated, with transverse engraved lines rather wide apart ; aper- ture very wide, anteriorly dilated, posteriorly produced." H. FULGIDA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell elongate-cylindrical, white, thin, shining, subpellucid, rounded at both ends, transversely striolate throughout, stria? most minute and close; aperture narrow, dilated in front; columellar margin acute, arcuate ; lip a little straightened, produced and angled behind. (Ad., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, 1862, p. 155). Shan-tung (Kala-hai), China. This is a beautiful white, shining, semipellucid species, most like H. curta A. Adams, but more elongate and narrower, and engraved with very fine close set transverse striolse. (Ad.}. H. LUCIDA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell cylindric-ovate, slightly rimate, rounded at each end, dia- phanous, glassy, transversely striated throughout, the stride most minute and close ; aperture narrow, produced in front; columellar margin thin, arcuate; lip rounded posteriorly. (Ad., t. c., p. 155). Gulf of Lian-tung ; Hulu-Shan Bay, China (Adams). Like H. brevissima and pygmcea A. Adams. An examination of the animal shows it to belong to Hammed, the genus which in all probability includes its above-named congeners. In my Mono- graph of the family (Sowb., Thesaurus, Kulla) ; they are arranged under Cylichnidce. (Ad.}. Polynesian Species. H. CROCATA Pease. PL 40, fig. 3. Shell ovate-elongated, moderately solid, yellow, becoming orange on the latter part of the last whorl, and opaque above and below. Surface shining, showing slight, irregular growth-wrinkles and ex- cessively fine, close, superficial spiral creuulated striae. Vertex nar- row, very slightly impressed, imperforate or nearly so, opaque-white in the center ; lip inserted on the right of the center of the vertex, thickened ; outer lip well curved ; columella moderately concave, with a reflexed white callus, not folded above. Alt. 13, diam. 8-] mill. Sandicich Is. 364 HAMINEA. H. crocata PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 19 (except descr. of animal) ; t. c. p. 432 (descr. of animal). — SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 29. — MARTENS & LANGK. Domini. Bism., p. 52. — ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 189. — H. adamsii DKR., Mai. Bl. viii, p. 40, 1861 ; cf. Mai. Bl. xxi, p. 49. Angas reports this from Lake Macquarie, N. S. Wales. Animal : Cephalic disk square, oblong, in advance of the shell, slightly notched at the center of the front side, at the posterior side provided with a pair of flat, rather broad, recumbent lobes, which are rounded at their extremities ; lateral lobes reflected on the sides of the shell two-thirds of its length ; foot extending beyond the shell posteriorly, and rounded at its termination. Color cinereous; pel- lucid. (P*e.). H. GALBA Pease. PI. 40, figs. 1, 2. Shell oval, light, shining, yellowish; marked with longitudinal lines of growth, and finely microscopically spirally striated; outer lip nearly straight, and very slightly produced posteriorly ; inner lip thickened somewhat at the base, and slightly reflected ; columella strongly arched at lower part. (Pse.). Sandwich Is. H. galba PSE... P. Z. S. 1860, p. 432. Desc. of animal under H. crocata Pse., t. c., p. 20. — SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 23. The shell of this species can hardly be distinguished from that of If. crocata ; but the animal differs widely. (Pse.}. Animal : Cephalic disk large, oblong triangular, entire in front and truncated, bilobed posteriorly and lobes overlapping ; lateral lobes reflected on the sides of the shell during locomotion, covering about one-half of its length, and nearly meeting on the back ; poste- terior lobe covering the spire; foot subquadrate, extending a short distance beyond the shell posteriorly ; eyes central, immersed, black ; surrounded by white areolae; color of the animal varying from grey to greyish-yellow and in some nearly to black, being closely mottled and freckled with olive or dusky. (Pse.}. H. PUSILLA Pease. Unfiyured. Shell small, cylindrically ovate, rather solid, white; surface finely cancellated : apex slightly umbilicated or perforated ; aperture nar- row, contracted posteriorly, slight fold at base of columella. (Pse.). Sandwich Is. H.pusilla PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20. HAMINEA. 365 H. SANDWICHENSIS Sowerby. PI. 40, fig. 4. Shell pellucid, white, smooth, ovate, roundly subacuminate at each end, apex umbilicated ; aperture rather narrow ; columella rather straight with a slight plait. (£). Sandwich Inlands. H. sandwichensis SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 24, 1868. Differing from H. galba in color, in being more ovate and more acuminate at the ends (Sowb). But probably synonymous with some of Pease's species. H. NIGROPUNCTATA Pease. PI. 40, fig. 100 ; pi. 43, fig. 13. Shell thin, subpellucid, suboval, transversely very minutely and closely wrinkled striate, imperforate : lip straight, aperture ante- riorly dilated ; columella deeply arched at lower part and lamin- ately callous. Chestnut-tawny. Alt. 16, diam. 10 mill. (Pse). Animal subpellucid, side lobes rather posterior. Foot wide, moderately extended behind the shell, truncate in front and bluntly rounded behind. The whole of the animal covered with crowded black dots, which are the largest and most conspicuous, as seen through the transparent shell. Station on seaweed in shallow water. (Pse). Raiatea (Pse.) ; Tahiti (Mts.). H, nigropunctata PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 71, pi. 7, f. 1 (animal), pi. 12, f. 19 (shell). — MARTENS, Donum Bism., pi. 52, pi. 3,f. I. H. OVALIS Pease. PI. 40, fig. 94 ; pi. 43 figs. 9, 10. Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, white or greenish, rather obliquely oval, smooth, somewhat roughened by stria? of growth, imperforate; aperture narrow posteriorly, dilated anteriorly; lip somewhat in- volute, columella callus on its lower part. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. (Pse.). Animal pale watery green, closely dotted with orange and purple. The portion seen through the shell is spotted obscurely with cream yellow, their margin powdered with white. Foot cream-white, remotely dotted with pale orange. Side lobes not extending back over one-half of the shell. Foot regular in width, rather sharply rounded behind. (Pse.). Tahiti (Pse.). 366 HAMINEA. H. ovalis PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 71, pi. 7, f. 2 (animal),, pi. 12, f. 20 (shell). H. APERTA Pease. PI. 43 fig. 17. Shell thin, pellucid, smooth, ovate, imperforate, white, very finely and irregularly striate longitudinally ; outer lip slightly expanded above ; aperture narrow posteriorly, anteriorly dilated ; columella deeply arched below, and strongly callus; callosity somewhat reflexed, rather broad. Alt. 15, diam. 9 mill. Tahiti. H. aperta PSE., Am. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 72, pi. 12, f. 22. Approaches H. cymbalum Quoy, but more ovate, outer lip not being so much expanded. H. SIMILLTMA Pease. PI. 40, fig. 95 ; pi. 43, figs. 11, 12. Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, white, abbreviately oval, imperfor- ate; aperture narrow above, dilated below, columella arched ante- riorly and callous ; lip slightly involute. Alt. 8, diam. 6 mill. Animal pale green, the portion seen through the shell darker, everywhere conspicuously dotted with rich orange, with a few spots of purplish interspersed. Foot cream color, with close orange dots. Posterior portion of the foot narrow7, extending some distance beyond the shell, and terminating in a sharp point. (Pse.). TahitL. H. simillima PSE., Am. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 72, pi. 7, fig. 3 (animal), pi. 12, f. 21 (shell). — MARTENS, Donum Bism., p. 52. H. niyropunctata and H. simillima resemble each other closely in both animal and shell. The latter species is much smaller and differs somewhat in color, and especially in the shape of its foot, which is constant. H. OVOIDEA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 28, figs. 31, 32. Shell ovate, fragile, white, slightly umbilicate, transversely stri- ated in front, and with delicate longitudinal striae. Alt. 6, diam. 4 lines. (§. & (?.). Humata, Island of Guam~ Bulla ovoidea Q. & G., Zool. de 1'Astrol. ii, p. 348, pi. 26, f. 17-19* (not of A. Ad. nor Sowb.). HAMINEA. 367 H. CYMBALUM Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 40, figs. 6, 7. Shell fragile, pellucid, globose, smooth, white; aperture wide in front, narrowed behind ; right margin lightly inflated ; spire retuse. A small species, globulose entirely white, translucid and polished, with slight growth-lines. Aperture large, rounded in front, con- tracted behind; vertex rounded and impressed but imperforate, the lip rising a little above it. Alt. 7, diam. 5 lines. Island of Guam (Astrolabe). Bulla cymbalum Q. & G. Zool. Astrol. ii, p. S62, pi. 26, f. 26, 27. — AD., Thes., p. 580, pi. 124, f. 90. — Haminea cymbalum SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 20.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188.— LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conch., p. 105.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 166.— MAR- TENS, Mobius' Eeise n. Mauritius, p. 303; Monatsber. Berl. Akad. Wissensch. 1879, p. 737. Angas reports this species from " Port Lincoln, in deep water; " Lischke from Nagasaki, Japan ; Montrouzier from New Caledonia ; Lienard from Mauritius ; Deshayes from Reunion, and von Mar- tens found it in Peters' collection from the Querimba Is. It remains to be seen whether all of these data really apply to Quoy's species. Species of S. Africa, Red Sea, Philippines to N. Australia. H. NATALENSIS Krauss. PI. 40, figs. 80, 81. Shell ovate-globose, subventricose, very thin, pellucid, shining, greenish-yellow, longitudinally striated ; vertex impressed but im- perforate. Aperture ample, dilated behind; outer margin arcuate, produced above, rounded. Alt. 4'4, diam. 3'3 lines. (Kr.}. Natal (Kraugs) ; Black River, Mauritius (Mobius) Built n /;. (Hamitiect) curia AD. in Thes. p. 582, pi. 104, f. 100.— H. curta MARTENS, Donum Bism. p. 53. — H. ocquiatriata SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 350.— Atys (Alicnla) isseli H. AD., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 11, t. 3, f. 13. Con/. COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130. The synonymy is that given by Cooke. Martens remarks that the spiral striation and elongated contour resembles Atys. Fig. 85 represents the synonymous A. isseli of H. Adams. Smith's descrip- tion is as follows : H. cequistria ta, shell oblong, cylindrical, with rounded sides, white, pellucid, thin, shining, striated with irregular growth-lines and transverse lines ; strice (about 36) equidistant or nearly so ; vertex depressed, aperture rather wide, dilated at base \ the thin lip inserted in the middle of the vertex ; columella curved, slightly reflexed. Alt. 12, diam. 6 mill. H. RUGOSA Smith. Vnfigured. Shell cylindrical with curved sides, white, pellucid; above lightly, below distinctly striated, irregularly roughened by growth-lines ; vertex little depressed ; aperture rather wide, dilated at base ; lip thin, subaugulate above and inserted in the middle of the vertex ; columella short, reflexed, nearly covering a narrow chink, subtrun- cate. Alt. 6, diam. 3 mill. (£). Gulf of Suez and Persian Gulf. H. rugosa SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 35, 1872. This shell belongs to the same group as brevis Q. & G. It is- peculiar for the longitudinal irregular wrinkles formed by occa- sional deep lines of growth. (£). H. FUSCA A. Adams. PI. 40, figs. 89, 90. Shell globosely ovate, inferiorly subventricose, thin, semiopaque^ longitudinally obliquely striated, with very fine transverse lines, internally fuscous. (Ad.). Shell subovate, thin, very finely interruptedly irregularly and wavily striated, fawn-colored within, iron-brown without ; sides rather straight ; aperture pyriform, outer lip elevated above, subacumin- ated, produced near the upper terminus ; columella arched. (Sowb.