LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

SECOND SEKIES: PULMOJSTATA.

MANUA

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTKATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE ¥, TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENEY A. PILSBRT, Sc. D.,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Vol.

ORIENTAL BULIMOID HELICID^E ; ODONTOSTOMIJLE ; CERIONID^E.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conehologieal Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

1901-2,

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

CONTENTS.

Family HELICID^E.

Genus AMPHIDROMUS Albers (continued) . . . 282

S. g. Beddomea Nev., p. I ; Pseudopartula Pfr., p. 9, . 167

Genus DRAPARNAUDIA Montrouzier . . .12, 283

Genus EULOTA, s. g. Dolicheulota Pils 18

Family ZONITID^E.

Genus CALYCIA H. Adams 20

* (Position uncertain.)
BOCOURTIA Rochebrune 23

Family BULIMULIDJE.

Subfamily ODONTOSTOMIN^E Pils 24

Genus MACRODONTES Swainson 29

Genus ANCTUS von Martens . . . . . . 36

Genus ODONTOSTOMUS Beck 38, 169

Genus HYPERAULAX Pilsbry 102

Genus TOMIGERUS Spix 106

Genus ANOSTOMA Fischer de Waldheim .... 109

Appendix to Bulimoid Snails.
Family ACAVID^E, subfamily STROPHOCHILIN^E.
Genus STROPHOCHEILUS Spix . . .116, 281

Family BULIMULID^.

Genus PLEKOCHEILUS Guilding . . . . .127
Genus AURIS Spix ........ 132

Genus XENOTHAUMA Fulton 134

Genus BULIMULUS Leach 135, 282

Genus NEOPETRJEUS von Martens . 152

Genus OXYCHONA Morch . . . . . .154

Genus DRYM.EUS Albers 154

Genus PORPHYROBAPHE Shuttteworth .... 163
Genus OXYSTYLA Schliiter . . . . . .164

Genus BOTHRIEMBRYON Pilsbry 166

Genus PLACOSTYLUS Beck 167

UNDETERMINED BULIMULID^E . . . . .171

Family CERIONID^E.

Genus CERION Morch 174

INDEX TO CERION . . . ... . . . 284

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 287

Dates of issue of the parts of Volume XIV .... 302

author gratefully acknowledges assistance, either in the
form of specimens or information, received from Dr. H. von
Ihering, Professor Wm. H. Dall, Messrs. E. R. Sykes, Geo. H.
Clapp, Wm. Moss and others. The value of this volume has been
materially enhanced by these favors.

NOTE. — A synopsis of the soft anatomy of the Bulimulidw, and
an index to the species contained in volumes X, XI, XII, XIII
and XIV, will be issued with the next number of the MANUAL, as
a. supplement to the present volume.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Vol. XIV — Oriental Bulimi, American Bulimutida, etc.

Part I — ORIENTAL BULIMOID HELICID^E AND ZONITID^E.

It seems convenient to group in this place certain Eastern genera,
which like Amphidromus were formerly referred to the Bulimutidce
or JBuKmtda, but are now known to be elongated Helices.

The genera in question are as follows :

HELICID^E of the group Epiphalfagona.

Amphidromus, with subgenera Beddomea and Pseud opartula.
Draparnaudia.

Group Bdogona euadenia.
Eulota, subgenus Dolicheulota.

ZONITID^E.
Calycia.

Incertce sedis.
Bocourtia.

Genus AMPHIDROMUS (Continued).
Subgenus BEDDOMEA Nevill, 1878.

Beddomea NEV., Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museumr
pt. 1, p. 127, type A. ceylanicus Pfr. — PILSBRY, Proc. Malac. Soc_
Lond. iv, p. 158, pi. 16 (anatomy). — Amphidromus and Phengus,.
Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France pour 1894, vii, p. 295r
296. — Bulimus of many authors.

Shell umbilicate or perforate, oblong-conic, often carinated at the-
periphery, white or with brown bands or streaks; aperture usually
quite oblique ; peristome reflexed.

Genitalia (pi. 2, fig. 22) of typically epiphallogonous type, the?

2 AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA.

flagellum longer than and the epiphallus about as long as the penis.
Duct of the oblong or ovate spermatheca lengthened, more than
double the length of the penis. Penis with a large apical papilla
(fig. 22).

Lung (pi. 2, fig. 23) having the pulmonary vein without large
branches, the venation densest on the intestinal side and near the
pneumostome, weak or well developed on the cardiac side. Kidney
long and narrow, nearly or quite four times the length of the peri-
cardium. Ureter reflexed, the secondary ureter a closed tube.

Muscles : Retractor of the penis inserted on the diaphragm as
usual. The pharyngeal retractor is united to the right ocular and
pedal band far forward ; the left ocular muscle passes to the right of
the genitalia, not between the male and female branches (pi. 2,
fig. 21).

Jaw well arched, thin, with its lower margin crenulated by 10-14
flat ribs which seem separated by narrow intervals in the median
part, but are contiguous or overlapping towards the ends. It is
similar to that of some species of Papuina, intermediate between the
plaited and the ribbed types.

Radula of the usual form in Helicidce, the transverse rows of teeth
bent at a wide angle in the middle. Rhachidian and admedian teeth
with single, long, broadly rounded cusps. These pass by a gradual
transition to the lateral type, in which the tooth is inclined and bears
a three-lobed cusp.

Distribution, southern India and Ceylon.

Named for Col. C. E. Beddome.

The shell does not have the brilliant coloring of many Amphi-
dromus, and is minutely punctulate, at least on the spire. The area
of distribution is separated from that of true Amphidromus. I have
elsewhere shown that Beddomea agrees with Amphidromus in the
long, band-like kidney, the pattern of lung-venation, the arrange-
ment of the muscles (except the eye retractor), the reproductive
system and the jaw. It differs from Amphidromus in having the
^ye retractor muscle to the right of, instead of between the branches
of the genitalia, in having the cusps of the teeth of the median field
of the radula broadly rounded and simple, instead of deeply cloven
into three cusp?, as all the side-teeth are in the restricted group
Amphidromus,' and finally in having the radula longer than in
AmpMdromus.

AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. 3

" In view of the general agreement, it scarcely seems well-advised
to accord Beddomea higher rank than that of a subgenus of Amphi-
dromus. None of the three structural differences mentioned is of
much importance, though I do not doubt that they will prove; con-
stant in Beddomea. When some of the species of Amphidromus
which are conchologically nearest Beddomea (such as A. sylheticus)
come to be examined, transitions may not unlikely be found in the
dentition. In the long flagellum, Beddomea is more like the lajrger,
amphidrome species of Amphidromus than the smaller, invariably
sinistral species, which so far as known, have this organ much
shorter." (H. A. P., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vi, p. 160.)

Key to Species of Beddomea.
I. Solid and opaque, variegated with brown bands or stripes.

trifasciatus, p. 3.
II. Rather thin, very pale or white, without dark markings.

a. Periphery rounded or but slightly angular ; Ceylon :

ceylanicus, p. 5 ; S. India : physalis* p. 8.
a.1 Periphery strongly carinate ; dextral, Ceylon.

albizonatus, p. 7.
a 2 Periphery strongly carinate ; sinistral ; Travancore.

calcadensis, p. 9.

A. TRIFASCIATUS (Gmelin). PL 1, figs. 1-6, 8.

Shell dextral, compressed-umbilicate, thin but moderately strong,
whitish with three brown spiral bands, the upper one often inter-
rupted, faint or wanting, or with two wide bands separated by a light
zone at the periphery; the spire white or streaked. Surface somewhat
glossy, slightly striate, and under a lens showing a minute punctula-
tion on the spire, wanting on the last and usually on the next to the
last whorls. Spire conic, the apex very obtuse ; whorls about 5£,
slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery and beneath.
Aperture oblique, ovate, white with dark markings within ; lip re-
flexed, white, the columellar margin triangularly dilated.

Alt. 27, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 13.5 mm.

Alt. 28, diam. 14.5, longest axis of aperture 13 mm.

Ceylon.

Helix trifasciata tranguclarica CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, pt.
2, p. 155, pi. 134, f. 1215 — Helix trifasciata GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13),

4 AMI'HIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA.

p. 3642 — DILLWTN, Descr. Catal. ii, p. 933. — Bulimus trifasciotus
BRUG. Encycl. Me"th., p. 317. — DESK, in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p.
261. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 58; iii, 323; iv, 382; vi, 28; viii, 43;

Concbyl. Cab., p. 50, pi. 41. f. 16, 17 REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi.

39, fig. 237 HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 21, f. 3

LATARD, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xi, p. 226 (1853).— Amphidro-
mus trifasciatus Jouss., Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 295.
— AiKvrunus (Cerastus} trifasciatus Brug., Nevill, Hand List Moll.
Ind. Mus. i, p. 132. — Buliminus (Beddomea) trifasciatus Chemnitz,
KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 677, pi. 102, f. 22. — Amphidromus (Bed-
domed^ ceylanicus (Pfr.), PILSBRY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p.
159 (anatomy), pi. 16, f. 3 (jaw), of specimen figured on pi. 1, fijr.
8. — Helix (Cochlogena) trizonaJis FER., Prodr., no. 417. — Bulimus
zonatus SWAINSON, Zool. lllustr. i, pi. 17 (1820).— Bulimus fusco-
ventris BENSON, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, p. 96. — PFH.,
Monogr. iv, 404; vi, 51. (= young trifasciatus according to Hani.
& Theob., Conch. Ind., p. 11, from examination of the type). — B.
ceylanicus HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 11, pi. 21, f. 2 ;
p. 59, pi. 148, f. 9.

Bulimus rufopictus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2) xviii, p. 96.
PFR., Monogr. iv, 404. — HANL. & THEOB. Conch. Ind., p. 11, pi.
21, f. 10. — Buliminus (Beddomea) rufopictus Bens., KOBELT, Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 670, pi. 102, f. 11. — Amphidromus rufopictus Jouss-
EAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1894, p. 295.

A. trifasciatus varies notably both in form and coloring, the wide
specimens, like fig. 1, being typical. Narrow shells with the aperture
smaller and a light peripheral girdle between two wide brown bands
are more abundant. It varies to forms like fig. 3 of the Conchologia
Indica, and others (pi. 1, fig. 2) before me from Matella, etc., having
the spire more or less maculate, and sometimes with a subsutural
brown line, leading to var. rufopictus. In another series, by loss of
spiral bands a streaked form (fig. 8) is produced, such as that taken
by Mr. Collett at Columbo, or a nearly uniform color. At Tamanka
Layard collected specimens varying from cream-white, with only the
faintest traces of streaks, to white with two heavy chestnut bands
below and a faint line below the suture (pi. 1, fig. 5). A somewhat
similar shell, but with the peristome purplish, is figured by Hanley
and Theobald as a variety of ceylanicus, locality not given. Speci-
mens collected by Mr. O. Collett at Uda Pussellawa (pi. 1, fig. 6),

AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. 5

have two purple-brown bands, one above, the other below the periph-
ery, and a white lip. The lower of these two bands is homologous
with the upper one of the Tamanka shells. These several forms seem
to be closely connected with one another, and not separable as species.

A. trifasciatus " I should term a low country species. I have
taken it about Galle and Matura." " Essentially a tree species."
(Layard.)

Var. rufopictus (Benson). PI. 1, fig. 9. Shell smaller, alt. 19-
23 mm., usually two- or three-banded below, spotted or dotted with
corneous -brown on a pale brown ground, the first two whorls uniform.
Surface of spire densely punctate.

Ceylon: Kandy, 1,500 ft. elev. (O. Collett) ; Akurambode (Lay-
ard.)

Distinguished chiefly by its copious maculation. A specimen from
Kandy before me is more conic than that figured from Akurambode,
with the bands nearly obsolete.

A. CEYLANICUS (Pffiiffer). PI. 1, fig. 7.

Shell openly perforate, ovate-conic, solid, obliquely striatulate,
somewhat shining, white or fleshy-brown ; spire conic, rather acute ;
whorls 6, flattened, the last about three-sevenths the length of the
shell ; columella slightly arcuate. Aperture truncate-oval ; peristome
widely expanded, a little reflexed, the columellar margin dilated,
reflexed, spreading. Length 27, diam. 14, aperture inside 11 mill,
long (/yr.). Ceylon (Templeton, in Cuming coll.).

Bulimus ceylanicus PFK., Symbolae Hel. iii, p. 83 (1846); Monogr.
ii, p. 59. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 43, f. 274. — DESH., in Fer.,
Histoire, p. 70, pi. 145, f. 5, 6. — LAYARD, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xi,
p. 226 (1853). — Buliminus (Beddomea) ceylanicus Pfr., KOBELT,
Conch. Cab., p. 680, not the figures.

This species differs from A. albizonatus and its varieties in the
rounded last whorl, a keel being absent. Pfeiffer's dimensions agree
with a specimen before me if his method of measuring the diameter
be followed. Including the outer lip, the shell would be wider,
length 26^, diam. 15^ mill. In my opinion the shells figured for
ceylanicus in the Gonchologia Indica are forms of A. trifasciatus, and
not Pfeiffer's species. Kobelt has copied these figures in the Con-
chylien Cabinet, pi. 103, f. 5, 6.

Mr. E. R. Sykes (in lift.) writes that he believes ceylanicus and

6 AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA.

albizonatus will prove to be extreme varieties of a single species.
The former name is the earlier. The specimen dissected by me,
reported as ceylanicus (Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond.), is a streaked but
bandless form of trifascialus.

" The animal is of a beautiful green color, and when alive shines
through the shell. I am told they feed much on coffee bushes.
Essentially a tree species " (Layard).

Var. INTERMEDIUS (Pfeiffer). PL 1, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell perforate, elongate-conic, rather solid, obliquely striatulate
punctulate, glossy, white ; spire conic, rather obtuse ; suture lightly
impressed, simple, whorls 6, rather flattened, the last about three -
sevenths the length of shell, subangular below the middle, the base
swollen ; columella slightly folded, somewhat receding. Aperture
oblique, truncate-oval ; peristome rather broadly expanded, a little
reflexed, margins joined by a thin callus, the columellar margin
dilated, triangular and flat. Length 34, diam. 16 mill.; aperture
with peristome 17 mill, long, 8 wide inside (Pfr.).

Ceylon (Thwaites, type in Cuming coll.); Watawala (O. Collett).
Bulimus intermedius PFK., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 291 ; Novit. Conch.,
i, p. 30, pi. 8, f. 10, 11 ; Monogr., iv, 386 — HANL. & THEOB.,
Conch. Indica, pi. 19, f. 6, 8 (perhaps are ceylanicus) — Phengus
intermedius JOUSSEAUME, t. c., p. 295 — Helix ( Geotrochus} mesogena
MARTENS, Die Hel., p. 168 (1860); a substitute for Pfeiffer's name.
— Amphidromus (Beddomed) intermedius Pfr., PILSBRY, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., iv, p. 158, pi. 16, f. 2, 2a, 4, 6, 7 (anatomy).— Buliminus
(Beddomea) intermedius Pfr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 679, pi.
103, f. 2, 3.

The extremely thin cuticle is deciduous ; when present it is faintly
yellow tinted beneath. The angle at the periphery is so slight as to
be scarcely noticeable; in many specimens it hardly modifies the
oval contour of the last whorl, and sometimes can scarcely be seen.
The specimens before me are punctulate only on the spire, the last
whorl being smooth. They vary in size from 29 to 34 mm. Figs.
10, 11 are copies of the type figures; fig. 12 is from a Watawala
specimen. Differs from ceylanicus in being larger and faintly keeled,
but probably all intergrades occur. The weakness of the peripheral
carina is all that separates intermedius from albizonatus, but this
character varies widely in both forms.

AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA. 7

A. ALBIZONATUS (Reeve). PI. 1, fig. 14, 15, 16.

Shell somewhat pyramidally conical, rather depressed at the base,
scarcely umbilicated ; whorls seven in number, flatly convex, ob-
liquely finely striated; sutures peculiarly linearly engraved; last
whorl angled at the base ; columella broadly reflected ; bluish-white
within and without, having a narrow opaque white zone at the angle
of the last whorl (Reeve). Length 34, diam. 21^ mill, (from fig.).

Ceylon (Taylor coll.).

Bulimus albizonatus REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 81, f. 604 (Dec.,
1849).

'* A pale, blue-white shell, remarkably characterized by a narrow
opaque-white zone round the middle of the whorls, exactly in the
place of the suture, concealed in all but the last whorl by the super-
position of one whorl upon the other." (Reeve.}

Mr. E. R. Sykes, who kindly examined the type now in the
British Museum for me, states that a trace of minute pitting is
visible.

Numerous specimens before me (pi. 1, figs. 14, 15) are smaller
than Reeve's type, measuring from length 29, diam. 18, to length
23, diam. 14 mill. The thin cuticle is more or less yellow tinted be-
neath, and the periphery either marked by a white line or not. The
angle is frequently almost completely obsolete on the face of the whorl,
even when strong on the back. The spire is punctulate or densely
subgranulose, at least above, but not on the last whorl. They come
from Matella and " western province " of Ceylon, collected by
Layard. Fig. 14 shows the peripheral keel by far too strong; it is
almost imperceptible in the middle of the front of the shell.

Kobelt (Conch. Cab. p. 680) states that he gives the figure from
the Conch. Icon, on his plate 103, f. 4, but he evidently did not do
so. His figure is a smaller variety probably referable to simoni.

Var. SIMONI (Jousseaume). PI. 1, figs. 17, 18.

Shell dextral, compressed-umbilicate, thin but moderately solid.
White under a thin pale buff, somewhat caducious cuticle; glossy,
faintly striate, very densely microscopically punctulate throughout.
Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5'^ to 6, the first
two convex, the rest but slightly so; last whorl acutely carinated at
the periphery. Aperture very oblique, ovate ; peristome white, ex-
panded and reflexed, the columellar margin dilated above.

8 AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. BEDDOMEA.

Alt. 25-26, diam. 18-19 mm. (Jousseaume).

Alt. 24, diam. 17^, longest axis of aperture 14 mm.

Ceylon: Galle (M. Simon); Udagama (Collett).

Bulimus albizonatus PFR., Monogr. iii, 330 (exclusive of reference
to Reeve); Conchyl. Cab., p. 155, pi. 49, f. 1, 2.— HANL. & THEOB.,
Conch. Ind., pi. 21, f. 8. — Phengus simoni Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool.
de France, vii, 1894, p. 296, pi. 4, f. 7 — Amphidromus (Beddomea)
albizonatus Rve., PILSBRY. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 159, pi.
16, f. 1, 5 (anatomy).

Differs from typical albizonatus by the smaller size, by having one
whorl less, a stronger keel, and it wants the white keel-band of
albizonatus. The surface is densely punctulate or granulose, below
as well as above. This is the most strongly carinated of the chain of
white Ceylonese Amphidromes, which has its opposite extreme in the
rounded A. ceylanicus. Named for M. E. Simon, the araneologist,
who collected the types in 1892, while exploring Ceylon for spiders.
Fig. 17 is a copy of the type figure, representing a specimen from
Galle. Fig. 18 was drawn from a shell collected at Udagama by
Mr. Collett. It was one of these that I dissected.

A. PHYSALIS (Benson). PL 1, fig. 13.

Shell nearly covered perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, obliquely
striatulate, whitish, glossy ; spire conic, the apex obtuse, suture
lightly impressed. Whorls 5^, somewhat flattened above, the first
granulated, the rest decussated with minute spiral strias, last whorl a
little swollen, four-ninths the length of the shell, usually angulate at
the periphery. Aperture ample, oblique, truncate-pyriform ; peri-
stome expanded, the margins reflexed, joined by a thin callus ; colu-
mellar margin very broad above, appressed, obliquely lightly im-
pressed, nearly covering the narrow, pervious umbilicus. Length
27-28, diam. 16-17, aperture 14-16 mill. (Bens.)

Khoonda Ghat, Nilairi Hills (T. Jerdon), Wynaad (Stoliczka),
Southern India.

Bulimus physalis BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix, p. 328
(April, 1857) — PFR., Monogr. iv, 386. — HANL. & THEOB., Conch.
Ind., pi. 21, f. 9. — Amphidromus (Beddomea) physalis NEVILL, Hand
List Ind. Mus. i, p. 127. — Buliminus (Beddomea) physalis Bens.,
KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. i, 678, pi. 103, f. 1.

"Well distinguished from the Cingalese species, albizonatus Reeve,

AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. PSEUDOPARTULA. 9

ceylanicus and intermedius Pfr., by its more ventricose form, the
more ample aperture and the mode of sculpture. A perfect specimen
in the Museum of the India House, and a young one received from
Dr. Jerdon, have the periphery angulate ; whereas an adult specimen
communicated by Dr. Jerdon is deficient in this feature " (Bens.).

A. CALCADENSIS (< Beddome ' Blanford). PI. 1, figs. 19, 20.

Shell sinistral, nearly covered perforate, high trochiform, rather
solid, striatulate, whitish, covered with tawny cuticle (or yellowish,
perhaps variegated). Spire conic, the apex obtuse, suture impressed.
Whorls 5^, convex, regularly increasing, the last about three-sevenths
the total length, carinated, convex beneath, more swollen in front.
Aperture oblique, somewhat rhombic ; peristome not thickened, a
little expanded, the margins distant, connected by a thin callus, col-
umellar margin triangularly reflexed, nearly closing the perforation.
Length 23, diam. 17, aperture with peristome 11 mill, long, 8 wide
inside. (Blanf.)

Calcad Hills, Travancore (Beddome, Bourdillon.)

Bulimus calcadensis Beddome MS., W. T. BLANFORD, Journ.

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 18 (1870) PFR., Monogr. viii,

p. 65 — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 59, pi. 148, f. 2,
3. — Geotrochus calcadensis Bedd., THEOBALD, J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. 2,
p. 187, pi. 14, f. 7 (1876) — Buliminus (Beddomea) calcadensis W.
Blf., KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 681, pi. 103, f. 7, 8.

A single specimen, much weathered but perfect, was found by
Major Beddome. It is evidently a colored shell, but only traces of
the epidermis remained. It is allied to B. albizonatus Rv. and B.
intermedius Pfr., of Ceylon, but is sinistral and has a shorter, more
conical form." (Blanf.). A specimen collected by Mr. Bourdillon
(fig. 20) is "slightly smaller than the type, measuring, alt. 20, greater
diam, 14.8, lesser 12.8, aperture, alt. 11, width 8 mill." (Theob.*)

Subgenus'PsEUDOPARTULA Pfr., 1855.

Pseusopartula PFR., Mai. Blatt. ii, p. 162 (for B. galericulurn). —
Pseudopartula PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 365. — PILSBRY, Nautilus x,

1897, p. 109.— ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat. Marseille, Bull, i,

1898, p. 147. — Geotrochus MARTENS; Helix METCALFE ; Nanina
PFR. et al.; Dyakia KOBELT.

Shell sinistral, trochiform or depressed, of 5^ or 6 whorls, thin,

10 AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. PSEUDOPARTULA.

milky-subtranslucerit, the surface with fine spiral and growth striae,
apex smooth and obtuse ; aperture extremely oblique, with well
reflexed peristome. Mantle green ; the soft anatomy otherwise un-
known. Type Bulimus galericulum Mouss.

Distribution: Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Arboreal.

A small group of tree snails, by their form recalling Papuina or
Draparnandia, but in texture similar to Beddomea. As in the latter
group, the mantle shows green through the shell, evidently a protec-
tive coloration. The species composing the group were first associ-
ated by the writer in 1897. Prof, von Martens, as early as 1860,
grouped the Javan B. galericulum with the Ceylonese forms now
referred to Beddomea. There is evidently a close relationship be-
tween Pseudopartula and Beddomea; the former being distinguished
mainly by its non-punctate surface, more oblique aperture, and geo-
graphic distribution.

The name of the group, * false Fart u la,' was probably suggested by
Mousson's comparison of A. galericulum with that genus.

The siriistral coil of the whorls, though mentioned in the diagnosis
of the subgenus, is probably of minor significance. Calycia everetti
of Celebes seems to me to belong to this group rather than to Calycia.

Key to Species of Pseudopartula.

1. Shell acutely carinate, the outer angle of the aperture project-
ing in a " spout."

a. Heliciform, the diameter exceeding the alt. Borneo.

A. nasutus.

b. Trochoidal, the diameter less than the alt. Sumatra.

A. dohertyi.

2. Shell Bulimoid, the aperture rounded outwardly. Java.

A. galericulum.

A. GALERICULUM (Mousson). PI. 2, figs. 31, 32, 33.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, subangulose, thin, subdi-
aphanous, slightly glossy, delicately striated transversely and spirally.
Spire conic, the suture linear, summit ornamented with a black dot,
whorls 6, rather flat, the last two-fifths the length, inflated at the
colurnella; the keel becoming obsolete upon it. Aperture very
oblique, obliquely ovate at a tangent to the base ; columella short,
obliquely incurved ; peristome widely and flatly expanded, milk-white,

AMPHIDROMUS, S.-G. PS EUDOPARTULA. 11

conspicuously bordered inside by a blackish-brown band. Length
17, diam. 12 mill. (Mouss.).

Java: Pardana district (Zollinger).

Bulimus galericulum Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 34, pi. 3, f. 5 (1849).
— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 302. — Bulimus (Pseusopartula) galericulum
PFR., Mai. Blatt. ii, 1855, p. 162. — Helix (Geotrochus} galericulum
MARTENS, in Alb., Die Hel., p. 168, 169; Ostas. Landschn., p. 324.
Amphidromus^Beddomed) galericulum BOETTGER, Bericht. Senckenb.
Naturforsch. Ges., 1890, p. 146. — Pseudopartula galericulum, with
var. gedeana PILSP>RY, Nautilus x, p. 110 (Feb., 1897) — P. galeri-
culum, with var. fasciata and impunctata ANCEY, Ann. Mus. Hist.
Nat. de Marseille, ser. 2, Bull., i, p. 147 (1898).

The species was based upon a single specimen, described as imper-
forate, and having a dark apex and border within the lip. The
varieties impunctatus and fasciatus agree with Mousson's figures in
form, but var. gedeanus is more slender with a very convex base and
no peripheral angle.

Color- var. impunctatus Ancey. PI. 2, fig. 30. A little smaller,
with 5j whorls, the last somewhat more carinated ; perforate ; without
dark markings at apex and interior of the lip. Alt. 15, diam. 10^-
mill.

Color- var. fasciatus Ancey. ** Having a narrow dark band at the
middle of the last whorl. Western Java."

Var. gedeanus (< Bttg.' Pils.). PI. 2, fig. 29. Perforate ; more
elongated than the type, the peripheral angle wanting, base hanging
sack-like ; bluish-white, the lip and a sutural line opaque white ; no
dark markings. Alt. 19, diam. 11^ mill.

The base of the shell has a shape quite different from from that of
the type, or the color-variety impunctatus. The form mentioned by
Boettger as collected by Dr. Ad. Strubell at Gunung Salak probably
was this variety. It measured, alt. 18^, diam. 11^ mill.

A DOHERTYI (Aldrich). PI. 2, figs. 34, 35.

Shell sinistral, perforate, thin, pyramidal-trochiform, bluish-white,
somewhat glossy, with irregular growth-striae and fine, weak spiral
impressed lines. Spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse ; whorls 6, several
earlier convex, the rest nearly flat, separated by narrowly white-
edged sutures, the last whorl acutely keeled at the periphery, nearly
flat below. Aperture extremely oblique, pyriform, the outer angle

12 AMPHIDROMUS AND DRAPARNAUDIA.

produced in a shallow, slightly recurved spout situated mainly below
the termination of the carina ; upper and basal margins reflexed.
Alt. 20, diam. 15 mm.

Sumatra : Marang, on the southwestern coast (W. Doherty).

Nanina (Ariophanta) dohertyi ALDRICH, Nautilus vi, p. 90 (De-
cember, 1892), pi. ii, f. 1, 2. — Pseudopartula dohertyi PILS., Nautilus
x, p. 110 (Feb., 1897).

Arboreal, and when alive of a green color, from the hue of the
mantle showing through the translucent shell. It is much more
elevated than the allied A. nasutus.

A. NASUTUS (Metcalfe). Vol. II, pi. 3, fig. 42.

Shell subdiscoidal, sinistral, carinate, narrowly perforate, very
thin, decussated by very fine spiral and growth lines ; pellucid, hya-
line, ornamented with a narrow pale brown line at the carina ; spire
somewhat conic, whorls 5J, flattened, the last one very acutely cari-
nate, glossy beneath. Aperture subrhomboidal, much produced at
the outer angle ; peristome simple, thin, the upper margin scarcely
reflexed, basal margin more reflexed in front, nearly covering the
umbilicus. Length 1.4, width 1.1, alt. 0.5 inch (Metcalfe).

Borneo (Rajah Brooke, Wallace); Baram (Kiikenthal).

Helix nasuta METC., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 70. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
f. 1031. — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 203. — Nanina (Ariophanta) nasuta
PFR. & CLESS., Nomenclator Hel. Viv., p. 56. — TRYON, Man.
Conch. (2), ii, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 42. — Ryssotaf nasuta WALLACE & H.
ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 407. — Nanina nasutus MARTENS, Ostas.
Zool., Landschn., p. 224. — Dyakia nasuta KOBELT, Abhandl. Senck.
Ges. xxiv, p. 53.

" Covered with a thin epidermis of a pale straw color, under which
the shell is milky white."

Kobelt describes a specimen from Baram, collected by Kiikenthal,
decidedly smaller than the type, measuring, alt. 12, diam. 31 mill.
The color is very pale corneous-green.

Genus DRAPARNAUDIA Montrouzier, 1859.

Draparnaudia MONTR., Journ. de Conchyl. vii, p. 288 (1859), for
D. michaudi Montr., = B. sinistrorsus Desh — PILSBRY, Nautilus
x, p. 110 (Feb., 1897) ANCEY, Nautilus xi, p. 27; Ann. Mus.

DRAPARNAUDIA. 13

d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Bull, i, p. 147 (1898) Pseudopartula sp.,

CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1894, p. 246.

Shell small, sinistral, perforate, turbinate-conic, covered with a
yellow or brown cuticle. Whorls 5J-7, convex, very obliquely
striated. Aperture very oblique, truncate-oval, the peristome ex-
panded or simple, columellar margin broadly dilated and built for-
ward, columella simply concave. Type D. sinistrorsa (Dh.).

Jaw (pi. 3, fig. 15) arcuate with a slight median projection below,
and apparently smooth or vertically striate. Radula with the central
tooth unicuspid, the cusp shorter than the basal plate ; laterals with
similar mesocone and an ectocone developed ; marginal teeth oblique,
quadricuspid by deep splitting of the meso- and ecto-cones (pi. 3,
fig. 14).

Genitalia (pi. 3, fig. 12) of epiphallogonous type, a stout epiphallus
as long as the penis being inserted near the distal end of the latter.
Vas deferens terminal on the epiphallus, the flagellum apparently
wanting. Spermatheca ovate, on a moderately long duct, which is
swollen below. Sometimes the duct is stouter, as in detail figure lo
the left. The vagina is short.

Distribution, New Caledonian and New Hebrides groups. Liv-
ing on the ground.

The genus is named in honor of the great French conchologist
Jacques Draparnaud, 1772-1804. It was introduced by Montrouzier
in an unsatisfactory manner, but since there is no conflicting name,
that given by the noble French missionary and naturalist will stand-

The anatomy of D. lifuana has been investigated by Messrs. Wm.
Moss and W. M. Webb (1897), from whose article the anatomical
details given above are derived. It is clear that the group belongs
to the sub-family Camcenince, (epiphallogona) of the Helicidce, having
the characteristic genital system of that division. The flagellum is
apparently atrophied, as in Cristigibba and some species of Papuina.

Draparnaudia has no especially close relations with Amphidromus
and its subgenera, but stands nearer Papuina perhaps than to any
other genus; the different texture of the shell being correlated with
terrestrial habits, while Papuina is arboreal. The inter-relations of
the genera of epiphallogonous Helicida, however, have not yet been
worked out, though valuable material has been accumulated by
Wiegmann, Hedley and others, since the publication of my " Guide
to the Helices."

14 DRAPARNADDIA.

Key to Species of Draparnaudia.

a. Last whorl acutely carinate, at least in front, singularis^. 14.
a.1 Last whorl rounded, or at most bluntly angular in front.

b. Whorls 5J, the last depressed; aperture rounded oval ;
alt. 4-5 mill. turgidula, p. 16.

b.1 Whorls 6^-7 ; size larger.

c. Last whorl depressed, expanding toward the aper-
ture ; peristome thin, well expanded; diam. about
four-fifths the alt. sinistrorsa, p. 15.

c.1 Last whorl rounded or somewhat flattened peripher-
ally, not dilated toward the aperture.

d. Pointed-ovate, dark brown, the diam. two-
thirds the alt.; umbilicus narrow ; lip
narrowly expanded and thickened.

crossei, p. 17.

rf.1 Short and stout, the lip not expanded or
thickened ; diam. three-fourths the alt.

lifuana, p. 17.
D. SINGULARS (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, fig. 1.

Shell sinistral, openly umbilicate, trochiform, yellowish- chestnut
colored. Surface rather glossy, sculptured with rather coarse, very
oblique wrinkles of growth, and fine spiral lines on the base. Spire
conic with noticeably concave lateral outlines. Whorls 6J, the last
depressed, acutely carinated at the periphery, the keel usually serrated
a little ; suture descending a little below the keel in front. Aperture
extremely oblique ; peristome well expanded, white, the upper mar-
gin arched, basal more or less straightened.

Alt. 10, diam. 9.4; longest axis of aperture 6.5, width 4.5 mill.
(Kanala).

Alt. 8.5, diam. 7.5 mill. (Prony Bay).

New Caledonia: Isle of Pines (Lambert); Prony Bay (Brazier);

Kanala (Dupuy). New Hebrides : Aneiteum (Macgillivray, Layard).

Helix singularis PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 290; Mai. Blatt. 1855,

p. 145; Monogr. iv, p. 255 — Pseiidopartula singularis CROSSE,

Journ. de Conchyl. 1894, p. 248 Draparnaudia singularis ANCEY,

Nautilus, July, 1897, p. 27; Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat. Marseille,
Bull., i, p. 147 (1898), with var. major Anc. — Balimus sinistrorsus
var. carinatits, magis striatus, GASSIES, Faune Conch. N.-Caled, ii,
p. 92 (1871).

DRAPARNAUDIA. 15

Allied to D. sinistrorsa, but differing in the acute peripheral keel,
flatter base with more distinct spiral lines, and uniform darker color.
It has about a half whorl less than sinistrorsa, and the spire is a little
more slender above.

It was originally described from Aneiteum, New Hebrides, the
type measuring alt. 7, greater diam. 9, lesser 7 mill. Pfeiffer meas-
ured the axis of the shell, not to the base of the lip ; so that his type
was about equal in size to the average New Caledonian specimens.
Reeve's figures confirm the proportions, though being enlarged, not
the size, of the typical singularis. A shell before me from the New
Hebrides, probably from Cuming, measures alt. 9, diam. 8.3 mill.
It is light brown, paler than New Caledonian shells, but perhaps
faded. Mr. Ancey (Nautilus 1897, p. 27) mentions specimens from
Aneiteum, received from E. L. Layard, "much smaller than any I
ever saw from New Caledonia ;" and in a later paper he gives the
New Caledonian shells the name " var. major" (without descrip-
tion). It is evident, however, that the facts do not support such
separation.

D. SINISTRORSA (Deshaycs). PI. 3, figs. 2, 3.

Shell sinistral, openly umbilicate, turbinate-conic, straw-yellow.
Surface somewhat glossy, sculptured with fine and very oblique
growth-wrinkles. Spire conic, the lateral outlines straight (or
slightly concave above); whorls 7, moderately convex, closely coiled,
the last whorl depressed, rapidly expanding near the aperture (especi-
ally noticeable in a view from above), rounded at the periphery and
beneath, perforated by a deeply penetrating, comma-shaped umbilicus.
Aperture extremely oblique, truncate oblong ; the peristome white,
well expanded, upper margin evenly arched, basal-columellar margin
straight, parietal callus transparent but rather heavy.

Alt. 9.4, diam. 8.3 mill.; longest axis of aperture 5.8, width 4.3
mill.

Alt. 10, diam. 8.5 mill.; longest axis of aperture 6, width 4.4 mill.

New Caledonia: hie of Pines (Lambert); Mount Mou (Marie);
also Ouvei and Mm 6. Loyalty Is.

Bulimus sinistrorsus DESH., in Fer., Histoire ii, p. 24, pi. 161, f.
19-21 (1840).— GASSIES, Faune Conch. N.-Caled. i, p. 51, pi. 2, f.
3 (1863). — PFR., Monogr. iii, |>. 322 — Helix sinistrorsa PI-R.,
Monogr. iv, 260 ; v, 337, 502. — Draparnaudia micliaudi MONTROU-

16 DRAPARNAUDIA.

ZIEU MS., Journ. de Conchy), vii, 1859, p. 288. — Bulimus sinistror-
sus var. B, castaneo fasciatus MONTR., J. de C. vii, 1859, p. 287, pi.
8, f. 3 — B. s. var. castaneo zonulatus, and var. albido zonulatus G AS-
SIES, Faune Conch. N.-Caled. ii, p. 92, 188 Pseud op artula sinis-

trorsa, with var. castaneo- fasciatus and albido zonulata CROSSE, J. de
C., 1894, p. 246, 247.

Deshayes' single specimen had lost the early whorls, and in restor-
ing them in his figures he makes the spire somewhat too high. The
coloration, " albida sub epidermide lutescente," the depressed last
whorl, " ultimus depressus," as well as the rapid expansion of the
latter, as shown in his figure 20, and the form of the mouth, all indi-
cate unmistakably that Montrouzier and Gassies correctly identified
the shell.

B. sinistrorsus is said to occur fossil on the Isle of Pines and
Koutoumo islet ; but Gassies included ff. singularis Pfr. as a variety
of sinistrorsus, so the occurrence of the true sinistrorsa on the Isle of
Pines requires confirmation.

Var. CASTANEOFASCIATA (Montrouzier). PI. 3, fig. 4.

Decidedly larger than sinistrorsa, with the same form and number
of whorls ; gray-buff with a broad chestnut band at the periphery,
often faint, and fading at its edges into the ground-color ; spire red-
dish above; parietal callus thin. Alt. 12-14, diam. 11 ; long axis
of aperture 8.5, width 6 mill. Art Island (Gassies).

Var. albidozonulata Gassies has been defined by the name, "whit-
ish zoned," only ; and is said by Gassies to agree with the typical
form in contour. It is from Mare, Loyalty Is.

Just what form occurs on Ouvea Island is not known to me. The
supposed B. sinistrorsus from Lifu is D. lifuana.

D. TURGIDDLA (Gassies). PI. 3, figs. 5, 6.

Shell sinistral, openly umbilicate, turbinate-conic, thin, light
brown. Surface somewhat glossy, coarsely wrinkle-striate. Spire
conic, the outlines slightly concave ; whorls 5J, strongly convex, the
last depressed, rounded at the periphery. Aperture rounded-oval,
oblique, the peristome slightly expanded, both outer and columellar
margins arcuate, the latter dilated, the ends approaching and con-
nected by a thin callus.

Alt. 5, diam. 3.5, length of aperture 2, width 2 mill. (Gassies).

DRAPARNAUPIA. 17

Alt. 4,3, diam. 3.5, longest axis of aperture 2, width 1.7 mill.

New Caledonian group: Nou Island (Lambert); Noumea (Dupuy).

Bulimus turgidulus GASSIES, Faune Conch. N.-Caled. ii, p. 188
(1871); Journ. de Conchyl. xxi, p. 49, pi. 2, f. 4 (1873).— Helix
turgidula Gass., PFR., Monogr, vii, p. 388. — Pseudopartula turgi-
dula Gass., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1894, p. 248. — Draparnaudia
turgidula Gass., ANCEY, 1. c.

A miniature D. sinistrorsa, but having the umbilicus more open,
the aperture more nearly round, with less expanded peristome, the
whorls rather more convex and fewer by one and a half. The speci-
mens from Noumea are a little smaller than those from Nou Island.

D. CROSSEI Pilsbry, n, sp. PI. 3, figs. 10, 11.

Shell sinistral, umbilicate, turbinate-pyramidal, rather solid, chest-
nut brown, whitish at the apex. Surface somewhat glossy, sculptured
with irregular growth-wrinkles. Spire high-conic, the lateral out-
lines straight or a little concave near the apex. Whorls 6|, some-
what convex, the last convex or a little flattened at the periphery,
not angular, and but little expanded toward the aperture ; base con-
vex ; umbilicus narrow. Aperture very oblique, dark brown or
purple-brown within ; peristome white or nearly so, thickened within
and on the face, very narrowly expanded; outer lip arcuate, especially
near the upper insertion ; baso-columellar lip straightened and dilated
above ; both margins thickened at their insertions and connected by
a rather strong but transparent parietal callus.

Alt. 11.5, diam. 7.6, longest axis of aperture 6, width 4.5 mill.

New Caledonia (E. Marie).

This species stands between D. sinistrorsa and D. lifuana. The
former is much more openly umbilicate, the last whorl is more de-
pressed, much more expanded towards the aperture, the peristome is
not so thickened, and the color is much lighter. Compared with D.
lifuana, the present species is more elongate, darker, and has a
narrowly expanded, thickened peristome. Four specimens, essenti-
ally alike, are before me.

D. LIFUANA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 3, figs. 7, 8, 9, 12-15.

Shell sinistral, perforate and rimate, turbinate, " uniform grayish
fulvous, buff-tinted toward the apex," or dirly white with yellowish
spire. Surface dull, with irregular growth-wrinkles, stronger at the

18 DOLICHEULOTA.

sutures. Spire conic, the sides slightly concave, whorls 6^, convex
the last globose-depressed, swollen above and below, a little flattened
peripherally, somewhat descending in front. Aperture oblique^
round-oval, chestnut-brown within ; peristome white, the outer lip
not expanded, strongly arcuate above ; columellar lip less arcuate,
dilated, the ends approaching, connected by a moderate callus.

Alt. 8, diam. 6; length of aperture 3.5, width 3 mill. (Gassies).

Alt. 8, diam. 6.2 ; longest axis of aperture 4.2, width 3.4 mill,
(specimen). Loyalty Is.: Lifu (De'planches, Hadfield).

Bulimus theobaldianus GASS., Journ. de Conchyl. xviii, p. 143, pi.
3, f. 9 (Jan., 1870); Faune Conch. N.-Cale'd. ii, p. 93, pi. 3, f. 8
(1871). — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 96. — Buliminus (Chondrula} theo-
baldiana PFR. & CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. 1878, p. 296, no. 668.
Pseudopartula theobaldiana Gass., CROSSE, Journ de Conchyl. 1894,
p. 248. — Drapamaudia theobaldina Gass., ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d'Hist.
Nat. Marseille, Bull, i, p. 147 (1898). — Bulimus sinistrorsus Moss
& WEBB, Journ. of Malacol. vi, p. 1, pi. 1, f. 1 (shell), 2-6 (anatomy).
Helix ( Geotrochus} sinistrorsa Desh., MELVILL and STANDEN, Journ.
of Conch., viii, p. 87, 1895. Not Bulimus theobaldianus Benson,
1857, see Manual, vol. xiii, p. 180.

The unexpanded lip, and short, stout contour readily distinguish
this from other species. The umbilicus is more compressed than in
D. sinistrorsus and the last whorl much less depressed, and not ex-
panded at the aperture. The name theobaldianus was for the Mar-
quis Theobald de Puifferrat, a friend of M. Gassies. There was
unfortunately a prior B. theobaldianus of Benson, necessitating a
change of the name of the present species. The type of I). lifuanct
(figs. 8, 9) is in the collection of the Academy.

Genus EULOTA Hartmann.
Eulota Hartm., PILSBRY, Man. Conch, ix, p. 200.

Subgenus DOLICHEULOTA Pilsbry, 1901.

Shell umbilicate, solid, Bulimus shaped, having the sculpture and
color-pattern of Euhadra. Aperture ovate, longer than wide, the
peristome reflexed. Type Bulimus formosensis H. Ad.

The soft anatomy is unknown, but I venture to predict that it will
be found to agree essentially with Euhadra. Those who give generic
rank to the numerous groups I have subordinated to Eulota will

DOLICHEULOTA. 19

naturally treat the presertt one as a genus. Whether such minute
subdivision of all Helicid genera as some authors advocate will
eventually win general acceptance is still uncertain, but in my
opinion over-division of genera defeats the end of nom nclature,
losing sight of the characters of real importance.

My opinion of the position of this group is based upon the sculp-
ture and system of coloration of the shells. The species have hitherto
been placed in Bulimus (Pfeiffer), Amphidromus (Kobelt, von Moel-
lendorff et «/.), and Cochlostyla (Paetel).

D. SWINHOEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 2, figs. 24,25.

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather thin, obliquely striatulate,
decussated by very close spiral striae ; tawny, irregularly ornamented
with brown and blackish streaks. Spire convexly conic, pale
above, the apex acute, whorls 6^, a little convex, the last shorter
than the spire, rounded beneath. Aperture a little oblique, truncate-
oval, bluish-pearly within ; peristome simple, thin, the right margin
narrowly expanded, the columellar margin broadly reflexed, over-
hanging the umbilicus. Length 35, diam. 20 mill.; aperture 18 mill,
long, 11 wide (Pfr.).

Formosa (Swinhoe ; type in Cuming coll.).

Bulimus swinhoei PFR., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 830, pi. 46, f. 2, 2a ;
Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 42 ; Monogr. vi, p. 56 ; viii, p. 69. — Am-
phidromus swinhoei MLLDFF., Jahrb. xi, 1884, p. 163.

I have seen a single dead and bleached specimen of this species,
collected by Prof. Steere. It differs from D. formosensis chiefly in
the thin, much less developed lip. The name is preoccupied in
Euhadra; and if Dolicheulota really proves to have the anatomy of
that group, as I believe, the present species will require a new name.
I would suggest E. swinhoeana.

D. FORMOSENSIS (H. Adams). PI. 2, figs. 26, 27, 28.

Shell umbilicate, oblong-conic, solid, covered with an olivaceous
brown cuticle, which is variegated by some light flames or spots, and
rather indistinct spiral bands ; usually denuded toward the apex,
where the whorls are brown above, whitish below. Surface some-
what shining, with irregular growth-wrinkles and fine, close, clearly-
engraved spiral striae, sometimes subobsolete on the last whorl. Spire
conic, with more or less convex lateral outlines. Whorls 7-7-J,

20 CALYCIA.

slightly COHTCX, the last convex at periphery and beneath, scarcely
descending in front. Aperture but slightly oblique, ovate, bluish-
white within ; peristome lead-colored with brown edge, broadly re-
flexed below, narrowly above; the columella vertical and straight
above, its margin widely reflexed.

Length 55, diam. 25 mill. (ff. Ad.).

Length 58, diam. 28 ; longest axis of aperture 27^ mill.

Length 43, diam. 23; longest axis of aperture 21 mill.

Length 47-50, diam. 23^ mill. (Sckmacker').

Formosa: Tamsui Mis. (Swinhoe); Bankimtsong, east of Takow
(Schmacker); Lalculi Mts. in southern Formosa (Fries).

Bulimus (Amphidromus) formosensis H. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1866,
p. 317, pi. 33, f. 5 — PFR., Monogr. viii. p. 39. — CochJostyla (Ohry-
sallis) formosensis PAETEL, Catal., p. 97. — Amphidromus formosensis
KOBELT, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. vi, 1879, p. 213. — MLLDFF., Jahrb. xi,

1884, p. 162; also cf. Bericht Senckcnb. Ges. 1893, p. 99

SCHMACKER & BOETTGER, Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. xxiii, p. 195,
1891.

An extremely variable species in size and markings. The light
streaks, as usual in Euhadra, most frequently arise at the suture.
Sometimes they may be entirely absent ; while uniform yellow speci-
mens have been recorded by Schmacker. The spiral dark and light
bands are equally variable. In several shells before me the whole
base is darker than the upper surface, but one or two creamy lines
define bands in the dark surface below the periphery. Fig. 26 is a
copy of the original illustration.

The name is pre-occupied in Eulota ; and if on examination of the
anatomy a new one is needed, this species may be called E. elongata.

A third species of this group is indicated by a poor dead specimen
collected at Kankow, Formosa, by Mr. Schmacker's Japanese col-
lector, and has been noticed by him as "Amphidromus spec."
(Nachrbl. 1891, 165). It resembles swinhoei in size and form, has
spiral lines and three dark bands. On account of the ill-preservation
of the specimen, no further description has been published.

Genus CALYCIA H. Adams, 1865.

Calycia H. AD., P. Z. S., 1865, p. 413.

Shell ovate-conic, thin, perforate or closed, pellucid-whitish, spirally
sculptured, the aperture oblique, trapezoidal-ovate, peristome simple

CALTCIA. 21

and unexpanded, columellar margin narrowly reflexed above. Man-
tle blue ; foot very broad, apparently having pedal grooves. Jaw
(pi. 4, fig. 25) extremely thin, with two weakly indicated ribs in the
middle, and a median projection on the concave margin. Radula
(pi. 4, figs. 22, 23, 24) with rows of teeth meeting at an angle in the
middle ; central tooth tricuspid, very narrow, with a long basal plate;
side teeth with two cusps, even to the extreme marginals (fig. 24) ;
the cusps of all the teeth broad and rounded. Genitalia (pi. 4, fig.
26) with the penis swollen in the middle and distally, where a short
epiphallus is inserted ; no flagellum. Duct of the spermatheca ex-
tremely short, entering low, close to the atrium ; other female organs
as usual.

Type, C. crystallina. Distribution, New Guinea, and some adja-
cent, faunally similar, islands. The species are arboreal.

The anatomy of C. crystallina, investigated by Mr. G. Schacko,
shows this genus to belong to the Zonitidce. The foot has grooves
above its lateral margins, so far as one can judge from the published
figure; but Schacko unfortunately fails to mention the structure of
the foot-edge. The dentition seems to be essentially Zonitoid, but
with the cusps of the teeth broadened, as in arboreal snails generally.

C. CRYSTALLINA (Reeve). PI. 4, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin, striate, decussated by close
spiral sulci ; pellucid, glassy-whitish ; spire conic, obtuse. Whorls
5^, nearly flat, the last a little longer than the spire, more convex,
obtusely carinated below the middle. Columella somewhat straight-
ened, brownish, a little reflexed above. Aperture oblique, subtetra-
gonal-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded.

Length 50, diam. 29 mill.; aperture 30 mill, long, 19 wide (Pfr.).

New Guinea : Port Dorey (Ratfray) ; Maccluer Gulf (Gazelle
Exped.); Sorong Island (L. M. D'Albertis); Waighiu (Wallace).

Bulimus crystallinus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 32, f. 194 (July,
1848). — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 389 ; iv, 451 ; vi, 90, Orthalicus crys-
tallinus H. & A. AD., Genera, ii, p. 154. — Limicolaria crystallina
SHUTTL., Notitise Malacol. i, p. 54. — Calycia crystallina H. ADAMS,

in Wallace, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 412 TAPPARONE-CANEFRI, Annali

Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 100, fig. «; xx, p. 145. — MARTENS, Con-
chol. Mittheil. ii, p. 13; Archiv f. Naturg., 1897, p. 43, pi. 9, f. 4
(shell), f. 1-3, a, b, c, K (soft anatomy, by G. Schacko) ; with var.
gracilior^ t. c., p. 44.

22 CALYCIA.

Fig. 16 is a copy of Reeve's type figure ; fig. 18 from Tapparone-
Canefri, and fig. 17 after von Martens, from a small specimen from
Maccluer Gulf.

Wallace found it u on tree trunks, the animal green," on Waighiu
island. Sohacko, who investigated dried specimens, states that the
mantle is light blue, columellar margin blue-reddish, the foot yellow
and brown. The radula has the formula 350.1.350, with 174 rows
of teeth.

A specimen of C. crystallina has been leported from the Moluccas
by Tapperone Canefri, on the authority of L. M. D'Albertis. It
may have been carried there by natives, whose trading journeys
cover this whole region.

Var. gracilior Martens. Shell imperforate, oblong-conoid, the
spiral sulci less close and a little stronger, angle of the last whorl
almost wanting, columellar margin white, flatly appressed. Length
45, diam. 27, length of aperture 27, width 17 mill. (Martens).

Sekar, New Guinea (Ribbe).

C. ISSELLIANA Tapparone Canefri. PI. 4, figs. 19, 20.

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, longitudinally striate,
decussated by numerous and irregular impressed spiral sulci, glassy-
white, the sulci opaque, milk-white. Spire conic, the apex densely
punctate, rather obtuse. Whorls 5^, subconvex, separated by a deep
suture, the last whorl large, exceeding the height of the spire, a little
constricted a short distance below the suture, and very obtusely, very
obsoletely subangular below the middle. Aperture oblique, oval,
indistinctly quadrangular ; columella narrow, brownish, reflexed
above; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 42, diam. 28 mill.
(T. C.)*

New Guinea: Katow River, on the south coast (D'Albertis).

Calycia isselliana T. C., Annali Mus. Civ. di Genova, xix, p. 101,
f. ft, c (1883) — HEDLEY, P. L. S., N. S. W. (2), vi, p. 97.

Differs from C. crystallina in the less elongate form, fewer and
opaque white spiral sulci, more convex whorls and deeper suture.

C. EVERETTI Smith. PI. 4, fig. 21.

Shell ovate-conic, angulate at the periphery, narrowly perforate ;
pellucid white, covered with a glossy greenish cuticle ; spire conic,
papillose at the apex ; whorls 5|, rapidly increasing, the earlier 2 or

BOCOURTIA. 23

3 convex, the rest rather flat, with a narrow white line bordering the
suture below; obliquely striate and sculptured with obsolete, spiral,
impressed lines ; the last whorl large, obtusely angular in the middle,
malleate or corrugated, and obliquely striate. Aperture inverted
ear-shaped, colored like the outside, and two-thirds the length of the
shell ; peristome white, hardly thickened, lightly expanded, the col-
umellar margin narrowly reflexed over the perforation.

Length 26, diam. 20 mill.; aperture 16 mill, long, 11.5 wide.
(Smith.*)

Celebes : Bonthain Peak, in the S. peninsula, at 4000 ft. (A.
Everett).

Calycia everetti E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, p. 98,
pi. 7, f. 23 (July, 1896).

4' This species is very peculiar, and does not suggest a comparison
with any other known form. It hardly agrees with the genus Calycia
in the expanded character of the peristome, but it appears to approach
that group more closely than any other." (Smith.)

I have not seen this species, but from the form of the columella
and lip, convex early whorls, and greenish cuticle, it seems to belong
to the Beddomea or Pseudopartula stock, rather than to Calycia. I
do not feel justified, however, in changing the generic position as-
signed by the sagacious author of the species, without myself seeing
the shell ; especially as the specific name is pre-occupied in Amphi-
dromus (A. everetti Fult., Jan., 1896).

Genus BOCOURTIA Rochebrune, 1882.

Bocourtia ROCHKBR., Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de
Paris (7), xvi, 1881-2, p. 117.

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, sulcate ; whorls subventricose,
covered with a tawny epidermis ; columella subcallous, curved ; aper-
ture ovate elliptical, the lip unexpanded, simple. (Rochebr.}

These shells are said by M. Rochebrune to be the exact but exag-
gerated counterpart of Limncea palustris, from which they differ
anatomically, though no details of this are given. The genus, if such
it be, is unknown to other authors ; and is inserted here merely to
complete the account of oriental Bulimi. Rochebrune does not state
whether the mollusk is aquatic or terrestrial, but the latter would be
implied.

B. LYMN^EFORMIS Rochebrune. Shell imperforate, ovate-elliptical,

24 ODONTOSTOMIN^E.

solid ; violaceous whitish ornamented with brown flames under an
evanescent fulvous cuticle; longitudinally sulcate. Spire pyramidal,
ovate, the apex subacute, suture deeply undulated. Whorls 6, sub-
ventricose, the last more than half the shell's length, compressed at
the base. Aperture vertical, elliptical ; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the columellar margin reflexed ; columella thick, subarcuate.

Length 44, diam. 18 mill. (Rochebr., t. c., p. 118).

Bangkok (M. Bocourt).

B. FASCIATA Rochebrune. Shell imperforate, ovate, subsolid,
brown under a chestnut epidermis ; spire short, acute, suture deep ;
whorls 6, longitudinally lamellose, the last ventricose, encircled by a
wide white band, exceeding two-thirds the length of the shell, com-
pressed at base. Aperture elongate ; peristome simple, subarcuate ;
columellar margin reflexed ; columella straight. Length 22, diam.
14 mill. (Rochebr., 1. c.). Bangkok (M. Bocourt).

The types of both species are in the Paris Museum. Neither has
been figured.

Part II. — AMERICAN

Sub-family ODONTOSTOMIN^E.

Bulimulidce in which the aperture is obstructed by internal lamellae,
folds or teeth (rarely absent by degeneration); the base is perforate
or has an umbilical suture ; and the genitalia are extremely length-
ened. Jaw either plaited or solid.

Though difficult of diagnosis, this sub-family is clearly a natural
group of genera, confined to South America east of the Andes, and
with the exception of one or two species, south of the Amazon. That
the whole series had its inception in a form in which the character-
istic apertural teeth had already been developed, is demonstrated by
the fact that these lamellae and folds are clearly homologous through-
out the species of the several genera. That any such exact corres-
pondence could be due to independent acquisition of these structures
is almost incredible. It follows from this that the toothless forms,
such as Moricandia, are secondarily so, by degeneration of the teeth
of their ancestors. Many species show the various stages of tooth -
degeneration.

These genera have been placed by Dr. Paul Fischer in the family
Pupidce ; but their position in the Bulimulidtf is unmistakably indi-
cated by the exceedingly short kidney, hardly longer than the peri-

ODONTOSTOMIN^. 25

cardium, while in Pupidce the kidney is very long; and by the ab.
sence of accessory organs upon the penis, such as are general if not
universal in the true Pupidce, as well as in some related families.

Material for any adequate consideration of the soft anatomy of the
Odontostomince is not available ; but there exist some data upon
Anostoma rwgens, (dissected by Fischer), Macrodontes odontostomus
and Odontostomus (Spixia) punctatissimus (dissected by myself from
specimens supplied by Dr. von Ihering), and upon Plagiodontes (ex-
amined by Dr. A. Doering).

The jaw, though rather thin, is of the smooth type in Anostoma
(pi. 5, f. 32, 33) and Macrodontes (fig. 37). In Odontostomus, sub-
genera Spixia (pi. 5, fig. 30) and Plagiodontes, it is plaited, with
shortly free, over-lapping edges, as in Bulimulus.

The dentition is that of ground snails. It Anostoma (pi. 5, fig. 39)
and Macrodontes (fig. 38) the central and lateral teeth have no side
cusps, the marginals have an ectocone developed ; the basal-plate
being short in the former genus, long in the latter. In Odontos-
tomus punctatissimus (pi. 5, fig. 31) ectocones are developed on all
teeth, and split on the marginals. The enlarged mesocones sug-
gest partially arboreal habits in this species; but they are not so
enlarged in 0. {Plagiodontes) dentatus. The dentition and jaw of
Anostoma and Macrodontes are rather aberrant fcr this family, but in
Odontostomus these organs are normal.

The free muscles are similar in Macrodontes, Bulimulus (pallidior)
and Oxystyla ; the right and left ocular and pedal retractor and the
columellar muscle (tail retractor) being free to their common prox-
imal insertion, while the buccal retractor is united with the left
ocular for an extremely short distance.

The pallial organs have been examined in Macrodontes and
Odontostomus only. In both, the exceedingly short, triangular kid-
ney is like that of Bulimulus, Oxystyla, etc.; and as in other groups
of land snails, the length of the kidney hears no constant relation to
that of the lung, but should be compared with the length of the
pericardium. The secondary ureter seems to be closed in 0. punc-
tatissimus, but open and merely a slightly differentiated band in
Macrodontes. In 0. punctatissimus (pi. 15, fig. 26, kidney at k) the
lung is exceedingly long and narrow, even more so than usual in
Oyxstyla and Bulimulus; there is but one pulmonary vein, or if
others are present they are minute, the cardiac side of the lung having

26 ODONTOSTOMIN^E.

no large vessels, coarse reticulation being confined to the two ends
of the lung, (fine transverse venation of the intermediate space being
omitted in the figure). In Macrodontes (pi. 15, fig. 29), the lung is
short, a modification correlated with the reduced number of whorls
of the shell. There is a strong secondary pulmonary vein, and a
small tertiary, the cardiac side of the lung having a strong, branch-
ing venation, while on the intestinal side the venation is fine, close
and mainly transverse. The pattern of lung venation in Macro-
dontes is unusual, and I have seen nothing like it elsewhere in the
Bvlimulidce. It reminds me of Strophocheilus and the Acavidce.

The genitalia are exceedingly lengthened in Odontostomus and
Anostoma, much less so in Macrodontes. There are no accessories,
the whole apparatus being Bulimuline.

Shell. The heliciform groups of Butimulince, such as Platybostryx
and Oxychona, prepare us for shortened shell-contours in the Odont-
ostomince. In Tomigerus the modification is not great ; but Anos-
toma presents a form so bizarre that in the total absence of informa-
tion upon its life history, no useful theory can be formulated to
account for its peculiarities.

The apical sculpture in Odontostommce varies within the same wide
limits observed in Bulimulince, and presents nearly identical patterns.
In Anostoma, Tomigerus and Anctus the apex is smooth, as in the
Bostryx type of Bulimulina. In Macrodontes (pi. 15, fig. 30) it is
spirally lirate. In Odontostomus, including the sections Moricandia,
Bahiensis (pi. 15, f. 31) and Cyclodontina, it is like that of Dry-
maus. In Hyperaidax and 0. (Plagiodontes) dentatus (pi. 15, f. 25)
the apex has waved wrinkles as in typical Bulimulus, while in
Spixia (pi. 15, fig. 34) and the other species of Plagiodontes (pi. 15,
fig. 32) there are straight riblets like those of Orthotomium, Nasiotus.
etc. There is an incomplete transition from the Drymcsus type to
the Spixia type by the growing predominance of vertical, with
gradual loss of spiral sculpture, exemplified in some species.

The teeth obstructing the apertures of the Odontosto mines are far
more stable in position and arrangement than would be thought on
first inspection. They may most readily be described by use of the
terminology of the similar teeth of Pupida,

Lamella on the parietal wall: Angular, parietal and infraparietal
lamellae.

Lamella on the columellar margin: Supracolumellar, columellar
and sub-columellar lamellae ; basal fold.

ODONTOSTOMINyE.

27

Folds within the outer lip: Stitural, suprapalatal, upper palatal and
lower palatal folds.

In Tomigerus (fig. 4) and Anostoma (fig. 3), the primitive con-

•L?

FIG. 3.

FIG. 4.

FIG. 5.

Fig. 1, Odontostomus (Cyclodontina) pupoides. Fig. 2, O. (Plagiodontes) den-
tatus. Fig. 3, Anostoma. Fig. 4, Tomigerus turbi'natus. Fig. 5, Macrodontex
odontostomus. A, angular lamella; Ac, infrapalatal fold ; J5, basal fold ; C, colu-
mellar lamella; Of, fold of the columella; JTP, infraparietal lamella; Z/P, lower
palatal fold; P, parietal lamella; SC (in Fig. 5), subcolumellar lamella (in Fig. 4),
supracolnmellar lamella; SP, suprapalatal fold; Sut., sutural fold; UP, upper
palatal fold.

dition of the parietal armature remains, the angular, parietal and
infraparietal lamella being all present and separate. In Hyperaulax
ramagei the parietal lamella is absent, the other two remaining.

28 ODONTOSTOMIN^E.

Finally, Plagiodontes (fig. 2) has the three parietal lamellae united
into a single compound tooth, though the original elements are separate
at a certain stage of growth, as shown in pi. 15, fig. 33. In Anos-
toma the pai-ietal lamella is the longest and most deeply entering •
in the other groups mentioned the infraparietal is longest.

In other groups of the sub-family, only a single lamella, which
seems to be the parietal, stands upon the parietal wall, with the ex-
ception of a form of Odontostomui punctatissimus, which retains the
minute angular lamella.

The basal fold is usually situated at or upon the lower end of the
columellar margin, rather than in a strictly basal position ; and in
many species of Odontostomus the lower palatal fold is basal in
situation. In Macrodontes it is rather high. The upper palatal fold
is almost always larger than the lower, and is directly opposite the
fold of the columella, though frequently above the columellar
lamella. In Tomigerus the upper^ palatal fold is a wide, obliquely-
entering plate, and there seems to be no lower palatal. Finally, in
most species of Plagiodontes there is a transverse, erect .plate within
the throat, which may be homologous with the lower end of the en-
tering palatal of Tomigerus.

The following key is based upon obvious structures of the shell,
not always the most important generic characters.

Key to Genera of Odontostomince.

I. Shell heliciform, biconvex, with the last whorl traversing
the base, the aperture turned upward, semicircular and
toothed. ANOSTOMA.

II. Shell turbinate or ovate, wider than high, with a long basal
suture ; aperture lateral, the parietal wall bearing angular,
parietal and infraparietal lamellae, baso-columellar lip with
three folds, outer lip with a single oblique plate within.

TOMIGERUS.
III. Shell ovate or turreted, much longer than wide.

a. Apex smooth ; aperture narrow, the reflexed outer and
inner lips built forward, parallel; throat without
laminae or folds. ANCTUS.

a1. Apex with vertical or grated sculpture ; aperture ovate
or oblong, usually contracted by lamellae and folds, the
parietal, when present, always compressed and entering.

ODONTOSTOMUS.

MACRODONTES. 29

«2. Apex spirally lirate ; aperture oblong, toothed, the
peristome free throughout, parietal tooth marginal,
tuberculiform, not entering ; whorls few, 5-6^.

MACRODONTES, p. 29.

Genus MACRODONTES, Swainson, 1840.

Macrodontes SWAINS., Malacology, p. 334, type and sole species
.)/. xowerbeyi Sw., == 0. odontostomus Sowb.

Shell umbilicate, oblong, striate and decussate, composed of 5-6^
convex whorls, the first 1^ spirally lirulate, the last becoming free in
front, keeled at the base. Aperture channeled below, obstructed by
a marginal and tubercular parietal tooth, a columellar fold bearing
a transverse lamella below, a subcolumellar lamella, basal, upper and
lower palatal folds, and a supra palatal fold ; part or all of the teeth
sometimes degenerate or subobsolete ; peristome continuous, free and
reflexed throughout.

The jaw (pi. 5, fig. 37, M. odontostomus) is stout, arcuate and
smooth, showing faint vertical strise and under very high magnifica-
tion. The teeth (pi. 5, fig. 38) have simple mesocones in the median
part of the radula, the inner marginals adding an ectocone. The
outer marginal teeth were lost from my preparation.

The reproductive system (pi. 15, fig. 28, M. odontostomus) is sim-
ple, the organs shorter than in Odontostomus punctatissimus. The
long penis has a terminal retractor muscle and vas deferens. The
vagina is long, spermatheca oval on a rather long duct. The lower
portion of the hermaphrodite duct is pressed into and imbedded in
the albumen gland for the whole length of the latter, being visible on
its concave face. Length of penis 17^, of vagina 6, of spermatheca
with duct 11 mill.

Free retractor muscles : Right and left ocular and anterior foot
retractor bands, and the columellar muscle, separate except immedi-
ately at their proximal insertions; retractor of the buccal mass united
with the left ocular band for a very short distance proximally. The
right eye retractor passes between branches of the genitalia.

The lung (pi. 15, fig. 29) is rather short, closely veined throughout,
the venation strongest on the cardiac side, the secondary pulmonary
vein well developed. Kidney triangular, short, hardly extending
forward beyond the pericardium. Secondary ureter wholly open.

Distribution, southern Brazil.

30 MACfeODONTES.

The lamellae and folds vary from very large in some species to
mere vestiges in others.

The genus Macrodontes has hitherto been considered a subgenus of
Odontostomus, but it differs in the following characters : The shell
has fewer whorls, spirally lirate apex with no vertical striae, and a
marginal, tubercular parietal tooth in place of an entering lamella.
The genital system is far less elongate. The lung is short, densely
reticulate on the cardiac side, with strong secondary and tertiary pul-
monary veins developed. The secondary ureter is wholly open, but
slightly differentiated. The jaw is smooth. Finally, the central and
lateral teeth are unicuspid. These several differences clearly entitle
Macrodontes to generic distinction. In the soft anatomy, but not in
the shell, it approaches Anostoma. In the pattern of lung venation
it departs from the Bulimulida generally.

Key to Species of Macrodontes.

1. Aperture oblong, exceeding a third of the shell's length ; ground-
color brown.

a. Basal keel long and curved, somewhat lateral ; plain or
banded ; teeth well developed.

b. Aperture pink, its width contained 1^ times in its

length ; uniform reddish-brown. odontostomus.

b.1 Aperture dark within, its length nearly double the

width; the lip white or bluish, with two angles on

the left side.

c. Uniform cinnamon-brown ; length 35, diam.

11 mill. gray anus.

c.1 With many whitish lines on a dark ground ;

length 38-40 mill. fasciatus.

rt.1 Basal keel short, median and subvertical when viewed

from the back, and but slightly arcuate ; plain or striped.

b. Aperture narrow, nearly filled with large teeth ;

length of shell fully 3 times its diam. paulistus.

b* Aperture open, with the teeth very small or obsolete ;

form obese. dautzenbergianus.

2. Aperture squarish-ovate, about one-third the length of the shell ;
color yellowish-green ; basal keel short, teeth subobsolete.

deyeneratus.

MACRODONTES. 31

M. ODONTOSTOMUS (Sowerby). PI. 13, figs. 85, 86, 87.

Shell rimate-perforate, cylindric-fusiform, solid, uniform light
chestnut-brown ; surface somewhat glossy, densely and sharply stri-
ated obliquely, and seen under a lens to be closely cut by spiral lines.
Whorls about 6^, convex, rapidly increasing, the last becoming free
in front, impressed behind the outer lip, with three pits in the im-
pression, the latter half of the base pinched into a very strong though
blunt keel, defining a flat basal area, pitted behind the lip, and sepa-
rated from the umbilical excavation by a shorter keel. Umbilical
cavity ample. Aperture oblique, oblong, obstructed by 8 lamellae
and folds: a marginal, triangular tooth on the straight parietal mar-
gin, an oblique, slightly calloused columellar plication, crossed below
by a transverse columellar lamella, a blunt, low-conic basal fold, and
within the outer lip three compressed folds, the median (upper pala-
tal) obliquely descending as it passes inward, the lower palatal en-
tering, the suprapalatal small. Peristome pink or lilac-tinted, broadly
expanded and reflexed and completely free throughout.

Length 38, diam. 12, longest axis of aperture 14 mill.

Length 35-37^, diam. 13-J, longest axis of aperture 13^ mill.

Brazil : Corcobado near Rio Janeiro, and Macahe (Paz).

Bulimus odontostoma SOWB., Zoological Journal, i, p. 59, pi. 5, f.

3 (1824). — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 228 PFR., Monogr. ii,

p. 82; iii, 367; iv, 435 ; vi, 75 ; Conchy]. Cab., p. 138, pi. 16, f. 1-3.
— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 51. — Helix odontostoma
WOOD, Ind. Testae. Suppl., pi. 7, f. 28. — Pupa odontostoma GRAY,
Ann. of Philos., n. ser., ix, p. 413. — DESHAYES in Fer., Histoire, ii,
p. 204, pi. 163, f. 1 — Macrodontes odontostomus Sowb., W. G. BIN-
NEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 114, pi. 10, f. H (jaw and denti-
tion).— Pupa erythrostoma MENKE, Synopsis, edit. 2, p. 32, 1830
(new name for B. odontostoma, Sowb.). — Olausilia gargantua DESH.
in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 214 — Odontostomus garyantula BECK,
Index, p. 54 — Macrodontes soiverbeyii SWAINS., Malacology, p. 334
(1840).

The pink aperture is broader and shorter than in the other species
with a long, arcuate, basal keel, and it is less closed by the teeth.

This species has been supposed to be the Helix yaryantua of Fer-
ussac, but the original description, " Bouche armee de gros plis ou
dents alongees . . . Coquille aussi rare que singuliere, de plus de
deux pouces de longueur," indicates that the original garaantua wag
0. pantagruelinus.

32 MACRODONTES.

M. (-KAY AM s (Pfeiffer). PI. 13, fig. 88.

Shell slender, turreted, rather solid, longitudinally very finely
striated and somewhat decussated by spiral impressed lines, cinnamon
colored. Spire turreted, the apex very much attenuated. Whorls 6,
slightly convex, the last about two-fifths the total length, deflexed in
front and becoming free from the preceding, carinated at the top and
base, having pits along the side. Aperture narrow, oblong, chan-
neled at the base ; peristome simple, expanded throughout, having

7 teeth within, three within the right margin, four within the left, the
upper one tubercle-shaped, the second strong and lamelliform. Length
35, diam. 11, aperture 14 mill, long, 7 wide (Pfr.}.

Brazil (Pfr.); Theresopolis (Fruhstorfer).

Bulimus grayanus PFR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 73 ; Monogr. ii, p. 83.
— REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 38, f. 229. — Odontostomus grayanus H.
& A. A i)., Genera ii, p. 152. — Bulimus (^Macrodontes} grayanus Pfr.,
BOETT<;ER, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. 1889, p. 30.

Var. FASCIATUS (' Dohrn ' Pfeiflfer). PI. 13, figs. 89, 90, 91, 92.

Shell umbilicate and rimate, solid, fusiform, very dark chestnut-
brown encircled with many white, hydrophanous lines and bands;
densely finely striate, and decussated by minute spirals cutting the
tops of the striae. Whorls 0^, moderately convex, the last shortly
free in front, contracted behind the outer lip, with three pits in the
depression; acutely carinate at the base, concave above the carina,
flattened to the left of it and with a pit behind the basal lip ; umbili-
cus deeply excavated. Aperture vertical, angularly oblong, black-
brown inside, the parietal and basal margins slanting, straight, the
columellar margin vertical, concave, the outer margin regularly arcu-
ate ; almost closed by 8 large teeth, white at their summits: a mar-
ginal parietal tubercle, a deeply-immersed columellar fold, crossed
below by a strong, entering columellar lamella, a smaller subcolumel-
lar lamella, and a compressed basal fold ; within the outer lip three
compressed folds, the upper palatal oblique, angular and twisted, sit-
uated above the middle of the lip, the superpalatal small and trans-
verse. Peristome broadly expanded, reflexed, white or blue-white.

Length 38-J-, diam. 13, length of aperture 15^, width in the middle

8 mill.

Length 40, diam. 12^ mill. (Pfr.)

Brazil : Sta. ( atharina (Dohrn).

MACRODONTES. 33

Bulimus grayanus Pfr. var.? (BuL odontostomus var. fasciata
Dohrn on label) PFR., Novit. Conch, iii, p. 473, pi. 102, f. 16, 17
(1869).

This form may prove specifically distinct from M. grayanus. It is
larger, less fusiform, and constantly multilineate with cream-white,
the two specimens examined by Pfeiffer and two before me agreeing
in these features. However, the white lines are cuticular, produced
by air pores, as in the Philippine Helicostylas ; so they may possibly
have been originally present and rubbed off of the type of grayanus.
The teeth are far more strongly developed than in M. odontostomus.

M. PAULISTUS Pilsbry & v. Ihering. PI. 13, figs. 93, 94.

Shell lengthened fusiform ; rather solid ; reddish chestnut, with
irregular, lacerated arid somewhat zigzag, obliquely longitudinal,
hydrophanous, cream-tinted, speckled streaks. Surface dull, very
minutely but sharply striated in the direction of growth lines, a strong
lens showing much more minute and superficial, dense, spiral stria-
tion, the apical whorls spirally lirate. Whorls 6, the first turned in,
the rest rather rapidly and regularly increasing, moderately convex,
the last becoming free at the aperture, compressed behind the outer
lip, the trench there impressed by five unequal pits; base pinched
into an acute, produced, nearly straight, keel ; and behind the colu-
mellar lip there are two pits and a deep axial pit, with another shal-
low pit behind the elevated parietal wall. Aperture purplish within,
slightly oblique, narrow, irregularly oblong, obstructed by eight plici-
form teeth and a strong, deep-seated columellar fold ; the teeth being
arranged as in M. grayanus fasciatus, except that the palatal folds
are not twisted, the lower one runs obliquely upward, and there is a
small interpalatal fold fti the middle of the outer lip between the
upper arid lower palatals. Peristome continuous, white, reflexed
throughout.

Length 37, diam. 12 mill.; length of aperture (including peri-
stome) 15, width 8 mill.

Brazil : Iguape, prov. S. Paulo (Dr. H. von Ihering).

0. (Macrodontes) paulista P. & v. I., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1898, p. 471 (Dec. 11J, 1898).

This most beautiful of the Macrodontes species has hydrophanous
cuticular markings somewhat like Auris hauxwelli (Crosse). It dif-
fers conspicuously from the well known M. odontostomus in the more

34 MACRODONTES.

slender contour, basal instead of baso-peripheral position of the keel,
which is nearly straight instead of being spirally curved, and in the
longer and narrower aperture, which is consequently more filled by
the large teetb. Tbere is also one more tooth than in M. odontostomus
or M. grayanus fascialus, and the striation is much finer. M. gray-
anus differs strongly in the less tapering and quite differently-shaped
base, as well as in lacking the median tooth of the outer lip, and in
coloration ; but the angular outline and narrow form of the aperture
are similar.

M. DAUTZENBERGIANUS Pilsbry. PI. 13, figs. 95, 96, 97.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin, light chestnut with a golden sheen, and
sparse, narrow, oblique or zigzag creamy hydrophanous markings
(absent on some specimens) ; surface dull, with very minute but
regular and sharp striation along the lines of growth, and much finer,
shallower, close spiral lines ; tlie apical 1 J whorls delicately spirally
lirulate. Whorls 5, the first with in-turned tip, the rest rapidly in-
creasing, convex, the last becoming very shortly free at the aperture,
somewhat compressed behind the outer lip, and with three small pits
there ; the base pinched into a short, strong keel ; behind the colu-
mellar lip two-pitted, with a deep umbilical fissure. Aperture irreg-
ularly oblong ; peristome continuous, flesh-colored, narrowly reflexed,
orange-brown within, the upper margin with a small blunt tooth, outer
lip with four small or minute tubercular teeth within, the lowest low
and wide, the upper two (upper palatal and suprapalatal) minute and
acute, whitish ; basal lip with one low, wide tooth, the columella
with a strong oblique fold upon which a minute whitish denticle is
placed, another one being situated below the columellar fold.

Alt. 26, diam. 11^ mill.; length of aperture 12, width 7 mill, (in-
cluding peristome).

Brazil : Raiz de Serra, Prov. Sao Paulo (Dr. H. von Ihering).

0. (Macrodontes] dautzenberyianus PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 472 (Dec. 12, 1898).

This species, to which we have attached the name of a distin-
guished French conchologist, is obviously a Macrodontes, agreeing
with the species of that genus in the positions of the denticles ;
but in our species the armature of the aperture has degenerated to a
series of very small denticles. For the rest, the form is more obese
than any other known Macrodontes.

MACRODONTES. 35

A specimen from Cubatad, Sao Paulo (pi. 13, fig. 97), differs trom
the type in being darker colored, of a dark reddish-chestnut hue,
somewhat more solid, with the denticles on the outer lip and colu-
mellar margin subobsolete, hardly noticeable, and of the reddish color
of the lip itself; the pits behind the lip are correspondingly obsolete,
but there are two minute white denticles on the columellar ibid. This
shell measures: alt. 26, diam. 10 mill. ; length of aperture 11, width
61 mill.