\ Cayayan, Mindanao, in 25 fms. (Cuming). Bulla (H.~) fusca AD., Thes. p. 581, pi. 124, f. 94.— if. fusca SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 10. — H.ferruginea Chemnitz, SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 30. Con/. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 348. 370 HAMINEA. The " Bulla ferruginosa Chemn." or rather, Gmelin (Syst., p. 3432) is a young Cyprcea. .H. PERFORATA Philippi. Unfigured. Shell ovate-rotund, thin, pellucid, white, sculptured with very fine transverse lines ; vertex umbilicated ; aperture dilated at base ; inner lip forming an umbilical fissure. Alt. 8, diarn. 5* lines. (Ph.). Manila (Largilliert). Bulla perforata PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 122.— B. elegans .A. AD. (description, not figure), Thes. p. 580. Not B. elegans Gray. Very like B. hydatis and B. ovoidea ; differing from the first by the umbilical fissure ; from ovoidea in the less narrow mouth dilated at base. (PA.). Adams' description is copied from Philippi, but his figure repre- sents the West Indian H. elegans Gray. Sowerby describes and figures the true elegans, but quotes Arthur Adams as authority for that name, and retains the borrowed locality " Manila." There is of course no occasion whatever for confusing the West Indian H. elegans with the oriental H. perforata ; the characters and locality given by Phitippi amply distinguishing his species. H. CONSTRICTA A. Adams. PI. 40, figs. 98, 99. Shell oblong, ovate, narrowed towards the spire, constricted with a linear impression, anteriorly produced, thin, pellucid, horny, sub- fuscous, with very fine transverse lines, longitudinally somewhat striated. (Ad.). Sorsogon, Luzon, Philippines, at low water (Curning) ; Japan (Schr.). B. (H.) constricta A. AD., Thes. p. 581, pi. 124, f. 95.— IT. con- stricta SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 16. — SCHRENCK, Amurl. Moll., p. 462. H. VITREA A. Adams. PI. 40, fig. 83. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, pellucid, longitudinally substri- ated, under the lens very finely transversely striated ; outer lip rather straight, posteriorly produced and rounded. (Ad.). Gag ay an, Mindanao, and Luzon, Philippines, (Cuming) ; Bet Is- land, Torres Straits, inside the reefs on the sands (Brazier). I HAMINKA. 371 B. (H.) ritrea AD., Thes. p. 583, pi. 124, f.102.— H. vitreaSowv. Conch. Icon. f. 8.— BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 84. H. TENERA A. Adams. PL 40, fig, 82. Shell obliquely oval, horny, pellucid, longitudinally strongly stri- ated, rather green, with very minute transverse lines; outer lip straight, posteriorly rounded. (Ad.). Suez (Cooke) ; Mauritius (Lien. Mobius) ; Reunion (Desh). B. (H.) tenera AD., Thes., p. 583, pi. 124, f. 103.— #". tenera SOWB. Conch. Icon. f. 3. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130.— MARTENS, Mobiiib' Reise, p. 303. Cooke considers this identical with the prior If. vitrea. H. PAPYRUS A. Adams. PL 40, fig. 91. Shell cylindrical, in form of a roll of paper, anteriorly slightly dilated, white, semipellucid, extremities truncated, slightly rounded, longitudinally somewhat striated, entirely covered with transverse engraved lines, lines rather wide apart (Ad.). Borneo (Cuming) ; Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fms. (Bra- zier). B. (H.) papyrus A. AD., Thes. p. 582, pi. 124, f. 101.— H. papyrus SOWB., Couch. Icon. f. 17. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 83. H. AMBIGUA A. Adams. PL 40, fig. 8. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, pellucid, anteriorly attenuated, entirely transversely striated, striae engraved, wide apart ; outer lip somewhat arched (Ad.). " Port King George, New Ireland" (Mus. Cuming); Reunion (Desh.). />'. ambignu AD., Thes. p. 582 pi. 124, f. 97.— IT. ambigua SOWB., C. Icon. f. 26.— DESH., Moll. Reun. p. 54.— MTS., Mobius' Reise p. 303. This form has somewhat the aspect of an Atys. Australian and New Zealand Species. H. DECORA Brazier. Unfigured. Shell ovately cylindrical, white, thin, pellucid, longitudinally finely striated, transversely striated with 16 deep engraved lines, rather wide apart, eight being at each end, center smooth ; aper- 372 HAMINEA. ture rather wide, outer lip slightly arched, somewhat acuminately produced above, expanded below, columella nearly straight, re- flected, producing behind it a minute umbilicus. Length 3 lines, breadth H lines, alt. 1} lines (!>.). Cape Grenville, Northeast Australia, 20 fathoms, sandy mud ; Albany Passage, Cape York, North Australia, 11 fathoms, sandy mud and broken shells. Haminea decora BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 83, 1877. May prove to belong to Atys, but as it is unfigured and not seen by me, I do not venture to alter Mr. Brazier's generic reference. This species differs very much from Haminea ambigua (A. Ad- ams), the center of the shell being smooth, and each end having eight deep transverse engraved lines, whereas H. ambigua is en- tirely transversely striated. H. CUTICULIFERA Smith. PL 41, fig. 13. Shell elongate-cylindrical, above and below roundly quadrate, thin, white ; covered with a whitish epidermis, shining, buff tinged toward base and vertex ; having growth lines, and above and at base subdistantly transversely striated. Aperture rather wide, di- lated at base, scarcely produced above the vertex ; columella short, rather straight, reflexed, covering the umbilical region, joined with the vertex by a very thin scarcely shining callus ; lip thin, inserted in the middle of the vertex and thickened there. Alt. 14, diam. 6£ mill. (£)• Port Jackson, 2-15 fms. (Coppinger, Challenger, Angas) ; Le- vuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger) ; New Zealand. H. cuticulifera SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 350, 1872 ; Zool. Col. H. M. S. ' Alert,' p. 87, pi. 6, f. H.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 189. — Cylichna cuticulifera Smith, WATSON, Chall. Gastr. p. 663. The lateral outlines of this species are nearly straight ; the supe- rior striae are about six in number, the inferior about eighteen. H. papyrus A. Ad. is its nearest ally ; but it is narrower, more elon- gate, with the striae not covering the whole of the shell, the vertex is more depressed and the aperture is less broadly dilated and more effused at the base ($.). This species belongs to a group of forms somewhat similar to cer- tain species of Cylichna and Atys, like H. decora Braz. and papyrus HAMINEA. 373 Ad. H. brevis Quoy is a shorter shell with more convex outlines. The New Zealand habitat has not been confirmed by local conchol- ogists. Watson remarks: " This species is peculiar in combining a very cylindrical form with a very narrowly reverted and truncated pillar lip. Mr. E. A. Smith, who kindly examined my specimens, re- marks that the British Museum 'specimens have the apical foramen covered by a thin callosity/ which is not present in most of the Challenger specimens. It seems to be very easily abraded." H. BREVIS Quoy & Gaimard. PL 40, figs. 9, 10, 96. Shell small, rather solid, cylindrical, the ends truncated, white, striated below. Aperture quite wide throughout its length ; vertex a little impressed, imperforate ; anterior extremity striated with 20 transverse lines, the rest of the shell smooth, showing growth-striae under a lens. Animal white. Stomach containing three oblong deeply toothed plates. Alt. 5, diam. 3 lines (average). Port of King George, Southwestern Australia (Astrolabe) ; Port Lincoln, Middle Harbor, and Port Stephen (Angas). Bulla brevis Q. & G., Zool. Astrol. ii, p. 358, pi. 26, f. 36, 37. AD., Thes. p. 581, pi. 124, f. 93.— IT. brevis SOWB., C. Icon. f. 15.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188 ; 1867, p. 227.— Bulla ovoidea MKE. (not Q. & G.), Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec. ; cf. MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844, p. 55. H. WALLISII Gray. Un figured. Shell ovate, oblong, buff, pellucid, most minutely spirally striated, concentrically substriate ; columellar margin subreflexed, white. Vertex imperforate ; aperture coarctate posteriorly. Length one- fourth inch (Gray, Annals of Philos. [N. S.], ix, 1825, p. 408). New Holland (Capt. Wallis). H. ZELANDUE Gray. PI. 41 , figs. 11,12; pi. 40, fig. 86. Shell thin, subglobular-oval, covered with a thin pale straw-col- ored epidermis ; white at vertex and columella. Surface showing some slight growth wrinkles, but without spiral striae, although under strong magnification many short transverse impressions roughen the surface. Vertex slightly and narrowly impressed, im- perforate, the slightly thickened lip reflexed at center of the vertex, produced above; outer lip regularly convex; basal lip broadly 25 374 HAMINEA. rounded. Columella very concave, its edge reflexed and closely appressed. Alt. 22, diam. 19 mill. Alt. 13, diam. 10J mill. Auckland, New Zealand. Eulla zelandice GRAY, in Dieffenbach's New Zealand ii, p. 243, 1843.— SMITH, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Moll. p. 5, pi. 1, f. 10 (Gray's type figured). — Haminea zealandice HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 121.— GILLIES, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv, p. lll.—H. obesa Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 13.— B. (H.) pemphis Phil., AD., Thes. p. 580, pi. 124, f. 91. — Haminea pempfiix Phil., Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 12. Not B. pemphis Philippi, con/. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 347. An unusually globular species, everywhere well rounded, with no distinct spiral sculpture even under the lens. Fig. 86 represents the synonymous H. pemphix Ad. and Sowb., not Phil. Fig. 11 is the type of zelandice, and f. 12 is Sowerby's H. obesa. H. CASTANEA A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 14. Shell solid, oblong, oval ; spire umbilicated, whitish, covered with a brown ferruginous epidermis, engraved (under the lens) with very iine close-set lines, the anterior ones very distinct and wide apart, longitudinally substriated ; inner lip anteriorly white and thick- ened ; aperture white within (Ad.). New Zealand (Ad.). B. (H.) castanea AD., Thes. p. 584, no. 78a, pi. 124, f. 106a.— H. castanea SOWB., C. Icon. f. 28. The locality lacks confirmation by New Zealand naturalists. Species of unknown habitat. H. FLAVESCENS A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 15. Shell small, suboval, anteriorly semitruncated, yellowish, pellucid, longitudinally substriated, with very minute transverse lines very close together ; outer lip posteriorly angled and rounded (Ad.}. Habitat unknown. B.fiavescens A. AD., Thes. p. 582, pi. 124, f. 99. — H. flavescens SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 31. H. MALLEATA Smith. Unfigured. Shell whitish, subpellucid, quadrate-ovate, irregularly malleated, striated transversely delicately, and with growth lines ; aperture HAMINEA. 375 rather wide, dilated and somewhat effuse at base ; lip scarcely pro- duced above the flat vertex, in the center of which it is inserted ; columella deeply arcuate, callous, reflexed. Alt. 12, diam. 8 mill. <&). Habitat unknown. H. malleata SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, 1872, p. 349. This species is remarkable for its short squarish form, the irregu- lar malleation, the reflected columella, and flattened vertex. Here and there are longitudinal depressions, giving the shell a some- what wrinkled appearance ($.). H. PERPLEX A Smith. Unfigured. Shell ovate-cylindrical, bluish-white, pellucid, above and below opaque, milky, and transversely distantly striated, smooth in the middle, striated with growth -lines. Vertex deeply depressed, sub- perforate in the middle ; aperture narrow, slightly produced above the vertex, the base somewhat wider ; columella simple, slightly re- flexed. Alt. 14, diam. 7J mill. (&). Habitat unknown. H. perplexa SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 350, 1872. This species has much of the aspect of the genus Atys ; but is without the sinuosity of the labrum at the vertex, and is there slightly perforated. The superior strise are about seven in number, the inferior about twice as many (&). H. ROTUNDATA A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 16. Shell roundly ovate, thin, horny, semipellucid, rounded at both ends, longitudinally striated under the lens, with very fine trans- verse lines ; outer lip equally arched (Ad.). Habitat unknown. B. (H.) rotundata A. AD., in Thes. p. 583, pi. 104, f. 105.—ffam- inea rotunda SOWB., C. Icon. f. 9. Sowerby drops a syllable from this name. H. SERICA Smith. Unfigured. Shell rotundly ovate, very thin, pellucid, whitish, slightly shining, finely and closely striated transversely and with growth lines ; aper- ture rather wide, produced somewhat above the vertex, dilated at base; columella little thickened, spirally twisted; umbilical region 376 AKERA. covered with a thin, scarcely shining callus, which continues to the vertex. Alt. 11, diam. 9 mill. (&). Habitat unknown. H. serica E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 349, 1872. This is a remarkably roundly ovate species, very finely trans- versely striated, which produces a somewhat silky appearance, and having the region of the umbilicus covered by a very thin dull cal- losity, which is extended along the whorl to the vertex. Although the sculpture is very like that of the H. insculpta Totten, the form is very different (&). Genus AKERA Miiller, 1776. Akera MULL., Zool. Danicse, Prodr. seu Anim. Dan. et Norv., etc., p. 242, type A. bullata.— A. Ad., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 572.— Acer a of many authors. — Aceras LOCARD. — Eucampe LEACH, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 42. Shell ovate or oval-cylindric, thin, fragile, elastic, with exposed, nearly level spire of several whorls. Last whorl acutely keeled at the shoulder, the keel bounding aflat anal fasciole. Aperture nearly as long as the shell, narrow above and extending in a deep sinus along the suture, dilated below and very effuse, permitting all the whorls to be seen from the base through the spirally ascending col- umella. Columella very concave, thin, with narrowly reflexed edge. Type A. bullata. Animal not completely retractile ; head disc depressed, long and narrow, truncated in front, tapering behind ; eyes lateral, distinct. Mantle rudimentary, enclosed in the shell, having a posterior fleshy lobe passing backward and ascending the spire in the anal fasciole. Foot long and narrow ; parapodial lobes very large, reflexed over the shell, (pi. 48, fig. 5, A bullata). Stomach containing about a dozen subtriangular, pointed, large and small cartilaginous plates. Jaws (pi. 61, fig. below f. 26, and fig. 29) separate, oval, reticu- lated. Radula (pi. 61, figs. 30, 31, A. bullata^) composed of many longi- tudinal rows. Central tooth subtriangular with bilobed base and reflexed, serrate cusp. Inner laterals falcate, with long serrate cusps ; outwardly the cusps become longer and gradually lose the serration, the outer teeth being acicular. AKERA. 377 The shell of this genus is peculiar in its sutural sinus or slit, and the wholly exposed spire. The animal is characterized by the very long and narrow head shield, the epipodial lobes being as in Hami- )ic head-disc wide, prolonged backward in the middle, a sort of siphon being formed by the rolled-in margins; radula without central tooth, laterals two, arcuate, the cusps directed inwards. (See pi. 46, fig. 49). In the recent fauna this family is represented by but one genus, Ringicula. There are several fossil groups, Avellana, Cinulia, Oligoptycha, etc. (See Struct, and Syst. Conch.). Genus RINGICULA Deshayes, 1838. Ringicula DH., Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert., 2d edit., viii, p. 323, 1838, type Auricula ringens Lam. — MORLET, Journ. de Conchyli- ologie 1878, pp. 113, 251; 1880, p. 150: 1882, p. 200 (illustrated monograph of recent and fossil species).— Ringiculina MONTEROSATO Norn. Gen. e Spec., p. 141, type R. leptocheila (1884). Shell small, solid, nearly white, ovate-globose, the spire conical ; aperture from one-half to three-fourths the shell's length, conspicu- ously notched and channelled at base ; outer lip thickened and often dentate or crenulated within, margined with callus outside ; columellar margin heavily calloused, with two to four strong enter- ing folds. Type R. ringens Lam. Jaws as in Akera, etc. The animal is peculiar in the very broad head-disk produced in a sort of siphon in the middle behind. The dentition closely re- sembles that of Philine and the Scaphandridce. Ringicula ranges over nearly all tropical and subtropical seas. In the geological series it extends to the base of the Eocene with a few forms in the Cretaceous, but below the Tertiary the group ia represented mainly by Cinulia and Avellana. About 42 recent and 75 fossil species have been described. Morlet divides the group as follows ; the fossil species are not here enumerated : RINGICULA. 395- IST GROUP, lip denticulate (Ringicula s. sir.'), contains R. caron, denticulata, encarpoferens. 2o GROUP, lip not denticulate. a. Columellar margin with two folds (Ringiculina Monts.), R. leptocheila, nitida, peracuta, pusilla. b. Columella with three folds, all species not named above and below. c. Columella with four folds, R. conformis, salleana. The larger part of the modern representatives of this genus be- long to the section with non-crenulated lip and 3-plicate columella ; they form a group of very closely allied species, many of which can be identified only with great difficulty, unless authentically named specimens are at hand for comparison. The group has been monographically studied by Commandant L. Morlet ; and from his- work a large part of the following account has been taken. Mediterranean, North Atlantic and West Indian Species. R. BUCCINEA Brocchi. PI. 46, fig. 51. Shell minute, subovate, inflated, smooth ; spire short, acute ; col- umella triplicate, the folds acute, lip expanded, adnate ; outer lip margined, inflated in the middle, not grooved. (Brocchi). Alt. 4*8, diam. 4 mill. West coast of France and Spain ; Mediterranean. Voluta buccinea BROCCHI, Conch. Foss. Subap. ii, p. 645, pi. 4, f. 9, 1814. — Auricula buccinea SOWB., Min. Conch, v, p. 100, pi. 465, f. 2. — R. buccinea DESH., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 344. — MORLET, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 132, pi. 5, f. 16 ; p. 278, pi. 8, f. 6 (fossil). Quite closely allied to R. auriculata, but more globose, with shorter spire, heavier callus, the surface always smooth and shining. (Mori.). It occurs also in the middle and upper Miocene and lower Plio- cene. R. AURICULATA Menard. PL 46, figs. 49, 50. Shell minute, ovate, inflated, white, smooth; spire short, acute; base emarginate; columella triplicate, the folds acute; lip ex- panded adnate ; lip margined, callous. Alt. 5'1, diam. 4 mill. (Men.). Ocean coast of Spain ; Mediterranean ; Madeira. 396 RINGICULA. Marginella auriculata MENARD, Ann. du Mus. xvii, p. 331, 1811. —PniL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 231. — Ringicula auriculata PHIL., loc. cit. ii, p. 198, pi. 28, f. 13.— MORLET, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 130, pi. 5, f. 14.— WATSON, torn, cit., p. 312, pi. 10, f. 4 (living animal). — JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vii, p. 245.— SEGUENZA, Atti Accad. dei Lincei, Mem. ix, p. 344, figs. Very closely allied to R. buccinea, but distinguished by the less globose form, longer spire, weaker callous and revolving strise. R. CONFORMIS Monterosato. PI. 46, figs. 33, 34. Differs from auriculata in the form and arrangement of the teeth ; the aperture is more ringent, and the surface is not spirally striate. In some localities this species presents an appearance of vertical folds on the earlier whorls. (Monts.~). Alt. 4, diam. 3'4 mill. Mediterranean, deep water (Monts.) ; Cape Breton (Folin). R. auriculata var. conformis MONTS., Nuova Revista Conch. Medit. p. 45, 1875.-— E. conformis MONTS., Journ. de Conchyl. 1877, p. 44, pi. 11, f. 4.— MORLET, /. c. 1878, p. 131, pi. 5, f. 15.— SEGUENZA, Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Memorie, ix, p. 344-390, figs. R. TERQUEMI Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 41, 42. Shell small, globose, thin, regularly striate, the strise conspicuous on the apertural face of the last whorl, sometimes obsolete on its back, 3 to 8, three of which are basal ; whorls 4&, globose, separated by a channelled suture; last whorl over half the length of the shell, rounded at base ; spire short, rapidly increasing ; aperture wide, the margins joined by a thin callus, columellar margin arcuate below, triplicate, the folds thick, short ; upper fold like a twisted callous, lower fold larger than the middle one; lip regularly arcuate, slightly calloused and subdentate in the middle, a little prominent outside. Alt. 3, diam. 1? mill. (Mori.*). Bay of Smyrna, in 20 meters (Terquem). R. terguemi MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 159, pi. 5, f. 7. R. SCHLUMBERGERI Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 53, 54. Shell short, globulose, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated by an impressed suture, ornamented with deep, regularly distant spiral strice, conspicuous on the latter three-fourths of the last whorl ; RINGICULA. 397 penultimate longitudinally costellate; last whorl two-thirds the total length, rounded at hase ; spire short ; aperture constricted, margins joined by a thick callus, with the lip forming a canal ; col- umellar margin arcuate, quadri-plicate, the upper fold delicate, lower two delicate, contorted, horizontal ; lip arcuate, thick, provided in the middle with a tooth-like tubercle, more or less prominent. Alt. 4, diam. 3 mill. (Mori.}. Mediterranean. R. schlumbergeri MORL., J. de C., 1878, p. 204, pi. 9, f. 4. Cannot be confounded with any of its congeners on account of the short form, the ornamentation consisting of striae and ribs crossing them, and the fourth fold of the interior. R. ADMIRABILIS Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 45, 46. Shell globose, thick, delicately striate and costellate, (transverse striae 3-4 on upper whorls, numerous and dense on last whorl ; cos- telke less conspicuous on back of the last whorl) ; whorls 5?, slightly convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl three-fifths the total length, rounded at base ; aperture consiricted, the margins joined by a thick callus; columellar margin quadriplicate, the upper two folds thick, short, the third fold short, contorted, the lower fold delicate and horizontal ; lip little arcuate, thickened in the middle and reflexed outside. Alt. 3'5, diam. 2'5 mill. (Mori.). Mediterranean. K admirabilis MORL., Journ. de Conch. 1882, p. 203, pi. 9, f. 3. Approaches in its striation the miocene and pliocene R. elegans Pecchioli but it is longer, more finely and closely striate, and the lowest fold is horizontal. R. ABYSSORUM Morlet. Unfigured. Shell thin, globulose, of large size, ornamented with transverse stria? and very fine and close longitudinal ribs ; the lip peculiar in form. (Mori.'). Mediterranean? (Second Exped. Travailleur, 1881). R. abyzsorum MORL., Journ. de Conch. 