M. DEGKNERATUS Pilsbry. PI. 13, figs. 98, 99.

Shell oblong-turreted, perforate and rimate, thin but moderately
strong, pale yelhwish- green. Surface hardly shining, striated in the
direction of growth-lines, the strix hardly visible without the aid of
a lens, under which they are seen to be thread-like, well raised,
finely but rather superficially cut into beads by decussating spirals
which crentilate the summits of the striae. Spire convexly conic,
the apex obtuse ; whorls 5 j, quite convex, the earlier 1J densely
striated spirally, the last whorl becoming free and somewhat de-
scending in front, constricted and showing 3 small pits behind the.
outer lip, bicarinate at base, the keels short, outer one strongly
pinched up, the inner low, rounded, a distinct depression between
them. Aperture oblique, squarish-oblong, nearly one-third the total
length of the shell, obstructed by a strong columellar fold which
bears a transverse lamella below, and by 6 small, tuberculiforrn sub-
obsolete teeth: one upon the parietal margin close to its posterior
termination, three upon the outer lip, the uppermost (suprapalatal)
quite small, and with the parietal denticle, defining a small rounded
posterior sinus or notch, the upper and lower palatal folds low,
removed from the lip-edge ; basal fold median; a small subcolumellar
tooth below the transverse columellar lamella. Peristome white,
narrowly reflexed, continuous and free throughout. Alt. 21^,
greatest diam. 8J, length of aperture 7 mill.

Brazil: Palmelras, Province of Parana, (Dr. H. von Ihering).

0. (Macrodontes] degeneratus PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1898, p. 473 (Jan. 13, 1899).

Very unlike other known species in the pale green color and
short aperture with degenerate teeth.

36 ANCTUS.

Genus ANCTUS v. Martens, 1860.

Anctus v. MART, in Albers' Die Hel. (2 edit.), p. 214 (November,
I860!), type and sole species u B. anchistomus Wagn. = B. anyio-

stomus Wagner. — Gonyostomus sp., ALBEKS, 1850 Stenostoma sp.,

SPIX 1827 (preoc.).

Shell ovate-conic, of numerous (7-8) whorls, the last ascending in
front, the aperture built forward, forming a wide umbilical area and
long rima or umbilical suture. Apex smooth. Aperture over half
the shell's length, narrow and parallel-sided, without lamella or
folds within ; the peristome narrowly reflexed, thickened within.
Soft anatomy unknown.

The two species known are from the mountains of Bahia province,
Brazil. Both are white shells, conspicuously striped with brown
and black, and remarkable for their narrow apertures ; the end
gained in Odontostomus by the development of tooth-like processes
being here attained by a lateral compression or strangling of the
whole mouth, as the generic name denotes.

The color-scheme of stripes (compare 0. inflatus Wagn., dubiosus
Jay) and the long umbilical suture, as well as the crowded whorls of
the spire, are all features commonly encountered in Odontostomus;
and there is every reason to believe that when the scalpel lays bare
the internal organization of Anctus, it will prove to resemble closely
such species of Odontostomus as dubiosus, angulatus and their allies.
The chief difference from Odontostomus is that the apex is smooth ;
but still I think that if no more weighty divergence is found in the
soft parts, Anctus might advantageously be reduced to a subgenus of
Odontostomus.

A. ANGIOSTOMUS (Wagner). PI. 8, fig. 86.

Shell ovate-conic, having a long, deep and oblique umbilical
rimation, thin but rather strong ; opaque white, striped longitudinally
with mingled brown and black narrow stripes, which taper above on
the spire, and are often partially interrupted by a light peripheral
line. Surface striated. Spire straightly conic, the apex corneous-
brown, obtuse, smooth. Whorls 7-j-, slightly convex, the last narrow
at the base, the suture ascending in front. Aperture vertical, very
narrow and parallel-sided, more than half as long as the shell, light
brown inside ; peristome white, narrowly reflexed, evenly thickened
within, the outer and columellar margins parallel.

ANCTUS. 37

Length 25^, diam. 11, length of aperture incl. perist. 14, width
5 mill.

Length 20J, diam. 10^, length of aperture incl. perist. 13J, width
5J mill.

Brazil : Wood of Capueira (Spix) ; Mountains of Jacobina, in the
northern part of Bahia province (Moricand), living in pastures.

Vidimus angiostomus WAGNER, Testae. Bras., p. 14 (1827) —
POTIEZ & MICHAUD, GaleHe, i, p. 132, pi. 12, f. 5, 6 — KUSTER,
Conchyl. Cab. p. 44, pi. 13, f. 12-14.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 48,
f. 312 — DESH., Histoire, p. 75, pi. 145, f. 3, 4 — PER., Monogr. ii,
p. 97 ; iii, 375 ; iv, 445 ; vi, 80. — Bulimus (Gonyostomus) angio-
stomus ALBERS, Die He!., p. 150 — Anctus angiostoma FORD,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1891, p. 97, f. 2; Nautilus iv, p.
135, f. 2 — Bulimulus (Anctus} anchistomus Wagn., MARTENS in
Alb., Die Hel., 1860, p. 214 — Stenostoma capueira SPIX Test.
Bras., pi. 13, f. 4. — Bulimus capueira DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert,
viii, p. 239. — Bulimulus capueira BECK, Index Moll. p. 64. — Buli-
mulus (Anctus) capueira PFR.-CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 241
(1878) — Helix capueira MORIC., Mem. Geneve, vii, p. 435. —
Bulimus virgatus SPIX, t. c., pi. 6, f. 4.

Varies somewhat in contour, and the outer lip may be either of
even width or slightly thicker in the middle. In about 20 specimens
I have seen, the apex is either pale or reddish ; but Wagner men-
tions that in the type it is black-brown.

A. LAMINIFERUS (Ancey). PI. 8, fig. 87.

Similar to A. angiostomus but differing in the narrower aperture.
The columellar lip is more thickened in the middle, and the outer
lip bears a well-defined flange projecting toward the columella,
situated at and below the middle; the lip being narrow for a third of
its length above the flange, and for a much shorter distance below it.
Whorls 7J to 8, the first two black.

Length 23, diam. 10; aperture incl. perist. 12^ x 4; inside 1 mill,
wide in the middle.

Length 24.7, diam. 10; aperture incl. perist. 13x4.2; inside 1 mill,
wide in the middle.

Length 22.7, diam. 11.7; aperture incl. perist. 13.3x4.5; inside 1.5
mill, wide in the middle.

38 ODONTOSTOMUS.

Length 20, diam. 10 ; aperture incl. perist. 11x3.7 ; inside 1 mill,
wide in the middle.

Brazil.

Bulimulus angiostomus var. laminifera ANCEY, Le Naturalise
(Ser. 2), x, p. 15, woodcut (1888) — B. capueira Spix, var. lamini-
fera ANCEY, The British Naturalist, April, 1891, p. 63. — Anctus
pilsbryi FORD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1891, p. 07, f. 1
(March 10, 1891); Nautilus >v, p. 134, f. 1 (April, 1891).

I have observed no intermediate forms between A. laminiferus
and angiottomut, and think them quite distinct species.

Genus ODONTOSTOMUS Beck, 1837.

Odontostomus BECK, Index Moll., p. 54 (except first species).
Not Odontostoma Turton, Enumeration of Marine Shells found on
the Devonshire Coast (1829), so quoted by Jeffreys, Brit. Conch,
iv, p. 108. Not Odontostomus Cocco, Nuovi Annali delle Scienze
Nalurale, anno 1, Tomo 2, p. 192 (1838), a genus of fishes.

Shell rimate, bulimoid, oblong, ovate or turreted, composed of
6-12 whorls, the apex vertically wrinkled, costate, or decussate-
pitted. Aperture open or obstructed by lamellae and folds, the
parietal lamella when present compressed and entering or twisted,
never marginal; peristome expanded or reflexed, adnate to preceding
whorl (except in s. g. Scalarinella}, the columellar lip dilated and
free.

The jaw (pi. 5, fig. 30, 0. punctatissimus} is plaited, as in Buli-
muUda generally, its component laminae shortly free at their im-
bricating outer edges. The teeth (pi. 5, fig. 31, 0. punctatissimus}
have ectocones on central and laterals, the marginal teeth with the
ectocone split into two distinct denticles. (Formula for 0. punc.,
17. 11. k 11. 17.)

Reproductive system (pi. 15, fig. 27, lower portion only, 0. puncta-
tissimus} with all organs excessively lengthened. Retractor muscle
terminal on the very long penis; spermatheca globular, lying close to
the heart.

Lung (pi. 15, fig. 26, 0. punctatissimus) extremely long, fully
eight times the length of the pericardium, with exceedingly fine
venation, chiefly transverse, throughout, coarser near the pneumo-
stome and kidney. No noticeable secondary pulmonary vein, the long
primary vein without large branches. Kidney as short as the

ODONTOSTOMUS. 39

pericardium, triangular. Ureter and secondary ureter closed through-
out.

The right ocular retractor passes between branches of genitalia.

Distribution, eastern South America, Brazil below the Amazon to
northern Patagonia.

A genus presenting great variation in form of the shell and de-
velopment of apertural teeth. Through the section Moricandia it
approaches Anctus ; through Plagiodontes, Tomigerus ; while there
are several species with simple apertures, by jdegeneration of the
teeth, which are difficult to separate from Bulimulus or Drymseus.
The apical sculpture in the typical subgenus is identical with that
of Drymseus, while in the subgenus Spixia it resembles Orthotomium,
and in Hyperaulux and some Plagiodontes it is like that of typical
Bulimulus. Unlike those genera of Bulimulinse, we have transition
forms of apical sculpture in Odontostomus, to some extent connecting
the several types.

According to Jeffreys, there is an earlier name, Odontostoma
of Turton (1829), proposed as an emendation of Odostomia, but I
have been unable to find the paper cited by him, and no other author
or bibliographer seems to be aware of its existence. Under the cir-
cumstances it seems needless to dispute the validity of Beck's Odon-
tostomus, especially as the two names differ in gender, an invariable
element in generic nomenclature. Odontostoma and Odontostomus
have both been used for other groups later than the date of Beck.

Gray selected " Hel. gargantula" as the type of the genus Odon-
tostomus in 1847 (P. Z. S., p. 174), Beck's gargantula being the
Odontostomus of Sowerby. But previous to this, in 1840, that species
had been made the type of Macrodontes, rendering Gray's selection
unlawful. About the same time Herrmannsen, in the Indicis
Generum Malacozoorum Primordia, ii, p. 138, gave " Helix gargantua
Fer." as type of Odontostomus. This restricts that genus to the allies
of 0. pantagruelinus, which is identical with Ferussac's species.

Subgenera and Sections of Odontostomus.

I. Aperture without teeth or folds of any kind.

a. Aperture angular or having a " spout " at the base.

Sect. Moricandia, p. 40.

a.1 Aperture ovate, rounded below, species of sections Bahi-
ensis, p. 46 ; Spixia, p. 6G ; Odontostomus, p. 62.

40 ODONTOSTOMUS.

II. Aperture armed with teeth, or at least a columellar fold or
lamella.
a. Parietal lamella twisted and angular, composite ; shell

cylindric-ovate, S.-g. Plagiodontes.

a.1 Two teeth on the parietal wall, rarely wanting ; single
stout teeth on the columellar and on the palatal margins ;
shell short, Partw/a-shaped, with less than 5 whorls.

Sect. Bonnanius.
a.2 Parietal lamella simple.

b. Peristome free and continuous ; whorls about 10.

S. g. Scalarinella.
b.1 Peristome adnate, the parietal margin thin.

c. A groove or gutter at both ends of peristome ;
a sutural fold developed.

Sect. Cyclodontina, p. 58.
c.1 No such grooves at ends of the peristome.

d. Apex with minute grated or pitted sculpture.
e. Folds within the outer lip compressed,
entering; rather thin, moderate
sized or small species. f

Sect. Bahiensis, p. 46.
e.1 Large and solid species.

Sect. Odontostomus, p. 62.
d.1 Apex vertically costulate.

S. g. Spixia, p. 66.

This key is quite artificial, being based upon the most obvious
rather than the most stable characters. The relations of the groups
may be better expressed by their sequence below.

Section Moricandia Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898.

Moricandia P. & V., Nautilus xii, p. 57 (Sept. 1, 1898), type
fusiformis Rang = dubiosus Jay.

Fusiform species with 7—9 whorls, the last tapering and prolonged
below, the apex with minute, even, grating of spiral and vertical
riblets. Aperture angular or prolonged below in a ** spout," wholly
without teeth or lamellae other than a low, vertical columellar fold ;
outer lip narrowly expanded. Type 0. dubiosus Jay.

Distribution, Sao Paulo to Pernambuco, Brazil, in the mountain-
ous interior. Named for STEFANO MORICAND, an able expositor
of Brazilian conchology and botany.

ODONTOSTOMUS. 41

This group has evidently been derived from toothed forms with
similar apical sculpture, and in ray opinion has no real kinship with
the angle-based forms of Auri's, such as A., gomostoma, or with sim-
ilarly angular species of Drynuzus ; though the latter genus has the
same apical sculpture. The dark streak behind the lip, noticeable
in several of the species, is common to part of this group, and of
Bahiensis and typical Odontostonms ; and apparently was present in
their common ancestor, though now lost in some species of each of
these groups.

Key to Species of Moricandia. t

I. Length of aperture exceeding half that of the shell ; white,
uniform or with spiral bands ; basal spout long, bouvieri, p. 45.
II. Aperture less than half the length of the shell.

a. Slender : length more than 3 times the diameter.
b. Aperture with a broad spout below.

c. Smoothish, streaked; alt. 40, diam. 10-12 mill.

dubiosus, p. 41.

c.1 Reticulate-malleate and finely striate spirally ;
30 x 9 mill., nasutus, p. 44.

b.1 Aperture angular below ; 29 x 9 mill.,

angulatuS) p. 42.

a.1 Length less than 3 times the diameter.
b. Suture not crenulate.

c. Outer lip arcuate, angulatus, p. 42 \fidcznsis, p. 44.

'c.1 Both lips sinuous, auriscervina, p. 42.

b.1 Suture crenulate, brown-spotted; sharply striatulate

and spirally striate, willi, p. 44.

O. DUBIOSUS (Jay). PI. 9, figs. 1, 2.

Shell deeply rimate, fusiform, slender and long, rather thin,
corneous, with narrow distant brown streaks and a purplish-black
stripe behind the white lip. Nearly smooth, the growth-lines fine
and inconspicuous. Spire very long, with slightly convex outlines,
apex obtuse. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last tapering down-
ward, narrow and drawn out below. Aperture slightly oblique,
narrow, white with a blackish stripe within the lip; peristome white,
the outer lip but slightly expanded, strongly arcuate above, sinuous

42 ODONTOSTOMUS.

below ; colurnella oblique, uneven, the columellar lip very broadly
dilated above, sinuous ; base effuse, narrow and spout-like.

Length 40, diam. 10; length of aperture 15.6 mill.

Brazil: Province of Minas Geraes (Rang.), Bahia (v. Ihering).

Helix fusiformis RANG, Ann. des Sci. Naturelles, xxiv, p. 60, pi.
3, f. 2 (1831). — Bulimus fusiformis PFR., Symbols, i, p. 82 ; ii, p.
115; Conchyl. Cab., p. 196, pi. 56, f. 17, 18; Monogr., ii, p. 94;

iii, p. 373; iv, p. 443.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 40, f. 249

HIDALGO, J. de C., 1870, p. 50. — Bulimus ( Gonyostomus) fusiformis
Prang, CLESSIN, Malac. Blatter, 1888, p. 168. Not Odontostomus
fusiformis Menke, 1828. — Bulimus dubiosus JA\, Catalogue, edit. 3,
p. 122, pi. 7S f. 6 (1839).

Much more slender than its allies. Rang's type measured 40^
mill. long. 12 wide. Sr. Paz obtained this species, with many other
shells from northern and interior Brazil, at Rio Janeiro; but accept-
able evidence of its occurrence there is wranting. He was probably
misled as to the locality by whoever supplied him with the shells.
It is probably a species of the interior region.

O. AURISCERVINA (Ferussac). PI. 9, fi?.. 3.

Shell similar to the large form of 0. angulatus but having the lips
sinuous, forming a distinct "spout," much as in 0. fusiformis.
Distantly striped.

Brazil : (Ma we); probably Prov. Minas Geraes.

MAAVE, Travels in the Interior of Brazil, particularly in the Gold
and Diamond Districts, etc., third plate, f. 4 (1812). — Helix ( Cochlo-
gena) auriscervina Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., p. 57, no. 440 (unde-
scribed ; based upon Mawe's figure).

This is probably a form of 0. angulatus, and resembles Reeve's
figure of that species. The name is earlier than angulatus ; but in
the final arrangement both names will doubtless stand, either as
species or sub-species. It is known to me solely by the original
figure, copied on my plate.

O. ANGULATUS (Wagner). PI. 9, fig. 8 (typical) 4-7 (var.).

Shell oblong-conic, solid, with delicate longitudinal striae, at the
sutures subrugose. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last shorter than
the spire. Spire conic, the apex a little obtuse. Aperture triangu-
lar, dilated above, compressed below, narrowed ; margin expanded,

ODONTOSTOMUS. 43

reflexed; umbilical chink deeply cut. Color greenish-white, the
aperture white, surrounded within the reflexed lip with a brown
band; apex, of the spire brown-black. Length 1 inch, 2 lines, width
4£ lines [= 29x9 mill.], ( Wagner).

Brazil : Woods on the Solimoes and Punts rivers, in Amazonas
Province (Spix). Piquete, prov. Sao Paulo (von Iherrng).

Bulimus angulatus WAGNER, Test. Bras. p. 14 (1827) — Steno-
stoma puru SPIX, on pi. 13, f. 3 of same work — B. angulatus
DESHAYES in Lam. An. s. Vert., viii, p. 249. — PFR., Conchyl.
Cab. p. 195, pi. 56, f. 15, 16; Monogr. ii, p. 94; iii, 373; iv, 443; vi,
98. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 40, f. 248. — Pelekocheilus paru BECK,
Index Moll., p. 54 (1837).

Less slender and elongated than the allied 0. fimj'ormis. The
original description is given above, and the original figure copied on
my pi. 9, fig. 8. From these it will be seen that the type was a
narrow, straightly turreted shell. The specimen figured by Pfeiffer
(pi. 9, figs. 6, 7) is somewhat less slender and larger, the figure
measuring, length 49, diam. 14, length of aperture 16 mill.; and is
described as whitish, ornamented with distant brown streaks;
whorls 8.

A specimen from Piquete, prov. Sao Paulo (pi. 9, fig. 5) sent by
Dr. H. von I tiering, is still stouter, length 37^, diam. 14, length of
aperture 16 mill,; outer lip regularly arcuate, not sinuous below, the
columellar margin dilated, straight, columella a little sinuous,
slightly prominent near the base, which is a trifle effuse and spout-
like. It is distantly streaked with reddish-brown on a pale ground.

Reeve's figure of angulatus (pi. 9, fig. 4) shows a more robust shell
than any of the preceding, with the lips sinuated to form a more
distinct anterior u spout." It seems to connect angulatus with
auriscervina.

Probably a number of sub-species will be defined when more
specimens with exact locality data come to hand. It is apparently
a widely distributed species in western and southern Brazil ; the
narrow typical form having been collected by Spix on the Purus and
adjacent Amazon, in the low region of rubber forest, while larger,
stouter shells come from the higher lands to the south. The possi-
bility of a mistake in the locality given by Spix' should be taken into
consideration.

44 ODONTOSTOMUS.

O. FID^ENSIS (Moricand).

See vol. XI, p. 232. This species, described from Bahia, is prob-
ably referable to the present group rather than to Drymaeus.

O. WILLI (Dohrn). PI. 9, figs. 9, 10.

Shell deeply rimate, fusiform, thin, glossy, spirally narrowly
striate, irregularly submalleate ; whitish, flamed with remote, irreg-
ular brown streaks, the apex white ; delicately and sharply striate
longitudinally ; suture irregularly crenulate- impressed, the impressions
brown-spotted. Whorls 8-9, a little convex, the last about two-fifths
the shell's length, tapering at the base, compressed, columella folded
and subangulate. Aperture oblong, the base effuse, receding ; peri-
stome simple, marked with a brown stripe within, expanded, widely
reflexed at the brown-streaked columella. Length 28-32, diam.
9-91, length of aperture 12-|-14, width in the middle 6 mill. (Dohrn}.

A variety (fig. 9) has the shell shorter, more swollen, the aperture
wider and less effuse at base, the outer margin of the peristome regu-
larly arcuate. Length 26-|, diam. 9^, length of aperture 11^, width
7 mill. (Dohrn).

Brazil : probably in eastern Minos Geraes, near the Mucury
River (Will).

Bulimus willi DOHRN, Jahrb. d. Malak. Gesellsch., x, p. 350, pi.
11, f. 5, and var. 6 (1883).

Quite similar to B. angulatus Wagn., but much smaller and
prettier, and differing in the sculpture of the whorls and suture.
Of the impressed spiral lines a few, about every sixth or eighth, are
more strongly sunken than those between them, and are visible to
the naked eye. The variation in form leads me to think that the
difference between B. angulatus and B.fusiformis may be only in-
dividual (Dohrn).

It seems to be related to O.fidaensis.

O. NASUTUS (Martens). Notjigured.

Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, conspicuously reticulate-malleo-
late, finely lineolate spirally ; pale corneous, streaked with brown
and painted with more or less close spiral white hair-lines, the apex
blackish-chestnut. Whorls 8, rather flat, regularly increasing, the
first 3 smooth, lines and threads vanishing on the last whorl, which
is distinctly attenuated below. Aperture three-sevenths the length

ODONTOSTOMUS. 45

of shell, slightly oblique, narrowly oblong, without teeth; peristome
narrowly expanded, white, produced in a rounded spout below and
margined with brown on both sides. Columellar fold wide, white,
more or less angular. Length 30. diam. 9, aperture including
peristome 13 mill, long, 7 wide; exclusive of peristome 3^ wide
(Martens}.

Brazil: Theophilo Ottoni, Prov. Minas Geroes (Hollerbach).

Bulimus nasutus MARTENS, Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellsch.
Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, Sitzung vom December 15, 1885,
p. 191.

An unfigured species, probably nearer 0. willi than to other
known forms.

O. BOUVIERI (Dautzenberg). PI. 9, figs. 11, 12.

Shell rather solid, a little shining, quite narrowly but deeply
umbilicate. Spire conoid, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7,
slightly convex, separated by a slightly impressed and irregularly
crenulate suture, nearly smooth (but under a lens appearing deli-
cately striated transversely and corrugate-malleate). Last whorl
two-thirds the total length of shell. Aperture oblique, the margins
joined by a very thin and inconspicuous callus. Angulate above,
strongly produced obliquely below, and pinched in at the sides a
little above the base. Columella somewhat thickened and a little
reflexed, nearly straight above, then becoming very oblique and
sinuous at the base. Outer lip somewhat expanded, very narrowly
reflexed, a little dilated above, slightly straightened in the middle,
sinuated at base. Basal margin rounded and acutely margined.
Color white, rose-tinted toward the apex, ornamented with two
grayish violet-brown bands on the penultimate, three on the last
whorl, not extending quite to the lip. Bands showing within the
throat; peristome white. Length 30, diam. 13^, length of aperture
16 mill. (Dautz).

Color var. albus, entirely white (pi. 9, fig. 13).

Brazil : Pernambuco.

Bulimulus (Gom'ostomus) Bouvieri DAUTZ., Journ. de Conchyl.,
xliv, 1896, p. 222, pi. 7, f. 1, 2.

Differs from the related species by its shorter form and diverse
coloration.

46 .ODONTOSTOMUS.

Section Bahiensis Jousseaume, 1877.

Bahiensis Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, p. 311 (October,
1877).

Shell rather slender, thin, composed of 7-11 whorls, the apical
ones with minute grating of vertical and spiral riblets. Aperture
rounded below, the ends of the expanded or reflexed lip not sep-
arated from the whorl by grooves. Folds and lamellse when present
all simple and entering except the columellar lamella, which may be
vertical. Type 0. bahiensis Moric.

This section is closely allied to the preceding and following. It
consists of two groups of species, the second of which may be sub-
divided.

I. Aperture oblong, parallel-sided, the outer lip rather straightened ;
surface smooth, delicately striate spirally ; coloration incon-
spicuous, corneous-whitish or brown ; teeth 1 (columellar) to 4
(parieial, columellar, upper and lower palatal), with rarely a
suprapalatal fold developed. Eastern Brazil.

Group of 0. bahiensis, p. 46.

II. Aperture oval or oblong, the outer lip arcuate ; surface pitted,
malleate, wrinkled or costulate. Chiefly southern Brazil.
a. No folds within the outer lip.

Group of 0. janeirensis, p. 51.
a.1 Lamellae and folds numerous, 5—9.

Group of 0. punctatissimuS) p. 54.

Group of 0. bahiensis.

In this group there is never more than a single lamella on the
columella, and the surface of the shell is not malleated.

1. Outer lip without folds; no parietal lamella.

bahiensis, p. 47 ; reevei, p. 48.

2. Outer lip with upper and lower palatal folds.

a. No parietal lamella.

b. No suprapalatal fold ; diam. about one-fourth the
length, occultus, p. 48.

b.1 A small suprapalatal fold ; diam. nearly one-third
the length, ciaranus, p. 4th

a.1 Parietal and columellar lamellae also present.
b. Suture thickened with a white thread,

albofilosus, p. 50.
b.} Suture simple, i ingens, p. 40.

ODONTOSTOMUS. 47

O. BAHIENSIS (Moricand). PI. 9, figs, 16, 17, 18.

Shell openly ri mate-perforate, fusiform, thin, bluish or brownish-
white with interrupted and ragged opaque-white streaks (sometimes
wanting), and usually an interrupted brown stripe behind the lip.
Surface glossy, covered with excessively fine and close spiral striae.
Outlines of spire convex, the apex rather obtuse ; whorls 7 to 7-J,
hardlv convex, the last tapering downward, somewhat pinched at the
base. Aperture oblong, subvertical, whitish within, frequently hav-
ing a broad brown stripe vxithiri the lip, interrupted at the middle of
the outer margin, or reduced to two brown spots. Outer lip thin,
white, well expanded. Columellar lip reflexed, a groove at its junc-
tion with the body of the shell. Columella having a moderately
strong fold above, upon which is superposed a small, acute entering
columellar lamella.

Length 18, diam. 6, length of aperture 8 mill.

Length 20^, diam. 6, length of aperture 9 mill.

Brazil : in woods at .Bahia (Blanchet).

Helix (Cochlogena) babiensis, MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Geneve vi,
pt. 2, p. 541, pi. 1, f. 6 (1833); vii, p. 438.— Bulimvs bahiensis DES-
HAYES in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 252. — POTIEZ & MICHAUD,
Galerie i, p. 134, pi. 12, f. 11, 12.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 64, f.

442. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 96 ; iii, 376 ; iv, 445 ; vi, 80 HIDALGO,

Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 63 — Odontostomus bahicola MOERCH,
Catalogus Conchyliorum Yoldi, p. 28 (1852).

The wide basal arch of the aperture is characteristic, as well as the
form of the columella, which appears to bear twin folds. Many
specimens are without opaque white markings, and frequently the
lip stripe of brown is much reduced or wanting; and in fact Mori-
cand's description and figure show that the type was a plain and
stripeless individual.

The var. bahicola of Morch (pi. 9, fig. 16) does not seem to me
to have any but individual characters. It is defined as "differing
from the preceding in the more slender shell with longer aperture,
smaller and scarcely divided columellar fold, and gray color."

0. bahiensis is shown by the intermediate species occultus to have
been derived from a four-toothed stock, like 0. ring en s ; the white
break in the brown lip-stripe being the vestige of a former upper
palatal fold. In this case the pigment glands of the mantle have
retained their former interruption after the tooth which induced it
has become obsolete and lost.

48 ODONTOSTOMUS.

O. OCCULTUS (Reeve). PI. 9, fig. 19.

Shell slightly rimate, fusiform, slender, thin, smooth, pellucid,
whitish. Spire long, the apex rather acute, suture impressed.
Whorls 8J, rather flat, the last about one-third the total length,
compressed at base, streaked with chestnut around the aperture on
both sides. Aperture vertical, oblong, narrow ; columella provided
with a triangular tooth ; peristome thin, the right margin narrowly
expanded, two-toothed, basal and columellar margins broadly dilated.
Length 23, diam. in the middle scarcely 6 mill.; aperture with peri-
stome 8 mill, long, 4 wide (Pfr., from type).

Brazil (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus occultus REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 83, f. 617 (December

1849) PFK. Monogr. iii, p. 368 ; iv, 436 ; vi, 76 — Pupa reevei

DESHAYES in Fer., Histoire ii, p. 214, pi. 156, f. 18, 19 (1851).—
Odontostomus occultus Rve., DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1882,
p. 104. — Bulimus parallelus PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 389; Monogr.
iv, p. 445.

Much like 0. bahiensis, but with two folds within the outer lip.
According to Dohrn these folds are variable in development, at. least
in the form or variety described as B. parallelus or P. reevei.

Var. REEVEI (Deshayes). PI. 9, figs. 20, 21.

Shell thin, pellucid yellowish-white, speckled with irregular
opaque-white spots, and stained with blackish chestnut in the um-
bilicus and behind the lip ; cylindric fusiform, narrowly compressed
at the base, subumbilicate. Whorls 9, flatly convex, shallowly
grooved at the sutures. Aperture squarish-oblong, three-toothed
(columella bearing a subtransverse fold, two tooth-like folds rising
within the outer lip, the first facing the columellar tooth, the second
a little in advance) ; lip thin, effuse. Length 20, diam. 6 mill.

Brazil.

This form seems to me from the figures to be identical with
Bulimus parallelus Pfr., and to differ from occultus Rve. in the
obsolescence or small size of the lip folds.

B. parallelus Pfr. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform, rather
thin, striatulate, tawny, somewhat reticulated with a whitish epi-
dermis. Spire long-conic, obtuse ; whorls 7, moderately convex,
the last a little shorter than the spire, compressed at the base.
Columella lightly folded and twisted above. Aperture vertical,

ODONTOSTOMUS. 49

oblong, with parallel sides, the base effuse, streaked on both sides
with brown ; peristome thin, white, expanded, the, right margin im-
pressed above the middle, columellar margin wider, with an arcuate
sulcus at its junction with the whorl. Length 22, diam. 7 mill.;
aperture 10^ mill, long, 2^ wide inside (Pfr.}.

Brazil : Santa Catarina (Cuming Coll.).

Dohrn writes that he has four specimens from Santa Catarina
which agree with Pfeiffer's description of B. parallelus, and are
excellently represented by Deshayes' figures of Pupa reevei. Deshayes
ascribes a columellar fold to his species, and two dentiform folds
within the right margin, one opposite the columellar fold, the other
a little forward. Of the Sta. Catarina shells, two have the outer lip
even and thin ; in the third there is a slight callous thickening in
the middle, and the fourth has two tubercles, but so indistinct as to
be seen only if looked for.

O. CIARANUS Dohrn. PI. 8, fig. 81.

Shell subperforate, oblong-fusiform, obsoletely plicate-striate, white,
somewhat glossy, rather solid. Whorls 9, but slightly convex, the
earlier 6 conically widening, those below subcylindrical, the last
whorl compressed at the base. Aperture subvertical, truncate-oval,
4-toothed : a compressed, sinuous obliquely descending columellar
lamella, and three small marginal teeth within the lip, one basal, one
in middle of the outer margin, and one at the insertion. Peristome
narrowly expanded throughout, having two pits outside, the termi-
nations distant, columellar margin dilated, half covering the perfora-
tion. Length 22, diam. 7, length of aperture 7, width 5 mill.
(Dohrn).

Brazil : Gear a, state of Ceara.

Odontostomus ciaranus DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882,
p. 104, pi. 3, f. 14.

Seems to resemble 0. occultus and ringens in the teeth, the lower
palatal fold being sub-basal in position ; but there is a suprapalatal
fold near the insertion of the outer lip, and a parietal lamella is
absent, as in 0. occultus.

O. RINGENS (Dunker). PL 8, figs. 88, 89.

Shell rimate subperforate, fusiform, thin, smooth, pale corneous
with brown streaks, or corneous covered with an ashen-streaked

50 ODONTOSTOMUS.

epidermis. Spire turreted, rather acute. Wliorls 7-7-|, nearly flat,
the last scarcely exceeding one-third the length of the shell. Aper-
ture narrow, oblong, 4-toothed : one parietal tooth, a second on the
folded columella, the third at the base, and the fourth in the middle
of the outer lip. Peristome white, expanded.

Length 18, diam. 5^, aperture 7 mill, long, 4 wide. (Dkr.)

Brazil (Bescke); Macahe, prov. Rio Janeiro ( Dkr. coll).

Bulimus ringens DKR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 83. — REEVE,

Conch. Icon., pi. 75, f. 542 (1849) PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 85; iii,

368; iv, 436; vi, 76.

A rather narrow, elongate, smooth species, with rather stout and
obtuse upper and lower palatal plica? ; the parietal and columellar
lamellae compressed, the latter superposed upon a columellar fold,
essentially as in 0. bahiensis. There is a deep brown stripe behind
the lip and columella, but the narrowly rounded base is white. It is
related to 0. bahiensis and especially 0. occultus, species which differ
in the absence of a parietal lamella. Dunker, if it was he who wrote
the original description of 0. ringens, gives merely the locality
Brazil ; but Reeve, who figures a specimen from Bunker's collection,
says Macahe. The single specimen before me (fig. 89) bears no
locality but " Brazil."

O. ALBOFILOSUS (Dohrn). PI. 8, figs. 90, 91.

Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, thin, rather glossy, whitish-
hyaline, spirally very delicately sulcate. Spire turreted, the apex
attenuated, suture thickened with a white thread. Whorls 7 to 8, little
convex, the last about two-fifths the total length, attenuated at base,
shortly ascending in front, having two pits behind the lip. Aperture
vertical, oblong with an expanded peristome, broadly effuse beiow,
milk-white and glossy ; narrowed by 4 teeth : one vertical lamelli-
form parietal lamella, a triangular tuberculiform columellar lamella,
a large fold within the outer margin and a minute one within the
basal margin. Length 22-24, diam. 6J-7, length of aperture 10,
width 5 mill. (Dohrn.)

Brazil : Province of Bahia or in the Mucury River region, in
Minas Geraes (Lieut. Will).

Bulimus albofilosus DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Gesellsch. x, p.
351, p. 11, f. 7 (1883).

Nearest to 0. bahiensis in form, but distinguished from all other

ODONTOSTOMUS. 51

species by the thickening of the suture and the arrangement of teeth ;
the latter resembling those of 0. ringens, which is apparently the
most nearly allied species.

Group of 0. jarteirensis.

Aperture oval or oblong, the outer lip arcuate ; a columellar fold
or lamella developed, with sometimes a small basal fold and parietal
lamella; no palatal folds. Surface usually rather rough, pitted,
malleate, wrinkled or costulate. Species allied to 0. punctatissimm,
in which the folds or the folds and lamella? have degenerated, leav-
ing a toothless or almost toothless aperture. Only jarteirensis, iniliola
and neglectus are known to me by specimens. The former two have
typical Drymaus apical sculpture, but in neglectus the vertical ribs
predominate arid are rather coarse. It may belong to Spixia (g. v.)
rather than to the present group.

Possibly ^Gonyostomus centiquadrus Valerie." of Beck, Index p.
53 (Paraguay), may be something of this nature ; but it is merely a
name, never made good by description.

O. RHODJNOSTOMA (Orbigny). PI. 9, figs. 14, 15.

Shell elongate, turreted, umbilicate, a little rugose, somewhat
glossy; grayish-white, with longitudinal brown lines; the peristome
and columella rose, and with a large brown spot within the lip. Spire
long, swollen for the greater part of its length, the apex obtuse;
composed of 8 slightly convex whorls, the last very large, separated
by a smooth suture, but little impressed. Aperture small, oval, with
thin, acute reristome a little reflexed ; columella wide, noticeably
swollen. Length 21, diam. 7 mill. (Orb.*).

Brazil : obtained by M. Fontaine at Rio Janeiro.

Helix rhodinostama ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 20. — Bulimus
rhodino&toma ORB., Voyage, p. 317, pi. 41, f. 6-8. — PFR., Monogr.
ii, p. 96 ; iv, 407 — Odontostomus rhodostoma H. & A. ADAMS, Gen.
Rec. Moll, ii, p. 152.

Very close to the typical form of 0. faneirensis, with which it may
be identical.

0. JANEIRENSIS (Sowerby). PI. 10, figs. 22, 23, 24.

Shell rima-te, fusiform-turreted. thin but moderately strong, longi-
tudinally streaked with opaque cream-white over ground of a pale

52 ODONTOSTOMUS.

yellow with a median chestnut band ; the opaque streaks more or
less split into lines, sometimes forming a mesh or reticulation. Spire
long conic with slightly convex outlines. Whorls about 8, the
earlier ones roseate ; last whorl tapering below. Aperture oblong,
pale within, but having a large triangular brown blotch within the
outer lip ; peristome rose-tinted or white, broadly expanded, tooth-
less ; columella having an entering fold above, the margin dilated
and reflexed. Length 25^, diam. 8-8J, length of aperture 9^-10
mill. Brazil: Rio Janeiro (Sowerby, Paz).

Buli nus janeirensis SOWB., Conch. Illustr., Bulinus, p. 8, f. 97.—
Bulimus janeirensis REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 174, f. 97 (printed
from same plate) ; Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 226 (1848).— PFR.,
Symbols ii, p. 47; Monogr. ii, p. 96; iii, 368: iv, 436; vi, 76. —
HIDALGO, J. de C., 1870, p. 52 — Helix menlceana Fer. in Mus.
Paris, according to Pfr.

Allied to 0. fusiformis, but wanting teeth without the outer lip.
Fig. 22 is a copy of the original illustration.

Var. miliola (Orbigny). PI. 10, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.

Similar to the type but often larger, with as many as 9 or 9^
whorls, the surface netted with creamy raised lines on a corneous
ground except around the periphery, where there is usually a girdle
of alternate light and dark blotches, ascending the spire above the
sutures. Parietal wall usually bearing a small, acute lamella ; an
oblique lamella usually superposed upon the columellar fold, which is
abruptly truncate below ; basal lip often developing a small tubercle,
its place marked by an external pit. Dimensions from those of 0.
janeirensis to alt. 32^, diam. 9^, aperture 11 mill.

Rio Janeiro (Fontaine); Piquete, prov. Sao Paulo (von Ihering,
fig. 27).

Helix (Bulimus) miliola ORB., Voy. dans PAmer. Merid., Atlas
des Mollusques, pi. 39, f . 1 , 2 (1846).— Bulimus fuscagula Orb.,

REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 47, f. 305 (1848); not of Orbigny

Odontostomus juvencus MOERCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 29 (1852) based
upon Orbigny's figures.

The distinction between species and variety does not seem sharply
defined in some specimens ; but the squarely truncate columella is
the most stable differential feature of the latter. Fig. 26 is a copy
of d'Orbigny's illustration. Figs. 27, 28, are from Piquete, sent by
Dr. H. von Ihering.

ODONTOSTOMUS. 53

O. GUARANI (Orbigny). PI. 10, figs. 29, 30.

Shell elongate, pupoid, conspicuously umbilicate, thin, uniform
gray-brown ; marked with strong, conspicuous striae, especially at
the suture, changing to strong ridges on the anterior part of the last
whorl, and very strong within the umbilicus. Spire long, swollen,
obtuse at the apex, composed of 9 very slightly convex whorls, sepa-
rated by a smooth, hardly sunken suture. Aperture oblong, the
peristome thin and acute; columella wide, twisted, bearing a single
strong fold. Length 23, diam. 8J mill. ( Orb.).

Argentina: Banks of the Parana in river debrie, in the provinces
Corrientes and Missions.

Helix guarani QRK., Mag. de ZooL 1835, p. 21. — Bulimus guarani
ORB., Voyage, p. 318, pi. 41 bis, f. 1. — PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv. ii, p.
206; iii, 427 ; iv, 487; vi, 132. — Cyclodontina guarani BECK, In-
dex, p. 88.

0. neglectus Pfr. is apparently near this species, differing perhaps
in the basal impression, which Orbigny does not mention. The.
apical sculpture of guarani is unknown to me.

0. LONGULUS (' Behn' Pfeiffer). Unfigured.

Shell imperforate, turreted-fusiform, rather thin, striatulate;
whitish, marked with obsolete corneous and some reddish streaks. Spire
very long, acute. Whorls 11, a little convex, the last about equal to
two-sevenths the alt., attenuated at base. Aperture oblique, narrowly
reversed-ear-shaped ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin
strongly curved above. Columella with a twisted fold, alt. 30, diam.
7^ mill.; aperture 9J mill, long, scarcely 4 wide (Pfr., from type.)

Brazil : Chicatas (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus longulus Behn, PFR., Malak. Bl. vi, p. 44, 1859 ; Monogr.
vi, p. 107.

The position in the series of this species is unknown to me, but it
seems near 0. guarani.

O. SURGILLATUS (Pfeiffer).

Shell narrowly umbilicated, oblong-turreted, thin, irregularly
plicate-striate ; corneous, marked with subpunctate opaque white
streaks and some rufous ones. Spire long-conic, acute ; suture very
slightly crenulated. Whorls 9, convex, the last about two-fifths the
total alt., subcompressed at base; columella slightly and straightly

54 ODONTOSTOMUS.

receding. Aperture little oblique, oblong; peristome simple, the
right margin unexpanded, colurnellar margin dilated, reflexed and
overhanging above. Alt. 24, diam. 9^ mill.; aperture 10 mill, long,
4J wide (Pfr.). Bolivia (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus surgillatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 389; Monogr. iv, p.
490.

Unfigured, and known to me by the above diagnosis only.

0. COSTATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 10, figs. 36, 37.

Shell scarcely perforate, solid, cylindric-turreted, longitudinally
rather closely ribbed, glossy, ashen flesh-colored. Spire long, obtuse.
Whcrls 8J, rather flat, separated by an impressed suture, the last
whorl scarcely one-third the total length. Columella bearing a fold-
like tooth above. Aperture oblong, brown inside; peristome narrowly
expanded, the right margin arcuate above, then straightened ; colu-
mellar margin dilated, reflexed, nearly closing the perforation.
Length 18, diam. 5^, aperture 6 mill. (Pfr.~).

Brazil (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus costatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1848, p. Ill; Monogr. ii, p.
114; iii, 346; iv, 411; vi, 55 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 1 60, pi. 46, f. 5,
6.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 65, f. 450 (1849).

The strong ribs, brown mouth and columellar fold, are a character-
istic combination of this species.

Group of 0. punctatustmus.

Lamellae and folds numerous, 5 to 9 ; surface pitted or wrinkle-
malleate.

A few South Brazilian species with many acute folds compose this
group. 0. tudiculatus and catharince are evidently very near 0.
fusiformis, and perhaps may prove to be but varieties of that snail.

By its sculpture, color pattern and occasional development of a
basal fold, 0. janeirensis arid some of its allies are clearly members
of this group of species; but the degeneration of the folds makes it
more convenient to group them apart.

O. FUSIFORMIS (Menke). PI. 10, figs. 31-35.

Shell deeply rimate, oblong-fusiform, closely netted with light
yellow anastomosing wrinkles upon a corneous or brownish ground,
with a peripheral series of dark blotches; the surface rendered pitted

ODONTOSTOMUS. 55

or malleate by the' wrinkles ; glossy. Spire long, with convex out-
lines. Whorls 8J— 9, slightly convex, separated by a white-edged
suture ; the last whorl strongly carinate at the base, the keel defining
a flattened basal area with a median groove. Aperture oblong,
white and showing the median dark band inside, slightly oblique,
obstructed by 6 or 7 folds; a compressed, entering parietal lamella,
a larger oblique columellar lamella, a much smaller basal fold, and
three compressed folds within the outer lip, the median (upper
palatal) fold largest, the others quite small ; sometimes an additional
suprapalatal fold being added near the upper end of the lip. Peri-
stome rose-tinted or white, very broadly expanded.

Length 28, diam. nearly 8, length of aperture 10 mill.

Length 22, diam. 7.8, length of aperture 8 mill.

Length 24, diam. GJ, length of aperture 7 mill. (Pfr.).

Length 22, diam. 6 mill. (Menke).

Brazil : Rio Janeiro (Dr. Varnhagen); Province Sao Paulo (v.
Ihering).

Scarabus fusiformis MENKK, Syn. Metli. Moll., p. 78 (1-828);
edit. 2, p. 131. — Bulimus vermicidatus Mke. in litt., PFR., Zeitschr.
f. Malak., 1849, p. 175; Conchyl. Cab. p. 260, pi. 70, f. 19, 20;
Monogr. iii, p. 368 ; iv, 436 ; vi, 76.

Allied to 0. punctatissimus, but differs in being more roughly
sculptured, and wanting the fold developed between the lower palatal
and basal folds in that species. It varies widely in form from sub-
cylindric to conic, and also in size. Menke's reference of this species
to the genus Scarabvs w?.s not unnatural for the time. His specific
name fusiformis was subsequently changed, apparently at Pfeiffer's
suggestion, on account of the Bulimus fusiformis described by
Menke on a previous page of the Synopsis. This earlier B. fusi-
formis is now a Buliminus.

This species may be the Odontostomus vermiculatus of Beck, Index
Molluscorum, p. 54 ; but as that is an absolutely nude name, its
identity remains uncertain, and is a matter of no consequence.

Figures 32, 33 are Pfeiffer's illustrations, probably drawn from
Menke's type. Fig. 31 is a specimen from Os Perus, Figs. 34, 35
from Sao Paulo, sent by Dr. von Ihering.

O. TUDICULATUS (Martens). Unfigured.

Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, lightly malleate-wrinkled, brown-

56 ODONTOSTOMUS.

streaked and variegated with white. Whorls 8, nearly flat, the last
angularly compressed at the base, blackish-brown toward the aperture.
Aperture oblong-ovate with 5 or 6 folds : a moderate parietal lamella,
a stronger one on the columella, a third moderate basal fold, and
within the outer lip a fourth fold in addition to one or two smaller
ones. Peristome white, narrowly expanded. Length 24, diam. 6^,
length of aperture 7, width exclusive of peristome 3, inclusive 5J
mill. (Mart.')

Brazil : Roedersberg (Sao Leopoldo], Prov. Rio Grande do Sul
(Dr. Hensel); Taguara^ in the same region (v. Ih^ring); Theresopolis,
prov. Santa Catharina (Fruhstorfer).

Bulimus (OJontostomus) tudiculatus MART., Malak. Blatt. xv, p.
178 (1868).— Clessin, Malak. Blatt (n. F.), x, p. 166 (1888).—
Bulimus (Odontomus) tudiculatus v. Mts., BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d.
D. Malak. Ges., 1889, p. 30.

" Nearest allied to B. ringens Dkr. and B. punctatissimus Less.
In the contour of the shell and form of the aperture, as well as in
number of folds, it stands about in the middle between these two
species, the narrow peristome approaching that of ringens, the very
strong columellar fold that of punctatissimus, while the external
sculpture differentiates it from both. Of the folds wnthin the outer
lip the strongest stands in the middle of the lip, a weaker one below
it, which in the three shells before me, does not extend so far for-
ward ; and above the median fold there is a fold in two of the speci-
mens. All three are bleached, and the ground-color therefore can-
not be described ; but brown streaks like those of B. ringens may
still be seen, and also traces of a white marking crossing them, and
confined to the wrinkles " (Mart.').

I have not seen this species, which from the description must be
extremely near 0. fusifonnis Mke., but apparently unlike that shell
in the narrow peristome, described as " breviter expansum."

0. CATHARINE (Pfeiffer). Unfigured.

Shell shortly rimate, subperforate, fusiform, rather solid, all over
lightly punctate-rugulose ; white, with scattered streak-like corneous
dots. Spire swollen-turreted, the apex slightly acute. Whorls 8^,
a little convex, the last scarcely one-third the total length, having a
strong compressed crest with a smaller one behind it ; in front in-
terruptedly black-streaked outside and within. Aperture oblique,

ODONTOSTOMUS. 57

nearly 7-toolhed : one parietal lamella, a subquadrangular columellar
lamella, third tooth oblique and on the left side of the effuse base,
and within the outer lip there are three subequal and one minute
fold. Peristome white, moderately expanded throughout. Length
23-25, diam. 7^-8 mill.; aperture with peristome 8J mill, long, 5
wide (/yK). Brazil: Santa Catharina (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus catharince PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 389 ; Monogr. iv, 436.

Very closely related to 0. fusiformis Mke., as Pfeiffer remarks,
and probably a variety of that South Brazilian species.

0. PUNCTATISSIMUS (Lesson). PI. 10, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41.

Shell deeply rimate, fusiform, gray-white reticulated or finely
marbled with opaque-white, having a wide blackish streak behind
the lip, interrupted by transverse white marks. Surface very
shallowly pitted, and finely striate spirally. Spire having convex
outlines, rose-tinted near the summit, the apex obtuse. Whorls 8,
but slightly convex ; the last tapering below, pinched at the base
into a short carina in the middle, grooved on the umbilical side of
the carina. Aperture oblique, oblong, obstructed by 7 to 9 white
teeth : a compressed parietal lamella ; a large subvertical columellar
lamella ; two small, compressed approximate folds within the basal
margin, the right one sometimes wanting • and three acute folds
within the outer lip, the median one (upper palatal) usually larger;
frequently there is another minute fold within the lip near the suture,
and sometimes a very small angular fold is developed opposite it on
the parietal wall. Intervals between the folds blackish-brown.
Peristome white (rarely rose), very widely expanded and reflexed,
flattened.

Length 27, diam. 8, length of aperture 10^ mill.

Length 26 J, diam. 8^, length of aperture 11 mill.

Brazil : llha de Sta. Catharina* prov. Sta. Catharina (Lesson,
King); Province of Sao Paulo, at Iguape etc. (v. Ihering).

Clausilia punctatissima LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, pt.

1, p. 329, pi. 15, f. 3 (living animal), a, b (shell), 1830 ; Tsis, 1833,
p. 131, no. 74, pi. 2, f. 3 (copy of preceding). — Bulimus punctatissi-
mus PFR., Symbols ii, p. 120 ; Monogr. ii, p. 84 ; iii, 367 ; iv, 436 ;
vi, 75 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 192, pi. 56, f. 5, 6. — REEVE, Conch. Icon,
pi. 38, f. 225 — Clausilia exesa POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 190, pi.
19, f. 17, 18 (1838).— Helix exesa FER., Hist., pi. 163, f. 3, 4 ; not

58 ODONTOSTOMUS.

of Spix. — Auricula fuscagula LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
(N. S.), v, p. 83, pi. 19, f. 76 ; Obs. Genus Unio i, p. 195, pi. 19, f.
1$.— Bulimus ftiscagula ORB., Voyage, p. 318 (description only, not
the figures). — Otostotnus fusragulus BECK, Index Moll. p. 54. —
Pupa septempltcata v. Miililt'eldt, ROSSMAESLER, Iconographie der
Land- und Susswasser-Mollusken, v Heft, p. 8, pi. 23, f. 303 (1837).
— Bulimus septempllcatus PFR., Symbolae i, p. 85 — Bulimus deti-
tatus KING, Zool. Journ. v, p. 340 (1830 or 1831).

0. punctatissimus is very closely related lo O.fusiformis, but the
basal keel is shorter and more median in position, the sculpture is
less coarse, it generally has more teeth, and wants the dark girdle at
the periphery, usual in fusiformis.

The typical form of the species (pi. 10, figs. 38, 39), from Santa
Catharina island, seems to have little or no colored cuticle, being
either denuded or albino; the descriptions and figures given by
Lesson, King and Lea all pertaining to this form. King's descrip-
tion probably appeared nearly as early as Lesson's, but it is less than
two lines long, and quite insufficient.

The fold on the outer lip below the lower palatal seems to be in-
differently present or (as in Rossmassler's figure) wanting; though
in the majority of specimens before me it exists. The angular
lamella is equally variable, but its presence or absence is not always
correlated with that of the lower lip-fold.

Specimens from the Province of Sao Paulo sent by Dr. von
Ihering, are larger than those from Sta. Catharina, dull brown with
cream-white variegation in the form of irregular and ragged streaks
and lines, sometimes reticulating, or with many fine spiral hair-lines
also. Fine spiral striae are conspicuous on the last whorl, though
rather superficial. Whorls 8 to 9. The broad lip is bright rose
colored; folds and lamellae 8, there being no angular lamella. The
early whorls are not rose-tinted, as in the typical form. Two speci-
mens measure: Length 29, diam. 8 and 9, aperture 11 mill. The
stouter one has white spiral lines, and is from Iguape (pi. 10, fig. 41).

Section CYCLODONTINA Beck, 1837.

Cyclodontina BECK, Index Molluscorum p. 88, in part. — PILSBRY,
Nautilus xii, p. 57, type pupoides Spix, inflatus Wagn.

Species with the umbilicus noticeably excavated, aperture ob-
structed by numerous lamellae and folds, the columellar lamella

ODONTOSTOMUS. 59

twisted, the others entering ; a sufural fold developed ; ends of the lip
separated from the whorl ly grooves. Apex (with minutely grated
sculpture.

There are three Brazilian specie*, one, 0. scabrellus, being strongly
ribbed, the others merely striate.

Beck's group originally contained species of Spixia, Bahiensis,
Cyclodontina in its present sense, and Playiodontes, besides some in-
congruous exotic forms and several undetermined species. Herr-
mannsen in 1846 writes " typus : Pupa draparnaldii Fer. vel Pupa
listeri Gray." The former of these was a nude name, and had not
been defined in 1846; the latter is probably 0. inflatus Wagn.
Under these circumstances I have thought proper to restrict Cyclo-
dontina to 0. inflatus and related forms. Fischer had no precedent
for naming 0. dentatus as the type of Cyclodontina, and that course
is barred by tbe prio:- elimination of that species by Doering.

O. SEXDENTATUS (Spix). PL 11, fig. 42.

A species resembling 0. scabrellus in contour and teetb, but differ-
ing in the smooth surface. Wagner describes it as cylindric-fusiform,
tapering and acute above, pellucid, very delicately striated longi-
tudinally. Whorls 10, the last narrow below and having three deep
transverse grooves behind the lip, with an impressed line below the
suture. The aperture has 6 teeth : a parietal lamella, a large colu-
mellar lamella, two small folds in the base, and two within the outer
margin, the lower one (upper palatal) being larger. The ends of
the peristome are separated from the parietal wall by small grooves.
Color whitish, with a few separated brown streaks. Length 1 inch,
diam. 3| lines (25x7 mill.).

Said to be from S. Paulo province (" in provinciis S. Pauli et
Sebastianopolitana").

Bulimus 6-dentatus Spix, Testae. Bras., pi. 14, f. 3 (1827). —
Odontostomus sexdentatus Spix, DOITRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix,
1882, p. 106.— ? Pupa sexdentata WAGNER, t. c., p. 19. Not Buli-
mus sexdentatus Pfr. or Reeve.

This description agrees completely with 0. inflatus except in the
dimensions, which indicate a more slender shell. Dohrn believes
that even Wagner's account does not pertain to Spix's sexdentatus ;
in which case the species must be judged by the figure alone. This
is copied on my plate.

60 ODONTOSTOMUS.

O. INFLATUS (Wagner). PI. 11, figs. 43-45.

Shell umbilicate, turreted-conic, corneous-white with brown longi-
tudinal streaks, irregularly spaced, and often interrupted by a pale
peripheral line. Spire straightly or convexly conic, the apex obtuse,
nepionic whorls very finely decussated, the vertical lines stronger.
Whorls 8J-9, hardly convex, lightly striate, the last having two deep
pits behind the outer and one behind the basal lip, and a furrow be-
low the suture on the last third of the whorl, where it is also more
strongly striate and shows fine spiral lines. Aperture short oval,
obstructed by 4 to 7 teeth (or 6, if the sutural fold be not counted),
the latter number typical : a compressed parietal lamella, a large
vertical columellar lamella with a horizontal continuation belo'w, a
small, compressed basal fold, and within the outer lip four compressed
folds, the median one (upper palatal) largest, the lower palatal
almost basal in position, the two suprapalatal folds very small. Per-
istome white, broadly expanded and subreflexed, the upper margin
separated from a small tubercle on the last whorl by a distinct groove
or channel in the angle; columellar margin dilated, with a shallow
groove at its insertion.

Length 18J, diam. 7^, length of aperture 7J mill.

Length 20, diam. 8-9, length of aperture 8 mill.

Length 26, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mill.

Brazil : the middle eastern provinces (Spix); Bahia (Blanchet, v.
Ihering). Paraguay : Barranca de la Novia, under old wood
(Bohls).

Pupa inflata WAGNER, Testae. Bras. p. 20 (1827). — DESH. in
Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 185 — Clausilia pupoides SPIX, Testae.
Bras., pi. 14, f. 4. — Bulimus pupoides PFR., Symbolae i, p. 84; ii,
p. 120; Monogr. ii, 86; iii, 369; iv, 437; vi, 76; Conchyl. Cab.
p. 141, pi. 45, f. 5-8 — Odontostomus pupoides Spix, MARTENS,
Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Fr. Berlin, 1894, p. 164 — Helix
pupoides MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Geneve vii, p. 439. — Gyclodontina

pupoides BECK, Index Moll., p. 88 Pupa fasciata Pot. & Mich.,

Galerie, i, p. 165, pi. 1:6, f. 19, 20 Bulimus vitreus SPIX, Test.

Bras., pi. 8, f. 2 (young shell). — Bulimus sexdentatus Spix, PFR.,
Monographia ii, p. 85 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 142, pi. 45, f, 16, 17. —
REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 38, f. 224. Not of Spix.

Bulimus sectilabris PFR. Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1850, p. 112;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 142, pi. 45, f. 9, 10 ; Monogr. iii, p. 369 ; iv, 437 ;

ODONTOSTOMUS. 61

vi, 7Q.—B. pupoides REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 38, f. 231 ; pi. 80, f.
593. — Papa pupoides DESH. in Fer., Hist., p. 216, pi. 162, f. 21, 22.
— ? Helix (Cochlodonta} listeri FERUSSAC, Prodi., Tabl. Syst. p. 60,
no. 491 (see below), and ? Helix (Cochlodonta) brasiliensis FERUSSAC,
Prod., Tabl. Syst., p. 60, no. 492, based upon Mawe, Travels in the
interior of Brazil, third plate, fig. 6 (1812).

All gradations between four- and seven-toothed extremes occur in
the series before me, showing fasciatus to be merely one term in a
continuous series of variations. Pfeiffer's description of B. pupoides
in the Monograph i a, and his figures in the Conchylien Cabinet, per-
tain to the four-toothed form fasciatus^ not to the original type of
Spix and Wagner, which had six teeth, and is identical with the B.
sexdentatus of Pfeiflfer and Reeve, but not of Spix. In some speci-
mens the dark stripes are almost obsolete ; and this appears to have
been the case with Wagner's type. Fig. 46 is a Bahia specimen re-
ceived from von Ihering, intermediate between fasciatus and secti-
labris, having the numerous whorls of the latter.

Form fasciatus (Pot. et Mich.). PL 11, fig. 43. Similar to the
type but with only four teeth developed : parietal and columellar
lamellae, and upper and lower palatal folds ; the basal and suprapal-
atal folds of typical inflatus being absent. The spire is conspicu-
ously striped and there is a blackish smear behind the lip, showing
deep brown between the folds within.

Var. sectilabris (Pfr.). PI. 11, figs. 47-53. Similar to 0. in-
flatus but larger, with 9^ to 10 whorls, the suture more crenulated,
and very deeply cut on the last half whorl ; umbilicus rather ample
within. Teeth usually 6 or 7, arranged as in inflatus; grooves at
the end of the outer lip and columella deep, the latter emphasized by
a ridge below and callus above it.

Length 30J, diam. 12, aperture 13 mill.

Length 25-29J, diam. 10, aperture 10^ mill.

Province of Bahia.

A series of 39 specimens in the collection .of the Academy shows
that sectilabris is merely a large race of inflatus. There are all man-
ner of intermediate sizes, and degrees of impression of the grooves at
the lip ends and the subsutural furrow. The degree of inflation of
the spire is also subject to great individual variation.

Helix (Cochlodonta) listeri Ferussac, Prodr. p. 60, no. 491, based
upon Lister, pi. 31, f. 29, is an Odontostomus which Pfeiffer refers to

62 ODONTOSTOMUS.

pupoides (inflata Wagn.) as a variety. It may possibly be a large
form of this species, but the figure is insufficient for identification.
It has been called Pupa listeri by GRAY, Ann. of Philos. n. ser., ix,
412, and Cyclodontina listeri by BECK, Index, p. 88.

Helix ( Cochlodonta) brasiliensis Ferussac, founded upon a figure
in Mawe's Travels, is very likely the small typical form of 0. iwjlata ;
but there is no description, and the figure is not absolutely conclu-
sive. I think a reincarnation of this phantom inadvisable and in-
deed unwarranted. May it rest in peace!

0. SCABKELLUS ('Anthony' Dohrn). PI. 11, figs. 54, 55.

Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform-turreted, thin but rather
strong ; flesh-tinted between strong, close white ribs as wide as their
interstices. Whorls 9-10, but slightly convex, the last having two
pits behind the outer, one behind the basal lip, and frequently a
slight groove below and accompanying the latter end of the suture,
which is there somewhat channelled. Aperture small, obstructed by
7 teeth : a compressed parietal lamella. A strong columellar lamella,
bent at a right angle below, a small compressed basal fold, and four
compressed folds within the outer lip, the largest one (upper palatal)
median, lower palatal rather strong, nearly basal in position, two
small suprapalatal folds, the upper one defining a sutural groove
which notches the termination of the lip ; columellar margin dilated,
distinctly grooved at its root.

Length 19-23, diarn. 7^, aperture 7^ mill.

Brazil (Anthony).

B. scabrellus Anth., DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882,
p. 106 (under sp. 15 ; no description), pi. 3, f. 9.

The relationship of this species to 0. injiatus is seen in the grooves
cutting the ends of the lip, and the tooth arrangement, but it is dis-
tinct in the strong sculpture of white riblets on a fleshy or gray
ground. I can find no description of the species by Anthony, whose
name scabrellus is known by museum labels. The specimens de-
scribed above and drawn in fig. 55 were received from Anthony, and
bear his autograph label.

Section Odontostomus Beck, s. str.

Large and solid, elongate shells with minutely grated apical whorls
and pitted surface. Teeth various, but the parietal lamella is com-

OOONTOSTOMUS. 63

pressed and entering, and the columellar lamella and upper palatal
fold stand vertically. The lip is very broadly reflexed, and there is
a dark streak behind it. The species are from Bahia province.

Teeth are said to be wholly wanting in some specimens of 0. pan-
tagruelinus.

Key to species of Odontostomus a. str.

1. Large species with irregular or mesh-wrinkled surface and con-
vex, strongly recurved lip.

a. Teeth 4 or 5 ; suture bordered with a row of white bosses ;
lip white. leucotrfitna.

a}. Suture not so decorated ; teeth serrate, rarely absent.

pantagruelinus.

2. Smaller, with coarsely shriveled surface, arid pink, flatly
spreading lip. exesus.

O. PANTAGRUELINUS (Moricand). PI. 8, figs. 82-85.

Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, solid and strong, ashen-white
with flesh-colored lines and spots, and a broad purple-black stripe
behind the peristome. Surface rather dull, densely and coarsely
rugose, the wrinkles low, anastomosing, forming shallow long pits ;
a series of such impressions often bordering the suture. Spire
straightly turreted, the apex obtuse, but in adults one or two whorls
are frequently self-amputated. Whorls 8^, convex. Aperture
vertical, ear-shaped, brownish within, obstructed by large serrate
teeth : an obliquely entering, high, tongue-shaped parietal lamella,
butressed on its colurnellar side ; an erect, long, plate-like columellar
lamella ; a basal or subcolumellar fold or lamella, which mpy be
either simple and acute, or compound and serrate ; an entering,
compressed lower palatal fold, and a large, elongate, usually serrate
upper palatal barrier, above which a few suprapalatal denticles are
usually developed. Peristome white, tinted within, very broadly re-
flexed and recurved, the face convex.

Length 65, diam. 26, length of aperture 32 mill.

Length 68, diam. 23, length of aperture 32 mill.

Length 56, diam. 19, length of aperture 28 mill.

Brazil : Prov. Bahia (Blanchet).

Scarabus labrosus MENKE, Synopsis methodica molluscorum, p.
78 (1828); Second Edition, p. 130 (1830); description insufficient

64 ODONTOSTOMUS.

for identification. — Helix ( Cochlodina) gargantua FERUSSAC, Prodr.,
Tabl. Syst., p. 62, no. 510 (insufficient desc.). — Helix (Cochlodina)
pantayruelina MORICAND, Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat.
de Geneve, vi, p. 542, pi. 1, f. 7 (1833); vii, p. 440, with (p. 441)
var. major dentata, major edentala and minor (the latter = 0. leuco-
trema), viii, p. 142, pi. 3, f. 5 (living animal) — Bidimus pentagrue-
linus DESK, in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 255 (1838); in Fer.,
Hist. p. 119, pi. 162, f. 1—4. — B. panto gruelinus Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
pi. 38, f. 230.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 83; iii, 367; iv, 435; vi, 75;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 144, pi. 45, f. 3, 4 — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchy!.,
1870, n. 51 (reports it from Rio Janeiro, Paz). — DOHRN, Jahrb.
1883, p. 349. — Clausilia pantagruellina VILLA, Dispositio System-

alica Conch, p. 25 Odontostomus panta gruelinus BECK, Index, p.

54 (1837).— H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 152.

Exceedingly variable in the form and number of teeth, as Mori-
cand pointed out ; even toothless adult shells occurring occasionally.
The aperture is sometimes placed somewhat askew (fig. 82).

O. LETJCOTREMA Beck. PL 8, figs. 77/78.

Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, light brown variegated by the
white wrinkles, which are low, frequently anastomosing, and cut by
microscopic spiral striae ; the suture bordered by a row of low white
nodules; a purple-black streak behind the lips. Whorls 8. Aper-
ture oblong ear-shaped, black-bordered within, obstructed by four or
five white teeth : a small entering parietal lamella, a squarish colu-
mellar lamella, and within the outer lip a compressed lower palatal,
and squarish obliquely-transverse upper palatal fold, sometimes a
small fold between them. Peristome snow-white, broadly reflexed
and recurved.

Length 49, diam. 17-19, length of aperture 24-25 mill.

Length 45 mill. (Moric.).

Brazil : Prov. Bahia (Blanchet).

Pupa ringens JAY, Catalogue of Rec. Shells, edit. 2, p. [81], pi. 1,
f. 1 (1836). Not P. ringens Michaud, 1831. — Helix pantagruelina
var. minor MORIC., Mem. Geneve vii, p. 441 (1836). — Odontostomus
leucotrema BECK, Index Moll. p. 54 (based upon the preceding). —
Bulimus panta gruelinus var. ft PFR. Monogr. ii, p. 83 — DESH. in Fer.
Hist. pi. 162, f. 5, 6. — B. leucotrema PER., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p.
109 ; Conchyl. Cat., Bui. p. 145, pi. 45, f. 11-13 ; Monogr. iii, p. 367.

AMPHIDROMUS

PLATE 1,

AMPHIDROMUS

PLATE 2

RELIGION

PLATE 3.

5

6

14-

CALYCIA

PLATE 4.

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 6.

39

BULIMULIDyG.

PLATE 6.

BULIMULID^E.

67

GO

G8

PLATE 7

64

65 60

BULIMULID>E.

PLATE 8.

a6

87

88

89

90

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 9.

IB 17

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 1O.

31

37

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 11

BULIMULID>E.

PLATE 12

80

81

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 13

10O

BULIMULID^.

PLATE 14

ODONTOSTOMUS. u->

Smaller than 0. pantagruelinus, often more distinctly striated
spirally, having the teeth less developed, and with low white bosses
strung along the suture.' It sometimes attains a length of 55 mill.;
and while usually da^rk colored and less solid than the larger species,
it is sometimes quite as pale and equally as strong. This form was
recognized as distinct by both Moricand and Jay, prior to *Beck's
publication, but the Swiss and American authors used names pre-
occupied in the genera to which they referred the species ; hence
Beck's name leucotrema, " white-mouth," prevails.

O. EXESUS (Spix). PI. 8, figs. 79, 80.

Shell riinate-perforate, fusiform, solid and strong, coarsely plicate
above, wrinkled and pitted below, the raised sculpture dirty white,
sunken portions fleshy or ashen-gray ; densely and minutely striate
spirally. Whorls 8, convex, the last constricted and more or less
pitted behind the lip, pinched at the base. Aperture subvertical,
oblong, more or less distinctly pink, the intervals between the teeth
usually dark ; obstructed by four large teeth : a thin entering parietal
lamella, a squarish columellar lamella, and two folds within the outer
lip, the lower palatal compressed and entering, the upper palatal
squarish and obliquely transverse. Peristome very broadly ex-
panded and reflexed, especially at the lower outer portion ; pink,
usually with dark shading around the teeth.

Length 68, diam. 13, length of aperture 17^ mill.

Length 34, diam. 13J, length of aperture 16J mill.

Brazil: Province of Bahia (Blanchet).

Clausilia exesa SPIX, Test. Bras., pi. 14, f. 1 (1827) — DESHAYES,
An. s. Vert., viii, p. 215 (1838) — Pupa exesa WAGNER in Spix,
Test. Bras., p. 19 — Helix ( Cochlodina) exesa (?) RANG, Ann. des Sci.
Nat., xxiv, 1831, p. 62. — MORICAND, Mem. Geneve, vii, p. 441;
ix, p. 61, pi. 4, f. 8, 9 (var. zonata). — Odontostomus exesus BECK,
Index Moll., p. 54 — Bulimus exesus PFR., Symbols, ii, p. 114;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 291, pi. 56, f. 3, 4 ; Monogr., ii, p. 83; iii, 367;

iv, 435; vi, 75 — DESK., Histoire, p. 120, pi. 162, f. 7-10 REEVE,

Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 227 — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870,
>. 51.

The coarsely-shriveled surface, pink lip, more or less stained with
>urple-black, which runs out between the teeth, or is confined to
their bases, are characteristic. There is a wide range of variation in

t>0 ODONTOSTOMUS.

the color-tone of both aperture and surface ; and Moricand has
figured a specimen having a brown peripheral band, under the name
var. zonata (fig. 80). The pits behind the lip vary from deep to
slight depressions. Four of the specimens before me show a very
small denticle upon the parietal wall close to the groove at the root
of the columella. The lip generally spreads flatly, but sometimes is
recurved at the edge.

Rang obtained specimens said to be from Cantagallo, and Paz re-
ports it from Rio Janeiro, but neither apparently collected the
species, so that its presence in Rio Janeiro Province requires confir-
mation. I doubt it.

Subgenus SCALARINELLA 'Doering' Dohrn, 1874.

Scalarinella Doering MS. in DOHRN, Malak. Blatt., xxii, p. 202,
1874, for S. stehneri Doer., = cordovanus Pfr. — Clessinia DOERING,
Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciencias, p. 332, and Periodico Zoologico, i, pt. 3,
p. 201 (1875), for O. stehneri Doer.

Shell fusiform-turreted, slender, costulate, composed of 9 or 10
whorls, the last carinate above and below, free in front. Aperture
oval, with lamelliform parietal and columellar lamellae, and com-
pressed upper and lower palatal folds and a suprapalatal fold.
Peristome continuous, expanded, free. Jaw with 15 plaits.

An Argentine group, differing from Macrodontes by the plaited
jaw, numerous whorls and lamellar parietal tooth. The apical sculp-
ture is unknown to me, but the other known characters of the shell
lead me to believe that its genesis is traceable to Spixia, and that it
has no affinity to Macrodontes. It is a specialized form of the group
of 0. charpentieri.

O. CORDOVANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 13, fig. 100.

Shell subrimate, fusiform-turreted, rather solid, densely arcuate-
costulate, the riblets somewhat decussated, shortly hairy ; pale
brown corneous. Spire long, the apex obtuse. Whorls 10, the
upper ones convex, those following perceptibly flatter, the last be-
coming free in front, descending, acutely carinate above, the base
crested and pitted. Aperture entire, oval, five-toothed: two lamelli-
form teeth on the left, three unequal ones within the right margin.
Perisrome continuous, expanded, whitish. Length 23, diam. 5,
aperture with peristome 6^ mill, long, 4| wide (Pfr.}.

ODONTOSTO.MUS.

67

Argentina: near Cordova (Dr. Stelzner); western slope of the
Sierra de Aconjigasta, in moist places, la Mermela, de Jatan, del
Nieve, and further south around the Aqua de los Oscuros, under
rotten logs in the thorny thickets (Doering).

JBulimus cordovanus PFR., Malak. Blatt., ii, 1855, p. 149; P. Z.
S., 1856, p. 34; Novit. Conch., i, p. 70, pi. 20, f. 1, 2; Monogr., iv,
435 ; vi, 75 ; viii. 105.— DOHRN, Malak. Blatt., xxii, p. 202 (1874),
with synonym Scalarinetta stehneri Doering ; article reprinted in
Mai. Bl., xxiv, 1877, p. 157. Cf. KOBELT, Jahrb. d. D. Malak.
Ges., v, 1878, p. 150, and v. MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer.,

Moll., p. 251 Macrodontes cordovanus and var. stehneri DOERING,

Periodico Zool., ii, p. 250 (1877). — Clessinia stehneri DOER.,
Periodico Zoologico, i, pt. 3, p. 201 (1875).

I have not seen this species.

Var. stehneri Doering. Shell smaller, the whorls more convex,
stri* finer, the aperture suhrotund. 'Length 16-18, width 4^, aper-
ture with peristome 4^ mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.)

Sierra de Aconjigasta at Yatan (Serrazuela; Province of Cordova).

Subgenus SPIXIA Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1898.

Spixia P. & V., Nautilus xii, p. 57 (September, 1898), type 0.
spixii Orb.

Shell usually turreted with a long spire, the initial two whorls
vertically costulafe. Aperture obstructed by five teeth : a compressed
parietal lamella, an oblique but usually not contorted columellar
lamella, compressed upper and lower palatal folds, the latter basal in
position, and a small suprapalatal. Of these the suprapalatal and
lower palatal may be obsolete or wanting.

This is chiefly an Argentine group, but a few species extend into
southern Brazil. I include 0. neglectus and lemoinei with hesita-
tion ; the former has spiral stria3 between the vertical riblets on the
apex, and forms a transition to the group of 0. janeirensis. In one
species provisionally grouped here, the teeth are wanting (p. 91).

Group of 0. spixi.

Rather large, solid, turreted species, chiefly of Bolivia, Brazil, and
northern Argentina.

O. SPIXI (Orbigny). PI. 12, figs. 60-63.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, turreted, brown or corneous-gray with

68 ODONTOSTOMDS.

ragged opaque-white stripes ; somewhat glossy, closely striate, the
striae often weak or subobsolete on the last whorl or two. Spire
high-conic with straight outlines, gradually and regularly tapering
from the last whorl to the obtuse apex. Whorls 101-11^, slightly
convey, the last having a slight dent behind the outer and a deeper
groove behind the basal lip. Aperture small, ovate or subpenta-
gonal, white within, obstructed by four teeth : a compressed parietal
lamella, an oblique, strong columellar lamella, a compressed lower
palatal fold, basal in position, and a larger upper palatal fold in the
middle of the outer lip. Peristome slightly or moderately expanded,
the columellar margin dilated.

Length 80^, diam. 10 mill. (Spix's figure, the type of striatus
Spix and spixii Orb.).

Length 31, diam. 10, length of aperture 9 mill.

Length 31^, diam. 9, length of aperture 9 mill.

Length 31, diam. 9, length of aperture inside 8 mill. (Pfr. for B.

Length 32, diam. 10 (original description upon which wagneri
was based).

Brazil : Prov. Sao Paulo (Spix). Varieties in Southwestern
Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.

Pupa striata WAGNER, Testae. Bras., p. 19. — Clausilia striata

SPIX, pi. 14, f. 2 (1827) DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, 186.—

Cyclodontina striata BECK, Index, p. 88. — Bulimus striatus PFR.,
Monogr. iv, p. 437; vi, 76. — Odontostomus striatus Spix, von MAR-
TENS, Sitzungs-Berichte Gesellsch. Naturforschender Freunde zu
Berlin, no. 7, July, 1894, p. 163-169; with var. bohlsi, paraguay-
anus, spixi, wagneri, p. 166 — PARAVICINI, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed
Anat. Comp. Torino, ix, no. 181. p. 5 — Helix spixii Fer., ORB. Mag.
de Zool. 1835, p. 21, stated to be Closilia striata Spix; no descrip-
tion ; with var. major and minor, undescribed ; Voy. dans 1'Amer.
Merid. pi. 41 bis. f. 11.— Pupa spixii ORB., Voy. p. 320, with var.
major and minor. — Bulimus spixii GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim., pi. 302,
f. 7 (copy from Orbigny). — Pupa turrita ANTON, Verzeiclmiss der
Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard
Anton befinden, p. 47, no. 1748 (1839). — Pupa conspersa POT. &
MICH., Galerie i, p. 160, pi. 16. f. 3, 4 (1838) — Bulimus wagneri
PER., Symbols ad Hist. Hel., ii, p. 124 (1842), name based upon
Pupa striata Wagn., Desh. in Lam.; Monogr. ii, p. 85 ; iii, 369 ; iv,

ODONTOSTOMUS. 69

437 ; vi, 76 ; vfii, 609 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 140, pi. 45, f. 1, 2.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. pi. 38, f. 232. — Odontostomus wagneri Pfr. var. para-
guayana ANCEY, Journal of Conchology vii, p. 93 (July, 1892).

This slender, turreted, gradually-tapering species is apparently
rather widely distributed in the interior of S. Paulo, Paraguay, Bo-
livia and Argentina. Pfeiffer attempted to distinguish his B. wagneri
from Spix's species, but there is no such distinction as he indicates
to be drawn in the series of specimens before me. The earliest name
for this species is Pupa striata Wagner, pre-occupied in Pupa. This
precedes the name Clausilia striata Spix, in the same volume. The
next name is Helix spixii of Orbigny, bastid solely upon CL striata
Spix, in the original publication of 1835. Subsequent information
shows that the renowned South American explorer had two varietal
forms before him, to both of which he applied varietal names at the
time he. proposed the name spixii, defining them afterwards.

Pfeiffer originally proposed the name B. wagneri for Pupa striata
Wagner, without description, but referring to Deshayes' description
(An. s. Vert, viii, 186), which applies to a practically typical speci-
men 32 mill, long, 10 wide. He afterwards attempted to define
wagneri as distinct from striata.

Von Martens (1894) proposes to admit four varieties: (a) bohlsi,
(b) paraguayanus, (c) spixi, and (d) wagneri. I have already shown
that the latter two names were originally applied to typical striatus
Spix, and are not available for varieties. It is somewhat remarkable
that in some localities two or more of the varietal forms occur, ap-
parently without intergradation. Thus, in the specimens taken by Dr.
Bohls at Barranca de la Novia, Uruguay, von Martens recognizes
the above four forms, all sent as from the one locality, but both adult
and most of the >oung specimens separable at a glance into the four
groups. It is quite likely, however, that they were collected in dif-
ferent places, perhaps a few miles apart, in the course of naturalizing
excursions in the vicinity of the town, and the difference may be thus
explicable as the immediate reaction of varying local conditions of
moisture and food. The specimens show no noticeable variation in
sculpture, which consists of weak vertical strire, becoming stronger
on the middle whorls than on those above and below. There is some
variation in the teeth, which, however, is not correlated with form
and size variation. Thus a few specimens show a small suprapalatal
fold [such as occurs in var. minor Orb.]. This is seen in 2 out of 6

70 ODONTOSTOMUS.

examples of form (&), in 1 of 2 specimens of form (c), but in none of
the 9 mature shells of form (d). A suprapalatal fold thus occurs
only in the relatively stout forms, and here only in the minority of
the specimens. Similarly theie is a weak, narrow fold inward from
and near the upper palatal fold, in 2 of the 9 specimens of form (c?),
but in no others. The same fold occurs in one of four specimens
similar to form (c), collected at Corumba by Rhode, and in another
shell from unknown locality [also in several examined by H. A. P.].
The lower palatal fold is present in all the specimens taken by Dr
Bohls.