1882, p. 206. R. SALLEANA Morlet. Shell small, short, ventricose, thick, shining, ornamented with regular, deep spiral stride; whorls 6, convex, separated by a linear 398 RINGICULA. suture, the last whorl four-fifths the length of the shell, rounded at base ; spire very short ; aperture narrow, margins joined by a thick callus ; right margin forming a canal above ; columellar margin arcuate, with four folds, the upper two folds thick, short, obliquely directed downward, lower two folds transverse ; lip arcuate, thick within especially at base, narrower above, varicose outside and cover- ing three-fourths of the penultimate whorl. Alt. 5'2, diam. 4*5 mill. (I/or/.). Off Cape Breton (Folin). R. salleana MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 153. Characterized by the very globular, short form, the four folds of the columellar margin, thickness of the columellar callus bordered by a distinct groove. R. PASSIERI Morlet. PL 46, figs. 39, 40. Shell subventricose, thick, subelongate, regularly striated, the stride impressed, transverse, distant; whorls 7 to 7£, convex, separ- ated by a linear, margined suture ; last whorl two-thirds the total length, rounded at base ; spire elongated ; aperture narrow above, dilated below, margins joined by a callus; columellar margin arcu- ate triplicate ; upper fold vertical, lower sinuous; lip thick, prom- inent outside', a little sinuous within, rounded below ; above partly covering the penultimate whorl and forming a canal. Alt. 5£, diam. 3J mill. (Mori.). Off Cape Breton (Folin). R. passieri MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 157, pi. 5, f. 5. — FOLIN, Lea Fonds de la Mer. iii, p. 334. R. PULCHELLA (Jeffreys) Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 35, 36. Shell small, thin, more or less elongate ; whorls 5, convex, separ- ated by a deep suture, rather smooth, delicately sulcate above; last whorl two-thirds the total length, ornamented with two spiral lines above near the suture, then smooth, transversely punctate-lirate in the middle and below, the base rounded ; aperture ample, margins joined by a thin callus ; columellar margin slightly arcuate, three- folded, the folds minute ; lip regularly arcuate, thin, slightly prom- inent outside. Alt. 3'2, diam. 2 mill. (Mori.'). West of Ireland, in 1180-1215 fms. ; between Falmouth and Gib- raltar, 227-795 fms. (Porcupine). R. pnlchella Jeffr., MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 158, pi. 5, f. 6. RINGICULA. K. SEMISTRIATA Orbigny. PI. 46, figs. 43, 44. Shell ovate-conic, thick, whitish, smooth posteriorly, transversely striated in front; spire acute, conic, suture impressed; aperture oblong, columella thickened, biplicate, with a spreading posterior callus ; lip very thick, subtuberculate in the middle. Alt. 2, diam.. 1 mill. (Orb.). Jamaica (Cande)» R. semistriata ORB., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 103, pi. 21, f. 17-19. R. NITIDA Verrill. PI. 46, fig. 38. Shell small, white, smooth, broad oval, with five whorls, spire rapidly and regularly tapered, sub-acute, shorter than the aperture. Whorls very convex, regularly rounded, the sutures well impressed ; a well marked, impressed, revolving line just below the suture ; the surface otherwise nearly smooth, but with more or less distinct, distant, microscopic revolving lines, most distinct anteriorly. Aper- ture somewhat crescent-shaped. Outer lip evenly rounded, forming the segment of a circle, the border regularly thickened, receeding a little posteriorly, near the suture. Callus on the body-whorl narrow, nearly even, but a little swollen in the middle and slightly raised, Columella stout, recurved at the end, with two strong, very promi- nent, equal, spiral folds — the anterior one projecting beyond the canal, with the end rounded. Length, 4'2 mill. ; breadth, 31 mill. ; length of aperture, 2-5 mill. ; breadth of aperture, 11 mill. (F.). Mediterranean in deep water (Monts.) ; Ocean coast of Spain and France, and North Atlantic (Jeffr. and Folin) ; Bed of Gulf Stream, 447 fms. (Pourtales) ; Yucatan Strait, off Tortugas, off Martinique, off Grenada (Blake); Pliocene of Italy. R. nitida VERRTLL, Amer. Jour. Sci. (3), v. p. 16, Jan. 1873 (extra copies issued Dec. 13, 1872) ; Trans. Conn. Acad. iii, p. 48r pi. 1, f. 2 ; /. c. v, p. 540.— DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 97 ; xviii (Blake Gastrop.) p. 43. — R. leptocheila BRUGNONE, Misc. Malac. p. 11, pi. 1, f. 17, 1873.— AGASSIZ, Three Cruises of the Blake, ii, p. 70 f. 291. — MONTS., Nuova Rivista Conch. Med., p. 45; Journ de Conch., 1874, p. 279.— MORLET, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 131, 285, pi. 5, f. 17. — SEGUENZA, Atti R. Accad. dei Lincei, Mem., ix, p. 344, et seq., figs. The synonymous R. leptocheila is shown in fig. 31, pi. 46. Dall writes: I have satisfied myself by a comparison of authentic specimens, that the species of Verrill and Brugnone are the same, 400 RINGICUJ.A. the former name having priority. The locality, description and figure of R. peracuta agree well with the varieties of R. nitida, with which it does not seem to have been compared. The elevation and the extent of the spiral grooving differ in different individuals, as observed with species of Actceon. R. PERACUTA Watson. PI. 46, fig. 37. Shell ovate, with a somewhat high conical small-pointed spire, smooth and glossy, spirally furrowed below the periphery, with a marginated suture and a largish mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the whole surface is pretty regularly scored with distinct, but not sharp, shallow furrows on the lines of growth. Spirals — just below the suture is a fine furrow fictitiously strengthened by the the shin- ing through of the superior whorl ; from the periphery to the point of the base there are rather remote spiral furrows which seem to vary as usual in number and in distinctness. Color, glossy white, with a faint bluish tinge. Spire rather high, conical, scarcely sub- sealer. Apex sharp, for though the extreme tip is a little tumid, it stands well up and is rounded. Whorls 5, conical, slightly convex ; the last is a little tumid above, but a little way behind the outer lip is somewhat contracted and flattened. Suture distinct. Mouth rather large, not very oblique. Outer lip very oblique to the axis of the shell, slightly thickened, toothed and prominent in the mid- dle, with large open sinus above and a very slight one in front. Inner lip : there is a rather slight callus with a small tooth about the middle: the pillar teeth, which are very far from parallel, are nearly equal. Alt. 0'18 in., diam. 0*1. Mouth, height, O'l ; breadth, 0-07 inch (Wats.). North of Culebra Island, 390 fms. ; off Bermudas, 1075 fms; off Pernambuco, 350 fms. (Challenger). R. peracuta WATS., Chall. Gastr., p. 636, pi. 47, f. 11. Conf. DALL, Blake Gastrop., p. 44. Dall considers this a form of R. nitida. Rlngicula grandinosa Hinds., from the West African coast, is not unlike this species, but is smaller ; the body-whorl in particular is much smaller, while the penultimate is larger ; it is without sculp- ture on the base, and the upper whorls are strongly spiralled. Ringicula acuta Phil., from the Red Sea, is smaller, with a less .swollen body-whorl and more tumid base, the whorls of the spire are less tumid and less exserted. Ringicula someri De Folin, from the RINGICULA. 401 Cape Verde Islands, which is like in general aspect, is a much smaller, thicker and more spiralled shell, with a less tumid body- whorl and more regularly conical spire, the slope of the whorls being more flattened ; the apex, too, is much finer. Ringicula semistriata d'Orb., from Cuba, is shorter, broader, and less spiralled. Ringicula auriculata Menard, which is, perhaps, as like as any, has not the contracted base, and its extreme tip is 0'004 in. broad, while here the tip is 0'008 in., or twice as much. I have called this species peracuta, because, though certainly not very sharp, it is much more so than Ringicula acuta Phil. ( Wats.). R. CABRAI Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 47, 48. Shell very minute, subventricose, thick ; whorls 4J, slightly con- vex, separated by a channelled suture, ornamented with deep spiral sulci ; sometimes with a groove above and several on the base, some- times with equally spaced grooves over the whole surface ; last whorl three-fifths the total length. Aperture large, the margins joined by a thick callus ; columella margin strongly arcuate, bearing three minute folds, the upper folds very thick, lower folds delicate and horizontal ; lip arcuate, thick, prominent outwardly, inside with a flat median callus and a small tooth below. Alt. 2*5, diam. 1'8 mill. (Mori}. Island of St. Martha, Columbia. R. cabrai MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1882, pp. 201, 326, pi. 9, f. 1. Resembles R. goujoni in the lower lip-tooth, but is smaller, with another style of sculpture and with heavier callus and stronger teeth. West African species. R. SUTURALIS Smith. PI. 46, fig. 57. Shell ovate, white, polished ; spire acuminate, suture encircled by a callus cord ; whorls 5, convex, spirally sulcate ; last whorl having 10 sulci. Aperture pyriform ; columella callous, triplicate ; lip strongly calloused outside. Alt. 2f, diam. nearly 2 mill. (£). Whydah, W. Africa. R. suturalis E. A. S., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 733, pi. 75, f. 12. This minute species belongs to the same striated group as R. pro- pinquans Hinds, from the Philippines and R. someri De Folin, from the Cape Verde Islands. Its much smaller size, the number and position of the teeth, and the callous chord around the suture of the whorls well distinguish it (S.*). 402 RINGICULA. K. SOMERI Folin. PI. 46, figs. 52, 58. Shell small, ovate-globose, thick, solid, white, transversely mi- nutely and regularly sulcate ; whorls 6 to 7, subcarinate, the earlier rapidly increasing, last very large, globose seven-tenths the shell's length ; suture simple ; aperture elongated, oblique, the margins strongly thickened, toothed; right margin very wide, the left in- ilated, broadly reflexed ; teeth large. Alt. 4, diam. 2*6 mill. (Folin). Strait of St. Vincent, Cape Verde Is. R. someri FOLIN, Les Fonds, i, pt. 1, pi. 14, pi. 1, f. 7. — MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 128, pi. 5, f. 12. K. MORITZI Folin. PL 46, fig. 32. Shell ovate-globose, somewhat glassy, generally much thickened and snow-white, spirally and regularly sulcate, the sulci minute, often vanishing; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last very large: globose, half the length of the shell ; suture simple ; aperture ?emi- lunar; left margin thickened, terminating in a rounded canal; right margin strongly reflexed above the base, inflated, toothed, teeth 3; the margins joining above in a rather deep canal. Alt. 2-5, diam. 1-5 mill. (Folin.) Cagnabac, East coast of Africa. E. moritzi FOLIN, Les Fonds, i, pt. 2, p. 212, pi. 26, f. 10.— MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 129, pi. 5, f. 13. Smaller than E. someri with fewer whorls, wider and less rounded basal canal, and thinner callus on the inner lip. R. sENEGALENSis Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 55, 56. Shell small, globulose, short, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated by a deep suture ; the earlier whorls striulate, last whorl radially costellate, except on the back, two-thirds the entire length, rounded at base. Aperture coarctate, margins joined by a thick callus, the callus occupying the base; columella triplicate, the upper fold strong, dilated at base, forming a canal above, median fold short, lower fold delicate, contorted; lip little arcuate, thick, provided with a long median callous subdentate at the ends. Alt. 3, diam. 2-3 mill. (Mori.). Coast of Senegal, in 72 meters (Schlumberger). E. senegalensis MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1882, p. 202, pi. 9, f. 2. Distinguished by its very globose form, its striation, and espe- cially the projecting callus of the lip. RINGICULA. 403 R. BOHRGUIGNATI Rochebrune. Unfigured. Shell thick, subglobose, smooth, pale greenish, the spire acute; whorls 5, convex, separated by deep sutures ; aperture elongate, the columellar .margin calloused, tridentate, narrower in the middle ; lip thick, biplicate. Alt. 5, diam. 2 £ mill. (7?.). Mouth of the Casamence, Senegambia, 150 meters. R. bourguignati ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris (7), vii, 1882-1883, p. 178 (1883). Indo-Pacific Species. R. DOLIARIS Gould. PI. 47, figs. 82, 83. Shell large, thin, ventricose, ovate, whitish ; spire acuminate ; whorls 4, rounded, engraved with remote transverse sulci, the last whorl ample; suture profound; aperture large; lip narrow, ••scarcely thickened ; columellar folds delicate, acute ; parietal fold small, delicate; siphonal canal moderate. Alt. 5, diam. 3+mill. Hakodate Bay, Japan, 6 fms. (Stimpson). R. doliaris OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 325 ; Otia,p.l21. — MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 126. — WATSON, Challenger ne feeble furrow toward the front of the base. Color glossy white, with a faint bluish tinge. Spire short, conical, very slightly subscalar. Apex very small, rounded, prominent, and a little elevated on one RINGICULA. 413 side. Whorls 5, conical, convex ; the first which is very small, is a little depressed, but at its origin stands up prominent on one side ; the last, viewed as the shell lies on its face, is two-thirds of the whole length. Suture strongly marked, but not impressed, nor canaliculate nor marginated. Mouth small, oblique, very much narrowed by the teeth of both lips. Outer lip very much thickened, with a large prominent blunt tooth on the inner side above the middle ; there is a shallow sinus above at the junction of the lip with the body, and a very small one at the point of the pillar. Inner lip : there is a thick toothed pad on the body ; of the two pillar teeth, the lower, though stronger, is slightly less prominent than the upper. Alt. O'll in. diam. O07. Mouth, height 0'064, breadth to outside of callus on both lips, 0'058 inch. ( Wats.}. Flinders Passage, Torres Strait, 7 fms. R. assularum WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 291 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 635, pi. 47, f. 10. This species is not unlike a small Ringicula auriculata Menard de la Groye ; but the spire is more depressed, the apex slightly flatter, .and the extreme tip hardly so small. ( Wats.}. ADDENDA. Page 139, after S. SUTURALIS A. Ad., read PI. 20A, fig. 65. SOLIDULA REEVEI E. A. Smith. PI. 20A, figs. 66, 67. Shell short-ovate, acuminate above, rose-gray, with black dots. Whorls 7, turrited slightly convex, separated by a subcanaliculate suture ; transversely sulcate ; sulci narrow, longitudinally striated, 3-4 in penultimate, about 15 in last whorl ; spire short, conic, acute. Aperture elongate, ear-shaped, about three-fifths the length of shell, showing series of black dots ; columella twisted, thickened, white, bifid. Alt. 14, diam. 8 mill. Habitat unknown. Tornatella suturalis part, REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 2, f. 9 a, bt not S. suturalis Ad. — Action reevei E. A. S., The Conchologist ii, p. 99, March, 1893. This species was figured by Reeve as Torn, suturalis A. Ad., but that species is longer and narrower than this, of a different ground color, and has the spiral sulci more strongly striated or subpunctate. REFERENCE TO PLATES. See page 117 for explanation of plates 1 to 17 of this volume. PLATE 18. FIGURE. PAGE. 68, 69. Leucotina dianse Ad. C. Icon., . . . .167 70, 71. Leucotiua lyrata Cpr. C. Icon., . . . .168 72. Leucotina casta Ad. Thes., 172 73, 74. Leucotina speciosa Ad. Thes., . 75. Leucotina lauta Ad. Thes., . . . . . .172 76. Leucotina amoena Ad. Thes., 172 77. Leucotina pura Ad. Thes., 172 78-80. Mumiola spirata. The?., . See Vol. VIII, p. 315 81. Actseon albus Sowb. P. Z. S., 152 82. Actseon oryza Rv. C. Icon., 157 83. Actseon perconicus Dall. Proc. ]S7at. Mus., . . . 165 84. 85. Solidula alveola Sow. J. de C., .... 145 86, 87. Action fabreanus Cr. J. de C., . . . .150 88, 89. Leucotina dianse Ad. C. Icon., .... 167 90, 91. Actaaon senegalensis Pet. C. Icon., . . . .152 92,93. Leucotina gigantea Dkr. In d. Moll. Jap., . .167 94. Solidula alba Hutt. Pli. Moll. N. Z., . . . . 146 95, 96. Actseon vagabundus Roch. Moll. Cap. H , . . 164 97. Actseon semisculptus Sm. P. Z. S., . . . .152 98, 99. Actseon punctatus Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . .157 100, 101. Actseon venustus Orb. Voy. Am. Mend., . . 164 PLATE 19. 1-3. Actseon monterosatoi Dantz. Camp. Sci., . . . 155 4. Actseon nitidus V. = exilis Jeffr. Tr. Conn. Ac., . . 156 5, 6. Actseon exilis Jeffr. Camp. Sci., ..... 156- 7-11, 15. Action tornatilis L., ...... 152 12. Action hebes V. Tr. Conn. Acad., . 159 13. Actseon roarise Rv. (/.Icon., , . 148 14. Actseon tornatilis v. subulatus Wood. Crag Moll., . 153 16, 17. Actseon cumingi Ad. C. Icon., 162 18, 19. Actseon siebaldi Ad. C. Icon., 148 20, 21. Actseon pudicus Ad. C. Icon., . 22. Actseon punctostriatus Migh. J. Bost. Soc., . 23. Actseon punctostriatus Migh. Tr. Conn. Acad., . .157 (414) REFERENCE TO PLATES. 415 PLATE 20. FIGURE. PAGE. 24-26. Action austrinus Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .140 27. 28. Action amabilis Wats. Chall. Rep , . . .154 29, 30. Actseon turritus Wats. Chall. Rep 157 31. Actseon incisus Dal). Blake Rep., 160 32. Actseon danaida Dall. Blake Rep., . . . .160 33. Actseon melampoides Dall. Blake Rep., . . .158 34. Actseon incisus Dall. Blake Rep., . . . . .160 35. Actseon delicatus Dall. Blake Rep., . . . .162 36. Actseon perforatus Dall. Blake Rep., .... 159 PLATE 20 A. 37. 38. Solidula solidula L. C, Icon., 142 39. Solidula sulcata Gmel. Specimen, 143 40, 41. Solidula coccinata Rve. C. Icon., .... 143 42, 43. Solidula tessellata Rv. C. Icon., . . . .140 44, 45. Solidula solidula L. Specimen, .... 142 46, 47. Solidula glabra Rv. = sulcata Grn. C. Icon., . . 143 48. Solidula glabra Rv. = sulcata Gin. C. Icon., . . 143 49, 50. Solidula cinerea Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .140 Fig. above 51. Solidula funiata Rv. C. Icon., . . . . 145 51. Solidula inculpta Rv. C. Icon., 139 52. Solidula affinis Ad. Chall. Rep 141 53. 54. Solidula fratercula Dkr. Ind. Moll. Jap., . . 138 55, 56. Solidula strigosa Gld. Jap. M.-Conch., . . .137 57. Solidula nitidula Lam. C. Icon 144 58, 59. Actseon flammeus Gmel. C. Icon. 151 60, 61. Solidula intermedia Aug. P. Z. S., . . . . 145 .62. Solidula nivea Ang. P. Z. S 146 63, 64. Actseon 'virgatus Rv. C. Icon., ..... 151 65. Solidula suturalis Ad. C. Icon., . . . . 1 39, 413 66, 67. Solidula reevei E. A. Sm. C. Icon 413 t PLATE 21. 1. Retusa leucus Wats. Chall. Rep., . . 208 2. Retusa complanata Wats. Chall. Rep., .... 223 3. Retusa tormita Wats. Chall. Rep., 209 4. Retusa amphizostus Wats. Chall. Rep., .... 224 5. Retusa oryctus Wats. Chall. Rep., 227 6. Retusa famelica Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .225 7. Cylichna vortex Dall. Blake Rep., 295 8. Retusa frielei Dall. Blake Rep., 219 9. 10. Retusa siraillima Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .226 11, 12. Retusa truncatula Brug. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 205 416 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 22. EIGURE. PAGE. 13-15. Tornatina recta Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .184 16. Tornatina harpa Dall. A. J. C., 186 17-19. Tornatina canaliculata Orb. = bullata. Moll. Cuba, 188 20. Volvula minuta. Tr. Conn. Acad. . 237 21, 22. Tornatina candei Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .185 23. Tornatina canaliculata Say. Inv. Mass., . . 184 24. Tornatina obstricta Gld. — canaliculata Say, . . .185 25. Tornatina exilis Dkr. Moll. Jap., 190 26. Tornatina inconspicua H. Ad. P. Z. S., ... 192 27. Tornatina fusiformis Ad. Thes., 194 28. Tornatina knockeri Sm. P. Z. S., 188 29-31. Tornatina voluta Q. & G. Astrol., . . . .195 32. Tornatina voluta Q. & G. Thes., 195 33. Tornatina pusilla Iss. — isselii Pils. Mai. Mar Rosso, . 191 34. Tornatina olivseformis Iss. Savigny, .... 191 35. 36. Tornatina brenchleyi Ang. P. Z. S., ... 202 37, 38. Tornatina hoffrnani Ang. P. Z. S., . . . . 203 39. Cylichnella oryza. Thes., 325 40, 41. Haminea petiti Orb. Moll. Cuba, .... 359 42. Cylichnella bidentata. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . . 325 PLATE 23. 43, 44. Retusa eumicra Crosse. J. de C., . . . . 227 45. Retusa apiculata Tate. Tr. & Rep. Phil. Soc., . . 227 46. Retusa borneensis Ad. Thes., ..... 222 47. Retusa antarctica Ptfr. Jahrb. Hamb., .... 228 48. 49. Retusa pertenuis Migh. Moll. Reg. Arct., . .216 50. " Bulla " fragilis Velain Arch. Z. Ex., . . Vol. XVI. 51. Retusa obtusa Mont. Thes., 214 52. Retusa obtusa var. territa Moll. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 215 53. Retusa cecillei Phil. Thes 54. Retusa nitidula Lov. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . .212 55-57. Retusa semen Rve. Belch. Arct. Voy., . . .216 58, 59. Retusa gouldii Couth. Bost. Journ., . . . 217 60. Retusa conulus = obesiuscula. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . 231 61. Retusa obesiuscula Brugn. Bull. Soc. Mai., . . . 231 62-64. Retusa truncatula Brug. Moll. Rouss., . . .205 65-67. Retusa mamillata Ph. Moll. Rouss., 68. Retusa truncatula v. pellucida, Sars 206 69. Retusa cselata Bush. Tr. Conn. Ac., .... 232 70-72. Retusa semisulcata Ph. Moll. Rouss., . . .206 73, 74. Retusa sulcata Orb. Moll. Cuba., . PLATE 24. 29. 30. Tornatina leptekes Wats. Chall. Rep 200 31, 32. Tornatina acrobeles Wats. Chall. Rep 201 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 417 FIGURE. PAGE. 33. Tornatina pachys Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .198 34-36. Retusa mariei Dautz. Camp. Sci., .... 207 37, 38. Tornatina avenaria Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .202 PLATE 25. 39-41. Tornatina protracta Dautz. Camp. Sci., . . .182 42. Tornatina arata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .199 43. Tornatina amboinensis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 196 44. Tornatina coarctata Ad. Thes., . . . .193 45. Tornatina planospira Ad. Thes., . . . . .192 46. Tornatina biplex Ad. Thes., 192 47. Tornatina olivula Ad. = bullata Kn. The?., . . .183 48. Tornatina cinctella Ad. Thes., 193 49. Tornatina gracilis Ad. Thes., 194 50. Retusa oliviformis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .207 51. Tornatina simplex Ad. Thes., 193 52. Tornatina polita Ad. Thes., 192 53-55. Retusa spatha Wats. Chall. Rep., .... 218 PLATE 26. 56. Volvula sulcata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .241 57. Volvula minuta Bush. Tr. Conn. Ac., .... 237 58. 59. Volvula paupercula Wats. Chall. Rep., . . 238 60. Volvula rostrata Ad. Thes., 241 61, 62. Volvula acuminata Brug. M. Sars., .... 234 63. Volvula oxytata Bush. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . .235 64. Volvula striatula Ad. Thes., 239 65. Volvula cylindrica Sm. = Smithii Pils. P. Z. S., . . 233 66. Volvula eburnca Ad. Thes., 239 67. Volvula augustata Ad. Thes., 240 68. Austrodiaphana brazieri Ang. P. Z. S., . . . . 287 69. Diaphana expansa Jeffr. Bars., ..... 70. 71. Diaphana hyalina — minuta Brown, . . .283 72-74. Diaphana densestriata Leche. Sv. Vet. Handl., 75. Diaphana globosa Lov. Sars., ..... 286 76, 77. Diaphana seguenzse Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 282 78-80. Cylichna semisulcata Dkv. Jnd. Moll. Jap., . . 303 PLATE 27. 81. Atys dentifera Ad. Thes., 276 82. Cylichna decussata Ad. Thes., 315 83. Cylichna involuta Ad. Thes., 310 84. Cylichna bizona Ad. Thes., 323 85. Cylichna biplicata Ad. Thes 310 86. Cylichna marmorata Ad. Thes., 323 418 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 87. Cylichna concentrica Ad. Thes., . . . . 314 88. Cylichna pyramidata Ad. Thes., 310 89. Cylichna elegans Ang. P. Z. S.f 318 90. Cylichna ordinaria Sm. P. Z. S., 319 91. Tornatina involuta Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . .196 92. 93. Cylichna arachis Q. & G. Astrol, . . . .318 94. Cylichna mica Ehrenb. Savigny, 311 95. Cylichna pulvisculus Ehrenb. Savigny,. . . .311 96. Cylichna mongii Aud. Savigny, . . . . .311 97. Cylichna atlantica Sm. P. Z. S., 322 98. Cylichna villiersi Aud. Savigny, . . . . .312 99. 100. Cylichna grimaldi Dautz. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., . 291 1. Tornatina lactuca Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . .196 2-4. Cylichna crebripunctata Jeffr. P. Z. S., . . .293 5. Cylichna eburnea Ver. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . . 298 6. Retusa robagliana Fisch. Les Fonds., . . . .213 7,8. Retusa crebrisculpta Monts. Mem. Z. Soc. Fr., . .211 9. Cylichnella bidentata Orb. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . 325 PLATE 28. 11-13. Atys naucum L. C. Icon., 263 14, 15. Atys naucum v. ferruginosa. C. Icon., . . . 264 16. Atys ovoidea = obovata Mke. Thes., .... 