Typical SPIXI Orb. PI. 12, figs. 60 (type), 61, 62, 63.

This is the comparatively small and slender form, with four teeth,
described above. In my opinion the supposed species striatus Spix
and Wagner (fig. Q0),spixii Orb., turrita Anton, conspersa P. & M.,
and wagneri Pfr. (figs. 62, 63), are completely identical. The
Paraguay form defined by von Martens as var. " (c) spixi Orb.,
shorter [than bohlsi~] but rather stout, 33 mill, long, 10J wide, with
10-10^ whorls " belongs here "as well as specimens collected by
Rhode at Corumba in Matto Grosso." Also var. " (d) wagneri Pfr.;
short and narrow, 26-31 mm. long, and only 9 wide, 10J-11J
whorls." One specimen of var. (c) has a suprapalatal fold, like the
much more slender var. minor Orb.

Var. BOHLS i v. Mart.

" The longest specimens, 48-50 mill, long and only 12 or 13
wide, the measurement taken to include the outer lip, as usual, thus
very slender; the aperture 12 mill, long, and including the columellar
margin, 9 wide. Whorls 13-14, with weak vertical striae. Color
whitish-gray, with broader or narrower zigzag streaks of rather
light brown." All the specimens have 4 teeth. Barranca de la
Novia, Paraguay.

Var. MAJOR Orbigny. PI. 12, fig. 66.

D'Orbigny, whose great name is due not less to his mastery of
detail than to the vast extent of his works, writes that he found two
quite distinct local varieties of spixi. One which he calls var.
major is always large, almost smooth, or at most marked with quite
distinct striae, and invariably has only four teeth ; it is moreover

ODONTOSTOMUS. 71

always more swollen. Length 35, diam. 12 mill. This form he
found in the country inhabited by the Guarayos, in the heart of the
humid forests of the northern frontier of the province of Chiquitos
(now prov. Santa Cruz), Bolivia, and in the province of Corrientes,
Argentina, in a wood near the Santa Lucia river, at a place called
Pasto reito.

Paravicini reports this variety from the Rio Apa (Risso colony),
Argentina, collected by Dr. Borelli.

I suppose d'Orbigny's figure of a living specimen to be drawn from
this variety.

Perhaps the form collected by Bohls at Barranca de la Novia,
Paraguay, and referred by von Martens to var. " (b) paragunyanus
Ancey," is referable rather to major Orb. It is described as " some-
what shorter (than var. bohlsi) and comparatively wider, 41-41^
mill, long, 11^—12^ wide, with 12 to 12^ whorls; corresponding
pretty well with 0. wagneri var. paraguayana Ancey." Two
specimens out of 6 have a suprapalatal fold. It differs from Ancey's
variety in the presence of a lower palatal fold in all the specimens
examined, while the absence of this fold is the chief distinguishing
character of the Corumba race. The mere dimensions of Corumba.
paraguayanus are inconstant, one of the specimens before me having
exactly the measurement of Orbigny's var. major.

Var. MINOR Orbigny. PL 12, figs. 64, 65.

D'Orbigny's other variety, minor, is smaller, much elongated,
strongly striate, always has Jive teeth of which three are on the outer
lip. Length 30, diam. 7 mill. This variety he found between
Santo Corazon and San Juan, in the province of Chiquitos (now in
the southeastern part of prov. Santa Cruz), Bolivia, on wooded
ridges. Subsequent collectors do not seem to have encountered this
form, which seems to differ from true spixii not only in having an
additional fold (the suprapalatal), but also in being narrower.

The figures given by Deshayes apparently represent this variety.
I have copied them on pi. 12, f. 64, 65.

Var. PARAGUAYANUS (Ancey). PI. 12, fig. 67 ; pi. 15, fig. 34.

Larger and especially wider than spixii, the striation very distinct
on the median whorls, fainter above arid below ; brown and white
color pattern distinct ; whorls ll-ll^. Aperture with three teeth, the

72 ODONTOSTOMUS.

lower palatal fold being reduced to a slight prominence or entirely
wanting.

Length 40, diam. 12, length of aperture 11 mill, (typical dimen-
sions).

Length 38J, diam. 13, length of aperture 12 mill.

Length 35, diam 12, length of aperture 10J mill.

Brazil : Matto Grosso at Corumbd, under loose limestone (H. H.
Smith).

Close to var. major Orb., from which it differs in lacking a lower
palatal fold. The locality is near that of var. minor Orb. It varies
a good deal in size and comparative width, as the above measure-
ments of Corumba specimens indicate.

O. HILAIRII (' Gray ' Pfeiffer.).

Shell perforate, ovate-acuminate, solid, smooth ; white, witli a
single rufous band ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 7-J, a little convex,
strongly plicate longitudinally below the suture, the last whorl about
two-fifths the total length, ventricose, with compressed base. Aper-
ture obliquely oblong, showing teeth ; peristome roseate, broadly ex-
panded, thickened, reflexed, the margins joined by a callus; a
lamella on the parietal wall, .another upon the columella, a smaller
tooth at the base, and a larger flat-topped one within the right mar-
gin. Length 30, diam. 13, length of aperture inside 10, width 5
mill. (Pfr.). Brazil

Bulimus hilairiimGray in coll., PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1845, p.
157 ; Monogr. ii., p. 84.

The arrangement of teeth in this unfigured species reminds one of
0. spixii, but it is a shell of stouter figure, and plicate under the
sutures. Known to me by the original description only.

0. PYRIFORMIS Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 12, figs. 71, 72.

Shell ri mate-perforate, ovate-conic, with exserted and very much
attenuated spire, rather solid, gray-whitish, the apex brownish,
slightly shining. Whorls 8, a little convex, the first 2-J smooth,
those following costulate-striate, separated by a distinct linear
suture, the last whorl somewhat inflated, the base compressed into a
rounded carina, the outer margin pitted behind the lip. Aperture
subquadrate-ovate, with five lamellse : the first compressed on the
parietal wall ; another arcuate lamella on the upper part of the colu-

ODONTOSTOMUS. 73

m3lla ; three compressed folds within the expanded outer and basal
margins, the upper fold smallest. Margins joined by a thin callus.
Length 20, diam. 10J, length of aperture 8, width 6 mill. (Kobelt}.

Argentina : Sierra de Cordova (Doring).

Bulimus (Odontoslomus) doeringii KOBELT, Jahrb. d. D. Malak.
Ges. ix, 1882, p. 5, pi. 1, f. 6, 6a. Not B. (0.) doeringii Kobelt,
Jahrb. v. 1878, p. 135.

A very short, stout species, with rapidly-tapering spire, and teeth
arranged as in the fusiform species.

Group of 0. charpentieri.

Rather small, slender species, varying from finely striate to costu-
late or ribbed, with five (rarely six) teeth developed: parietal and
columellar lamellae, upper and lower palatal folds, the latter basal in
position, and a suprapalatal fold. The jaw has 13-15 plaits.

All the known species are Argentine except 0. kuhnholtzianus from
Montevideo; and it is likely that there will be some reduction in
their number when the numerous described forms are more fully
known ; though obviously the region is prolific in species and varie-
ties, and doubtless many others remain to be found in the Sierras of
Western Argentina.

Many of the species were described all too briefly by Doering in
the Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordova in 1875, the diag-
noses being copied by Kobelt in the NachrichtsUatt der Deutschen
Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft for 1876, and by Ffeiffer in the
Monographia Heliceorum, vol. viii (1877). Later in 1875 Doering
gave extended descriptions of the same species in the Periodico
Zoologico (Cordova) ; the latter being unquoted by the German
authors. I do not have the Boletin for 1875, and quote references
thereto from Pfeifter and Kobelt, giving descriptions from the
Periodico Zoologico for the same year.

A few of the species have been figured in the Jahrbucher,
from specimens sent by Dr. Doering. In the Periodico Zoologico,
1877, additional species are defined, which are known only by the
diagnoses in that rare journal, herein translated. Most of them
remain unknown in collections outside of South America. Their
similarity in teeth will make the species difficult to identify, the
differences being chiefly those of color, sculpture, size and general
form.

74 ODOSTOSTOMUS.

O. KUHNHOLTZIANUS (Crosse). PI. 12, figs. 68, 69, 70.

Shell small for the genus, narrowly umbilicate and openly rimate,
buff-white, cylindrical-fusiform, the lower three whorls of nearly
equal width, those above forming a slowly-tapering cone, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 9, the earlier 7 convex, the last two but slightly
convex ; first two whorls smoothish, the rest closely and regularly
rib-striale, the riblets rarely dichotomose, mostly simple ; the last
whorl with a broad dent or excavation behind the outer lip, and a
deep curved groove, sub-basal in position. Aperture small, vertical,
nearly one-third the length of the shell, contracted by six teeth : one
curved entering parietal lamella ; a contorted, deeply-entering colu-
mellar lamella, and three folds within the outer lip, one (lower pala-
tal) almost basal, a larger one (upper palatal) in the middle, a slightly
smaller suprapalatal fold just above it. At the junction of the outer
lip with the parietal margin there is a narrow sinus, defined by a
fold on the lip and a callus on the parietal wall.

Length 17.5, diam. of last whorl above aperture 5.7 ; length of
aperture 5.7 mm.

Length 17, diam. 6, aperture 5 mill, long (Crosse).

Uruguay : Montevideo (P. Paz ; J. Arechavaletta).

Bulimus Icuhnholtzianus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 301 ;
1871, p. 64, pi. 4, f. 3. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 106 — Odontostomus
kuehnholtzi anus DOERING, Periodico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 243. — 0.
Icuhnholtzianus PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 393,
pi. 12, f. 12.

Compared with 0. scabrellum Anth., this species differs in the far
finer costulation, less tapering form, absence of a basal fold, larger
size of the suprapalatal fold, etc. 0. charpentieri Grat. is a more
lengthened and much less strongly costulate shell, with smaller aper-
ture and no posterior channel or sinus.

O. LEPTODON (Martens).

Shell perforate, turre ted -fusiform, costulate, white, marked with a
few pale gray varices. Whorls 9, a little convex, the last slightly
compressed at the base. Aperture occupying one-third the length
of the shell, slightly oblique, ovate-elliptical, 5-toothed : one com-
pressed and entering on the parietal wall; the second strong, com-
pressed and obliquely descending on the columella; and three folds
within the outer lip, the median one stronger, upper and lower ones

ODONTOSTOMUS. 75

small. Peristome white, not thickened, narrowly expanded, the
margins joined by a thin callus. Length 21-J, diam. 7, length of
aperture 8, width 5 mill. (Mart.).

Argentina: Cordova (Stelzner).

Bulimus (Odontostomus) leptodon v. MART., Jahrb. d. D. Malak.
Ges. ii, 1875, p. 276 PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 107.

Probably identical with one or other of Doering's species from the
same district and described in the same year. In contour it stands
between 0. janeirensis and 0. spixii, according to von Martens.

0. PHILIPPII Doerihg. PI. 12, figs. 73, 74.

Shell rimate, fusiform-cylindrical, slender, rather solid, opaque,
ashen-buff, beautifully sculptured with whitish riblets a little nar-
rower than their interstices. Spire lengthened-turreted, rather
obtuse. Whorls 10J, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, separated
by a distinct suture, the last whorl hardly one-fourth the length of
the shell, with a double crest at the base, becoming pale and with
a pit toward the aperture. Aperture small, the peristome white,
thickened, margins joined by a thick callus, having 5 lamella : the
first, a compressed parietal lamella, the second horizontal, at the
upper part of the columella, the third strong, obliquely entering in
the basal margin, the fourth oblique and the fifth small, within the
outer lip. Length 17-19, diam. 3|-4^, length of aperture 4, width
3 mill. (Kobelt).

Argentina: Cruz del Eche, near Totoral, in the Sierra de Cor-
dova, northern part of the Province of Cordova, on granitic hills
(Stelzner).

Odontostomus philippii DOERING, Apuntes etc., in Bol. Acad.
Ciencias, Cordoba, 1875, p. 456 ; Periodico Zoologico i, pt. 3, pp.
174, 180 (1875) — Bulimus (Odontostomus) philippii Doer., KOB.,
Nachrbl. 1875, p. 8; Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 6, and
Bui. philippianus on pi. 1, f. 7, 7a. — Bulimus philippii PFR.,
Monogr. viii, p. 612. — Bulimus (Odontostomus) doeringi KOBELT,
Jahrb. v, 1878> p. 135 (new name for philippii Doring 1875, not
Pfr.).

" The most beautiful of the fusiform species, sufficiently different
from all others in its handsome ribbing (Kob.). The name philippii
was not preoccupied in Odontostomus, so the change proposed by
Kobelt in 1878 was unnecessary. He apparently forgot or repu-
diated the change when treating of the species in 1882.

76 ODONTOSTOMUS.

Doering's original description is as follows: Shell fusiform-cylin-
drical, slender, rather solid, opaque, ashen-buff, closely whitish-
costulate; spire long-turreted, rather obtuse. Whorls 10^, slightly
convex, the last scarcely one-fourth the total length, pale in front.
Peristome white, thickened, the margins joined by a compressed
callus. Length 17-19, diam. 3f-4£, aperture with peristome 4 mill,
long, 3^ wide (Doer.}.

O. ACONJIGASTANUS Doering.

Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted, pellucid, very closely striate ;
brown, variegated with close opaque-white striae, frequently with
longitudinal, brown-reddish spots, sometimes interrupted. Spire
turreted, the apex attenuated, rather obtuse. Whorls 12, a little
convex, the first uniform corneous-brown, nearly smooth, the rest
variegated, closely striate with white ; last whorl nearly one-fourth
the length, impressed at the side, two-crested at the base. Aperture
oval quadrangular, contracted by 5 teeth ; peristome white, expanded,
rather acute, the margins joined by a depressed, sublamelliform pari-
etal callus; columellar margin reflexed. Length 18-21, width 5
mill.; aperture witli peristome 4 to 5 mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.}.

Argentina : Sierra de Aconjigasta.

0. aconjigastanus DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 245 (1877).

Differs from 0. charpentieri Grat. by the more numerous, slightly
convex whorls and brown color; from 0. maculosus Doer, by the
more swollen, wider form, closer whitish striae, and subsolute peri-
stome.

O. CHARPENTIERI (< Grateloup ' Pfr.). PI. 12, figs. 75, 76, 77.

Shell rimate-subperforate, fusiform-oblong, very delicately striatu-
late, corneous whitish, not pellucid ; spire turreted, the apex some-
what obtusely attenuated. Whorls 10, scarcely convex, the last
slightly exceeding one-fourth the length, with pits at the base and
side behind the aperture. Aperture oblong-oval, 5-toothed : one on
the parietal wall, a second horizontal lamella on the columella, the
third tooth basal', fourth and fifth small, within the right margin.
Peristome simple, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin
narrowly expanded, columellar 'margin widely reflexed.

Length 20; diam. 5-f, length of aperture 6, width 4 mill.

Length 21, diam. 6 mill. (Hidalgo).

ODOMTOSTOMUS. 77

Argentina : Cordova (Pfr.) ; Cordoba de Tuouman, under stones,
in abundance (Paz) ; western slope of the Sierra de Cordova etc.
(Doering).

Bulimus charpentieri Grateloup in Hit., PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak.
1850, p. 14; Conchyl. Cab. p. 143, pi. 45, f. 14, 15 ; Monogr. iii, p.

369 ; iv, 436 ; vi, 76 ; viii, 609 HIDALGO, Moluscos del Viaje al

Pacifico, p. 81 ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 52. — 0. charpentieri
DOERING, Periodico Zoologico i, pt. 3, p. 188.

This species is allied to 0. kuhnltoltzianus, but it tapers more, has
less pronounced sculpture, etc. Fig. 77 was drawn from a coarsely
striate specimen. Two before me measure : length 17, diam. 5^,
aperture 5 mill., and 18, 5^, 5± mill. In one of them the upper pal-
atal and suprapalatal folds are preceded by smaller folds within their
inner ends. The lower palatal fold is quite basal in position. The
first 1^ whorls are costellate, as in the allied but much larger 0.
spixii.

Hidalgo describes a variety as more slender, corneous, very
closely sculptured with somewhat oblique, stronger and very irregu-
lar opaque-white striae; aperture about one-fourth the total length;
peristome less expanded, the margins generally connected by a
heavier callus. Length 22, diam. o mill.

It is closely related to 0. maadosus, but distinguished by the light
color, slightly flatter whorls, the teeth and peristome, as well as the
whole shell more solid, less slender.
O. POPANUS Doering.

Shell rimate, narrow, fusiform-turreted, subpellucid, pale brownish-
buff; closely wrinkle-striate; variegated with whitish, irregular pre-
dominating striee. Spire subfusiform turriculate, the apex but little
attenuated, rather obtuse. Whorls 9-10, scarcely convex, the first
more convex, uniform brown-buff, delicately substriate, the following
whorls variegated with close, whitish, opaque and irregular strise,
last whorl scarcely one-fourth the length of the shell, somewhat
compressed, whitish around the aperture, scrobiculate-impressed at
the side, two-crested at base. Aperture strongly angular, obliquely
subquadrangular, narrowed at the base, having 5 teeth ; peristome
white, acute, thickened within, the right margin angular above, col-
umellar margin reflexed ; margins joined by a thin parietal callus.
Length 21—23, width 6^ mill.; aperture with peri&tome 6^ mill,
long, 4 wide (ZWr.).

Argentina : Cerro de Popa, Sierra de Pocho.

78 ODONTOSTOMUS.

0. pop anus DOER., Perioclico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 244 (1877).

This species has the coloration of 0. charpentieri, but differs
sufficiently by its larger size, less convex whorls, etc. The differ-
ences from the following species have been indicated below. It was
found on the trachytic hill of Yerba Buena.

O. ACHALANUS Doering.

Shell rimate, fusiform or fusiforrn-turreted, the apex somewhat
obtuse ; subpellucid, brownish-ashen, closely wrinkle-striate ; orna-
mented with whitish, opaque, irregular striae and some irregular,
longitudinal, corneous-brown spots. Spire fusiform-turreted, the
apex a little attenuated, somewhat obtuse. Whorls 9 to 10, a trifle
convex, the first whorl a little convex, uniform buff-brown, delicately
striate, the rest sculptured with irregular, rugulose, opaque, close
strias, usually rugulose-sculptured with obsolete, slightly impressed,
spiral lines ; last whorl from one-fourth to one-third the shell's
length, a trifle convex, more or less calcareous around the aperture,
scrobiculate-compressed at the side, two-crested at the base. Aperture
subangulate, quadrangular-ovate, contracted by 5 teeth ; two lamelli-
form teeth within the left margin, a third at the base, fourth and
fifth smaller, within the right margin ; peristome white, expanded,
somewhat acute, thickened within, the right margin subangular
above, columellar margin a little reflexed ; margins joined by a
parietal callus. Length 21-27, width 6-7 mill.; aperture with peris-
tome 6 mill, long, 4^ wide (Doer.}.

Argentina : Sierra, de Achala (Quebrada de Musi).

0. achalanus DOER., Periodico Zoologico : Organo de la Sociedad
Zoologica Argentina, ii, pt. 4, p. 243 (Cordoba, 1877).

0. martensi is much more ventricose, with more convex whorls.
0. popanus is more nearly related, but the present species is
narrower, with less angular aperture, the base less pinched and
more oval, etc.

O. MACULOSUS Doering.

Shell rimate, cylindric-fusiform, long-turreted, thin, closely
wrinkle-striate; corneous brown, streakedly maculate with irregular,
obsolete whitish stria?, Spire turreted, a little obtuse. Whorls 10,
a little convex, the last one-fourth the total length, slightly im-
pressed at the side, the base obsoletely two-crested. Aperture sub-

ODONTOSTOMUS. 79

oval, contracted by 5 teeth: one in the middle of the parietal margin,
the second angular and twisted, on the columella, third within the
base, the fourth and fifth small, within the right margin. Peristome
•white, expanded, a little acute, the margins joined by a somewhat
lamellif'orm, compressed callus, right margin shortly subarcuate
above, expanded below, columellar margin reflexed. Doer., Per.
Zool.)

Length 16^, diam. 4, length of aperture 4, width 3| mill.

Length 18J, diam. 5, length of aperture 4|, width 3J mill.

Length 20, diam. 5, length of aperture 4J, width 3^ mill.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, thin, closely rugose-striate ; corneous-
brown, irregularly streakedly spotted with whitish striae, spire long-
turreted, a little obtuse; whorls 10, a trifle convex, the last whorl
one-fourth the total length ; peristorne acute. Length 18-20, diam.
4J-5, aperture with peristome 4^ mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.).

Argentina: Sierra Chica de Cordova, in the valley of the arroyo
de la Reduccion.

0. maculosus DOER., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cord., p. 455 (1875);
Periodico Zool. i, pt. 3, p. 186 (1875). — B. maculosus Doer., KOB.,
Xachrbl. 1876, p. 7. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 611.

Similar to 0. profundidens in form, but larger, the striation less
sharp, the color much darker corneous-brown or chestnut, with a
few oblong, interrupted and irregularly spaced spots composed each
of 2 to 5 fine striae.

O. OLAINENSIS Doering.

Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted, corneous-whitish, silky, slightly
diaphanous, very minutely striate ; spire obtuse ; whorls 9, a little
convex, the first nearly smooth, the rest closely and very minutely
striate, the stria? flattened ; last whorl one-fourth the total length,
two-crested at the base, the side depressed and deeply pitted.
Aperture irregular, pentagonal, narrowed at the base, obstructed by
5 teeth: a slender, compressed one on the parietal wall, the second
compressed and twisted, on the columella, third on the base; fourth
twisted, and fifth usually dilated transversely, within the outer lip.
Peristome nearly simple, a little acute, the margins joined by a thin
callus, right margin strongly arched above, lower margin slightly
expanded, the columellar margin narrowly i*eflexed. {Doer., Per.
Zool.)

80 ODONTOSTOMUS.

Length 12, cliam. 3f, length of aperture 3^, width 2£ mill.

Length 12^, diam. 3f,' length of aperture 3J, width 2§ mill.

Argentina : Pampa de Olain, Sierra de Cordova, at 900 meters
elevation (Dr. Stelzner).

0. olainensis DOER., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordova, 1875, p. 454 ;
Periodico Zoologico i, pt. 3, p. 192 (1875). — B. olainensis KOBELT,
Nacbr. d. D. Malak. Ges. viii, 1876, p. 5 — PFR., Monogr. viii,
p. 610.

A strongly characterized species, differing from all others in the
more irregular aperture, uniform corneous-whitish color, a little
transparent, and the very irregular teeth. The striation is very
fine.

O. CHAMFAQUIANUS Doerillg.

Shell rimate, small, fusiform-turreted, brown-corneous, roughened
by close rugulose striae, reticulate-variegated by elevated, membran-
aceous spiral lines. Whorls 9, a little convex; the first convex, very
closely striate. those following roughened by little-elevated, mem-
branous lamella arranged in spiral lines ; the last whorl about one-
fourth the total length, scrobiculate in front, two-crested at the base.
Aperture subpentagonal, nearly closed by five teeth and lamellae : a
twisted lamella on the parietal wall, a bifid one on the columella, a
small tooth within the base, with a fourth strong tooth and a fifth
small one within the outer lip; frequently a sixth tooth projecting at
the upper part of the right lip. Peristome expanded, acute, thick-
ened within, the right lip angulated above, columellar margin a little
reflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 15—16, width
4, aperture with peristome 4 mil!, long, 3 wide (Doer.).

Argentina : widely spread on the southwestern slope of the Sierra
de Achala ; granitic hills of the eastern slope of the Sierra de
Aconjigasta, around None ; Quebrada del Rio de Mina Clavero, ex-
tending to the southern extreme of the Sierra de Achala, occurring
at the Quebrada de Oyada, in the province of S. Luis.

0. champaquianus DOER., Periodico Zool., ii, pt. 4, p. 249 (1877).

This species has some resemblance to 0. profundidens, found on
the north of the S. de Achala ; but it differs at first sight by the spiral
lines formed of fine lamellae, very delicate, fragile and membranous,
forming a reticulate sculpture. The shell is more compact and
narrow, the whorls much more convex, and there are differences in
the teeth.

ODONTOSTOMUS. 81

O. FROFUNDiDEis7s Doering.

Shell rimate, cylindric-fusiform, turreted, slender, rather solid,
not shining ; ashy-ochraeeous, often streakedly-variegated, with pel-
lucid corneous obsolete spots ; very closely longitudinally rugulose-
striate, or very minutely costulate, with whitish. Spire conic-turreted,
a little obtuse, the suture hair-like. Whorls 9, a trifle convex, the
first buff-corneous, slightly striate, the rest very closely obliquely
costulate-striate ; last whorl one-fourth the total length, whitish
around the aperture, pitted on the side, with a short, obsolete crest
below. Aperture suboval, contracted within by five teeth : one on
the parietal wall, a second arcuate and twisted tooth on the columella,
third in the base, fourth and fifth small, within the outer lip.
Peristome white, expanded, a little acute ; the margins joined by a
thin callus, right margin shortly arcuate above, expanded beneath;
columellar margin more widely reflexed, callous (Doer., Per. Zool.).

Length 13J, diam. 3^, length of aperture 3f, width 2§ mill.

Length 15, diam. 3^, length of aperture 4, width 2| mill.

Length 15J, diam. 3^, length of aperture 4, width 3 mill.

Shell fusiform, cylindrical, slender, not glossy, ashen-ochre color,
usually variegated in two streaks with obsolete pellucid-corneous
spots ; very densely rugulose-striate or most minutely costulate.
Spire turreted, rather obtuse. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last
one-fourth the total length • peristome acute. Length 15, diam. 3§,
aperture with peristome 4 mill, long, 2|-3 wide (Doer., Boletin).

Argentina: Sierra de Achala, around San Carlos, at 600 meters
elevation, province of Cordova (Stelzner).

0. profundidens DOER., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordova, p. 455 (1875);
Periodico Zoologico, i, pt. 3, p. 185 (1875). — B. profundidens Doer.,
KOBELT, Nachrbl., 1876, p. 7. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 611.

This species is chiefly characterized by the rather sharpened
peristome, the lip thinner at the superior angle of the aperture.
These characters are, in some measure, common to the related but
much larger species 0. maculosus.

0. TUMULORUM Doering.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, small, rather solid, nearly smooth, slightly
shining ; whitish, variegated with pellucid-corneous ; spire fusiform-
turreted, slightly obtuse. Whorls 9, a trifle convex, the first corneous-
buff, the last one-fourth the total length. Teeth of the aperture

$2 ODONTOSTOMUS.

thickened; peristome thick. Length 12-13, diam. 3§-4, aperture
with peristome 3^ mill, long, 2§ wide (Doer., Boletin).

Argentina: Sierra de Cordova, on the western slope, on the hills
of Calera around the town of Cordova, etc.

0. tumulorum DOER., Bol. Acacl. Cienc. Cord., p. 456 (1875);
Periodi<:o Zoologico, i, pt. 3, p. 187 (1875). — B. tumulorum Doer.,
KOB., Nachrbl.. 1876, p. 7 — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 611.

Doering's more extended description follows:

Shell rimate, cylindric-fusiform, small, the apex attenuated, obtuse,
rather solid, closely and very minutely striate, nearly smooth, slightly
shining ; corneous-whitish, variegated with pellucid-corneous. Spire
fusiform-turreted, a little obtuse. Whorls 9, a trifle convex, the first
buff-corneous, nearly smooth, the rest whitish, variegated with pellucid-
corneous spots, the last whorl pellucid corneous ornamented with
close whitish striae, one-fourth the total length. Scrobiculate at the
side and base, the latter shortly two-crested. Aperture suboval, con-
tracted by 5 teeth : a compressed one in the middle of the parietal
margin, the second horizontal, twisted, on the columella, a third
within the base, the fourth, compressed, and fifth small, close together
within the outer lip (Doer., Per. Zool.).

Length 12, diam. 3^, length of aperture 3^, width 2f mill.

Length 13J, diam. 4, length of aperture 3§, width 2| mill.

O. PUCURANUS Doering.

Shell rimate, cylindric-fusiform, brown-corneous or grayish-brown,
slightly shining, closely, minutely striate, usually variegated with
whitish, interrupted, irregular stride. Spire fusiform-turreted, the
apex a little obtuse ; suture deep. Whorls 9, a trifle convex, the
last about one-fourth the total length, shortly two-cresled at the base,
scrobiculate at the side. Aperture somewhat angularly suboval,
contracted by 5 teeth : one in the middle of the parietal wall, a second
twisted tongue-shaped one on the columella, the third 1-asal, fourth
and fifth small, within the outer lip. Peristome white, thick, the
margins joined by a compressed, lamelliform callus ; right margin
shortly arcuate above, narrowly expanded below, columellar margin
more widely reflexed. (Doer., Per. Zool.)

Length 12|, diam. 3J, length of aperture 3|, width 2£ mill.

Length 14, diam. 3^, length of aperture 3|, width 2£ mill.

Length 14^, diam. 4, length of aperture 3^, width 2j mill.

ODONTOSTOMUS. 83

Shell cylindric-fusiform, brown-corneous, slightly shining, minutely
striate, generally somewhat variegated with whitish, interrupted,
irregular striae. Spire fusiform-turreted, the apex a little obtuse ;
whorls 9, a trifle convex, the last one-fourth the total length. Peri-
slome white, thick, the margins joined by a compressed callus.
Length 13-14, diam. 3^-4, aperture with peristome 3^ mill, long,
2f wide (Doer., Boletin, p. 456).

Argentina: Valle del Rio Primero, in the Sierra Chica de Cordova,
under stones.

0. pucaranus DOER., Bol. Acad. Sci. Cord., p. 456 (1375). — 0.
pucuranus DOER., Periodico Zool. i, pt. 3, p. 183 (1875) — B. puca-
ranus Doer., KOB., Nachrbl., 1876, p. 8. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 612.
— B. pucuranus KOB., Jahrb., 1878, p. 134.

Close to 0. tumitlorum in contour, but the aperture is narrower,
the teeth and peristome less thick. The shell is more fragile, gener-
ally of a dark color, a little transparent, smooth and shining; more
rarely there are some sparse chestnut spots.

O. RIOJANUS Doering.

Shell ri mate-perforate, fusiform, the apex attenuated, a little
obtuse; scarcely shining; ashen-whitish, with scattered dots and spots
of pellucid ashen; closely rugose-striate, and ornamented with some
longitudinal ashen-corneous spots. Spire conic, the apex attenuated,
a little obtuse. Whorls 9, a little convex, the first corneous-brown,
rib-striate the rest ashen-whitish, spotted, closely wrinkle-striate,
often variegated with obsolete lines; the last whorl one-fourth to one-
third the total length, nearly smooth, with scattered zigzag clear
corneous markings, becoming whitish anteriorly, somewhat im-
pressed at the side, the base obsoletely and shortly two-crested.
Aperture angularly oblong-oval, obstructed by 5 teeth : one on the
parietal wall, a second horizontal one on the columella, another
within the base, the fourth and fifth teeth small, within the outer
lip. Peristome white, somewhat thick, thickened within, the right
margin arcuate above, lower and columellar margins broadly ex-
panded, a little reflexed, the margins joined by a thickened,
depressed, lamelliform parietal callus. (Doering, Per. Zool.)

Length 18f, diam. 5f, length of aperture 5^, width 4 mill.

Length 19^, diam. 6, length of aperture 5J, width 4 mill.

Length 21, diam. 6 to 6J, length of aperture 5^, width 4^ mill.

84 ODONTOSTOMUS.

Argentina : Sierra de Rioja, around the town of the same name
(Dr. Stelzner).

0. riojanus DOER., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cord., 1875, p. 454 0.

riochanus DOER., Periodico Zool. i, pt. 3, p. 190 (1875) Bulimus

riojanus PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 610. — KOBELT, Nachrbl. d. D.
Malak. Ges. viii, 1876, p. 6.

The form is more swollen and the right margin of the peristome
is more curved than 0. martensi and 0. pseudosexdentatus. The
basal carinae and pits behind the outer lip are but little developed.

Doering altered the spelling of the name in- his second publication
of the species, but the change seems unnecessary.

0. ALVAREZII (Orbigny).

Shell elongate, pyramidal, distinctly umbilicate, thick, longitu-
dinally striate ; spire long, the suture deep. Aperture angular,
irregular, showing 5 teeth; two on the columella, three on the outer
lip, the upper one [that is, the lower palatal fold] marked outside
by a depression. Peristome thin and sharp. Length 19, diam. 6
•mill. (Orb.).

Argentina : Province of Entre-rios, at the village Feliciano, on the
Parana river (Orb.).

Helix alvarezii ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 22, no. 120.—
Bulimus alvarezii ORB., Voy., p. 319.; — PFR., Monogr. ii, 139. —
Odontostomus alvarezii Orb., DOERING, Periodico Zoologico, i, pt. 3,
p. 193 (1875).

It was found dead and bleached in a layer of humus containing
fragments of land and river shells, over 60 meters above the present
level of the Parana river. d'Orbigny supposed that the species had
been killed out by the custom the colonists have of burning over (he
plains to renew the pasturage. It will probably be found to survive
in some locality. In the original publication d'Orbigny describes it
as with " dentibus septem, duobis supra columellam, duobus nmrgi-
nata; " some of the teeth being thus unaccounted for ; but as the rest
of the description agrees verbally with that in the Voyage, I presume
that " septem " was written inadvertently. The species has not been
figured and apparently belongs near 0. charpentieri.

Dr. A. Doering has identified some specimens collected by Dr.
Stelzner in the Sierra de Tulumba, in the northern part of the
Province of Cordova, with Orbigny's species, but not without some

ODONTOSTOMUS. 85

doubt. As his description is not accompanied by a figure, and
probably pertains to an allied but not identical species, I do not
think it necessary to reproduce it in this place.

0. StJBSEXDENTATUS Doering.

Shell profoundly rimate, fusiform, ventricose, thick, opaque,
chalky-whitish, wrinkle-striate. Whorls 10, a trifle convex, the
first generally whitish-corneous, last whorl about one-third the total
length, peristome lipped. Length 23^, diam. 8, aperture with pt?ris-
tome 8 mill, long, 4 wide.

Var. Large, swollen, usually with a sixth tooth on the right
margin. Length 27, diam. 9 mill.

Argentina: Sierra de Cordova.

Odontostomus subsexdentatus DOERING, Bol. de la Acad. Nacional
Ciencias, Cordoba, 1875, p. 454. — Bulimus (Odontostomus} sub sex-
dentatas KOB., Nachrichtsblatt d. D. Malak. Ges. viii, 1816, p. 6. —
PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 609. — Odontostomus pseudosexdentatus
DOERING, Periodico Zoologioo i, pt. 3, p. 194 (1875).

Doering, in his second publication of this species, changed the
name, without mentioning that previously given. His later diag-
nosis is as follows :

0. pseudosexdentatus. Shell rimate-perforate, ovate-fusiform,
ventricose, thick, opaque, calcareous-whitish, wrinkle-striate. Spire
attenuate, acuminate. Whorls 10, slightly convex, the first usually
whitish-corneous, the rest calcareous whitish ; last whorl about one-
third the length, depressed on the side, anteriorly shortly and slightly
two-crested at the base. Aperture angularly oblong-oval, obstructed
by 5 teeth : one in the middle of the parietal wall, the second,
horizontal, on the columella, third on the basal lip, fourth and fifth
small, within the right margin.

Length 23, diam. 7|, length of aperture 7|, width 5 mill.

Length 23^, diam. 8 to 8£, length of aperture 8, width 5^ mill.

Length 23, diam. 8, length of aperture 7|, width 5 mill.

The upper tooth of the outer lip is generally but little developed,
rarely failing completely. The species varies a good deal in shape,
there being two chief forms, a smaller normal one, and a larger,
more ventricose form (major) with some traces of a tooth on the
upper curve of the outer lip, and measuring :

Length 26, diam. 9|, length of aperture 8|, width 6 mill.

00 ODONTOSTOMUS.

Length 27, diam. 10, length of aperture 9, width 5§ mill.

Length 27, diam. 9, length of aperture 8§, width 6 mill.

The normal form is more frequent on calcareous hills around the
valley of the Rio Primero. on the western slope of the Sierra de
Cordova. The var. major predominates in the north of the
Province, where Dr. Stelzner collected it at San Pedro.

O. KOBELTIANUS (* Doering ' Kobelt). PI. 12, figs. 80, 81.

Shell rimate, fusiform, rather thin, smooth, streaked with alter-
nate corneous and opaque whitish, the apex regularly attenuated,
generally decollate. Whorls 9—10, a trifle convex, regularly in-
creasing, the last subcompressed at the base, forming a rather wide
crest, a narrow deep pit above it. Aperture slightly oblique, angu-
late-ovate, with five folds arranged as in 0. chancaninus, except that
the uppermost on the outer lip is almost obsolete, while the middle
one is deeply placed and shows through as a yellow spot outside.
Peristome white, narrowly expanded, narrowly white-lipped within,
the margins joined by a thread-like parietal callus, stronger at the
ends, nearly interrupted in the middle. Length 27, diam. 7, length
of aperture 8, width 5J mill. (Kob.} Argentine Republic.

Bulimus kobeltianus Doering in litt., KOBELT, Jalirb. d. D. Malak.
Ges. 1880, p. 291, pi. 9, f. 15, 16. '

O. CHANCANINUS Doering. PI. 12, figs. 78, 79.

Shell rimate, fusiform, ventricose, opaque, buff, calcareous, closely
wrinkle-striate. the apex attenuated, frequently decollate. Whorls
9-10, a trifle convex, the first slightly substriate, those following
coarsely and closely striate, the last whorl about one-fourth to one-
third the total length, depressed in front, the base crested (second
crest obsolete). Aperture angularly oblong oval ; obstructed by 5
teeth : the first one high, slightly entering, on the parietal wall ; an-
other, larger and somewhat twisted, deeply entering on the colu-
mella; the other three within the outer lip, the upper one being
small and tooth-like; peristome expanded, a little reflexed, thickened
within, the right margin subarcuate above, basal and columellar
margins a little reflexed, the margins joined by a callus. Length
27, diam. 8 mill., aperture with peristome 8^ mill, long, 5J wide
(Doer.).

Argentina ; Western slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta, under
rotten logs in the thorny woods.

ODONTOSTOMUS.

87

0. chancaninus DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 248 (1877);
Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1878, p. 134. — Bulimus chancaninus
Doer., KOBELT, Jahrb. vii, 1880, p. 290, pi. 9, f. 13, 14.

Similar to 0. saHnicola and 0. subsexdentatus,\)ut more ventricose
and fusiform. It is smaller than the latter, the apical portion much
more delicate, generally decollate, the strise are coarser, and the
shell more fragile. It is larger and more ventricose than the former
species. 0. chancaninus is larger and more straightly tapering than
0. charpentieri, which has the same arrangement of lamellae and
folds.

O. SALINICOLA Doering.

Shell rimate, fusiform, nearly smooth, scarcely pellucid, subopaque,
variegated with irregular longitudinal pellucid corneous or corneous-
brown stripes. Apex attenuated when perfect, and a little obtuse ;
frequently decollate ; suture rather deep. Whorls 10, a little convex,
the first o buff corneous, attenuated, those following somewhat varie-
gated, substriate ; the last whorl little impressed in front, two-crested
at the base. Aperture angularly suboval, obstructed by 5 teeth ;
peristome expanded, somewhat acute, thickened within, the right
margin lightly arcuate above, basal margin expanded, columellar
margin reflexed. Length 22, width 6 mill.; aperture with peristome
6^ mill, long, 4 wide (Doer.}.

Argentina : Saline plains at the foot of the western slope of the
Sierra de Aconjigasta, Dep. Chancani.

0. salinicola DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 247 (1877).

Of fusiform contour, with the first 5 whorls narrow, a little trans-
parent, opaque in the middle but not calcareous in fresh specimens.
The impression on the last whorl around the aperture is pretty dis-
tinct, and the aperture quite ample.

O. BERGTI Doering.

Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted, pellucid, rather smooth or irregu-
larly substriate, pellucid, pale corneous or brownish-corneous. Spire
fusiform-turreted, the apex a little attenuated, slightly obtuse. Whorls
10, a little convex, the first corneous-brown, slightly substriate, the
last usually paler, about one-fourth the length, impressed in front,
strongly two -crested beneath. Aperture angularly sub-oval, ob-
structed by 5 teeth : peristome white, thickened within, widely ex-

88 ODONTOSTOMUS.

panded, somewhat solute, the margins joined by a thick, compressed
callus. Length 16-22, diam. 5-6 mill. ; aperture with peristome 4J—
5| mill, long, 3j-3f mill, wide (Doer.). Argentina.

0. bergii DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 246 (1877).

This species has an extended distribution and varies within wide
limits, preserving, however, certain definite characters, particularly
the depth and length of the groove at the base, etc.

Var. a, from Alta Gracia, collected by Dr. D. C. Berg. Length
18-20, width 5^ mill. ; of a narrow, very short form, light colored,
corneous-white.

b. Cuesta de S. Antonio, Sierra Chica, region of Coco y Moye.
Length 19—22, widtli 5-6 mill. ; shell long and narrow, of darker
color, only the last whorl is more or less whitish.

c. Cerro Salado, on the west slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta.
Length 19-21, width 6, apert. with perist. 5J mill, long, 2§ wide.
Teeth and peristome. thicker.

O. RETICULATUS Doering.

Shell rimate, fusiform-turreted, corneous-brown or blackish-green,
sculptured with very minute, elevated, close spiral lines. Suture
rather deep. Whorls 9, somewhat convex, the first embryonal,
coarsely striate, the last over one-fourth the total length, a little
scrobiculate-impressed in front, two-crested at the base. Aperture
suboval, obstructed by 5 teeth ; peristome expanded, thickened
within, right margin subangular above, columellar margin reflexed,
the margins joined by a parietal callus. Length 17-18, width 5 mill.;
aperture with peristome 5 mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.).

Argentina : eastern slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta, the heights
of Tablada, Plumeria, etc.

0. reticulatus DOER., Periodico Zool., ii, pt. 4, p. 250 (1877).

This species is intermediate between Odontostomus and Macro-
dontes \_Scalarinella] in sculpture. The whorls, especially the upper
ones, are very convex ; the aperture arid arrangement of teeth are in
complete agreement with the allied species. The jaw has 13 plaits.

O. MARTENSII Doering.

Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform, ventrioose, the apex acute;
ashy-brown, longitudinally closely wrinkle-striate or subdecussately
«ostulate-striate ; somewhat variegated, with irregularly-spaced, Ion-

ODONTOSTOMUS. 89

gitudinal, brownish-corneous streaks. Spire somewhat swollen, tur-
reted, the apex rather acute. Whorls 8, a little convex, the first
buff-corneous, obsoletely striate, the rest closely rib-striate, decussated
by 3 to 6 impressed, very minute, spiral lines; the last whorl scarcely
two-fifths the total length, whitish, compressed at the side and shortly
two-crested at the base. Aperture suboval, contracted by 5 teeth :
one in the middle of the parietal wall, a horizontal one on the co,lu-
mella, a third in the base, the fourth and filth small, within the right
margin. Peristome white, expanded, the margins joined by a thin
callus, right margin lightly arcuate above, basal expanded, columellar
margin reflexed (Doer.}.

Length 17, diam. 6, length of aperture 5f, width 4 mill.

Length 19, diam. 7^, length of aperture 6^, width 4^ mill.

Length 20, diam. 7-J, length of aperture 7, width 4§ mill.

Argentina : northern part of the Province of Cordova, on granitic
hills around Tortoral (Dr. Stelzner).

Odontostomus martensii DOER., t. c., p. 455 (1875); Periodico
Zoologico, i, pt. 3, p. 181 (1875). — B. martensii Doer., KOB.,
Nachrbl., 1876, p. 6.— PFR., Monogr., viii. p. 610.

Distinguished by its sculpture, three fine spiral lines crossing the
striae. In the Boletin, 1875, Doering gave the following descrip-
tion : Shell fusiform, ventricose, ashen-brown, closely costulate-
striate, somewhat decussated by minute spiral impressed lines ;
variegated with irregular longitudinal spots of brown-corneous at
irregular intervals. Spire swollen, turreted, the apex rather acutely
tapering ; whorls 8, a little convex, the last one two-fifths the length.
Peristome slightly thickened, the margins joined by a thin callus.
Length 19, diam. 7^, aperture Of mill, long, 4J wide (Doer.).

O. MULTISPIRATUS Doering.

Shell rimate, elongate, cylindric turreted, many-whorled, pellucid-
corneous or subopaque, irregularly substriate, rather smooth. Whorls
12 to 13. a trifle convex, slowly increasing, the first a little convex,
substriate, the rest somewhat variegated with whitish striae grouped
in longitudinal streaks ; last whorl but little impressed in front, the
base obsoletely two-crested. Aperture ovate, normally contracted by
5 teeth ; peristome white, expanded, the right margin subangular
above, the margins joined by a rather thick, compressed, subsolute
callus. Length 16-19, diam. 4 mill.; aperture with peristome 3J to
4 mill, long, 3^ wide (Doer.).

90 ODONTOSTOMUS.

Argentina: Quebrada de Yatan, de Nieve, A»ua de los Oscuros,
on the western slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta.

0. muJtispiratus DOER., Periodico Zool. ii, pt. 4, p. 245 (1877).

Readily known by the long, slender form and numerous whorls.
It varies somewhat, both in degree of elongation and in color, those
living on slopes exposed to the sun being paler and more calcareous
than those from shady places, which are darker colored.

Group of 0. neglectus.
O. LEMOINEI Ancey. PI. 12, fig. 84.

Shell rather slender, long and tapering, rather thin or somewhat
solid, narrowly, obliquely perforate, tawny-gray, somewhat glossy.
Spire long, regularly tapering to the somewhat obtuse apex. Whorls
9J, regularly and slowly increasing, a little convex, separated by a
simple and impressed suture, 4 or 5 earlier whorls nearly smooth,
those following marked with obsolete, oblique riblets, the lower ones
pallidly and irregularly vermiculate or wrinkled, the last whorl taper-
ing, angular around the umbilicus, scarcely ascending, flattened and
with a pit on the right side, oblong in form and scarcely larger than
the preceding whorl. Aperture distinctly oblique, irregularly oblong,
the outer margin angular above and below, showing teeth : a moder-
ate sized parietal lamella, a prominent columellar lamella, a trifle
twisted and simple, a large tooth opposite the rest within the right
margin, and a thickened callus within the sloping basal margin,
which joins the right margin at an angle. Peristome narrow at the
insertion, elsewhere thickened, expanded, and at the base, and especi-
ally the columella, dilated ; margins joined by a thin callus. Length
22, diam. 6J, alt. aperture 6 mill. (Ancey).

Bolivia : Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Germain).

Odontostomus lemoinei ANCEY, Journal of Conchology vii, p. 93,
fig. 1 on p. 97 (July, 1892); Le Naturaliste, August, 1892, p. 178.

Form brevior Anc. Shorter and relatively broader, the aperture
larger, whorls 9. Length 18^, width 6^, alt. aperture scarcely 6 mill.
(Anc.).

This form, quite a new one for Bolivia, is distinguished at a glance
from similar species, such as 0. achalanus Doering, known to inhabit
the Argentine Republic (Anc.).

ODONTOSTOMUS. 91

O. NEGLECTUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, figs. 82, 83.

Shell perforate, fusiform-turreted, thin ; pale brownish corneous,
with fine, irregular, sinuous whitish striae, which below the sutures
become a regular series of short and very narrow folds. Outlines of
the spire convex, apex obtuse, the first two whorls vertically and
closely costellate. Whorls 8^, slightly convex. Aperture ovate,
the outer lip narrowly expanded, columellar margin broadly
reflexed ; columella having a strong fold above, bearing a very
small, oblique, white lamella.

Length 21.5, diam. G, length of aperture 6.8 mill.

Length 20.5, diam. 6.5, length of aperture 7 mill.

Length 19, diam. 6, length of aperture 7 mill. (Pfr.).

Brazil.

Bulimus neglectus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 67; Monogr.
ii, p. 113; vi, p. 55 — Odontostomus neglectus DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D.

Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 105 Bulimus oblitus REEVE, Conch.

Icon. pi. 56, f. 376 (Dec., 1848).

The regular white costellation of the sutural border and very
irregular and rather sparse whitish striaa of the rest of the surface,
are characteristic. The form varies from somewhat cylindric, as
in Reeve's oblitus, to more conic, regularly tapering from the last
whorl to the apex, as in Pfeiffer's original type, which is now in
Dohrn's collection. It is very similar to 0. guarani Orb., in the
strong fold of the columella, the mouth being otherwise toothless.
0. janeirensis differs in apical sculpture, that of 0. neglectus consist-
ing of rather coarse vertical riblets and finer spirals, being inter-
mediate between the grated and costellate groups.

Group of 0. avellancdce.

In the single species of this group these are no lamella or folds.
The apices of all the specimens I have seen are too much worn to
show sculpture.

O. AVELLANED^E (Doering). PL 11, figs. 56, 57, 58, 59.

Shell perforate-rimate, slender and tapering, rather thin, yellowish-
olivaceous with some dark oblique streaks, and sometimes suffused
with chestnut or smoky brown; glossy, sculptured with distinct
growth-wrinkles, stronger below the suture, and sometimes showing
very faint spiral striation. Whorls 7, scarcely convex, the last a

92

ODONTOSTOMUS.

little flattened near the upper end of the outer lip. Aperture sub-
vertical, ovate, less than half the total length of the shell ; peristome
white, narrowly expanded, the columellar margin dilated, parietal
callus thia ; columella oblique but foldleas.

Length 22, diam. 9, length of aperture 9 mill. (Doering's type).

.Length 22.5, diam. 8, length of aperture 9.6 mill. (Golfo Nuevo).

Length 19, diam. 7, length of aperture 8 mill. (S. Ventana).

Length 16.8, diam. 7, length of aperture 7.5 mill. (S. Ventana).

Argentina: Sierra de Currumalan, living with 0. rocse on
quartzite rocks ; Sierra Ventana, around Fuerte Argentine (Doer-
ing); Golfo Nuevo or Bahia Nuevo (von Ihering).

Eudioptus avellanedae DOER., Informe Oficial de la Comision

Cientifica Exped. al Rio Negro, Zool., p. 64, pi. 1, f. 2, 3 (1881)

Anctus (?) stearnsianus PILSBRY, Nautilus x, p. 41 (1896).

A slender species, not very unlike the Argentine group of Buli-
mulus (Vol. x, p. 191), but more allied to Odontostomus or Anctus in
the building forward of the aperture-margins. I have little doubt
that it holds a relation to the group of five-toothed Argentine
Spixias similar to that of typical O.Janeirensis in comparison with
0. punctatissimus. "It is merely a species in which the apertural
folds and lamellae have degenerated, as in 0. patagonicus of the same
region. My description of this species under a new name was due
to the original generic reference. It is totally unlike Eudioptus.

A specimen from Golfo Nuevo, some distance down the coast from
Bahia Blanca, is yellowish-green, with faintly darker streaks, and is
costulate-striate (pi. 11, fig. 58).

Figs. 56, 57, are from Doering's illustrations. Fig. 59 shows one
of the types of the synonymous stearnsianus, from the Sierra
Ventana.

Subgenus PLAGIODONTES Doering, 1876.

Plagiodontes DOER., Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Cien-
cias, ii, p. 318; Cordoba, 1876; type, dentatus Wood ; Periodico
Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 237 (1877).

Shell rimate, ovate or oblong, corneous or brown, with 6-|-8 com-
pactly coiled whorls, the first 1^ having dense waved strise or
straight riblets; last whorl large, scarcely pitted behind the lip ex-
cept at the base. Aperture subvertical, truncate-ovate, obstructed
by 3 principal lamellae and folds, and a variable number, 0-5, of

ODONTOSTOMUS. 93

small folds. The parietal lamella is angular and twisted, composite,
being formed by the union of three lamellae ; and there is usually a
transverse barrier standing behind the lower palatal fold. The jaw
is plaited.

Distribution, Argentine Republic and Uruguay, chiefly in the La
Plata drainage.

This subgenus differs from the other groups of Odontostomus in its
short, compact shape, and the composite parietal lamella, which con-
sists of three lamellae — the angular, parietal and infraparietal,
united into one angular, outwardly trifid tooth. In pi. 15, fig. 33, a
young specimen of 0. dentatus is figured, showing the separation of
the three components of the parietal tooth, at a particular stage of
individual development. Jn retaining these three lamellae, Plagio-
dontes approaches Tomigcrus ; and as in that genus, it will be
noticed that the infraparietal lamella is the longest, the true parietal
being reduced. The basal and lower palatal folds are comparatively
small, but the columellar lamelltt is far more developed than in
Tomiqerus, being the largest tooth in the aperture. No other
Odontostomus has the transverse barrier standing within the series
of lip-folds, which is possessed by all the Plagiodontes except'
patagonicut.

The teeth of the species are very similar throughout the subgenus,
except in the 0. patagonicus, in which they are partially degen-
erate.

In 0. dentatus (pi. 15, fig. 25) and 0. patagonicus the apex has
very fine, waved striae, faintly decussated by spiral lines. In 0.
dadaleus (pi. 15, fig. 32), and probably all the other species, it is
finely costellate.

Key to Species of Plagiodontes..

1. Aperture almost closed by 7-10 teeth and a transverse plate be-
hind them.

a. Surface merely wrinkled with growth lines ; clear corneous.
Uruguay, Entre-rios. dentatus, p. 94.

a1. Surface distinctly and closely striate.

b. Striae almost rib-like*; opaque-brown, whitish behind
the aperture. S.-E. Argentina. roccz, p. 97.

bl. Striae fine and close.

c. Shell obese, whitish, the sutures moderately im-
pressed, dcedaleus, p. 97.

94 ODONTOSTOMUS.

c1. Cylindrical, the whorls flattened; corneous-whit-
ish; 26x11 mill. brackebuschi, p. 100.
c2. Subcylindrical, the cone of spire very short;
rufous-brown, a whitish keel above the sutures;
whorls flat ; 26x12 to 29x14 mill.

weyenberghi, p. 100.

c3. Ovate-oblong, more slender than the other spe-
cies ; 27x10 mill. multiplicatus, p. 101.

2. Aperture comparatively open, with three moderate sized and often
some smaller teetli ; transverse barrier small or wanting. Bahia
Blanca inland to Sierra Ventana. patagonicus, p. 95.

O. DENTATUS (Wood). PL 14, figs. 15, 16, 17; pi. 15, fig. 25.

Shell deeply perforate and rimat^, oblong, of a dirty corneous tint,
rather dull, faintly marked with growth -lines. Spire very convexly
conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls about 6J, moderately convex, aper-
ture ovate, nearly closed by 8 or 9 teeth : a composite, deeply enter-
ing parietal lamella, a very large, spreading and partly vertical colu-
mellar lamella, a small, acutely compressed basal fold ; and within
the outer lip a similar lower palatal ibid, an accessory fold often be-
tween these two; a large, twisted upper palatal, and a pair of con-
tiguous superpalatal folds, connected at their bases ; behind the lower
palatal fold a high transverse lamella stands. Peristome white, thick-
ened and narrowly reflexed.

Length 20, diam. 8 J, length of aperture 8^ mill.

Length 19, diam. 8, length of aperture 8^ mill. (Montevideo).

Length 16, diam. 8, length of aperture 7^ mill. (Montevideo).

Length 16^, diam. 7^, length of aperture 7 mill. (Montevideo).

Uruguay : Montevideo, in abundance (Martinez, Dr. W. H. Rush);
Colonia. Argentina, prov. Entre Rios : Feliciano and San Jose
(Orbigny); Concordia and Mercedes, among plants in sandy places
(Paz); Gualeguaychu (L. D. Vries).

Helix dentata WOOD, Index Testae. Suppl., pi. 8, f. 71 (1828).—
Bulimus dentatus Wood, PFR., Symbolse ad Hist. Hel. iii, p. 54 ;
Monogr. ii, p. 86 ; iii, 369 ; iv, 438 ; vi, 76 ; viii, 107, 612 ; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 139, pi. 16, f. 4-6.— REBVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 38, f. 233 —
HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, p. 80 — B. (Odontostomus)
dentatus STROBEL, Material! per una Malacostatica di terra e di
acqua dolce dell' Argentinia Meridionale, p. 17, exclusive of var.

ODONTOSTOMUS.

95

(1874). — Tomigerm dentatus MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 29. — Odontos-
tomus dentatus DOERJNG, Boi. Ac-ad. Nac. Ciencias, Cordoba, 1875,
p. 452; Periodico Zoologico i, pt. 3, p. 197 (1875). — Plagiodontes
dentatus DOER., Bol. Acad. Cord, ii, p. 318 ; Periodico Zoologico ii,
pt. 4, p. 238 (1877).— B. (Plagiodontes) dentatus KOB., Jahrb. 1878,
p. 133.— Pupa dentata DESH. in Fer., Hist., p. 218, pi. 162, f. 17,
18 — Helix sowerbiana FER., Prodr., p. 71, no. 492 bis (nude name).
— ORBIGNY, Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 22. — CycJodontina sowerbyana
BECK, Index, p. 88 — Pupa sowerbiana ORB., Voy., p. 321, pi. 41
bis, f. 15, 16 (exclusive of var. patagonica] — POT. et MICH., Galerie
i, p. 173, pi. 17, f. 7, 8. — Odontostomus (Plagiodontes} sowerbyanus
Orb., ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, May, 1901, p. 103. — Pupa labyrinthus
in Berlin Museum, ANTON, Verzeichniss, p. 47, no. 1749 (according
to Pfr.); nude name.

In most of the specimens from Montevideo the fold lying between
the basal and lower palatal is wanting, as it was in Wood's type ;
but it is sometimes present or even represented by two folds. It
occurs in specimens from Colonia and Entre Rio«. Ancey mentions
that in one specimen he found five irregularly placed denticles
within the basal lip.

In the Montevideo shells the upper end of the composite parietal
lamella, or that part representing the angular lamella, is usually a
mere low buttress on the right side of the true parietal (fig. 15), but
in some specimens from other localities it is more tubercular, and a
low callous cord runs upward from it to near the termination of the
outer lip. In immature specimens of 0. dentatus at a certain stage
the components of the parietal lamella stand separate upon the
parietal wall (pi. 15, fig. 33).

O. PATAGONICUS (Orbigny). PI. 14, figs. 20-24.

Shell deeply rimate, pupiform with conic spire, rather solid, light
olivaceous brownish with darker longitudinal streaks ; somewhat
shining, sculptured with fine, irregular growth-striae. Last whorl
subcylindrical or barrel-shaped, those above rapidly tapering, form-
ing a rather short, conic spire. Whorls 6^ or 7, nearly flat, the last
with a more or less distinct basal keel on its latter half, and having
a small flattened tract within the keel behind the basal lip. Aper-
ture vertical, shortly, irregularly ovate, obstructed by three principal
lamellae and one or two smaller denticles or teeth : one curved

96 ODONTOSTOMUS.

lamella well within on the parietal wall, bifid at its outer end ; one
very obliquely entering lamella on the columella ; and a compressed
upper palatal fold within the outer lip near its middle. Besides
these there are in some specimens a small basal fold within the basal
lip near the foot of the columella, and a suprapalatal fold within the
outer lip above the upper palatal fold ; one or two other folds being
developed in some individuals. Peristome expanded.

Alt. 19-20, diam. 9, length of aperture 8^-8^ mill.

Argentina: Bahia Blanca, in intervals of the dunes bordering the
bay (Parchappe). Sierra Ventana mountain system and along the rivers
arising therein, Rio Naposta, Rio Sauce-Chico, etc., arid draining
into the northern shore of Bahia Blanca. Not extending southwest
to the drainage of the Colorado river, nor into the Sierra del Azul,
etc. (Doering).

Helix patagonica ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 22. — Pupa sower-

biana var. patagonica ORB., Voyage, p. 321, pi. 41 bis, f. 17, 18

Cydodontina patagonica BECK, Index, p. SS.—Bulimus dentatus
var. 6, PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 87. — Bulimus patagonicus Orb., PFR.,
Monogr. iv, p. 438. — Plagiodontes patagonicus d'Orb., DOERING
Informe Oficial de la Comision Cientifica agregada al estado mayor
general de la Expedicion al Rio Negro (Patagonia), Entr. i,
Zoologia, p. 68, pi 1, f. 7, 8 (1881). — Odontostomus (Plagiodontes}
iheringi PILS. & VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 473.

The specimens described above are what I formerly described as
0. iheringi (figs. 2,3, 24); but the full information on 0. patagonicus
given by Doering shows that they are referable to that species.
D'Orbigny described patagonicus from bleached shells from the
shores of the Bay, larger than those before me from the Sierra, and
having the peristome strongly thickened. The original figures are
copied on my plate 14, f. 20, 21, and the original description here
follows :

Shell short, ventricose, subperforate, thick, smooth ; spire conic,
whitish, the apex obtuse, striated. Whorls 7; suture flat. Aperture
mask-like, rounded, with three large teeth, two on the columellar
side. Columella flat, thick; lip very thick, reflexed. Length 22-J,
diam. 11 mill. (Orb.)

Usually patagonica has but three teeth, but some individuals have
besides these, some other small ones, frequently but slightly indi-
cated, but located as in dentatus. The form of the shell is always
more swollen and shorter than in that species. (From Orb., Voy.)

ODONTOSTOMUS.

97

This species differs from 0. dentatus in the quite vertical aperture,
the oblique, not subvertical, direction of the columellar lamella, the
straight, instead of abruptly bent, upper palatal fold, and generally
less developed dentition of the aperture. The transverse plate
behind the lower palatal fold in 0. dentatus is generally wanting in
patagonicus, and the total number of teeth is normally 3 or 4, rarely
7 or 8. The ordinary size is 20-23 mill, long, though it may attain
27 mill, long, 12 wide. Dr. A. Doering, from whose account these
details are taken, figures two specimens, the largest of which I have
reproduced (fig. 22).

O. ROCAE (Doering). PI. 14, figs. 18, 19.

Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, rather solid, brown, opaque, slightly
shining ; ornamented with close, nearly regular striae ; spire ovate-
subcylindrical, the apex conic, suture impressed. Whorls 8, a trifle
convex, the first two nearly smooth, buff-corneous, the rest brown,
regularly sculptured with close, almost rib-like stride, sometimes
whitish ; the last whorl about one-third the total length, chalky-
white around the aperture. Aperture subvertical, ovate, calcareous,
nearly closed by 8-10 folds, of which three are stout and lamelli-
form : one angular, twisted and grooved parietal lamella, the second
and largest tongue-shaped, on the columella, the third twisted,
within the middle of the right margin ; besides which there are 3 to
5 minute parallel folds within the basal lip, two small ones within
the upper part of the outer lip, and a strong transverse lamella deep
within the mouth. Peristome expanded, labiate, the margins joined
by a callus. Length 21-24, diam. 8-9, length of aperture 7-9,
width 61-74 mill. (Doer.}.

Argentina : Southern slope of the Sierra de Otirrumalan, in damp,
shady places.

Plagiodontes rocae DOERING, Informe Oficial, etc., de la Exped.
al Kio Negro, Entr. i, Zoologia, p. 65, pi. i, f. 5, 6 (1881).

Distinguished from its allies by the dark color, becoming white
near and in the aperture, the rib-striaa, etc. The locality is near the
Sierra Ventana.

O. D^DALEUS (Deshayes). PI. 14, figs. 1-9.

Shell perforate and rimate, ovate, swollen, whitish, finely and
densely striate. Spire conic. Whorls 6^-7, rapidly increasing, the

98 ODONTOSTOMUS.

last obese, having a pit behind the basal lip. Aperture vertical,
ovate-truncate, nearly closed by the large teeth : a twisted, angular
composite parietal lamella, bifid outwardly, a very large subvertical
lamella upon the columella, two or three compressed folds within the
basal lip, an oblique, twisted, large upper palatal plate-like fold in
the middle of the outer lip, and two small tubercular, separated
suprapalatal folds ; standing within from the lower palatal fold there
is an erect trausverse barrier. Pjristome thin, expanded.

Length 21, diam. 12 mill. (Deshayes' type).

Length 21, diam. 10-11, length of aperture 10 mill.

Length 19, diam. 10, length of aperture 9J mill.

Argentina : Provinces of Cordova and San Luis.

Pupa dadalea DESH. in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 217, pi. 162, f. 23, 24.
— Bulimus dcedalevs Dh., PFK., Conchyl. Cab., p. 194, pi. 56, f. 11-
14; Monogr. iii, p. 370 ; iv, 438 ; vi, 76 ; viii, 613. — HIDALGO, Journ.
de Conchyl., 1870, p. 51.— KOBELT, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1880,
p. 286, pi. 9, f. 1-7; with var. mayor Doer., p. 287, f. 1, 2 ; var.
minor Doer., 1. c., f. 5, 6 ; var. multidentatm Doer., 1. c., f. 7. — Buli-
mus (Odontostomus) d&daleus STROBEL, Mater. Malac. Argent., p.
16, with var. major. — B. (Plagiodontes) dadaleus Dh., KOBELT,
Jahrb., 1878, p. 133, with var. strobelii and salinicola Doer, (no de-
scription).— Odontostomus dadaleus Dh., DOERING, Periodico Zoolog-
ico, Organo de la Sociedad Zoologica Argentina, i, entr. 3 (1875),
p. 198—200, with var. major, minor, multidentatus. — Plagiodontes
dcedaleus Dh., DOER., Per. Zool. ii, entr. 4 (1877), with var. strobelii
(p. 239) and salinicola, p. 240 — Odontostomus dsedaleus Dh., MAR-
TENS, Conch. Mittheil., p. 158.

A common species in central Argentina, at Cordova, etc. ; the
locality " Brazil " given by Deshayes being erroneous. It varies
widely in form, and in the development of the minor folds within the
basal lip. Deshayes' type had three basal denticles, but most of the
specimens before me have but two, while Doering found a larger
number in some forms of the species.

Var. major Strobel (1874). Shell with produced, acute, conic
spire ; two teeth within the basal lip of the aperture. Length 25,
diam. 12 mill. (Strobel). Foot of the Sierra del Morro, near San
Luis, province of San Luis (HerreroJ.

This is apparently identical with var. major ("mayor") of Doering,
later in date. The latter (pi. 14, figs. 6, 7) is described as 24 to 26

ODONTOSTOMUS. 99

mill, long, 12-J to 13 wide, with 7 whorls, aperture 11^x9 mill. It
is said by Doering to be the normal form, encountered in great
abundance in the Sierra de Cordova. According to Kobelt, who
received a specimen from Doering, it is 30 mill, long, like the type
in dentition of aperture or having two accessory folds between the
two basals ; whorls 7-7-|.

Var. minor Doer. (figs. 4, 5) is only 19-23J mill, long, 10 J- wide,
and said to be somewhat more obese than the type, with typical teeth.
It seems to me to be an absolute synonym of typical dczdaleus. It
occurs chiefly in the more sterile and dry localities, around the peaks
of the Sierra de Cordova.

Var. multidentatus Doering (pi. 14, fig. 9), predominates in dry
places in the pampas. It agrees with var. minor in the obese shape,
but the dentition is much stronger. Three strong cords run out from
the lamella on the parietal wall, two from that on the columella.
The first basal fold is doubled, and in place of the second there are
three parallel folds running into the transverse barrier, and even
visible upon it. There is another fold interposed below the large
lamella (upper palatal fold) of the outer lip, and the surface of the
large fold bears a strong ridge. The types measure, length 20, diam.
25, aperture 10x8 mill., whorls 6; and 25, 13, apert. 11x9 mill.,
whorls 6f .

Var. strobelt Doering (1877). Shell elongate, with acutely conic
spire ; the columellar lamella usually has a little tooth about the mid-
dle of its base ; the secondary upper tooth of the parietal lamella is
usually less prominent. The largest specimens were collected on the
Cerro de Yerba Buena, in the Sierra de Aconjigasta, and measure :
Length 30, diam. 13, apert. 12 mill., whorls 7-J ; length 33, diam. 14,
apert. 13 mill., whorls 7J. Further south a diminution in size is
observable. For example, a specimen from S. Javier measures : 26,
12, 11 mill., whorls 7.

Var. salinicola Doering (1877). Of smaller size, and much less
striate. The secondary superior tooth of the parietal lamella is sep-
arated entirely from the principal by a space. Length 23-26, diam.
12-13 mill., whorls 7. From the saline margins of the Laguna de
Pocho.

0. BRACKEBUSCHII Doering. PI. 14, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell cylindrical, longitudinally striated, opaque, subcalcareous,

100 ODONTOSTOMUS.

corneous-whitish: apex shortly conic, rather obtuse, suture scarcely
impressed, thread-like. Whorls 8, flattened, the first two nearly
smooth, the rest elegantly and densely striated; last whorl about two-
fifths the total length. Aperture vertical, ovate, nearly closed by 7
teeth, all remote from the margin. There are three thick lamelli-
form teeth : one angular, twisted and grooved parietal lamella, the
second tongue-shaped, on the columella, the third a twisted fold in
the middle of the right margin; within the basal lip there are 2-4
minute folds, and 2 minute ones within the upper part of the outer
lip; and there is a strong transverse lamella inward beyond the folds.
Peristome lipped, expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus,
the right margin subangular above. Length 26, diam. 11, length of
aperture 10^, width 8| mill. (Doering).

Argentina: Sierra de la San Luis at S. Francisco.

0. brackebuschii DOER., Apuntes Fauna Argent, iii, in Periodico
Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 240 (1877) — Bulimus brackebuschii Doer.,
KOBELT, Jahrb. 1878, p. 133; 1880, p. 288, pi. 9, f. 8-10.

This species scarcely differs in the structure of the aperture from
0. dtzdaleus, especially the var. multidentatus, but it differs in its
cylindrical, not swollen form, blunter apex and flat whorls, which
show the young to be keeled. The basal impression is weaker than
in dcedaleus, and the minor denticles vary in the same way. It
differs from 0. multiplicatus Doer., in the wider, cylindrical shell,
with shortly conoid, not elongated apex; the flat whorls and scarcely
.impressed suture. It is narrower, thicker and more opaque than 0.
weyenberghi, and without a keeled suture.

O. WEYENBERGHI Doering. PI. 14, figs. 13, 14.

Shell rimate, subcylindrical, slightly ventricose, rather solid,
rufous-brown, not glossy; encircled above the suture with a whitish
carina. Spire somewhat club-shaped cylindrical, the apex shortly
conic, tapering, slightly obtuse, suture flat. Whorls 7, flattened,
the first nearly smooth, slightly convex, the rest delicately and
densely striate, the last whorl scarcely exceeding half the length
of the shell, encircled at the middle by a whitish band, sometimes
obsoletely carinate, the base compressed, scarcely pitted. Aperture
vertical, ovate, with 3 large and 4-7 smaller teeth : a large, sinuous
parietal lamella with three external cords, another very large tongue-
shaped and sinuous lamella on the columella, a third twisted and

ODONTOSTOMUS. 101

subquadrate, in the middle of the outer lip, almost reaching to the
margin, and 2-5 folds within the basal, 2 within the upper part of the
outer lip, and some obsolete denticulation at the base of the columellar
lamella; a high, transverse lamella deep in the aperture, and visible
by translucence from the outside. Peristome broadly expanded,
white, lipped inside, subangular above on the right side, the margins
joined by a very thin callus. Length 26-29, diam. 12-14, length
of aperture with peristome 12-13, width 10 mill. (Kob.).

Argentina: a few moist ravines, the "Nieve" and the "Mermela,"
on the western slope of the Sierra de Aconjigasta.

Plagiodontes weyemberghii DOER., Apuntes, iii, in Periodico
Zoologico, ii, pt. 4, p. 239 (1877). — Bulimus weyenberghii Doer.,
KOBELT, Jahrb., 1880, p. 289, pi. 9, f. 11, 12. — B. weyemberghii
KOBELT, Jahrb., 1878, p. 133.

Close to the preceding species, but darker colored, with shorter,
blunter apical cone, completely flat whorls, and with an acute carina,
which extends to the aperture, at least faintly. The teeth are as in the
two species preceding, only stronger, and seem to be equally variable.

The spelling "weyemlerghii" was obviously a misprint for weyen-
berghii, the species being named in honor of Dr. D. H. Weyenbergh,
Professor of Zoology in the National University of Cordova.

O. MULTIPLICATUS Doering.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate-oblong, closely, regularly striate, rather
solid, opaque ; spire elongate, the apex attenuated-acute. Whorls 7,
a trifle convex, the last scarcely two-fifths the total length, with a
slight basal crest. Aperture subvertical, ovate, nearly closed by
8—10 teeth, three of them large : the first angulate, twisted and
grooved, on the parietal wall ; the second tongue-shaped, excavated,
on the columella; the third twisted, within the right margin. There
are also 3-5 minute folds within the basal and two obsolete ones
within the upper part of the outer lip, and a transverse fold deeper
in the aperture. Peristome somewhat thickened, lipped, expanded,
a little reflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 27,
diam. 10, aperture with peristome 10J mill, long, 8 wide (Doer.).

Argentina: Cerro de Chepe, province of Rioja (Stelzner).

Odontostomus multiplicatus DOERING, Periodico Zoologico, i, pt. 3,
p. 196 (1875); Boletin Acad. nac. Ciencias, Cordoba, 1875, p. 452.
— Bulimus (Odontostomus) multiplicatus KOB., Nachr. malak. Ges.,
viii, 1876. p. 5 — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 612.

102 HYPERAULAX.

This species has not been figured. It is readily distinguishable
from dsedaleus, patagonicus and dentatus by its narrower form, more
regular striation and more numerous teeth.

Genus HYPERAULAX Pilsbry, 1897.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 10; Man. of Conch, xi, p.
82 (as a section of Bulimulus). Includes Bonnanius Jouss., see
below.

Shell nmbilicate, ovate, with 4J-5J whorls, the apex sculptured
with waved wrinkles. Aperture about half the total length, having
a callous nodule at the posterior angle, more or less separated from
the end of the lip by a groove; peristome reflexed, unarmed [or in
the section Bonnanius having vertical upper palatal and columellar
teeth, and usually two teeth (angular and infraparietal) on the
parietal wall]. Soft anatomy unknown.

This group was formerly subordinated to Bulimulus, but I am
now convinced that it belongs in the immediate neighborhood of
Anctus and Odontostomus. The group probably was an early branch
from the Odontostomine stock before it had split into the modern
genera Anctus, Odontostomus, and Tomigerus.

The infraparietal lamella is the longest of those on the parietal
wall, when any are present. This agrees with Plagiodontes and
Tomigerus; while in other Odontostomince having lamellae on the
parietal wall, the parietal is longest. In Tomigerus the parietal
lamella is small, in Hyperaulax (Bonnanius) it is wanting. Anctus
laminiferus has a vertical, not entering, tooth upon the outer lip,
analogous to, possibly homologous with, that of Hyperaulax ramagei.
Until we know something of the pallial, muscular, digestive and
genital systems of Tomigerus, Hyperaulax and Anctus, their mutual
relations cannot be adequately understood.

Dr. O. von Mollendorff has recently (Nachr. d. D. Malak. Ges.,
1901, p. 126) suggested that B. ridleyi belongs to the Buliminoid
group Nap&us, directing attention to its similarity to species of the
Azores; but the latter do not have the apical sculpture of Hyperaulax
ridleyi, and I regard the resemblance as a case of convergent evolu-
tion, perhaps due to some similar insular environmental factors, and
not of phylogenetic significance.

The typical section of the genus includes the recent species H.
ridleyi (Smith), of Fernando Noronha (Manual xi, p. 82), and the

HYPERAULAX. 103

oligocene H. floridanus (Conr.), of which Bulimulus longcevus
Ancey (Le Naturaliste, May, 1881, p. 414) is a synonym; H.
heilprinianus (Dall); H. stearnsii (Ball), and H. americanus (Dall),
Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Science, iii, pp. 5-7 (1890); all from the
Silex Beds at Tampa, Florida.

H. RIDLEYI (Smith). Vol. XI, p. 82.

Some specimens are smaller than those described, one before me
measuring, length 8.2, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 mill., with 4^ whorls.
There is no pale band at the periphery, the whole shell being dull
brown, with angular buff lines and dots. It is densely but super-
ficially striate spirally. The nepionic shell consists of nearly 2
whorls, which are densely, minutely sculptured with waved wrinkles.

Section Bonnanius Jousseaume, 1900.

Bull, de la Societe Philomatique de Paris, n. ser., ii, p. 39.

In this. section the aperture is contracted by blunt teeth : two on
the parietal wall, the upper (angular lamella) tubercular, the lower
(infraparietal lamella) compressed and entering ; one on the colu-
mella, and one (the upper palatal) within the outer lip. In view
of the great variability of teeth in all the groups of Odontostominae,
the group does not seem of more than subgeneric or sectional rank.

H. RAMAGEI (E. A. Smith). PI. 11, figs. 60, 61, 62.

Shell subperforate and shortly rimate, obesely-ovate, solid, sculp-
tured with fine wrinkles of growth and faint spiral lines ; reddish-
brown, encircled by whitish bands, four on the last whorl. Spire
shortly conic, the apex obtuse, sculptured with close, vertical, waved
wrinkles ; last whorl very obese, rounded below, having a pit behind
the outer lip, another behind the columellar lip. Aperture slightly
oblique, irregularly ovate, brownish within, obstructed by four teeth:
a small, tubercular angular, well separated from a thick, entering
infraparietal lamella ; a large squarish tooth on the columella, and
a large vertical fold with irregular or crenate edge within the middle
of the outer lip. Peristome thick, reflexed, and with the teeth, ivory
white ; parietal callus rather heavy, thickened into a low nodule at
the posterior angle of the aperture.

Length 18J, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 11 mill.

Length 23^, diam. 16 mill. (Smith, types of ramagei).

Length 17J, diam. 12^ mill. (Smith, types of ramagei}.

104 HYPERAULAX.

Length 22, diam. 15, length of aperture 13^ mill. (Jouss., type of
ouvieri).

Fernando Noronha Island, imbedded in sandy mud on a raised reef
at Tobacco Point (G. A. Ramage).

Bulimus (Tomigerus*) ramagei E. A. SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc.
(Lond.), xx, Zoology, p. 500, pi. 30, f. 8 (1890.) — Bonnanius bou-
vieri JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (ser. 9), ii, p.
39, pi. 1, f. 19 (1900).

Turbine, in cui la prima voluta e straordinariamente rigonfia : ha
bocca prodigiosa per i quattro dente, che formano il buco, come di
serratura tedesca. E' bianco dentro, castagnino fuori BUONANNI,
Ricreatione dell' Occhio e della Mente, parte seconda, p. 185, f. 44
(1681); Latin edition, BONANNUS, Recreatio Mentis et Oculi (1684),
p. 118, f. 44 ; Museum Kircherianum, classes xii, p. 452, f. 44 (1709).
— Bonnanius bonnanius JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Philomath. (9 ser.),
ii, p. 41 (1900), based upon Buonanni's figures and description.