264 17. Atys monodonta Ad. C. Icon., 276 18. Atys parvula Ad. Thes., . . . . . .270 19. Atys nonscripta Ad. Thes., 268 20. Atys muscaria Old. C. Icon., 264 21. 22. Atys parallela Old. U. S. Exped., . . . .266 23. Atys porcellana Old. C. Icon., 268 24. Atys exigua Ad. Thes., 270 25. Atys hordeacea Ad. Thes., 270 26. 27. Atys attenuata Sowb. C. Icon., . . . .268 28, 29. Atys utriculus Brocc. F. & H., . 279 30. Atys semistriata Pse. Don. Bism., 267 31, 32. Haminea osroidea Q.&G. Astrol.,. . . .366 33, 34. Atys caribsea Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .274 35. Atys scalpta Eve. K. Vet. Akad , 292 36. Atys occulta Migh. Bost. Journ., . 37-40. Atys propinqua Sars. Sars., 292 41. Atys reinhardi Moll. K. Vet. Akad., . 42. Atys speciosa Ad. Thes., 43. Haminea solitaria Say. Thes., . . 357 44. Haminea solitaria Say. Inv. Mass., 45. Atys ovulata Brocc. = brocchii Mich. Thes., 46. Atys guildinii Sowb. Thes., ... .274 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 419 PLATE 29. FIGURE. PAGE. 1-3. Cylichna chevreuxi Dautz. Camp. Sci., . . . 291 4-7. Cylichna richardi Dautz. Camp. Sci., .... 293 8-10. Retusa crossei B. D. & D. Moll. Rouss. . . .211 11. Retusa umbilicata Mont. Sars., ..... 210 12-14. Retusa umbilicata Mont. Moll. Rouss., . . . 210 15-17. Cylichna cylindracea Penn. Moll. Rouss., . . 289 PLATE 30. I, 2, Cylichna noronyensis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 301 3, 4. Cylichna labiata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .313 5, 6. Cylichna reticulata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 316 7. Cylichna discus Wats. Chall. Rep., 299 $, 9. Cylichna subreticulata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .317 10. Cylichna tahitensis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .320 II. Retusa ovata Jeffr. Chall. Rep., . . . . . 232 12. Cylichna crispula Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .315 PLATE 31. 13, 14. Scaphander mundus Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .251 15. Scaphander niveus \\rats. Chall. Rep., .... 252 16. Scaphander punctostriatus Migh. Sars., . . . 246 17. Scaphander lignarius L. Sars., ..... 245 18. Scaphander watsoni Dall. Blake Rep., .... 248 19. 20. Scaphander gracilis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .247 21, 22. Scaphander lignarius L. Moll. Esp., . 245 23. Scaphander lignarius L. Moll. Rouss., . .. . . 245 PLATE 32. 24, 25. Scaphander lignarius L., 245 26. Scaphander interruptus Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. . 250 27, 28. Scaphander bathymophila Dall. Blake Rep., . . 256 29, 30. Atys gibbulus Jeffr. — diaphana Arad. Ann. Mag. 278 31, 32. Scaphander nobilis Verril. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . 249 33, 34. Scaphander issellii Bell. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . . 255 35. Atys sandersoni Dall. Blake Rep., .... 275 36. Atys hyalina Wats. Chall. Rep .271 37. Atys freyi Brancsik = naucum L., . . . . . 264 38. 39. Diaphana seguenzce Wats. Chall. Rep., . PLATE 33. 40, 41, Smaragdinella andersoni Nev. J. A. S. B., . . 260 42. Smaragdinella glaucii = viridis. Thes., .... 258 43, 44. Smaragdinella glaucii Q, & G. Astrol., . . .259 420 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 45, 46. Smaragdinella glauca = viridis. C. Icon., 47, 48. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Enlarged, . 49-52. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Astrol., 53. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Thes., 54, 55. Smaragdinella fasciata Sowb. C. Icon., . 56, 67. Smaragdinella acuminata Sowb. = viridis. 58. Smaragdinella minor Ad. Thes., . 59. Smaragdinella algirse Hani. Thes , 60. Atys cylindrica Helbl. Thes., 61. Atys cyliudrica Helbl. Roe., 62. Atys elongata Ad. Thes., .... 63. 64. Atys solida Brug. Thes., . 65. Pyrunculus nitida Ad. Thes., 66, 67. Atys tortuosa Ad. C. Icon., 68. Pyrunculus pyriformis Ad. Thes., . 69, 70. Atys debilis Pse. Don. Bism., . 71, 72. Atys amygdala Sowb. C. Icon., 73. Atys succisa Ad. Thes., . 74. Atys alicula Ad. Thes., .... PLATE 34. 1, 2. Bulla ampulla L. Thes., .... 3. Bulla ampulla L. C. Icon., .... 4. Bulla ampulla v. trifasciata. C. Icon., 5. Bulla ampulla v. bifasciata. Specimen, 6. 7. Bulla cruentata Ad. C. Icon., 8, 9. Bulia tenuissima Sowb. C. Icon., . C. Icon. PAGE, . 258 . 258 , 258 , 258 259 259 259 261 265 265 26( 266 230 264 229 266 26* 26( 267 34^ 344 344 345 347 PLATE 35. 12-14. Bulla oblonga Ad. C. Icon., . . 15, 16. Bulla australis Ad. = adamsi Mke. Thes., 19, 20. Bulla australis Ad. — adamsi Mke. C. Icon., 17, 18. Bulla australis Q. & G. Astrol., . . 345 345 341 PLATE 36. 21. Bulla eburnea Dall. Blake Rep., . 22, 23. Bulla nebulosa Old. = gouldiana. 24. Bulla gouldiana Pils. Specimen, . 25, 26. Bulla aspersa Ad. C. Icon., . 27, 28. Bulla aspersa. Specimen, . 29, 30. Bulla punctulata Ad. C. Icon., 31. Bulla abyssicola Dall. Blake Rep., 32, 33. Bulla angasi Pils. C. Icon., . 34, 35. Bulla ovula Sowb. C. Icon., . C. Icon., 339 340 340 341 341 341 338 347 349 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 421 PLATE 37. FIGURE. 36-38. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimen, 335 39. Bulla punctata. Thes., 341 40, 41. Bulla punctata Ad. C. Icon 342 42, 43. Bulla striata Brug. Moll. Esp., .... 332 44-46. Bulla striata Brug. Sp. from Greece, . . . 332 47, 48. Bulla rufolabris Ad. Thes. & C. Icon., . . .342 PLATE 38. 49, 50. Bulla media = amygdala Dillw. C. Icon., . . 329 51-53, 55, 56. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Specimens, . . 331 54. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimens, ..... 335 57-59. Bulla occidentalis Ad. C. Icon, and Thes., . .331 60. (= pi. 39, f. 78). Bulla occidentals Ad. Specimen, . 331 61. Bulla adansoni Ph. C. Icon., 333 62. 63, 65. Bulla amygdala Dillw. Specimens, . . . 329 64. Bulla amygdala Dillw. C. Icon., 329 PLATE 39. 66, 67. Bulla compressa Roch. Nouv. Arch. Mus., . . 334 68-70. Bulla guernei Dautz. Camp. Sci., .... 336 71. Bulla quoyi Gray. Erebus & Terror, .... 348 72. Bulla incommoda Sm. P. Z. S., 347 73. Bulla conspersa Pse. A. J. C., .... 349 74. 75. Bulla adansoni v. minor. Ind. Moll. Guin., . . 334 76. Bulla rubiginosaGld. Exped., 330 77. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Vera Cruz, Mex , . . .331 78. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Lake Worth, Fla., . . .331 79. Bulla amygdala Dillw. St. Thomas, .... 329 PLATE 40. 80. 81. Haminea natalensis Kr. Sudaf. Moll., . . .367 82. Haminea tenera Ad. Thes., 371 83. Haminea vitrea Ad. Thes., 370 84. Haminea curta Ad. Thes., 368 85. Haminea issellii = curta. P. Z. S., . . . . 368 86. Haminea pemphis Sowb. = zelandica. C. Icon., . . 373 87. Haminea tenella = pemphis Ph. Thes., . . . 368 88. Haminea elegans Gray. C. Icon., . • . . . . 355 89. Haminea fusca Ad. Thes., 369 90. Haminea fusca Ad. C. Icon., .... .369 91. Haminea papyrus Ad. Thes.. ..... 371 92. Cylichna brevissima Ad. Thes., 310 93. Haminea augustata Ad. Thes., ... .361 94. Haminea ovalis Pse. A. J. C., . . . . . 305 28 422 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 95. Haminea simillima Pse. A. J. C., 366 96. Haminea brevis Q. & G. Thes., 373 97. Haminea sinensis = exarata Ph. Thes., . . . 362 98. 99. Haminea constricta Ad. C. Icon., .... 370 100. Haminea nigropunctata Pse. Don Bism., . . . 365 I, 2. Haminea galba Pse. C. Icon., ..... 364 3. Haminea crocata Pse. Specimen, ..... 36< 4. Haminea sandwichensis Sowb. C. Icon., .... 36e 5. Haminea virescens Sowb. C. Icon., ..... 36( 6. 7. Haminea cymbalum Q. & G. Astrol., . . . .361 8. Haminea ambigua Ad. Thes., . . . . . .37 9, 10. Haminea brevis Q.& G. Astrol., . . . .37! PLATE 41. II. Haminea zelandise Gray. Erebus & Terror, . . .37; 12. Haminea obesa = zelandise Gray. C. Icon., . . . 37J 13. Haminea cuticulifera Sm. Alert, . \ . . .37i 14. Haminea castanea Ad. Thes., 15. Haminea flavescens Ad. Thes., ..... 37^ 16. Haminea rotundata Ad. Thes., .... 17. 18. Haminea navicula Da C. F. & H., Moll. Rouss., . 35< 1 9, 20. Haminea hydatis L. Moll. Esp., . . . 21, 22. Cylichna auberii Orb. Moll. Cuba, . 23, 24. Haminea petitii Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . 351 25, 26. Haminea vesicula Gld. Specimen, . 27. Haminea natalensis — peruviana. Thes., . 36: 28, 29. Haminea vesiculata Gld. Specimen, 30,31. Haminea guadaloupensis Sowb. Specimen, . . 35* 32. Haminea solitaria Say. Specimen, . . . 35' 33, 34. Haminea guadaloupensis Sowb. Specimen, . . 35f 35, 36. Haminea antillarum Orb. Specimen, 37. Haminea guildingii = elegans. C. Icon., . 38, 39. Haminea elegans Gray. Specimen, . PLATE 42. 11, 12. Akera bullata Mull. Moll. Arct. Norv., . . .37' 13. Akera bicincta Q. & G. Thes., . 14. Akera tumida Ad. Thes 15. Akera bicincta Q. & G. Astrol., . 16. Akera tennis Ad. == soluta. Thes., 17. Akera hanleyi = bullata. Thes., . 18. Akera soluta Gmel. C. Icon., 19. 20. Cylindrobulla beauii Fisch. J. de C., 21-23. Volvatella pyriformis Pse. Don. Bism., . 24-26. Cylindrobulla pusilla Nev. J. A. S. B., . 27, 2<*. Volvatella fragilis Pse. A. J. C., . REFERENCE TO PLATES. 423 FIGURE. PAGE. 29, 30. Volvatella Candida Pse. A. J. C., . . . . 385 31,32. Cylindrobulla fragilis Jeffr. Ann. Mag., . . . 380 33-35. Volvatella cincta Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . . 383 36-38. Cylindrobulla sculpta Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . 381 PLATE 43. 1, 2. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimen, 335 3-5. Haminea peruviana Orb. Voy. Am. Mer., . . . 361 6. Haminea navicula DaCosta. F. & H., . . . . 352 7, 8. Bulla quoyi Gray. Astrol., 327 9, 10. Haminea ovalis Pse. A. J. C., 365 11,12. Haminea simillima Pse. A. J. C., .... 366 13. Haminea nigropunctata Pse. A. J. C., . . . . 365 14, 15. Ringicula caledonica Mori. J. de C., 409 16. Atys blainvilliana Reel. Faune Fr., .... 278 17. Haminea aperta Pse. A. J. C., 366 18. Haminea glabra Ad. Specimen, ..... 356 19. Haminea virescens Sowb. Specimen, .... 360 20. 21. Ringicula noumeensis Mori. J. de C., . . 410 PLATE 44. 1-4, 6. Hydatina amplustre. L. specimen, C. Icon., Thes., . 390 5. Hydatina amplustre L. Astrol., 390 7, 10. Hydatina velum Gmel. Thes., 388 8, 9. Hydatina velum Gmel. Specimen, .... 388 11-13. Hydatina inflata Dkr. Ind. Moll. Jap., . . .389 PLATE 45. 14. Hydatina physis var. staminea, specimen, . . . 388 15. Hydatina physis L. Specimen, ..... 387 16. Hydatina physis L. C. Icon., 387 17. Hydatina physis L. Astrol., 387 18,19. Bullina ziczac = scabra Gmel. Don. Bism., . . 176 20. Bullina lauta = scabra Gmel 176 21, 22. Bullina lineata = scabra Gmel. Thes. & C. Icon., . 176 23, 24. Bullina bruguierei Ad. Thes. & C. Icon., . . 177 25, 26. Bullina vitrea Pse. C. Icon., ..... 177 27, 28. Bullina deshayesii Pils. Moll. Reun., . . .178 29, 30. Hydatina albocincta Hoev. Thes. & C. Icon., . . 388 PLATE 46. 31. Ringicula leptochila = nitida. J. de C., . . .399 32. Ringicula moritzi Fol. J. de C., 402 33. 34. Ringicula conformis Monte. J. de C., . 396 424 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 35, 36. Ringicula pulchella Mori. J. de C., . . . . 398 37. Ringicula peracuta Wats. Chall., 400 38. Ringicula nitida Verrill. Tr. Conn. Ac., . . . 399 ,39, 40. Ringicula passieri Mori. J. de C., . . . . 398 41,42. Ringicula terqueri Mori. J. de C 396 43, 44. Ringicula semistriata Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . 399 45, 46. Ringicula admirabilis Mori. J. de C., . . 397 47, 48. Ringicula cabriei Mori. J. de C., .... 401 49. Ringicula auriculata Men. J. de C., . . . 395 50. Ringicula auriculata Men. J. de C., . . . . 395 51. Ringicula buccinea Brocc. J. de C., . . . 395 52. Ringicula somersi Folin. J. de C., .... 402 53. 54. Ringicula schlumbergeri Mori. J. de C., . . . 396 55,56. Ringicula senegalensis Mori. J. de C., . . . 402 57. Ringicula suturalis Sm. P. Z. S, 401 58. Ringicula somersi Fol. Les Fonds., .... 402 59. Ringicula pusilla Wats. Chall. Rep., . . 412 60. Ringicula assularum Wats. Cball. Rep., . . . 412 PLATE 47. 61,62. Ringicula foliui Mori. J. de C., .... 406 63, 64. Ringicula caron Hde. Voy. Sulphur, . . . 407 65. Ringicula encarpoferens Fol. J. de C., . . . . 407 66. Ringicula apicata Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . 406 67. Ringicula folini Mori. Les Fonds., . . . .406 68. Ringicula caron Hinds. J. de C., 407 69. Ringicula canaliculata Foli. J. de C., .... 407 70. Ringicula minuta H. Ad. P. Z. S., . . . . 405 71. Ringicula prismatica. J. de C., . . . . 406 72. Ringicula grandinosa Hinds. J. de C., . . . . 409 73. Ringicula gonjoni Fol. J. de C. 409 74. 75. Ringicula arctata Gld. J. M.-C., . .403 76. Ringicula prismatica Fol. Les. Fonds., . . . 406 77, 78. Ringicula celertiana Mori. J. de C., . . . 404 79. Ringicula arctata Gld. J. de C 403 80, 81. Ringicula australis Hinds. J. de C., . . . 410 82, 83. Ringicula doliaris Gld. Chall. Rep., 84. Ringicula fossulata Folin. Les Fonds., .... 409 85, 86. Ringicula savignyi Mori. Coq. Egypte., . . 405 PLATE 48. 1. Stomach of Haminea navicula opened. Ann. Sc. Nat., . 352 2, 3. Stomach plate of Haminea navicula. Ann. Sc. Nat., . 352 4. Bulla ampulla L., dentition. Pilsbry, del., 5. Akera bullata Mull. Meyer & Mobius, . 6. Volvatella vigourouxi Montr. J. de C., . ... . 383 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 425 FIGURE. PAGE. 7. Volvatella cumingi Ad. Thes., 385 8. Hamiuea diaphana Couth. U. S. Exped., . . . 356 (.». 10. Cylindrobulla sowerbiei Montr. J. de C., . . .381 11. Volvutella Candida Pse. A. J. C., . '. . . .385 12. Cylichna domitus Dall. Blake Rep., . . . .294 12*/. Atys caribsea Orb. Specimen, 274 13. Cylichna dalli Verrill. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . .297 14. Cylichna strigella A. Ad. Thes., ..... 314 15-17. Bulla nebulosa, gizzard-plate. Pilsbry, del., . . 328 18. Haminea succinea Conr. Specimen, .... 357 19, 20. Bulla roperiana Pils. Specimen, .... 336 21. Bulla adansoni Phil. Specimen, 334 PLATE 49. 1, 2. Actseon tornatilis L. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . .148 3. ActsBon tornatilis L., 148 4. Actseon luteofasciata Mu'hlf. Berl. Verh., . . .155 5. 6. Actseonina chariis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .174 7. Leucotina niphonensis Ad. C. Icon., .... 168 8,9. Leucotina modesta Ad. C. Icon., .... 170 10, 11. Actseon bullatus Old. Expl. Exped., . . .163 12, 13. Actseonina edentula Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .173 14-16. Leucotina sinuata Ang. P. Z. S., . . . .171 17, 18. Solidula solidula L. Gen. Rec. Moll., . . .142 19. Leucotina esther Ang. P. Z. S., 170 20, 21. Ovulactseon meekii Dall. Blake Rep., . . .178 22, 23. Leucotina elongata So wb. Sh. S. Af., . . .172 24. Actseon punctocrelatus Cpr. Specimen,. . . .166 PLATE 50. 25, 26. Tornatina canaliculata Say. Pilsbry, del., . .184 27-29. Tornatina candei Orb. Pilsbry, del., . . .185 30. Tornatina bullata Kn. Pilsbry, del., . . . .183 -34. Tornatina singaporensis Pils. Pilsbry, del., . .194 35-37. Tornatina capitata Pils. Pilsbry del., . . .195 38. Tornatina culcitella Old. Pilsbry del., . . . .189 39, 40. Tornatina cerealis Old. Pilsbry del., . . .188 NOTE. — The numbers 51 to 58 are omitted from the series of plates, PI. 50 being followed by PI. 59. PLATE 59. 1,2. Atys Jeffreys! Weink. Ann. Mag., . . . .277 • >. Atys brocchii Mich. Conch, foss. subap., . . . 277 4, 5 Cylichua parvula Jeffr. Ann. Mag., .... 293 6. Cylichna sarsii Ad. Thes., 322 426 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 7. Cylichna minuta = villiersi. P. Z. S., . . . . 312 8. Cylichna brevissima Ad. Thes., 310 9. Cylichna pygmsea Ad. Thes., 319 10. Cylichna concinna Ad. Thes., 309 11. 12. Cylichna striata Hutt. Specimen, . . . .319 13. Atys utriculus Brocchi. F. & H., . . . . . 279 14. Chelidonura adamsii Aug. P. Z. S. . . See Vol. XVI 15. Tornatina inculta Gld. Specimen, . . . .188 16. 17. Atys cylindrica Hebl. Anim. Evert., . . .262 18, 19. Micromelo eximia Dh. Moll. Reun., . . .393 20, 21. Micromelo undata Brug. Thes., . . . .392 22-24. Micromelo undata Brug. Specimens, . . . 392 25, 26. Micromelo guamensis Q. Voy. Uranie, . . . 392 27. Diaphana debilis Gld. Specimen, . '. . . .281 28. Diaphana hiemalis Conth. Specimen, .... 286 29-31. Diaphana ventricosa Jeffr. Ann. Mag., . . . 284 32, 33. Diaphana lotta? Bush. Bull. M. C. Z., . . 281 PLATE 60. 1-3. Retusa truncatula Brug. Meyer & Mob., . . . 204 4. Retusa truncatula Brug. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 204 5, 6, 7. Retusa nitidula Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 204 8. Retusa umbilicata. Moll. Reg. Arct., .... 204 9, 10. Volvula acuminuta Brug. M. Sars., .... 233 11. Volvula brevis Pils. F. & H., 235 12, 13. Volvula acuta Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .236 14, 15. Volvula corticata Beck. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 291 16. Volvula alba Brown. Moll. Reg. Arct 290 17. Leucotina minuta Smith. P. Z. S., . . . .171 18. Tornatina voluta Q. Samarang, . . 181 PLATE 61. 20, 21. Diaphana minuta Br. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . .280 22. Diaphana expansa Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 280 23. Cylichna cylindracea Penn. F. & H., . . . . 287 24-27". Cylichna alba Brown. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . .288 28-31, 38. Akera bullata Mull. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 376 33-37, 39, 40. Scaphander lignarius L. Moll. Reg. Arct., . 244 32. Atys utriculus Brocchi. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 2b'2 INDEX TO TECTIBRANCHIATA, WITH SPIRAL, EXTERNAL' SHELLS. NOTE. — The names of species believed to be valid are printed in Roman type ; the names of genera and other groups in SMALL CAPITALS ; the names of all synonyms are in Italic type. . 351 . 290 . 146 . 290 . 388 . 324 . 146 . 152 . 261 . 267 262, 265 . 145 . 154 . 371 . 196 . 172 . 280 . 224 . 264 . 388 . 390 . 327 . 343 . 335 . 353 . 329 . 268 . 134 . 260 . 410 . 347 . 361 Abbreviata Nev., 407 AKERIN^E Pils., Abyssicola Braz., 411 AlbaBr., . Abyssicola Dall, 338 Alba Hutt., Abyssorum Mori., 397 A Iba Swains, Acer a Auct., 376 Albocincta Hoev., Aceras Loc., 376 Alboguttata Sm., Acrobeles Wats., 201 Albus Hutt., ACT^ONID^E, 135 Albus Sowb., Actceonidea Gabb, 166 Algirse Hani., . ACT^ONINA Orb., . 136, 172 Alicula Ad., ACTION Montf. .136, 147 ALICULA Ehr., . Actcson Oken, 147 Alveola Souv., . ACT^EOPYRAMIS, Fisch., 167 Amabilis Wats., Acteon Montf., . . 147 Ambigua Ad., . Acuminata Brug., 234 Amboinensis Wats., Acuminata Sow., 259 Amoena Ad., AcutaOrb., 236 Amphisphyra Lov., Acuta Ph., 138 Amphizostus Wats., Acuta Phil., 405 Amphorella Ad., Adamsi Braz., . 346 Amplmtra Born., Adamsi Cpr., 341 Amplustre L., . Adamsii Dkr., 364 Ampula Montf, Adamsii Gray, . 261 Ampulla L., Adamsi Mke., . 345 Ampulla Orb., . Adansoni Phil., 333 Ampulla Penn., Admirabilis Mori., 397 Amygdala Dillw., Adspersa Schr., . . 350 Amygdala Sowb., JEquistriata Sm., 369 ANASPIDEA, Affinis Ad., 141 Andersoni Nev., Akera Gmel., 377 Angasi Braz., AKERA Miill., . 376 Angasi Pils., AKERID.E Pils., 350 Angusta Gld., . 427 428 INDEX. Angustata Ad., . Angustata Sowb., Angustata Sowb., Annulata Schr., - . Antarcticus Pffr., Antillarum Orb., Aperta Pse., Apicata Nev. Apicina Gld., Apiculata Tate, Aplustra Sw., Aplustre Lam., . Aplustridce, APLUSTRUM Schum., . 386, Arachis Q., Arata Wats., . ArctataGld., . Aspersa Ad., Aspinosa Dall, . Assimilis Ad., Assularum Wats., Assula Schura., . Atkinsoni T.-W., Atlantica Sm., . Atrolineata Schr., Attenuata Ad., . Attenuata Dall, . Attenuata Sowb., Attonsa Cpr., ATYS Montf., . . 243, Auberi Orb., Auriculata Men., AustralisGray, . Australis Hds., . Australia Q. & G., Australis Q. & G., Austrinus Wats., AUSTRODIAPHANA Pils., . Avenaria Wats., Bacillus Ehr Bathymophila Dall. . Beaui Fisch., Bicincta Q. & G., . Bidentata Orb., . Bifasciata Gm., . Bifasciata Mke., Bifasciatus Risso, Biplex Ad., 240 266 361 350 228 358 ! 366 406 201 Biplicata Ad., . Biplicata Lea, . Bizona Ad., Blainvilliana Reel., Borneensis Ad., . Bourguignati Roch., Brazieri Ang., . Brazieri Pils., Brenchleyi Ang., . 310 . 325 . 323 . 278 . 222 . 403 . 287 . 315 . 202 227 Brevis Pils., . 235 389 Brevis Q. & G.. . . 373 390 Brevissima Ad., . 310 385 Brocchii Mich., . . 277 389 Brownii Leach, . 245 318 Bruguieri Ad., . . 177 199 Buccinea Broc., . . 395 403 Buccinulus Plane., . 136 341 Bulinella Newt., . 287 237 Bullceformis Jeffr., . 153 306 BULLA L. > • • . 327 412 Bullata Kn., . 183 244 Bullata Mull., . . 377 318 Bullatus Gld., . . 163 322 Bullea Blv., . 327 387 BULLION, . . 326 240 BULLINA Fer., . . 136, 175 333 Bullina Fer., . . 391 268 Bullina Risso, . . 287 302 Bullinula Gray, . 391 261 Bullinula Sw., . . 175 300 Bullm Montf., . . 327 395 Bushii Dall, . 237 346 410 Cabrai Mori., . 401 165 Olata Bush, . . 232 346 Caledonica Mori., . 409 149 287 Calyculata Sowb., 1 Canaliculata Fol., . 259 . 407 202 Canaliculata Oliv., . 377 311 1 Canaliculata Orb., . 183 256 Canaliculata Say, . 1 84 380 Canariensis Sm., . -273 379 Cancellaris Ad., . . 180 325 Candei O rb., . . 185 153 Candida Br., . 284 344 Candida Pse., . 385 153 Candidula Ad., . . 307 192 Candidula Loc., . . 215 INDEX. 429 ( 'andidus Br., . (Japitata Pils., . Oaribsea Orb., . Carinata Cpr., . Carpenteri Hani., Caron Hds., . 283 . 195 . 274 . 187 . 302 . 407 Corticata Moll., Costulosa Pse, . Granchii Leach, Crebripunctata Jeffr, Crebrisculpta Monts, Crispula Wats, . 291 267 279 293 211 315 Casta Ad., . . 172 Crocata Pse, 363 Casta Cpr., . . 276 Crossei B. D. D, 211 ( 'astanea Ad., . 374 Cruentata Ad, . 345 Cecillii Ph. > • • . 222 Cubensis Gabb, 157 Cl.rilALASPIDEA, . 134 Culcitella Gld, . 189 Cerealis Gld., . 188 Cumingi Ad, 385 ( 'erina Mke, . 358 Cumingii Ad, 162 Ceylanica Brug., . 378 Cumingii Ad, . 254 Char Brug ., . . . 244 CuneataTib, . 212 Chariis Wats., . . 174 Curta Ad, 368 Cheverti Braz., . . 272 Curtulus Dall, . 163 Chevreuxi Dautz, . 291 Cuticulifera Sm, 372 Cincta Nev., • 383 Cuvieri Lch, 353 Cinctella Ad., . . 193 Cryptaxis Jeffr, 287 Cinctoria Perry, . 388 CYLICHNA Lov, . 243, 287 Circnlata Mart, . 388 CYLICHNELLA Gabb, 289, 325 Cinerea SchT., . . 350 CYLICHNINA Monts, . 181 Cinerea Wats., . . 140 Cylindracea Perm., . 289 CinuliaGr., . 394 Cylindrella Ad, 240 Clausa Dall, . 338 Cylindrella Sw, 287 Clavus Dall, . 246 Cylindrica Brug, 290 Coarctata Ad., . . 193 Cylindrica Cpr, 239 Ooccinata Rv., . . 143 Cylindrica Helbl, 265 I 'nleopliysi*. r Fisch., . 203 Cylindrica Sm, . 234 Columellaris Mke., . 344 CYLINDROBULLA Fisch, Columnce Chiaje, . 333 351, 379 Complanata Wats., . . 223 Cymbalum Q. &. G, . 367 Compressa Roch., . 334 Cymbiformis Cpr., 360 Concentrica Ad., . 314 Cymbulus Montf, 263 i/ma Ad., . . 172 Cypraeola Mke, 350 Concinna Ad.. . . 309 Con for mis Monts., . 396 Dadylis Mke, . 333 Consanguinea Sm., Consobrina Ad., . 313 . 305 Dactylus Schum, Dalfi Ver, 136 297 Consobrina Gld.. . 308 Danaida Dall, . 160 Conspersa Pse, . . 349 Darnleyensis Braz, . 272 Constricta Ad., . . 370 Debilis Gld, 281 . 232 DebilisPse, 266 Conulus V.. . 232 Decora Braz, 371 < 'niinthita Brocc.. . 290 Decussata Ad, . 315 Convolute Schum., . 245 Delicatula Ad, 190 Cornea Lam., . 353 Delicatus Dall, . 162 430 INDEX. Denticulate Gld., Dentifera Ad., . Densa Braz., Densestriata Leche, Desgenettii Aud., Deshayesii Pils., Diaphana Arad., DIAPHANA Br., . Diaphana Couth., Dianse Ad., Dllatata Lch., . Dilatatus Ad., . DINIA Ad., Discors Schr., Discus Wats., . Doliaris Gld., Domitus Dall, . Donovani Lch., . Dubiosa Braz., . Eburnea Ad., EburneaDall, . Eburnea Ver., . Edentula Wats., Elastica D. & S., Elegans Ad., Elegans Ad., Elegans Ang., . Elegans Authors, Elegans Gray, . Elegans Loc., Elegans Mke., . Ellipsoidea Gld., Elliptica, . Elongata Ad., Elongata Jeffr., . Elongata Loc., . Elongata Sow., . Elongatus Ad., . Encarpoferens Fol., Esther Ang., Eucampe Lch., . Eumicra Cr., Eumicrus Cr., Exarata Ad., Exarata Cpr., Exarata Ph., Excavatus Jeffr., 243, 263, 411 ExignaAd., . 270 276 Exie^uus Dkr., . . 161 273 ExifisDkr., . 190 285 j Exilis Jeffr., . 156 311 | Eximea Bd., . 189 178 ! Eximia Dh., . 393 278 i Expansa Jeffr., . . 284 280 Expansa Monts., . 353 356 Exserta Hds., . . 408 167 355 Fabreanus Cr., . . 150 255 Famelicus Wats.. . 225 276 Fasdata Lam.. . . 153 350 Fasciata Sowb., . . 259 299 Fasciatuni Schum., . 390 403 Fasciatus Dall, . . 163 294 Ferruginea Sowb., . 369 377 Ferruginosa Ad., . 