Mr. Smith describes this species as having four white bands on
the body-whorl, which agrees with the specimen before me (f. 60),
from coll. G. H. Clapp ; but his figure (f. 62) shows five bands.
Two only of the twenty specimens examined by Smith exhibit any
variation in the teeth of the aperture, these wanting the two parietal
denticles. There is considerable variation in size.

The Bonnanius bouvieri of Jousseaume (pi. 11, fig. 61) is clearly
the same species, differing only in the longer fold within the outer

HP.

Although introduced into scientific zoology by Mr. E. A. Smith in
1890, this species was first described and figured by a far earlier
conchologist.

Making reasonable allowance for bad drawing, the Turbine no. 44,
figured by the worthy Jesuit, Father Buonanni, in 1681, is evidently
Smith's B. ramagei. The island Fernando Noronha was discovered
by Amerigo Vespucci in 1503, his vessel lying there some eight days,
with abundant and duly improved opportunity for observing the pro-
ductions of the island, as we learn from his account of the voyage.
It is thus quite likely that the specimen treasured in the collection
of the Roman College of the Society of Jesus was collected and
brought home by Vespucci or some of his crew. Neither Linnasus
nor Gmelin seem to have noticed the thrice-published figure of Bon-
annus. It was M. Jousseaume, in 1900, who first called attention to

TOMIGERUS. 105

Buonanni's figure, to which he applied the name Bonnanius bonnan-
ius. He was ignorant of the locality of the species and of Mr. Smith's
work upon it, and not only misquotes the reference to Bounanni's
work, but misspells his name, which Bounanni himself Latinizes
" Bonannus"

Genus TOMIGERUS Spix, 1827.

Tomigerus SPIX, Testacea Fluviatilia quae in itinere per Brasiliam
ann. 1817-1820, etc., coll. Dr. J. B. de Spix, legend on pi. 15, type
T. claMsus.

Shell turbinate or ovate, compressed from face to back, imperfor-
ate, but with a long umbilical chink ; whorls 4-5, the spire more or
less conic, apex smooth ; last whorl compressed, with deep, oblique
grooves behind the peristome. Aperture somewhat triangular,
lateral, subvertical, seven-toothed ; parietal lamella much smaller
than the long angular and infraparietal lamellas ; three teeth on the
straightened and sloping baso-columellar margin a small supra-
columellar and large, entering, columellar lamella, and a basal fold ;
outer lip bearing a single obliquely entering palatal fold. Soft
anatomy unknown. Type, T. clausus Spix.

Distribution : Eastern Brazil to Venezuela.

This genus is allied on one hand to Plagiodontes, on the other to
Anostoma. The armature of the aperture is exceedingly similar in
all the known species. The homology of the .erect, plate-like fold
within the outer lip is not obvious ; it may represent the united
upper and lower palatal folds, or the upper palatal united with a
suprapalatal and a transverse barrier like that of Plagiodontes.
While specialized in shell-contour and armature of the outer lip,
Tomigerus is primitive in the distinctness of the three parietal
lamellae.

Besides the following species, a u T. globuloides Mss.," from
Brazil, is mentioned in Paetel's Catalog. (Edit. 4, 2 Abth., p. 211).
No such species has been described by Mousson, to my knowledge.

Key to Species of Tomigerus.

1. Shell whitish with brown bands ; last whorl strongly distorted,
umbilical suture long and straightened.

a. Spire depressed, low-conic ; back of last whorl corru-
gated, clausus.

106 TOMIGERUS.

a.1 Spire elevated, conic ; nearly smooth ; diam. about 20
mill. gibberulus.

2. Shell brown or corneous, not banded ; spire elevated, conic.

a. Umbilical suture straight in the middle ; whorls 5 ; diam.

about 12 mill. turbinatus.

a.1 Umbilical suture short, arcuate ; whorls 4-4^ ; diam. 5 j-

1\ mill. cumingi.

T. CLAUSUS Spix. PL 7, figs. 67, 68, 69, 70.

Shell compressed-ovate, distorted as though by pressure on the
aperturul side, imperforate, with a long, straightened umbilical
suture; white with numerous chestnut bands, the widest one on the
base, median bands more or less interrupted, and all disappearing on
the front of the shell ; the suture and umbilical rimation bordered
with brown. Surface sculptured with faint growth-striae except on
the last half whorl, which is strongly corrugated, the riblets irregular,
often anastomosing. Spire low conic ; whorls 4^, the last distorted,
excavated behind the columellar lip, and having an oblique
groove behind the outer lip. Aperture vertical, somewhat tri-
angular, with three lamellae on the parietal, three on the sloping
baso-columellar margin, and a large, obliquely entering plate-like
fold within the outer lip, its upper end bifid. Peristome broadly
expanded, white. Alt. 9, greater diam. 13, lesser 8 mill.

Brazil : Province of Bahia, at Almada in the Ilheos district, in
primeval forest (Spix), and in the wood of Caxoeira (Blanchet).

Tomigerus clausus SPIX, Testae. Bras., pi. 15, f. 4, 5 (1827) —
PFR., Monogr. i, p. 2; iii, 285; iv, 327; v, 438; Conchyl. Cab.,
Helix, pt. 2, p. 8, pi. 101, f. 19-21 — DESHAYES, Traite Elementaire,
pi. 83, f. 3, 4.— H. & A. ADAMS, Genera Rec. Moll, ii, p. 153, pi.
75, f. 4. — Tomogeres clausus PFR., Symbolae iii, p. 52. — PHILIPPI,
Abbild. u. Beschreib. ii, p. 131, Helix pi. 8, f. 14. — Helix clausa
WAGNER in Spix, Testae. Bras., p. 21 (1827) — Helix tomigera
MORICAND, Memoire sur les Coquilles Terrestres et Fluviatiles
envoyees de Bahia par M. J. Blanchet, in Memoires de la Societe de
Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, vii, p. 439 (see under
T. turbinatus}', xi, Troisieme supplement au Mem. Coq. Terr, etc.,
p. 152, pi. 5, f. 13-16 (1845) — Bulimus clausus DESK, in Lam.,

An. s. Vert., viii, «p. 255 (1838) Scarabus clausus REEVE, Ann.

and Mag. Nat. Hist, ix, p. 219, pi. 4, f. 1 (1842) — Anostoma spixii
BECK, Index Moll., p. 34 (1837).

TOMIGERUS. 107

This species differs from others in the depressed spire, more dis-
torted last whorl, corrugated surface and coloration. It is said by
Spix and Blanchet to be rare. Four specimens before me vary in
the color bands, but are otherwise alike.

T. GIBBERULUS (Burrow). PL 7, figs. 74, 75, 76.

Shell semiconic, subarcuately rimate, rather solid, nearly smooth ;
whitish, ornamented with wide brown bands. Spire conic, the apex
blackish ; whorls 5, the upper ones a little convex, the last longer
than the spire, angular posteriorly, flattened on the apertural face,
carinated at the base, ascending in front, having pits behind the
aperture. Aperture vertical, subtriangular, somewhat effuse toward
the right side, maculated with violaceous, obstructed by seven teeth :
two on the parietal wall, the upper one oblique, long and serrate, the
other transverse ; three on the basal margin, their interstices purple-
black ; two on the outer margin, the upper one largest, long, the
other compressed, superposed upon it. Peristome simple, white,
broadly expanded, at the base reflexed. Alt. 13-14, greater diam.
20, lesser 11 mill. (Pfr.~) Brazil: Pernambuco (Burrow).

Helix gibberula BURRO AV, Elements of Conchology, p. 188, pi. 27,
f. 3 (1815); second edition, 1825, p. 177.— FERUSSAC, Prodr., p. 60.

— Tomigerus gibberuJus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 66;
Monogr. iii, p. 284; Conchyl. Cab. Helix, pt, 2, p. 7, pi. 124, f. 1-3.

— Tomigerus principalis SOWB., P. Z. S. 1849, p. 14, pi. Moll. 2,
f. 6, 7.

T. TURBINATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, figs. 71, 72, 73.

Shell compressed-turbinate, imperforate, with a long, straight
umbilical suture, pale brown and dull except in front, where it is
somewhat glossy and corneous. Surface sculptured with slight
growth-wrinkles only. Spire elevated, conic ; whorls 5, convex, the
last transversely dilated but not much distorted, ascending in front,
deeply constricted and grooved behind the basal lip, and with a long,
oblique impression behind the outer lip. Aperture slightly turned
upward, nearly closed by the teeth, of which there are three lamellae
on the parietal wall, three on the baso-columellar margin, and a
single large obliquely entering plate-like fold within the outer lip,
bifid at its upper extremity. Lip expanded, broadly flaring, pale
flesh-tinted. Alt. 10, greater diam. 12, lesser 7^ mill.

Brazil : Province of Bahia (Blanchet).

108 TOMIGERUS.

Tomogeres turbinatus PFR*., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 45 (September, 1845).
— PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib., ii, Helix, p. 131, pi. 8, f. 13. —
Tomigerus turbinatus PFR., Conchyl. Cab., Helix, pt. 2, p. 9, pi. 101,

f. 22-24 ; Monogr. i, p. 3 ; iii, p. 285 ; iv, 327 ; v, 438 Auricula

clausa POTIEZ et Michaud, Galerie des Moll., i, p. 201, pi. 20, f. 11,
12 (1838). — Helix tomigeroides MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys. et
d'Hist. Nat. xi, p. 153, pi. 5, f. 10-12 (1846).— Helix tomigera
MORICAND, Mem. vii, p. 439 (exclusive of references; no descrip-
tion or figure), teste Moricand, Mem. ix, 1845, p. 153 — Anostoma
tomigera Moric., BECK, Index Moll., p. 34 (nude name).

This species seems to have been first collected by Blanchet, who
sent specimens to Moricand. The latter took them for a bandless
variety of clausus Spix ; so that what he actually recorded in vol. vii
of the Memoirs of the Geneva Society was turbinatus, though from
the record there given it would appear to be clausus; the true state
of affairs was seen by Beck, but no explanation was made public
until Moricand's Third Supplement appeared, which, although sub-
mitted to the Geneva Society in May, 1845, was not published until
1846, and, therefore, after Pfeiffer had described the species as T.
turbinatus.

T. CUMINGI 'Newc.' Pfeiffer. PI. 7, figs. 64, 65, 66.

Shell compressed-turbinate, with a rather short, arcuate umbilical
suture, thin, brownish-corneous, sculptured with light growth-
wrinkles and delicate spiral lines. Spire conic, the apex obtuse ;
whorls 4^, convex, the last but little distorted, deeply constricted and
grooved behind the basal lip, having an oblique, curved impression
behind the outer lip. Aperture small, slightly oblique, subtriangular,
nearly closed by seven lamellae and folds, the angular lamella run-
ning out to the end of the upper lip and somewhat connected there-
with, the plate-like fold within the outer lip very deeply entering.

Alt. 6^, greater diam. 7, lesser 5 mill. Brazil : Para.

Tomigerus cumingi Newcomb MSS., PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak.,
1849, p. 67; Conchyl. Cab., Helix, pt. 2, p. 9, pi. 124, f. 12-14;
Monogr. iii, p. 285 ; iv, 327 ; v, 438 ; viii, 490.— T. venezuelensis
PFR!, Malak. Blatter 1855, p. 148 ; P. Z. S., 1856, p. 36 ; Monogr.
iv, p. 327.

Smaller than T. turbinatus, with fewer whorls and a more deeply
entering palatal fold. The umbilical chink is arcuate. The follow-
ing form is hardly separable, even as a variety.

ANOSTOMA. 109

Var. venezuelensis Pfeiffer.

Slightly smaller than T. cumingi, the spire a little less conic;
whorls 4.

Alt. 5, greater diam. 6^, lesser 4^ mill. (Pfr.).

Alt. 5-J-, greater diam. 6-f, lesser 4-f mill. (Caracas specimen).

Alt. 5J, greater diam. 5|, lesser 4^ mill, (specimen).

Venezuela (Cuming coll., R. Tate); Caracas (F. Cocking).

Genus ANOSTOMA F. de Waldheim, 1807.

Anostoma F. de W., Museum Demidoflf, ou Catalogue Systema-
tique et raisonne des curiosites de la nature et de Part donnees a
1'Universite Imperiale de Moscou par S. E. M. Paul de Demidoflf,
iii, p. 230 (1807), for A. octodentata and A. Tiexodon. — Tomogeres
MONTFORT Conch. Syst. ii, p. 358 (1810), for T. ringens = A. octo-
dentatum JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1877, p. 311 ;

Tomogeridce of the same author, 1. c. — Tomogerm BLAINVILLE, Diet.

Sc. Nat. xxxii, p. 252 Angystoma SCHUMACKER, Essai, etc., p.

229 (1817), for A. resupinata = A . octodentatum — Anastoma JAN,
Catal., p. 2 (1832), and of some other authors.

Shell heliciform, biconvex, solid, the axis hollow, but imperforate
in the adult stage ; composed of few whorls, the last straightened,
turning toward the margin and upward ; the semicircular aperture
turned upward, obstructed by numerous lamella? and folds ; peristome
expanded and reflexed.

Jaw smooth, arcuate (pi. 5, figs. 32, 33, A. ringens}. Teeth as
in terrestrial Holopoda generally, the centrals and laterals with single
broad cusps, marginals short, with the ectocone developed (pi. 5, fig,
39). Genitalia (pi. 5, fig. 26) of the haplogonous type, the long
slender .penis passing into a long vas deferens, upon which the penis
retractor muscle is inserted ; duct of the globular spermatheca ex-
tremely long. Cerebral ganglia (pi. 5, fig. 34) connected by a short
narrow commissure; suboesophageal ganglia (pi. 5, fig. 35) as usual
in Butimulidat.

Type, A. octodentatum F. de W. Distribution, tropical South
America, east of the Andes.

One of the most peculiar genera of land snails. The prominent
feature of an upturned aperture (causing the adult snail to carry the
shell spire down) is happily expressed in its name (ana, up, and
stoma, mouth, tfp to the last half whorl, the shell is umbilicate, and

110 ANOSTOMA.

judging by the growth-lines, carried with the equatorial plane nearly
vertical ; but at that period it falls or tilts to the right, not to the
left as in Helices, and the subsequent growth of the whorl across the
base necessarily follows. The " teeth " of the aperture are entirely
homologous with those of Odontostomus. See page 27, fig. 3.

Unlike the shell, the soft anatomy is not especially peculiar, being,
so far as known by Dr. Paul Fischer's account of A. rinyens, essen-
tially similar as regards the genitalia to that of Odontostomus, while
the jaw and teeth are like Macrodontes. The elongation of the
whole genital system is greater than in Helicoid snails generally, and
doubtless correlated with the unusual length of the last whorl. The
cerebral ganglia are more separated than usual in the Holopoda.

Key to Species.

1. Angular lamella and upper suprapalatal fold concrescent, forming

a perforation in the lip at its upper end, ringens, carinatum.

2. No perforation in the lip.

a. Typically 8-toothed.

b. A columellar lamella but no basal fold developed ;

two suprapalatal folds ; lip white, broadly reflexed ;

shell angular at the periphery. octodentatum.

b.1 A columellar lamella and a basal fold developed ;

shell more globose, not keeled. deshayesianum.

a} Having 5-7 teeth ; lip comparatively narrow, tinted ; shell

angular at the periphery. depressum.

1. Group of A. octodentatum.
A. OCTODENTATUM F. de Waldheim. PI. 6, figs. 40-44.

Shell biconvex, the alt. half or nearly half the greatest diameter,
solid, obtusely angular at the periphery. Brown-tinted whitish, the
base copiously dappled with oblong spots and more or less spirally
clouded with dull reddish-brown ; upper surface having a broad
reddish-brown band above the periphery, often mottled, and fading
at its upper edge, and a narrow dark spiral band bordering the suture
below, fading on the two earlier whorls. Surface slightly striate
above, and on the first half of the base, the last half whorl regularly
latticed or malleate in diamond pattern. Whorls 5, the first one
flattened, the last half-whorl straightened, running to the periphery
and up-turned, with three long and one short groove behind the lip.

ANOSTOMA. Ill

Aperture subhorizontal, rounded, obstructed by eight folds; the peri-
stome white, very broadly expanded, reflexed and recurved, rather thick,
arcuate throughout, the parietal callus translucent-white, broadly
spreading upon the last and preceding whorls. Parietal margin
bearing three lamellae : a small, triangular angle-lamella, a large,
erect parietal lamella, the inner end of which curves behind the pre-
ceding tooth, and a smaller, straight infraparietal lamella near the
middle of the parietal margin. Outer lip bearing five folds: subequal,
straight and rather large upper and lower palatal folds within the
outer margin, a somewhat smaller columellar lamella below them,
and two still smaller suprapalatal folds on the upper margin, the
upper one smaller and tuberculiform.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 45, lesser 33 mm.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 39, lesser 29 mm.

Eastern Brazil : Prov. Parahyba (Mousson) ; Ceara (Morelet).

Anostoma octodentata F. DE WALDH., Museum Demidoff, iii, p. 230,
231 (1807) — Helix ringens Linnei, CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, pt.
1, p. 86, pi. 109, f. 919, 920 (1786) ; WOOD, Index Testae., pi. 33,
f. 26 a (bad). — Tomogeres ringens MONTFORT, Conch. Syst. ii, p.
359, pi. 90 (bad). — PFR., Symbolae, ii, p. 109. — Tomogerus depressus
BLAINVILLE, Man. de .Malac., p. 459, pi. 39, f. 4, 4a (bad). — Ano-
stoma ringens SOWERBY, Genera, Anostoma, f. 1 ; reproduced in
REEVE, Conchol. Systemat. ii, pi. 169, f. 1 — KUSTER, Conchyl.
Cab., Helix, pi. 12, f. 5, 6 (reproduced from Chemnitz), and pi. 12*,
f. 4-6. — PFR., Monogr. i, p. 1 ; iii, 284. — ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll.,
p. 198, pi. 77, f. 8.— DESHAYES, Trait 6 El£m., pi. 83, f. 1, 2.—
MOUSSON, Malak. Bl. xvi, 1869, p. 172.

Anastoma (or Anostoma} depressum SOWERBY, Conchol. Manual,
p. 5, f. 271, 272 ; edit. 2, p. 65 — Angystoma resupinata SCHUM ACKER,
Essai d'un Nouv. Syst. Vers Test., p. 229 (1817).

Not Helix ringens Linn£. Not A. depressa Lam.

This is the largest species of the genus, distinguished from the next
chiefly by its more depressed form and the absence of a " basal fold'*
at the junction of the lower and outer margins of the lip. The
broader white lip, more numerous teeth and generally larger size
separate it from A. depressum Lam.

A. DESHAYESIANUM Fischer. PI. 6, figs. 46, 47.

Shell orbiculate-globose, lightly striate, hardly shining, covered

112 ANOSTOMA.

with a corneous epidermis, composed of 5 convex whorls. Spire
obtuse; suture hardly impressed, not marginate, bordered below by
a blackish band. Last whorl globose, not carinated, divided by a
submedian blackish band above, the upper part having only a few
spots near the periphery, the base with numerous brown spots
arranged concentrically. Aperture semilunar, a little oblique, the
columellar [parietal] margin arcuate, convex, three-toothed, the
median tooth most strongly developed ; peristome white, reflexed,
provided with six equidistant and equal white teeth, violaceous at
their bases. Alt. 18, greater diam. 33, lesser 24 mill. (Fischer).

Brazil (Deshayes coll.).

Anostoma deshayesianum FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. v (2d ser.,

vol. i), p. 350, pi. 12, f. 1,2 (Jan., 1857) PFR., Monogr. iv, p.

326 — ? ? REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 5 «, b.

Differs from A. octodentatum by the more globose form, absence of
a carina and arrangement of the teeth, there being two teeth (col-
umellar lamella and basal fold) instead of but one, upon the lower
margin of the lip. Judging from the figure, the median tooth of the
parietal margin is less oblique than in A. octodentatum. Reeve's
figure is probably a small form of A. octodentatum, not the real
deshayesianum.

A. DEPRESSUM Lamarck. PI. 6, figs. 48-54.

Shell biconvex, the alt. about half the diameter, angular at the
periphery, whitish, more or less brown-tinted, the base dappled with
oblong spots or streaks arranged concentrically, having a dark band
along the basal suture, the upper surface sparsely spotted near the peri-
phery, and having a brown band revolving below the suture, usually
with a fainter one above it. Surface finely striate above and below,
fresh specimens showing dense fine spiral lines, especially on the last
whorl. Whorls 4|, nearly flat, the last angvlar or carinated at the
periphery, its last half straightened and turned upward, showing two
or three grooves or pits behind the lip. Aperture subhorizontal,
semicircular, obstructed by 5 or 6 teeth ; peristome expanded and
reflexed, pinkish-brown or flesh tinted. Parietal margin bearing two
or three teeth ; a minute tubercular angle-lamella often obsolete, an
erect, compressed parietal lamella, and a small infraparietal lamella
at about the middle of the parietal margin. Outer margin with
three (or four) folds ; columellar fold usually wanting ; upper and

ANOSTOMA. 113

lower palatal folds well developed, the former a little larger and
more oblique ; suprapalatal fold tubercular, small or minute.

Alt. 15, greater diam. 31, lesser 24 mill.

Alt. 17^, greater diam. 34, lesser 25J mill.

Brazil : Banks of the Amazon Rivev (E. Verreaux) ; " Rio del
Norte" (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.).

Anostoma depressa LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, 101 (exclusive of
most references); Edit. Deshayes, viii, p. 152. — Helix (Helicodonta)
ringens FERUSSAC, Histoire, pi. 53, f. 3-5. — Anostoma verreauxianum
HUPE, Journ. de Conchyl. v (2d ser., vol. i), p. 352 (1851), and in
Castelnau, Exped., p. 22, pi. 3, f. S.-^PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 326 ; v,
p. 438. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, xiv, pi. 1, f. 4a, 4b — ? Helicodon
ringens SOWB., Catal. Shells Coll. Tankerville, p. 35 (1825).

Distinguished from A. octodentatum chiefly by the narrower and
tinted lip, and fewer teeth. It is usually smaller, more angular at
the periphery, and less densely mottled beneath.

Lamarck's original description of A. depressa is as follows:
" Shell suborbicular, convex on both sides, a little depressed, ob-
tusely carinated, imperforate, glabrous ; whitish with a circular
reddish line above ; aperture five toothed ; lip strongly reflexed."
He further remarks that it is sometimes spotted beneath, and has five
teeth, two on the columellar margin (parietal wall), and three on the
right lip. Greatest diam. 16 to 17 lines (=32 to 34 mill.). The
species has usually been placed under A. ringens of authors (A. octo-
dentatum F. de W.), as a synonym, but the size, number of teeth,
carina, etc., indicate that the shell Lamarck had was what Hup6
described later as A. verreauxianum.

A. verreauxianum measures : alt. 15, greater diam. 30, lesser 23
mill., according to Hup£. Neither Hupe nor Pfeiffer mention the
positions of the teeth of the outer lip, but Hupe"'s figures (pi. 6, figs.
53, 54) show that in the type, the columellar lamella and upper and
lower palatal folds are developed. Reeve figures a specimen (my
fig. 45) in which in addition to these, a suprapalatal appears, making
six teeth in all.

In the specimens of A. depressum before me there is some varia-
tion, but all agree in wanting a columellar lamella. One of them
(pi. 6, figs. 50, 51, 52) labeled by Robert Swift as purchased from
Verreaux, and marked verreauxianum by the latter, has two parietal
lamellae, the parietal and the infraparietal, and upper and lower

114 ANOSTOMA.

palatal folds, with a minute upper suprapalatal. Another, received
by Swift from Bernardi, has in addition a punctiform angle lamella,
and the lower one of the suprapalatal folds.

Still another shell (pi. 6, figs. 48, 49) labeled "near Rio del
Norte, Brazil," is more acutely carinated, with teeth like the speci-
men last mentioned.

2. Group of A. ringens. (Section Ringicella Gray.)
Ringicella GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 173, for A. globulosa.— Tomo-

gerina JOUSSEAUME Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1877, p. 312, type

A. globulosum Lam.

A tendency toward the formation of a sutural channel may be seen

in Cyclodontina and Hyperaulax, though it is not closed over in these

forms, as it is in Ringicella.

A. RINGENS (Linne). PI. 5, figs. 27-29, 32-36 ; PL 7, figs. 55-61.

Shell biconvex, solid, brownish-yellow, with a dark-brown band
above the periphery, another bordering the suture ; the base rather
sparsely marked with irregular reddish -brown spots and usually hav-
ing a dark stripe below the basal suture. Surface hardly shining, the
last whorl densely corrugated in zigzag pattern, but sometimes this
sculpture is almost obsolete. Whorls 4§, the last carinated at the
periphery, having three deep, dark-colored grooves and one small
one behind the lip. Aperture subhorizontal, elevated above the
periphery, obstructed by six white teeth : two strong lamellae upon
the parietal wall, the parietal lamella compressed, curving upward
within, the infraparietal stouter and straight ; outer lip broad, ex-
panded and reflexed, white, its upper end perforated by an oval hole ;
outer margin with four long folds within, of which the columellar
and the lower and upper palatal are subequal, the inner end of the
latter being strongly bent upward ; suprapalatal fold smaller and
oblique, almost transverse ; above it may be seen a small upper
superpalatal fold, which has united with the angle-lamella to form
the wall of the respiratory foramen, perforating the end of the lip.

Alt. 13, diam. 25 mill.

Alt. 101, diam. 18 mill.

Brazil : Rio Negro (Anthony, in coll. A. N. S.).

Helix ringens LINNE, Syst. Nat. (10), p. 769, 1758 (exclusive of
references); cf. HANLEY, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 363. — Anostoma

ANOSTOMA. 115

globulosa LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 102 ; edit. Desk, viii, p.

153 BECK, Index, p. 34 REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 168, f. 2.

—A. globulosum KtfSTER, Conchyl. Cab., Helix, pi. 101, figs. 29-32.
— DESHAYES in Encycl. M£th., ii, p. 52, and in F£r., Histoire, i, p.
399. — pFR.? Monogr. i, p. 3 ; iii, 284 ; iv, 327 ; v, 438 — REEVE,

Conch. Icon. f. 2 «, b FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 209,

pi. 11, f. 1-5; 1871, p. 261, pi. 11, f. 4-8 (anatomy) Anostoma

globulosa MACGILL., Conch. Text-book, ed. vi, p. 106, pi. 13, f. 25.
Helix globulosa GUERIN, Iconogr. Moll., pi. 6, f. 2. — Helix (Heli-
codonta) ringicula FER., Prodr., no. 114; Hist., pi. 53, f. 1, 2. —
Anostoma ringiculum SCHAUF., in Paetel's Catal., p. 98. — Helicodon
ringiculus SOWB., Catal. Shells Coll. Tankerville, p. 35, no. 888
(1825). — Anostoma hexodon F. DE WALDHEIM, Mus. Demidoff,
iii, p. 231 (1807). — ? Lucerna antiqua HUMPHREY, Museum Calon-
nianum, p. 61, no. 1128 (1797).

Variable in size, degree of carination, and development of the
wrinkle-sculpture ; some specimens being merely striate, with only
traces of corrugation, while others, usually the larger specimens, are
strongly corrugated beneath and above the keel on the last whorl.
In a series of seventeen specimens in the collection of the Academy
there seems to be a gradual passage between the extremes. In one
specimen there is a fold midway between the two palatals (fig. 61).

The size of the perforation in the peristome varies widely, in
specimens of the same size, and it may enter either directly or
obliquely. The maculation of the base is usually rather sparse, but
occasionally copious, and in one specimen before me spots are want-
ing.

A. ringens is the longest-known and commonest species of the
genus, yet no definite locality for it has been published.

A. CARINATUM Pfeiffer. PL 7, figs. 62, 63.

Shell with a long basal suture, conoid-lenticular, rather solid, acutely
carinate ; pale, narrowly banded with chestnut above the keel and
at the suture. Spire shortly conoid ; whorls 5, rather flattened, the
upper ones striatulate, the last with irregular and waved rib-stria3 ;
the base convex, spotted with chestnut, scrobiculate in front. Aper-
ture following the slope of the spire, semicircular, contracted by six
strong, curved lamellae ; peristome white, broadly expanded and re-
flexed, the right margin provided with a large foramen at its inser-
tion. Alt. 13, greater diam. 24J, lesser 19 mill. (Pfr.).

116 STROPHOCHEILUS.

High forests of the Magdalena river region, 6000 ft. above the sea
(Wallis); Brazil (Mus. Dennison).

Anostoma carinatum PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1853, p. 57 ;
Monogr. iii, p. 650 — REEVE, Conch. Icon., xiv, pi. 1, f. 1 #, b
(1863) — MOUSSON, Malak. Blatt. xvi, p. 172.

This is probably a mere variety of A. ringens L., characterized by
its strong keel, strong sculpture and large foramen in the lip ; but
these characters vary widely among specimens of A. ringens. Reeve's
indifferent figures are copied on my plate.

4

APPENDIX TO BULIMOID SNAILS.
Genus STROPHOCHEILUS Spix. (Vol. X, p. 1).

Subgenus STROPHOCHEILUS.
S. PUDICUS (Miiller). PI. 17, figs. 39, 40.

Pfeiffer identified H. pudica Mull, with the species I have named
erythrosoma, and reversing the usage of former authors, he calls the
shell long known as B. pudicus, B. almeida. As the reasons for a
different course are not given in vol. x, it may be best to re-open the
question here. I give on platb 17 copies of Chemnitz's figures of
Miiller's type. Miiller's diagnosis and description are as follows :

"Helix pudica. Helix testa oblonga, rugulosa, rosacea, apertura
edentula ; labro dilatato, candido. Long 20 lin. lat. 9 Jin.

" Testa ovato-acuminata, nitida ex candido & roseo mixta, rugulis
minutissimis ubique vestita. Anfractus vix sex, extimus quinis vicino
& reliquis simul'sumtis major. Faux alba; apertura ovato-oblonga ;
labrum adnatum roseo flavescens. Centrum axis sub labro perfor-
atum. In Museum Spengleriano."

The italics are my own, and call attention to characters — the white
lip and nearly 6 whorls — which show the original H. pudica to be
different from S. erythrosoma. In erythrosoma the largest specimens
have only 4|, while smaller shells, the size indicated by Miiller, have
but 4^, and the contour of the shell is wider. Chemnitz's figure of
Miiller's type, from Spengler's collection, shows 5 whorls, and his
description gives " only six." The upper whorl being planorboid in
Strophocheilus , does not show in a front view. It will be noticed that

STROPHOCHEILUS. 117

S

the columellar lip is distinctly dilated above. In S. erythrosoma it is
narrower.

From the existing data I conclude that the original "Helix pudica"
of Miiller was either a small individual of S. almeida Spix, or a dis-
tinct species, not yet rediscovered, closely allied to almeida. For the
present, it may be best to accept the former alternative. In support
of this conclusion, I figure the smallest individual before me (pi. 17,
fig. 41) for comparison with Chemnitz's figures (f. 39, 40).,

The reference to " Malak. Bl., 1857, p. 179," in third line of refer-
ence paragraph on p. 7 of vol. x, should be deleted. The references
to Miiller, Gmelin, Bruguiere, Chemnitz and Djllwyn belong to S.
pudicus as restricted above to the original small form. "S. almeida"
differs from S. pudicus chiefly in the larger size and in having a
whorl less, judging from the published account of the latter. The
figures in vol. x pertain to " almeida"

It was evidently erythrosoma which Martens reported from Rod-
ersburg (vol. x, p. 194).

S. ERYTHROSOMA Pilsbry. (Vol. x, p. 10.) PI. 17, figs. 42-45.

This species differs from S. pudicus, as figured by Chemnitz, in the
broad contour, compressed from face to back, and " humped " on
the left side (while in pudicus the form is slender and the curve of
the left side is even); in the, concave and narrow columellar lip,
merely rimate axis, not openly perforated, as in pudicus, and in other
characters mentioned in my original description.

The specimen described and figured by Pfeiffer (pi. 17, fig. 44, 45)
as B. pudicus was smaller than any I have seen, length 44J mill.
Others from Iguape, sent by Dr. H. von Ihering (pi. 17, figs. 42, 43),
measure: length 59, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 32 mill., and
length 50^, diam. 28, aperture 29 mill.

A perfect specimen is covered with slightly olivaceous yellow
cuticle which appears of a deep reddish, almost mahogany color, over
the rose-colored parts of the shell. There are nearly 2 post-nepionic
whorls, the nepionic portion being sculptured with close, slightly
oblique, rib-striae.

Southern Brazil: Iguape, prov. S. Paulo (v. Ihering); Rodersberg
(Martens).

Bui. pudicus Miiller, PFR., Malak. Blatt. iv, 1857, p. 179, 180,
pi. [4], f. 1, 2.— MARTENS, Malak. Blatt. xv, 1868, p. 178. Not of
Miiller! — S. erythrosoma PILS., Man. Conch, x, p. 10.

118 STROPHOCHEILUS.

S. PILSBRYI von Ihering. PL 17, figs. 46, 47.

Shell perforate, oblong, moderately solid, chestnut brown, with a
blackish line followed by an ill-defined yellow band below the suture ;
irregularly plicatulate and beautifully granose microscopically through-
out, the granulation barely visible to the naked eye, and arranged in
regular spiral series ; spire thick, obtuse. Whorls 5, the first one
planorboid, the next tumid above ; last whorl oval, convex, its later
half more descending, shortly ascending at the aperture. Aperture
ovate, bluish within ; peristome reflexed, red; columella oblique and
straight above, concave below, its margin dilated above, almost clos-
ing the narrow perforation. Length 48, diam. 24 mill.; aperture 25
mill. long.

Brazil : Piquete (Serra da Mantigueira), Sao Paulo (H. v.
Ihering).

Strophocheilus pilsbryi v. IHER., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1900, p. 394, pi. II, f. 4 (August 9, 1900).

This species seems to be allied to S. rhodocheilus (Reeve), but has
not the color-pattern or columellar fold of that species, the aperture
is smaller, and the surface irregularly plicatulate as well as granulous.
The original description is given above, and the type figured. There
are three nepionic whorls, densely striated spirally, the stria3 granu-
lose. An oblique impression marks the end of the nepionic period.

S. MILLERI var, KRONEI v. Ihering, n. v. PI. 19, figs. 58, 59.

Shell similar to S. milleri, but broader, more inflated, the aperture
more oblique, peristome dark purple, less reflexed above ; spire very
dark, being violet under the thin cuticle, the last whorl rich chestnut,
glossy with dull zones. Length 62, diam. 32^, longest axis of
aperture 34^ mill.

Brazil: Rio Grande, Prov. Sao Paulo. Type no. 1122 coll.
Museu Paulista.

The type and only specimen I have seen has lost some of the
cuticle, but what remains shows the lustrous zones of milleri, with
which species it agrees in having 5 whorls, somewhat plicate spire
and obliqne last suture. The adnate portion of the reflexed columellar
lip is thinner than in milleri, closely appressed and concave, leaving
no umbilical chink whatever, and the columella is somewhat sinuous.
The spiral striae are less granulose than in milleri. This form may
prove specifically distinct.

STROPHOCHEILUS.

119

Var. IGUAPENSIS n. v. PI. 18, figs. 48, 49.

Shells denuded of cuticle have the spire violet, the last whorl paler,
tiesh-colored, lip pink. The last whorl and aperture are broader
and shorter than in milleri. Lip well reflexed ; the reflexed, thick
columellar lip leaves an umbilical chink below; columella straight.
Length 59, diam. 32£, longest axis of aperture 32^ mill.

Brazil: Iguape, S. Paulo (Dr. H. von Ihering).

In this variety the length of the aperture equals the diameter of
the shell, while in milleri and Jcronei it exceeds it slightly. The
crowded, fine spiral striae are smooth, while in milleri they are
granulose.

S. CALUS n. sp. PI. 18, figs. 46, 47.

Shell deeply rimate, oblong, solid and strong ; rose colored, fading
to white in some places, under a thin yellow cuticle (which is in
large part wanting in the type). Surface densely sculptured with
waved striae, which on the last whorl anastomose to form a netted
pattern; conspicuously malleated. Whorls 5^, the first obtuse
above, the earlier 3 composing the conic, closely obliquely striate
nepionic shell. Sutures moderately impressed, beyond the nepionic
shell becoming progressively more oblique to the last half turn,
which is about parallel to that above it, and ascends in front.

Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, flesh-tinted within, peristome very
broadly reflexed and recurved^ the outer lip regularly arcuate, its
upper half rose colored, lower half with the basal lip yellowish ; col-
umellar margin broadly reflexed, standing free above the rather long
curved, compressed axial chink, rose colored ; columella strongly
folded, the fold white ; parietal wall covered with a thick, trans-
parent, roseate enamel. Length 63, diam. 30, longest axis of
aperture with peristome 36 mill.

Brazil. (Type no. J 4668, coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.)

This beautiful species has a stronger columellar fold than S. alme-
ida, is heavier, and there is no umbilical perforation as in that spe-
cies, but merely a rather long, curved chink, over which the wide
columellar lip projects. The apex is more acute than in S. erythro-
soma. It may be related to S. rhodocheilus (Rve.) but has neither
the sculpture or color pattern described for that species. S. cantor-
tuplicatus (Reeve) has a much narrower peristome and different
sculpture. In S. calus there is no minute granulation, and no spiral
striation.

120 STROPHOCHEILUS.

I am indebted to Mr. L. P. Gratacap, of the American Museum,
for the opportunity of describing and illustrating this species.

Subgenus Bonus Albers, 1850.

Vol. x, p. 10. Add to references : Meyalobulimus MILLER, Mai.
Blatter xxv, p. 172, for garciamoreni = popelairianus. — Corns Jous-
SEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 1877, p. 311 (Oct. 1877).

S. MAXIMUS (Sowb.). Vol. x, p. 15.

Mousson reports specimens 140 and 160 mill, long, locality not
given. Possibly they were popelairianus , which is very closely
allied, if really distinct. (Mai. Bl. 1873, p. 4.)

S. YPORANGANUS v. Iher. & Pils., n. sp. PI. 19, figs. 56, 57.

Shell almost imperforate, long-ovate, solid, chocolate-brown, paler
behind the lip, and with a yellow band bordering the white-edged
suture below ; sculptured with rather coarse wrinkles of growth, and
densely finely granulose in spiral series throughout. Whorls 5^, the
first smooth, planorboid, two following granulose and crossed by very
strongly elevated, narrow and wide-spaced ribs. Post-nepionic whorls
exactly 2, the last half-turn of the suture somewhat oblique to the
preceding. Aperture slightly oblique, blue with a pearly luster in-
side, not much exceeding half the length of the shell, acutely ovate;
peristome deep rose-color, thickened, very narrowly expanded ; colu-
mella concave, with a slight fold above ; the reflexed columellar lip
and the parietal callus rose-colored. Length 91, diam. 48, longest
axis of aperture 50 mill.

Brazil : Tporanga, Prov. Sao Paulo (type no. 65. coll. Museu
Paulista).

In the form and the color of the aperture it is much like S. granu-
losus, but S. yporanganus is more coarsely granulose, with shorter
mouth and diverse sculpture of the nepionic shell, the riblets in
granulosus being comparatively fine, close and short.

S. BRONNI (Pfr.), var. PERGRANULATUS nov.

See Vol. x, p. 28. A specimen from Piquete, Sao Paulo, sent by
Dr. von Ihering, is densely granulose to the lip, the folds of the spire
are perceptibly coarser than in bronni, the penultimate whorl is
larger, and the last half-turn of the suture is scarcely more oblique

STROPHOCHEILUS. 121

than the corresponding suture above it. This subspecies may be
called pergramdatus, as it is clearly differentiated from the typical
bronni, in which the granulation becomes obsolete on the last whorl,
and the latter half-turn of the suture usually descends more obliquely.
Type no. 71231 coll. A. N. S., from no. 912 of von Ihering's
register.

S. FRAGILIOR von Ihering, n. sp. PI. 20, figs. 60, 61.

Shell irnperforate, oval, as solid as S. bronni, the last whorl of a
deep, rich brown color with darker streaks, preceding whorls pro-
fusely maculate and suffused with golden-buff. 3^ nepionic whorls,
with sculpture of granules in spiral series, and strong, short folds,
not so close as in S. bronni, and almost disappearing near the end of
the nepionic period. Spire short; whorls 4^; last half of the penul-
timate whorl bulging and prominent, widening with great rapidity.
Last ITT whorls densely and evenly malleated throughout, showing some
appearance of spiral sulci, and minutely wrinkled and granulose, the
granulation like that of S. bronni, becoming much sparser on the
last half whorl, and less regularly arranged in spiral lines. Aperture
subvertical, acutely ovate, bluish within, the peristome thick,
narrowly subreflexed, bright rose colored. Columella concave,
roseate. Length 89, diam. 54, longest axis of aperture 57-J mill.

Brazil: Rio Grande, Sao Paulo. Type no. 1119 coll. Museu
Paulista.

Well distinguished by the very short spire, bulging penultimate
whorl, excessively oblique descent of the last half-turn of the suture,
and the even malleation. which is much more pronounced than in /S
bronni. Though a larger shell, it has the fraction of a whorl less
than bronni.

S. AURITUS (Sowerby). PL 23, fig. 97.

Vol. x, p. 26. The specimen here figured differs from those for-
merly illustrated so much that further exposition is needed. Tested
by the key (vol. x, p. 11), it comes to cantagallanas. The body-
whorl is yellowish-brown with some-darker streaks, the spire dark
reddish-brown ; suture bordered below with a pale band. Surface
minutely striolate vertically and everywhere very finely granular.
Nepionic shell of 3^ whorls, sculptured with rather widely-spaced
narrow and rather low radial folds, subobsolete toward the latter part
of the nepionic period. A contraction marks the beginning of the

122 STROPHOCHEILUS.

post-nepionic growth, which consists of scarcely two whorls. The last
whorl is oblong, much less inflated than in cantagattanus. The aper-
ture is very small, vertical, white-lipped, the peristome rather narrow,
the outer lip straightened in the middle and bearing a strong, long
tooth or prominence on its inner edge. There is a slight lump on the
parietal wall. Length 89, diam. 47, longest axis of aperture 49 mill.
The species is probably nearer cantagallanus than those with which
it is grouped in vol. x. It is less solid and less inflated than the
specimens referred to on p. 27 of vol. x, and is completely imperfor-
ate, while those are subumbilicate. The specimen figured on pi. 16,
f. 26, of vol. x, measures 87, 49, ap. 46 mill.

S. IHERINGI (Cless.), PROCLIVIS (v. Mart.). PL 20, fig. 62.

Vol. x, p. 195. I am unable to decide which of the above names
has priority. The figure here given is from a photograph, kindly
sent by Dr. von Ihering, of one of the original specimens.

S. CANTAGALLANUS (Rang.). Vol. x, p. 22.

Plate, Sitzungs-Bericht Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin,
1896, p. 149, has briefly described the anatomy of this species
(under the name Bulimus proximus), and of B. ovatus.

S. GRANDIS (v. Mart.). Vol. x, p. 26.

Dr. von Ihering has obtained specimens of this magnificent species
at Ilha Sao Sabastiao, off the coast of Sao Paulo. One before me
measures 137 mill, in length.

S. OBLONGUS (Mull.). Vol. x, pp. 29, 196.

Bland (Am. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vii, p. 360) states that oblongus
was introduced in Barbados by Mr. Parkinson, from St. Vincent.

New Colombian localities are : Bonda, 8 miles southeast from
Santa Marta, at 150 ft. elevation (H. H. Smith). Tequas, near
Honda (Wirt Robinson, A Flying Trip to the Tropics, p. 80, figs.).

Brazil : Jacobina Mts., prov. Bahia (Moricand, 2d Suppl. Mem.
Coq. Terr. Bras., p. 45). Cuyaba (coll. C. W. Johnson). Taguara
(Clessin, Mai. Bl. (n. F.), x, p. 167).

Paraguay : Rio Apa, Ascension, San Pedro, etc. (Ancey, Boll.
Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp., Torino, xii, no. 309, p. 5).

Argentina : Mission of San Francisco, on the upper Pilcomayo.

STROPHOCHEILUS. 123

A variety minor, alt. 75-80, diam. 45 mill, was found by Dr. Borelli
at San Lorenzo, prov. Jujuy. The shell in these specimens has not
the extraordinary thickness of some examples from the La Plata val-
ley and Uruguay, in which the peristome in particular is extraordi-
narily developed. Entre-Rios prov. (Ancey, t. c., p. 12.)

At Fray Bentos, on the Uruguay river, Dr. W. H. Rush collected
the typical large form of oblongus, and also a small, obtuse race, solid,
with small aperture and brilliantly colored thick peristome, referable
to S. capillaceus intertextus (Nautilus x, p. 78).

Probably Melania carnatis PERRY, Conchology, pi. 29, f. 3 is
identical with S. oblongus.

The following varieties of S. oblongus are recognized :

Var. crassus Albers. Parana region (Orbigny, Giilich) ; Concep-
cion, Uruguay (Lorentz ; DOERING, Periodico Zoologico ii, pt. 4,
1877, p. 253).

Var. alba Smith. As large as the type, but pure white, lip rose-
pink. Pampa Ruis, Bolivia (Orbigny).

Var. albolabiatus Smith. Island of Tobago.

The synonymy of this variety is as follows : Borus oblongus var.
albus Mull., W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 115 (jaw
and teeth ; shell not described). — Bulimus oblongus var. albolabiatus
E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 137 (1894). — Stropho-
cheilus oblongus var. tobagoensis PILSBRY, Man. of Conch. (2 Ser.)
x, p. 30, pi. 14, f. 70 (1895).

S. CAPILLACEUS var. INTERTEXTUS Pilsbry. Vol. x, p. 32.

This variety was taken by Dr. Wm. H. Rush at Fray Bentos, on
the Uruguay river, with S. oblongus. It is widely separated geo-
graphically from S. capilloceus seneri (Jouss.), which has a pale
peristome.

S. SANCTJEPAULI v. Iher. & Pils. PI. 20, fig. 63.

Shell subperforate, much- more slender and elongated than S.
oblongus, not compressed between face and back ; with narrow, pro-
duced spire. Whorls 6, the earlier ones sculptured as in S. oblongus.
Substance of the shell reddish, with light subsutural band and ill-de-
fined yellowish basal area ; cuticle persistent though very thin ; sur-
face costulate as in S. oblongus, but the later two whorls have no
microscopic granulation. Aperture small, about half the shell's

124 STROPHOCHEILUS.

length, pink within ; peristome brilliant rose colored. Length 85,
diam. 43 mill.; longest axis of aperture 45 mill.

Brazil : Botucatu, Sao Paulo (von Ihering).

A^. oblongus var. sanctapauli v. IHER. & PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 390 (August 9).

This form has much the contour of S. santacruzii, but the early
whorls are more swollen and the texture and coloration as in S.
oblongus. It was described first as a variety of S. oblongus, but I
agree with Dr. von Ihering that it is entitled to specific rank. The
type, no. 71229 coll. A. N. S., is figured.

S. PARANAGUENSIS Pils. & v. Iher. PI. 16, figs. 1, 2.

Shell ovate, decidedly compressed dorso-ventrally, moderately solid,
the spire short, obtuse. Shell substance dull pink, with a pale band
below the sutures ; cuticle mainly retained on the later two whorls,
yellow below the sutures and back of the outer lip, elsewhere yellowish-
chestnut, with rather numerous, narrow, obliquely longitudinal chestnut
streaks. Surface moderately shining, irregularly, strongly wrinkle-
costulate, as in S. oblongus; showing under the lens a microscopic
granulation (similar to that of the spire of S. oblongus), which is
largely or entirely lost on the last half whorl. Nepionic whorls
finely costulate, as in S. oblongus. Whorls 5§, the earlier five regu-
larly and moderately widening, with slightly oblique, sutures, the last
half whorl (in a dorsal view) rapidly descending, its suture extremely
oblique. Aperture somewhat oblique, whitish inside ; peristome well
expanded, brilliant rose-colored ; columella with a moderate fold.
Length 92, diam. maj. 55, min. 47 mill. ; length of aperture 62 mill.
Brazil : Paranagua, coast of Prov. Parana.

S. paranaguensis PILS. & v. IHER., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1900, p. 390, pi. 11, f. 1, 2 (August 9).

With the sculpture of S. oblongus, this species unites the contour
of S. ovatus. It differs from oblongus in the streaked cuticle, dorso-
ventral compression, short spire, and very oblique last suture. It is
more obese than S. granulosus Rang, with less pronounced granula-
tion, coarse surface costulation, and closer apical riblets.

S. GLOBOSUS (Martens). Vol. X, p. 37.

The locality of this species has hitherto been unknown. It occurs
subfossil at Montevideo, Uruguay, whence specimens have been sent

STROPHOCHEILUS. 125

by Dr. von Ihering. It will probably be found living in the same
region. The apical sculpture is that of the S. oblongus group. Some
specimens are so globose as to suggest the European Helix aspersa*
(Pils., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1900, p. 391.)

S. LORENTZIANUS (Doering).

Shell subimperforate, ovate, rather solid, somewhat thick, scarcely
shining, whitish-fulvous, wrinkle-striate, banded at the suture ; apex
a little obtuse. Whorls 5-J to 6, a little convex, the first regularly
and closely costulate-striate, the last ventricose, stria te-wrinkled^
about five-ninths the total length. Aperture ovate-oblong, glossy
pale-reddish inside ; peristome thickened, narrowly-expanded, a little
reflexed, of an intense rose-purple color, the margins joined by a
spreading, glossy, rose-purple callus; columellar margin dilated,
appressed. (Doer.)

Var. a. Large, thick ; length 95—100, diam. 64—66, aperture with
peristome 57-58 mill, long, 42-43 wide.

Var. b. Small, ovate-oblong, thin, of an intense fulvous color ;
length 75, diam. 45, apert. with perist. 42 mill, long, 33 wide.

Argentina: Sierras of Tucuman, Salta and Jujuy (Lorentz, Hier-
onymus and Stelzner).

Borus lorentzianus DOER., Periodico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 255
(1877).

This species differs from S. ovatus by the slightly reflexed peri-
stome, subsolute in periphery, and the intense rose-purple callus ;
from S. oblongus by the more swollen shell, more obtuse apex, slightly
reflexed peristome and whitish-zoned suture ; from S. bronni by the
sculpture, purple callus and folded columella ; from S. capillaceus
by the sculpture and whitish-bordered suture. The var. minor is
found in company with the large specimens, and as no intermediate
forms have been received, it may be a distinct species.

This species is known to me by the above description only. It
seems to belong to the S. oblongus group, and is probably related to
S. paranaguensis.

S. LUTESCENS (King). Vol. x, p. 36.

Var. cordillerce Doering. Shell ovate, intense buff, obsoletely
striate, rather smooth ; suture subcrenulate ; peristome narrowly
reflexed, of an intense orange color. Length 38, diam. 25, length of
aperture with peristome 20, width 15 mill. (Doer.~).

Argentina: Sierra de Cordova^ extremely rare (Doering).

126 STROPHOCHEILUS.

Borus lutescens var. Cordillera DOER., Periodico Zoologico ii, pt.

4, 1877, p. 254.

The spiral lines of the typical form are wanting, or very weak on
the first whorls only, and the peristome is a bright orange-rose color
throughout.
Var. dorbignyi (Doering). PI. 24, fig. 1 .

This is var. australis Martens (vol. x, p. 36). I do not know
which name has priority. Doering mentions a large form, " var.
maxima," length 35, width 23, and a small, " var. minima," length
30, width 20 mill.

Bahia Blanca (Orb., Strobel, U. S. F. C.); Rio Sauce (Chico)
(Roca Exped.); interior of Patagonia (Moreno).

Borus dorbignyi DOER., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cord, ii, p. 336 ; Perio-
dico Zoologico ii, pt. 4, p. 255 (1877); Informe Oficial de la Comi-
sion Cientifica agregada al estado mayor general de la Expedition al
Rio Negro, Roca, pt. 1, Zool., p. 64, pi. 1, f. 4 (1881).

5. CRENULATUS (Pfr.).

Bulimus (Borus) credulatus Pfr., NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind.
Mus. i, p. 121, is a synomym.

Subgenus THAUMASTUS Alb. (Vol. x, p. 43).
S. GRANOCINCTUS n. n.

Shell large, perforate, ovate-oblong, solid, brownish-black, orna-
mented with a brown band below the suture, scarcely shining, spire
conic with the outlines a trifle convex, apex obtuse, whitish, smooth ;
suture somewhat irregular, finely crenulated below, narrowly mar-
gined with whitish. Whorls 7, regularly increasing, the upper
rather flattened, striatulate, more distinctly so below the sutures ;
from the antepenultimate down they are more convex, roughly
striate, the striae more distinct below the suture, encircled throughout
with wide, flat liras, wider than their interstices, which are peculiarly
granose-scaly. Last whorl long, behind measuring three-fifths the
length of the shell, the base compressed around the perforation ;
anteriorly strongly descending for a long distance, then shortly
ascending. Aperture ovate, subvertical, deeply excised by the
penult, whorl, livid leaden-brown with a blackish border, and with a
silky or pearly lustre within. Peristome thickened, livid lead-brown,
the margins remote, connected by a thick, translucent callus, lead-
brown outwardly ; outer lip subangular above, then slightly pro-

PLEKOCHEILUS. 127

duced, nearly straight, expanded but scarcely reflexed ; basal lip
compressed, rounded, somewhat effuse; columellar margin short,
thick, reflexed above the perforation, dilated at the insertion, and
entering in a thick fold. Length 94, diam. 50, oblique length of
aperture 51, width 34 mill. (Rolle).

Peru : Chanchamoyo.

Bulimus (Dryptus) Jilocinctus ROLLE, Nachr. d. D. Malak. Ges.
1901, p. 93 (June 11, 1901). Not Bulimus Jilocinctus Reuss,
Sitzungsber. der K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, xlii, Jahrg. 1860, p.
69 (1861).

Intermediate between foveolatus Reeve and melanocheilus Nyst, but
differing from both in sculpture. Between the rather wide, almost
girdle-like spiral cords on the last two whorls, the growth-striae swell
into flat, oval knots, which project above the level of the girdles and
are more noticeable than the latter. They appear to be hollow.
Below they appear simply as short, projecting riblets. The first 2-J
whorls have a peculiar fine granular-wrinkled minute sculpture.
The coloration most resembles that of melanocheilus.

It is evidently a member of the group of S. melanocheilus, and
perhaps most nearly allied to S. sangoce (vol. x, p. 45).

S. BIT^ENIATUS (Nyst). Vol. x, p. 58.

Specimens from Perene, Peru, are rougher than indicated by the
figures of this species, with more convex whorls, and narrower upper
light band, which is separated from the suture by a dark band.
Probably B. jelskii Lub. and alutaceus Rve. are merely varying
forms of bitceniatus.

Genus PLEKOCHEILUS Guilding.
P. GIBBONIUS (Lea). Vol. x, p. 75.

Another synonym is B. gibboreus Pfr.-Cless., Nomencl. Hel. Viv.,
p. 227.
P. MABILLEI (Crosse). Vol. x, p. 79.

Prof. v. Martens records a larger variety with wider lip, 32J mill,
long, 16^ wide, mouth 19 long, from the road toward the Llanos
from San Martin, Colombia, collected by Stiibel (Conch. Mittheil.,
p. 158).

P. SUBGLANDIFORMIS (MoilSS.). Vol. X, p. 80.

Dohrn (Jahrb. ii, p. 305) finds that it varies notably in size, be-
tween length 38, diam. 18, apert. 20 mill, and 30, 15, 17 mill.

128 PLEKOCHEILUS.

P. SUCCINOIDES (Pfr.). Vol. x, p. 84.

Neighborhood of Muzo 600-800 meters elev., and on the way from
Bogota to Ibague, Colombia (Stiibel, Conch. Mittheil., p. 158).

P. ARGENTEUS (Jousseaume). PI. 21, fig. 70, 71.

Shell imperforate, ovate, rather solid, most minutely granulate,
plicate-crenulate at the suture ; tawny, ornamented with scattered
chestnut dots and a few whitish streaks. Spire conic, a little obtuse.
Whorls 4-jL, slightly convex. Aperture oval, glossy within with scat-
tered chestnut dots ; columella reflexed, slightly arcuate ; peristome
thickened, reddish, moderately expanded throughout. Length 21-
25, diam. 9-12, length of aperture 9-15 mill. (Jouss).

Merida, Venezuela, at 4000 meters elevation.

Euritus argenteus Jouss., Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (9
ser.), ii, p. 41, pi. 1, f. 20, 21 (1900).

In general characters this species resembles B. veranyi Pfr., but
it is smaller and more globose, without an umbilical perforation; the
lip is of a bright rose color, and there are short folds below the suture.

P. DALMASI Dautzenberg. PI. 21, figs. 72, 73.

Shell imperforate, ovate, thin and subpellucid, whorls 4^, convex,
separated by an impressed and irregularly crenulate suture, the first
whorl very delicately decussate, the rest shining and ornamented
with irregular growth-wrinkles. Spire short and obtuse. Last
whorl very large, descending in front. Aperture oval ; columella
narrow, arcuate, a little twisted above ; lip narrowly margined and
almost reflexed ; the margins joined by a very thin, translucent
callus. Color dark-brownish corneous, the suture narrowly white or
yellow-margined; peristome rose white. Length 26, diam. 16,
aperture with peristome 16^ mill, long, 11 wide (Dautz.).

Plecochilus dalmasi DAUTZ., Me"m. Soc. Zool. de France for 1900,
xiii, p. 151 ; Plekocheilus dalmasi DAUTZ., t. c., pi. 9, f. 1, 1.

Remarkable for its small size, quite oval form with short spire,
thin shell, the narrow margin of the peristome, and for the uniform
color, without spots or flames.

The locality is not stated by Mr. Dautzenberg, but Count R. de
Dalmas collected in several Caribbean islands, in Venezuela at
Yacua, and in the Sierra de Sta. Marta. Probably this is from the
latter locality.

BULIMULID^S.

PLATE 16.

STROPHOCHEILUS

PLATE 17

Strophocheilus, Etc.

Plate 18

Strophoeheilus,

Plate 19

57

Strophocheilus,

Plate 2O

61

BULIMULID^.

Plate 21

73

PLEKOCHEILT7S. 129

P. PLECTOSTYLUS (Pfr.). Vol. X, p. 70.

Road from Popayan to Coconuco, on the Altura de 'los Pesares,
2400-2600 meters elevation, and on the road from Popayan to Patia,
at about 1500 meters (Stiibel, v. Mart., Conch. Mittheil., p. 158).

P. GUILDINGI (Dohrn) = P. GUENTHERI (Sowb.). Vol. x, p. 71.

The name was pre-occupied by Pfeiffer, Symbolse ii, p. 115 (1842),
and will be suppressed in favor of P. GUENTHERI Sowb.

P. COLORATDS (Nyst). Vol. x, p. 74. PI. 21, fig. 64.

In Colombia, Department of Santa Marta, this species was found
by Mr. Herbert H. Smith (1898-1901) from 800 to 6000 ft. above
sea level. Size and coloration vary widely, the largest and thinnest
examples occuring at the higher altitudes. Mr. G. H. Clapp has
supplied the following notes on the specimens from various localities,
all of which lie to the east and southeast of Santa Marta.

Calavase Road, 8 miles east of Bonda, 800 ft. elevation. Alt. 57,
diam. 38 ; aperture, alt. 38^ mill. (This was the only living shell
found so low down.)

Campo Alegre, about 1500 ft. elevation. 67^x42 ; apert. 44 mill.

Mincaat 2000ft, elevation, (a) 46^x 28; apert. 30J. (b) 51x32;
apert. 33J. (c) 56^x36; apert, 36 J. (d) 61Jx39J; apert. 39J.
These four shells show a wide variation in color and thickness.
Specimen " a " is thin and dark-colored, the dark spots being more
>r less confluent and arranged in streaks. " b " is very thin and
light-colored, the spots being widely scattered on the body, whorl
and arranged in zigzag streaks on the penultimate. " c " is very
heavy and dark-colored, the markings are arranged in alternate dark
and light streaks which are irregular, the light streaks being spotted
with brown, "rf" somewhat thinner than "c " and the color pat-
tern is exactly like pi. 32, fig. 42, of vol. x.

Don Amo, 2000 ft. elevation. 63x38J ; apert. 40 mill.

Above Minca about 2500 ft. 76^x50 ; apert. 52 mill.

Onaca, 2500 ft. 89x55^ ; apert, 59 mill.

Jiracasaca. Clearing at about 2500 ft. 59x36 ; apert. 37^ mill.

Jiracasaca, 2800 ft. 64^x39 ; apert. 40^. This is a straw-colored
shell without any trace of brown spots on the body-whorl and with a
few very faint brown zigzag markings on the spire. This is a quite
listinct color-form.

130 PLEKOCHEILUS.

Above -Aqua Dulce, 3000 ft. 67x42J ; apert. 46 mill.

Don Amo Estate, 3500 ft. 65x411 ; apert. 40^ mill.

Las Partidas, 3500-3800 ft. (a) 48^x30 ; apert. 30|. (b) 54Jx
341 ; apert. 34. (c) 70^x45 ; apert. 46 mill.

Oriaca Estate, 4500 ft. (a) 74x46^; apert. 47^. (b) 74x49;
apert. 48^.

Valparaiso, 4500 ft. 82x56 ; apert, 56£ mill.

El Libano, 6000 ft. (a) 83^x53 ; apert. 53. (b} 77^x53 ; apert.
51^. (c) 86x58 ; apert. 59. (d) 92x59 ; apert. 60 mill. See pi.
21, fig. 64.

These specimens are larger than those from lesser altitudes. They
are quite thin, with indistinct, mottled pattern, densely and minutely
sprinkled with yellow dots, the granules being mainly of that tint.
The peristome is pink. They are as large as var. ampullaroides
(Mouss.) or larger, but differ from that form in the sloping or taper-
ing upper portion of the whorls, which is not swollen as in Mousson's
variety.

According to Mr. Smith, P. coloratus is found on the ground
among dry leaves and they are very hard to find an account of their
assimilating color.

Var. subplicatus Pfr. (vol. x, p. 198, 199) is evidently close to the
form of coloratus found in the Santa Marta range. Figures are here
given (pi. 21, figs. 67, 68), copied from Pfeiffer.

I have little confidence in the records of P. coloratus from Ecuador.

P. DOLIARIUS (Da Costa). PL 24, fig. 5.

Shell ovate, umbilicate, somewhat thick, exceedingly ventricose.
Whorls 5, minutely granulated throughout, transversely very closely
striate, the striae rugose and minutely undulating, delicately plicate
at the sutures ; last whorl very ample, inflated, obliquely descending.
Columella somewhat twisted, callous above; lip reflexed. Smoky
chestnut, the aperture and peristome purplish-lilac. Length 58,
diam. 41 mill.; aperture 40 mill. long. 26 wide (Da Costa).

Paramba, Ecuador.

Strophocheilus (Eurytus} doliarius DA COSTA, Proc. Malac. Soc.
London, iii, p. 84, fig. I (July, 1898).

This shell, while it approaches both gibbonius Lea and castaneus
Pfr., differs from them in form and sculpture.

PLEKOCHEILUS.

P. COUTURESI (Ancey).

Shell ovate, rather thin, subimperforate, a little shining ; dull
purple under a thin, more or less deciduous green or buff-brown
epidermis. Spire short, obtuse, the apex brown-purple, rounded-
subconoid at summit. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, a little convex,
the suture impressed, marked with growth striae and minutely gran-
ulate : the penultimate whorl somewhat swollen on the right side ;
last whorl deflexed beyond the middle for a long distance, malleate
and very minutely granulose, the strise forming slight folds at the
suture. Aperture almost vertical, irregularly oval, angular above,
the columellar fold calloused, inside livid purple; peristome revolute
and thickened throughout, rose-purple, the margins joined by a
glossy parietal callus, columellar margin a little dilated at the inser-
tion. Length 38, diam. 22, alt. of aperture with peristome 22 mill.

' {Ancey).

Bolivia (teste G. Coutures).

Eurytus couturesi ANC., The Nautilus, xiv, p. 42 (August 1,
1900).

" This is more egg shaped than either E.pulicarius or E. cathcarticB
Reeve, which seem to be its immediate allies. In form it resembles
E. cardinaliS) Pfr., from Quito, but is a smaller and much thinner
shell. I have seen two specimens precisely alike, differing only in
size, the larger one, the type, is in my collection " (Ancey).

P. CASTANEUS (Pfr.). Vol. x, p. 85. PI. 21, fig. 65.

A rather narrower form is here figured. It is of a very dark
color, black-brown slightly olive tinted, the aperture purple-black
with a pearly sheen. It is from Cauca, Colombia, and measures,
length 64, diam. 39, longest axis of aperture 42 mill.

P. TRICOLOR (Pfr.). Vol. x, p. 87. PI. 21, fig. 69.

A large form is here figured, measuring : length 47, diam. 28,
longest axis of aperture 30 mill., whorls 4^.

This species belongs to the " group of P. taylorianus," and differs
from the species tabulated on p. 89 of Vol. x, in its more elaborate
color-pattern. Cousin has bungled characteristically in his syn-
onymy of tricolor (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, 209). The variety
semipictus Hid. (vol. x, p. 87) was taken by him at Pahua, Ecuador.
Simpulopsis fulgurata Miller (see vol. xii, p. 227) is probably a
young specimen of this species.

132 AURIS.

P. PIPERATOIDES Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 21, fig. 66.

Shell imperforate, ovate with conic spire, thin ; whitish-corneous,
profusely dappled with chestnut-brown ; the first whorl brown, shal-
lowly and minutely sculptured with waved wrinkles ; apex obtuse.
Whorls 4f , slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last
whorl long-oval ; surface irregularly and rather closely and finely
wrinkled or plicatulate, without spiral lines. Suture impressed, the
last third of a whorl rapidly descending. Aperture symmetrically
ovate, acute above, quite oblique, whitish and spotted within ; peri-
stome white, the edge very narrowly expanded, the basal and colu-
mellar margins evenly arcuate, outer lip only feebly arcuate above.
Length 29, diam. 17J, longest axis of aperture 18 mill.

Colombia.

Smaller than P. piperitus, without spiral sculpture or the pepper-
ing of small dots, and having the outer lip much less arcuate above.

P. PIPERITUS (Sowb.). Vol. x, p. 89.

The reference to Reeve should read " B. piperatus." According
to Pfeiffer (Nomenclator Hel. Viv. p. 227), Plectostylus pulicarius
Beck is identical. It is a nude name.

P. TAYLORIANUS (Reeve). Vol. x, p. 90.

Reported from Nanegal, Ecuador, by von Martens, from speci-
mens collected by Stiibel (C. Mittheil., p. 158).

Genus AURIS Spix (Vol. x, p. 95).

Mr. S. Pace, in Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 151, has described
and figured the anatomy of A. aurissciuri, a species of the section
Eudolichotis.

A. ICTEROSTOMA (von Martens).

Shell perforate, subglobose-conic, rather solid, striatulate, yellowish-
white, ornamented with repeated pale brown, waved streaks, and
three narrow violet-brown spiral bands. Whorls 5J, rather convex,
the first smooth, white, the last rather swollen, rounded, more dis-
tinctly rib-striate towards the base. Aperture ear-shaped, the per-
istome reflexed, bright yellow, outer lip narrow above, widely ex-
panded below ; basal margin rounded, with a tooth-like callus at the
insertion of the columellar margin, the latter being twisted inwardly,
broadly and triangularly expanded outwardly ; parietal wall covered

AURIS. 133

with a very thin callus, not modifying the external coloring. Throat
pallidly showing the streaks and bands through. Length 35, diam.
23, aperture including peristome 22 long, 19 wide; excluding per-
istome 16x10^ mill. (v. Mart.}

Eastern Peru : Valley of the Urubamba, one of the upper tribu-
taries of the Amazon. (Staudinger.)

Bulimus icterostomus v. MART., Nachr. d. D. Malak. Ges., xxxiii,
p. 149 (October, 1901).

" This handsome species agrees well with B. melastomus Swains.,
in the structure of the aperture, the general contour, and partially in
the coloring, and might at first sight be taken for a small, yellow-
mouthed variety of that species ; but the absence of sculpture on the
upper whorls, the total want of black at the aperture, and the geo-
graphic separation, all tell against such a view. B. melastomus with
its varieties occurs to my knowledge only in the provinces of Bahia
and Illheos." (v. Martens).

A. GLABRA (Gmel.). Vol. x, p. 114.

Figured as Bulla s. Voluta auris Judce by MEUSCHEN in Gronovius'
Zoophylacium iii, expl. of pi. v, pi. 18, f. 12 (1781).

Subgenus GONYOSTOMUS Beck.
A. TURNIX (Gould). PI. 18, figs. 53, 54, 55.

Shell deeply rimate, long-ovate, copiously blotched and marbled
with white and brown on a pale ground, the white blotches somewhat
arranged in spiral bands, the brown forming interrupted wide longi-
tudinal streaks. Surface slightly glossy, closely plicatulate longi-
tudinally, the wrinkles cut into granules by spiral impressed lines; the
granulation much more conspicuous below the suture and at the base.
Spire conic, the apex very obtuse, as though truncate. Whorls
nearly 5, convex, the last rather swollen, full and convex beneath.
Aperture oblong, vertical, variegated within ; peristome narrowly
expanded and reflexed, orange colored. Columella with an oblique,
straight fold within. Length 48, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture
29 mill.

Brazil : Organ Mti>. (Gld.); Serra da Bocaina, prov. S. Paulo
(von Ihering).

Bulimus turnix GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1846, p. 101 ;
Otia, p. 199 — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 315 ; iv, 395.

134 XKNOTHAUMA.

The variegated color-pattern differs from that of A. multicolor in
detail. The sculpture shows A. turnix to be related to A. hybridus,
a species with carinate base. The specimen described was received
from Dr. v. Ihering. Gould's type measured: length 2£, diam.
liVxitf, aperture 1TV inches, (about 55 mill, long, 27J wide, with the
aperture 32J mill. long). Gould describes the lip as strongly revo-
lute and roseate.

A specimen in the American Museum of Natural History, Central
Park, New York (No. 5148a), measures: length 50, diam. 27£,
longest axis of aperture 32J mill. The lip is rather broadly reflexed
and white. Cuticle yellow, showing the usual brown and white
markings (fig. 53). It is from the Organ Mts.

Genus XENOTHAUMA Fulton, 1896.

FULTON, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (vi), xviii, p. 102 (July, 1896).
. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1898, p. 205.

Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed and keeled, heliciform, chalky,
opaque and spirally striate, the nepionic whorl projecting, sculptured
with much-dislocated vermiculate wrinkles; last whorl deeply de-
scending, free in front, the aperture subhorizontal with continuous,
broadly flaring peristome, reflexed below.

An extraordinary form, the position of which can be settled only
by investigation of the soft anatomy. Mr. Fulton thought it might
be near Epiphraymophora. Crosse also considered it a " Helix,"
which he would group with H. reentsi Phil. (Platybostryx). In my
opinion Xenothauma is Bulimulid, and has been modified from the
Peruvian group of Scutalus of which B. baroni^ B. steerei, etc., are
typical members. It is parallel with, but not related to, Platybostryx,
which has diverged from the Chilian Lissoacme type of Bulimulus.

X. BARONI (Fulton). PL 24, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

Shell depressed, lens-shaped, orbicular in circumference, acutely
carinate, with a wide, conic umbilicus ; calcareous, lustreless, rusty
brown. Sculpture of numerous narrow and rather acute spiral cords
running over rough, irregular growth-striae, the cords larger beneath.
Whorls 4^, the first one projecting, the earlier If forming a wrinkled
nepionic shell ; subsequent whorls but slightly convex, the last
pinched out in a compressed, thin peripheral keel, deeply descending
and becoming free in front, convex beneath, carinate around the

BULIMULUS'. 135

umbilicus. Aperture sub horizontal, rounded-triangular, brownish
inside ; peristome broadly flaring, continuous, pale at the, edge,
brown within, the basal and columellar margins reflexed, a deep,
narrow groove entering from the position of the keel.

Alt. 12, diam. SO mill. (type).

Alt. 11, diam. 28 mill.

Peru : Rio Yonan, at 4000 ft. elevation (C. T. Baron).

Helix (Xenothauma) baroni FULT., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii,
p. 101 (July, 1896); xx, pi. 6, f. 7, 7a (Aug., 1897).— CROSSE,
Journ. de Conchyl. xlvi, 1898, p. 206, pi. 10, f. 1.

The general resemblance of this species to the Madeiran Geomitra
delphinula Lwe., and the European and North African Helix gual-
teriana L., viola Ponsonby, and sultana Morelet, has been com-
mented on by Mr. Fulton. In South America it has most resem-
blance to Bulimulus (Platybostryx) eremothauma Pils., as Crosse has
remarked.

Genus BULIMULUS Leach.

Section Peronseus Alb.
B. BAERI (Dautzenberg). PI. 48, figs. 41, 42.

Shell rather solid, lengthened, turreted, narrowly rimate. Whorls
11, little convex, separated by an impressed suture, the first smooth,
the rest ornamented with oblique longitudinal riblets, more irregular
and lower on the last whorl. Aperture small, the margins hardly
converging. Columella a little straightened, slightly reflexed ; outer
lip simple, acute. Color blue-white, marked with very irregular
brown longitudinal streaks, the upper whorls corneous and subtrans-
lucent ; umbilical chink bordered with brown ; peristome white, the
columella brown tinted, throat fulvous. Length 14J, width 3J mill.;
aperture 3^ mill, long, 2^ wide (Dautz.}

Peru : locos (M. Baer).

Peronaeus baeri DAUTZ., Journ. de Conchyl. xlix, p. 131 (July,
1901); p. 214, pi. 8, f. 3, 4.

B. IOCOSENSIS (Dautzenberg). PL 48, figs. 43, 44.

Shell not very solid, long- turreted, shortly and very narrowly rim-
ate, the spire with attenuated apex. Whorls 11, little convex, sepa-
rated by an impressed suture, the first smooth, the rest ornamented
with longitudinal, arcuate, irregular, remote, waved and granulose

136 BULIMULUS.

ribs. Aperture small, its margins scarcely converging. Columella
straight and a little reflexed ; lip simple and acute. Color pale ful-
vous, irregularly ornamented with brownish longitudinal spots and
streaks; becoming blackish towards the apex. Length 13, width 3
mill. ; aperture 3 mill, high, 2 wide (Dautz).

Peru : locos (Baer).

Peronaeus iocosensis DAUTZ., J. de C. xlix, p. 131 (July, 1901) ;
p. 213,'pl. 8, f. 1, 2.

Section Ataxus (Vol. x, p. 130).
B. MONIEZI Dautzenberg. PI. 23, figs. 98, 99, 1, 2.

Shell not very solid, rather shining, broadly and deeply umbili-
cate. Spire long-conic, attenuated towards the apex. Whorls 9-11,
slightly convex, separated by impressed sutures; the first 2 whorls
smooth, the rest longitudinally, obliquely, elegantly costulate, there
being about 35 riblets on the penultimate whorl. Last whorl be-
coming more or less free towards the aperture. Umbilicus pervious,
acutely margined. Aperture long-ovate, subangulate above and
below, compressed on both sides ; peristome continuous, acutely
margined, the inner lip a little reflexed. Color whitish ornamented
with two brown bands; apex violet-brown. Length 14, width 6^,
aperture 4 mill, high, 2^ wide (Dautz).

Andean region of Peru.

Bulimulus (Bostryx} moniezi DAUTZ ENB., Journ. de Conchyl.
1896, p. 224, pi. 7, f. 3.

A color-form albescens (figs. 98, 99) is whitish without bands, but
retaining the dark apex.

It varies in the degree to which the last whorl becomes free. B.
holostoma Pfr. is a smaller shell, with more deeply constricting
sutures and short aperture. B. moniezi seems closely related to B.
tubulatus Morel, (vol. x, p. 132).

Section Lissoncme Pils. (Vol. x, p. 154).
B. DEPSTUS (Reeve). PI. 23, figs. 94, 95, 96.

Vol. 10, p. 181. The original type of this species was a small
dark-colored specimen. A large series collected by Prof. Steere and
others taken at Cajabamba, Peru, by Baron, show that the species I
defined as B. flagellatus (Manual x, p. 166) is an elongated form of
the same species.

BULIMULUS. 137

It varies widely in color and shape, as the figures here given show;
but always has conspicuously convex whorls. The interior and colu-
mella may be purplish-brown, ochre, or rarely white. Specimens
measure: Length 2l£, diam. 12 mill.; 22|, 10£; 24, 9J mill.

A series of 7 shells labeled u Titicaca (A. Agassizj," are white or
with but few streaks, otherwise agreeing completely with those from
Balsas.

B. EXORNATUS (Reeve). Vol. x, p. 171.

Ancey reports specimens from the Andes of Bolivia east of Lake
Titicaca, in the Province of La Paz (Le Nat., 1901, p. 93).

B. NIGROPILEATUS (Reeve). PI. 23, figs. 86-92.

Vol. x, p. 182. The type was a rather small specimen with black
apex and a subperipheral interrupted band. A wide range of varia-
tion is shown in a large series taken by Baron at Cajabamba, Peru
(8000 ft. elev.), and others collected by Steere, exact locality not
noted.

The shell may be either white, uniform or with an interrupted or
continuous belt below the periphery, or have additional bands and
lines, or there may be brown streaks in addition to the spiral bands,
or streaks only may be present. In any of the patterns the apex
varies from intense black to pale brown, corneous or translucent white.
The whorls are much less convex than in B. depstus. The interior
and columella vary from fleshy-brown to a fleshy-ochre tint, and are
rarely almost white. Figs. 86, 87, 88, 92 are specimens from Caja-
bamba ; figs. 89, 90, 91 from the Steere collection.

B. sienacme Pfr. (Vol. x, p. 182) seems to me to be merely a form
of nigropileatus. An unusually long specimen from Cajabamba is
illustrated, pi. 23, fig. 93.

B. radiatus Morelet (not Brug.; renamed B. angrandianus Pils.,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1897, p. 19), B. orophilus and B.
balsanus of Morelet, and B. reconditus Reeve, do not seem to differ
materially from B. nigropileatus, and probably are merely local
variations of a wide-spread species.

B. SIMPLICULUS (Pfr.). Vol. x, p. 176.

Specimens received from Messrs. Sowerby & Fulton under this
name do not differ from pruinosus Sowb. Pfeiffer's type has not

138 BULIMULUS.

been figured, but the description offers little to differentiate it from
pruinosus except the somewhat greater size.

B. DENDRITIS Morel., vol. x, p. 186, is probably a Drymeeus.

B. VENTANENSIS Pils. Vol. X, p. 189.

This is evidently close to some forms of B. mendozanus, but it does
not seem to be identical, so far as I can tell from the published
descriptions.

B. APODEMETES (Orbigny). Vol. x, p. 187.

Dr. Borelli collected this species at Tala, prov. Salta, Argentina ;
San Lorenzo, Prov. Jujuy, and Caiza, in the Chaco, Bolivia (Ancey ,
Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, xii, No. 309, pp. 5, 14).

B. HELOICUS (Orb.). Vol. x, p. 193.

The original locality was the Mission de Bibosi, Prov. Santa Cruz
de la Sierra. Ancey reports a variety from San Lorenzo, in the
Province of Jujuy (Dr. Borelli). He compares it with B. sporadicus
(Ancey, 1. c. p. 15).

The same author states that B. heloicus is abundant around Guale-
guaychu, Province of Entre-rios, Argentina (collected by L. De
Vries). It is evidently closely related to B. sporadicus^ and may
only with difficulty be distinguished from some of the varieties of
that species. It varies in form, size and color, usually being grayish
white with some more or less distinct brown streaks ; sometimes it is
entirely of a dark reddish-brown color (var. fusca). The propor-
tions of aperture and spire vary with the shape, which may be more
or less swollen ; specimens measuring :

Length 23, diam. 11, length of aperture 12^ mill.