263 273 Ferruginosa Perry, . 389 Ferussaci Dh., . . 393 239 339 Fijiensis Sm., Filosa Sch urn., . 321 . 387 298 Fischeri Ad. & Ang., . 381 173 Flammeus Gm., " . . 151 378 Flavescens Ad., . . 374 170 Flexilis Brn., . 377 370 Folini Mori., . 406 318 Folliculus Ad., . . 230 354 Folliculus Mke , . 354 355 Follini, . 406 378 Fossulata Fol., . . 409 392 Fourier i And., . . 312 308 Fragilis Jeffr., . . 380 231 Fragilis Lam., . . 377 265 Fragilis Pse., . 384 294 Fraterculus Dkr., . 138 291 Freyi Branc., • . . 264 172 Frielei Dall, . 219 254 Fucicoia Chier., . 234 407 ; Fulgida Ad., . 363 170 FumataRv., . 145 376 Fusca Ad., . 369 227 Fusiformis Ad., 192. 194 227 168 Galba Pse., . 364 343 Gemma Ver., . 339 362 Oibbulus Jeffr., . 278 214 Gigantea Dkr., . . 167 INDEX. 431 Giyanteus Risso, (jiti-nia Brug., Gioeni Gio., Glabra Ad., Glabra Rv., Glauca Ad., Glauca Q. & G. Ghnicondla Gr. Globosa Cantr., Globosa Cantr., Globosa Jeffr., Globosa Jeffr., Globosa Lov., Globulinus Fbs., Goujoni FoL, Gouldiana Pils., Gouldii Couth., . Gracilis Ad., Gracilis Kirk, . Gracilis Mke., . Gracilis Wats., . Grandinosa Hds., Granosa Braz., . Granulum Phil., Grateloupii Mich., Grimaldi Dautz., Grisea Sm., Guadalupensis So\vb. Guamensis Q. & G., Guernei Dautz., . Guildingii Sw., . Guildinii Sowb., Hamincea Lch., . HAMINEA Lch., HAMINEIN^E Pils., Han ley i Ad., Harpa Dall, HebesV., . Hiemalis Couth., Hoer?iesi Wkf.. . Hofmani Ang., . Hordacea Sowl>., Hordeacea Ad., . Huttoni Kirk, . Hyalina Gruel., . Hyalina Turt., . Hyalina Wat?., . 351 245: 244: 244j 356 143 258 259 257 284 378 285 353 286 155 409 340 217 194 146 187 247 409 324 309 245 291 362 358 392 336 356 274 352 352 , 351 . 377 , 186 . 159 , 286 . 212 , 203 . 270 . 270 . 147 . 354 ; . 2831 . 271 HYDATINA Schum., HYDATINID.E, . Hydatis Brug., . Hydatis L., Ibyx Meusch., Incisus Dall, Incomraoda Sm . Inconspicua Ad , Inculta Cpr., Inedita Ad., Inflata Dkr., Infrequens Ad., Insculpta Ad., . Insculpta Rv., . Insculpta Tot., . Insculpta V., Intermedia Ang., Intermedia Arad., InterruptusDall, Involuta Ad., . Involuta Ph., Involuta Nev., . Isseli H. Ad., Issellii Pils., Japonica Ad., . Japonica Ad., . Japonicus Ad., . Jeffreys* Loc., . Jeffreys! Weink.. Kirki Hutt., KLEINELLA Ad., Knockeri Sm., . Krebsii Dall, . Krebsi Morch., . Labiata Wats., . Labiosa Phil., . Lactea Jeffr., Lacteocincta Sm , Lactuca Nev., Lota Old.,. Lsevisculpta Gr., LagenulaAd., . Lajonkaireana, . . 386 . 385 . 353 . 354 . 330 . 160 . 347 . 192 . 188 . 307 . 389 . 187 . 169 . 139 . 357 . 156 . 145 . 279 . 250 . 310 . 228 . 196 . 369 . 191 . 169 . 304 . 254 . 278 . 277 . 146 136, 179 . 183 . 337 . 300 . 313 . 269 . 213 . 322 . 196 . 308 . 211 . 230 . 215 432 INDEX. Latiuscula Ad., Lauta Ad., Lauta Pse., Lepidula Ad., . Leptekes Wats., Leptocheila Brugn., LEUCOTINA Ad., Leucus Wats., . Librarius Love"n, Ligata Schr., Lignarius L., Linearis Jeffr., . Lineata Gr., Linteria Ad., Liratispira Sm., Lottse Bush., Lucida Ad., Luteofasciatus Mhl., Luticola Ad., Lyrata Cpr., Macandrewii Sm., Maculosa Mart., Magdelus Ang., . Malleata Sm., . Mamillata Ph., . Mammillata Ph., M'Andrewii Sm., Mappa Schr., Marise Ad., Marine T.-W., . Mariei Dautz., . Mariei Mori., Marginata Mke., Marmorata Ad., Marmorea Pse., Marmorea Schr., Mayoi Dall, Media Phil., Meekii Dall, Melampoides Dall, Melampoides Old., Mica Ehr., MICROMELO Pils., Minor Ad., Minor Dkr., Minor Jeffr., Minuta Ad., . 305 Minuta Ad., . . . 405 . 172 Minuta Braz., . . . 815 . 177 Minuta Brown, . . 263 . 305 Minuta Bush, . . . 237 . 200 Minuta Mcgill . . . 207 . 399 j Minuta Sm., . . .171 . 136, 166 Minutissimus Mar., . .215 . 208 Minutus Pet, . . .149 . 2-16 ! Miranda Sm., . . .277 . 350 MNESTIA Ad., . . 289, 323 . 245 ModestaAd., . . .170 . 21)0 Mongii Aud., . . .811 . 177 Monodonta Ad., . . 276 . 258 Monoptygma Ad., . .166 . 1 85 Monterosatoi Dautz., . . 1 55 . 281 j Moritzi FoL, . . .402 . 363 Mucronata Ph., . .191 . 155 Multistriata Ad., . . 330 . 302 Multistriatus Braz., . . 252 . 168 Mundus Wats., . . 251 MuscariaGld., . . 264 273 Myonia Ad., . . .166 .' 330 . 350 i Natalensis Kr., . . 367 . 374 I Natalensis Sby., . . 361 . 206 NaucumL., . . .263 . 207 Naucum Schum., . .261 . 272 Navicula Da C., . . 353 . 350 ! Nebulosa Old., . . 340 . 148 Nebulosa Schr., . . 350 . 198 i Nigropunctata Pse., . . 365 . 207 ! Niphonensis Ad., . 1 68 . 404 Nitida Ad., . . 230 . 330 Nitida Ver., . . - 399 . 323 Nitidula Lam., . .144 . 348 Nitidula Lov., . . 212 . 350 , Nitidula Sowb., . . 392 . 219 Nitidus V., ... 156 . 330 Nitens Sm., . . . 321 . 178 Nivea Ang., . .146 . 1 58 Nivea Petterd., . . 286 . 309 Nivens Wats., . . . 252 . 311 Nobilis V., . , .249 . 386, 391 NONA Ad., . . 243, 261 . 259 Nonscripta Ad. . . .268 . 334 Noronyensis Wats., . . 301 .215 Norvegica Brug., . 377 .312 NOTASPIDEA, . . .134 INDEX. Noumeensis Mori., Novceeboraci Sowb., Xttrleola Rv., jV/u; DaC., Xux Mke., Obesiuscula Brugn., Obesus Jeffr., Oblonga Ad., Oblonga Mke., . ObovataMke., . Obstricta Old., . Obtusa Brn., Obtusa Mtg., Occidentalis Ad., Occulta Migh., Oelertiana Mori., Omphalis Morch, OmphalodesMke., Olivseformis Iss., Oliva Gmel., Oliva Kl., Oliviformis Wats., Olivula Ad., Opalina Ad., OPISTHOBRANCHIATA Oporosa Old., . Orb:gnyana For , OrdinariaSm., Oryctus Wats., Oryza Gabb., Oryza Rv., Oryza Tott., Ova I is DaC., Ovalis Mch., Ovalis Pse., Ovata Jeffr., Ovoidea Ad., Ovoidea Mke., . Ovoidea Q. & G., OvuLACTvEON Dall, Ovula (Gld.) Sowb., Ovulata Brocc., Ovulata Jeffr., Ovulina Ad., Ovulum Pfr., Oxytata Bush., 410 357 291 327 332 . 231 . 214 . 346 . 144 . 264 . 184 . 205 . 214 . 331 . 292 . 404 . 221 . 333 . 191 . 290 . 287 . 207 . 183 . 239 . 134 . 308 . 354 . 319 . 227 . 166 . 151 . 325 . 153 . 161 . 365 . 232 . 263 . 373 . 366 136, 178 . 349 . 277 . 277 . 240 . 165 . 235 Pachys Wats., Pauamensis Ph., Papyrus Ad., Parallela Ad., . Parallela Gld., Parvula Ad., Parvula Jeffr., . Passieri Mori., Paupercula Wats. Peasiana Pils., Pellucida Brown, Pellucidus Br., Pellyi Sm., Pemphis Ad., Pemphis Ph., Pemphix Sowb., Pennata Schr., . Peracuta Wats., Perconicus Dall, Perdicina Mke., Perforata Phil., Perforatus Dall, Perplex a Sm., . Perplicata Dall, Perpusilla Sm., Persiana Sm., . Persimilis Mch., Perstriata Mke., Pertenuis Migh., Pertenuis Sm., . Peruviana Orb., Pervius Dall, Petersi Mart., Petitii Orb., Phiala Ad., Philine Asc. Physema Ad., Physis L., Pinguicula Jeffr., Piriformis Pse., Pimm Chiaje, . Planata Cpr., . Planospira Ad., | PolitaAd., i Porcellana Gld., | Prismatica Fol., i Producta Br., | Propinquans Hds See Vol. 433 198 343 371 306 266 270 293 398 238 348 206 283 231 374 368 374 350 400 165 335 370 159 375 217 312 190 236 332 216 307 361 220 368 359 230 xvi. 280 387 339 384 354 302 192 192 268 406 290 408 434 INDEX. Propinqua Sars, . . 292 Propinqua Sm., . . 303 Protracta Dtz., . . .182 Protracta, Gld., . . 309 Proxima Ad., . . 304 Pudicus Ad., . . .150 Pulchella Jeffr., . . 398 Pulchella Sw., . . 390 PulchraBraz., . . 272 Pulverulenta Schr., . . 350 Pulvisculus Ehr., . .311 Pitlvisulcus Ad., . .311 PumilaAd., . . .306 Puinilissima Sm., . .313 Punctata Ad., . . 169 Punctata Ad., . . 341 PunctaiaFer., . . 143 Punctata Orb., . . 157 Punctata Schr., . . 350 Punctocselata Cpr., . .166 Punctostriatus Ad., . . 157 Punctostriatus Migh., . 246 Punctosulcata Sm., . . 324 Punctulata Ad., . . 279 Puuctulata Ad., . 341 Punctura Johns., . . 279 Puncttirata Sm., . .172 Pupillus Monts., . .156 PuraAd., . 172 Purpurea Schr., . . 350 Pusilla Ad., . . .139 Pusilla IBS., ' . • .191 Pusilla Nev., . . .382 Pusilla Pfr., . . .185 Pusilla Pse., . . .364 Pusilla Wats., . . .412 Pusillus Fbs., . . .156 Pusillus Jeffr., . 214 Pygmsea Ad., . . . 319 Pyramidata Ad., . . 310 Pyriformis Ad., . 229 Pyriformis Monts., . .205 Pyriformis Pse., . . 383 PYRUNCULUS Pils., . 181, 229 Quadrata Monts., . . 284 Quoyana Orb., Quoyi Ad., . . .341 Quoyi Gray, . . . 348 Radiola Ad., Recta Orb., Reevei Smith, . Regularis Gld., Reinhardi Holb., Resiliens Don., Reticulata Wats., RETUSA Brown, Retusa M. & R., Rhizorus Montf., Richardi Dautz., RICTAXIS Dall, Riiseana Dkr., Rimata Ad., RINGICULA Dh., RINGICULID.E, Ringiculina Monts., Robagliana Fisch., Roperiana Pils., Rostrata Ad., Rotunda Sowb., Rotundata Ad., ROXANIA Leach., ROXANIELLA Monts., Rubicunda Schr., Rubiginosa Gld., RufescensSchr., Rufolabris Ad., Rugosa Sm., Riiseana Dkr., SABATIA Bell., Salleana Mori., Sanderson i Dall, Sandwicensis Pse., SandwichensisSby., . Sao Ad., Sarsii (Ph.) Ad., Savignyana Gr., Savignyi Mori., Scabra Gm., Scalpta Rv., SCAPHANDER Montf., SCAPHANDRID.E, Schlumbergeri Mori., Scitula Ad., Scrobiculata Ad., Sculpta Nev., Secale Gld., 181 148, 262, 243, 255 . 397 . 275 . 190 . 365 . 229 . 322 . 368 . 405 . 176 . 292 244 242 396 170 265 381 149 243, Secalina Ad., Seguenzae Wats., Senieu Rv., Semilrevis Seg., Seminulum Ph., Semisculptus Sm., Semistriata Orb., Semistriata Pse., Semistriata Req., Semisulcata Dkr., Semisulcata Ph., Senegalensis Malz., Srnegalensis Mori., . Senegalensis Pet., Serica Sm., Sicula Brug., Siebaldii Rv., . Sieboldi Ad., . Sieboldii Ad., . Simillirna Pse., Simillima Wats., Simplex Ad., Sinensis Ad., . , Singaporensis Pile., . Sinuata Ang., . Smaragdina Ad., SMARAGDINELLA Ad., Smithii Pils., Solida Ang., Xofida Brug., Solida Brug., Solidula L., SOLIDULA Waldh., . Solitaria Say, Soluta Gmel., . Someri Fol, Souverbiei Montr., Spatha Wats., Speciosa Ad., Speciosa Ad., Spectabilis Ad., Speo Risso, fiptcndens Mke., Splendid ul us Mch., Staminea Mke., Mrmta Br., St ria ta Brug., . Striata Hutt., . 243 INDEX. 435 269 1 Striata Orb., . 330 282 Striata Q. & G., . 348 216 Striata Risso, . . . 206 337 Striatula Ad., . . .239 229 Striatula Fbs., . . .212 152 Striatulum Schum., . . 261 399 Strigella Ad., . . 314 267 Strigella Lov., . . 211 278 StrigosaAd., . . .362 303 Strigosa Gld., . . .137 206 Subangulota Moll., . . 281 172 Subeylindrica Br., . .211 402 j Sublignarius Orb., . . 245 152 Subpelludda Ad., . . 353 375 SubreticulataWats., .317 245 Subrotunda Jetfr., . . 337 148 Substriata Jeffr., . . 214 260 Substriata Mke., . . 346 255 Subulata Wood, . . 153 366 ; Succincta Ad., . . 222 226 Succinea Con., . . 357 193 Succisa Ad., . . .266 362 Succisa Ehr., . . .267 194 SulcataAd 168 171 SulcataAd., . . .180 261 Sulcata Gmel., . . 143 257 Sulcata Mke., . . .331 233 Sulcata Orb., . . .221 347 Sulcata Wats., . . 241 266 Sulcatinus Ad., . . 254 335 Suturalis Ad., . . . 139 142 Suturalis Sm., . . .401 136 357 TahitensisWats., . . 320 378 Targionius Risso, . . 245 402 Tasmanica Bedd., . . 379 381 TECTIBRANCHIATA, . .134 218 TenellaAd., . . .368 172 Tenella Lov., . . .153 275 TeneraAd, . . .371 240 Tenuicula Mke., . . 332 147 Tennis Ad., . . .378 .°)f>0 Tenuissima Sby., . . 347 161 Teres Phil., . . .196 388 Terquemi Mori., . . 396 292 TessellataRv., . .140 332 ; TextilisGupp., . .162 319 I Thalassiarchi Mart., . . 390 436 INDEX. Thecaphorus Nutt, Tigris Schr., Tornata Wats., Tornatella Lam., Tornatilis L., TORNATINA Ad., Tortuosa Ad., Translucens Ad., Tricla Phil., Trifasciata Sowb., Triticea Blv., Triticea Couth., Truncata Ad., . TruncatellaLoc., Truncatula Brug., Tubulosa Gld., Tumida Ad., Turgidula Fbs., Turrita Moll., Turritus Wats., Umbilicata Mont., Undata Ad., Undata Brug., Undulata Fer., Utriculus Brn., Utriculus Brocc., Vagabunda M. & K., Variegatus Brug., Velum Gmel., Ventricosa Jeffr., Ventrosus Jeffr., 258 Venustula Ad., 304 350 Venustus Orb., 164 209 Vernicosa Gld., 349 147 Verrillii Dal], 298 152 Vesica Swains, 327 181 | Vesicula Gld., 359 180 VexillumChemn., 388 264 Vigourouxi Montr., 383 269 Villica Gld., 307 244 Villiersi Aud., 312 344 Villosa Mart., 344 278 Viridis Rang, 258 291 Virgata Marty n, 387 205 Virgatus Rv., 151 206 Virescens Sby., 360 205 Vitrea Ad., 370 321 Vitrea Dh., 178 379 Vitrea Pse., 177 278 Vitrea Sars., 286 215 Voluta Q., 195 157 VOLVATELLA Pse., . 351, 382 VOLVATELLIN^E Pils., 351 210 VOLVULA Ad., . .181, 233 177 Volvulella Newt., 233 392 Volvulina Ad., 270 393 Vortex Dall, 295 203 279 Wallisii Gray, Watsoni Dal!, 373 248 WEINKAUFFIA Ad., Moiits., 263 164 151 Zealandice, 374 388 Zealandica Kirk, 320 284 Zelandise Gray, 373 285 Ziczae Miihl, 176 POLYPLACOPHORA. 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