Length 31, diam. 13, length of aperture 13^ mill.

Length 25^, diam. 13^, length of aperture 13 mill.

The last specimen is the most swollen of all. It has 7^ whorls.
The sculpture of the nucleus does not differ from that of B. sporadi-
cus. (Ancey, Le Naturaliste, April 1, 1901, p. 82.)

B. DELUMBIS Reeve. PI. 25, fig. 15.

Shell perforate, globose-conic, rather solid, rugulose-striate, little
shining ; white, ornamented with longitudinal chestnut lines inter-
rupted somewhat into bands. Spire conic, a little acute. Whorls 6,

BULIMULUS. 139

convex, the last about as long as the spire, inflated. Columella
somewhat straightened ; aperture a little oblique, sinuate-oval ; per-
istorae simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin noticeably dilated
to the base, vaulted, reflexed. Length 21, diam. 12^ mill.; aperture
12 mill, long, 6^ wide (Pfr.). Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus delumbis RVE., Conch. Icon. pi. 76, f. 555 (August,
1849) PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 418; iv, 477; vi, 124.

u Very delicately tinged with orange and purple-violet in the aper-
ture " (Eve.)

B. TURRITELLATUS (Beck). Vol. X, p. 193.

Reported from Matto Grosso Province, Brazil, by Ancey, collected
by Germain and H. H. Smith. It is said by Mr. Ancey to be quite
variable. The shell, usually grayish-white with darker streaks in
the direction of growth lines, and irregularly placed, is sometimes
ochre-brown with the streaks more or less distinct.

Var. pliculosa Ancey. Shell ovate-attenuate, openly and rather
widely perforate, somewhat thin, whitish-buff, ornamented with
narrow streaks in the direction of growth-lines, somewhat glossy,
closely and somewhat irregularly pliculose. Spire ovate-tapering,
rather acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last ovate ; suture
moderate. Peristome expanded throughout, more dilated at the
columella. Length 27, diam. 14J, length of aperture 13J mill.

S. W. Brazil: Matto-Grosso (Germain).

Bulirmdus turritella Orb., var. pliculosa Ancey Le Naturaliste,
Apr. 15, 1901, p. 92.

B. PERVIUS Pfeiffer.

Shell umbilicate, obliquely ovate-conic, rather solid, wrinkle-
striate, opaque, white. Spire conic, rather acute ; suture profound.
Whorls 6^, convex, the last slightly exceeding the spire, somewhat
obliquely produced basally, subcompressed around the narrow but
pervious umbilicus. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture oblique,
oval, rounded at base ; peristome simple, the margins approximating,
right margin a little expanded, columellar margin much dilated,
slightly refiexed. Alt. 24, diam. 12 mill.; aperture, with peristome,
14 mill, long, 9 wide (Pfr.). Habitat unknown.

Bulimus pei-vius PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 50 ; Monogr. iii, p. 651.

140 BULIMULUS.

Subgenus PLECTOSTYLUS (Vol. xi, p. 2.).

B. BRODEKIPII var. ELONGATUS Orb. This name \vas proposed
by d'Orbigny (Voyage, p. 266) for narrower specimens of smaller
size than broderipii, length 30, width 17 mill., taken by him at
Cobija.

Subgenus SCUTALUS Alb. (Vol. xi, p. 12).
B. PROTEUS (Brod.). Vol. xi, p. 13.

Add to references : Bulimus proteus SEMPER, Reisen im Archip.
Phil., Landmoll., p. 152 (anatomy); — Balimulus proteus STREBEL,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v, p. 58, pi. 13, f. 2; pi. 14, f.
3a-g; pi. 16, f. 1 (anatomy). [Probably not B. proteus W. G.
Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., ix, p. 37, nor Scutalus proteus W.
G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 123, = Neopetraus rhodo-
larynxf]. Scutalus rhodolarynx W. G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. iii, p. 123, pi. 12, f. D.

Mr. Binney may have had his preparations of the radula of this
species and a Neopetraus transposed. See foot of p. 171, vol. xi.

B. VERSICOLOR (Brod.). Vol. xi, p. 16.

Add to references: Bulimulus versicolor STREBEL, op. cit. p. 59,
pi. 13, f. 4; pi. 14, f. 4a-e ; pi. 16, f. 2 (anatomy).

B. MERCURIUS Pfeiffer. Vol. viii, p. 50, pi. 10, f. 12, 13.

This species is said by Dr. von Mollendorff to be no Cochlostyla,
and he suggests that it may be a South American Bulimus. I know
of none at all resembling it, though I quite agree with him in deny-
ing the propriety of including it in Prochilus or any Philippine group.

B. STEEREI Pilsbry. PI. 18, figs. 50, 51, 52.

Shell umbilicate and broadly rimate, ovate-conic, with straight-
sided spire and convex last whorl, the base angular around a large
umbilical excavation; solid and strong, opaque soiled white, with
indistinct brown stains in most specimens, and usually an indistinct,
whiter girdle at the periphery, the apex white. Surface lustreless,
finely wrinkled longitudinally, and densely granose in spiral series, as
in B. proteus and B. montezuma; the granules small but strongly
expressed. Apex obtuse, earlier 1J whorls strongly vermiculate-
wrinkled, the wrinkles anastomosing and largely transformed into a

BULIMULUS. 141

netted pattern. Sutures not impressed, being filled by the peripheral
keel of the young shell. Whorls 6^, the first two convex, those fol-
lowing almost completely flat, the last whorl convex, without trace of
a peripheral angle or carina, usually ascending in front. Aperture
subvertical, ovate, built forward nearly to the level of the ventral
convexity, brown tinted within ; peristome broadly expanded, thick-
ened within, brown or white, acute at the edge. Columella oblique,
making an angle with the basal margin ; its edge dilated ; parietal
callus moderate or slight, whitish.

Alt. 38, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 20J, width 13^ mill.

Alt. 35, diam. 20, longest axis of apertnre 21, width 13^ mill.

Alt. 36, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 20, width 12J mill.

Peru (J. B. Steere expedition). Types in coll. A. N. S., No. 74,
144, and coll. University of Michigan.

Bulimulus steerei PJLSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p.
391 (August 9, 1900).

The granose surface gives this species some resemblance to B. pro-
teus, but it differs in the characters of the aperture and the flat whorls
of the spire. Young and half-grown shells are evidently acutely
carinate at the periphery. In this respect B. steerei is like B. cor a
Orb., and other forms referred to the genus Neopetrceus ; but it has
the apical sculpture of a true Scutalus, wholly unlike that of Neope-
trceus.

The deeply excavated tract behind the columellar lip leads to a
tubular umbilicus, which is evidently large and open in immature
shells, but is more or less constricted in most adults.

B. CRETACEUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 74-78.

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather solid, striatulate and im-
pressed-punctate, opaque, cretaceous. Spire convexly conic, the
apex rather acute. Whorls 6, a trifle convex, the last a little longer
than the spire, somewhat ascending in front, the base rounded around
the deep, subcompressed umbilicus. Aperture slightly oblique, ob-
long-oval, brown inside ; peristome thin, white-bordered, the margins
converging, joined by a callus, the right margin broadly expanded,
columellar margin brown, dilated, vaulted. Length 36, diam. 18,
aperture inside 17^ mill, long, 10 wide (P/X).

Rio Yonan, Peril (Baron); "Eastern Islands" (Keppell, in Cum-
ing coll.).

142 BULIMULUS. '

Bulimus cretaceus PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 123 ; Monogr. iv, p. 396.

The figures represent specimens received from Mr. Fulton, from
the locality first given above. That mentioned by Pfeiflfer was evi-
dently a guess. It has not before been figured.

The sculpture consists of fine, crowded growth-wrinkles cut into
long granules arranged in spiral series. Usually these granules are
quite weak, and scarcely or barely visible to the naked eye. The
apical whorls have a dense thimble pitted pattern, much like that of
B. corcK/ormis (vol. xi, pi. 26, f. 85), and B. baroni. The color
varies widely. On a white ground there are five brown bands and a
brown umbilical patch, in some specimens; in others these bands
may be almost wholly wanting, while still other examples have them
confluent on the last whorl, or the whole surface may be dull brown-
ish. The aperture may be either purplish-brown or white within,
and the very broadly reflexed lip varies from wholly white to deep
brown with a white border. The umbilicus is ample. Specimens
measure :

Length 41, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 25 mill.

Length 40, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 24-| mill.

Length 24 J, diam. 21^, longest axis of aperture 22 mill.

Length 31J, diam. 17^, longest axis of aperture 17^ mill.

B. BARONI Fulton. Vol. xi, p. 172.

This species is a Scutalus, close to B. cretaceus, B. corceformis and
B. proteiformis.

B. CORCEFORMIS Pilsbrv. Vol. xi, p. 15, pi. 25, f. 61 ; pi. 26, f. 85 ;
pi. 30, f. 10-13.

B. TUPACII (Orb.). Vol. xi, p. 19.

Dr. A. Stiibel took a specimen at Yrupana, Bolivia. It is short,
like that figured by Reeve. (Martens, Conch. Mittheil, p. 157.)

Information on Argentine specimens from the Sierras of Tucuman
and Salta is given by Doering, Periodico Zoologico ii, pp. 256—258
(1877).

B. THAMNOICUS (Orb.). Vol. xi, p. 19. PI. 16, fig. 3, 4.
Figures of a Bolivian specimen of the typical form are given.

BULIMULUS. 143

Section

B. DENTAXIS n. sp. PI. 25, figs. 16, 17.

Shell rimate, cylindric-tapering, rather thin ; glossy, opaque white,
copiously striped with several shades of brown. Spire long, tapering,
with convex outlines, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7, the first
sculptured with slight inconspicuous, waved and anastomosing
wrinkles, and much better developed spiral striae ; the following
whorls but slightly convex, with low or subobsolete wrinkles of
growth, stronger below the sutures. Aperture long-ovate, striped
within, somewhat oblique ; peristome thin and acute, the outer
margin regularly arcuate, scarcely expanded, the columellar margin
reflexed above. Columella bearing a strong obliquely entering callous
fold or tooth.

Length 17^, diam. 6, longest axis of aperture 7 mill.

Length 19, diam. 6£, longest axis of aperture 7| mill.

Peru (Steere exped.).

The coloration reminds one of Neopetraus lobbi. The columellar
tooth-like fold and the apical sculpture leave me in doubt where to
place the species. It occurred with specimens of B. andoicus Morel.

Section BULIMULUS s. str.
B. GUADALUPENSIS (Brug.). Vol. xi, p. 38.

This name must replace that of B. exilis, as Helix exilis Gmel.,
Syst. p. 3668 was preoccupied by Gmelin on p. 3616 of the Systema.

Another Porto Rican locality is Ceiba (Blauner).

Additional references to the literature of fraterculus auct. (p. 40)
are: Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y. ii, p. 123. Journ. de Conchyl.
1890, pp. 25, 43; 1892, p. 23, 62, 66, 67. Jahrb. iv, 351. Conch.
Mittheil. p. 163. Bulimulus fraterculus Strebel, torn, cit., p. 56, pi.
12, f. 16; pi. 13, f. 1-3; pi. 14, f. la-d (shell and anatomy of a
Porto Rico specimen).

Leptomerus limnaeoides Fer., W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. iii, p. 123, pi. 16, f. I (jaw); pi. 12, f. E (radula ; specimen
from St. Kitts).

Leptomerus sepulchralis W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
iii, p. 124, pi. 11, f. J (jaw and radula).

B. CORIACEUS (Pfr.). Vol. xi, p. 51.

Tabasco and San Juan Bautista (Smith) ; Cacofieto, Tehuantepec.

144 BULIMULUS.

B. UMBRATICUS (Reeve). Vol. xi, p. 52.

Von Martens, Biologia Centr. Amer., p. 251, suggests that this
may be a Stenogyroid form.

B. DYSONI (Pfr.). Vol. xi, p. 56.

My identification of Yucatan specimens as B. dysoni (Proc. Acad.
N. S. Phila. 1891, p. 315) was erroneous. There is no authentic
record of the species from Yucatan.

Mr. Herbert H. Smith collected specimens in the Santa Marta
range of Colombia, in dry forest, on shrubs and herbage, about 4
miles north of Bonda.

B. CACTICOLUS (Reeve).

Lives on Cacti, eating into them, according to Reeve. Moritz
collected it at Puerto Cabello, and Ernst took a small form, var.
minor Martens, at Caracas. In this the length is not over 15^ mill.,
the aperture comparatively smaller, not half the total length (Bin-
nenmoll. Venezuela's, p. 187).

B. HACHENSIS (Reeve). Vol. XII, pi. 12, fig. 20.

Shell perforate, oblong-turreted, rather solid, nearly smooth, shin-
ing, buff. Spire long, acute. Whorls 7, but slightly convex, the
last about two-fifths the total length, a trifle compressed below.
Columella somewhat straightened. Aperture little oblique, truncate-
oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin broadly
reflexed above. Alt. 27, diam. 10^, length of aperture 10^ mill.
(Pfr.). Banks of the Rio ffacha, Guatemala (Rve.).

Bulimus hachensis RVE., Conch. Icon. pi. 85, f. 627 (Feb. 1850).
— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 421. Conf. von MARTENS, Biol. Centr.
Amer., p. 237.

" A delicate yellow shell of a peculiarly pyramidal form."
" Pinkish yellow within and without " (Rve.).

This may be a Drymaus, but on account of its similarity to B.
krebsianus I leave it in Bulimulus. There is a Rio Hacha in
northern Colombia, and I think with von Martens that the locality
" Guatemala " is an error.

B. INDISTINCTUS Pfeiffer. (Vol. xi, pi. 45, fig. 28.)

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, rather smooth, shining ; white,
indistinctly ornamented with two yellowish interrupted bands. Spire

BULIMULUS. 145

long-conic, rather acute. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last shorter
than the spire, somewhat compressed at base. Columella twisted.
Aperture little oblique, subtetragonal oval, brownish inside ; peris-
tome thickened within, the margins subparallel, right margin sinu-
ous above, columellar margin overhanging, reflexed. Alt. 26, diam.
12 mill.; aperture 13 mill, long (Pfr.). Habitat unknown.

Bulimus monilifer REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 48, f. 318 (Nov.,
1848), not of Gould. — Bulimus indistinctus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak.,
1852, p. 63.

Reminds one of some forms of Bulimulus exilis (guadelupensis).
The generic position of indistinctus is unknown.

B. LUTEOLUS Ancey.

Shell ovate-conoid, very thin, a little glossy, pale green or buff-
amber colored, slightly marked with close and obsolete growth-lines
visible only under a lens. Spire conic, the apex rather minute and
a little obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, regularly and rather rapidly in-
creasing; suture simple, impressed; last whorl ovate, ample. Aper-
ture suboblique, about one-third the length of the shell, oval, angu-
late above ; peristome simple, unexpand<^d, acute, narrowly expanded
and reflexed in a triangle over the small umbilical chink ; margins
distant. Length 14, diam. 9, alt. aperture 1\ mill. (Anc.).

Brazil : Goyaz.

Bulimulus luteolus ANC., Le Nat., April 1, 1901, p. 82.

" Seems allied to B. limpidus Drouet, of Guyana, by its general
form, but it has a narrow perforation, while limpidus is quite imper-
forate. Moreover, the embryonal whorls, viewed under the micro-
scope, are provided with very fine, undulating lines and scarcely vis-
ible spiral lines, while those of limpidus are finely and regularly re-
ticulate."

B. STILBE n. sp. PI. 25, fig. 18.

Shell very narrowly rimate, ovate-conic, thin and very fragile, of
a pale greenish-yellow tint, fading above, and with a few narrow
darker streaks; glossy, nearly smooth, the growth lines rather faint,
base showing extremely superficial, faint and fine spiral striae.
Whorls 5^, the first sculptured with interrupted and waved wrinkles
crossed by comparatively coarse and prominent spiral striae; the rest
convex, last whorl moderately inflated. Aperture oblique, ovate,
the outer lip thin and fragile, columellar margin regularly concave,

146 BULIMULUS.

narrowly reflexed above. Length 16^, diam. 9^, longest axis of
aperture 9^ mill.

Brazil : E. do Sao Paulo (Dr. H. von Ihering.)
An excessively fragile species, with peculiar apical sculpture.

B. DUKINFIEI.DI Melvill. PI. 25, fig. 30.

Shell ovate-oblong, narrowly umbilicate, thin, olivaceous, almost
smooth ; whorls 6, the apical ones mamillate ; sutures strongly im-
pressed ; longitudinally indistinctly obliquely striate, and under a
lens spirally rugulose-striatulate ; the last whorl much larger than
the rest. Aperture whitish ashy, the peristome delicately reflexed,
whitish, smooth, the columellar margin a little thickened, straight.
Length 28, width 13 mill. (Melv.).

Brazil : Salto Grande do Rio dos Patas (upper waters of river
Ivahy), Parand (E. D. Jones, Esq.).

Bulimulus (Drymaus) duhinfieldi Melv., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.
iv, no. 3, p. 116, fig. (October, 1900).

" A plain but interesting species, procured from a district hitherto
almost un worked, that does not seem much akin to any other of the
genus known to me." It is named for Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones,
who collected two specimens in 1899. Type in British Museum.

B. MARCIDUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 25, figs. 23, 24.

Shell subperforate, ovate-oblong, very thin, striatulate, decussated
by impressed concentric lines, slightly shining, pellucid, dull corne-
ous. Spire oblong-conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 6, slightly convex,
the last as long as the spire, somewhat tapering at base. Columella
receding above, then vertical. Aperture obliqfle, oval ; peristome
simple, a very little expanded, the columellar margin a little reflexed,
subappressed. Alt. 20, diam. 8 ; alt. of aperture 10^ mill. (Pfr.).

Brazil (coll. Pfr.).

Bulimus marcidus PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 435 (1853); P. Z. S.,
1852, p. 67 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 188, pi. 49, f. 11, 12.

" Very similar to B. transparent Rve."

B. PLICATULUS (Pfr.). Vol. xi, p. 72. •

Add to synonyms : B. pliculatus Pfr.-Cless., Nomencl. Hel. Viv.,
p. 244.

BULIMULUS, 147

Section Rhinus Alb.
B. SCOBINATUS (Wood). Vol. xi, p. 77.

Reported from Bahia by Paz, Hidalgo, J. de C., 1875, p. 131.

B. ARGENTINUS Ancey.

Shell globose-ovate, rather solid, openly perforate, a little glossy,
green or brown-buff, the last whorl encircled by a median, narrow,
pale zone. Spire ovate-conoid, short, somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6^,
a little convex, regularly increasing, separate by an impressed suture,
slightly striatulate, seen under a lens to be very obsoletely and closely
sculptured with waved spiral lines ; the last whorl ovate, ventricose.
Aperture almost vertical, oval, tapering and angular above ; peri-
stome somewhat thickened, a little expanded, whitish, the margins
remote, joined by a thin, glossy callus, the columellar margin broadly
dilated over the well-marked perforation. Length 19-21, diam. 12^-
14, alt. apert. 8^-11 mill. (Ancey).

Argentina : Gualeguaychu, Province of Entre-rios (L. de Vries).

Bulimulus (Rhinus') argentinus ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, April 15,
1901, p. 92.

This species, allied to B. durus Spix, has a more shortened and
compact contour. The apical sculpture has not been described, so
that its position is uncertain. It may belong to typical Bulimulus
near B. rushii, to Rhinus or to Protoglyptus.

Section Protoglyptus (Manual xi, p. 84).
B. MONTiVAeus (Orbigny). Vol. xi, p. 90.

Mr. Ancey (Le Nat. 1901, p. 92) thinks that B. montivagus Orb.
was based upon several distinct forms, though he admits that the
data available are insufficient to prove that view. In case the form
from Corumba, Matto Grosso proves distinct from Orbigny's, he pro-
poses for it the name B. cutisculptus. This form has been figured
on my plate 14, f. 14, 15, of Vol. XI. 1 do not see the necessity for
a new name until the matter can be adequately investigated.

Var. chacoensis Ancey. Shell imperforate, elongate, rather thin,
a little shining, oblong, the apex acute ; grayish, darker, rufous
brown at the summit, the rest variegated with narrow brown streaks,
with narrow, less conspicuous gray ones interposed ; lightly sculp-
tured with growth-lines which are not very much impressed, but are

148 BULIMULUS.

quite visible in the middle. Spire produced, oblong-turrited.
Whorls 8 to 9, slowly increasing, convex ; suture impressed ; last
whorl subcylindric-oblong, tapering at the base. Aperture somewhat
oblique, sinuate-oblong, angular above, on the right side and especi-
ally at the base effuse and expanded. Columella contorted, the base
generally receding towards the left, a little thickened. Peristome
acute, the margins remote, no callus joining them.

Length 22, diam. 7^, length of the aperture 8J mill.

Length 18, diam. 7-^, length of the aperture 7^ mill. (Ancey).

Bolivia: Caiza, Gron Chaco (Dr. Borelli).

Bulimulus montivagus var. chacoinsis ANC., Boll. Mus. Zool. ed
Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino, xii, no. 309, p. 16 (Nov. 30, 1897).

Differs from montivagus by being imperforate, with the columella
twisted. The apical whorls are finely costulate, and in quite fresh
specimens traces of fine spiral lines may be seen on the later whorls.

B. POLLONER^E Ancey. Vol. XII, PI. 4o, fig. 30.

Shell pyramidal, almost imperforate, deep reddish-brown, and
usually decorated with some narrow, suboblique, darker streaks ;
rather thin, silky-shining, slightly glossy ; covered with a thin cuticle,
which under the lens is seen to be ornamented with elevated, mem-
branaceous lines, evanescent and very fine at the last whorl. Spire
conoid-tapering, the apex acute. Whorls 7J, slowly increasing, con-
vex, suture impressed; last whorl wider, rounded, somewhat oblong.
Aperture distinctly oblique, angular above, suboval, somewhat effuse
below. Columella a trifle twisted above; peristome simple, acute,
hardly effuse except along the columellar margin, reflexed over the
very minute umbilical chink. Length lo^, diam. G^, length of
aperture 5| mill. (Anc.).

Argentina : San Lorenzo, Province of Jujuy (Dr. Borelli).

Bulimulus pollonera ANC., Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. xii,
no. 309, p. 17, pi., fig. 10 (Nov. 30, 1897).

Close to B. montivagus, but of a darker, purple-brown color, the
aperture less oblong, etc.

B. TRICHODKS (Orb.). Vol. xi, p. 92.

Ancey reports this species from San Lorenzo, Prov. Jujuy Argen
tina, from Caiza in the Gran Chaco, and the mission of San Fran-
cisco, on the upper Pilcomayo, Bolivia, collected by Borelli. The

BULlMULtJS. 149

apex is vertically costulate, as in B. montivagus (Boll. Mus. Zool. ed
Anat. Comp. xii, no. 309, p. 18).

B. PJLEIFORMIS (Moricand). Vol. xi, p. 181.

This species has the texture and sculpture of the thin, corneous
forms of Protoglyptus, and I am now disposed to agree with Ancey
(Le Naturaliste, 1901, p. 92), that pileiformis (and perhaps gyrina
Val.) are Bulimuli, forming a series in that genus parallel to Oxy-
chona in Drymaus. The apex of B. pileiformis was illustrated in
vol. xi, pi. 33, fig. 42. It was Dohrn who first suggested that pilei-
formis should be placed in Bulimulus, Jahrb. x, p. 352, 1883.

Oxychona bifasciata has the apical sculpture of typical Drymceus.

B. H^MATOSPIRA Pilsbry. PI. 25, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shell rimate, pillar-shaped, the last 4 whorls of about equal diam-
eter and white, those above tapering and deepening to a blood-red color ;
thin, but moderately strong, opaque, nearly lustreless. Apex obtuse,
the earlier 1§ whorls convex and sculptured with delicate, spaced and
straight longitudinal riblets ; next whorl or two nearly smooth, with
merely some series of long granules ; longitudinal ribs gradually ap-
pearing ; the white, cylindrical portion of the shell being sculptured
with strong, arcuate ribs, narrower than their intervals, and several
spiral series of long, narrow, crowded granules. Whorls 8-| to 9,
the earlier convex, the later 3 or 4 somewhat flattened. Aperture
small, oval, longer than wide, white within ; peristome simple and
unexpanded.

Length 16, diam. above aperture 3 ; aperture 3 mill. long.

Length 16.3, diam. above aperture 3; aperture 3 mill. long.

Length 15, diam. above aperture 3.1 ; aperture 3 mill. long.

Locality unknown,, probably Peru. Types in coll. A. N. S., No.
78,135, and in coll. University of Michigan.

Bulimulus tuzmatospira PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900,
p. 392.

This beautiful little Bulimulus would be considered a Peronczus,
from its narrow form and calcareous texture, were it not for the
apical sculpture, which is like that of N&siotus, Protoglyptus and Or-
thotomium. This shows it to be not a Peronczus, but a stock of differ-
ent ancestry, parallel to that group, such as I have shown to exist in
various Bulimulid groups. It stands in such a relation to Proto-

150 BUL1MULUS.

glyptus as Peronazus to Lissoacme, or PHcolumna to typical forms of
Orthotomium.

Subgenus N^ESIOTUS Alb. (Vol. xi, p. 94).

Prof. W. H. Dall has given a supplemental report on Galapagos
snails, based on specimens collected by Messrs. R. E. Snodgrass and
E. Heller (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 88); describing
the following new species :

B. SNODGRASSI Dall. PI. 24, fig. 2.

Bulimulus having the general form of B. perspective Pfr., with
a distinct suture and eight polished moderately convex whorls ; apex
attenuated, nucleus livid, with an apical dimple and fine regular rib-
bing which becomes obsolete on later whorls ; there is also on the
first four whorls more or less spiral sculpture of microscopically fine
lines, which also disappear on later whorls ; subsequent whorls
smooth or with fine incremental lines ; upper whorls dark purplish
brown, later ones a little paler, with a narrow paler band just behind
the suture, which on the last whorl becomes strongly marked, with a
dark reddish narrower band on each side of it, and traces of another
at the suture; in some specimens the dark coloration covers the
whole surface on each side of the peripheral pale band, but inside
the aperture the bands can always be distinguished; base rounded
about a well-marked umbilicus ; aperture small, ovate, marginally
thickened and slightly expanded, but not reflected ; a narrow band
of callus over the body connects the posterior ends of the lips ; pillar
broad, slightly swollen, external coloration visible in the throat.
Alt. of shell 17, of aperture 5.2, diam. of shell 6, of aperture 4 mill.
(Dall).

Galapagos: Hood Island (Snodgrass and Heller), numerous.

Bulimulus snodgrassi DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Fhila. 1900, p. 90,
pi. 8, f. 2.

This species is smaller than B. perspectivus and differently colored,
but belongs to the same group.

B. APPROXIMATES Dall. PI. 24, fig. 3.

Shell belonging to the type of B. nux and B. rugulosus with seven
pretty evenly tapered whorls, with a distinct suture; nucleus as in
the last species, livid, but the early whorls bear no traces of revolv-

BULIMULUS. 151

ing lines; whorls moderately convex, base evenly rounded ; sculpture
on the later whorls only of faint incremental lines; umbilicus small
and narrow, aperture rather elongate. Alt. of shell 17.5, diam. 8
mill. (Dall).

Galapagos : Hood Island (Snodgrass and Heller).

Bulimulm approximatus BALL, P. A. N. S. 1900, p. 90, pi. 8, f. 4.

''A single specimen of this shell was obtained which differs from
all the others of the nux group in the absence of spiral sculpture
and the smooth and polished surface. The peristome is not quite
matured, so it cannot be determined whether it is reflected or not,
but the probabilities are in favor of its being simple and unre-
flected."

B. HOODENSIS Dall. PI. 24, fig. 4.

Shell allied to B. unifasciatus Sby., but smaller, with about six
convex, rapidly-tapering whorls ; nucleus sculptured as usual in the
group, livid purple ; later whorls smooth, polished, with no sculpture
but faint incremental lines; color light yellowish-brown, with two
broad reddish-purple spiral bands nearly peripheral, and a narrower
one in front of the suture ; base evenly rounded, with a narrow but
deep umbilicus ; aperture ovate oblong, the peristome white, thick-
ened and distinctly reflected ; pillar broad, white, not swollen, a thin
wash of callus over the body, the external coloration distinct within
the aperture. Alt. of shell 18, of aperture 8.5, diam. of shell 8.5, of
aperture 6 mill. (Dall).

Galapagos : Hood Island (Snodgrass and Heller.)

Bulimulm hoodensis DALL, P. A. N. S., 1900, p. 91, pi. 8, f. 1.

" This well-marked form more nearly resembles some of the con-
tinental species than the typical Nsesioti. The distinctly-reflected
lip and rapid enlargement of the whorls distinguish it from any other
Galapagos species."

B. JACOBI (Sowerby). Vol. xi, p. 111.

" This seems to be the commonest and, among the islands, the
most generally distributed species of the Galapagos. It was obtained
by Messrs. Snodgrass and Heller at James and Albemarle, where it
was previously known, and also from Narborough and Abingdon,
where it had not previously been reported. There is not a great deal
of variation in the specimens, which were found at elevations of from

15*2 BULIMULUS, NEOPETR^EUS.

1,700 to 2,000 feet. The form named cinereus by Reibisch was ob-
tained at Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island, and the variety acutus
Reibisch, at a height of 3,000 feet, near Tagus Cove, Albemarle
Island. The species is usually found under flat pieces of rock, and
a large proportion of the specimens are dead." (ZW/, 1. c., p. 91.)
Notes on new localities for known species follow :
B. DUNCANUS Dall (p. 114). Specimens were taken on Duncan
Island. "As in previous cases, all the specimens were dead, and
those collected were not quite mature, as the parietal denticle had
appeared in none of them. The species is probably extinct."

B. ESCHARIFERUS Sowerby (p. 108). Chatham and Barrington
Islands, Snodgrass and Heller. This species had not been found at
Barrington previously.

B. TANNERI Dall (p. 113). Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island (Snod-
grass and Heller). This species was previously -known from Inde-
fatigable Island. The present specimens are not fully grown, and
do not show the broadly reflected lip.

B. INDEFATIGABILIS Dall. (Vol. xi, p. 123, pi. 24, f. 49.)

This name is proposed for the hitherto nameless new species fig-
ured by Dall in 1896.

Section ORTHOTOMIUM C. & F.

B. DEALBATUS (Say). Vol. xi, p. 128.

Monterey, state of Neuvo Leon, Mexico (S. N. Rhoads). Large
specimens of B. d. schiedeanus occurred at Saltillo, Coahuila, Mex.

B. ALTERNATUS (Say). Vol. xi, p. 134.

Monterey, state of Neuvo Leon, Mexico (S. N. Rhoads).

B. SUFFLATUS (Old.). Vol. xi, p. 136.

Add reference : Mormus sufflatus GLD., W. G. BINNEY, Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 123 (jaw and teeth).

Genus NEOPETR^EUS Martens (Vol. xi. p. 163).
The typical forms of this genus have very characteristic apical
sculpture, but in some species referred here, this sculpture is want-
ing, the apex bein^ smooth. A knowledge of the soft anatomy is

NEOPETR^US. 153

necessary to decide whether all these are forms of Neopctraus in
which the apical sculpture has degenerated, or whether they really
belong to other groups. In N. lobbi, N. decussatus and N. myristicus
a gradual loss of the apical sculpture can be traced, demonstrating
that in some forms of Neopetratis a smooth apex has been acquired
secondarily. N. rhodolarynx (Reeve), vol. xi, p. 171, has a smooth
nepionic shell, like that of Lissoacme. Its position is uncertain.

B. baroni Fult. (vol. xi, p. 172) has the apical sculpture typical
of Scutalus, and should be removed from Neopetrceus.

N. AHBORIFERUS Pils. Vol. xi, p. 175.

A clear pinkish specimen, without streaks, is in coll. American
Museum of Natural History, New York.

N. PLATYSTOMUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 81, 82.

Vol. xi, p. 172. Specimens from Vina, Peru, are here figured.
They are cream-white with a fleshy tint, irregularly marked with
ochre and purplish-brown streaks, the peristome white at the edge,
purple or purple-brown within, the interior cream-tinted. The apex
has the form and sculpture of that of N. atahualpa. Umbilicus very
ample in the wider specimens, compressed in the narrower.

Length 40, diam. 21^, longest axis of aperture 21 mill.

Length 40, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 18^ mill.

N. PATASENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 79, 80.

Vol. xi, p. 176. Two specimens, apparently referable to this
species, are figured. The general pattern of coloring is essentially
like altoperuvianus and decitf&atus. On the latter part of the last
whorl there are bold purple-brown markings, or the peculiar pattern
may be replaced by coalescent purplish-black streaks. Apical
whorls as in N. atahualpa, but somewhat more rounded.

N. LOBBI (Reeve). PI. 22, figs. 83, 84, 85.

Vol. xi, p. 177. Three specimens collected by Prof. Steere are
figured to show the leading stages in the loss of color-stripes. Fig.
83 has the typical coloration. In Fig. 84 the stripes are obsolete
above the periphery, except for occasional dots along the suture on
the last three whorls. In Fig. 85 there are no stripes whatever on
the blue-white surface, only the subsutural dots remaining.

154 OXYCHONA, DRYM^EUS.

The apical sculpture is very shallow, in some specimens not easily
seen, or subobsolete.

N. DECUSSATUS (Reeve). Vol. xi, p. 178.

Typical specimens from Cajabamba, with the color-pattern and
proportions of Reeve's figure, have the apex smooth and glossy,
sometimes showing faintly the characteristic Neopetrcem pattern of
sculpture in places.

N. myristicus (Rve.) from the same locality has a similar apex,
faintly showing the sculpture. I think it will prove to be a form of
decussatus, with which it agrees completely in all but color-pattern.

Genus OXYCHONA Morch.
O. BIFASCIATA (Burrow). Vol. xi, p. 181.

Var. mimarum Ancey. Shell smaller and more elevated than the
type, weaker. Spire perfectly conic, the apex of the same color ;
whorls 6J, flat, the last flatly sloping, the base more flattened, en-
circled below the carina with two small brown lines. Aperture with
the upper margin straightly descending, hardly sinuous, angulate but
hardly produced in a beak ; the basal margin almost rectilinear be-
yond the angle, then forming an obtuse angle with the columellar
lip, the latter thickened and sloping. Peristome black-brown, the
parietal part whitish, slightly tinted with brown at the insertions.
Length 15£, diam. 15 mill. (Ancey, Le Nat. 1901, p. 93).

Brazil : Prov. Minas Geraes.

Genus DRYM^EUS Albers.
D. ABYSSORUM (Orb.). Vol. xi, p. 192.

San Lorenzo, prov. Jujuy, Argentina (Dr. Borelli). Mr. Ancey
(Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, xii, no. 309, p. 12) con-
siders abyssorum, hygrohylaus and marmarinus of d'Orbigny to be
variations of one species.

D. FDSOJDES (Orb.). Vol. xi, p. 201.

Ancey reports it from Santa Cruz de la Sierra (P. Germain); the
specimens being entirely ochre yellow, with some irregular brown
flammules. The aperture is violaceous inside (Le Nat. 1901, p. 93).

D. PEELII (Reeve). PI. 25, fig. 22.

Vol. xi, p. 205. D. fordii, p. 205, is closely related to this
species, differing chiefly in the more strongly spiral coluinella, and

DRYMJEUS. 155

in having a whorl less. As usual in Drymaus, the coloration varies
a good deal in peelii, a specimen with but few markings being illus-
trated here.

D. COGNATUS n. sp. PI. 23, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Shell fusiform, thin, white with corneous or purplish wavy longi-
tudinal streaks or bands dotted ivith white, often combined with three
dark girdles, continuous or interrupted, and also white-dotted. Spire
long and slender, the first 1 \ whorls with typical Drymceus sculpture,
succeeding whorls somewhat glossy, marked with slight growth-lines
and faint spiral incised striae. Whorls 6^ to 7, slightly convex.
Aperture vertical, ovate, showing the external color-pattern vividly
within, the peristorne thin, broadly expanded, subreflexed, white,
usually tinted with lilac within ; columellar margin broadly dilated
above, over an ample and deep umbilical fissure ; columella entering
as a very strongly spiral fold.

Length 45, diarn. 18^, longest axis of aperture 2l£ mill.

Length 39, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 19£ mill.

Length 33, diam. 14. longest axis of aperture 16J mill.

Colombia : Bogota.

This species is closely related to D. zoogeographicus Orb. and D.
membielinus Crosse, but seems distinct from both. The figures show
sufficiently its wide range of variation in color and size. In some
specimens there are no purple-black markings, while in others these
replace to a large extent the corneous brown portions of the pattern
of paler shells.

D. EXPANSES (Pfeiffer). PI. 25, figs. 25-29.

Vol. xi, p. 222. This species has a wide range of variation, as
shown by an extensive series collected by Prof. Steere at Tarapoto,
Peru. It undoubtedly includes D. scitus and D. protractus as var-
ieties. At Tarapoto specimens similar to pi. 34, f. 5 of vol. xi, oc-
curred with typical var. aurisratti, and a smaller form, pi. 25, figs.
25, 26. At another locality, unfortunately not noted, the specimens
are all small, varying from almost typical expansvs contour to a much
narrower form with reduced umbilical chink ; white with inconspic-
uous corneous streaks, or copiously marked, the apex black ; lilac tint
within the mouth almost invisible, faint, or strong (pi. 25, figs. 27,
28, 29). I have called this form var. subprotractus.

156 DRYM^US.

Var. perenensis Da Costa (pi. 48, tig. 54). Shell compressed-
umbilicate, ovate-pyramidal, covered with longitudinal close riblets ;
whitish, variegated with arrow-shaped bands. Whorls 6^, convex,
the penultimate more swollen than the others. Columella twisted,
receding. Aperture ample, inverted ear-shaped, lilac within ; per-
istome white, expanded and reflexed, a little squared at the base.
Length 46, diam. 23, length of apert. 22, width 17 mill. (Da Costa,
Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, 239, pi. 24, f. 5.) According to Mr.
Da Costa this form invariably has a less expanded lip than typical
expansus, the body-whorl is less ventricose, while the upper ones are
much more swollen ; the inaculation is also more pronounced and of
a darker color, while the umbilicus is much more contracted and not
so deep as in the type. The penultimate whorl is more swollen than
in var. aurisratti Phil., which resembles perenensis in color and
sculpture.

D. SUBVENTRICOSUS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 48.

Shell acuminate-oblong, umbilicate, rather thin, whitish, violaceous
brown. Whorls 7, subventricose, with impressed sutures, longi-
tudinally rudely elevate-striate. Aperture ovate, purplish inside,
exceeding two-fifths the total length ; peristome acute, a little re-
flexed, white-margined ; columella slightly reflexed. Length 30,
diam. 14; aperture, length 13, width 8 mill. (Da Costa.)

Colombia : Bogota.

D. subventricosus Da C., 1. c., p. 239, pi. 24, f. 4 (Oct. 1901).

D. EXOTICUS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 52.

Shell ovate-conic, scarcely umbilicate, rather thin, smooth, glossy,
whitish, longitudinally streaked and maculate with violaceous-brown.
Whorls 6, somewhat swollen, the sutures impressed. Aperture
ample, about one-half the total length, streaked with violaceous
within ; peristome acute and reflexed, columella dilated, reflexed.
Length 23.5, diam. 11; length of aperture 11, width 7.5 mill.
(Da Costa.)

Colombia : The hot country, upper Magdalena River.

D. exoticus Da C., 1. c., p. 239, pi. 24, f. 10 (Oct. 1901).

D. ELSTERI Da Costa. PL 48 fig. 53.

Shell oblong-turreted, imperforate, a little solid, rather smooth,
very minutely striated under the lens ; whitish, with reddish streaks

DRYM^EUS. 157

bent in zigzag, and dotted with white. Spire long conic. Whorls
6, moderately convex, the last obliquely produced. Columella
straight, roseate. Aperture oblong-oval, lilac colored within ; per-
istome roseate, dilated, the right margin expanded. Length 34,
diam. 15 ; aperture length 18, width 9 mill. (Da Costa.}

Peru : Chachapoyas, prov. Amazonas.

D. elsteri Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 238, pi. 24, f. 6
(Oct. 1901).

" An unnamed example of this species is in the Cuming collection
in the British Museum. The writer received a few specimens from
the Governor of the Province of Amazonas, through the instru-
mentality of his friend Mr. Elster of Lima (since deceased), after
whom the species is named. The shells from which the type is se-
lected vary considerably in both form and coloration, and will be
found to resemble many of the species of Dryma3us from Colombia,
which latter are generally, however, deeply umbilicated." (Da
Costa.)

D. OBLIQUISTRIATUS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 45.

Shell pyramidal-oblong, umbilicate ; sutures impressed; olivace-
ous-brown, sparsely marked here and there with brown streaks ;
delicately and very closely obliquely striate. Spire acuminate.
Whorls 8, convex. Aperture oblong, intensely blacj^-brown inside,
about three-sevenths the length of the shell ; lip simple, colurnella
nearly straight, reflexed. Length 30, diam. 12; aperture length 12,
width 6 mill. (Da Costa). Peru : San Pablo.

D. obliquistriatus Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 238, pi.
24, f. 2 (Oct., 1901).

D. CYLINDRICUS Da Costa. PL 48, fig. 46.

Shell subcylindrically turreted, narrowly perforate, rather solid,
obliquely subrugosely striate ; dull rose-corneous, covered with a thin
brown cuticle ; apex subpapillar ; suture impressed. Whorls 7-|,
very little convex. Aperture oblique, about two fifths the length of
the shell, a little tapering at base ; peristome simple, the columella a
little reflexed. Length 30, diam. 11; aperture, length 12, width 5
mill. (Da Costa). Peru : San Pahlo.

D. cylindricns Da C., t. c., p. 238, pi. 24, f. 3 (Oct., 1901).

158

DHYM.'Kl'S.

D. STRIGATUS (Sowerby). PI. 25, figs. 31, 32, 33.

The examination of about a quart of specimens collected by Prof.
Steere at Tarapoto, Peru, shows that the forms I admitted as var-
ieties are merely more or less salient color-patterns in a continuous
series of variations. None of them are varieties in the true sense.
Three patterns, not hitherto illustrated, are here figured.

D. RECTILINEARIS (Pfr.). Vol. ix, p. 232.

Taken at Tarapoto by Prof. Steere, in several color-varieties.
White with two wide brown bands on the base, the early whorls yel-
low. Similar, but densely streaked obliquely with opaque white
throughout, the early whorls purplish. Pale orange-yellow, brighter
towards the tip and base, with two narrow basal bands. They vary
from length 2l-£, diam. 11, to length 25, diam. 12 mill.

D. PUTAILLYI (Pfeiffer).

Shell subperforate, oblong-turreted, thin, closely plicatulate, shin-
ing ; whitish, ornamented with 6 or 7 interrupted spadiceous band«.
Spire lengthened, the apex acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last
about two-fifths the length of shell, tapering at base. Columella
slightly arcuate, somewhat receding. Aperture slightly oblique,
elliptical-oblong ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar mar-
gin paper-like, reflexed and subadnate above. Alt. 31, diam. 12
mill.; aperture 13^ mill, long, 6J wide (P/'r.).

Brazil (Dutailly in Cuming coll.).

Bulimus dutaillyi PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 390 ; Monogr. iv, p. 470.

Seems to belong to the group of D. papyraceus.

D. FUNCTICULATUS (Pfeiffer).

Shell profoundly and compressedly umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather
thin, smoothish, shining; whitish, with sparsely scattered, pellucid
dots. Spire long-conic, rather acute. Whorls 7, rather flat, the
upper buff; last whorl shorter than the spire, ascending anteriorly,
slightly compressed basally. Columella somewhat receding, lightly
arcuate. Aperture subvertical, oblong oval ; peristome simple, the
right margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin very much
dilated, somewhat flexuous. Alt. 29, diam. 12^ mill.; aperture with
peristome 14 mill, long, 8§ wide. (Pfr>) Bolivia (Cuming coll.)

Bulimus puncticulatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 390; Monogr. iv,
p. 404.

DRYM^EUS. 159

D. LENTIOINOSUS Philippi.

Shell subimperforate, oblong-fusiform, plicatulate, very smooth,
thin; whitish, painted with scarlet streaks usually interrupted.
Whorls 6^, a little convex, the last about four- ninths the total length.
Aperture ovate-oblong, the columella rather straightened ; peristome
thin, acute, unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated above, adnate,
closing the umbilical chink. Length 24^, width 11^ mill.; aperture
12£ high, 5£ wide (Phil.}.

Peru : Between Cajamarca and Contitmasd (Isern).

Bulimus lentiginosus PHIL., Malak. BL, 1869, xvi, p. 32. — PFR.,
Alonogr. viii, p. 147.

Described from a single imperfect specimen, which has very deli-
cate, scarcely raised, very smooth plicae, like the related Peruvian
species, and white spots here and there interrupt the streaks. The
embryonic whorls are smooth and corneous. It has not been figured
or recognized by subsequent writers.

D. VEXILLUM (Wood). PI. 26, figs. 34, 35.

A series collected by Steere at Magdalena, Peru, shows great
variation, and indicates that variant, rubellus and tiyris are color-
forms of vexillum. Some specimens have six wide or narrow con-
tinuous blackish bands ; in others the upper four bands are inter-
rupted to squarish spots. Still others show various transitions to D.
tigris, of which B. keppelli Pfr. (vol. xi, p. 296) seems to be merely
a variety. D. vexillum, D. tigris and D. keppelli have been sent
from the Rio Yonnn, from Fulton. Specimens of keppelli are
figured (pi. 26, figs. 36, 37).

D. INTERPUNCTUS (Martens). Vol. xi, p. 287.

Evidently of wide distribution in prov. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Dr.
von Ihering sends specimens from Piquete.

D. SEMIMACULATUS Pils. Vol. xi, p. 297.

The locality " San Nicolas, central Nicaragua (Tate) " should be
deleted. Tate's shells, gome of which are before me, are D. domi-
nie us.

D. GERETI (Ancey).

Shell oblong-attenuated, narrowly rimate, thin, rather pellucid,
shining, whitish-subhyaline, polished, under a lens seen to be incised

160 -DRYM^EUS.

with spiral lines;. apex marked with brown, microscopically and
regularly decussate. Spire tapering-conic, produced, the apex
rather minute, a little obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, regularly
increasing, suture not very deep; last whorl oval, scarcely deflexed
in front, ornamented with four narrow, equidistant brown bands and
sometimes a fifth linear one below the suture ; the lower band en-
circling the umbilical chink, the first and second running upon the
penultimate whorl. Aperture suboblique, oblong, narrowed and
angular above ; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, scarcely
spreading, reflexed in a long triangle at the columella. Length 19,
diam. 9, alt. apert. 9 mill. (Anc.).

Brazil : Province of Goyaz.

D. gereti ANC., Le Naturaliste, April 15, 1901, p. 93.

This pretty species, dedicated to Mr. Paul Geret, superintendent
of the conchological sales-room of the Deyrolle establishment, re-
sembles certain Antillean species, but I know of no Brazilian species
which approaches it much. It resembles D. mariellnus Poey, of
Cuba and Florida, but is larger; the ground-color of the shell is
white, not amber, the color of the bands is darker and their arrange-
ment not the same. It has also some analogy to the banded
variety of D. vincentinus Pfr. (Ancey).

D. SUCCINEA n. gp. PI. 26, fig. 38.

Shell imperforate, ovate, excessively thin, somewhat transparent,
with the texture of Succinea. Pale yellow, very glossy, sculptured
with coarse, irregularly spaced* oblique, narrow folds. Spire short,
the apex obtuse, with the usual sculpture of Drymaus. Whorls 4^,
moderately convex, the last rather inflated, carinate in front at the
periphery, especially in immature specimens. Aperture oblique,
ovate, the outer lip thin and simple ; columellar margin thin below,
reflexed and adnate above. Length 14, diam. 8J mill.

Amazon river (Steere Exped.).

This species differs from limpidiis Drouet, and guttula Pfr., in
being plicate. In contour it resembles colmeiroi Hid., but differs in
sculpture and color.

D. FUNEKALIS Bruguiere.

Shell imperforate, similar in form and size to B. radiatus, but
thinner, brighter white, and marked with 5 black spiral bands on
the last whorl, the two lower wide, middle one narrow, the others

DRYM^EUS. 161

almost as wide as those on the base. Whorls 6, the summit a little
more pointed than in B. radiatus. The outer lip is unexpanded and
acute. The columella is simple, visibly spreading and almost
notched at the base inside. Length 9, diam. 5 lines. Interior of
South America, collected by M. le Dr. Blond, of Cayenne.

Bulimus funeralis BRUG., Encycl. Metli. i, p. 321.

An unrecognized species, probably allied to or identical with D.
nigrofasciatusT'iY., vol. xi, p. 307.

D. ROSEATUS var. MONTANUS nov. PI. 48, fig. 51.

Shell narrowly perforate, fusiform, thin ; almost white, with a
few irregularly spaced, narrow vertical, brown stripes on the last 4
whorls, above the periphery. Surface glossy, faintly striatulate, and
closely engraved with minute spirals. Whorls 6, slightly convex,
the last indistinctly subangular at the periphery in front, tapering
below. Aperture a trifle effuse at base, white inside, with a bright
yellow streak within the expansion of the lip ; peristome thin, the
lip expanded outwardly and below, pale-edged ; columellar margin
vertical, reflexed, yellow ; parietal wall pale yellow. Length 28.5,
diam. 12.3, longest axis of aperture 14.5 mill.

Colombia : Western part of the Santa Marta Mts. at Las Pantidas,
about 4,000 ft. elevation (Herbert H. Smith).

The narrow stripes do not run with the growth-lines, and have
the appearance of the darker stripes of D. oreades Orb.

D. SANCT^EMARTH^: n. sp. PI. 48, fig. 49, 50.

Shell narrowly rimate, long and slender, rather thin ; pale pink,
marked above the periphery with oblique interrupted streaks of
various shades of purple-brown ; the spots so formed are arranged in
three spiral series, and some of them are very faint. The suture
has a whitish margin below, and there is a pink area around the
perforation. Surface glossy, lightly striatulate and densely engraved
with minute spirals. Spire slender, with slightly convex outlines.
Whorls G^, slightly convex, the last rather flattened at the sides,
very convex immediately around the somewhat excavated umbilical
region. Aperture quite oblique, effuse below, nearly white inside ;
peristome distinctly thickened within though thin at the edge, the
basal and lower part of the outer lip broadly flaring. Columella very
concave, with narrowly reflexed, pale yellow margin ; parietal wall

162 DKYM^EUS.

pale buff-pink. Length 31.5, diam. 12, longest axis of the aperture
16 mill.

Colombia : Jiracasaca, on the northwestern slope of the Santa
Marta range at about 2,500 ft. elevation. (H. H. Smith.)

The spotted pattern of the spire recalls some forms of D. trigono-
stomus, but in the structure of the aperture and columella it is near
D. castus.

D. CHIRIQUIENSIS Da Costa. PI. 48, fig. 47.

Shell fusiform-ovate, sub-umbilicate, rather thin, whitish, painted
with three purplish-brown zones, with longitudinal streaks of the
same color between them, covered with a silky cuticle. Whorls 6,
convex, obliquely striate, the apex granulate-striate. Aperture ovate,
very large ; lip reflexed, pale salmon-colored ; columella narrowly
reflexed. Length 29, diam. 14, aperture 17 mill, long, 8 wide (Da
Costa). Boqueti, Chiriqui, Panama.

D. chiriquiensis Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 238, pi. 24,
f. 1 (Oct., 1901).

"A single specimen only has been received of this pretty shell.
The combination of color and markings render it an object of much
beauty. The cancellation produced by the chocolate bands crossed
by the waved longitudinal stripes on the white ground give it a lat-
ticed appearance, which is sharply defined within the interior ; under
the lens the nepionic whorls show the usual thimble-like sculpture of
Drymaeus." (Da Costa.)

The collection made by Mr. and Mrs. S. N. Rhoads, in Mexico, in
1899, contains the following species :

D. dunkeri (Pfr.). Vol. xii, p. 45. Patzcuaro, Morelia and Tzin-
tzuntzan, state of Michoacan.

D. hegewischi (Pfr.). Vol. xii, p. 52. Texolo, prov. Vera Cruz.

D. aurifluus (Pfr.). Vol. xii, p. 55. Jalapa, prov. Vera Cruz.

D. sulphureus (Pfr.). Vol. xii, p. 76. Texolo, prov. Vera Cruz.

D. COLIMENSIS (Rolle). PL 24, fig. 13.

Vol. xii, p. 47. The figure given is from von Martens (Biol. Centr.
Amer., p. 680, pi. 44, f. 9), and represents one of the original speci-
mens.

D. INUSITATUS (Fulton). PI. 26, fig. 43.

Shell smistral, perforate, thin, of a rather bright yellow color with

I'OKPHYROBAPHE. 1G3

some corneous-yellow, subtranslucent streaks ; glossy, smoothish,
sculptured with faint growth-wrinkles and very minute, shallow, en-
graved spirals. Whorls 7^, moderately convex, the first 1J having
the minute decussate sculpture of Drymaeus. Aperture ovate, oblique,
the outer lip thin, well-expanded below, columellar lip very broadly,
triangularly reflexed above.

Length 29^, diam. 13, length of aperture 12^ mm. (type).

Length 30, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 13 mm.

Costa Rica (Underwood).

Bulimulus (Drymaus} inusitatus FULTON, The Nautilus xiv, p. 87
(December, 1900).

Closely related to D. tropicalis Morel, of Yucatan, but differing in
color and the distinctly expanded outer and basal margins of the
peristome. Figured from one of the original lot.

D. OBLIQUUS (Reeve). Vol. xii, p. 93.

Ancey (Le Naturaliste, 1901, p. 93) describes two varieties : Var.
monozona Anc. is white, with a median reddish-brown band on the
last whorl ; from Bahia. Var. pcecilogramma Anc. is from the Pro-
vince of Minas Geraes ; length 27 mill. ; the summit is rose. with a
black dot at the tip ; last whorl ornamented at the suture with a nar-
row black band, below which there is a brownish-yellow band, then
a wider red zone, followed by another narrow brownish-yellow band,
then a quite wide blackish band, and finally around the umbilicus
there is a brownish-yellow band, also rather wide.

Genus PORPHYROBAPHE (Vol. xii, p. 149).
P SUBIRRORATUS (Da Costa). PI. 24, fig. 11.

Shell acuminate-oblong, swollen in the middle, imperforate.
Whorls 6, sculptured with very delicate spiral impressed lines (visible
under the lens), finely plicate beneath the suture. Columella simple.
Chestnut-purple, longitudinally streaked with ashy-brown ; columella
blue white ; lip reflexed, rose-colored ; aperture iridescent, lilac.
Length 63, diam. 33 mill.; aperture with peristome 34 mill, long, 22
wide (Da Costa}. Paramba, Ecuador.

Strophocheilus (Eurytus) subirroratus DA COSTA, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond. iii, p. 83, fig. II (July, 1898).

(< This species presents a general resemblance in form to S. irro-

164 OXYSTYLA.

ratus Rve., but differs from it in the absence of the raised striae which
cover that shell and the peculiar crenulation beneath its sutures."

P. FLORI Jousseaume.

Shell imperforate, oblong, solid, ornamented with vanishing ob-
lique striae, somewhat shining ; white painted with flammules and
streaks of violaceous-brown and black ; spire long-conic, a little ob-
tuse • suture impressed, crenulated ; whorls 7, slightly convex, rather
regularly increasing. Aperture nearly vertical, truncate-oval, with
a pearly silver-brown luster inside ; peristome somewhat thickened,
narrowly expanded, grayish-lilac ; columella twisted, whitish within.
Alt. 85, diam. 39 mill.; aperture 39 mill, long, greater diam. 30,
lesser 22 mill. (Jams.). Machala, Equador (L.-M. Flor.).

Dryptusflori Jouss., Le Naturaliste, xix, p. 265, Nov., 1897.

This species, which I have seen in certain collections under the
name B. integer, is distinguished at once by the more slender form,
absence of revolving striae, the brilliance and nearly effaced longitud-
inal striad of the surface, and by the stronger and shorter torsion of
the columellar margin, and often by a purple-black zone at the base
of the last whorl (Jouss.).

Genus OXYSTYLA Schliiter.
O. PRINCEPS var. ELEGANS Rolle. PI. 24, fig. 12.

Vol. xii, p. 117. Von Martens has given a figure of Rolle's type,
now in the Berlin Museum (Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 629, pi.
44, f. 15). He considers it " only an attenuated variety of 0. prin-
ceps."

O. ZONIFERA var. NOBILIS Rolle. PI. 24, fig. 14.

Vol. xii, p. 124. " An attenuated variety of 0. zoniferus" (Mar-
tens, t. c., p. 629, pi. 44, f. 16). Tjpe in Berlin Museum.

O. PULCHELLA var. PROTOTYPUS Pils. Vol. xii, p. 137.

Specimens from Corumba, prov. Matto Grosso, Brazil, are in coll.
C. W. Johnson. An adult shell from Bahia, sent by Dr. H. von
Ihering, measures length 40, diam. 25 mill.

O. MARACAIBENSIS (Pfr.). PI. 26, fig. 47.

Vol. xii, p. 137. At Bonda, a place 8 miles S.-E. of Santa Marta,

OXYSTYLA. 165

Colombia, Mr. H. H. Smith collected numerous specimens of this
species and its color-variety imitator. The specimens of maracai-
bensis are boldly marked with black-brown or bluish thrice-waved
stripes, usually branching above, often with three reddish-brown
bands more or less interrupted. The largest measure, length 55,
diam. 32 mill. One of these is figured. The var. imitator with them
vary from pale brown to fleshy, and are mostly three-banded, some
of the half-grown specimens having a fourth band at the base. Some
show traces of flames.

OXYSTYLA PHLOGERA (Orb.). PI. 26, figs. 48, 49.

Vol. xii, p. 145. The specimen here illustrated was received
from Dr. von Ihering, labeled Araguary, Minas (no. 1123). It
has many brown stripes on a creamy ground, the stripes distinct on
the spire, obsolete on the last whorl except in front. The whorls of
the spire are bisected by a median, spiral, reddish-brown line, some-
what dotted, and on the last whorl becoming obsolete. The apex is
black, this color forming a wide belt below the suture of the first 1^-
whorls, then changing to a series of alternately dark and white
spots bounded by a brown line below. These gradually become
stripes, which are narrower and twice as numerous above as below
the median brown line, becoming wider downward, and on the
penult, whorl forming a series of oblique blackish spots alternating
with narrower creamy ones just above the suture, and continuing at
the periphery of the last whorl, which has in addition a continuous
spiral band on the base. A broad blackish varix-stripe is near the
end of the penult, whorl, and there are two varices on the back of
the last whorl. The interior is bright lilac ; the parietal wall,
columella and a basal area around it are black. The columella is
strongly twisted, and markedly convex in the middle. Length 44,
diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 23 mill.; whorls 6J.

The surface is faintly marked with growth-stria?, and shows slight
evanescent traces of spiral lines on the spire.

LIGUUS VIRGINEUS L. Vol. xii, p. 162.

Add to synonyms: Helix regina Feruss., BOWDICH, Elem. of
Conch., pi. 8, f. 26.

166 BOTHRIEMBRYON.

VOL. XIII.
Genus BOTHRIEMBRYON (Vol. xiii, p. 1).

Kobelt, in the last fascicle of the Gonchylien Cabinet, monograph of
Buliminus, follows that genus with Bothriembryon (p. 763), which he
admits to generic rank. His monograph would be bettered by a
knowledge of recent Australian and American work.

B. MARTENSI Kobelt. PL 26, fig*. 45, 46.

Shell with completely closed axis, long ovate, rather thin but solid,
irregularly striate-costate, seen under a lens to be encircled by nearly
obsolete spiral lines ; brownish, copiously marked with chestnut and
buff-white streaks. Spire conic, the apex very obtuse, the three
earlier whorls pitted, tip turned in ; suture very finely crenulate,
narrowly edged with buif-white. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, a
little convex, the three earlier pitted, the third ornamented with
regularly-placed, pale-brown, oblique stripes; last whorl four-sevenths
the shell's length, slightly inflated, rounded beneath, hardly descend-
ing in front. Aperture subvertical, oval, the external streaks show-
ing through the blue interior ; pe'ristome simple, unexpanded, the
outer margin produced at the insertion, basal margin narrowly
rounded, columellar margin nearly vertical, quite narrowly reflexed
for a long distance, appressed, completely closing the perforation.
Length 42, diam. 23.5, alt. aperture 22.5, width 14 mill. (Kob.).

Australia (type in Berlin Museum).

Bothriembryon martemi KOB., Conchyl. Cab., monograph of Buli-
minus, p. 764, pi. 112, f. 3, 4 (August, 1901).

With the same number of whorls, this species is but two-thirds the
size of Panda atomata ; the whorls are more convex, it is completely
imperforate, and has only traces of spiral lines. Described from a
single specimen. The pattern of the apical sculpture is not described
by Kobelt with sufficient exactness to permit positive reference of
this form to Panda or Bothriembryon. In the former, granules are
arranged in spiral series ; in the latter there are pits in oblique
sweeps. From what Kobelt says I would think the species cor-
rectly located.

B. ONSLOWI var. MINOR Pilsbry (Vol. xiii, p. 12).

A synonym is : B. onslowi var. hartogensis Kobelt, Conch. Cab.,
p. 770 (1901).

PLACOSTYLUS. 167

Genus PLACOSTYLUS Beck.

Placostylus bivaricosus var. cuniculinsula Cox. (Vol. xiii, p. 26.)
References to illustrations should be : pi. 12, f. 5, and pi. 11, f. 1.

Melania striata Perry, Conchology, pi. 29, f. 5 (1811), Helix mel-
ania Fer., Prodr., p. 57, no. 448, is evidently a Placostylus, and may
be P. fibratus.

Subgenus LEUCOCHARIS Pils.
PLACOSTYLUS PORPHYROCHILA (Dautz. et Bernier). PI. 48, figs.

55, 56.

Shell solid, narrowly umbilicate. Spire conic, turreted. Whorls
•6, a little convex and joined by an impressed suture ; the last whorl
more than half the length of the shell. First whorl usually seen
under a strong lens to be sculptured with very fine punctures, ar-
ranged in rows ; following whorls ornamented with inconspicuous
growth-folds, on the last two whorls there are stronger folds cut by very
irregular transverse striae. Aperture ovate and oblique ; peristome
broadly expanded, the margins joined by an adnate callus. Colu-
mella twisted inwardly, covering the umbilicus outwardly ; lip re-
flexed and towards the base broadly dilated. Color dull yellowish-
white. Aperture broadly painted with brown within and narrowly
margined with white outwardly. Length 43, width 22; length of
aperture with peristome 23, width 16 mill. New Caledonia.

Leucocharis porphyrochila DAUTZENBERG & BERNIER, Journ. de
€onchyl. xlix, no. 3, p. 215, pi. 7, f. 5, 6 (Oct., 1901).

A remarkable form, larger than the species of Leucocharis previ-
ously known, thicker, with more oblique aperture and brighter color-
ing in the mouth.

Genus AMPHIDROMUS Alb.

Amphidromus moniliferus Gld. (p. 179). Add the reference: Bu-
liminus (Rhachis} theobaldianus Bs., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 672,
pi. 102, f. 14.

A. LATESTRIGATUS Schepman. PI. 49, figs. 5, 6.

Vol. xiii, p. 207. New figures are here given of this beautiful and
variable species.

A. L^EVUS (Miiller). Vol. xiii, p. 214.

The name was incorrectly given " Icevis " in the text.

168 AMPHIDROMUS.

A. RHODOSTYLUS Mb'llendorflf.

Shell sinistral, rirnate, long ovate-conic, rather solid, delicately
striatulate, microscopically decussate spirally, opaque; usually yel-
low, unicolor or variously marked (see below). Bpire rather long
with straight sides. Whorls 7, the upper ones flat, penultimate a
little convex, the last whorl moderately convex, separated by a brown-
lined suture. Aperture moderately oblique, somewhat ear-shaped ;
peristome a little expanded, slightly reflexed ; columella straight,
rose-tinted, forming a more or less distinct angle with the base.
Length 38-45.6, diam. 20-21.4 mill. (Mlldff.}.

Color-forms: A. (simplex), uniform yellow, with only a brown
Butural line and browner umbilical spot ; sometimes a few green
bands near the end of the whorl. B. (roseolineata), having a narrow
reddish adjoining the sutural band below ; the last whorl reddish
towards the aperture. (7. (nigrolineata), umbilical zone wider; a
black-brown band below the periphery. D. (ignea), upper whorls
streaked with dark brown, the last whorl fire-red, with fading black-
ish streaks. E. (rhabdota), broad brown streaks fading towards the
aperture. F. (bipartita), like color-form E, but the last whorl
greenish-brown below by the confluence of streaks, this nearly uni-
colored zone bounded above by a sharp line. G. (subconfluens),.
streaks confluent, the last two whorls uniform brown, verging towards
greenish or reddish. The last three forms intergrade. (Mlldff.}

Pharang, Southern Annam (Fruhstorfer).

Amphidromm rhodostylus MLLDFF., Nachbl. d. D. Malak. Ges.,
1901, p. 47.

This Protean species assimilates best with the Group of A.
mouhoti Pfr., though not the entire peristome, but only the columella
is colored reddish.

Group of A. janus (Vol. xiii, p. 156).
A. METABLETUS Mlldff. PL 49, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

As Dr. von Mollendorff has pointed out, this species seems more
allied to the janus group than to that in which I placed it, Manual
xiii, p. 174, before I had seen specimens. It is now for the first
time figured, the specimens being from the type locality. Dr. von
Mollendorff has described two races in addition to the type form, in
Nachbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. 1901, pp. 48-50.

Subsp. pachychiius v. Mlldff. Stronger-shelled throughout,.

AMPHIDROMUS, ODONTOSTOMUS. 169

thicker lipped, parietal callus stronger ; suture more distinctly mar-
gined ; base less wide.

Length 39.5, diam. 20.5 mill. Length 40.3, diam. 23.5 mill.

Length 39.7, diam. 22 mill. Length 42.6, diam. 23.9 mill.

Nha-trang, southern Annam (Fruhstorfer).

The individual variations are even more numerous than in the
type, the following u forms " being distinguishable : A (flava), uni-
form yellow. B (alba), uniform white. G (tritaeniata), yellow
with 3 brown bands, the middle one sometimes lost. D (trizona),
white with 3 bands, ft (interrupta), like D, but the bands inter-
rupted and reduced to rows of spots, ^(confluens), like Z), but the
bands more or less widened and confluent. G (fusca), uniform
brown by widening and union of the bands, except for a white
sutural line. These forms occur both dextral and sinistral (Mlldjf.*).

Subsp. insularis Mlldff. Smaller, thinner-shelled, with the con-
tour of pachychilus. Island Bai-min, near Nha-trang. The forms
are less numerous than in the type or subsp. pachychilus^ but this
may be due to the smaller number of specimens taken, which
includes pure white and banded white, banded yellow and nearly
uniform brown specimens, representing the form G.

A. INVERSUS subsp. ROSEOTINCTUS Mlldff. (Vol. xiii, pp. 169, 237).
Dr. von Mollendorff states that the characters of this race are
quite constant in more than 100 specimens examined from Fischaya.
It apparently deserves recognition as a separate race locally differ-
entiated from the annamiticus stock. (Nachbl. 1901, p. 50).

A. H^EMATOSTOMA Mlldff. (Vol. xiii, p. 182).

This unfigured species belongs to- the group of A. mouhoti, its
nearest relatives being smithi Fult. and cruentatus Morel., according
to Mollendorff, Nachrbl. 1901, 50.

A. XIENGENSIS Morlet. Vol. xiii, p. 194.

Mr. H. Fischer (Journ. de Conchyl. xlix, 1901, p. 156, foot-note
.no. 1) proposes to emend this name to correspond with the present
orthography of the original locality Xieng-Sen, making it A. xieng-
sensis. Such changes seem of doubtful utility.

Genus ODONTOSTOMUS.

Dr. A. Doering has given an artificial key to the species of

170 ODONTOSTOMUS.

Odontostomus in the Periodico Zoologico, vol. 1, part 3, pp.
172-180.

O. GEMELLATUS Ancey, n. sp.

" Shell oblong-tapering, rather solid, ashen-whitish, obliquely
rimate, obliquely costulate except at the apex. Spire oblong, the
sides a little convex, apex obtuse, sculptured as in 0. pupoides.
Whorls 7^, a little convex, regularly increasing, separated by a
moderate suture, the last whorl oblong, very shortly ascending at
the aperture. Aperture nearly vertical, truncate-oval, ringent,
obstructed by teeth or folds as follows : Two on the parietal wall,
one large, elongated, prominent, situated near the posterior angle,
the other smaller and more deeply placed, at the base of the larger
one, and in the middle of the parietal wall ; a large, twisted, sub-
quadrate and tongue-shaped tooth on the columella ; two subequal,
rather small and acute basal teeth ; and within the outer lip there
are three teeth, the lower strong, twisted, opposite the columellar
lamella, the others rather small and acute. Peristome thickened
and dilated, expanded, white, the margins distant ; marked with
brown on each side of the bases of the teeth upon the outer lip.
Length 20, diam. 7-J, alt. apert. 1\ mill." (Ancey}.

Goyaz, central Brazil.

" Of the size and shape of 0. pupoides, but strongly and regularly
sculptured. The teeth also are dissimilar " (Ancey).

O. TUDICULATUS (Martens). PI. 26, figs. 40, 41, 42.

This vol., p. 55. Fig. 40 represents a specimen from Taguara do
Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, collected by Dr. von Ihering in
1881, and determined by Prof, von Martens. It measures, length
21^, diam. 6, length of aperture 7 mill.; whorls nearly 8.

Other specimens from Bahuru, Sao Paulo (no. 1279 coll. Mus.
Paulista), received from von Ihering, differs in having the spire
somewhat more attenuated, and the teeth within the outer lip more
or less deficient. In the specimen represented in fig. 41 there are
upper and lower palatal folds and the faint trace of a suprapalatal.
In that shown in fig. 42 only the upper palatal is developed, and
that but weakly, though close inspection with a lens shows very
slight vestiges of basal and suprapalatal folds. The basal carina is
reduced. Except by their small size, there is little or nothing to
separate such specimens from 0. janeirensis var. miliola.

BULIMULID^E. 171

It is obvious that 0. miliola, fusiformis and tudiculatus are very
closely linked together, and probably will prove but stages in an un-
interrupted series of variations. All have the same sculpture, a net-
work of cream-white wrinkles on a darker ground. For the present,
tudiculatus may be distinguished by its more slender contour and
less broadly expanded outer lip.

O. PATAGONICUS (Orb.). PL 26, fig. 44.

See this vol., p. 95. A specimen from Carmen de Patagones,
near the mouth of the Rio Negro, Patagonia, received from Dr. H.
von Ihering, shows better developed teeth than those from the Sierra
Ventana. The shell is rather calcareous, suffused with a livid flesh
tint, and stained with blackish-blue above. The parietal lamella is
perceptibly bifid outwardly, and with the columellar lamella and
upper palatal fold, is well developed. There is a small basal fold,
but no trace of lower palatal or suprapalatal folds, or of a transverse
barrier within. The throat is ochre colored. The apex has rather
strong, very close and almost straight riblets. Length 19J, diam.
10 mill.

It will be noticed that the locality of these specimens is far south
of the limits assigned by Doring, who thought the species did not
extend southwest to the Rio Colorado.

Undetermined Bulimulida>.

Bulimus fragilis Lam. (An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 123; Delessert,
Rec. de Coq. pi. 28, f. 2), described as British, is apparently one of
the thin whitish tropical American species, such as Drymceus stram-
ineus, liliaceus^ virginalis, or their allies. It cannot be identified
without comparison of the type. The locality assigned by Lamarck
was due to his identification of it with Helix fragilis Montagu =
Limncea stagnalis.

Helix (Cochlogena~) ovum Fer., Prodr. p. 54, no. 409, Bulimus
ovum Beck, Index, p. 52, nude name.

Bulimus apicinus Menke. Shell ovate-acute, subperforate, the
apex rufous. Length 9 lines (Menke, Verzeich. Conch. Samml.
Malsburg, 1829, p. 6).

Bulimus ponderosas Christofori & Jan. Shell ovate, ventricose,
perforate, milk white ; aperture ample, ovate ; peristome with the
columellar lip reflexed. Length 1 inch, diam. 7 lines, aperture 6

172 BULIMULID.E.

lines long, 4 wide. Peru. (C. fy «/., Catalogus, sect, ii, pt. 1, Man-
tissa, p. 3, 1832; Pfr., Monogr. ii, 89). According to Pfeiffer, a
specimen in Gruner's collection to which Ziegler had attached this
name agrees well with the description, and is very similar to B. nu-
cleus. It looks like a fossil shell.

Bulimus versicolor Cristofori & Jan. Shell oblong, ovate, sub-
perforate, longitudinally striated, greenish-rufous, variegated with
white spots. Aperture oval; peristome reflexed, white. Length 1J
inches, diam. 10 lines ; aperture 1 inch long, 6 lines wide. BraziL
(Cristofori fy Jan, Catalogus, etc., Mantissa, p. 3, 1832); Pfr.,
Monogr. ii, p. 47. Not Bulinus versicolor Brod., see p. 16 of vol. xi.
May be a Gonyostomus.

Bulimus christiani Beck, Brazil, inter. (Index p. 52.)
Bulimus grossus Beck, Brazil, inter. (Index p. 53.)
Bulimus compressus Beck, Am. Merid. (Index p. 53.)
Gonyostomus concolor Beck, Rep. Argent. (Index p. 53.)
Bulimulus chrysotrema Beck, Am. m. (Index p. 63.)
Bulimulus figulinus Beck, Brazil, Bah. (Index p. 65.)
Bulimulus assumptionis Valenc., Beck, I. Assumption (Index
p. 67.)

Bulimulus chiriguanus Beck, Bolivia (Index p. 68).
All undescribed and unknown to -later authors.
Bulimus tenuis Anton. " = ? B. corneus Desh. Very fragile,
long ovate-conoidal ; 6 flat whorls, the last as long as all the rest ;
spire rather long ; minutely longitudinally, and still more minutely
transversely striated ; unicolored horn-brown, lustrous. Apex shin-
ing. Perforated. Aperture acutely ovate ; peristome sharp, the
columella dilated partly over umbilicus. Alt. 8, diam. 3J lines.
Similar to B. collini Mich., but slenderer, the last whorl not swollen*
having one whorl more, and a longer, narrower aperture " (Anton,
Verzeichniss der Conchyl. in der Sammlung von II. E. Anton, p.
42, 1839). Habitat unknown.

Bulinus lacti color Sowerby. (Vol. xiii, PL 45, fig. 29.) Known
only by a dorsal view of the shell. This shows a decussated buff
surface, rather produced, turreted spire, and apparently a narrowly
expanded lip. Habitat and present location of type unknown. It
may be either a Lissoacme, typical Bulimulus or a Drymseus ; and
will probably defy certain identification. (Conch. Illustr. p. 48.
Bulimus lacticolor Pfr.) Ancey (J. de C. 1901) has identified with

BULIMULID^E. 173

us a species in his collection having the apical structure of Orthotom-
ium.

Bulimus ve^metus Anthony (cover of Haldeman's Monograph of
Limniades, no. 3, July, 1841, BINNEY, Terr. Moll. iv. p. 137, PFR.,
Monogr. vi, 153), said to be from Cincinnati, Ohio, is a lost species
which American students have not been able to trace.

Bulimus vaporeus Mousson. Shell almost imperforate, ovate-
globose, very thin and very fragile, costulate-striate and most min-
utely subgranulate, diaphanous, pale corneous. Spire obtusely con-
vex-conoid, the nucleus small, smooth ; suture impressed, very nar-
rowly margined. Whorls 4J, the upper flatly convex, the last
inflated, sloping above, rounded beneath, less striate on the dorsal
line, but spirally lineate or subsulcate. Aperture slightly oblique
(25° with the axis), angularly ovate, large; peristome defective (un-
expanded and acute?); the margins joined by a very thin parietal
callus, right margin less curved above, then more so ; columellar
margin vertical, elongate, reflexed and appressed above. Length 31,
diam, 27 mill.; ratio of aperture 4.3 ; rat. whorls 3.2 (Mouss. Malak.

Bl. xvi, 1869, p. 174 PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 180.

South America (Wallis).

Described from a single specimen with defective peristome and
probably not adult. It is apparently a very young Strop hocheilus.

Bulimulm proteli Moric., .Peru, Paetel, Catal., 1883, p. 145.

Bulimulus subsuctatus Mss., N. Granad., Paetel, Catal., 1873, p.
101.

Bulimulus uber Mke., Amer. m., Paetel, Catal., 1873, p. 101.

Bulimus baltovica Rv., Quito, Paetel, Catal., 1869, p. 80.

Bulimulus. Under the head "a new species of Bulimulus," a
marine shell, Eulimella occidentals , was described by Hemphill, Zoe
iv, p. 395.

174 CERION.

Family
Characters those of the following genus.

Genus CERION < Bolten ' Morcb, 1852.

Cerion BOLTEN, Museum Boltenianum p. 90, 1798, in part, un-
defined — MOERCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 33, uva the first species (1852).

— DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxv, no. 9, p. 120. — PILSBRY &
VANATTA Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896, pp. 315-329.— Stro-
phia ALBERS, Die HeL, 1850, p. 202. Not Strophia Meigen, 1832.

— Cochlodon SOWERBY, Tankervillc Catalogue, p. 40, 1825, in part.
Shell solid, cretaceous, cylindric or ovate, conic above, rimate or

perforate, composed of 8 to 13 compactly coiled whorls, the central
axis slender, hollow above, usually solid below ; apex entire.
Aperture ovate, vertical, the lip usually expanded or reflexed. A
spiral columellar fold and a parietal tooth usually are present in
recent species.

Lung macroscopically plain except for the pulmonary vein.
Kidney oblong, with large cavity, and excreting apparently by a
secondary ureter. Genital system having a wide atrium, short penis
with terminal retractor, the epiphaUus entering near or below the
middle of the penis sac. Vas deferens extremely long. Spermatheca
on a long duct which bears a long diverticulum. A vaginal retractor
arises from the right tentacular muscle. Free retractor muscles
independent to their posterior ends except the right tentacular and
tail retractors, which are shortly united. Jaw smooth. Teeth of
the normal type in Holopoda, the ectocones developed. External
anatomy as in Holopoda generally ; the labial processes well
developed.

Type O. uva (L.). Distribution, the Antilles, near the sea.
They live on bushes or other herbage, rarely retreating under stones.

Cerion, from the Greek word kerion, honey-comb, alludes to the
resemblance of the spire to an old-fashioned bee-hive.

The genus Cerion, or as it is commonly known, Strophia, is one of
the most characteristic forms of West Indian land-molluscan life.
With two exceptions, the species are all insular ; C. incanum and C.
antonii only, the former from the Florida Keys and perhaps the ad-
jacent mainland, the latter reported to be from Guiana, are conti-
nental. The Greater Antilles — Cuba, Hayti and Porto Rico, with
the Virgin Islands and the entire group of the Bahamas, are inhabited

CERION. 175

by numerous species, with a multitude of local races. South of the
larger islands named, if we include with Cuba the faunally depend-
ent Cayman group and Isle of Pines, but one single species is found,
C> uva, of Cura9ao, singularly isolated in characters as well as geo-
graphically. Jamaica is without a species; and the genus also fails
in the Caribbean chain.

In the main, each species is confined to some single island, or to a
series of adjacent keys or islets ; but there are numerous exceptions,
where forms unquestionably conspecific are found on several islands
separated by considerable distances.

The species are subject to a remarkable range of individual and
local variation. Thus many species vary from strongly and conspic-
uously ribbed to entirely ribless and smooth. In fact this is a
common variation, incontestably established by the series we have
examined of Cerion dimidiatum, C. columna, C. regina, O. uva, O.
maritimum, O. sagraianum and many other species. Color is equally
variable, pure white species varying to heavily brown-mottled, and
this not in one, but in many of the species. Absolute size of adults
is almost as mutable as in Cyprcea ; and occasionally individuals are
abnormally shortened by the premature assumption of the features of
maturity, giving them a stunted appearance.

All of these considerations render the study of the species one of
unusual difficulty ; and the older authors, unacquainted with the
Protean nature of the species, as with the usually restricted range of
each, often failed to properly discriminate them. Thus the several
volumes of Pfeiffer's Monographia Heliceorum Viventium are unreli-
able in dealing with many species, especially in respect to geographic
distribution.

An American writer on natural history, Mr. C. J. Maynard, some
years ago begun the study of this genus, and to his earliest publica-
tion on the subject we owe the first clear statement of some facts of
prime importance; that the Cerions are excessively plastic, and
locally modified into a considerable number of species and sub-
species ; that the range of some of these forms, is excessively limited;
and that former authors had failed to discriminate many really dis-
tinct species, "lumping" them under a few old names; and finally,
that the aperture -armature, or " teeth " of the Cerions are variously
arranged, and furnish ground for the division of the genus into sev-
eral sub-genera. Mr. Maynard, moreover, has discovered and de-

176 CERION.

scribed a large number of most interesting species and varieties, so
that his work on this genus has been an important one. However,
he has unduly multiplied species and sub-species, basing them on
characters we hold to be too slight and inconstant, and his work is
marred by inaccuracies of all kinds.

In 1896, Mr. Vanatta and the writer published a catalogue of the
genus, embodying the results of both biologic and synonymic study.
This catalogue has served as a basis for the present monograph,
although further study with more material has modified some of the
conclusions then reached, and has resulted in a grouping of the spe-
cies believed to be more natural.

The more striking peculiarities of Cerion, besides the pupiform,
compact and calcareous shell, are (1) the low entrance of the epi-
phallus into the penis, a feature I do not remember noticing in any
other genus; (2) the excessively long free vas deferens ; (3) the
diverticulum of the spermathecal duct (occurring also in Helix,
Buliminus, Clausilia); (4) the rather short, oblong kidney, with very
extensive lumen.

The external anatomy, teeth, jaw, and most other details present
nothing unusual in ground-snails of the Holopod group.

Cerion has been associated with the Pupidce by most authors, but
there is little in the anatomy to justify such an association, while the
pallial organs and genitalia show it to belong to a widely different
group.

General Anatomy of Cerion.

The lung in C. mumia chrysalis is about three times as long as
wide, traversed along the middle by a large pulmonary vein, with no
large branches, the reticulation being quite invisible in an unstained,
non-injected preparation. The kidney is about double the length of
the pericardium, and has a very large cavity. The secondary
ureter is not noticeably differentiated (pi. 47, fig. 30). In C.incana
Leidy distinctly figured a branching reticulation of the lung anteriorly,
and a secondary ureter ; whether correctly or not, only additional
examination will show.

The radula is normal in shape ; teeth 27, 1, 27 in C. m. chrysalis
and C. incanum, 30, 1, 30 in C. regium and G. abacoense. The
central tooth is rather wide, the length of the basal plate sometimes
exceeding, sometimes surpassed by the median cusp ; side cusps well
developed. The laterals have a long inner cusp, bifid beyond the

CERION. 177

9th tooth, and a short outer cusp. The marginal teeth are short and
wide, with two cusps (pi. 47, fig. 35, C. incanum ; fig. 36, O. columna,
both after Binney).

In C. regium, incanum and chrysalis, the basal plate of the central
tooth is as short as the middle cusp ; in (7. abacoense and C. columna
it is longer.

Semper (Reisen im Phil. Archip., p. 128) says that O. uva has 95
to 99 teeth in a row, all the teeth with several cusps. This is a
third more teeth in a row than the other species examined, which
have 55 to 60.

The jaw (pi. 47, fig. 29, C. m. chrysalis) is rather strongly arcu-
ate, solid, smooth, with a small median projection below. This pro-
jection is said to be wanting in C. uva, but is present in other species
examined.

Free muscles (pi. 47, fig. 28, O. m. chrysalis). The left tentacu-
lar and ocular retractor and the pharyngeal retractor are free almost
throughout, being united with the columellar muscle at its proximal
end only. The right tentacular and ocular retractor is united with
the columellar muscle for a short distance, and distally it gives off a
broad muscular band inserted on the vagina, functioning as a vagi-
nal retractor. The eye retracts between the branches of the geni-
talia, as usual.

The genital system (pi. 47, fig. 34, O. m. chrysalis) is of normal
general proportions and position. The atrium is very capacious and
contains a short, tongue-shaped fleshy appendage. The penis is
stout below, tapering rapidly, with a long slender retractor muscle
arising at its apex and inserted upon the lung- floor. Its inner walls
are coarsely plicate longitudinally. Below the middle of the penis
the epiphallus is inserted, entering between two fleshy lips. The
epiphallus is glossy, moderately swollen, and passes into an exceed-
ingly long, compactly coiled vas deferens (seen partially pulled out
in the figure). The vagina is much shorter than the free oviduct.
The spermatheca is oblong, on a long duct, which branches into a
very long diverticulum, lying against the uterus (but pulled free in
the figure). There is a strong vaginal retractor, given off from the
right tentacular band, apparently a diverted anterior pedal retractor.

In copulation the atrium and penis are everted (pi. 47, figs. 32,
33), the former forming a sort of hood over the latter.

In O. m. chrysalis the spermatheca and duct are 19 mill, long,
and the diverticulum 18 mill.

178 CERION.

In (7. incanum; dissected by Leidy, C. mumiola by Poey, and 01.
yumaense, by Vanatta, the penis retractor is short. In C. yumaense
no spermathecal diverticulum was found, but I think this was due to
the very poor preservation of the specimen dissected.

Young shells of this genus often have the aperture contracted by
teeth, formed a short distance within the lip-edge, and subsequently
absorbed in most cases. Two of these teeth are upon the parietal
wall, two within the basal lip, and one upon the columella, the latter
being the end of the continuous columellar plait, and present in the
young of all species. In species having such teeth, when young,
they are not present at all stages of growth, but only appear at
intervals.

In C. uva only one of the basal teeth is usually visible from the
mouth, the other being added with subsequent growth, deep in the
throat. They often persist in adult individuals in this species only.

In 01 copium (group of 01 pannosum, Cayman Is.) there are two
basal teeth, the outer smaller, and one tooth above, or none (pi. 47,
fig. 31).

In 01 yumaense a large series of young shows none with teeth ; nor
are any present in specimens of C. y. sallei C. crassilabris examined,
all belonging to the group of C. crassilabris.

C. incanum sometimes has teeth, two above and two below, but
most of the young shells examined have none. One young multicosta
examined has no teeth.

01 mumia has one basal and two upper teeth, or is without any.

One young C. regina has a single rudimentary inner basal tooth,
others being toothless.

One specimen of G. alans (form agavd} has a rudimentary basal
tooth, others being toothless. In 01 milleri (pi. 36, fig. 47), four
teeth are found. In a form of glans from Andros, Mr. Maynard
found four teeth.

No sufficient data exist for testing the value of the teeth of the
young as an indication of affinities. Collectors should secure large
series of young shells, as the subject is one of some interest. Whether
these teeth are lingering vestiges of a former adult dentition, or are
an adaptation pertaining to the young stages only, remains problem-
atic. Certain forms of Holospira have a somewhat similar internal
structure.

CERION. 179

Subdivisions of Oerion.

I. Parietal lamella short, situated in the angle between the colu-
mella and parietal wall; axial lamella below it; whorls very
short. PI. 47, fig. 38. Subgenus CERION.

II. Axial and parietal larnellaB present, the latter near the middle of
the parietal wall, simple and short, usually not penetrating over
one-third of a whorl. PI. 47, figs. 37, 40. Subgenus STROPHIOPS.

III. Axial and parietal lamella present, the latter very long and
doubled, or short and interrupted, with an accessory denticle ;
rarely obsolete. PI. 47, fig. 39. Subgenus DIACERION.

IV. Axial and parietal lamella or teeth wanting.

Subgenus EOSTROPHIA.

NOTE — Some forms of Diacerion in which the parietal armature
is degenerate or incipient, have the structure of Strophiops.
The species are herein classified in fifteen groups, as follows :

Subgenus CERION (typical forms).

1. Group of C. uva. Curacao.

Subgenus STROPHIOPS Dall.

2. Group of C. pannosum. Little Cayman, Cayman Brae.

3. Group of C. crassilabris.

Species of Guiana.

Species of St. Croix, Porto Rico and Haiti.

Species of Grand Cayman.

4. Group of C. cyclostomum. Cuba.

5. Group of C. maritimum. Cuba.

6. Group of C. scalarium. Cuba, Bahamas.

7. Group of C. mumia. Cuba.

8. Group of C. regina. Bahamas.

9. Group of C. gubernatoria. Bahamas.
10. Group of C. album. Bahamas.

II. Group of C. glans. Bahamas.

12. Group of C. martensi. Bahamas.

Subgenus DIACERION Dall.

13. Group of C. rubicundum. Inagua.

14. Group of C. striatellum. Eastern Cuba.

Subgenus EOSTROPHIA Dall.

15. Group of C. anodonta. Tampa silex beds (Oligocene).

180 CERION, GROUP I.

Subgcnus CERION, s. sir.

Remarkable for the position of the parietal lamella, in the angle
where the columella joins the whorl. The internal sets of laminae or
teeth sometimes persist in mature shells, but as often are absorbed
and absent, as in other groups of the genus.

C. UVA (Linne). PI. 33, figs. 41-45.

Shell cylindric or wider above, rather solid, white, lustreless.
Whorls 10 J to 13^, the earlier 2^ nearly smooth, the rest regularly
and strongly ribbed, the ribs as wide as their intervals or narrower,
oblique and curved on the upper part, becoming nearly straight and
less oblique below. Last 5 or 6 whorls of nearly equal width, form-
ing the cylindric portion, those above rapidly tapering forming a
short obtuse cone. Last wrhorl tapering below, the ribs often obso-
lete there. Umbilical chink deep. Aperture ovate or rounded,
white or liver-brown within, having a small obtuse and very short
lamella at the junction of the columella and parietal wall, and a sub-
obsolete or scarcely perceptible columellar fold, which becomes
stronger within, and winds up the internal column for 3 to 5 whorls.
In many specimens the cavity of the whorls is contracted at one or
more intervals by pairs of lamellae on the roof and floor of the cavity,
a stronger development of the columellar lamella occurring at these
places. Internal column wider and hollow above, narrow and solid
in the lower 4 whorls.

Length 25-^, diam. 9-^, longest axis of aperture 7^ mill.

Length 24, diam. 10J, longest axis of aperture 7-J- mill.

Length 20, diam. 10, longest axis of aperture 7 mill.

Length 16, diam. 9, longest axis of aperture 6 mill.

Island of Curacao.

Turbo uva L., Syst. Nat. (10), p. 765.— GMEL., p. 3604 — Buli-
mus uva BRUG., Encycl. Meth. p. 349 — Helix (Cochlodonta} uva
FER., Prodr., p. 58, no. 458 ; Histoire, pi. 153, f. 11-14 — Pupa uva
LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 105; edit. Desh., viii, p. 169 —
KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 5, pi. 1, f. 3, 4. — SOWERBY, Conchol.
Man., p. 291; Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 7 — DESK., in Fer., Hist., p.

206 PFR., Monogr. ii, 317; iii, 537; iv, 659; vi, 292 — WIRT

ROBINSON, A Flying Trip to the Tropics, p. 22, figs — SEMPER,
Reisen, Landmoll., p. 128, pi. 16, f. 11 (teeth) — Cerion Apiarium
BOLT., Mus. Boltenianum p. 90 (1798).

CERION, GROUP I. 181

Cerion uva MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 33. — DALL, Bull. M. C.
Zool. xxv, no. 9, p. 121, pi., f. 3.— PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S.
Phila. 1896, p. 318, with var. desculptum, pp. 318, 328, pi. 11, f. 1.

A very abundant shell in Curacao, easily recognized by the obtuse
apex, strong costation, and the position of the parietal lamella in the
angle at the root of the columella. It varies notably in size and
contour, and in the development of internal lamella?, of which there
may be as many as three sets, or none at all. Young shells fre-
quently show this armature, which recalls that of Gastrodonta or
Dibothrion.

Figure 42 is a normal, average specimen.
Var. desculptum Pilsbry & Vanatta. PL 33, fig. 46.

Shell similar to C. uva, but differs in the smooth shell, lacking the
strong, regular ribs characteristic of that species, or having them
very few, weak and irregular.

Alt. 22, diam. 9 ; apert. alt. 7J, width 6j mill.

Alt. 19, diam. 9 ; apert. alt. 7, width 6 mill.

A sectionized specimen shows no internal sets of laminae, but these
are frequently wanting in specimens of the typical C. uva. Types
are from Curacao.

Subgenus STROPHIOPS Dall.

Strophiops DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxv, no. 9, p. 121
(October, 1894); type " Pupa decumana Fer. = C. regium Bens —
Maynardia DALL, /. c. (type S. neglecta Mayn.). — Seniculus MAY-
NARD, Contributions to Science, III, p. 17 (1896), type S. mumia
Brug. — Umbom's MAYNARD, t. c., p. 28, type S. scalarina Gundl. —
Pinguitia MAYNARD, t. c., p. 30, type S. " dimidiatia " Pfr. — Longi-

dens MAYNARD, t c., p. 39, type £ pannosa Mayn Multostrophia

MAYNARD, Contributions to Science, II, p. 177 (1894), type S. ex-
imea Mayn.

The parietal tooth is situated at or near the middle of the parietal
wall, and may be either short or moderately long, penetrating some-
times a half-whorl inward. It is sometimes reinforced by a callous
deposit or smaller tooth near its outer end on the side towards the
columella, but is otherwise continuous and simple. Axial lamella
deeply penetrating. The cavity of the whorls is rather ample, and
not obstructed within by denticles in the adult shell. Type C. regium
(Bens.).

«

in

182 CERION.

It is impossible to separate the short from the long-toothed species
on account of the variability of this character among species other-
wise closely allied. Occasional specimens C. ylans have the tooth as
long as in the type of Strophiops, although as a general rule it is short
in that species. Mr. Maynard has proposed several sectional names
in this group, based upon the sculpture, etc., of the shells. These
are natural groups, though of no great systematic value. They seem
ore distinct when only the type species is considered than when the
entire series of related forms is taken into account.

The parietal tooth or lamella is long in all of the species of Little
Cayman and Cayman Brae; in G. longidens, hyperlissum and occa-
sional specimens of G. maritimum, of Cuba ; and in various species of
the groups of C. regina, C. gubernatorial, etc. A division into long-
toothed forms (Strophiops} and short-toothed (Maynardia), as pro-
posed by Dall, would involve not only the separation of species other-
wise closely related, but would cause embarrassment in the grouping
of species with the parietal tooth of medium length, or long in some,
short in other specimens. The subgenera proposed by Maynard
prove to be impracticable when the whole series of species come to
be classified, however distinct they may appear in the type species.
I have, however, quoted them under the groups in which their types
fall, though the limits Maynard would give them are quite unknown.

The shell is sculptured with fine, close rib-striae in the groups of
C. crassilabris, G. cyclostomum and (7. martensi, and in some species
of the groups of G. dimidiatum and G. glans. There is of course
every possible transition between the finest arid coarsest sculpture,
even among species of a single natural group.

Smooth species occur in the groups of G. uva, pannosum, dimidi-
atum, regina, glans, martensi, anodonta and striatellum, and may not
unlikely be found in others. In some species, especially of the
dimidiatum and martensi groups, the shell may be either ribbed or
smooth.

Spiral strise are developed normally only in the group of G. scalar-
inum and some species of the group of G. dimidiatum.

The inter-relations of the several groups of species cannot be ex-
pressed in a linear arrangement. The following diagram shows their
approximate affinities, on the supposition that G. maritimum repre-
sents a less differentiated form, not remote from the ancestral stock
of Strophiops ; each group of species being here represented by the
name of a typical form.

CERION, GROUP II. 183

gubernatorium
martensi elans album

cyclostomum maritimum pannosum

scalarinum mumia

regina.

II. Group of C. pannosum.

Longidens MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 39, type S. pannosa.
All of the forms known from Little Cayman and Cayman Brae,
islets which lie south of Cuba, have the parietal tooth elongated, its
length about four times the height of the tooth. They are not especi-
ally related to long- toothed species of the Bahamas. The species
have been absurdly over-divided.

a. Shell very small arid slender (diam. 5-6 mill.), the whorls im-
pressed below the suture. nanus, p. 183.
a1. Shell larger, much stouter.

b. Conical part of the spire ribbed, rather short.

pannosum, p. 184.

bl. Only one or two whorls of the cone, following the smooth
apical whorl, ribbed (cylindric portion ribbed or
smooth); the conical portion longer, more slowly taper-
ing and acute, mainly smooth. levigatum, p. 189.

€. NANUS (Maynard). PI. 27, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell small, cylindric or tapering, rather thin, dirty white, flesh-
tinted at the apex and where worn. Whorls 8^-10^, the earlier 2-J-
corneous or fleshy, nearly smooth, those following ribbed, the ribs
rather narrow, 19-23 in number on the penult whorl. The later 3
•or 4 whorls are constricted below the sutures, then convex. Umbil-
ical chink short. Aperture ovate or rounded-ovate, brownish inside ;
lip flatly but narrowly reflexed, thickened within ; parietal callus
strong. Parietal lamella rather strong, fully one-third of a whorl
long. Axial lamella, very weak, hardly noticeable from the aperture.

Length 17, diam. 5, length of aperture 4.8 mill.

Length 15.5, diam. 6, length of aperture 5.7 mill, (typical).

Length 13, diam. 5, length of aperture, 4.8 mill.

Little Cayman Island.

Strophia nana MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. i, p. 27, pi. 2, f. 11, a, 6, c.
O889).— Cerion nanum PILS. & VAN., P. A. N. S. 1896, p. 318.

184 CERION, GROUP II.

Varies in degree of elongation, and in the form, which may be
either cylindrical or more or less tapering from the last whorl up-
wards. Rarely the riblets are very weak and irregularly developed.
Maynard states that the ribs of the last whorl vary from 16 to '20 in
number.

O. nanus occurs, according to Maynard, " in a' space which \&
only five or six yards wide by twenty long, on this little key, and as
they were rigidly confined to this narrow area, which on a good
sized chart of the West Indies would be more than covered by the
point of a fine cambric needle, I consider that this species has the
most restricted range of any animal with which I am acquainted.
This spot is on the west end of Little Cayman, on the easternmost
of the two paths that cross the key, near their junction.

" In habit, this species is social, and 1 found many of them cling-
ing to a kind of heath-like plant which was about eighteen inches
high, and which had small grey leaves of nearly the same color as
the shells, and which on being crushed, gave out a strong odor.
Here these Strophias were exposed to the burning rays of a nearly
vertical sun, and the heat in which they lived during the day was
intense. Some, perhaps one-third of them, had retreated beneath
stones, a situation in which it is rare to find a Strophia, the only
other species that I have found in a similar situation, being S. incana
from Key West, which retreated from the cold of winter, and one
other species occurring in the pine wood on the island of New
Providence, to be mentioned later. It is evident that in this species,,
we have a Strophia dwarfed to an extreme degree, from feeding on
the pungent leaves of the plant described, and isolated as it is by
surrounding areas of rough, jagged rocks, the process of diminution
has gone as far as it can go and allow the animal to live as a
Strophia, with the ordinary habits of Strophia. The ground was-
strewed with thousands of dead shells, showing that mortality among
them was great." (Maynard.)

C. PANNOSUM (Maynard). PL 27, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell perforate and shortly rimate, oblong or subcylindric, solid
and strong; white, or sometimes bluish or fleshy white, uniform or
faintly flecked with flesh color above. Whorls about 11, slightly
convex, the last three of about equal diameter, or the penultimate
may be wider; those earlier forming a straight-sided cone. Last

CERION, GROUP II. 185

whorl usually rather compressed and tapering below, ascending in
front. Sculpture of moderately strong ribs, which are nearly regular
on the cone, but widely and more or less irregularly spaced on the last
three whorls, about 16-20 in number on the penult, whorl. Aperture
ovate, purplish-brown in the throat; peristome flesh-tinted, reflexed,
usually very much thickened beyond the reflection ; parietal margin
heavily calloused, often forming a narrow ridge. Parietal lamella
strong and about a third of a whorl long. Axial lamella strong,
ascending about one whorl.

Length 27, diam. 12J, length of aperture 12 mill.

Length 28, diam. 13, length of aperture 11^ mill.

Length 31, diam. 13, length of aperture 12J mill.

Little Cayman Island, on the west end.

Strophia pannosa MATN., Contrib. to Sci. i, p. 10, pi. 1, f. 5, 6,

13 (anat.), pi. 2, f. 1, b, c C. pannosum PILS. & VAN., P. A.

N. S. 1896, p. 319. — Strophia fusca MAYN., t. c., p. 77, fig. 12, re-
peated on pi. 7, f. 19, 19a (July, 1889). — Strophia intermedia
MAIN., t. c., p. 13, pi. 2, f. 3, 3b (April, 1889) — Strophia copia
MAYN., t. c., p. 22, pi. 1, f. 1, 3, 7-12 (anatomy) ; pi. 2, f. 8, 8b
(shell) — Strophia perplexa MAYN., t. c., p. 71, fig. 7, pi. 7, f. 15,
I5a. — Strophia glaber MAYN., t. c., p. 25, pi. 2, f. 10, Wb — Strophia
parva MAYN., t. c., p. 24, pi. 2, f. 9, 9&. — S. lineota MAYN., t. c., p.
20, pi. 2, f. 7, 7b.

This is the largest Cerion of the Cayman Islands. The types
measure 31.8x14.2, and 30.8x12.5 mill. The typical form may be
known by the irregular, rather wide-spaced riblets. It varies from
a subcylindric to an almost oval form. Mr. Maynard writes: " The
Ragged Strophia occurs on the west end of the island of Little Cay-
man, living on the coarse vegetation which grows among the rocks
that lie just above the beach. I have never found them east of the
little cove, on the north side, called Bloody Bay, where the rocks of
what is known as the Iron Shore terminate, nor east of the few
houses which constitute the only settlement on the key on the south
side ; thus they occupy a line, somewhat broken, of a few yards in
width and about three miles long. This narrow strip was occupied
by them almost exclusively, insomuch so that out of three hundred
Strophias that I gathered in a two-mile walk, twelve only were of
another species (S. levigata}.

" In habit they differ from many of the species occurring on the

186 CERION, GROUP II.

Caymans, in being rather solitary, at best only a dozen or so being
found together, consequently they were not abundant. At the time
of my visit, the last week in April, the weather was mainly dry, and
they were clinging to the low, stunted plants, or to rocks, and not
feeding." (Maynard.}

As usual in Cerion, the sculpture, color and size vary within wide
limits, and there is complete intergradation of the forms, although
a typical form prevails in any given local colony. The following
have been named :

a. Ribs irregularly and widely spaced on the last 3 whorls.

b. Large and stout, about 28x13 mill., whitish, pannosum.

Variegated, 31x11 m\\\.,fuscum.
bl. Smaller, about 22x10 mill., whitish, intermedium.
a1. Ribs regular or nearly so, 21-27 on penult, whorl.

b. Ribs 22-27; shell whitish, about 23x10 mill., copia.

bl. Ribs 25-27 ; white with purple-brown intervals ; 24x10

mill., lineotum.

52. Ribs 21-23; shell whitish, 1 5-17x7 J mill., parvum.
o2. Ribs subobsolete on the later whorls.

b. Shell whitish, about 22^x10 mill.; cone rather acute,

perplexum.

b1. Shell whitish, about 16x7-| mill., glaber.

Color-form fuscum Mayn. (pi. 27, figs. 7, 8, 9). A form of C.
pannosum has been called Strophia fusca by Mr. Maynard. It is
dull purple with the riblets mainly white, fading to light reddish-
brown above. Length 26^, diam. 12 mill. Maynard's type meas-
ured 31.2x11.2 mill.; and he gives the variation as from 33.7x13.7
to 22.5x10.5 mm. As in pannosum, the riblets are rather wide-
spaced. It occurred " on the west end of Little Cayman, low down
in the thick scrub. They are quite solitary in habit, and rather
rare." Figs. 7, 8 are copied from Maynard.

Form intermedium Maynard. (PI. 27, figs. 10, 11, 12.)
Smaller than C. pannosum, but similar in the white or bluish-white
color with few darker flecks above, or none, and in the rather wide-
spaced, often irregular costation, there being about 17-19 ribs on the
penult, whorl. The aperture is either dark in the throat, or through-
out, the lip in the latter case being brown-tinted. Peristome usually
thickened less than in pannosum. Length 21.5, diam. 10 mill.;
length 24, diam. 11.3 mill.; the types 22.5x10, and 22x10 mill.

CER1ON, GROUP II. 187

It " is found on the coast of the south side of Little Cayman, west
of the large mangrove swamp that nearly divides the island into two
unequal portions, and along the beach on the south side of Cayman
Brae, as far east as the cocoanut grove extends, now about half the
length of the key." They mingle occasionally with colonies of C.
copia that border the shore, and are never found far from the beach.

Form copia Maynard. (PI. 27, fig. 13.) A solid white form,
sometimes bluish or pink tinted, and rarely maculate with flesh-color,
having 10 whorls, and rather strong, nearly regular riblets, usually
22-27 on the penult, whorl, though in some specimens the number
falls to 17. Peristome moderately, or sometimes heavily, thickened,
usually fleshy or yellowish. Teeth strong and long, as in typical 01
pannosum. Types measure 22.5x10, and 23.7x10 mill. Varies from
27x11.3 to 19x8 mill.

Maynard writes : " I do not remember ever having seen any spe-
cies of land shell more abundant than this species of Strophia. In
th'e shrubbery that bordered the paths and roads about the west end
of Cayman Brae, they were common, clinging to the base of the
bushes in masses, but their stronghold was the cocoanut grove on the
south shore of the key, just opposite the few houses at the west end ;
here they absolutely swarmed in certain spots. Not only was the
low herbage covered with them, but they fairly whitened the bases
of the stems of the cocoanut trees, and often accumulated in such num-
bers on the small stumps that they clung on top of one another, often
three or four deep, and could be gathered by the double handfuls. As
the weather was mostly dry, they did not move much, so I could not
decide upon what plant they fed, but judging from their numbers,
this food plant must have been abundant, and by cultivation of the
soil, the Strophias were placed under favorable circumstances for the
increase of the species. Through the agency of man, three or four
other species had been introduced into this large colony, which occu-
pied in all about a half a square mile of country." (Maynard.)

This form is hardly distinguishable from C. pannosum form inter-
medium except by the more numerous riblets, a character subject to
some variation, one lot received from Mr. Maynard comprising speci-
mens with 27, 24 and 17 riblets on the penult, whorl; the smallest
number being due to the absence of several ribs, as well as the wider
spacing of the others. The larger specimens have 11 whorls. The
name was ill-chosen, and should have been "S. copiosa."

188 CERION, GROUP II.

Form parvum Maynard. (PI. 27, fig. 14.) Smaller than form
copia, but similar in form and sculpture, the costation being strong
and regular, 21-23 riblets on the penult, whorl. Whorls 9^-
Bluish-white, sometimes mottled with flesh color above. Length
15-17, diam. 7.5 mill. Varying from 18 to 15 mill. long.

" This species occurs in a very limited area, on the west end of
Cayman Brae. Near the northern termination of a path that crosses
the key near the western end, is a strip of quite high shrubbery, arid
in this these Strophias lived. From this point, they were scattered
at intervals, quite into the large colony of common Strophias, in the
cocoa-nut grove on the south side, having evidently been inadvert-
ently transported by the inhabitants." (Maynard.)

Form lineotum Maynard. (PI. 27, fig. 15.) Similar to form copia,
in size and shape, or a little stouter. Closely and regularly ribbed
throughout, the ribs white, intervals in part or wholly purple-brown.
There are about 25-27 ribs on the penult, whorl, about as wide as
the interstices. The peristome is only moderately thickened, and
the parietal callus is thinner than usual in this species. Teeth long.
Types measure 26x10 and 24.5x10.5 mill. It varies from 27.5 to
18.5 mill. long.

Found by Mr. Maynard " in a small cocoanut grove on the south
side of Little Cayman, near the east end, and more rarely in the
cocoanut grove near the boat landing, on the south side of Cayman
Brae. Tiiis spot on Little Cayman, about a half acre, was occupied
by them exclusively, while on the other Key they mingled with the
Common Strophias. They were probably transported from one place
to the other by boat, the original locality, probably, being Little Cay-
man. The cocoanut grove where I found these Strophias was situ-
ated directly on the shore, some miles from any settlement, and was
completely isolated from all other colonies of Strophia. The width
of the Key intervened between this point and a colony of S. copia OP
the north shore, two miles, at least, of nearly naked, jagged rocks,
as impassable to a mollusk of this species as would be the wide At-
lantic, and there was no vegetation in this direction, to induce them
to extend their colony, and between them and the several species that
occupied the west end of the island were miles of rocky country and
the mangrove swamp. I found them very abundant, clinging to the
fallen cocoanut leaves and other debris that lay upon the ground.
They were gathered in close clusters of many individuals, often on
top of one another." (Maynard.}

CERION, GROUP II. 189

Form perplexum Maynard. (PL 27, fig. 16.) Form and size of
•copia, or with the cone of the spire longer, approaching acutum.
Pinkish or bluish white, sometimes indistinctly maculate with fleshy
above; the aperture brown, peristome strongly thickened and tinted.
Terminal cone rather regularly and finely ribbed, but on the cylin-
drical portion the riblets are small and low, irregularly developed and
widely, unevenly spaced, becoming stronger on the latter half of the
last whorl. Whorls 10-11. Length 22.5, diam. 10 (type), but
varying from 25 to 19.5 mill. long.

This form differs from intermedium and copia by its more or less
subobsolete riblets. In acutum the spire is more tapering and acute.
Maynard writes that perplexum occurs on the island of Cayman Brae,
in a " barren rocky section, about two miles from the west end of the
Key, and a quarter of a mile from the south shore. They were re-
stricted to a very limited area, and I found them clinging to low
herbage or to the naked rock, in almost every instance exposed to
the burning rays of a tropical sun."

Form glaber Maynard. (PI. 27, figs. 17, 18.) Much smaller
than form perplexum, but like it in having the terminal cone costel-
late and the cylindrical portion nearly smooth, or with only low,
irregular subobsolete riblets. Bluish-white, with abraded patches of
brownish or purplish-brown. Whorls 9 to nearly 10. Peristome
thick, pale. Length 15.5, diam. 8.2 ; length 16.2, diam. 7.5 mill.;
varying from 22 to 15 mill. long. This is merely a colony of dwarf
perplexum, just as parvum is dwarf copia. Sixteen specimens were
taken. Maynard writes : " I found this species very rare on the
margin of the path near the area occupied by S. parva (on the west
end of Cayman Brae near the northern terminus of the path that
crosses the key near the houses). They were rather solitary in
habit, and occurred on the low herbage which offered them an
opportunity for concealment."

C. LEVIGATUM Maynard. PI. 27, figs. 19, 20.

Shell perforate and rimate, oblong-cylindric, strong and solid;
whitish, more or less stained with blue or livid flesh-color; whorls
10-11, flat. Nepionic shell of 2-J whorls, the first 1^ smooth, next
whorl narrower, finely striate ; the succeeding whorl (first post-nepionic
whorl) ribbed. The rest of the whorls, except the last, are nearly
.smooth, marked by slight wrinkles and occasional faint indications of

190 CERION, GROUP II.

riblets ; last whorl more or less tapering below, ascending in front,
its last half sculptured with rather strong, narrow, widely-spaced ribs,
narrower and often doubled in number at the base. Cone of the spire
rather long and tapering. Aperture rounded-ovate, brown in the
throat, the lip arid teeth ivory-white. Peristome flanged and very
heavily thickened; parietal callus strong. Parietal and axial lamellae
strong and long.

Length 31.2, diam. 13 mill.; length 27.7, diam. 12 mill, (types).

Length 33.5, diam. 13.7 mill. ; length 26.5, diam. 11.7 mill.

Length 28, diam. 12.7 (average shell).

Little Cayman Island, west end.

Strophia levigata MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. i, p. 12, pi. 2, f. 2, 2 b

(April, 1889) C. levigatum P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, p.

319. — S. festiva MAYN., t. c., p. 17, pi. 2, f. 5, 5 b, 5 c. — S. nitela
MAYN., t, c., p. 73, f. 8, pi. 7. f. 16, 16 a.— S. acuta MAYN., t. c., p.
15, pi. 2, f. 4, 4 b.—S. picta MAYN., t. c., p. 18, pi. 2, f. 6, 6 b.

This species is separated from C. pannosum in its various forms
by the longer, more tapering cone of the spire, its smoothness, only
the first post-nepionic whorl being costulate, the latter half of the
last whorl again becoming more or less ribbed. In pannosum the
whole cone of the spire is ribbed, even when the cylindrical portion
is smooth, and it tapers more abruptly above, producing a shorter,
blunter cone.

The above description, apart from these characters, applies to
typical levigatum only. The several colonies of the species, though
all within a radius of a few miles, show local differentiation in size
and coloration, as noticed below.

Typical levigatum " occurs on the west end of Little Cayman
Island, very sparingly on the coast, and rather more commonly
among the low growth of trees in the interior." They occupy an
extent of country about 3 miles long and a mile wide. Specimens
occur in groups of 4 or 5 individuals, scattered at rather wide inter-
vals along the two paths that cross the key.

Color-form festivum Maynard (PI. 27, fig. 21). Similar to levi-
gatum, but white, copiously maculate longitudinally with brown
above, gray and brown below. 30x12.5 mill.; 27.5x12.5 mill. This
is merely a mottled form of levigatam, probably not in any sense a
race. It occurred on the borders of two small fields or cultivated
areas, of perhaps a quarter of an acre each, on the western path

CER1ON, GROUP II. 191

across Little Cayman, hardly a half mile from the northern shore.
22 specimens found.

Form nitela Maynard (PI. 27, figs. 22, 23). Shell strong, de-
cidedly smaller and more slender than typical levigatum, blue-stained
white. Smooth or nearly so, except at the base, which is sometimes
rather sharply but delicately ribbed. Post-nepionic whorl sometimes
hardly costulate. Length 27.5, diam. 12.5 (type). Varies from 28
to hardly 25 mill. long. Slightly stouter and less tapering above
than form acutum, but there is perfect intergradation between them ;
this form in fact connecting typical levigatum with acutum.

This form occurred in numbers in exposed situations in patches of
Guinea grass growing on the margins of the path that crosses the
west end of Little Cayman. They were clinging to the grass stems,
at the roots of which lay hundreds of dead specimens. They ap-
peared to be restricted to two or three of these small clearings.

Form acutum Maynard. (PI. 27, fig. 24.) Somewhat smaller
and more slender than form nitela, and nearly smooth, though a few
irregular riblets usually appear on the latter part of the last whorl.
Blue-stained white, often indistinctly mottled with flesh-color on the
cone, sometimes having worn patches of livid brown. Spire slowly
tapering, acute, the conic portion long, including all but the last or
last two whorls. Length 23.5, diam. 9.5-10 mill, (type); varies
from 24.2 to 20 mill. long.

This form was found by Mr. Maynard in numbers on bushes grow-
ing on the south side of a little open patch of ground, on the western
path across Little Cayman, near its junction with the other path a
few hundred yards from the south shore. The entire space occupied
by the shells did not exceed a quarter of an acre in extent, and the
form was not found elsewhere. It is, however, the slightest modifi-
cation of form nitela.

Form pictum Maynard. (PI. 27, figs. 25, 26.) Similar to forms
nitela and acutum, but copiously variegated with dull purple or
purple-brown; peristome less thickened, nearly smooth, except for
sharp riblets at the base and sometimes behind the outer lip. Length
of types 24x10 and 21.5x9.7 mill. Varies from 26 to 21 mill. long.
This is a variegated form of the nitela-acutum type, as form festivum
is of typical levigatum. It occurred around open spots in the Guinea
grass, near the southern end of the western path across Little
Cayman.

192 CERION, GROUP III.

III. Group of C. crassilabris.

Shell cylindric to oval, sculptured with numerous close ribs or rib-
striae. Parietal tooth short, at the middle of the parietal wall. The
species are distributed as follows :

Guiana: G. antoni, p. 192.

St. Croix: G. rude, p. 193.

Porto Rico and the Virgin Is. : G. crassilabris, p. 192.

Haiti : G. yumaense, with varieties ferrugineum and sallei.

Grand Cayman Island: G caymanense, p. 196,

The forms are closely related to the Cuban group of G. cyclostoma,
being separated here merely on account of the different distribution.

C. ANTONII (Kiister). PI. 32, figs. 39, 40.

Shell ovate-cylindric, umbilicate, a little shining, the spire obtuse;
regularly striate and sulcate ; rose -white; whorls 9, the suture
simple. Aperture ovate-rounded, with two folds ; peristome sub-
labiate. Length 16, diam. nearly 8 mill. (Kuster).

Berbice, British Guiana (Anton coll.).

Pupa antonii KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 92, pi. 10, f. 7, 8. —
PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 539.

The shell is thin, translucent, ovate-cylindric, very blunt-pointed,
with a short umbilical fissure and deep but narrow umbilicus ; it is
rose-reddish white. The suture rises high toward the aperture.
Aperture white, yellow-reddish within. There is an oblique fold on
the parietal wall, and a second almost horizontal one on the colu-
mella. Peristome hardly expanded, nearly straight, a little thickened.

The above details and the figures are from Kiister. The species
has not been seen, apparently, by any other author. On account of
its anomalous location, far out of the range of the rest of the genus,
it becomes of unusual interest. There is, of course, a possibility of
mistake about the locality.

C. CRASSILABRIS (' Shuttlw.' Sowb.) PI. 33, figs. 47-52.

Shell deeply rimate, oblong, solid and strong, varying in color
from (a) white with some fleshy maculation above, the apical whorls
corneous, to (b) angularly streaked and maculate throughout with
dull dark brown or fleshy, or (c) purplish brown with white rib-
stria?. Form somewhat cylindric, the last two, sometimes three
whorls of equal diameter, the rest slowly tapering. Apex excessively

PLATE 33

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 23

CERION

PLATE 24

12

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 26

15

16

17

18

19

C9 31

32

33

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 26

Cerion,

w

1

Plate 27

9

17

a

13

18

19

16

25

Cerion,

Plate 28

OERION

PLATE 29

CER1ON

PLATE SO

CER10N

PLATE 31

Cerion,

Plate 32

WJ
19

3O 31

32 33

35

36 37

39

CERION

PLATE 33

m

42

43

CERION

PLATE 34

15

CERION

PLATE 36

30

CERION

PLATE 36

45

CERION

PLATE 37

CERION

PLATE 38

CERION

91

PLATE 39

98 ;

09

CERION

PLATE 40.

9

8

9

9

w

10

11

13

16

14

15

17

18

19

CERION

PLATE 41

25

36

CERION.

PLATE 42.

il;

46

CERION.

PLATE 43.

54

f
S

55

57

ni mm

59

66

67

68

CERION

PLATE 44

76

86

CERION

PLATE ,45

90

96 97

98

CERION

PLATE 46

(i

12

10

14

ie>

17

IB

CERION.

PLATE 47.

37

BULIMULID^,

PLATE 48.

43

50

V/f < %

BULIMULJDy«, ETC.

PLATE 49.

BULIMULID./E.

PLATE SO.

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE 81.

BULIMULIDvE,

PLATE 82

BULIMULIDvE.

PLATE S3.

BULIMULID^E.

PLATE B4.

PLATE 56

PLATE 56.

BULIMULID^E,

PLATE 87.

PLATE 88.

PLATE 69.

PLATE 60.

19

BULIMULJD^E.

PLATE 62.

' »»»»l» »W >]

^' |»

CERION, GROUP III. 193

obtuse. Whorls 10^ or fewer, but slightly convex, evenly sculptured
with fine riblets or rib-strice, about 45 on the penult, whorl in large
specimens. Aperture truncate-ovate, flesh or brown tinted within ;
peristome narrowly reflexed, convex, often strongly thickened ;
parietal lamella rather short ; axial lamella rather acute. Parietal
callus usually rather thin and transparent.

Length 27, diam. 11^ mill.

Length 30, diam. 11 mill.

Length 19^, diam. 9£ mill.

Porto Rico : Ponce (typical form, R. Swift). Virgin Islands :
Anagada (Swift) and Necker Island, near Virgin Gorda (Dr.
Cleve).

Pupa crassilabris Shuttleworth MS., SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx,

pi. 2, f. 14 (May, 1875) Pupa striatella Fer., KUSTER, Conch.

Cab., p. 91. pi. 10, f. 14, 15; SOWERBY, t. c. pi. 3, f. 18 a, b

Pupa microstoma var. 7 PFR., Mai. Bl., 1852, p. 208; Monogr., iv,
p. 660.

This species is quite distinct by its exceedingly obtuse apex. Fig-
ures 50-52 represent specimens from Ponce, Porto Rice, the larger
ones being typical.

On Necker Island the shells are white. On Anagada they are
small, rather egg-shaped, and vary from white to copiously marked
(pi. 33, figs. 47-49). Specimens measure : length 23^, diam. 9^
mill.; 20x10 ; 18x9^. The last measurements are of a specimen with
8-| whorls, with about 65 rib-striae on the penultimate whorl.

Some specimens in the collection before me are marked " San
Domingo " and " Cuba," but I have little doubt that these data are
incorrect. The species has been commonly named "P. striatella "
in collections. It differs decidedly from the original figure of that
species in the much more obtuse apex.

In the type specimen (pi. 60, fig. 22) the lip is somewhat thicker
than in most shells I have seen, but the general form, very obtuse
apex, sculpture and color are the same. A tray of the specimens
before me was labelled by Shuttleworth. The original description
is as follows : " Shell subcylindrical, obtuse, pinky- whitish, clouded
with brown, finely ribbed ; aperture somewhat auriform, two-plaited,
margin doubled."

Sowerby's figure of Pupa antoni (C. Icon., f. 9) looks like crassi-
labre.

194 CERION, GROUP III.

•C. RUDE (Pfeiffer). PI. 33, figs. 54, 55, 56, 57.

Shell rimate and perforate, solid, eylindric or cylindric oval ; sur-
face whitish or yellowish, chalky, the specimens being fossil ; sculp-
tured with many rather narrow somewhat oblique riblets, 30 to 32
•on the last whorl, usually narrower than the intervals. Whorls 10
to 11^, but slightly convex. Apex obtuse, the terminal cone with
convex outlines. Aperture truncate-rounded, the parietal lamella
well developed, usually rather short, axial lamella distinct ; peristome
-expanded and reflexed, thickened within.

Length 30, diam. 12 mill, (type of rude).

Length 29 to 34, diam. 13 mill.

Length 21, diam. 10J mill.

iLength 25, diam. 12 mill, (type of latilalris).

Length 23, diam. 11£ mill.

.'St. Croix: on the plantations "Diamond" '•'•Paradise" and
'"Blessing," as a quaternary fossil (Riise).

Pupa rudis PFR., Mai. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 102, pi. 5, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr.,

iv, p. 657 — SOWB., C. Icon., pi. 3, f. 21 (bad) Pupa latilabris

PFR., t. c. p. 103, pi. 5, f. 3.

This species has not been found living, but occurs in abundance
as a fossil. P. latilabris Pfr. (fig. 53) is merely a short specimen,
not varietally different. While obtuse at the apex, this species is far
less so than G. crassilabre.

C. YUMAENSE Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 33, fig. 58.

Shell cylindrical, the lower three whorls of about equal diameter,
those above tapering rapidly to form a short cone. White, mottled
with fleshy-corneous above, or having this or a darker color appear-
ing in sparse streaks, or in most or all the intervals between the
•opaque white riblets, throughout the shell. Surface evenly, regu-
larly and closely ribbed, tfie ribs rounded, about as wide as their in-
tervals, usually about 32, but varying from 29 to 37 in number on
the penult, whorl. Whorls 9^, the earlier two corneous, first one
smooth, next very minutely radially striate. Last whorl rounded
below. Umbilical chink much compressed, the tract below it semi-
lunar, defined by a groove. Aperture truncate-ovate, brown within ;
parietal lamella small, short. Columella truncated obliquely ; lip
rather narrowly expanded, not thickened; the parietal callus thin.

Length 24^ to 26, diam. 9J mill.

CERION, GROUP III. 195

Length 21, diam. 9^ mill.

San Domingo: (Gabb, Salle); Haiti: Tuma (H. Prime); near
Jeremie, Cote de Fer (Maynard).

C. (Maynardia) yumaensis P. & V., New species of the genus
Cerion, p. 5 (May 4, 1895); P. A. N. S., 1895, p. 210 (June 18);
P. A. N. S., 1896, p. 324, pi. 11, f. 2, Z.—Strophiaferruginea MAY-
NARD, Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 19, pi. 4, f. 5, 6 (March, 1896).

This Haitian form differs from G. crassilabre by its coarser sculp-
ture and less rounded apex. It is not like any Cuban species. The
specimens before me from Gabb and Salle w^re apparently collected
in the San Domingo part of the island. The types, a large series
from Henry Prime, are labelled " Yuma, Haiti " — a place I have
not found on maps at my command. I formerly thought it might be
Yuna River, but this is in S. Domingo, and my label is clearly Tuma.

Var. ferrugineum Maynard. (PI. 33, fig. 59). Rusty-red, the
riblets white, whorls 9. Riblets less numerous than in typical yu-
maense, 26 on the last whorl. Teeth moderately developed. Size
varies from 22J mill, long, 10 wide, to 19^x9^ mill. The types are
from " near Jeremie, Cote de Fer."

Var. sallei Pi Is. and Van. (PI. 33, fig. 61.) Shell much smaller,
cylindric, white or cream-white, more or less maculate on the cone
with purplish or fleshy. Whorls 9-9J, but slightly convex. Termi-
nal cone with convex outlines, the apex obtuse. Sculpture of close,
fine riblets, 40 to 44 on the penult, whorl, separated by intervals
of about the width of the riblets. Aperture ovate, brown or ochre-
brown inside, fading to white at the lip ; parietal lamella small and
rather short, axial lamella small. Length 19, diam. 7-| mill.

San Domingo (Salle").

Cerion crassilabre sallei PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S., Phila.,
1896, p. 325, pi. 11, f. 6. — Pupa striatella var. minor, KUESTER,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 92, pi. 11,. f. 13-15.

Formerly referred to C. crassilabre^ but it seems to be more
closely related to yumaense, differing chiefly in the smaller size and
more numerous, finer riblets.

With the type lot of C. yumaense there were many specimens of a
smaller, fine-ribbed form, which seems referable to sallei. The shells
vary a good deal in contour, and are white except for some macula-
tion near the apex ; riblets 35 to 38 on the penult, whorl ; whorls
8J to 9J. The parietal lamella varies from as well developed as in
C. sallei to subobsolete or wholly wanting.

196 CERION, GROUP IV.

•

Length 16^-18, diam. 1\ mill.

Length 13, diam. 7 mill, (shortest specimen).

In a large quantity of specimens examined there are no intergrades
with yumaense. As in that species, the young shells are without
teeth, other than a small axial fold. One of the Yuma specimens is
figured (fig. 60).

C. CAYMANENSE n. sp. PI. 44, figs. 85, 86.

Shell shortly rimate, cylindric with rather straightly conic termi-
nal cone and obtuse apex ; solid and strong, grayish-white, very
sparsely flecked with dull purple, generally more copiously marked
on the cone. Sculpture of regular, crowded riblets, somewhat wider
than their intervals, 25 to 28 on the penultimate whorl, each rib a
little swollen at the upper end, crenulating the sutures. Whorls 8^
to 9^, but slightly convex, the last ascending in front. Aperture
ochre brown inside ; peristome whitish, somewhat reflexed, thick ;
parietal callus moderately heavy, appressed. Parietal tooth small and
very short ; axial tooth small.

Length 19, diam. 8 mill.

Length 17.3, diam. 7.6 mill.

Grand Cayman Island (C. B. Taylor).

This species resembles C. yumaense var. sallei of S. Domingo, but
its apex is less obtuse, the peristome much thicker, and the ribs
stouter. The specimens described were received from Mr. G. H.
Clapp, and collected by Mr. C. B. Taylor, of Kingston, Jamaica,
who found them on a " honeycomb " lime rock and red earth forma-
tion, on the north side of the island.

IV. Group of C. cyclostomum.

Fine-ribbed or striate and rather small species, with the parietal
tooth short and central, sometimes obsolete. All are from Cuba,
occurring the whole length of the island. The species are difficult
to discriminate.

C. CYCLOSTOMUM (Kuster). PI. 32, figs. 13, 14.

Shell ovate, cylindric, less rapidly tapering above than uva, and
less tapering below, rather thin, glossy. The apex is smooth, the
rest of the surface sculptured with very numerous, fine, somewhat
acute riblets, separated by intervals of the same width. On the upper

CER10N, GROUP IV. 197

whorls the riblets are somewhat arcuate and oblique, but become
straight on the lower ones. Whorls 10, very narrow, but slightly
convex, separated by a simple, impressed suture. Aperture almost
circular, with a strong fold on the parietal wall and a smaller one on
the columella. Peristome continuous, with thick, reflexed outer lip.
Yellowish-white, with pale reddish-yellow, irregular markings, chiefly
confined to the interstices ; the aperture pale yellowish. Length 9,
width 3f lines (18x7^ mill.). (Kuester.)

Locality unknown; type in coll. K. University of Erlangen (Kues-
ter). Cuba: Cayo Frances (Gundlach).

Pupa cyclostoma KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 6, pi. 1, f. 5, 6 —
PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 316. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 102.

This species is the senior member of a group of closely related
forms which have not been satisfactorily discriminated, and more
ample material with exact locality data must be had before they can
be understood. Under the circumstances I consider it best to give
the original descriptions and copies of the original figures. The ital-
ics are my own.

Shells which seem to me referable to C. cyclostomum are before me
from Cabo San Antonio, the western extremity of Cuba, sent by
R. Arango, have a heavily calloused parietal wall, with small and
short parietal lairiella. The aperture is white or nearly so within,
and the reflexed lip is thickened. There are 29 to 31 rounded rib-
lets, as wide as their intervals, on the penultimate whorl. One of
these specimens is figured on plate 32, fig. 19.

Var. KUSTERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 32, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18.

Shell deeply and shortly rimate, ovate conic, somewhat solid, reg-
ularly ribbed with rather close riblets, thickened at the sutures ;
whitish, streaked and marbled with pale corneous. Spire swollen in
the middle, then regularly tapering in a somewhat obtuse cone.
Whorls 8^, a little flattened, the last about two-fifths the total length,
somewhat ascending in front, the base slightly compressed. Aper-
ture slightly oblique, semi-oval, with parietal and columellar folds ;
peristome narrowly expanded, the margins joined by a thin callus.
Length 12, diam. above the middle 6 mill. (Pfr.).

Habitat unknown.

Pupa kusteri PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 69, no. 61 ; Monogr., iii, p.
540.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 165, pi. 20, f. 3-6.

198 CERION, GROUP IV.

A very small form, which Pfeiffer subsequently reduced to varietal
place under cyclostoma, remarking that intermediate forms exist.
The original description and figures are given.

C. PINERIA Ball. PL 32, fig. 20.

Shell small, whitish, obliquely mottled with pale brownish flam-
mules, sometimes nearly all brownish, with about eight whorls;
nucleus smooth, brownish, of a whorl and a half, followed by fine,
narrow, oblique, subequal riblets crossing the whorl, with about equal
interspaces ; apex dome-shaped ; body of the shell subcylindrical,
base slightly attenuated, with no umbilicus; aperture rounded, ex-
cept over the body, with a thick, white, well-reflected lip, parietal
and pillar lips each with a low median tubercle or tooth. Length
14, diam. 6.5 mill. (Dall).

Isle of Pines (Johnson).

Cerion (Maynardid) pineria DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895,
p. 6.

" This is nearest related to Pupa cyclostoma Kiister, but is small
and easily distinguished by its finer, closer, and more even ribbing.
Like all the species of its genus it is variable, and has among others
a small variety with very regular ribbing, which hardly exceeds 10
mill, in length, and is doubtless the smallest form belonging to the
genus which has yet been reported."

Some specimens are a little larger, 15x6 to 15x7 mill. There
are 42 to 45 riblets on the penult, whorl, and usually the corneous-
brown stripes pass over both ribs and intervals. The parietal lamella
is very small, 1 to 1J mill, long, and the parietal callus moderately
thick, but somewhat transparent. The specimen figured is one of
the original lot.

C. CUMINGIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 32, fig. 25.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate-oblong, rather solid, irregularly hair-
striate; white, somewhat tessellated above with brownish-corneous
spots. Spire convex, attenuated above, the apex corneous, rather
acute, suture linear. Whorls 9, nearly flat, the last a little exceed-
ing one-third the total length, ascending in front, the base somewhat
compressed near the umbilical chink. Columella deeply dentate-
plicate, the parietal wall provided with a moderate sized entering
fold. Aperture vertical, truncate-oval ; peristome callous, narrowly

CERION, GROUP IV. 199

expanded throughout, the margins converging, joined by a thin
callus ; right margin arcuate, columellar margin somewhat dilated.
Length 17, diam. 1\ mill. (Pfr.}. Cuba (Poey).

Pupa cumingiana PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1852, p. 68;
Monogr., iii, p. 539 — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 162, pi. 19, f.
23-25.

Known to me by the original description and figures only. The
specimens reported from the Bahamas by Bland do not seem to be
the same.
Var. paredonis Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 32, figs. 21, 22.

Shell cylindric or ovate, fleshy-white with faint maculation above,
or blotched throughout with brown, the ribs mainly white. Whorls
8J to 10, slightly convex, sculptured with stout rounded ribs a little
narrower than the concave intervals, and 22 to 28 in number on the
penultimate whorl. Aperture dark brown within and wrinkled in*
harmony with the external ribs; peristome white, narrowly reflexed*
Parietal callus very thin, the ribs showing strongly through it ; par-
ietal lamella low, but long, deeply entering to a dorsal position ; axial
lamella tooth-like.

Length 17, diam. 6.8, longest axis of aperture 6 mill.

Length 15, diam. 6.5, longest axis of aperture 6 mill.

Length 18.8, diam. 7.5, longest axis of aperture 7 mill.

Cayo Paredon Grande, off N. shore Puerto Principe, Cuba. (Ar-
ango.)

The fleshy-white specimen is cylindric, with comparatively coarse
ribs ; the mottled shells, which 1 regard as typical of the variety, are
smaller, tapering, with finer ribs. The dark mouth and long parietal
lamella are the same in all. This form may be a tangent from the
C. mumia stock.

C. MICROSTOMUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 32, figs. 30, 31.

Shell deeply rimate, subcylindric rather solid, closely and lightly
ribbed ; whitish, irregularly marked with brownish-corneous streaks.
Spire lengthened, produced in a rather obtuse cone ; suture im-
pressed ; whorls 10, slightly convex, the last not quite one-third the
total length, slightly ascending in front, somewhat compressed and
sharply striate at the base. Aperture lunate-rounded, pale livid
within, provided with a compressed parietal tooth and an obsolete
columellar fold ; peristome simple, narrowly expanded, the margins

200 CERION, GROUP IV.

joined by a thin callus, columellar margin dilated. Length 21-22,
diam. 7, aperture with peristome 7 mill, long, 6 wide (Pfr.}.

Among many of the typical form, a few occurred of larger size,
narrow, uniform white or with very pale marking (Pfr.).

Cuba: Punta de Jicaco (Icacos or Hicacos), north of Cardenas,
in Matanzas province (Pfr.).

Papa microstoma PFR., Malak. Bl., 1852, p. 207, pi. 3, f. 15, 16;
Monogr., iv, p. 659 (exclusive of var. 7) — ? SOWERBY, C. Icon., pi.
2, f. 8.

A rather slender, fine-ribbed and small-mouthed form, not identi-
fied with any certainty from any but the type locality. The original
description and figures are given. It differs from C. cyclostomum in
the thin parietal callus.

C. GUNDLACHI (Pfeitfer). PI. 52, figs. 32, 33, 34, 35.

Shell rimate-perforate, oblong-ovate, rather solid, nearly smooth ;
corneous, elegantly variegated with angular streaks and spots of
opaque white. Spire ovate-conic, the apex rather obtuse ; whorls 9,
flattened, the last ascending in front, nearly two-fifths the shell's
length, sub-compressed at the base. Aperture vertical, truncate-
oval, with a deeply placed parietal tooth, which is frequently obso-
lete. Columella with a slight fold ; peristome white, somewhat
thickened, narrowly spreading. Length 15, diam. in the middle 7
mill.; aperture with peristome 6 mill, long (Pfr.).

Cuba : Punta de San Juan de los Perros (Gundlach).

Pupa gundlachi PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 175, pi. 1, f.
39-42 ; Monogr. iii, p. 537.

It is often smaller, length 13, diam. 5.7 mill.; and according to
specimens in the collection of the Academy, it is densely and finely
rib-striate on the cone and the latter part of the last whorl. This
variation has been described by Pfeiffer, who enumerates two forms,
one smaller and almost unicolored corneous, with only scattered dots
of white (fig. 34), the other also smaller and distinctly striate (fig. 35).

The parietal lamella is short and small, sometimes hardly percep-
tible.

C. TENUILABRE (' Gundlach ' Pfr.). PI. 32, fig. 26; pi. 44, f. 74.

Shell shortly rimate, cylindric, rather short, terminating in a

straight-sided cone-, rather solid. Brownish-corneous, irregularly

CERION, GROUP IV. 201

speckled with cream-white, most of the striae of that tint. Whorls
9J to 10, nearly flat, the first 1^ smooth, convex, the rest closely
.and evenly rib-striate, the riblets rounded and about as wide as their
intervals; last whorl ascending in front. Aperture truncate- ovate,
pale within ; the parietal lamella small, rather short, axial lamella
inconspicuous from in front, extending deeply inward. Peristome
brownish-white, blunt, a little expanded ; parietal callus a straight,
.more or less raised ledge.

Length 20, diam. 9 to 10 mill.

Length 18J-21, diam. 9 mill.

Cuba: JSarigua, near Mata, on the N. shore near the eastern end
•of the island (Gundlach, Arango).

Pupa tenuilabris Gundl. in litt., PFR., Malak. Bl., xvii, p. 01
<1870); Monogr. viii, p. 356.

A rather short, thick-set, dingy species, with strictly conic or even
slightly concave terminal cone and fine, even rib-striation. The de-
scription and figure are from specimens from the type locality.

.Subsp. PYGM^UM Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 32, figs. 27, 28, 29.

Shell small and rather thin, varying from cylindric to short oval
•or suborbicular. Whorls 7 to 8^, the latter 2 to 3 of sub-equal diam-
eter, those above forming a stumpy (often very short) cone. Rusty
brown. Surface regularly and finely rib-striate; apical whorl
smooth, next whorl finely and regularly striated. Last whorl ascend-
ing in front, having a very short umbilical rima below. Aperture
brownish within, rounded, obliquely truncate above. Peristome
white, blunt, slightly expanded ; parietal callus thin. Axial fold in-
•conspicuous ; parietal tooth deep within and extremely small.

Length 10, diam. 6^; long axis of aperture 5 mill.

Length 12, diam. 7 ; long axis of aperture 5§ mill.

Length 14|, diam. 6^; long axis of aperture oj mill.

Cuba : Gibara.

Cerion tenuilabre pygmceum P. and V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila.,
1896, pp. 325, 335, pi. 11, f. 9. — Pupa cyclostoma SOWERBY, Conch.
Icon., xx, pi. 19, f. 179.

The short, typical form of this subspecies is extremely peculiar in
3hape, being shorter than any other Cerion. Longer examples are
more like C. Jenuilabre, which differs in having the aperture less
rounded, the spire different in shape, the parietal callus less defined,

202 CERION, GROUP IV.

and the parietal lamella^is better developed, besides being of larger
size. The locality of pygmceum is over 100 miles east of that of
tenuilabre. Probably the intervening territory will supply inter-
mediate forms. 25 specimens examined.

C. ORASSIUSCULUM * Torre ' P. and V. PI. 32, figs. 36, 37.

Shell shortly and deeply rimate, cylindrical, rather solid, lustre-
less, light brown or yellowish-brown throughout. Latter three
whorls of equal diameter, or wider above, those above tapering in a
short cone with straight or slightly concave outlines; apex obtuser
rather mammillar. Sculptured with rather close, regular, strong
riblets, which are somewhat oblique, varying from as wide to half as
wide as the interstices, and about 28 in number on the antepenulti-
mate whorl ; becoming obsolete or partially so on the last whorl,
Whorls nearly 10, but slightly convex, the last slightly ascending in
front. Aperture vertical, with a very small, short parietal tooth,
and moderate axial fold ; peristome blunt, expanded, subreflexedr
the terminations distant, connected by a moderate parietal callus.

Length 21, diam. 8^, long axis of aperture 8^ mill.

Length 20, diam. 9J, long axis of aperture 8^ mill.

Eastern Cuba: Cayo Juin, Baracoa (Prof, de la Torre, F. E,
Blanes).

Cerion crassiusculum Torre, PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. Acad,
N. S., Phila., 1898, p. 478, f. 7, 8.

There is a small form, alt. 13J, diam. 6|, length of aperture 5-
mill., having all the characters of the larger except that there are
only 8 whorls (fig. 37).

The last whorl in this species is half the total length of the shell
or a trifle more, and upon it the ribs are weak or wholly obsolete.
Compared with C. microdon, it differs in the concave instead of con-
vex outlines of the terminal cone, and the color. It differs from G.
tenuilabre in the coarser sculpture ; and from both in the compara-
tively smooth last whorl.

Var. SMITHII ' Blanes ' Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 32, fig. 38.

Shell similar in form but somewhat larger, and smooth, fine riblets
appearing on several whorls of the cone. Whorls 10, those of the
cone convex, the rest nearly flat. Lip reflexed and somewhat thick-
ened. Length 251, diam. 10, long axis of aperture 10 mill.

Sagua de Tanamo (F. E. Blanes),

A smooth form, from the same coast.

CERION, GROUP IV. 203

C. MICRODON (Pilsbry and Vanatta). PI. 28, fig. 36.

Shell varying from cylindric to stout oval, 'strong and solid; whit-
ish with some inconspicuous gray flecks. Whorls 8-| to 9^, the first
one smooth, next finely and regularly costellate, following whorls
with coarser riblets becoming regular, curved and moderately coarse
on the cylindrical portion, somewhat narrower than the intervals,
and 28 to 30 in number on the penultimate whorl ; on the base of
the last whorl the riblets become obsolete or subobsolete. Later 3
to 4 whorls of about equal diameter, those above forming rather a
long cone with convex outlines and obtuse apex. Aperture rounded,
truncate above, white within. Feristome white, narrowly expanded
and subrefiexed, obtuse ; parietal callus very thin or moderate.
Axial fold inconspicuous from in front; parietal tooth extremely
small, short.

Length 21^, diam. 10^, long axis of aperture 9 mill.

Length 19^, diam. 9^, long axis of aperture 8 mill.

Length 18^, diam. 10, long axis of aperture 7^ mill.

Cuba.

Gerion incrassatum microdon P. and V., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896,
pp. 319, 328, pi. 11, f. 5.

The convex and obtuse terminal cone, want of color, and more
widely spaced and arcuate riblets, separate this species from C. tenui-
labre ; but the small, deeply -placed parietal lamella and the style of
sculpture show it to belong to the same group, and not near C. in-
crassatum or dimidiatum, where it was originally placed.

C. VENUSTUM (Poey).

Shell rimate, conic ovate, solid, glossy, elegantly sculptured with
close riblets ; apex rather obtuse, flesh-colored ; marbled with irreg-
ular oblique stripes. Whorls 9, flattened, narrow, the last ascending
in front, compressed at the base. Aperture ovate- oblong, fulvous
inside ; plicae obsolete ; peristome thickened, expanded, white, the
margins joined by a callus. Length 24, diam. 10 mill.; longest
axis of aperture with peristome 11, width 9 mill. (Poey}.

Cuba (Dr. D. Regino Perez).

Pupa venusta POEY, Memorias, ii, p. 30 (1856-1858) PFR.,

Monogr., iv, p. 659.

There are 56 riblets on the last entire whorl. It resembles the

204

CERION, GROUP V.

figure of striatelia of Guerin's plate 6, f. 12, but that has a parietal
tooth.

This species seems allied to C. weinlandi, agrestinum, etc., of the
Bahamas, and may perhaps be no Cuban shell.

V. Group of C. maritimum.

Pinguitia MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 330, for " S. dimi-
diatia."

Rather large, stout, cylindric species, ribbed, rib-striate or smooth,
the sutures but slightly impressed ; the parietal tooth usually short
(but sometimes lengthened), characteristic of Cuba, especially the
north coast.

Many of the species of tins group have a smooth and a ribbed
form. The parietal tooth is usually short, but in some specimens of
certain species it continues inward to a dorsal position. This is the
case with the example of C. maritimum figured on pi. 30, fig. 74.
These long-toothed forms seem to differ in no other respect from the
normal short-toothed examples of the same species. Two species,
C. longidens and C. hyperlissum, seem to be constantly long-toothed.

The general relationships of the species may be expressed dia-
grammatically. Names in italic type pertain to smooth, the others
to sculptured forms.

vulneratum-

politum
maisianum"

dimidiatum

I

torrei

ornatum —

I

sagraianum
hologlyptum

•multicosta, incrassatum

maritimum-
subltzvigatum

1

incanum

-hyperlissum, longidens

The species are all variable, impossible to limit by hard-and-fast
diagnoses. In a few forms, especially the extreme proteus form of
C. dimidiatum, some incised spiral lines are developed — a feature
culminating in the allied group of C. scalarinum. The key below is

CERION, GROUP V. 205

for typically developed specimens, and of course is quite artificial.
a. Shell of robust, broad contour.

b. Smooth on the cone or throughout.

c. Diameter over half the length ; cone very short; whit-
ish ; ribbed or smooth. dimidiatum, p. 205.
e1. Smooth or nearly so ; richly variegated, torrei, p. 207.
bl. Ribbed throughout.

c. Unicolored, usually snow-white. muliicosta, p. 208.
c1. Bluish ; lip very thick, sinuous above.

incrassalum, p. 207.

c2. Variegated with brown. ornatum, p. 208.

a1. Shell moderately stout, the diam. usually contained 2^ times or
more in the length.

b. Interior rich purple. iostoma, p. 210; arangoi, p. 211.

61. Parietal tooth long.

c. Shell long and slender. hyperlissum, p. 211.

c1. Shell rather short. longidens, p. 212.

b3. Without either of the above characters.

c. Shell slender, richly variegated with purple-brown ;
lip narrow. vulneratum, p. 219.

c1. Shell moderately stout in Hgure.

d. Cone short; parietal tooth doubled or buttressed.

politum, p. 217.
d1. Cone longer; parietal tooth simple.

e. Species of Florida Keys and Bahamas.

incarmnii p. 213.

e1. Species of Cuba. maritimum, p. 212.

sagraianum, p. 216.

C. DIMIDIATUM (Pfeitfer). PI. 28, figs. 27-32.

Shell perforate and rimate, solid, cylindric, very obese, often widest
above, white or whitish. Whorls about 10^, the first one smooth,
the next two finely and densely striate, the rest of the whorls of the
very short, wide cone nearly smooth, fiat ; last three whorls forming
the cylindrical portion, sculptured with curved ribs, which vary from
strong and regular to irregular, or they may even be completely ab-
sent. A group of spiral incised lines may usually be seen below the
middle of each whorl. Last whorl ascending in front, having the
rather flattened base defined by a revolving cord (sometimes obso-

206 CERION, GROUP V.

lete), below which radial wrinkles replace the ribs. Aperture
rounded-ovate, flesh-colored inside, the peristome reflexed. Parietal
lamella short, small or subobsolete ; axial lamella hardly or not visi-
ble in front, weak within the last whorl.

Length 30, diam. 16 mill, (type of dimidiata Pfr.).

Length 25^, diam. 18 mill.

Length 27, diam. 16 mill.

N. coast of prov. Santiago de Cuba, at Gibara (Gundlach).

Pupa dimidiata PFR., Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1847, p. 16; Monogr.,
ii, p. 316 — Pupaproteus Gundl., PFR., Malak. Bl., vii, i860, p. 19 ;
Novit. Conch., p. 267, pi. 66, f. 13-22; Monogr., v, p. 291 — AR-
ANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 101. — SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx,
pi. if f. 4. — Strophia (Pinguitia} dimidiatia Pfr., MAYNARD, Con-
trib. to Sci., iii, p. 30, pi. 6, f. 6, 7 (March, 1896).

The name dimidiatum was originally applied to a rather long and
cylindric form, while proteus was based upon the shorter and more
strongly characterized shells. Pfeiffer abandoned the former name
because he considered it to apply to a non-typical form of the species.
The original description follows :

'* Shell rimate, cylindric-ovate, solid, having distant and arcuate
folds, dull white. Spire bee-hive shaped, the apex shortly conic ;
suture shallow. Whorls 11, narrow, rather flat, the upper smooth,
the last bipartite, subcarinate in the middle, marked below the angle
with several impressed, crowded, spiral lines, and densely striated
from the center, the base swollen. Aperture nearly semicircular,
peristome thickened, expanded, the margins joined by a straight
callus, right margin subauriculate. Length 30, diam. 16 mill.; ob-
lique length of aperture with peristome 13, width 11 mill." (Ptr.).

The shortest specimen I have seen measures 22x16 mill., and has
9^ whorls (fig. 31); the largest is 32x17 mill., with 1 1 whorls. Aside
from this great variation in size and proportions, there is variation
in sculpture, some shells before me totally wanting ribs (fig. 32).
The keel defining the base is also variable, and sometimes entirely
wanting. All forms of the species are distinguished by the very low,
wide cone of the spire.

There is a much less differentiated form of the species, in which
the cylindric shell is regularly sculptured with nearly straight ribs,
which may be quite numerous with intervals of their own width (pi.
28, fig. 33) or rather spaced (pi. 28, fig. 34); the number of ribs

CERION, GROUP V. 207

varying, 23, 25, 33, 37 on the penult, whorl of several specimens.
The cord and depression defining the base in the typical form are
obsolete, but the base is finely striated, not ribbed, and sometimes,
as in the original of fig. 34, the group of spiral striae persists. This
form occurs at Gibara.

C. INCRASSATUM (Sowerby). PI. 28, fig. 35.

" Shell obese, cylindrical, slightly truncated, bluish ; ribs rather
oblique, distant, smooth. Aperture auriform, flexuous ; margin whit-
ish, very thick ; outer lip flexuous above, inner lip with two strong
folds. It resembles P. proteus, but its chief peculiarity is a much
thickened and flexuous margin " (Sowb.).

Length 37^, diam. 15 mill, (from fig.).

Cuba (type in British Museum).

Pupa incrassata SOWERBT, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. 1, f. 6. — P. tum-
ida SOWB., MS., olim. — Cerion incrassatum P. and V., Proc. A. N.
S., 1896, p. 319.

The type-figure of this species is copied in my fig. 35, and the
original description is given above. I have not identified the species
with certainty, but some specimens of C. torrei ornatum approach it,
though they are smaller, with a less developed axial lamella, and
without the bend in the outer lip, believed by Sowerby to be charac-
teristic of his species.

C. TORREI k Blanes' P. and V. PI. 28, figs. 39, 40.

Shell cylindrical, obese, strong, rimate and perforate, the lower
two or three whorls of approximately equal diameter, those above
forming a rather short cone with sides diverging at an angle of 85°
to 90°. Whorls 10-11, the earliest 1-2^ white or corneous, several
following finely and sharply striated, the remaining whorls nearly
smooth ; last whorl ascending in front, somewhat tapering below,
and generally striated at the base. Brown, marbled with very irreg-
ular stripes and dots of white. Aperture short, showing a small
short parietal lamella and a small axial lamella ; peristome white,
thickened and convex, reflexed and recurved, continuous, the pari-
etal margin more or less calloused.

Alt. 23^, greatest diam. 13, length of aperture 11 mill.

Alt. 28, greatest diam. 12^, length of aperture 11 mill.

Alt. 24, greatest diam. 11^, length of aperture 10 mill.

Port of Vita, Cuba (Francisco E. Blanes).

208 CERION, GROUP V.

Gerion torrei Blanes, PILS. and VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,.
Phila., 1898, p. 476, f. 1, 2 (Jan. 13, 1899); with var. ornatum P.
and V., 1. c., f. 3, 4.

This species resembles C. dimidiatum in shape, differing in the less
rude texture, less squarely ohese form, higher terminal cone, no trace
of a keel defining the base, etc. It has the coloration of C. vulner-
atum. O. torrei differs from C. sayraianum in the shortening of the
whole shell and especially the cone of the spire.

A tray in the collection of the Academy from Gibara, contains
entirely smooth fleshy-whitish specimens, not variegated, varying in
size: 27^x12^ to 25x11 mill., and one shell with regular and dis-
tinct, though excessively low, almost obsolete ribs, measuring 26x12^
mill. They were mingled with the strongly-ribbed dimidiatum de-
scribed above, and together with them seem to form a connection with
(7. torrei and its ribbed variety. Further series of fresh specimens with
exact locality data are needed to elucidate these relationships.

Var. ornatum Pils. and Van. PI. 28, figs. 41, 42.

Similar in form to the longer specimens of C. torrei, being cylin-
drical, b)unt at the ends ; strongly and regularly ribbed throughout,
the ribs on the cylindrical portion from one to one and a half mill,
apart, and decidedly narrower than the intervals ; parietal margin of
peristome more elevated.

Length 26| to 32, diam. 12^ mill.

Vita, Cuba (Prof, de la Torre).

This looks like a distinct species, but we consider it merely a cos-
tate form of the preceding. It is more slender than the ribbed form
of G. dimidiatum, with finer ribs, continued upon the terminal coner
and there is no basal keel. Its possible relation to C. incrassatum
has been alluded to above. G. multicoslum has a nepionic shell of
slightly over 2^ whorls, and the cone is distinctly attenuated abover
while in ornatum there are but 2^ nepionic wliorls, and the outlines
of the terminal cone are slightly convex. The larger specimen fig-
ured has 24, the smaller 29 riblets on the penultimate whorl.

C. MULTICOSTUM (Kuster). PI. 28, figs. 37, 38.

Shell rimate, cylindric, solid pure white or flesh-tinted. Whorls-
nearly 11, the first 1^ smooth, then striate, becoming costulate ; the
last three whorls forming the cylindrical portion, on which the ribs-

CERION, GROUP V. 209

are strong, but narrower than their intervals, nearly regular, slightly
curved, 30-32 on the penult, whorl. Terminal cone rather attenu-
ated above, the lateral outlines being straight or even slightly concave.
Aperture truncate-ovate, purplish- or yellowish-brown in the throat,
the lip ivory-white. Parietal lan<ella narrow, rather long, usually
with a low continuation inward. Axial lamella small but rather
acute.

Length 31-33, diam. 14 mill.

Length 29J, diam. 13^ mill.

Length 26, diam. 11 mill. (Krister's type, fig, 37). Cuba.

Pupa multicosta KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 77, pi, 11, f.
6, 7. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 323. — Pupa multicostata SOWB., Conch.
Icon., xx, pi. 2, f. 13. — ? ? Helix decumanus var. a FERUSSAC,
Tabl. Syst., p. 59, no. 462 (based upon Lister, pi. 588, f. 47). —
Pupa decumana GRAY, Ann. of Philos. (new ser.), ix, p. 413. — PFR.,
Monogr., ii, p. 320 (except references to Sowerby and Reeve).

The original locality was merely '* West Indies," and the original
description and figures apply about as well to some Bahaman forms
as to the Cuban. Although so much must be admitted, I consider
it best to retain the traditional identification with the Cuban form
defined above ; thinking it impossible to better it.

G. multicostum differs from C. torrei ornatum in the longer or at
least more attenuated terminal cone, and the longer parietal lamella,
which has usually a low continuation or prolongation inward. It is
wider than C. maritimum, and has stronger ribs.

None of the specimens before me, some five lots from three sources,
bear label more definite than "Cuba;" and Arango gives nothing
more. It is probably from the northern shore of the eastern end of
the island.

The variety referred here by Kiister (C. Cab. pi. 10, f. 1, 2) is of
doubtful identity, but I think it is probably maritima, as Pfeiffer sus-
pected.

The figure in Lister upon which Pupa decumana Gray was based!
is not determinable.

The Pupa tumidula of Deshayes seems to have no differential
characters of importance. The original description here follows :

Pupa tumidula. (PI. 30. fig. 71.) Shell ovate-acuminate, in-
flated, short, grayish-white, the apex obtuse ; longitudinally plicate-
costate ; spire with conic apex ; whorls 10, narrow, the last convex

210 CKRION, GROUP V.

beneath, deeply rimate, ascending to the aperture. Aperture sub-
circular, rufous inside ; perislome thickened, reflexed, the margins
continuous. Columella with a fold at the base, the left margin one-
toothed. Length 30, diam. 14 mill. Desk, in Ferussac, Histoire,
ii, p. 207. — Helix (Gochlodonta] uva FER., Hist., pi. 153, f. 8.

Cuba (Deshayes).
The ribs are somewhat more spaced than in multicostum.

C. IOSTOMUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 28, fig. 44.

Shell deeply rimate, oblong-conic, solid, distantly plicate-costate,
opaque, calcareous ; spire lengthened, terminating in a slightly obtuse,
densely costulate cone, marbled with corneous. Suture with exserted
margin. Whorls 11, nearly flat or a little convex, the last forming
two-fifths the length, ascending in front, corrugated, the base com-
pressed. Aperture truncate-oval, violet colored within, provided
with a deep-seated parietal tooth and an oblique columellar fold.
Peristome thick, reflexed throughout, the margins joined by a rather
thick callus, columellar margin flexuous. Length 32, diam. 12,
aperture with peristome 13 mill, long, 10 wide (P/V.).

Cuba: on the southern coast, on Opuntia (Gundlach).

Pupa iostoma PFR., Malak. BL, 1854, p. 204; Monogr., iv, p.

656 ; vi, 289 (exclusive of locality, Turk's Island) SOWB., C.

Icon., pi. 3, f. 22 — Cerion iostomum PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N.
S. P., 1896, pp. 320, 329, pi. 11, f. 14, with var. arangoi, t. c., p.
330, pi. 11, f. 12 Of. ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cub., p. 100.

Pfeiffer mentions two forms : b is somewhat more obese, with the
median whorls nearly smooth, only very finely rippled, the last with
spaced folds ; and g is smaller, and more or less, but always dis-
tantly, ribbed, length 21-25 mill.

The specimen figured answers to the description of Pfeiffer in all
respects save that the median whorls are only obsoletely ribbed,
hardly " distanter plicato-costata " — more like the " var. P." The
post-nepionic whorls of the cone are " conferte costulatum ;" the cone
itself " cornco-marmoratum," suture conspicuously u exserto-margin-
ata," and the corrugation of last whorl and color of aperture (" intm
violacea") are likewise in agreement. The specimen figured is 2
mm. shorter than Pfeiffer's. Length 30, diam. 12; alt. of aperture
12 mill.

This species was described from the south coast of Cuba living

CERION, GROUP V. 211

among prickly pears. Subsequently it was reported I'rom Turk's
Island and Great Inagua (see Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,
XI, p. 85), but specimens from these localities, labeled by Bland,
prove to be totally distinct species, having little save the purplish-
brown color of the mouth, in common with the true Pupa iostoma of
Pf'eiffer's first description.
Var. arangoi Filsbry and Vanatta. PI. 28, figs. 45, 46.

Shell similar to the type in form, but smaller. Later two whorls
only of equal diameter, those above forming a rather long cone.
Whorls 8J to 9. Surface closely and regularly ribbed throughout
(except the smooth nepionic whorls), the ribs 31 to 36 in number on
the penultimate whorl, mainly white, interstices purplish-brown, mot-
tled with white. Sutures without noticeably exserted margination.
Aperture deep, rich purple within, the parietal lamella small and
short, as in typical iostomum.

Length 23J, diam. lOf ; alt. of aperture 9 mill. (36 riblets).

Length 18|, diam. 9; alt. of aperture 8 mill. (31 riblets).

Length 24, diam. lOf ; alt. of aperture 9f mill.

Cienfuegos, on the S. coast of prov. Santa Clara, Cuba (R. Ar-
ango).

Strikingly different from iostomum at first sight, but we believe it
to be closely allied and probably a subspecies thereof. It was prob-
ably this form which Sr. Cisneros found in abundance at Cayo Car-
en us, near Cienfuegos, as quoted by Arango. The locality »* Carde-
nas " for iostomum, also given by Arango, is probably erroneous.

C. HYPERLISSUM Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 28, fig. 43.

Shell moderately strong, much elongated, cylindrical, the later
four whorls of about equal diameter, those earlier gradually taper-
ing, forming an obtuse cone with slightly convex outlines. Pinkish-
brown (with more or less white maculation), the riblets white.
Whorls H^r, weakly convex, those of the cone smooth, the rest sculp-
tured with rather fine riblets narrower than the intervals, about 36
in number on each of the several later whorls. Umbilicus a short
rimation, compressed. Aperture ovate, decidedly higher than wide,
the throat flesh-tinted. Peristome white, well reflexed and revolute,
thickened ; parietal callus light, its edge hardly thickened ; parietal
fold median, very long, one-fourth to one-third of a whorl in length.

Lerig'th 32|, diam. 10 ; alt. of aperture 12 mill.

212

CERION, GROUP V.

Length 29 J, diam. 10; alt. of aperture 11 mill, Cuba.

C. hyperlissum P. and V., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896,
pp. 320, 330, pi. 11, f. 10.

This species has the unusually long parietal tooth of the Little
Cayman Island Cerions. For the rest, it does not differ remarkably
from such Cuban forms as C. maritimum. The whorls of the cone
are ribless, unlike ribbed members of the maritimum group.

A form also referable to this species is much striped and maculated
with fleshy-brown and white, the riblets being finer.

C. LONGIDENS n. sp. PI. 32, figs. 23, 24.

Shell shortly rimate, oblong or subcylindric, very solid and strong ;
flesh-colored with nearly white ribs. Sculpture of strong, rather
close, subregular ribs, about 30 in number on the penultimate whorl;
on the last whorl the ribs become lower and split at the periphery,
so that the base is rather finely, irregularly rib-striate. Whorls 9 in
short, to 10^ in long specimens, but slightly convex, the last broadly
rounded below. Aperture ovate, whitish or pale within ; peristome
reflexed and recurved, strongly thickened,' white or pale reddish-
brown ; parietal callus rather heavy. Parietal lamella low and
rather slender but very long, extending inward to the dorsal side,
only slightly curved. There is a low callus or accessory tooth on
the left side of the outer end of the parietal lamella. Axial lamella
small at the aperture, strong within.

Length 24, diam. 11.5 mill.

Length 22.5, diam. 10.5 mill.

Length 26. 5, diam. 10.8 mill. Cuba: Cabo Cruz (Bland).

This species has a long parietal lamella like the Little Cayman
species. In general external appearance it approaches typical C.
glans. The embryonic whorls are either ochre-colored or white.

C. MARITIMUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 72, 73, 74.

Shell deeply rimate, cylindric, solid, pure white or sometimes
sparsely variegated with reddish-brown or gray, the apex yellowish.
Whorls 10-11, nearly flat, the last 3 of about equal diameter, those
above forming a terminal cone, the outlines of which are convex
below, straight above ; apex obtuse. Sculptured throughout with
low and narrow, close, regular riblets. Aperture truncate ovate,
pale flesh-tinted or yellowish inside. Parietal lamella small and

CERION, GROUP V. 213

usually short; axial lamella small. Peristome well reflexed, not
thickened ; parietal callus rather heavy.

Length 30, diam. 12, length of aperture 11-13 mill.

Length 35, diam. 13 mill.

Cuba, northern shore of Matanzas Province : Punta de Maya, at
the entrance of Matanzas Bay on sticks and stones, close to high
tide mark, in company with Tectarius muricatus (Pfr., type loc.);
Gayo Blanco near Cardenas (Gundlach)- Boca de Jaruco (Clerch).

Pupa maritima PFR., Archiv f. Naturg., 1839, i, p. 353 ; Monogr.
ii, p. 322; iii, 539 ; iv, 657 (forms typica and sublcRvigatd] ; vi, 289 ;
Malak. BL, 1854, p. 205.— KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 70,
pi. 9, f. 10, 11 (typical form), f. 12, 13 (smooth form).— ARANGO,
Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 101. — Strophia maritima Pfr., MAYNARD,
Contrib. to Science, i, p. 127, f. 31, pi. 13, f. 1, la (smooth form).
— Cerion maritimum Pfr., P. and V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896,
p. 320.— C. m. suUavigatum Pfr., P. and V., P. A. N. S., 1895, p.
209. — ? Pupa mumia POT. and MICH., Galerie, i, p. 169, pi. 17, f.
1,2.

Typical C. maritimum is distinctly and rather finely costulate, and
while usually almost unicolored whitish, it is occasionally somewhat
mottled or sparsely speckled, like C. mumia chrysalis. The costula-
tion is decidedly coarser than in the ribbed form of C. sagraianum.
C. incanum is smoother than maritimum. The young are usually
toothless, but sometimes have 4 teeth and an axial plait.

Form sublczvigatum Pfr. (PI. 30, figs. 75, 76.) Shell smooth or
nearly so, the riblets of the typical form being subobsolete or almost
wanting except on the terminal cone, which is finely and densely
rib-striate ; whitish, the terminal cone often marbled with gray-
brown. Occurs at Punta de Maya, at the eastern side of the en-
trance of Matanzas Bay, with the ribbed form (f. 75), on Cayo
Blanco, and at or near Cardenas (fig. 76).

C. INCANUM (Binney). PI. 29, figs. 48, 49, 50.

Shell rimate, cylindric, solid ; white, usually tinted with gray,
blue or fleshy ; whorls 9-12, slightly convex or nearly flat, closely
but lightly wrinkle-striate, the last three whorls of about equal diam-
eter, those above slowly tapering, forming a cone with convex out-
lines and obtuse apex. Last whorl somewhat ascending in front.
Aperture truncate-oval, while or flesh-tinted inside ; parietal lamella
short, rather small ; axial lamella usually well developed, tooth-like.

214 CERION, GROUP V.

Length 17-30 mill. Florida Keys; Gun C«y, Bahamas.

Pupa maritima y PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 539 — GOULD in Binney's
Terr. Moll., ii, p. 316. — Pupa incana A. BINNEY, Terr. Moll. U. 8.,
i, p. 109, name only ; iii. p. 318, as a synonym of P. maritima (1851);
iii, pi. 68 (1857) — LEIUY, t. c., i, pi. If), f.. 2-4 (anatomy).— PFR.,
Monogr., iv, p. 657 ; vi, 289, with var. variegata, based upon Bin-
ney's pi. 70 (error for 79), f. 17 (1868).— W. G. BINNEY, Terr.
Moll., iv, p. 141, and \m\fasciata p. 206, pi. 79, f. 17 (1859) ; Land
and F. W. Sh. of N. A., i, p. 247, f. 430.— Pupa detrita Shuttle-
worth, PFR., Malak. Bl., i, p. 205, pi. 3, f. 9, 10 (1854).— Sown.,
C. Icon. pi. 3. f. 17. — Strophia incana Binn., TRYON, Amer. Journ.
of Conch., iii, p. 308, pi. 15, f. 19 ; Mon. Terr. Moll. U. $., p. 135,
pi. 15, f. 19 (copied from Terr. Moll., iii, pi. 68, lower fig.).— W.
G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, p. 220, pi. 68, and fig. 126; Man. Amer.
L. Shells, p. 419, f. 462, 463 (jaw and teeth), 464. 465 (shell).—
MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science, i, p. 78, f. 13, pi. 7, f. 20, 20«. —
SIMPSON, Proc. Davenport Acad., v. p. 68 — Gerion incanum Binn.,
PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, p. 320.— PILSBRY, Nau-
tilus, xii, p. 26 (Gun Cay) — C. incanum saccharimeta Blanes, PILS.
and VAN., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1898, p. 477, f. 5.

This species is generally smaller than C. maritimum tublamgatum
of Cuba, and it has a longer cone with more obtuse apex. C. in-
canoides of Turk's Island is very similar, and distinguished chiefly
by its decided excavation behind the columellar lip, the reflexed edge
of which is pushed forward in the middle.

At Key West, the type locality, C. incanum occurs abundantly
between the salt ponds and the northern shore. The shells are
white, flesh-tinted or bluish, with several apical whorls light brown.
Frequently there are a few rather ill-defined livid spots, more numer-
ous on the cone. The variation in size is great: 30x11; 25x8^;
22x10; 17x7| mill. The last whorl is often irregularly wrinkled,
almost subcostulate. Figures 48-50 are from Key West examples.

SUGAR-LOAF KEY. Var. saccharimeta ' Blanes ' P. and V. (pi.
29, figs. 52, 53). The specimens are chalky-white with a blue tint,
and corneous apical whorls, the next whorl being very finely but dis-
tinctly rib-striate. There are irregularly developed, low and wide-
spaced riblets on the last one or two whorls. Terminal cone more
tapering than in normal incanum. Size variable, from 38x1 3J to
28x1 l£ mill. Tlie specimens from this key show well-marked racial
divergence.

CERION7, GROUP V. 215

BOCA CHICA KEY. According to Binney (Manual Amer. L.
Shells, p. 420), Hemphill collected specimens 36 mill. long.

KEY VACCAS. At the east end of this Key, Dr. J. W. Velie
collected many specimens of a small, thin form, with short terminal
cone, and the sculpture of typical Key West shells. Color fleshy-
white, more or less suffused or clouded with flesh-color, and sparsely
or copiously streaked with livid spots, The peristome is thin and
narrow. Size: 23x8; 22x8^ to 18x8 mill. This slightly individ-
ualized race may stand as form vaccinum (pi. 29, fig. 51).

BISCAYNE KEY. Form fasciata W. G. B. (pi. 29, fig. 47).
Rather small shells, somewhat more sharply and roughly sculptured
than the Key West type, occur at the lower end of this Key. They
are practically typical in size and form, and on a pale-brownish
ground are striped with brown, the stripes zigzag and ragged on the
cone, more regular below.

Pfeiflfer has referred to this as var. variegata. Maynard's Strophia
fasciata (Contrib. to Sci., i, p. 133) is the Key Vaccas variety.

VIRGINIA KEY (N. of Key Biscayne). Five specimens collected
by Mr. S. N. Rlioads in 1899 are nearly white. Two of them are
like Key West incanum in form and sculpture, 23^ and 25x10 mill.
The others are larger and stouter, like var. saccharimeta, though
hardly so strongly plicate. The larger specimens have part of the
first post-nepionic whorl sharply striate. They measure: 35x13;
26^x12^; 29^x11 mill. All of them are k' crab shells," and none
were found living.

Virginia Key is probably the extreme limit of northeastward dis-
tribution in Florida ; Rhoads thought that the Virginia Key speci-
mens had probably been drifted there (Nautilus, xiii, p. 45). I
could not find the species around Miami or opposite on the eastern
shore of Biscayne Bay. Binney reports it from the mainland of
Florida, but without definite locality. Simpson reports it from
Torch Key and Pine Key, but without noting the particular forms
found, from which circumstance it is likely that they did not differ
from the Key West types.

CUBA. C. incanum has been recorded from Cuba on the author-
ity of Poey. Several lots, so labeled, are in the collection of the
Academy ; but no definite Cuban locality has been put on record.

BAHAMAS. Gun Cay, one of the westernmost islets of the group.
Indistinguishable from Key West forms except that the last whorl

216 CERION, GROUP V.

is somewhat more costulate. Fleshy-white, with some livid spots
and stains. 20x8^ mill.

C. SAGRAIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 77, 78, 79, 80.

Shell shortly rimate, cylindrical, solid; whitish, marbled with
light or grayish-brown. Whorls 10-11, flat, the first two uniform
light brown, second to sixth whorls densely and regularly rib-striate,
subsequent whorls nearly smooth, glossy, with fine growth-lines only ;
the last 3 whorls of about equal diameter. Aperture irregularly
ovate, tinted within. Parietal lamella strong, usually short. Axial
lamella distinct. Peristome reflexed, moderately or heavily thick-
ened ; the parietal callus usually strong, sometimes elevated.

Length 23-'J4, diam. 9 mill. (Pfeiffer's types).

Length 32, diam. 13 mill.

Length 30, diam. 11 mill.

Cuba, Keys off the northern shore of Matanzas Province : Cayo
Galindo (type locality); Cayo Piedra and Cayo Blanco, near Car-
denas (Gundlach).

Pupa sagraiana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, p. 15; Mai. Bl.,
i, 1854, p. 206; Monogr. ii, p. 322; iii, 539; iv, 658; vi, 290;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 121, pi. 16, f. 4, 5.— Sows., C. Icon., pi. 3, f. 19.
— ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 101. — Strophia obscura MAY-
NARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 5, 6 (March, 1896).

The typical form (pi. 30, fig. 77) was small, 22-24x9 mill., smooth
and marbled. PfeifFer mentions the following forms :

(b) Smaller, 17—18 mill, long, 8 wide. Punta de Jicaco, (prob-

ably Punta Icacos, N. from Cardenas).

(c) Large, the last whorl plicate ; length 30, diam. 11 mill. Cayo

Piedra.

(d) Still larger, with strongly developed peristome and distinct

rib-striae ; marbled ; length 36, diam. 11^ mill. Or marked

with darker streaks. Cayo Blanco.

The series before me shows all gradations between elaborately
marbled and uniform whitish and flesh-tinted specimens. Sometimes
the lower 4 whorls are smooth, sometimes the last is finely plicate at
the base or throughout, or at base and near the suture. These lead
to the form c?, which for convenience may be called form hologlyptum
(pi. 30, fig. 83), which is evenly and closely costulate throughout,
and either marbled with pale flesh-brown on a whitish ground, or
fleshy-brown, speckled with white, or with whitish riblets.

CERION, GROUP V. 217

Specimens from Cayo Piedra del Norte (R. Arango) vary from
chalky white sparsely maculate with gray on the cone, to the usual
marbled pattern. They are nearly smooth, and measure from 29x12
to 26x10^ mill.

Form obscurum Maynard (pi. 30, figs. 81, 82). Rather thick and
heavy, smooth, bluish-white, obscurely marked with zigzag longi-
tudinal lines of very pale yellowish-brown, scarcely to be seen on the
lower whorls, better developed on the cone of the spire. Whorls 9.
Length 271, diam. 10J mill. Varying from 24^ to nearly 29 mill.
long. Cayo Birde del Norte, Cuba. This seems to be practically
typical sagraianum. I can find no difference whatever.

There are some small, smooth specimens, pinkish-white with in-
distinct flesh colored stripe-marbling, the last whorl bluish-white, in
the collection of the Academy, labeled u Holguin, Cuba, Dr. Cande-
laria Herrera." This is far out of the well-established range of the
specie*, and may be erroneous, especially as that place is inland.

C. POLITUM (Maynard). PI. 30, figs. 84, 85, 86, 87, 88.

Shell shortly rimate, cylindrical, solid ; typically whitish, with con-
spicuous brown longitudinal stripes, which may be nearly straight or
somewhat dislocated or zigzag ; are numerous on the upper portion
of the shell, but fewer below. Whorls 9-J to over 10, those of the
cone flat, or bulging below the sutures ; the last 3 forming the cylin-
drical portion, somewhat convex ; last whorl ascending. Cone of
the spire of medium length or short, frequently as though crowded
down or slightly ''telescoped," the whorls of the upper half of the
cone usually densely and sharply striate, the rest of the shell smooth,
or having the base of the last whorl sharply plicatulate. Aperture
large, open, brownish within ; parietal lamella short, and usually
there is a callus or ill-formed lamella to the left of the parietal, more
or less connected with it, but diverging from it inwardly. Axial
lamella distinct, Peristome reflexed, sometimes heavily thickened.
Parietal callus moderate or heavy.

Length 26.2, diam. 11.2 mill. (Maynard's type).

Length 29.5, diam. 12.5 mill.

Cuba : Cabo Cruz, at the southwestern angle of Prov. Santiago
de Cuba.

Strophia marmorata polita MAYN., Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 14,
15, f. 2JB, pL 3, f. 3, 4.

218 CERION, GROUP V.

An exceedingly embarrassing form, closely allied to C. sagrai-
a?m?n, from which it differs in distribution (if the assigned locality
is correct), in the shorter, more compact contour, the frequent dupli-
cation of the parietal lamella, and the broader striping of the typical
form. It is less heavily marked with brown than O. torrei, and
either has a longer terminal cone, or if as short, it is crowded downr
as though sat upon, and then has each whorl a little swollen below
the suture.

The color varies from the rather broad striping of fig. 87, or a
dirty white, with more or less fleshy variegation on the spire (fig,
84), to dull fleshy brown, closely speckled and streaked with white
— exactly the pattern of C. sagraianum (fig. 86).
Form maisianum Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 30, figs. 89, 90, 91.

Shell cylindric, with rather short, obtuse terminal cone, whitish,,
boldly striped with brown, the stripes mostly angularly interrupted
or dislocated. Whorls 9-10, sculptured closely and regularly with
rather narrow riblets, usually 40 to 45 on the penult, whorl, but
sometimes as few as 35. Parietal lamella of the aperture simple or
duplicated, as described above for C. politum. Peristome moder-
ately thick.

Length 29, diam. 11^ mill. Length 28, diam. 11 mill.

Length 29, diam. 10^ mill. Length 23 j, diam. 11 mill.

Cuba : Punta Muisi ( Arango, de la Torre).

Pupa marmorata Pfr., ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 101 (ex-
clusive of synonymy) — Strophia marmorata Pfr., MAYNARD, Con-
trib. to Sci., iii, pp. 12, 13, fig. 2 A on p. 15; pi. 3, f. 1, 2. Not
P. marmorata Pfr.

The present form is not mnrmorota of Pfeiffer (<q. v.~), a species ot
the Bahamas, which is described as merely striatulate, while this
form has riblets.

This variety, while resembling C. politum in contour, coloration
and teeth, is much like O. maritimum in sculpture ; and in fact, is
about as much like that species as typical C. politum is like sagrai-
anum. Maynard's specimens were said to be from Cabo Cruz, and
were on the same tray with politum. Those before me are from
"Punta Maisi," sent by Arango. I suppose this to be Cape Maisi,
the eastern extremity of Cuba. Prof, de la Torre gave me one from
the same locality, informing me that a smooth form also occurs.
This smooth form is evidently politum.

CERION, GROUP VI. 219

Mr. Maynard's remarks upon the teeth of Cerion, under his de-
scription of S. polita, give evidence of the workings of a philosophic
mind upon an insufficient basis of fact.

C. VULNERA.TUM (Kuster). PI. 29, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61.

Shell rimate, long and cylindric, not very thick; white, closely
zigzag-striped and marbled with brown and purplish-brown, usually
the dark, sometimes the light predominating. Whorls usually 10-11,
the last 3 or 4 forming the cylindrical portion, smooth; those above
forming a cone with convex sides and obtuse apex, densely and min-
utely rib-striate ; the last whorl ascending in front, smooth or striate
at base. Aperture truncate-ovate, brown inside ; parietal lamella
long, but low and narrow ; axial lamella rather inconspicuous. Per-
istome white, narrow, expanded or subreflexed ; parietal callus
usually thin.

Length 30J, diam. 10 mill, (elongate specimen).

Length 25, diam. 8 mill, (average specimen).

Length 23^, diam. 9^ mill, (short specimen).

Cuba : Gibara, on the N. shore of Santiago de Cuba.

Pupa vulnerata Kiister, Conchyl. Cab., p. 161, pi. 19, f. 16, 17. —
PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 658 (1859); vi, 290; Novit. Conch., p. 368,
pi. 84, f. 18-23. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 101. — Cerion
vulneratum P. and V., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896, p. 326.

Quite distinct by its rather thin shell, long, cylindrical form, and
richly variegated color pattern, in which either purplish-brown or
white may predominate. Rather rarely the dark markings almost
disappear, leaving the shell whitish. In sculpture and coloration it is
like the very much stouter C. torrei, which I believe to be closely
related.

VI. Group of C. scalarinum.

Umbonis MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 28, type S. scalarina.

Shell strongly ribbed and densely sculptured with incised spiral
striae. Parietal tooth short and median.

An aberrant group, related to both the preceding and the follow-
ing groups; these three being probably modifications of a common
Cuban stock. At least two of the known forms are from the
Bahamas.

Certain forms of C. mumia and C. dimidiatum show incised spiral

220

CERION, GROUP VI.

lines like those of the present group, though less conspicuously de-
veloped.

a. Shell conspicuously tapering, the whorls very convex. Cuban
species.

b. Spire rather thick above ; whorls 9J-101 ; alt. 17-18 mill.

scalarinum, p. 223.
ft1. Spire much attenuated above; whorls 11^; alt. 32 mill.

johnsoni, p. 223.
a1. Shell cylindric, conic above.

b. Whorls very convex, 10 ; teeth small ; 22x9 mill.; Cuba.

sueyrasi, p. 222.
ft1. Whorls rather flattened.

c. Umbilicus small ; ribs continued on the base ; whorls
10J; 28x111 mill.; Cat Island. felis, p. 221.

c1. Umbilicus wide ; base usually ribless ; whorls 8—10 ;
27x12 to 21x14^ mill. Berry Island, Bahamas.

stevensoni, p. 220.
c2. Whorls 8; 22x11 mill. sculptum, p. 222.

C. STEVENSONI Dall. PI. 44, figs. 70, 71.

Shell very variable in general form, but in general roughly cylin-
drical, with the nuclear whorls as it were jammed down into the
blunt summit of the cylinder, with the base carinate at the periphery,
where the ribs cease, and below that constricted ; whorls 8-10,
nuclear ones nearly smooth, gradually developing fine transverse
ribbing with subequal interspaces; these become stronger, with a
strong revolving thread behind the suture ; at the third whorl then
the diameter of the shell suddenly increases, the sides develop strong
transverse rather irregular ribbing with wider interspaces, the ribs
extending from the suture to the basal keel, beyond which they
rarely extend ; the base beyond the keel is constricted, rudely trans-
versely wrinkled, inside the verge of the umbilicus centrifugally im-
pressed and axially deeply perforate ; aperture very variable in shape,
with a broad, flattish, rather thin reflected margin; there is a parietal
short lamina centrally situated and strong, but no trace of an axial
fold ; color light brownish or ashy to white, the whole surface sharply
spirally striated, the strias sometimes crowded, sometimes distant.
(Dall.)

CERION, GROUP VI. 221

Length 27, diam. 12 mill.

Length 21, diam. 14.5 mill.

Length 25.5, diam. 12 mill.

Bahamas : Long, or Berry Island ( J. A. Stevenson).

Cerion stevemoni BALL, Nautilus, xiv, p. 65 (Oct. 1, 1900).

This species is closely allied to C. felis P. and V., differing from
that species in the flatter, wider lip, absence of any axial lamella
visible in the aperture, the much broader, somewhat funnel-shaped
umbilical area, and in the sculpture of the base ; the ribs in C. felis
extending to the verge of the umbilicus, while in C. stevensoni they
cease at a rounded cord or keel, which defines the base of the shell.
Below this cord the base is very convex.

The specimen figured has 14 strong, rude ribs on the penultimate,
13 on the last whorl; on the antepenultimate whorl there are 16
ribs. As in 01 felis, the ribs are so strong that they produce cor-
responding depressions on the inside of the shell; and the densely
crowded rib-stria3 of the third whorl give way rather abruptly to the
coarse ribs of those succeeding.

Figured from one of the type lot, kindly supplied by Professor
Wm. H. Ball.

C. FELIS Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 44, figs. 72, 73.

Shell strong, cylindrical, with a short but deep umbilical chink;
the spire terminating in a short, straightly conic, rather acute cone ;
dull purplish brown. Sculpture of very strong, rough ribs, much
narrower than the intervals, about 16 in number on the penultimate
and next earlier whorls, the whole surface scored by deep, irregu-
larly crowded spiral lines. Whorls 10J, the first smooth, next 1^
obliquely striate, the rest ribbed ; the last whorl has the base defined
by a shallow furrow encircling below the periphery, the ribs continuing
to the umbilical excavation, which is abruptly bounded by a slight
ledge. Aperture angularly ovate, dull purplish-brown within, the
parietal lamella compressed, moderately long, axial lamella incon-
spicuous; peristome rather narrowly reflexed, thickened, whitish,
the parietal callus rather thin. Length 28, diam. 11J mill.

Bahamas: Oat Island (Thos. Bland).

C. felis P. and V., P. A. N. S., 1895, p. 206 (June 18, 1895);
1896, p. 322, pi. 11, f. 29.

Related to C. stevensoni Dall, but longer, with far smaller umbil-
ical excavation, and having the ribs continued upon the base.

222 CEKION, GROUP VI.

C. SCULPTUM (Poey). PI. 29, fig. 67.

Shell deeply rirnate, cylindric-ovate, solid, dull whitish: sculptured
with strong, wide-spaced, equidistant ribs and closely decussated with
spiral stria. Apex obtuse, conic. Whorls 8, rather flat, narrow,
the last somewhat ascending in front, compressed at base. Aperture
semi-oval, tawny within, having a parietal and a columellar lamella ;
peristome somewhat thickened, broadly expanded, white, the margins
joined by a parietal callus. Length 22, diam. 11 mill.; apeiture
with peristome 9^ mill. long. (Poey}. Habitat unknown.

Pulpa sculpta POEY, Memorias sobra la Historia Natural de la
Isla de Cuba, ii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 22 (1856).— Pupa sculpta Poey,
PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 656.

Close to the smaller specimens of mumia, but differs by the spiral
striae. There are 18 ribs on the last whorl.

This species is known by Poey's description and outline figure
only. The short, stout contour reminds one of the Bahaman species.
The locality is unknown.

Jn vol. viii of the Monographia Heliceorum, Pfeiffer reduced this
species to a synonym of C. mumia, a course which Arango has fol-
lowed, but which I think is quite erroneous.

C. SUEYRASI « Blanes' Pils. and Van. PI. 29, fig. 68.

Shell cylindrical, solid, rimate, the lower three whorls of about
equal diameter, those above forming a rather short, obtuse cone.
Whorls 10, the first smooth, next finely costulaje, the rest very con-
vex, coarsely and sharply ribbed, the ribs rather high and angular,
15 to 19 in number on the penultimate whorl; numerous rather ir-
regular spiral striae revolving about the middle of the lower two or
three whorls, obsolete in some specimens. Color (of specimens some
time dead wrhen collected), creamy or fleshy white. Aperture small,
with small teeth ; peristome expanded, subreflexed, blunt and rather
thick, continued in a raised straight and rather heavy callus across
the parietal margin.

Length 21, diam. 8^, length of aperture 7^ mill.

Length 22, diam. 9, length of aperture 8 mill.

Cuba : Vita (Francisco E. Blanes}.

C. sueyrasi Blanes, PILS. and VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1898, p. 477, fig. 6 (Jan. 13, 1899).

A member of the group of C. scalarinum, decidedly stouter in the

CERION, GROUP VI. 223

spire tlian O. scalarinum Gundl. or C. johnsoni Pils. and Van., and
differing from O. fells P. arid V. in the weak development of the
teeth. It is decidedly longer than C. sculptum, with smaller aper-
ture and more whorls.

C. JOHNSONI Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 29, figs. 69, 70.

Shell deeply rimate, turreted, with attenuated spire, rather solid,
dirty white, lusterless. Whorls 11^, the first one smooth, the next
2 striate, forming a somewhat bulbous or nipple-like apex, the rest
of the whorls very convex and sculptured with very strong, widely
separated ribs, eleven on the penult., one or two fewer on earlier
whorls ; strongly striate spirally over ribs and intervals. Last whorl
widest, the others regularly tapering, upper portion of spire distinctly
attenuated, apex obtuse. Aperture short- ovate, white within ; par-
ietal lamella rather long but low ; axial lamella small ; peristome
rather widely reflexed, thin, the parietal callus strong.

Length 32, diam 11, longest axis of aperture 10 mill. Cuba.

Cerion johnsoni PILS. and VAN., New species of the genus Cerion,
p. 2 (May 4, 1895); Proc. Acad. N. S., Phila., 1895, p. 207 (June
18, 1895); 1896, p. 322, pi. 11, f. W.—Strophia faxoni MAYNARD,
Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 32, pi. 7, f. 1, 2 (March, 1896).

This species resembles C. scalarinum in sculpture, but is much
larger, with the spire far more attenuated above. It is one of the
most remarkable species of the genus. Named in honor of Charles
W. Johnson, Curator of the Wagner Free Institute of Science.

C. SCALARINUM (' Gundlach ' Pfeiffer). PI. 29, figs. 65, 66.

Shell deeply rimate, oblong-turreted, moderately solid, pale flesh-
tinted, the ribs whiter, surface lusterless. Whorls 9-^ to 10^, the
first one smooth, following 2 densely striate, rather flattened; irreg-
ular ribs then appearing ; the last 5^ whorls are very convex, and
bear strong, rounded ribs, about 14 on the penultimate whorl ; the
ribs and intervals densely and deeply engraved with spiral stria,
which are somewhat unequal and rather roughly cut. Last 2 whorls
of about equal diameter, those above regularly tapering to the very
large and obtuse apex. Aperture rounded, the peristome white, nar-
rowly reflexed, parietal callus rather strong, lamella weak, the par-
ietal short.

Length 17 to 18, diam. 6| mill., aperture with perist. 5 to 5| mill,
long.

224

CERION, GROUP VII.

Cuba : Gibara and Mayari, on the N. coast of Santiago de Cuba.

Pupa scalarina Gundlach MSS., PFR., Malak. BL, vii, 1860, p.
19; Monogr., vi, 292; Novit, Conch., p. 367, pi. 84, f. 16, 17 (as
P. scalaris at foot of plate). — Cerion scalarinum P. and V., Proc.
A. N. S. P., 1896, p. 322. — Strophia scalarina MAYNARD, Contrib.
to Sci., iii, p. 28, pi. 6, f. 4, 5. Not P. scalarina Sowerby, Conch.
Icon, xx, pi. 17, f. 153, error for scalaris Parr.

A peculiar little shell, intermediate between C. sueyrasi and (7.
johnsoni'm contour.

VII. Group of C. mumia.

This group includes several closely related species inhabiting the
northern coast of Cuba, from Bahia Honda on the west to Neuvitas
toward the east, and probably further in both directions. The species
are cylindric, usually quite long, sculptured with rather wide spaced
ribs, which are occasionally wanting on the cone ; color whitish or
marbled and speckled ; parietal lamella varying from rather long,
the inner termination not readily visible from the aperture, to shorter
or obsolete. The whorls are rather convex.

So far as known, none of the species have two forms, smooth and
ribbed, like members of the group of C. maritimum.

1. Several lower whorls ribbed, the cone smooth or nearly so.

a. Shell stout, the djam. about one-third the length ; usually

large, white.

C. infandum, p. 225.

a1. Shell slender, tapering, smaller.

C. mumia fasti gatum* p. 227.
2. All the whorls but the apical one ribbed.

a. Ribs narrow, 20-27 on penult, whorl ; parietal callus and
lamella strongly developed. Length less than 2-| times the
diam. C. sanzi, p. 229.

a1. Ribs stronger and usually fewer.

b. Shell large, stout, 32x12 to 42x14 mill., with broad
peristome and rather long parietal lamella.

C. mumia, p. 225.
ft1. Similar but small, 15-22 mill. long.

c. Copiously mottled with brown ; whorls 8-|— 9.

C.. m. mumiola> p. 228.

c1. Whitish, sometimes spirally striate ; whorls 9J.

C> m. hand ana, p. 228.

CERION, GROUP VII. 225

b*. Shell more slender, with very weak parietal callus and
small parietal lamella or none.

C. m. chrysalis, p. 226.

€. INFANDUM (» Shuttlw.' Poey). PI. 31, figs. 92, 93, 94.

Shell deeply rimate, very solid, cylindric, white. The lower 2 or
3 whorls sculptured with rather strong riblets separated by wider,
often quite wide and unequal intervals ; the rest of the whorls smooth,
except that a few post-nepionic whorls usually are sharply and min-
utely striate. Whorls usually 11 to 12, nearly flat, the last ascend-
ing, excavated behind the columellar lip. Aperture large, light
brown within, the parietal lamella quite long, axial lamella small,
Peristome very broady reflexed, revolute, with convex face. Parietal
callus rather heavy.

Length 43, diam. 14 mill. (type).

Length 47, diarn. 14 mill.

Length 39, diam. 13^ mill.

Cuba: Prov. Matanzas, at Punta Gorda (Arango).

Pupa mumia var. P PFR., Malak. Blatter, 1854, p. 208, pi. 3, f.
4, 5 ; Monogr. iv, p. 656. — P. mumia SOWB., C. Icon. f. 36. — Pupa
decumana Fer., POEY, Memorias, i, p. 396. — Pupa infanda Shuttl.,
POEY, Mem., ii, pp. 29, 60 — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 100.
— PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 288. — SOWB., C. Icon., pi. 2, f. 11. — Cerion
infandum P. and V., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, p. 321.

Some specimens of a small form before me (fig. 94) measure 27x11,
and 31^x12 mill., and have 9 or 10 whorls, agreeing otherwise with
the large form.

C. MUMIA (BruguiSre). PI. 31, figs. 95, 96.

Shell rimate and perforate, cylindrical, solid and strong; rarely
uniform white, but usually gray-brown, profusely speckled or zigzag-
speckled and maculate with white. Whorls about 12, moderately
convex, sculptured with strong but narrow, rather oblique ribs, sep-
arated by wide and often unequal spaces on the lower 4 whorls,
which are of about equal diameter; the ribs closer and more regular
on the cone, which is usually rather short and (except the first
whorl), sculptured throughout. Aperture brown inside, the parietal
lamella deeply placed rather strong and long. Axial lamella small,
dentiform. Peristome flaring, broadly reflexed and revolute, with
convex, brown-tinted face; parietal callus moderately heavy at the.
edge, or rather thin.

CERION, GROUP VII.

Length 35, diam. 12^ mill. (Bruguiere's type).

Length 32, diam. 12, to length 42, diam. 14 mill. (Matanzas spe-
cimens).

Cuba : Matanzas. Various varieties occur along the whole N.
coast of provinces Havana and Matanzas; and according to Arango,
ihe entire island.

Bulimus mumia BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 348. — Pupa mumia
LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 105; edit. DESH., viii, p. 168. — Beck,
Index, p. 82. — Turbo mumia WOOD, Index Testae., pi. 32, f. Ilia
{reduced from MARTINI'S figure). — Helix (^Cochlodonta) mumia
Brug., FER., Tabl. Syst., p. 58, no. 459. — Turbo mumia DILLWYN,
Descript. Catal., ii, p. 861. — Strophia mumia MAYNARD, Contrib. to
Science, ii, p. 190, pi. 16, f. 3a, 3b, p. 191, f. 52. — Strophia media
MAYNARD, iii, p. 18, pi. 4, f. 3, 4 (March, 1896) — Cerion mumia
magister PILS. and VAN., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 322, pi.
11, f. 4.

Pupa ftriata SCHUMACKER, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst. Vers, p. 230,
- — Pupa manica Lamk., DESH., Encycl. Meth., ii, p. 401 (typograph-
ical error for mumia} — Pupa chrysalis Pfr., Monogr., ii, p. 321. —
iKuSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 6, pi. 1, f. 7, 8.

Bruguiere's description and the figures he cites agree best with
ithe large form found at Matanzas. As this place was settled in 1693,
tit is likely that the original specimen was brought from thence. I
•do not know that this form occurs at any other locality.

Typical mumia is larger than chrysalis, more cylindrical, with the
>peristome more broadly flaring and recurved, and the parietal
lamella usually better developed and quite long. It is sometimes
Teinforced by a callus or small tooth united to its left side.

Fig. 95 of pi. 31 represents a specimen corresponding in size with
the original type. Fig. 96 is a larger shell.

Form medium Maynard (pi. 31, fig. 97), described from two speci-
mens labeled " Cuba," differs from mumia by the smaller size with
Tather narrower lip. It is " yellowish white, marked everywhere
with longitudinal, zigzag lines of reddish-brown, which are occasion-
ally broken into lines." Length 30, -diam. 12^ mill.

CHRYSALIS Ferussac. PI. 31, figs. 98, 99, 1, 3, 4, 5.
Thinner and more slender than typical C. mumia, with the termi-

CERION, GROUP VII. 2*27

nal cone longer. Whorls about 11, strongly ribbed, the spaces wider
than the ribs ; this sculpture extending upon the cone to the first
whorl. White, sometimes uniform, but typically marbled with zigzag
stripes and fine transverse markings of purple-brown. Aperture
rather small, brown inside, the parietal lamella very small or wanting,
rarely of moderate size; lip reflexed, not so wide as in mumia ;
parietal callus generally thin, often scarcely interrupting the ribs.
Size variable: SlJxlOj; 33 x 9J ; 26x11 mill. (Morro Castle,
Havana). 33 to 37 x 12 ; 31 to 34^ x 10 ; 25J x 9 mill. (Carmelo,
near Havana). 34x10^; 28x11; 27x10^ (Marianao, near
Havana).

Northern coast of Provinces of Havana and Matanzas.

Helix chrysalis FER., Hist., pi. 153, f. 1-7. — Pupa chrysalis Fer.,
DESHAYES, An. s. vert., viii, p. 181 ; and in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 205.
— KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 110, pi. 15, f. 1, 2. — BECK, Index, p.
82, with varieties normalis (Fer. Hist., pi. 53, f. 1-3), edentula (f. 4)
and bidens (t. c., f. 5). — POT. & MICH., Galerie. ii, p. 163, pi. 16, f.
9, 10. — SOWB., C. Icon. pi. 1, f. 5. — Pupa mumia Brug., DESH., in
Fer., Hist., ii, p. 208 (description and figures, but exclusive of part
of synonymy). — KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 4, 110, pi. 1, f. 1, 2; pi.
15, f. 3, 4. — Pupa mumia BLAINV., Malacol. p. 458, pi. 39, f. 5 —
Pupa sulcata SOWB., Genera of Shells, fig. 4; the same plate printed
in REEVE, Conchol. Syst., ii, pi. 170, f. 4. — Strophia chrysalis Fer.,
MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 1, pi. 1, f. 1, 2. — Strophia scripta
MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 3, 4. — Strophia scripta
obliterata MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 5, pi, 1, f. 5, 6. — Strophia
fastigata MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 6, pi. 2, f. 1, 2.— Strophia
eurystoma MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 7, pi. 2, f. 3, 4. — Strophia
eurystoma ignota MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 9 (March, 1896).

There can be little doubt that the type locality of chrysalis was
Havana ; specimens agreeing in all respects with Ferussac's figures
being abundant in that neighborhood. Figures 1 to 7 of Ferussac's
plate 153 represent forms of this variety, but the figures 7, 8 on his
plate 156 are probably C. marmoratum.

Specimens from Morro Castle, Havana (pi. 31, figs. 2, 3, 4), are
mostly rather thin, with the parietal lamella small or obsolete, and
the lip and parietal callus generally thin. They vary from uniform
dirty-white to profusely marbled. These are typical chrysalis and
probably from the original locality.

228

CKRION, GROUP VII.

Specimens from Marianao (pi. 21, figs. 99, 1) and Carmelo (Hg.
98) often have the peristome much more thickened than most of
those from Morro Castle. At Carmelo Mr. Rhoads found the thick-
lipped form, the form fasti gala ; and very long, slender, blue-white
shells (pi. 31, fig. 98) in which the cone is feebly costate. Whether
these three forms occurred together or were locally segregated I do
not know. The ribs are very widely and unequally spaced in some
^examples from this place.

Strophia scripta Maynard (pi. 31, fig. 8) from Cardenas, seems lo
have no differential characters to separate it from Havana chrysalis.
The teeth are subobsolete, peristome thin and narrow, and color
"bluish white, beautifully marked with rather longitudinal patches
of deep purplish brown, which often overlie the striations as well as
the interspaces. These brown marks are encroached upon on either
side by alternating lines of white." Stropfiia scripta obliterata May-
nard (pi. 31, figs. 6, 7), from Matanza*, on rocks close to the sea,
differs from scripta " by the smaller size and the often nearly ob-
literated markings." It varies from pure white to a rich reddish or
purplish brown with delicate horizontal lines of white, and from a
cylindric to a tapering form.

Form eurystoma Mayn. (pi. 31, fig. 9). A yellowish white shell
with the apex flesh-colored, interior pale brown, mouth large, with
small teeth. Ribs rather distant, 16 on the last whorl. Length 34,
diam. 11| mill., to 30|x9 mill. Havana.

Form fastigatum Maynard (pi. 31, figs. 10, 11, 12). Shell hav-
ing the contour of G. mumia chrysalis, cylindric or tapering. Fleshy
or bluish white, either uniform or zigzag-marked with gray-brown,
as in chrysalis. Lower 3 to 5 whorls ribbed as in chrysalis, the
whorls of the cone almost smooth. Aperture and peristome as in
chrysalis, the parietal lamella small or subobsolete.

Matanzas ; Chorrera and Carmelo, near Havana.

This form has the shape of chrysalis, but the ribs disappear above
as in infanda. It occurs both white and marbled. The number of
ribless whorls varies. Sometimes only the last 2^ are ribbed, while
other specimens have more ribbed whorls and establish a complete
transition to chrysalis, with or near which it occurs at Matan/as.
At Carmelo the two were found together. It is probably not a racial
variation;

In' -my "opinion, Strophia eurystoma ignota of Maynard, from

CERION, GROUP VII. 229

Havana, is completely identical with C. fastigatum, which Maynard
himself reports from " Chorrea," an error for Chorrera, a village
situated a few miles from Havana.

Figures 11, 12 are from Chorrera specimen?, fig. 10 from Carmelo.
It occurs both white and marbled at both localities.

Var. hondana Pilsbry. Shell cylindric or tapering, ribbed as usual
to the nepionic whorl, 17-23 ribs on the penult, whorl ; sometimes
cut by engraved spiral lines, as in the group of C. scalarinum.
White, with sparse and indistinct gray markings. Whorls 9^,
moderately convex : lip reflexed, the parietal callus thin inside, the
ribs showing through. Parietal tooth minute or obsolete. Length
20J, diam. 8j mill. Bahia Honda.

The occasional development of engraved spirals shows how closely
the mumia group is related to the scalarinum group, through such
forms as hondana and sueyrasi.

Subsp. MUMIOLA (Pfeiffer). PI. 29, figs. 62, 63, 64.

Shell shortly and deeply rimate, oblong-cylindric, rather solid,
closely marbled with white and corneous-brown ; sculptured through-
out with rather spaced and narrow longitudinal riblets, separated by
wider intervals, and about 15 to 20 in number on the penult whorl.
Cone of the spire short ; last 3 whorls of about equal diameter.
Whorls 8-|— 9, somewhat convex. Aperture truncate ovate, brown
within ; parietal lamella small and rather short ; axial lamella tooth-
like ; peristome white, typically rather narrowly reflexed but in a
large form of the species it is very broad. Parietal callus thin and
transparent.

Length 20, diam. 9, oblique height of apert. 9 mill. (Pfr. type).

Length 18, diam. 8 mill.

Length 21, diam. 8 mill.

Cuba : Matanzas, at "Playa de Indias " (Pfr.).

Pupa mumiola PFR., Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, i, p. 353; Monogr.
ii, p. 324; iii, 539; iv, 656; vi, 288; Mai. Bl. i. p. 204, pi. 3, f.
6-8. — POEY, Memorias ii, p. 60, pi. 5, f. 21 (genitalia). — KUSTERJ
Conchyl. Cab. p. 90, pi. 13, f. 1, 2 (figs, of type) — Cerion mumiola
and C. m. major, P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1896, p. 322. —
Cerion (Maynardia) mumiola Pfr., DALL, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
State Univ. of Iowa, iv, p. 21 (1896). — Strophia mumiola. Pfr. ,
MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science iii, p. 16, pi. 4, f. 1, 2.

230 CERION, GIIOUP VII.

Fig. 62 is a copy of the type figure. Other specimens are smaller,
15x7 mill., and still others larger, with very broadly reflexed peri-
stome and 9^ whorls (fig. 63).

Pfeiffer finally thought mumiola a form of C. mumia, an opinion
shared by Arango, and in which I agree. The only differences are
that mumiola is 'smaller, with fewer whorls ; but I have not yet seen
actual intergradation. According to Poey the flagellum is longer in
mumiola than in mumia.

Dall reports it from the westernmost one of the Florida Keys, re-
marking that " the occurrence on Tortugas is probably the result of
transportation by sea drift. If living at Tortugas it would add a
new species to the fauna of the United States."

C. SANZI ' Blanes ' P. & V. PL 29, figs. 54, 55, 56.

Shell rimate, solid and strong, cylindric-conic. White, very
sparsely and inconspicuously mottled with pale blue-gray or brown ;
lusterless, the ribs rather glossy. Lower three whorls of about equal
diameter, those above forming a rather long cone terminating in an
obtuse apex. Whorls 10-llJ, the first smooth, the rest ribbed ; ribs
rather strong, narrow, separated by far wider interstices, 20-27 on
the penultimate whorl, frequently irregular or in part obsolete on the
last whorl, split on the base into an irregular striation. Aperture
irregularly ovate, the throat brown ; peristome reflexed, more or less
thickened, the terminations joined by a heavy parietal callus. Par-
ietal lamella deep within, strong and rather long; columellar tooth
well marked.

Length 27, diam. 11^, length of aperture 10 mill.

Length 23^, diam. 10^, length of aperture 9 mill.

Cuba : Confites Key, Nuevitas, N. shore of prov. Puerto Principe.

Cerion sanzi Blanes, PILS. & VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1898, p. 478, fig. 9.

This species has considerable resemblance to C. chrysalis, but dif-
fers in the strong development of the parietal lamella, which is long,
as in typical C. mumia, and in the narrower ribs. In some specimens
the interior of the aperture is mainly white, the brown appearing far
within. In one shell of the type lot there is a small accessory
denticle to the left of the main parietal lamella, and partially united
with it. This doubling of the parietal lamella occurs occasionally in
C. mumia and many other species.

CERION, GROUP VIII. 231

VIII. Group of C. regina.

Strophiops DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. xxv, no. 9, p. 121, type (7.
regium.

The shell is usually rather large, cylindric or column- shaped, vary-
ing from smooth to ribbed. The umbilical rima is usually long, often
perforate, and there is a large excavated area behind the columellar
lip. The aperture is rather long, peristome expanded and reflexedr
but its face is not thickened or built forward. Parietal tooth varies
from a third of a whorl long to short. The parietal callus may be
heavy, but does not form a raised ledge. The young, in C. reginar
have an open, trapezoidal aperture with no teeth except a small colu-
melfar plait. The species are from the southeastern Bahamas.
This group is closely allied to the Cuban group of C. mumia.

1. Species of Turk's Island : C. regina and varieties, C. incanoides.

2. Species of the Inagua group : C. calcareum, C. sorcostomtim, G.
columns.

3. Species of the Crooked Island group and Long Island: C.
regium, Castle Island. C. weinlandt, Crooked Island. G. inflaium,
Acklin Island. C. nudum^ Long Island.

The several forms from each island group are very closely related.
The variation in sculpture in C. columna and regina is extraordinary.
Species of the third sub-group are smooth or nearly so.

C. REGINA Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 35, figs. 27, 28, 29, 30.

Shell thick, subcylindrical, gradually tapering above, the long
terminal cone passing gradually into the cylindrical portion; lower 3
whorls of about equal diameter ; apex obtuse ; earlier whorls not
striate; chalk-white and dull, the smoothm ss of the surface but little
broken by slight growth-lines, the basal whorl irregularly and rather
distantly costate, at least on its latter half. Whorls 10 to 10^, flat,
with superficial seam-like sutures. Last whorl suddenly ascending in
front, much compressed and pinched toward the base. Umbilicus
open or perforate, with the usual arcuate rima, below which it is
broadly excavated and flattened. Aperture oblong-cordate, slightly
less than one-third the length of shell, higher than wide, dark or
light brown within, rarely purplish. Peristome expanded and re-
flexed, its face convex but not much thickened, whitish, parietal
callus moderate, its outer edge not raised. Axial lamina situated

232

CERION, GROUP VIII.

high, narrow and inconspicuous from in front'. Parietal lamella low,
•small, varying from moderately short to long, central in position.

Length 31J, diam. 11 £ mill.

Length 33, diam. 12J mill, (average typical specimen).

Length 38, diam. 13 mill.

Bahamas: Turk's Island (Gabb, Swift).

G. regina P. & V., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1895, p. 208
(June 18), with varieties percostata, comes, swiftii, eucosmia and
brevispira; 1896, pp. 320, 330, pi. 11, f. 23, 24; with varieties
comes (p. 320), eucosmium (p. 321, pi. 11, f. 21), percostatum
(p. 321, pi. 11, f. 22), swiftii (p. 321) and brevispirum (p. 321, pi.
11, f. 25) — ? Pupa maritima SOWB., Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 3, f. 20.

This species is allied to C. regium, which it resembles in the con-
spicuous excavation or flattening of the last whorl below the umbili-
cal groove, and in the usually more or less open umbilicus.

Form percostatum P. and V. PI. 34, fig. 12.

Form of shell and mouth as in C. regina ; but the whole surface
except the nepionic apex is regularly ribbed, as in C. album Mayn., ex-
cept that the ribs on the cylindrical portion are wider spaced.
White, much mottled and clouded with brown. Holds the same
relation to C. regina that album holds toward lentiginosum. Length
35^; diam. 13 mill.; often smaller in the same proportions, or com-
paratively wider. Mouth longer than in C. album Mayn. Turk's
Island.

Form comes P. and V. PI. 34, fig. 16.

Shell with the form, size and sculpture of G. regina, but coloring
of 01 lentiginosum Mayn.; heavily streaked and marbled with chest-
nut brown, on the cone finely speckled and zigzagged. Turk's
Island. (Swift, Gabb, et al)

Form swiftii P. and V. PI. 34, figs. 13, 14.

Shell with the elongated form and large, excavated umbilical tract
of G. regina, but smaller, thinner, distinctly tapering from the body-
whorl upward ; parietal callus very heavy in adults, parietal lamella
low, deep-seated. Last two whorls rather distinctly ribbed. Color
varying from white, to chestnut, streaked and speckled with white.
Length 26, diam. 10 mill. Turk's Island. (C. Blume, in Robert
Swift collection, A. N. S.)

CERION. GROUP VIII. 233

Form eucosmium P. and V. PI. 34, fig. 11.

Shell with the form and size of regina, but smooth, glossy, ribless,
or with a few irregular ribs on body-whorl ; livid, pinkish-brown or
gray-brown, profusely streaked and marbled with white.

Form brevispirum P. and V. PI. 34, fig. 15.

Shell short, pupiform, compact; lower two whorls of equal diam-
eter, those above tapering to form a short cone. Whorls 8-9, all
but the last one smooth, the last more or less ribbed ; umbilical chink
deep, the area below it excavated. Aperture much exceeding one-
third the length of shell, ovate, purple within; peristome narrowly
reflexed, not thickened, white ; parietal callus imperceptible ; parietal
lamella small, rather short, deep-seated. Axial lamina small.
White, boldly streaked and blotched, and marbled with rich brown.
Alt. 22, diam. 10 mill, or smaller. Apert., alt. 9.5 ; width 8.3 mill.
Turk's Island. (W. M. Gabb.)

This form looks very distinct from C. regina, and we have no
intermediate specimens ; but it occurs on the same small island, and

will probably prove to be only a sub-species of that form.

»

C. INCANOIDES Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 35, figs. 25, 26.

Shell resembling G. incanum in general aspect. Thin, cylindrical,
the lower three whorls of equal diameter, those above forming a con-
vex, obtuse cone ; deeply rimate, with a rather large excavated area
behind the flaring columellar lip. Surface nearly smooth, as in G.
.incanum ; white or fleshy-white, the two nepionic whorls corneous
brown, the following whorls of cone finely variegated with zigzag
brown marking and speckling, or without such markings. Whorls
9Jf to 10, nearly flat, the last with a few rather strong folds or ribs
on its latter half. Aperture brown within, peristome reflexed, a
little recurved, the parietal callus moderate or thin, without raised
edge. Parietal lamella slender but rather long; axial lamella small.

Length 30, diam. 11, length of aperture 11 mill.

Length 25^, diam. 9, length of aperture 10J mill.

Length 24, diam. 8-|, length of aperture 10^ mill.

Bahamas : Turk's Island.

C. incanoides P. & V., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 209;
1896, p. 320. pi. 11, f. 15.

Curiously like G. incanum superficially, but differing in the larger

234 CERION, GROUP VIII.

excavated area behind the columellar lip. It is closely related to-
C. regina.

C. CALCAREUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, figs. 1, 2.

Shell deeply rimate, subcylindric, solid ; irregularly striate, glossy,,
calcareous ; spire long, the apex obtusely conic. Whorls 12, nearly
flat, the last inflated, wrinkle-plicate in front, ascending. Columella
simple. Aperture semi-oval, white within, brownish in the throat;,
peristome strongly thickened, expanded throughout, white, the mar-
gins joined by a glossy callus, columellar margin sinuate-reflexed
above. Length 38, diam. 12 mill.; aperture with peristome 14 mill,
long, 12 wide (Pfr.).

Habitat unknown (Pfr.) ; Little Inagua (Sargent),

Pupa calcarea PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 83; Monogr.

ii, p. 315 — KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 157, pi. 19, f. 4, 5

Strophia calcarea Pfr., BLAND, Ann. Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
xi, p. 85.

Close to C. sarcostomum, which may prove to be a ribbed form of
the same species. Bland is responsible for the identification of
specimens collected by Mr. D. Sargent on Little Inagua, thus giving
a locality for the species, before of unknown habitat. I have not
seen specimens.

C. SARCOSTOMUM Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 34, figs, 3, 4.

Shell solid and strong, subcylindrical, or slightly wider below ;
white or whitish pink. Whorls 11 to 11^, slightly convex, the
earlier 6 forming a convexly tapering cone with extremely obtuse
apex, almost dome-shaped at top ; passing gradually into the cylin-
drical portion of shell, which consists of 5 to 6 whorls. Sculpture of
somewhat irregular and unequal, straight ribs, about as wide as the
intervals, about 25-30 on the last whorl. These ribs are strongly
developed on the cylindrical portion of the shell, but the cone is very
densely, finely and sharply striated, the earliest whorl only being
smooth.

Aperture small, less than one-third the total length of shell, pink-
ish-flesh colored in the throat; peristome well reflexed, recurved,
more or less thickened on the inner edge of the face ; parietal callus
thick and heavy. Parietal lamella rather strong and moderately
long ; axial fold moderately conspicuous.

CERION, GROUP VIII. 235

Length 34, diam. 11^; alt. of aperture 10 mill.

Bahamas : Little Inagua.

C. sarcostomum P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, pp. 321,
331, pi. 11, f. 16 (August 4).

Some specimens are larger than the above dimensions ; one worn
and broken " crab-shell " would probably be not less than 40 mill,
long if perfect. It is not unlikely that forms occur with the ribs
obsolete, as in the allied C. columna, but all the specimens seen are
strongly ribbed.

O. sarcostomum clearly belongs to the immediate group of C. calcar-
eum and C. columna. The latter has a very dark aperture, broadly
flanged lip and less obtuse apex. G. calcareum lacks sculpture
except on the basal whorl, is absolutely cylindrical, with light mouth
and excessively short terminal cone, while the present species is
more tapering, with the cone decidedly longer, gradually passing
into the cylindrical portion.

C. COLUMNA Pilsbry & Vanatta. PL 34, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell deeply rimate, thick, strong, cylindrical or column-shaped,
the later four or five whorls of about equal diameter, those above
tapering, forming a cone one-fourth or one-fifth the shell's length*
Bluish white, often flesh-tinted on the cone. Whorls 12-13, the
first 2 smooth, several following whorls closely and distinctly striate;
the median whorls either smooth or having irregular, wide-spaced
ribs ; the last whorl with stronger ribs, at least on its latter half.
The sutures, which are seam-like on the earlier portion, become
somewhat impressed between the whorls of the cylindric portion.
Aperture ovate, dark purplish-brown, chestnut-brown or orange brown
inside, obstructed by a moderately long, pale brown parietal lamella
and a deeply entering oblique columellar lamella ; peristome white
or nearly so, broadly reflexed, the terminations joined by a thick and
strong parietal callus.

Length 46, diam. 12J mill. Length 41^, diam. 14^ mill.

Length 38, diam. 13J mill.

Bahamas : Turtle Cove, Great Inagua. (Sargent.}

Strophia iostoma Pfr., BINNEY, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
History of New York, xi, 1876, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 8; Ann. N. Y.

Acad. Sci., iii, 1884, p. 101, pi. 7, f. c. (jaw and teeth) BLAND,

Ann. Lye., xi, p. 85. Not Pupa iostoma Pfr — Cerion columna

236 CERION, GROUP VIII.

PILS. & VAN., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, p. 207, with
var. valida; 1896, p. 321, pi. 11, f. 17, and var. valida, pi. 11, f. 18.

This species has some resemblance to the Cuban G. infandum,
but differs in the dark mouth. O. calcareum is more obtuse above,
with pale aperture. O. sarcostomum of Little Inagua is an allied form
with smaller, pale aperture and much less dilated umbilical excavation.
Var. validum P. &. V. PL 34, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Smaller and rather thin, ribbed throughout ; more or less copiously
maculate with dusky purple, or with the intervals of this color.
Aperture dark as in the type. Length 34, diam. 10-12 mill.

C. REGIUM (Benson). PI. 35, figs. 17-24; pi. 47, fig. 40.

Shell large, very deeply umbilicate, long-conic, subcylindrical,
solid, white, smooth, a little glossy ; obliquely and remotely and ob-
soletely plicate-striate. Spire noticeably tapering above, the apex
rather obtuse; umbilicus perforating. Whorls 11, somewhat flat-
tened, the last ascending in front, more strongly plicate, compressed
at the base ; suture linear, irregularly crenate. Aperture obliquely
truncate-ovate, sublateral, sloping away from the axis, fulvous
within ; columellar fold deep within, doubled ; parietal fold elongate,
rather deeply placed ; peristome heavily thickened, reflexed, wide
below, the margins joined by a callus ; columellar margin expanded,
sinuate above, its outer edge forming an angle ; right margin arched
forward. Length 43, diam. (measured to edge of outer lip) 23 mill.;
aperture with peristome 18 mill, long, 13 wide (Benson'}.

Bahamas : Castle Island^ at the southern extremity of the Crooked
Island Bank.

Pupa mumia SOWERBY, The Genera of Shells, Pupa, f. 2 ; re-
printed in REEVE, Conchologia Systematica ii, pi. 170, f. 2. — Pupa
regia BENSON, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), iv, p. 125 — KUSTER,
Conchyl. Cab. p. 134, pi. 17, f. 13, 14 — PFR., Monogr. iii, 538 —
Strophia regia MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci. iii, p. 37, pi. 5, f. 8, pi. 7,
f. 5, 6. — Cerion regium Bens., PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.
1896, p. 321.

Helix (Cochlodonta) decumanus Fer., (nude name) Prodr., p. 59,
no. 462, according to his specimens, but not his '* var. a," which
alone is defined. — Pupa decumana Fer., PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 655 ;
vi, 288. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1868, p. 337. — Strophia de-
cumana Fer., BINNEY, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x, p. 384

CERION, GROUP VIII. 287

(1873); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, p. 53, pi. 8, f. 1 (denti-
tion); Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 100, pi. 7, f. A.— Oerion
(Strophiops) decumanum Fer., DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxv,
no. 8, pp. 122, 124, fig. 4.

Not Pupa decumana Fer., PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. ii, p. 320,
1848 (except references to Sowerby and Reeve), nor of GRAY, Ann.
of Philos. (New Ser.) 1825, xi, p. 413 (no description ; referring to
Lister, pi. 588, f. 47, a species resembling multicosta).

The largest species of the genus. It is closely allied to C. wein-
landi, from which it differs in the large size, snowy whiteness and
the broader area behind the columellar lip.

Benson's original description is given above. The shells are
usually more cylindrical than his type (pi. 35, f. 22, 23); very solid,
snow-white, the throat generally tawny. The last whorl is more or
less plicate dorsally. The parietal lamella is long, making about
one fifth of a spiral turn. The axial lamella generally ascends
nearly 3 whorls. Size varies within wide limits, as follows:

Length 46^, diam. 17, long axis of aperture 19J mill.; whorls 1 1.

Length 45, diam. 15, long axis of aperture 18 mill.; whorls 11.

Length 37, diam. 15, long axis of aperture 15J mill.; whorls 10^.

Length 34, diam. 14^, long axis of aperture 15 mill.; whorls 9^.

Crosse has attempted to revive the name decumana for this species,
showing that the specimens in Ferussac's cabinet were identical with
regia Bens.; but P. decumana was in no way defined by Ferussac,
and was introduced by Gray in 1825 for a shell resembling multi-
costa, this interpretation of the sper-ies being followed by Pfeiffer in
his earlier description. The course taken by Crosse was therefore
clearly inadmissible.

PI. 35, figs. 22, 23, are copies of Krister's figures of Benson's type
specimen. Fig. 24 is Sowerby's "/*. mumia" a broader shell than
any I have seen. Figures 17-21 are from Castle Island specimens
in the collection of the Academy.

C. WEINLANDI (' Kurr' Martens). PI. 37, figs. 54, 55, 56, 57.

Shell deeply and openly rimate, often perforate, cylindric, solid,
white or flesh-colored, nearly smooth. Whorls 9J to 10, nearly jftat,
marked with slight growth-wrinkles, the last often irregularly plicate
hHiiml the aperture, compressed and obtusely keeled below; last 3
or 4 %.vlor!s of about equal diameter, those above forming a short

238 CEUION, GROUP VIII.

cone with obtuse apex. Aperture ovate, the peristome reflexed and
recurved, somewhat thickened on the convex face; parietal callus
thin, with ill-defined edge. Parietal lamella long, as in C. regium;
axial lamella moderate.

Length 25-35, diam. 11-14, aperture 14 mill, (types).

Length 33, diam. 12, aperture 14 mill.

Length 27-J, diam. 10^, aperture 11^ mill.

Bahamas : Crooked Island.

Pupa weinlandi Kurr, MARTENS, Malak. Blatter vi, 1859, p. 207

(Jan., 1860) PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 290 ; Novit. Conch., p. 363, pi.

84, f. 1, 2. — Apparently not P. weinlandi SOWERBY, C. Icon, xx,
pi. 3, f. 24 (1875).

This species is evidently of common ancestry with C. regium of
the same immediate island group. It differs from that in the
smaller size, less spreading umbilical excavation and thinner shell.

C. NUDUM (Maynard). PI. 37, figs. 50, 51.

Size medium; shell thin; teeth two, short; striations absent;
whorls 10 and 11. Form of shell cylindrical, the first [last] 4
whorls being about equal in diameter, then the shell curves to a
blunt point, making an angle of 65 degrees. There are only faintly
defined lines of growth, which are more prominent on the upper
[last] whorl ; sutures deep, with whorls bulging. Aperture large
and open ; lower [parietal] tooth placed to right [left] of center, is
not prominent, and is .1 inch long by .03 high ; the upper [axial
lamella] is a mere elevation at the entrance, is larger within, but is
short. Margin not produced forward quite as far as the diameter of
shell, and is inclined slightly to the right ; it is thin. Frontal bar
[parietal callus] not large. Color of shell externally and ii.ternally
dark flesh, yellowish at apex, and fading to nearly white on margin
and teeth ; shell polished (Maynard).

Length 25, diam. 10; length 22.2, diam. 9.5 mill.

Bahamas: near Clarence Harbor, Long Island. (C. J. Maynard.)

Strophia nuda MAYN., Contrib. to Sci., i, p. 29, pi. 2, f. 12
(April, 1889).

Resembles C. weinlandi somewhat, but is smaller, with short
parietal lamella, and convex whorls. It is a smooth, flesh-colored
shell. Described from 3 specimens in coll. Maynard.

CEKION, GROUP VIII. "239

C. INFLATUM (Maynard). PI. 37, figs. 52, 53.

" Size medium; shell heavy; striations are absent. Whorls 10.
Teeth, two, and short. Examined 25 specimens. Form of shell
cylindrical, with the second [penult.] and third [antepenult.] whorls
the largest in diameter, the first [last] and fourth [from the base]
are a little smaller, the fifth [from the base] is considerably smaller
than the fourth, and from this the shell slopes rapidly to a blunt,
rounded, nearly hemispherical apex, forming a wide angle of nearly
90 degrees. The surface is polished but is slightly furrowed with
lines of growth, which are much less prominent on the lower [ear-
lier] whorls. The sutures are shallow, and the whorls between
them are slightly bulging.

" Aperture of medium size but open, and measures considerably
more just within than at the entrance. Lower [parietal] tooth very
slightly developed and is raised by gradual elevation from the sur-
rounding surface. It is about .10 in. long. The upper [columellar]
is situated considerably above, is about as prominent, but is more
conspicuous within. Margin not produced forward as far as the
diameter of the shell, is inclined slightly backward and a little to
the right ; it is not thickened, and the outer portion is produced into
a thin but not prominent edge which is not rolled downward. The
frontal bar is not prominent, being interrupted in the middle.

" Color of shell externally white, conspicuously striped with yellow-
ish-brown that becomes nearly yellow on the lower whorl, and which
occupies the last two, wholly excluding the white. The margin,
frontal bar, and teeth are yellowish, and on the lower wall, within
the aperture, are purplish-brown stripes that merge into the universal
purplish brown of the interior." {Maynard.}

Length 22.5, diam. 8.75 mill.

Length, 25, diam. 9.25 mill.

Bahamas: Sahna Point, AcWin Island (Dr. Henry Bryant).

Strophia inflata MAYN., Contrib. to Sci., i, p. 126, f. 30, pi. 7,
f. 21 (October, 1889).

Apparently well marked by the heavy, smooth, copiously striped
shell and the inflated spire, the penultimate whorl being wider than
the last, the next earlier whorl frequently wider than the penult.
Types are in coll. Maynard and Boston Society of Natural History.
Specimens labelled JExuma are in the collection of the Smithsonian
Institution, according to Maynard (Contrib., 5, p. 133).

240

CERION, GROUP IX.

IX. Group of C. gubernatorium.

Shortly rimate shells, tapering, oval or sometimes cylindric, the-
upper part generally smooth, last whorl or two usually ribbed ; pari-
etal tooth usually somewhat long; peristome built forward and
beveled when thick, the parietal callus either appressed or forming
a raised ledge.

These forms are never strongly and regularly ribbed like species
of the group of C. glans, but they are clearly related to that group
by the frequently beveled lip which may be built forward, the
occasionally ridge-like parietal callus, and the short umbilical chink.
Some forms have a blue streak at the base such as is frequent in
C. glans. They inhabit keys and islands of the Great Bahama
Bank, from Eleuthera and New Providence on the northeast, south-
ward to Exuma, and in the west, some small keys bordering Florida
Strait.
a. Parietal callus forming a strong, raised ridge.

b. Finely striate. Duck Key, Exuma Group.

C. milleri, p. 243.

bl. Last whorl ribbed. New Providence. C. agassizi, p. 242.
a1. Parietal callus appressed, not ridge-like.
b. Interior, and usually the lip, brown.

c. Shell smooth, or with the last whorl striate ; rather
thin, usually variegated. New Providence.

C. gubernatorium, p. 242.

c1. Last one or several whorls ribbed ; stouter; generally
whitish. Eleuthera. C. eleutherce, p. 240,

c2. Nearly smooth, whitish. Water Cay.

C. niteloides, p. 244.
b1. Interior and lip white ; parietal tooth small. Gun Cay.

C. pillsburyi, p. 244.

C. ELEUTHERA Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 36, figs. 35, 36, 37, 38.

Shell solid and strong ; smoothish above, ribbed below ; lusterless ;
white, with a bluish-purple tint, most obvious around the base.
Cylindric-tapering, terminating above in a rather long slightly con-
vex-sided cone which passes gradually into the cylindrical portion,
or the whole shell may taper to the last whorl. Apex obtuse ; whorls
10^ to 12^; nepionic 2^ whorls nearly smooth, slightly convex; fol-
lowing whorls of the cone smoothish to the naked eye, show'ing rather

CERION, GROUP IX. 241

irregularly spaced wrinkles under the lens, flal, with seam-like
sutures, not in the least impressed. Latter 4 whorls approaching
equality in diameter, subregularly and rather strongly costate (at
least the lower two whorls), the last one with ahout 27 (22 to 30)
ribs, which do not split or double on the base, although sometimes
there are some riblets intercalated there.

Aperture about one-third the shell's length, oblong or rounded,
obliquely truncate above, liver-brown within. Peristome white, re-
flexed, the outer edge sharp and somewhat recurved, inner edge built
far forward, especially below, beveled outwardly ; parietal callus
either very thin or thick. Axial fold variable in prominence ; par-
ietal lamella very strong, rather long. Axis perforate, with a rather
short rima.

Length 29, diam. 11^; alt. of aperture 11 mill.

Length 33, diam. 11 ; alt. of aperture 11 mill.

Length 23^, diam. 11 ; alt. of aperture 9 mill.

Bahamas : Eleuthera (Krebs and others').

C. eleuthera P. and V., P. A. N. S., 1896, p. 333, pi. 11, f. 19,
20. — Pupa gubernatoria var. /? CROSSE, J. de C., 1869, p. 186;
1870, p. 106, pi. 2, f. 4 (upper figure).

This species is closely allied to C. agassizi Dall and C- guberna-
torium Crosse, of the island of New Providence. It has more re-
mote resemblance to C. sarcostomum P. and V. of Little Inagua.

From C. agassizi it differs in never having the parietal callus
raised in a strong ridge making the peristome continuous ; the ribs
are less sharp and narrow, etc. C. gubernatorium has a proportion-
ally very large mouth, less thickened lip, finer riblets or none, the
parietal tooth is shorter, and the surface glossy ; moreover, while
nearly white examples occur, it is generally much variegated. There
can be no doubt of the close relationship of the three species, but
judging from a series of 25 examples of C. eleutherce, a good series of
C. gubernatorium and author's examples of C. agassizi, they are spe-
cifically distinct.

A pair of specimens of C. eleutherce before us (from Krebs) are
considerably streaked with brown, otherwise typical. Another spec-
imen, received from Mr. Van Nostrand, is very small, alt. 18§, diam.
8 mill., and somewhat maculated. The costulation extends further
up, and the peristome is not thickened. This probably represents a
subspecies or local race.

242 CERION, GROUP IX.

C. GUBKRNATORIUM (Oosse). PI. 36, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34.

Shell deeply but shortly rimate, oval or tapering -oblong, rather
strong and solid ; \yhite, nearly uniform or with livid stains, or varie-
gated with reddish-brown or gray-brown irregular stripes; glossy,
nearly smooth or with the last one or two whorls finely costulate.
Spire rather slowly tapering, with convex outlines and an obtuse apex.
Aperture large, dark or pale brown within, the peristome white or
brown, narrowly reflexed and recurved, often much thickened on its
face. Parietal lamella strong but short ; columellar lamella small.
Parietal callus varying from thin to strong.

Length 23, diam. 11, longest axis of aperture 9-J mill. (type).

Length 26J, diam. 12, longest axis of aperture 11^ mill.

Length 19, diam. 10, longest axis of aperture 9 mill.

Bahamas : New Providence (Sir Rawson "W. Rawson).

Pupa gubertiatoria CiiOSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 186;
1870, p. 105, pi. 2, f. 4 (lower figure). — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 354.

Readily distinguished from other species of New Providence by
the large brown aperture, tapering contour, and the smoothness of
the upper portion, while the last whorl or two may be either smooth
or finely costulate. Crosse's type (pi. 36, fig. 31) was white, but
specimens richly variegated with brown are equally abundant in the
series I have seen.

C. AGASSIZI Dall. PI. 36, figs. 39, 40.

Shell shortly rimate, cvYindi'ic-taperina, the last whorl widest, very
thick and strong. Surface smoothish or with weak, low riblets irreg-
ularly developed ; the last 'ivhorl sculptured with sharp, narrow, ratlier
high riblets on its latter portion. Whorls 10 to 11, nearly flat, the
spire passing gradually into a long cone terminating in a very obtuse
apex. Aperture irregularly ovate, the peristome broadly expanded in
a thin flange, in front of which it is built forward, very thick, con-
tinued in a strong, straight or arcuate raised ledge across the parietal
wall. Parietal lamella strong and long; axial lamella small.

Length 35, diam. 13 mill.

Length 31, diam. 12J mill.

Bahamas : New Providence, fossil in calcareous sand-rock, at the
W. quarry, top of Nassau Ridge (A. Agassiz).

C. \Maynardid) agassizi DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxv, no.
1), p. 120, pi. — , figs. 9, 10.

CERION, GROUP IX. 243

This species, which has only been found fossil, is much heavier
than C. gubernatorium or C. eJeutherse. The lip resembles that of the
latter species, but is more strongly developed. It differs from both
in the strong parietal ridge. C. milleri is like C. ayassizi in the
raised parietal ridge and rather long parietal tooth, but it has a dif-
ferent and finer sculpture.

There is a polymorphic recent species, varying from wholly costu-
late to quite smooth, having the strong parietal ledge of C. agassizi,
in the collection of the Academy (no. 76877). The specimens were
taken from among a lot of C. glans of unknown locality. The speci-
,mens are bluish or livid white, with the lip less developed than in
agassizi. This race will probably be found to occur on some island
or key between New Providence and Eleuthera.

C. MILLERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 36, figs. 44-49.

Shell rimate, cylindric, terminating in an acutely conic, rather long
cone; solid and strong; dull white, rarely flesh-tinted, with sparse,
undulating, brownish-corneous streaks. Whorls 10^ to 12, nearly fiat,
the last well rounded below. Sculpture of fine, low stria on the last
whorl, or on its latter half, the rest oj the shell nearly smooth. Aperture
angularly ovate, white or slightly livid within ; peristome narrowly
refiexed, very much thickened, built forward ; parietal margin a
straight, raised callous ridge. Parietal lamella strong and moderately
long ; axial lamella inconspicuous.

Length 38, diam. 12-13 mill.

Length 31, diam. 13 mill.

Length 28, diam. 12 mill.

Bahamas : Duck Key, Exuma Group (W. W. Miller).

Pupa milleri PFR., Malak. Bl. xiv, 1867, p. 129 ; Novit. Conch.,
p. 365, pi. 84, f. 6-13 ; Monogr. vi, p. 289. — ? Helix pentodon MENKE,
Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1846, p. 128 ; PFR., Monogr. 5, p. 185 ; Conchyl.
Cab., Helix, p. 198, pi. 100, f. 32-34. Of. v. MARTENS, Mai. Bl.
vi, 1859, p. 209.

The very strong callous ledge across the parietal wall is character-
istic. The parietal lamella is strong and rather long, as in C. agassizi.

The young shells of five whorls (fig. 47) have five small teeth.
Helix pendoton Menke was based upon a very young Cerion at this
stage, though probably not this species ; a fact first pointed out by
Prof. E. von Martens.

244 CERION, GROUP IX.

C. PILLSBURYI Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 36, figs. 41, 42.

Shell tapering sub-cylindrical, the later three whorls of nearly equal
diameter, those above forming a rather long cone, which passes very
gradually into the sub-cylindrical portion ; apex very obtuse. Whorls
10 to 10J, the nepionic smooth, next whorl sharply finely striate or
smoothish ; succeeding whorls flat and smooth with some growth-
lines only; last one-half to two whorls regularly costulate, riblets
narrower than the intervals, about . one millimeter apart. Base
rounded, not compressed ; umbilical chink very short, imperforate.
White with irregular, interrupted, brown or gray-brown streaks.

Aperture vertical ; parietal tooth very small, weak and short ;
columellar fold distinct, extending inward one whorl. Peristome
well reflexed, whitish, rather thin or thickened ; parietal callus mod-
erate or very thin.

Alt. 29, diam. of last whorl above aperture 11-12 ; longest axis of
aperture 11^ mill.

Alt. 27^, diam. of last whorl above aperture 11 ; longest axis of
aperture 11 mill.

Bahamas: Gun Cay, on the western edge of the Andros bank.
(Dr. Wm. H. Rush.)

C. pillsburyi P. & V., P. A. N. S-, 1897, p. 366, f. 5 PILSHHY,

Nautilus xii, p. 26, 27, f. 5. — Cerion pannosum Mayn., DALL, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. xxv, no. 9, p. 119. Not of Maynard.

The rather long and gradually tapering cone, smooth surface above,
the last one or two whorls ribbed, and the very small parietal tooth,
are the most prominent features of this species. It is closely related
to C. gubernatorium and C. ehuthera* both of which have the parietal
tooth decidedly larger and the interior darker. Its superficial re-
semblance to C. regina eucosntium is remarkable ; but the small area
behind the columellar lip, with short umbilical chink and rounded
base, distinguishes it at once from that form. It is superficially not
unlike some of the Cayman Is. species, but has not the strong and
long parietal tooth of those forms. This species is named in honor
of Lieutenant-Commander John Elliott Pillsbury, of the U. S. Coast
Survey Steamer " Blake."

C. NITELOIDES Dall. PI. 36, fig. 43.

Shell compact, solid, grayish white, with a livid brownish lining;
ten whorls of which two and a half are nepionic and smooth . lie re

CERION, GROUP X. 245

mainder polished and for the most part faintly sculptured with little
raised transverse- lines, often obsolete ; on the last half of the last
whorl these lines are coarser, irregular and more prominent; the
aperture is rounded except where the peristome crosses the body,
with a slightly beveled reflected edge; the parietal tooth is nearly
central, short and low, the pillar- tooth also low, is situated about the
middle of the pillar and^makes a little less than a complete turn
around the axis of the shell. Height of the shell 28 ; maximum
diameter 12 mill. (Dall}.

Water Cay, Salt Cay Bank, on the north side of Cuba near the
western end of the Bahama banks. Types in the Iowa State Uni-
versity and National Museums.

Cerion (Maynardid) niteloides DALL, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa
State University, iv, no. 1, p. 15, pi. 1, f. 2 (1896).

" This species externally much resembles Cerion (Maynardid] nitela
Maynard, which is a species native to the west end of Little Cayman
island in the Caribbean Sea on the south side of Cuba. As the
species of Cerion are very limited in their distribution, the wide sep-
aration of the two localities raises a suspicion of distinctness, notwith-
standing their superficial likeness, and this suspicion is measurably
confirmed by the following differences : C. nitela has a larger axis
and a considerably larger and perforate umbilicus; its parietal tooth
is more elevated and less elongated, the pillar tooth slightly more
elevated, and its inward prolongation decidedly more feeble; lastly
its aperture is narrower, more horse-shoe shaped and less rotund than
in C. niteloides. The apex is decidedly more pointed in the speci-
mens of C. nitela before me as well as in Maynard's figures, but this
character is variable in some of the species." (Dall.~)

X. Group of C. album.

Robust, strongly ribbed species, closely allied to the group of C.
gubernatorium, but ribbed to the apical whorl (except C. lentigi-
nosum). Parietal callus appressed, thin at the outer edge.

The species are from Abaco and Rum Key ; islands not lying on
the same bank, but with very similar snails of this genus.

These species are unlike most of those of the C. glans group in
wanting a raised ledge across the parietal margin ; but they are not
greatly different.

246 CERION, GROUP X.

a. Species from Abaco.

b. White ; ribs regularly strong and close ; umbilical area

small. C. abucoense, p. 246.

bl. White or mottled above ; ribs wider apart or irregularly

spaced ; umbilical area larger. (?. maynardi, p. 246.

a1. Species from Rum Key.

b. Entire shell ribbed. G. album, p. 247.

b\ Whorls of the cone smooth. C. lentigmosum, p. 248.

C. ABACOENSE Pilsbry and Vauatta. PI. 37, figs. 58, 59.

Shell cylindrical, solid and strong, entirely white. Latter three
whorls of about equal diameter, preceding one slightly smaller, those
earlier rapidly tapering to form a short cone ; apex obtuse. Sculp-
tured with very regular, rather close, strong and nearly straight rib-
lets, as wide as, or narrower than the interstices, numerous (31-38
on last whorl); part of the riblets generally splitting on the base; 1^
to If nepionic whorls free from riblets, and those of the following
several whorls very fine, though distinct. Whorls 9f to 11^, slightly
convex, the last ascending as usual. Sutures well-marked. Um-
bilicus a nearly straight suture terminating in an almost closed axial
chink; umbilical area (back of columellar lip) small, with a bound-
ing furrow below.

Aperture vertical, brought forward almost to anterior level of the
cylinder; rounded, nearly as wide as high, obliquely truncate above.
Peristome well reflexed, recurved, its face thickened and convex ;
parietal callus heavy, but thin at its outer edge. Axial fold moder-
ate, parietal fold deep seated, low, and rather long.

Length 34, diam. 13 ; alt. of aperture 12 mill, (largest specimen).

Length 27^, diam. 13; alt. of aperture 11| mill, (shortest speci-
men). Bahamas : Abaco.

C. abacoense P. and V., Proc. A. N. S. P., 1895, p. 209 ; 1896,
p. 332, pi. 11, f. 11. — ? Strophia mumia var.? W. G. BINNEY, Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x, p. 348 ; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p.
101, pi. 7, f. B (dentition).

Resembles C. album Mayn. of Rum Key, but has a much smaller
umbilical area and a thicker lip. It is closely related to C. may-
nardi.

C. MAYNARDI Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 37, figs. 64, 65.

Shell large, strong, cylindrical, white or fleshy in the intervals

CERION, GROUP X. 247

between strong, slightly curved ribs, separated by two or three times
their width or sometimes irregularly and widely spaced on the cylin-
drical portion, which consists of 3 to 4 whorls; those above forming
n short cone on which the ribs are much closer. Whorls 11^, flat,
the last ascending, somewhat tapering downward, but with well
rounded base, upon which the ribs are obsolete, but replaced by
wrinkles or fine costuloe. Umbilical rima very deep, curved, the
area below it wide, usually bounded by a spiral groove well within
the basal margin of umbilical tract. Aperture ovate-truncate, brown
in the throat; parietal lamella very strong, often calloused on the left
side; rather short; axial lamella small, one whorl long. Peristome
stout, white, broadly reflexed, its face convexly thickened but not
"duplicate;" broadly vaulted over the open and dilated umbilical
area; parietal callus varying from thin to heavy, but always thin at
the edge.

Length 35, diam. 13 mill.

Length 34^, diam. 14J mill.

Length 34J, diam. 15£.

Bahamas: Abaco (B. Swift).

C. (Maynardia) maynardi P. and V., Proc. A. N. S. P. 1895, p.
210; 1896, p. 323, pi. 11, f. 31.

This form differs from C. abacoense in the coarser, more widely
spaced ribs, deeper umbilical chink and larger umbilical area.

A series of 30 specimens (No. 73628), received without locality,
consists of smaller shells than the type lot, sparsely marked with
small stripes and transverse spots of brown or gray in the intervals
between the ribs, at least on the upper whorls. Specimens measure:
Length 31^, diam. 13 mill.; length 34, diam. 12; length 26^, diam.
12 mill. There is thus a wide range of variation; and some of the
shorter specimens approach C. abacoense, establishing a transition
between the two species, which may have to be consolidated.

C. ALBUM (Maynard). PI. 37, fig. 66.

Shell with a long and deep umbilical chink, large, solid, cylin-
drical and white. Whorls IOJ, nearly flat, the latter 3 or 4 of about
equal diameter, those above forming a rather straight-sided cone, the
apex obtuse; last whorl well rounded beneath. Sculpture of close,
regular, rather strong riblets, about as wide as the intervals, and ex-
tending to the first whorl, which is smooth ; the riblets becoming

248 CERION, GROUP X.

smaller above, reduced to fine, sharp strias on the earlier whorls. On
the base of the last whorl the ribs become obsolete. Aperture trun-
cate-ovate, brown in the throat; peristome white, reflexed, not much
thickened ; the columellar lip dilated, a large umbilical area behind
it. Parietal lamella small, rather short; axial lamella small. Pari-
etal callus thin.

Length 33.5, diam. 14 mill.

Length 35.4, diam. 13.7 mill. (type).

Length 28, diam. 12.5 mill.

Bahamas : Rum Key, on the west coast near the salt pond, on the
low shrubbery between it and the beach (Maynard).

Strophia alba MAYN., Contrib. to Sci., i, No. 2, pp. 74, 75, f. 9, 10 ;
pi. 7, f. 17 (July, 1889).

The umbilical area is larger and the peristome thinner than in O.
abacoense. It differs from (7. lentiginosum by having the riblets ex-
tending upon the cone.

Var. BROWNEI (Maynard). PI. 37, figs. 62, 63.

Oval, white, robust and heavy, ribbed throughout except the first
whorl, the ribs about as wide as the intervals, 20 on the last whorl.
Aperture small, yellowish within ; teeth small ; parietal callus very
prominent. Length of type, 27-|, diam. 12| mill.; varying from 29
to 22^ miU. long.

Near the north side of Rum Key, among low shrubbery (Maynard).

Strophia brownei MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. i, no. 4, p. 196, pi. 16,
f. 4 (probably issued early in 1891).

Smaller and thicker than typical album, with thicker peristome and
parietal callus. The part of Mr. Maynard's work containing this
species bears a false date, "January, 1889," — three months earlier
than the date of the first number of the same volume. It was re-
ceived at this library on April 7, 1891.

C. LENTIGINOSUM (Maynard). PI. 37, figs. 60, 61.

Shell with a rather long umbilical suture, large, solid, cylindrical ;
white, sometimes uniform or with a few gray spots, but typically
mottled profusely with dull browns Whorls 10, nearly flat, the latter
3 of about equal diameter; those above forming a nearly straight-
sided cone, the apex obtuse. Sculpture of moderately strong ribs
separated by wider intervals, on the lower 2^ to 4 whorls, obsolete on

CERION, GROUP XI. 249

the base, and wanting on the conic portion, which is marked with
growth-stria only ; portions of the second and third whorls minutely
striate. Aperture truncate-ovate, brown in the throat ; peristome
reflexed, but slightly thickened, the ends connected by a thin or
moderate parietal callus. Parietal lamella small, low and rather
long. Axial lamella small.

Length 34, diam. 13 mill.

Length 29, diam. 12£ mill.

Bahamas : Rum Key, in the interior on the western side (Maynard).

Strophia lentiginosa MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. i, p. 75, f. 11, pi. 7,
f. 18 (July, 1889).

This species differs from (7. album in the smoothness of the whorls
of the cone, only those of the cylindric portion of the shell being
ribbed. The ribs are noticeably more separated than in C. album.
It varies in coloring from white to conspicuously mottled. The
mouth is less brown than in C. eleutherae, which is -a more slender
species.

XI. Group of C. glans.

Maynardia DALL, Bull. M. C. Z., xxv, no. 9, p. 121, type C. neg-
lectum.

Shell usually shortly rimate and copiously ribbed throughout, with
20-30 ribs on penult, whorl (rarely smooth); parietal lamella usually
stout and short. The young shells are usually toothless except for
a colurnellar lamella, but sometimes the Andros form of C. glans has
five teeth. The parietal margin is generally raised in a straight ridge
or ledge, but this fails in many individuals or races. Outer lip thin
or reflexed, thickened and beveled.

Widely distributed in the northern-central islands of the Bahamas.

a. Ribs impressed below the suture, forming a subsutural series of
low beads. C. martinianum.

a1. Ribs strong, acute and roughly cut. Turk's Island.

C. blandi.
a1. Without the above characters.

b. Large forms with narrow lip, from islets southeast of New

Providence. C. ritchiei, p. 250; G. eburneum, p. 252.

61. Forms of medium size from New Providence and Andros,

with the immediately adjacent keys and islets, and Gun Cay.

C. glans, p. 253.

250 CKRION, GROUP XI.

C. RITCHIEI (Maynard). PI. 39, figs. 91, 92.

Shell large, rimate, cylindric, solid and strong ; impure white with
white ribs and brown or gray stains in many of the interstices, or all
of the intervals may be purplish-brown. Sculpture of even, strong,,
nearly straight ribs, usually a little narrower than their intervals, 25
to 28 in number on the penultimate whorl. Whorls about 11|,
slightly convex. Aperture small, brown or dark gray within ; peri-
stome white, very narrowly expanded ', the margins connected by a
strony, straight, raised ledge across the parietal wall. Parietal lamella
very stout, blunt and heavy, rather short. Axial lamella small.

Length 35, diam. 13^, longest axis of aperture 12 mill.

Length 37, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 12 mill.

Length 34^, diam. 14£ mill. (type).

Bahamas : Highborn Key, the typical form found about the head
of the bay on the south side, along the eastern hills northward for
about a mile, and southward to the southern point of that portion of
the key ; westward it spreads to the front of the hills of that division
of the key, but is not found on them (Maynard).

Strophia ritchiei MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. ii, p. 135, fig. 41. — Stro-
phia grayi MAYN., t. c., p. 138, f. 42, 43. — S. grayi gigantea MAYN.,
t. c., p. 141, f. 44a. — S. grayi pumilia MAYN., t. c., p. 143, f. 44&
(Dec., 1894).— Cfenow ritchiei vannostrandi P. & V., Proc. A. N. S.,
Phila., 1896, p. 323, no. Sod.

This species is distinguished by its large size, the very slightly
expanded or unexpanded lip, prominent parietal callus and stout
parietal tooth. Mr. Maynard describes several forms, which are,
however, only selected specimens. Form no. 1, with the size and
shape of the type, has about 25 ribs on the last whorl ; the type shell
having 23. The color is darker within and between the ribs (pi. 39,
fig. 92). Form no. 2 is smaller, 27jxllJ mill., with 10 whorls and
16 ribs on the last. Form no. 3 is cylindric, with 11 whorls, with
fewer ribs, the number sometimes as low as 18 on the last whorl. It
forms a transition to grayi. Form no. 4 has the contour of the type,
but the aperture is wider, more open, and the ribs more numerous,
34 on the last whorl. There are numerous intermediate examples.

Form grayi (Maynard). PI. 39, figs. 93, 94, 98, 99.

Usually perforate, white, uniform or stained with blue at the base
and in some of the intercostal spaces, cylindric, solid and strong.

CERION, GROUP XI. 251

Strongly ribbed, with 17 to 26 ribs on the penultimate whorl.
Aperture small, dark within ; peristome hardly expanded, the margins
thin, biii It forward, becoming free in front, rugose outside. Teeth as
in C. ritchiei.

Length 27, diam. 11^, longest axis of aperture 9J mill, (form
No. 2).

Length 33, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 10^ mill, (typical
form).

Length 29J, diam. 14^, longest axis of aperture 10 mill, (form
No. 1).

Highborn Key, on a steep conical hill at the northern end of the
key, terminating the range of hills along the eastern side, chiefly on
stems of white-barked wild fig trees.

Distinguished chiefly by the thin margins of the peristome, which
is more or less built forward, beyond the ventral outline of the shell.
The typical form (pi. 39, figs'. 93, 94) measures from 26 to 35 mill,
long (type specimen 31^xl3J mill.), and is found abundantly at the
place mentioned above. At the base of the same hill on its western
side a shorter, wider form occurs (fig. 95), which Mr. Maynard calls
form No. 1. Form No. 2 (fig. 96) is smaller, with less produced
peristome. It occurs on the flats near the northern bay of the key.
Form No. 3 is short, thick and cylindrical, and occurred near the
ruins of the house on top of a hill midway of the eastern arm of the
key, adjoining the range of typical C. ritchiei.

Form giganteum (Maynard) is very large, white or copiously
stained with dull reddish-brown in the intervals. The size varies from
41|xl5 to 33x13^ mill. The white form lives in the thickets grow-
ing along the hillside to the south of the ruined house mentioned
aboved ; the mottled form (pi. 39, fig. 1) is found in a little valley
on the hillside near the landing, near the head of the southern bay.
It is rather absurd to distinguish this form from typical ritchiei, which
occurs in the same area.

Form pumilum (Maynard). Quite small, with 9-9^ whorls, white,
bearing separated ribs, about 18 on the penult whorl. Peristome
thin or somewhat thickened, not produced forward above. Length
23-24, diam. 11 mill. (fig. 97). About 50 specimens were found by
Mr. Maynard clinging to the stems of two or three small trees, grow-
ing just south of a deep gorge making in from the sea, about midway
of the western border of the key.

252 CERION, GROUP XI.

Subsp. VANNOSTRANDI Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 39, fig. 2.

Large, solid and white ; smooth except for some irregular folds on
the latter portion of the last whorl. Whorls nearly 12. Aperture
small, dark brown within, the peristome not expanded, built forward
and rugose outside; teeth very strong. Length 40^, diam. 15-J}
longest axis of aperture 13 mill. Habitat unknown.

The only smooth member of the C. glans group known.

C. EBURNEUM (Maynard). PI. 39, fig. 3.

Shell with a compressed umbilical chink, cylindric, solid, white ;
regularly and rather closely ribbed throughout, the ribs as wide as
their intervals, about 29 on the penultimate whorl. Whorls 10-10^,
but slightly convex, the last with a straight umbilical chink and
moderately wide umbilical area. Aperture angularly ovate, brown
inside ; peristome very narrowly recurved, its face thickened, the
margins connected by a strong straight parietal ledge. Parietal
lamella strong, more or less duplicate, or buttressed on the left side ;
axial lamella small but distinct, a low accessory tubercle sometimes
appearing above it.

Length 321, diam. 12 mill.

Length 28|, diam. 11J mill. (type).

Length 25, diam. 11^ mill.

Bahamas: U Key, one of the Allen's Harbor group, north of
Highborn Key, on the low, sandy southern portion (Maynard).

Strophia eburnia MAYN., Contrib. to Science, ii, p. 144, f. 45
(December, 1894) S. elongata MAYN., t. c., p. 148, f. 46.

This form is closely related to C. ritchiei of Highborn Key. It is
somewhat more slender and more closely ribbed, with the lip some-
what thicker.

U Key is a small key north of Highborn Key, shaped like the let-
ter U, about a quarter of a mile long, and nowhere over a hundred
yards from shore to shore. Upon the southern end of this key,
among scattered palms, Mr. Maynard found hundreds of dead,
bleached shells of this species! On the little hill on the eastern
boi-der of the low, sandy tract, twelve living specimens were collected
from some low bushes. The form is evidently almost extinct, its
area having been invaded by wind-blown sand, according to Mr.
Maynard.

CERION, GROUP XI. 2.03

Form elongatum (Maynard). PI. 39, figs. 4, 5.

Somevvliat more tapering above, with slightly more numerous rib-
lets, 33 on the last whorl ; parietal tooth very large, prominent and
double. Length of type 33^, diam. 12J mill. Varies from 36^x13
to 30fxll£ mill. Dead specimens only were found on a little key
about a mile north of IT Key, at Allen's Harbor.

C. GLANS (Krister). Plates 40, 41, 42, 43.

Shell cylindric or long ovate, white, blue-white or cream-white,
uniform or mottled or striped with brown, ochre or purple-brown ;
often dull and lustreless; ribbed more or less strongly, usually with
20 to 30 ribs on the penultimate whorl. Aperture irregularly ovate,
brown or ochraceous within, the lip expanded or reflexed, usually
thickened; parietal callus generally thick, often raised, forming a
straight ridge or ledge.

Bahamas : New Providence and Andros with the immediately adja-
cent keys and islets ; Gun Cay.

Pupa glans KOSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 74, pi. 11, f. 1, 2 (1848 or
earlier) — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 316; viii, p. 355 — SOWERBY, C.
Icon., pi. 1, f. 2a.

Pupa varin BONNET, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie (Ser. 2), xvi,

p. 71, pi. 6, f. 3«, 36, 4 (1864).— PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 291 C.

glans varium Bonnet, PILS. AND VAN., Proc. A. N. S. P. 1896, p.
324 — ?Pupa zebra Weinland, SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xix, pi. 2,
f. 12a, 126 (May, 1875) Strophia cnrtissfi MAYNARD, Contribu-
tions to Science, ii, No. 3, p. 107, f. 33 (December, 1894) S. cur-

tissi nivea MAYNARD, t. c., p. 112, f. 34^ (on p. 117). — Strophia
thorndikei MAYNARD, t. c., p. 116, f. 34.Z?,(?,Z). — Strophia cinerea
MAYNARD, t. c., p. 119, f. 35 — Strophia cinerea robusta MAYNARD,
t. c., p. 121, f. 36. — Strophia cinerea tracta MAYNARD, t. c., p. 123, f.
37 A — Strophia cinerea mutata MAYNARD, t. c., p. 125, f. 377?. —
Strophia albea MAYNARD, t. c., p. 128, f. 38.

Strophia r.oryi MAYN., t. c., p. 129, f. 30. — S. negtecta MAYN.,
t. c., p. 150, f. 47.— £ neglecta agctva MAYN., t. c., p. 152, f. 48 —
S. carlotta MAYN., t. c., no. 4, p. 154, f. 49 (Dec., 1894).

S. glans Kuester, MAYNARD, t. c., p. 156, f. 50. — S. glans grisca

MAYN., t. c., p'. 159, f. 51.— S. regula MAYN., t. c., p. 161, f. 52

>*.' b'marghtata MAYN., t. c., p. 164, f. 53. — £. b. cera MAYN., t. r.,
p. 1('8. f 54. — S. piisbryi MAYN., t. <•.. |». 170. f. nri.—S. p. *v<>lra

254 CERION, GROUP XI.

MAYN., t. c., p. 173, f. 57. — S. reslricta MAYN., t. c., p. 175, f. 58.
— S. crassicostata MAYNARD, unpublished.

Cerion cinereum Mayn., BALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxv, no.
9, p. 119 (Nassau, Gun Cay, Groat Ragged Cay) — ? C. glans

Ku'ster, Dall, t. c., p. 117 (Watling Island) C. glans Kiist.,

PILSBRY, Nautilus, xii, p. 26 (Gun Cay) — ? Cerion neglcctum
Mayn., DALL, t. c., p. 120 (Great Stirrup Cay).

This is a widely distributed species extending from New Provi-
dence and Andros westward to islets on the western edge of the
Great Bahama Bank. South of New Providence it has been modi-
fied into larger forms which may be allowed specific rank.

As usual in Cerion^ every " colony " has its own characteristics of
coloring and form, and its own cycle of variations. In the mass or
average of specimens from a single spot, these local peculiarities are
often quite perceptible, sometimes striking ; but the variations among
individuals of any colony fully cover the differences between col-
onies, so that if we conventionally represent the single colony by a
circle, the periphery of which stands for the extremes of variation,
then the series of colonies could be represented by a series of such
circles overlapping in Tarious degrees, sometimes forming chains,
sometimes complexly interlaced groups. Where one has a large
series from any one point, it is easy to see that the variations within
a single " family " are frequently greater than the differences be-
tween several such colonies.

It is this complete intergradation between colonies, even if shown
by but a small percentage of individuals, which causes me to reject
as species the forms defined by Mr. Maynard. That these local
forms exist, distinguishable in the majority or average of specimens,
has been established by Maynard, beyond controversy ; but they are
not " species." They are " physiological varieties," which owe
their characteristics to the immediate action of the environment, and
respond to any changes therein. There is every reason to believe
that some of Mr. Maynard's " species " may be produced in one
generation by changing the food plant from a woody shrub growing
in a sterile place, to succulent herbage in a more favorable soil, just
as a plant growing on a hard roadside will be stunted, bear few and
comparatively simple leaves and a single flower, perhaps, while in
the cultivated field hard by it will attain greater size, different
shaped leaves, profuse inflorescence, etc. That C. glans varies con-

C EH ION, GROUP XI. 255

spicuously with locality and station is proven. That zoological knowl-
edge is increased by naming the individual colonies from every sisal
field and potato patch in the Bahamas, is open to question. The im-
portance of studying and recording the local variations is another
matter. The study of the variation of a species is hampered rather
than helped by a load of names, which exactly fit only the series of
shells obtained by the namer.

The forms of C. glans fall into several general groups, the differ-
ential features of which are transgressed by comparatively few
specimens. These groups may conveniently be termed sub-species.
a. Outer lip reflexed, thickened on the face, generally more or less
beveled.

b. Parietal callus appressed, not raised to form a ridge :

typical glans.
bl. Parietal callus raised in a straight ridge or ledge.

c. New Providence forms : sub-species coryi.

cl. Andros forms, often bluish-white : subsp. griseum.

-a1. Outer lip but little or not expanded, thin ; riblets usually nar-
rower : subsp. varium.
The species from Highborn and other keys south of New Provi-
dence are related to the varium type.

Forms from New Providence.
Subsp. VARIUM (Bonnet). PI. 40, figs. 5-11.

Shell rather shortly rimate, cylindric, the terminal cone rather long
and gradually tapering. White or cream-white, very irregularly
striped and maculate with dark brown, and usually with some ochre or
yellowish-brown streaks or patches. Sculpture of close, Jine riblets
throughout, usually a little narrower than the intervals, and about
25 to 30 in number on the penultimate whorl, the greater number
typical. Whorls 10 to 12, nearly flat. Aperture angularly ovate,
usually dark brown or dull lead-color within; peristome whitish,
very narrowly expanded, the margins connected by an almost straight,
raised ledge or cord acro-s the parietal wall. Parietal lamella
strong, short; axial lamella minute.

Length 25, diam. 10 mill. (Bonnet's type).

Length 22, diam. 10 mill.

Length 20J, diam. 8^ mill.

Bahamas : New Providence at Nassau (Swift, J. J. White and
•others).

256 OERION, GROUP XI.

The prominent features of this sub-species are its fine riblets, very
narrowly expanded or subreflexed lip, dark interior, mottled coloring
and the raised ridge across the parietal wall. A large series of
specimens agreeing exactly with Bonnet's description and figures is
before me. A long and a short example, collected last year at
Nassau by Mr. J. J. White, are figured, pi. 40, figs. 8, 9. Typically
the color stripes or spots run over both ribs and intervals, but
occasionally the riblets are all white, as in a series collected by Mr.
Bendall on New Providence, pi. 40, figs. 10, 11. Bonnet's original
figures are copied on pi. 40, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Form curtissii Maynard (pi. 40, fig. 12) is rather pale with sparser
dark maculation, looking a little bleached beside the typical varium.
Tavrny or ochre patches replace part of the white. The aperture is
typical, but riblets often more spaced, 21 to 25 on the penult, whorl.
The type .98 x.40 inch, is almost exactly the size of the type of
varium ; but smaller specimens are common. The young have only
a columellar lamella. Type locality is the north side of the ceme-
tery between Waterloo pond and Nassau. It occurs also outside the
cemetery wall to the west, and near the western border of the pond
mentioned. In Maynard's " form no. 1 " (pi. 40, fig. 13) the dark
markings are faint or disappear, the lip is perceptibly thicker, and
the riblets more numerous. It " is inclined to occur to the westward
of the type location." "Form no. 2" (pi. 40, fig. 14) is elongate
with 11 whorls, 21-27 riblets on the penult., lip rather thick, color
typical. Occurs to the southward of type locality. " Form no. 3 "
is like the preceding, but with thinner lip. Occurs southward and
eastward of type locality. "Form no. 4" is the sixe of the type,
but the riblets are reduced irregular growth-lines except behind the
lip, blotches large and dark. Five were found "among some
banyan trees that stand on the top of a little hill in the cemetery,
near an old ruin." " Form no. 5 " is similar to the type in form and
color, a little smaller, and the peristome is built forward and very
thin. The parietal lamella is larger, three times as long as high, in
most specimens. Spotter's Key, an islet in Nassau Harbor, lying
about a third of a mile from the cemetery. Form nivea Maynard
(pi. 40. fig. 15) varies from pure white to the ordinary color of
curtissii. It is rather thin, and the parietal lamella often smaller
than in curtissii. It occurs clinging to the trunk and limbs of the
banyan tree near the old ruin in the cemetery mentioned above.

CERION, GROUP XI. 257

In form thorndikei Maynard (pi. 40, figs. 16 to 19) tire size is re-^
duced, the cone usually long, and the color faded, sometimes even
white, the dark blotches being much reduced in size, number and
intensity, and chiefly confined to the interstices. The riblets are-
white, and there is but little or none of the rich tawny color which*
adorns the type form. Length about 18, diam. 8 mill., riblets 23-261
on penult, whorl. This form occurred on the east side (chiefly) of
a path across the cemetery mentioned above* about midway between
the gate and a hill in the cemetery. Thorndikei is merely a small
or somewhat dwarfed form of curtissii. It occupies an area of about
100 square yards, surrounded on all sides by that of curtissii..
Among the larger shells there are some very small, length 14-15,
diam. 7^-8 mill., with 7-| whorls (fig. 19).

Form cinereum Maynard (pi. 40, fig. 20 ; pi. 41, figs. 21, 22, 23).
Shape varying from that of ordinary variant to somewhat stouter.
Riblets often stronger, about 25 on the penult, whorl. Whorls 9^ to
10. Aperture dull brown inside, the peristome narrowly or hardly
expanded, scarcely or but little thickened. Riblets white or pale,
the intervals various shades of brown, or largely invaded by white
tracts. Length 29, diam. 11 mill., or somewhat smaller, -length 26,.
diam. 10^ mill., down to 23 x 9-J mill.

Hog Islan-d, Nassau Harbor, along the shore of Middle Bay^

Some specimens, Mr. Maynard's " form no. 2 " (fig< 24) are
heavily mottled with black-brown and ochre, the ribs still mainly
white. These occur east of the type locality, adjoining it. Larger,
heavier shells than the type but similarly colored, occur northward1
(fig. 22). On the north- side of Hog Island, among some dwarf
palms growing directly back of the beach ridge, a stouter form,
robusta Maynard, with 9 whorls, length 28, diam. 13| mill, occurs.
I can see no difference deserving a name in the specimens. In a
restricted area on the borders of a field nearly on the eastern point
of Hog Island the form called tracta by Maynard occurs (pi. 41,.
figs. 25, 26, 27). The interstices are chiefly dark, ribs white. Size
varying from 19 to 28 mill. long. Many of them are absolutely in-
distinguishable from Maynard's " form no. 2 " of cinerea.

On shrubs along the rocky northern shore of the western half of
Long Key (about a mile east of Hog Island), a form called S. cinerea'
mutata Mayn. occurs. It resembles cinerea of Hog Island in every-
thing but distribution (pi. 41, figs. 28, 29, 30), the las-t figure repre-
senting Maynard's " form no. 1."

258 CERION, GROUP XI.

Form albea Mayn. (pi. 41, fig. 31). On the south side of Spruce
J£ey, a barren little islet north of Long Key, a few specimens, mostly
/dead, of " Slrophia albea" Maynard occurred. They are rather
.dai*k 'flesh-colored outside and within, or brown inside; uniform, or
^with <the ribs a little paler. A specimen measures, length 23^,
diam. 10 mill.; ribs on penult, whorl 24. It seems nearly extinct,
^as only three living ones were found.

A peculiar 'form allied to varium, ritchiei and eburneum is illus-
trated, on <pl. 44, tfigs. 78, 79,80. It is pillar-like, some specimens
\very 'large .and long, with as many as 12^ whorls, others (fig. 79)
•are much smaller. The lip is not expanded, aperture small with the
margins built forward. The locality is unknown, but as the speci-
mens occurred with Pleurodonte provisoria, Cepolis varians, the New
Providence form of Oxystyla undata, and some marine shells, it is
likely that they are from New Providence.

iSubsp. CORYI Maynard. PI. 41, figs. 32-36.

The oblong-cylindric shell is solid, strongly ribbed, intervals
thrown, in places black-brown, the ribs chiefly white, about 20 on
f*he penult, whorl. Aperture brown within, the peristome reflexed and
trecurved, thickened OH the face (fig. 34); parietal callus heavy and
ithick, but typically not elevated in a straight ledge. Parietal lamella
-strong and usually rather long; axial lamella small but distinct,
length 25, diam. 10-11 mill. There is also a short form, length 21,
diam- '.9-J-10 mill. This variety occurs en the extreme west end
•of 'New 'Providence, on the bushes and herbage growing along the
bay. Five specimens, undoubtedly coryi, were taken by Mr. May-
>nard on Spruce Key, off Nassau, the type locality of " S. albea."

Mr. Maynard's coryi, "form no. 5" (pi. 41, figs. 35, 36), is very
*mall, 17^x8 to 20x9 mill, has a distinct ledge or ridge across the
parietal wall, the outer lip is not reflexed or thickened, and there are
:about 25 riblets on the penult, whorl. Parietal lamella small. It
is very similar to "thorndikei" and exactly like some specimens
-.of " cinerea, form no. 1," of Maynard. According to Mr. Maynard,
there are many individuals of intermediate characters connecting
•this form to coryi.

Form neglectum Maynard (pi. 42, fig. 37). Whitish or gray-
'White, sometimes blue-tinted in the interstices, and usually obscurely
Showing a few dark blotches. Ribs irregularly and widely spaced.

CERION, GROUP XI. 259

Aperture brown inside, the outer lip reflexed, often thickened on the
face ; parietal callus ridge-like ; parietal lamella small and short.
Length 22, diam. 10 mill., but varying from 26 to 19 mill. long.
Mr. Maynard collected the types in 1884 on the borders of a deserted
plantation about a mile west of Fort Charlotte, N. P. One of these
is figured, pi. 42, fig. 37. Nine years later he revisited the spot,
finding the plantation cultivated, the bushes uprooted to make place
for sisal fields. The shells occurring on the Agave plants in this
place were chiefly intermediates between " neglectum " and the
alleged subspecies ** S. n. agava." This form agava (pi. 42, fig. 38,
one of the type lot, and figs. 39 to 44), which is one of the most
abundant in the collections I have seen, is typically larger than
"neglectum" dirty brownish- or ashen-white, copiously or sparsely
maculate or suffused with purplish- or bluish-brown ; lusterless ; the
ribs are nearly regular, usually about 23 (rarely as many as 29) on
the penult, whorl. The outer lip is reflexed in a thick flange, and
the parietal callus forms a strong raised and straightened ledge.
Interior brown, the parietal lamella generally rather short, occasion-
ally elongated. It is common throughout the sisal fields west of
Nassau. Mr. Maynard traced it about eight miles west and a mile
inland.

A specimen of the agava type in the collection of the Academy
was received from Dr. Pfeiffer as glans, and bears his autograph
label.

In the immediate vicinity of Fort Charlotte, near Nassau, the
form called S. carlotta Maynard (pi. 42, figs. 45, 46, 47) occurs.
" The type locality is at the foot of the hill on which the fort stands,
on the north side." The shell is stout in figure, ovate or oblong-
cylindric, dull, pale brownish- white with indistinct darker markings.
The ribs are rather narrow, lip reflexed and more or less thickened,
parietal callus strongly or moderately developed. To the westward
of the type locality somewhat larger and heavier shells occur (fig.
47), and up the hill, almost under the shadow of the old Spanish
fort, a dwarf form (fig. 46) is found, its small stature probably due
to the extreme dryness of the place, as Maynard remarks. " S.
carlotta " if thrown among a handful of the ordinary "agava" form,
could not be distinguished from them, because there are no differ-
ences whatever between many specimens. "Carlotta" is merely a
name for "agava" from Fort Charlotte.

260 CERION, GROUP XI.

Typical C. GLANS (Kiister). PI. 42, figs. 48, 49, 50, 51, 52.

" Shell rimate, ovate, rather acute, rose-white, strongly ribbed,,
the ribs close, white. Whorls 10, a little convex, narrow, the last
banded below with brown. Aperture semi-ovate, glossy and pale
yellow within; peristome recurved, thickened, the parietal margin
with one fold.

" Shell with an arcuate umbilical chink ending in a perforation*
short and stumpy, broad ovate, rapidly tapering above, thin, almost
lusterless, rose-reddish-white, obliquely ribbed except the first two
whorls, the ribs strong, acute, crowded and somewhat arcuate. The
10 whorls are very narrow, flat-convex, appearing somewhat sepa-
rated by an impressed suture ; the last forms more than a third of the
entire length, and shows towards the base a brown-reddish band sur-
rounding the umbilical region, its lower edge washed out. The suture
is irregularly crenate by the projecting ribs. Aperture :obliquely
half-ovate, glossy and pale yellow inside ; peristome thick, lippedr
reflexed outwardly, the margins connected by a callus. Columella
short, rather straight, on the parietal wall a small fold stands, and a
quite indistinct one may be seen far within on the upper part of the
columella. -Length 8^-10, width 4-5 lines" (Kuster)-.^

New Providence, near Nassau (J. J. White).

Kuster's description is given above, and his figures are copied on
pi. 42, figs. 51, 52. The habitat Of the species was unknown, but
from the exact agreement with description and figures of specimens
collected by Mr. J. J. White at Nassau, New Providence, there
can be no reasonable doubt that that is the type' locality. These
shells (pi. 42, figs. 48, 49, 50) are flesh-tinted in the intervals be-
tween whitish riblets, which are narrower than the spaces and very
numerous; the rather narrowly reflexed lip is thick ; the aperture is
pale brownish -yellow or ochre-tinted within. The parietal callus is
thick and heavy, appressed and gradually thinner towards its outer
margin, not forming an elevated ridge across the parietal wall, as in
the ordinary " glans " of collections. Whorls 9^ to 10^. It is often,
more elongate than Kuster's types, specimens measuring :

Alt. 25, diam. 12 mill. ; riblets on penult, whorl 25.

Alt. 26-J, diam. 12 mill. ; riblets on penult, whorl 31.

Alt. 29, diam. 12^ mill.; riblets on penult, whorl 35.
' Alt. 31, diam. 11^ mill. ; riblets on penult, whorl 29.

Some specimens have coarser ribs than the majority of the lot ^

CERION, GROUP XI. 261

others show-some obscure bluish stains, besides the usual basal girdle,
which may be either distinct or wanting in this and the allied species.
Kuster's figure shows about 28 ribs on the penultimate whorl.
Pfeiffer gives alt. 24, diam. 10, apert. 9 mill, long, 8 wide above as
the dimensions, Kuster's types being apparently the only specimens
then known to him.

Forms from Andros (Subsp. GRISEUM Mayn.).

A knowledge of the Cerions of Andros we owe to Mr. C. J. May-
nard, who explored various keys and mainland localities in the neigh-
borhood of Middle Bight, on the eastern side. In general the blue-
white color differentiates them from New Providence forms, but in
many colonies mottled specimens occur, indistinguishable from some
of the New Providence shells.

Form griseum Mayn. (pi. 43, figs. 57, 58). Intervals in part
dull purple-fleshy or purplish-brown, the ribs white, base violet or
flesh-colored in front. Ribs numerous, 27-28 on penult, whorl.
Aperture brown inside, the lip reflexed and recurved, built far for-
ward of the reflection, beveled (fig. 57). Parietal callus a strong,
narrow ridge; parietal tooth stout. Length 25-26, diam. 11^-11
mill. Fields north of Fresh Creek, about a mile from the settle-
ment, along the road to Calabash Bay ; also south of the creek,
where it "completely intergrades " with the following. In fields
directly south of the little settlement on Fresh Creek, but on the
opposite side of the creek, is found the form called S. glans by May-
nard (not glans Kiister). It is white or bluish-white, often with
some livid stains; rather short; 26-28 riblets on penult, whorl;
interior dark, dull brown. The peristome has a more or less devel-
oped flange. Length 22, diam. 10.8 mill. Sometimes it is smaller,
20^x9 mill., with the lip but little thickened, and sometimes larger,
28^x11 mill., with fewer riblets, 23 on the penult, whorl (pi. 43,
fig. 53; "form no. 2," fig. 54; "form no. 3," figs. 55, 56. Some
shells are copiously mottled, and the larger examples of this form
and of griseum can be exactly matched among New Providence
specimens of the ** agava " form.

Form regulum Maynard (pi. 43, fig. 59) is very large, 37^x15
mill., or sometimes as short as 29 mill. ; the ribs are very numerous
and regular, 34 on the penult, whorl ; blue-stained white, the inte-
rior dark brown, parietal ridge strong. Only shells inhabited by

262 CERION, GROUP XI.

hermit crabs wore found along Fresli Creek near the settlement.
One of these mutilated specimens is figured.

Form bimarginatum Mayn. (pi. 43, figs. 60, 61, 62) is white, bluish
or gray-white, with brown aperture. Ribs 23-26 on penult, whorl.
The parietal ridge is usually well elevated, and the outer lip is
doubled, a thin lamina rising a short distance behind the edge (fig.
60j. This is quite unlike the heavy flange of C. glans griseum^ when
typically developed, but varies a great deal, and in some specimens
the lip is identical in structure with small specimens of griseum. The
parietal tooth is strongly developed and often indistinctly doubled by
a callous buttress or accessory tooth on the left side of the principal
one. The young have five teeth, unlike New Providence forms, in
which only the columellar lamella is developed in young shells. This
form is found on Green Key, off Andros (figs. 60, 62), and Little
Galden Key, Middle Bight, Andros (fig. 61). Several forms are
distinguished by Maynard. No. 1 (pi. 43, fig. 61) occurs in the
thicket away from the beach, on both keys, is larger with " an incli-
nation to assume a beveled margin and single tooth, with a darker
interior;" ribs 20-27 on penult, whorl. Form No. 2 (fig. 62) is quite
small, bluish, sometimes mottled, the parietal tooth is simple and the
lip merely expanded and a little thickened, like the small form of
griseum. It occurs among grass on the rocks at Green Key.

Nine specimens obtained on trees and bushes on Green Key are
thinner than bimarginatum, externally and internally of a " beautiful
waxy white," the peristome thin, simply expanded a little, not
double. Mr. Maynard has given these individuals the name S.
bimarginata cera (pi. 43, fig. 63).

The form called S. pilsbryi by Maynard (pi. 43, fig. 64), occurs on
an islet called Goat Key, about one-eighth of a mile long and no-
where over fifty yards wide, situated about a half mile directly west
of Little Galden Key, Middle Bight, Andros. The shell is blue-
white, often having a dark basal streak, and more or less indistinct
dark marking on the cone. The lip is white, narrowly reflexed and
more or less thickened. The interior is white, suddenly becoming
dark in the throat. Parietal lamella stout. Length 21-27 mill.
The typical form occurs on the eastern half of the key. On the
western half the shells are yellowish or ivory-white, copiously mottled
with dull brown and purple brown, somewhat larger, the interior
dark brownish throughout. The parietal lamella approaches the

CERION, GROUP XI. 265

parietal ridge, even reaching it in some individuals. Length 22-29
mill. This form is Maynard's S. pilsbryi evolva (pi. 43, fig. 65).,
Intergrades with the blue-white shells of the other end of the key
occur. Very small specimens, length 15^ to 23 mm., were found by
Mr. Maynard on a small tree and the immediately adjacent bushes,
standing in a sandy tract about midway of the western portion of
Goat Key, midway of the range of S. p. evolva. These dwarfed
specimens, of which 75 were found, he has named S. restricta (pi. 43T
figs. 66, 67). They vary from the blue-white tint of pilsbryi, t<x
copiously mottled. Mouth dark inside. It is merely a colony of
stunted individuals, with no other difference from the larger shells of
the islet.

This series from Goat Key intergrades completely with one form
or another of S. glans Maynard (not Kiister), and S. bimarginata
Maynard.

Form from Gun Cay.

Specimens collected by Dr. Win. H. Rush (pi. 43, figs. 68, 69)'
are cylindric, moderately solid, sculptured with rather narrow ribletsr
21 to 26 on the penultimate whorl. The parietal callus is thick and
somewhat elevated, or moderate and appressed. The lip is reflexed,-
recurved, thickened and beveled ; parietal lamella slender, rather
small. They vary from white to copiously mottled, and are almost
exactly like some specimens from the cemetery between Nassau and?
Waterloo pond. This is the most remote colony of G. glans yet
known.

C. BLA.NDI Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 44, fig. 81.

Shell solid and strong, cylindric-tapering, the latter 3 whorls ap
preaching equality in diameter, those above slowly tapering to form»
a long cone, gradually passing into the cylindrical portion. Light
grayish, with inconspicuous white flecking. Whorls 10, the nepionic
2£ corneous, smooth, the following 2| weakly, distinctly ribbed, later
4^ to 5 whorls very sharply and roughly, strongly ribbed* ribs narrow
and high, 19 to 22 on each of the two or three later whorls. Um-
bilicus compressed, rimate, the area behind columellar lip excavatedr
smooth. Aperture ovate, white within; peristome reflexed and re-
curved, its face not thickened ; parietal callus heavy, forming a
strong bar across the space between lip ends. Parietal tooth median r
moderately strong.

264 CERION, GROUP XII.

Length 27^, diam. 11 ; alt. of aperture W± mill.

Length 26 J, diam. 11 ; alt. of aperture 10 mill.

Bahamas : Turk's Island,

Gerion blandi PILS. & VAN.J Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1896, p. 334,
pi. 11, f. 7.

This species resembles the more slender forms of G. glans in gen-
eral figure and the stout parietal callus; but the ribs are conspicu-
ously different, peculiarly rough and unfinished in appearance,
somewhat like C. felts. The locality suggests that it may group
elsewhere than with C. glans, but the conchological characters remind
only of the glans group. (Dedicated to Thomas Bland.)

/C. MARTINIANUM (Ktister). PI. 44, figs. 75, 76, 77.

Shell shortly rimate, solid, cylindric-tapering, the apical cone
rather long and gradually passing into the subcylindric portion ;
yellowish-white or flesh-tinted, uniform or inconspicuously mottled
with darker. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the first smooth, next
.finely striate, the striae gradually increasing in size to moderately
strong riblets, 25 to 28 on the penultimate whorl. A furrow below
and parallel to the suture defines a subsutural band which appears
beaded by the ends of the riblets. Aperture ovate, white or pale
yellow, the lip reflexed, moderately thick; parietal callus rather
heavy, appressed. Parietal lamella short, axial lamella small.

Length 20.5, diam. 8.7 mill.

Length 18.5, diam. 9 mill. Bahamas f

Pupa martiniana KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 75, pi. 11, f. 3, 4, 4*.
— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 324.— SOWB., C. Icon. pi. 2, f. 16.— 5.
martensi MAYNARD, Contrib. to.Sci. ii, p. 182.

The habitat of this species is still unknown, although it is not
• especially rare in the older collections. Named for F. H. W.
Martini, author of the earlier volumes (1769-1777) of the Conchylien
Cabinet.

XII. Group of G. martensi. ,

Shell sculptured with very fine, close rib-strife or smooth ; usually
variegated richly with dark, irregular stripes; teeth small ; parietal
callus thin or heavy, but not forming a straight raised ledge.

As in the allied G. maritimum group of Cuba, some species are
dimorphic, having both smooth and striate forms ; and they vary

CERION, GROUP XII. 265

from a richly striped color-pattern to pure white. These variations
are apparently not racial.

Various members of the groups of C. maritimum, O. cyclostoma,
O. crassilabris, C. gubernatorium and C. glans, approach forms of
this group in sculpture.

Three species, mnrtensi, multistriatum and marmoratum, are from
the Crooked Island group. C. eximium is from Cat Island, agresti-
num from New Providence, and bendalli from Abaco. The locali-
ties of C. grune^i and O. fordi are unknown. Perhaps C. venustum
Poey (p. 203) belongs to the group.

C. EXIMIUM (Maynard). PI. 38, figs. 76, 77, 78.

Shell deeply rimate, moderately solid, cylindric-oval ; white, cop-
iously striped with dark chestnut ; densely and finely rib-striate.
Whorls 9^, scarcely convex, the last paler at the base, the umbilical
area impressed. Terminal cone rather short, with convex outlines,
the apical whorls brownish-corneous. Aperture ovate, dark bluish-
gray within ; peristome narrowly reflexed, white, thick, the margins
joined by a rather strong parietal callus, thin in the middle, thick at
the sides, or thick throughout. No noticeable axial lamella. Pari-
etal lamella very small, rather short ; behind it a low, rounded ridge
revolves upward into the penultimate whorl, there being an excavation
or gutter encircling the axial pillar (fig. 78).

Length 231, diam. 9^-10 mill.

Length 22, diam. 9 mill. Bahamas : Cat Island.

Strophia eximea MAYN., Contrib. to Sci., ii, p. 177, 178, fig.
59 a, b, 61 «, c (December, 1894).

In this species, of which part of the original lot is before me, the
striation is perceptibly less fine than in O. martensianum. The ridge
running inward from the inner end of the parietal lamella seems to
be constant and characteristic. Mr. Maynard mentions very small
specimens without giving the dimensions.

Var. FRATEKNUM, n. v. PL 38, figs. 79, 80.

Shell finely rib-striate, streaked and striped with reddish-brown on
a white ground, as in C. eximium, from which it differs in the follow-
ing particulars : The form is short, broad and oval ; whorls 8^; um-
bilical area much smaller ; interior without a spiral ridge and gutter
encircling the central column; parietal lamella decidedly stronger.

266 CERION, GROUP XII.

Length 17f, diam. 9 mill.

Length 14|, diam. 7^ mill. San Salvador, (Bland).

C. AGRESTINUM (Maynard). PI. 38, figs. 81-85.

Shell shortly rimate, varying from oval to cylindric, rather thin ;
whitish or white, copiously striped with blackish-brown or red-
brown ; densely and finely rib-striate. Whorls 9-1 0^, the upper
ones flat, last two slightly convex ; terminal cone rather straightly
conic, the apex obtuse. Aperture ovate, dark within, the peristome
narrowly reflexed, whitish. Parietal lamella small ; axial lamella
obsolete at the aperture ; parietal callus thin and transparent.

Length 20, diam. 9 mill. Length 15-18^, diam. 8 mill.

Length 21^, diam. 8£ mill. Length 26, diam. 10 mill.

Bahamas: New Providence, on the south side, about opposite
Nassau, in pine woods with some palms, about half a mile from the
shore (Maynard).

This species differs from C. eximium in the thinner lip and pari-
etal callus, and in completely wanting the peculiar internal ridge and
gutter described in that species. Mr. W. Bendall collected speci-
mens varying from heavily striped to pure white (pi. 38, figs. 82, 83,
84), the intermediate specimens having sparse livid streaks on a
whitish ground, the base fleshy or bluish. Figure 85 is from a
specimen received from Mr. Maynard, representing his form no. 1.

It has finer, closer riblets than <?. glans varium, which differs
moreover in the straight parietal ledge. C. martensi is more finely
striate.

C. BENDALLI Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 44, fig. 84.

Shell very shortly rimate, cylindric, with obtuse, straightly conic
terminal cone ; thin, white, copiously mottled and striped with brown
and rust-brown ; the apical whorls corneous-brown. Sculpture of
delicate riblets a little narrower than their intervals, about 34 on the
penult, whorl, much weaker on the base. Whorls 10-1 0^, very
slightly convex. Aperture dark purplish-brown inside ; peristome
rather narrowly reflexed, white ; parietal callus thin and translucent ;.
parietal tooth very small, short.

Length 19J, diam. 8^ mill.

Length 21^, diam. 8| mill.

Bahamas : Abaco (H. D. Van Nostrand).

CERION, GROUP XII. 267

C. abacoense bendalli P. & V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p.
332, pi. 11, f. 13.

The exceedingly short umbilical chink shows that this form is
probably related to C. abacoense , rather than to the group of (7. mar-
tensi, which it resembles in sculpture and color. It is here grouped
with the latter on account of its superficial resemblance. A speci-
men about two-thirds grown is toothless. (Named for Mr. Wilfred
Bendall, author of a list of land shells of the Bahamas.)

C. GRUNERI (Pfeiffer).

"Shell deeply rimate, cylindrical, rather solid, closely plicate j
white, beautifully marbled with fulvous and chestnut ; plica close*
hair-like, nearly straight, as wide as the interstices. Apex conic,
rather obtuse; whorls 11, a trifle convex, the apical smooth; last
whorl somewhat compressed below the umbilical chink. Aperture
semi-oval, fleshy-livid within, with an entering parietal and a deeply
placed columellar tooth ; peristome expanded, reflexed, the margins
slightly connected. Length 29, diam. 11 mill.; aperture 10^ mill,
long, 9 wide" (Pfr.}. Habitat unknown (Gruner coll.).

Pupa gruneri PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 15; Monogr. ii,
p. 322.

Pfeiffer's description is given above. I have identified as gruneri
some specimens of unknown locality (pi. 44, fig. S3) agreeing with
Pfeiffer's diagnosis in coloration, sculpture and size. The parietal
lamella is continued as a low fold into a dorsal position, being thus
very long for this group. It is a larger species than eximium, with
finer riblets, and broader than marmoratum. C. martensi is hardly
distinguishable, having the same very fine, close rib-striae. Cf. also
C. venustum Poey.

C. MARTENSI (Weinland). PI. 38, figs. 73, 74, 75.

Shell obliquely and deeply rimate, solid, oblong, closely hair-
striate, variegated with brownish-corneous and whitish. Spire longr
more ventricose above the middle, terminating in an obtuse cone.
Whorls 11, nearly flat, the last exceeding one-third the total length,
somewhat ascending in front, subcompressed at base. Aperture
oval-lunar, brown inside, scarcely obstructed by the minute, deeply
placed dentiform parietal callus ; peristome thick, reflexed through-
out, the margins joined by a rather thick callus ; no columellar fold.

268 CERION, GROUP XII.

Length 30, diam. 11^ mill.; aperture with peristome 11 mill, long
( WeinL). Bahamas : Crooked Island (Weinland).

Pupa martensi WEINL., Malak. Bl. ix, 1862, p. 194.— PFR., Novit.
Conch, p. 364, pi. 84, f. 3-5 ; Monogr. vi, p. 290. — SOWB., C. Icon,
pi. 2, f. 15 (bad).

This species is distinguished by its extremely Jine, close sfriation,
which is perhaps more minute than in any other species. The
color-pattern of ragged stripes is common to allied forms. The
specimen before me, received from the author, has been inhabited by
a hermit crab, and I fancy that the absence of the usual axial, and
small size of the parietal lamella, noted by Weinland in his original
description, may have been due to the wear caused by similar
occupants of all the specimens. Many specimens are smaller than
the type. That before me measures 26 mill, long, 10 wide. A still
smaller one is figured by Pfeiffer, from the original lot (fig. 73).

C. MULTISTRIATUM Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 44, fig. 82.

Shell small and rather thin, shortly rimate, short cylindrical;
white, longitudinally marbled with gray or chestnut-brown. Whorls 8
to 8J, the latter two or three about equal in diameter, the rest rapidly
tapering, apex obtuse. Sculptured with excessively fine, close,
sharp thread-like striae, apical 2 whorls smooth. Aperture rounded
ovate, obliquely truncate; peristome narrowly reflexed; parietal
callus moderate or very thin ; axial fold median, moderate ; parietal
tooth extremely small.

Length 17, diam. 7 ; alt. of aperture 6J mill.

Length 14, diam. 7 ; alt. of aperture 5 mill.

Bahamas: Crooked Island (Bland).

C. multistriatum P. & V., P. A. N. S. 1896, p. 335, pi. 11, f. 8. .

This is a small, extremely fine striated form with very small
parietal tooth. It is represented in the collection of the Academy
by five specimens, given by Mr. H. D. Van Nostrand, and originally
from Bland. The striation is about as fine as in the much larger,
usually more tapering, C. martensi^ of which, indeed, this maj
prove to be a diminutive race.

C. MARMORATUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 38, figs. 86, 87, 88, 89, 90.

" Shell ri mate-perforate, subcylindric-ovate, solid, striatulat(
glossy ; snow-white, ornamented with longitudinal, chestnut, diaphai

CERION, GROUP XII. 269

ous flames. Spire perceptibly tapering above, apex obtuse ; whorls

10, nearly flat, the last plicate at the base. Columella obsoletely and
deeply toothed ; parietal fold moderate, deeply placed. Aperture
semi-oval, livid brown inside; peristome thickened, reflexed, the mar-
gins converging above. Length 24, diam. scarcely 10 mill.; aperture
9 mill, long, 8 wide" (Pfr.)..

Bahamas : Fortune Island (John B. Henderson, Jr. ; Chas. T.
Simpson).

Pupa marmorata PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, p. 83; Monogr.

11, p. 323; iii, p. 539 ; iv, 658; vi, 290.— KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab.,
Pupa, p. 159, pi. 19, f. 10-12—? SOWB., Conch. Icon., pi. 2, f. 10.—
Pupa chrysalis var., DKSII. in Fer., Hist., pi. 156, f. 7, 8. — Cerion
marmoratum Pfr., HENDERSON, Nautilus xv, p. 85, pi. 5, f. 3, 4
(Dec., 1901).

This beautiful species is well distinguished by its elegant coloration
of irregular blackish-chestnut or pale chestnut stripes on a snowy
ground, the comparatively smooth surface, which typically shows only
faint growth-lines except at the base, which is usually plicate, and
the rather long, ovate mouth, which is very dark within.

The contour is generally tapering, though cylindric specimens
occur. Sometimes the last two or three whorls are finely and closely
striate, the striae varying from merely perceptible to moderately
strong. The coloration seems unusually constant in the 38 examples
before me, but in one lot of seven specimens, two are white, like C.
incanum. The size varies, as usual.

Length 31^, diam. 10 mill.

Length 28, diam. 10 mill.

Length 25, diam. 11 mill.

Length 27|, diam. 9^ mill. (Fortune I.)

Length 20, diam. 7^ mill.

Length 16J, diam. 7 mill.

The locality has hitherto been uncertain. 1 have seen specimens
labeled " Cuba," " St. Thomas," " Porto Rico," " Cat Island," etc.,
but Messrs. Henderson and Simpson have recently collected typical
specimens on Fortune Island, a small islet of the Crooked Island
group ; thus fixing its habitat.

One of the specimens from Fortune Island before me, referred by
Henderson to marmoratum, is finely and sharply striate throughout,
even on the cone of the spire. It thus approaches close to (\ eximium.

270 CERION, GROUP XII.

C. FORDII Pilsbry and Vanatta. PI. 38, figs. 67, 68, 72.

Shell cylindrical, the latter three whorls of equal diameter, those
earlier forming a rather short, obtuse cone. Whorls 10 to 10^,
earlier two white, smooth, the following finely striated, strias or rib-
lets evenly spaced though of variable closeness, in number 32 to 45
on the last or next to last whorl, not splitting or more numerous on
the base of the shell, which is rounded, not compressed ; umbilical
chink short, subperforate. Color : longitudinally mottled with
brown, ochre and snow-white ; sometimes uniform white.

Aperture vertical or with the base somewhat advanced ; parietal
lamella about median, high, long and strong, extending backward
about four millimeters. Columellar fold very slight, situated high.
Peristome reflexed, its face much thickened ; light brown or whitish ;
parietal wall generally heavily calloused.

Length 30, diam. of penult, whorl 12, alt. aperture 12^ mill.

Length 27, diam of penult, whorl 12, alt. aperture 10^ mill.

Length 28^, diam. of penult, whorl 11, alt. aperture 11 mill.

Form submarmoratum P. & V. (PL 38, figs. 69, 70, 71.) Like
the type except that it is ribless, smooth with slight growth-wrinkles ;
sutures a little exserted and seam-like above. White, unicolored or
with irregular longitudinal dark fleshy brown stripes and sometimes
ochraceous stains. The first post-nepionic whorl of the cone is usu-
ally striated. Aperture typical. Bahamas.

G.fordii P. & V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1897, p. 365, figs. 1, 2,
and var. submarmoratum^ f. 3, 4 ; Nautilus, xii, p. 27, same figures
reprinted.

Typical C. fordii exactly resembles externally a coarsely sculp-
tured form of G. datti from Inagua ; but it has the internal armature
of " Strophiops " or " Maynardia" It is a coarser, larger shell than
G. eximium of Cat Island and G. agrestinum of New Providence,
with far stronger development of peristome and teeth and more inter-
rupted strigation. G.fordii has not the raised ledge across the par-
ietal wall of G. glans varium, from New Providence, has stronger
peristome and teeth, and is larger.

The pure white form of G. fordii resembles G. abacoense, but is less
stout in the average, has a liver-tinted mouth and lip, and the parie-
tal tooth is notably longer and stronger.

Form submarmoratum is a larger shell than C. marmoratum,
stouter above, and with a much more developed parietal tooth. It

CERION, GROUP XIII. 271

has not the expanded umbilical area of C. regina eucosmium, ot
Turk's Island.

White specimens of this variety are very similar to O. ehuihera,
T)ut do not taper gradually as that species, the angle of obliquity of
the aperture is different, etc.

Several hundreds of this species were obtained by Mr. John Ford
from a barrel of shells from the Bahamas, exact island unfortunately
unknown. On comparison with the nearly complete series of Cerion
in the collection of the Academy, it is evident that a new poly-
morphic species is before us, probably from an island or region of
an island hitherto unexplored for this genus. Both the striate and
smooth forms occurred either white or streaked, and so far as we can
judge in nearly equal numbers. Transition forms are fully repre-
sented, though probably 95 per cent, of the specimens are either the
one or the other.

Figures 71, 72 are examples of variation, selected as the most ex-
treme uninjured specimens among some hundreds of shells examined.

Subgenus DIACERION Dall, 1894.
Diacerion DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxv, p. 122.

The inner end of the rather short parietal lamella is contiguous to
or continuous with a denticle, or a long, spirally-entering lamella; an
infra-parietal denticle or parallel lamella is developed between the
parietal lamella and the axis. Part or all of these lamellae are some-
times absent. Axial fold developed. Shell ribbed. Type C. dalli.

This division contains two groups of species : those of Great
Inagua, Bahamas, in which the lamellae may be very long inside,
and those of southern Cuba, in which, so far as we know, three
comparatively short lamellae are invariably developed, or the <4 pari-
etal" and the "spiral" lamellae may be united into one long lamella.

XIII. Group of C. rubicundum (Great Inagua).
The internal armature typical of this group is shown in pi. 45, fig.
88 ; but by shortening of the spiral (s) and infraparietal (i) lamellae
a condition exactly like the Cuban group of C. striatellum is some-
times produced (fig. 98). Further reduction leaves only the parietal
lamella (pi. 46, fig. 10); and in C. bryanti even this may be lost.
These stages of tooth development are demonstrated by the series
before me to be in no way due to age ; I speak of fully adult shells.

'272 CERION, GROUP XIII.

In the present stage of evolution of these organisms, such varia-
tions are not specifically or even varietally constant, except in the
average. .Adult individuals living side by side may exhibit various
tooth arrangements, although the greater number of individuals in
any given colony will agree. The grouping of the various local
forms into conventional " species " is more or less arbitrary.

Key to Species of Inagua.

J. A rather short parietal lamella or none; no deeply-entering spiral'
lamella?; length 16-23 mill.

a. Dark brown with white ribs, or maculate, bryanti, p. 272.
ai. Dull purple with white ribs, roseate above, piidicum, p. 273.

2. A denticle inward from the parietal, and another towards the axis ;
length 14^-15 mill.; densely, finely striate. heterodon, p. 275.

3. Two very long parallel spiral lamellae running within from the
parietal lamella.

«. Roseate above, purplish with white ribs below ; length 22-
25 mill.; riblets 23 to over 40 on penult, whorl.

rubicimdum, p. 274.

a1. Flesh-tinted with white riblets or brown and white macu-
late ; length usually 30-36 mill., riblets 27-73.

dalli, p. 276.
a2. White variegated with gray, the aperture white within.

duplodon, p. 276.

C. BRYANTI (Pfeiffer). PI. 46, figs. 5-10, 13-16.

Shell shortly and deeply rimate, subperforate, oblong, solid ;
chestnut colored, with obtuse, white, rather distant riblets. Spire
tapering in a somewhat obtuse cone, the apex pale corneous. Whorls
9 to 10, a trifle convex, slowly increasing, the last slightly ascending
in front, somewhat compressed around the umbilical fissure. Aper-
ture vertical, sub-oval, dark chestnut colored within ; parietal fold
small and deeply situated, columellar fold obsolete ; peristome white,
somewhat thickened, and narrowly reflexed, the margins joined by a
whitish callus; right margin arcuate, the columellar margin dilated
above. Length 18^ to 21, diam. 7 mill.; aperture with peristome
7£ mill, long, 6 wide (Pfr.).

Southern part of Inagua (W. W. Miller).

Pupa bryanti PFR., Malak. Bl., xiv, 1867, p. 130 ; Novit. Conch.,

CERION, GROUP XIII. 273

p. 366, pi. 84, f. 14, 15 ; Monographia, vi, p. 292. — SOWERBY,
C. Icon., xx, pi. 1, f. 1.

Pfeiffer's description is given above, and his figures are repro-
duced on my plate (figs. 5, 6).

This differs from other Inaguan species in the simple, small and
short parietal lamella, often entirely wanting. In the typical form
the color varies from chocolate with white riblets to maculate or
nearly white throughout. The ribs extend upon the cone, only the
first liL whorls being smooth, and on the penult, whorl they number
as follows :

Length 21^, diam. 8 mill.; ribs on penult, whorl 24.

Length 21, diam. 9 mill.; ribs on penult, whorl 29.

Length 18, diam. 9 mill.; ribs on penult, whorl 31.

Length 16^, diam. 8 mill.; ribs on penult, whorl 30.

Three of these specimens are figured, pi. 46, figs. 7, 8, 9. The
parietal callus, while rather strong and cord-like in some specimens,
is quite thin in others, and the ribs are often distinctly seen in the
interior. In one tray of 17 specimens, 6 have the parietal lamella
more or less developed; in the others it is completely wanting.

In another tray of specimens (pi. 46, figs. 13-16) the whorls of the
cone are nearly smooth, without riblets , and elegantly marbled, and
the form varies from tapering to cylindric; peristome narrow, the
aperture dark purplish-brown within. The parietal lamella is either
absent (fig. 16), present, small and short (fig. 15), or contiguous to
a spiral lamella a half-whorl long, an infra-parietal lamella running
parallel to it (figs. 13, 14); these variations occurring among shells
of apparently the same age, and agreeing in all other features and
variations.

Var. pudicum Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 46, figs. 17, 18.

Still other shells exactly reproduce the color-pattern of C. rubi-
cundum. The lower two or three whorls are dull purple between
white ribs, this ground-color changing above to rose. Riblets on
penult, whorl 27 to 31 ; and becoming very fine and low on the cone.
The interior is brown or ochre-brown. Parietal lamella rather
better developed than in typical bryanti. Of 12 specimens opened,
11 have the simple " Maynardia " parietal lamella, and one has a
short accessory denticle beyond it, corresponding to the outer or
spiral lamella of C. rubicundum.

274 CERION, GROUP XIII.

Specimens measure: 23Jx9 mill.; 20x8f mill.; 17x7 mill. The
brown or white lip is somewhat more thickened than usual in C.
bryanti.

As to the genesis of this set of shells, I am much inclined to be-
lieve it an independent stock which has arisen from C. rubicundum
by degeneration of the lamellse, and in this feature has converged to
the condition of bryanti. The specimens are from the Robert Swift
and H. D. Van Nostrand collections, in that of the Academy.

C. RUBICUNDUM (Menke). PI. 45, figs. 86-90.

Shell very shortly rimate, solid, cylindric or pillar-shaped, white,
becoming rose-colored above, or purple with white riblets, roseate above,
and sometimes light brownish-yellow near the apex. Whorls about
10J, but slightly convex, the last four (three to five) of about equal
diameter, those above forming a moderately long, obtuse cone.
Sculpture of rather close and fine riblets, normally 25 to 40 on the
penultimate whorl, but varying within wider limits. Aperture
truncate-ovate, dark purple within, the peristome usually paler, brown
or whitish, very narrowly reflexed, slightly thickened, continued in
a strong, usually straight callus across the parietal wall. Parietal
lamella continuous with or contiguous to a spiral lamella, which ex-
tends inward about one whorl ; an infra-parietal lamella revolves
parallel with it, penetrates a little deeper, but is not visible in a front
view in the aperture. Axial lamella inconspicuous from in front,
often immersed.

Length 25, diam. 9^ mill.

Length 22, diam. 8£ mill.

Inagua : N.- W. point and east end, on the opposite side of Lake Rosa
(Van Nostrand); scrub lands just back of Matthew stown to the 'salina'
in the interior, clinging to the trunks of small trees (Maynard).

Turbo uva BROOKS, An Introduction to the Study of Conchology,
pp. 126, 163, pi. 8, f. 101 (London, 1815); and Leipzig edition, An-
leitung zu dem Studium der Conchylienlehre, p. 110 (1823). — Pupa
rubicujida MKE., Verzeichniss der Ansehnlichen Conchylien-Samm-
lung des Freiherrn von der Malsburg, p. 8, no. 151 (Pyrmont, 1829);
Syn. Meth. Moll. Museo Menkeano, edit. 2, p. 34 (1830) — KUSTER,
Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 76, pi. 9, f. 8/9 ; pi. 10, f. 3, 4, with var.
variegata Kiist. — Pupa alvearia Dillw., PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 315; iii,
537; iv, 659; vi, 291 DESHAYES, in Fer., Hist., p. 211, pi. 150,

CERION, GROUP XIII. 275

f. 3, 4 KtfSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 80, pi. 11, f. 18 (=ianthina

Mayn.). — SOWB., C. Icon., pi. 3, f. 23 a, b. — Strophia cylindrical
MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 34, pi. 7, f. 2, 4 (March, 1896>.
— Strophia ianthina MAYN., Contrib. to Sci. i, p. 69, pi. 2, f. 1.3 (July,
1889).— S. pattida MAYN., t, c., p. 70, pi. 2, f. 14.

The typical form is rather fine-ribbed, but the variation among
specimens from one place is astonishing, though there are doubtless
fine- and coarse-ribbed colonies. The teeth or lamella? are also
exceedingly variable among fully adult and externally similar shells.
The outer or spiral lamella, while typically long, is often reduced to
a length of one or two mill., and sometimes the inner or infra-parietal
lamella is short or even wholly obsolete. Maynard's S. cylindrica is
a synonym of typical C. rubicundum.

Form ianthinum Mayn. (pi. 45, figs. 91, 92, 93). Usually dull,
dark purple between white ribs, becoming orange or rose above ;
ribs wide-spaced, about 24 on the penult, whorl ; the shell often more
slender than rubicundum. Type locality, " rocky plains between the
elevations that skirt the southern shore of Inagua, and the extensive
salt lake of the interior, about 20 miles from Matthewstown, on the
scattering shrubbery."

Form pallidum Mayn. (pi. 45, fig. 94). Externally flesh-color,
deepening to pale purple on the lower whorls, the peristome, riblets
and apex white ; interior pale purple. Riblets rather wide-spaced,
23 on the penult, whorl. Type locality, " the cultivated fields that
lie on the slopes of the hills that border the southern shores, between
15 and 20 miles from Matthewstown," Inagua.

Both of these forms have the Iamella3 as in C. rubicundum.

Var. IIETERODON Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 45, figs. 96, 97, 98.

Shell small and thin, roseate with white ribs, or maculate with rose
over part of the ribs. Sculpture of densely crowded, fine riblets, 46
to 48 on the penult, whorl. Whorls 8^. Lamellae as in C. stria-
tellum — a short parietal not connected with a somewhat longer spiral
lamella, with a small, short infra-parietal adjacent to the neighboring
ends of the other lamellae. Length 14 to 15, diam. 6 mill.

Inagua (R. Swift).

This is as " good" a species as any of the Diacerions, but while I
have not seen intermediate specimens, I believe it to be a dwarf form
of the rubicundum stock. The four specimens are essentially alike.

276 CERION, GROUP XIII.

C. DALLI (Maynard). PI. 45, figs. 99, 1, 2, 3, 4.

Shell rather large, solid, shortly rimate, cylindric; flesh-tinted,
with white riblets, or nearly white. Whorls about 11-^, but slightly
convex. Sculpture of close, fine, white riblets, typically fifty or more
on the penultimate whorl, but varying within wide limits. Aperture
truncate-ovate, dark purplish brown within, the peristome white or
brown, reflexed and thickened, the margins continuous by a strong
parietal ledge. Parietal lamella rather low and deeply placed, con-
tinuous within with a long spiral lamella which extends inward
about 1^ whorls ; the almost equally long infra-parietal lamella
parallel with it, and usually nearer than in C. rubicundum. Axial
lamella inconspicuous from in front.

Length 22, diam. 10 mill.

Length 31 J, diam. 11 mill.

Length 33, diam. 12^ mill.

Length 36, diam. 11^ mill. Inagua.

Strophia dalli MAYNARD. Contrib. to Science i, p. 128, 129, 135,
f. 32, 33, pi. 13, f. 23 (October, 1889).

Larger than C. rubicundum. Typically with more numerous
riblets and longer parietal lamellas ; but the large series before me
shows such great variation that it is likely that specimens will be
found intermediate between the two species.

Some specimens are nearly white, the intervals being only faintly
tinted, and the aperture is yellowish-brown within. Others have a
few stripes of rusty brown. In one lot of large specimens the macu-
lation is like that of C. marmoratum, and the riblets vary from 27 to
56 on the penultimate whorl. The most finely ribbed shell before
me has 73 rib-striae on the penultimate whorl.

One specimen, among a large number opened, has no entering
lamellse behind the well developed but short parietal lamella, being
a " Maynardia " in the teeth, while it has all other characters of the
C. dalli with which it occurred. It is a fresh shell, quite unworn
inside.

C. DUPLODON Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 45, fig. 95.

Shell shortly rimate, rather thin, cylindrical, the latter three
whorls of about equal diameter, those above slowly tapering to form
a rather long, convex cone. White, variegated with gray-white.
Whorls 10J, slightly convex, two nepionic smooth, those of the cone

CERION, GROUP XIV. 277

very finely, sharply striate, the latter four with coarser riblets, much
narrower than their intervals, about 30 in number on the penultimate
whorl.

Aperture ovate, large and open, white, higher than wide. Per-
istome expanded and recurved, rather thick ; axial lamella basal ;
parietal lamella narrow, nearly a half whorl long ; an accessory in-
fraparietal lamella ascends around the root of the columella, but at
the apertural termination approaches close to the main parietal
lamella ; its termination visible in a front view.

Length 29, diam. 10^, long axis of aperture 11^ mill.

Bahamas,

O. duplodon P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1896, p. 337, pi. 11,
f. 26.

This is an albino form of the Diacerion group, differing from C.
rubicundum and its immediate allies in the greater distance between
the two parietal lamellas within, the more expanded aperture and
delicate riblets.

XIV. Group of C. striatellum (Cuba).

Paracerion P. & V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1895, p. 206 (June
18) — Tridentistrophia MAYNARD, Contrib. to Science, iii, p. 9
(March, 1896).

The parietal lamella is long, extending inward to a dorsal position,
and usually interrupted or partially so in the middle, when it would
be described as two lamellae, one behind the other. A short infra-
parietal lamella lies between the middle of the parietal lamella and
the axis. Axial lamella and other characters as usual.

This group is either an incipient or a degenerate stage of the
Diacerion branch ; and in the present state of our knowledge, I see
no means of deciding which. The armature of the parietal wall is
exactly paralleled by that of some degenerate forms of Diacerion
from Inagua.

Three species are known : C. tridentatum, smooth, white with some
zigzag gray marbling, and the aspect of C. incanum ; C. striatellum,
very strong, densely rib-striate, with short mouth and thick peri-
stoine, and O. basistriatum, a nearly smooth and thin species other-
wise resembling striatellum.

278 CERION, GROUP XIV.

C. STRIATELLUM (' Fer.' Guerin). PI. 46, figs. 19-23.

Shell shortly rimate, cylindric, very solid and strong ; flesh-colored
with white striae ; or white, and more or less maculate with fleshy.
Sculpture of fine, close-set, rounded rib-striae, about 45 in number on
the penultimate whorl. Last three whorls wide, those above form-
ing a rather straight- sided cone, the apex obtuse. Whorls about 9J,
nearly flat, the last well-rounded beneath, ascending in front. Aper-
ture ovate or circular, the peristome reflexed, thick in mature shells,
often so much thickened inside as to reduce the opening to an almost
circular contour ; the parietal callus is thickened into a strong ledge.
Parietal lamella strong and long, making over one-third of a revolu-
tion, a little narrower or interrupted in the middle, with a small
denticle at this point between the lamella and the columellar axis.
Axial lamella small or inconspicuous.

Length 21 to 23, diam. 9 mill.

Length 17. diam. 8 mill.

Southern Cuba: Cabo Cruz (Arango, Gundlach et a/.).

Helix striatella FER. in coll. — Pupa striatella Fer., GUERIN,

Iconographie de Regne Animal de G. Cuvier, Moll., pi. 6, f. 12

DESH. in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 209, pi. 156, f. 11-13 — Cerion striatellum

PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 326 Strophia

striatella MAYNARD, Contrib. to Sci., iii, p. 9, pi. 2, f. 5, 6 — Pupa
striatella (in part) PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 323 ; Malak. Bl., 1854, p.

207, pi. 3, f. 11, 12, 13, 14(?) Not Cerion striatellum Fer., DALL,

Bull. M. C. Z., xxv, no. 9, pi. 119. Not C. striatellum DALL &
SIMPSON, Moll, of Porto Rico, p. 376, pi. 53, f. 4, = C. crassilabris.

A common shell at Cabo Cruz, the southwestern cape of Santiago
de Cuba province. Other localities must be viewed with suspicion.
" Haiti, Porto Rico, Anegada " of Pfeiffer's- Monographia are records
based upon the externally similar C. crassilabris and yumaensis. But
in the Malakozoologische Blatter, i, 1854, Pfeiflfer reports P. stria-
tella from Punta de Jicaco, Cayo de Cinco Leguos and Cayo Iguana,
off the northern shore of Matanzas province. 1 have no idea what
these shells may be, but it is not likely that they are identical with
the Cabo Cruz striatellum. Probably they belong to the maritimum
group.

This species differs externally from C. crassilabris in being more
straightly conic and less obtuse above, and in the strongly-developed
parietal callus. It is the representation of these two features which

CERION, GROUP XIV. 279

caused me to identify Guerin's figure with the present species, rather
than with O. crassilabris^ as some authors have done. There is more
or less uncertainty about most of the figures purporting to represent
striatellum, on account of our ignorance of the internal structure of
the specimens delineated. Guerin's figure is copied on pi. 46, fig. 19,
but my artist made the apex too obtuse.

This species may or may not be the Pupa striatella of Humphrey's
Museum Calonnianum, p. 64, as that is undefined, though doubtless a
Cerion.

B. BASISTRIATUM Pils. & Van. PI. 46, figs. 26, 27.

Shell rather thin, cylindrical, the later three whorls of about equal
diameter, those above tapering rapidly, forming a straight-sided cone
about one-third the shell's length. Surface rather smooth and glossy.
Two corneous nepionic whorls smooth ; succeeding one or two turns
densely and regularly striated ; rest of the shell smooth except for
slight irregular growth-wrinkles, down to the last whorl, which is
finely costulate. Color white with irregular longitudinal streaks and
blotches of brown. Whorls 9, hardly convex, the last ascending
slowly in front, rounded below, with a short umbilical rimation.
Aperture about four-tenths the shell's length, rounded-ovate, nearly
as wide as high, brownish within. Peristome thickened, outer lip
expanded but scarcely reflexed, columellar lip reflexed ; the termina-
tions connected across the parietal wall by a strong, elevated callous
ledge. Axial lamella small as seen from the mouth ; parietal lamella
small, often double, moderately long ; a small denticle to the left of,
and an elongated lamella behind and to the right of its inner end.

Length 18, diam. 9 ; apert., alt. 7, width 6^ mill.

Length 16J, diam. 8 ; apert., alt. 6, wkith 5| mill.

Cabo OniZy Cuba.

Cerion basistriatum P. & V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 335,
pi. 11, f. 28.

This species differs from C. tridentatum in its round aperture with
strong parietal callus, and the costulate basal volution ; from C. stria-
tellum it differs in the much smoother surface, thinner substance, etc.
In the arrangement of parietal lamellae, it is like the two species
mentioned. It may prove to be a variety of C. striatellum, but I have
not seen intergrading specimens.

280 CEKION, GROUP XIV.

C. TRIDENTATUM Pilsbry & Vanatta. PL 46, figs. 24, 25.

Shell shortly rimate, moderately thick, strong, cylindrical, the
latter three whorls of about equal diameter, those preceding tapering
to form a long cone about, one-third the total length of shell. Chalky-
white, mottled with corneous, especially on the cone, rather polished,
the surface smooth except for slight growth-wrinkles, but a few whorls
following the two smooth, corneous nepionic ones are seen under a
strong lens to be densely striated, and the base of the last whorl has
irregular striae. Whorls 10, with just perceptible convexity, sutures
well marked below\ Last whorl ascending as usual. Aperture ovate,
about four-tenths the total length, much higher than wide, light
brown in the throat; peristome rather thin, narrowly reflexed, white;
columellar margin well reflexed ; parietal callus thin, its edge indis-
tinct, axial lamella small or inconspicuous from front aspect. Pari-
etal lamella small, short, central, with a still smaller accessory denti-
cle to the left of and beyond its inner termination, and another
slightly to the right and deeper within ; all visible without cutting
the shell.

Length 271, <}jam. 19 ; apert., alt. 11, width 8| mill.

Length 25, diam. 9 ; apert., alt. 10, width 1\ mill.

Cuba (Robert Swift coll., A. N. S. P.).

a. tridentatum P. & V., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1895, p. 206;
1896, pp. 326, 337, pi. 11, f. 27.

This species superficially resembles closely C. incanum of Key
West, but differs in the ovate form of the aperture, sculpture of the
earlier whorls, and the teeth of the aperture.

Subgenus EOSTROPHIA Ball, 1890.

Shell wanting both parietal and axial lamellae.

CERION ANODONTA (Ball). Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., iii,
p. 13, pi. 1, figs. 8c, 8d.

Oligocene: 'Silex Beds at Ballast Point and Old Tampa Bay,
west coast of Florida.

CERION ANODONTA FLORIDANUM (Dall). L. c., fig. 6.

Oligocene : Ballast Point.

UNDESCRIBED OR UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES.

Pupa striatella [Humphrey], Museum Calonnianum, p. 64

CERION, STROPHOCHEILUS. 281

(May 1, 1797). Merely listed without description or references, as
are the following :

Pupa rubra [Humphrey], 1. c. West Indies. Probably C. rubi-
cundum.

Pupa clathrata [Humphrey], 1. c. West Indies.

Pupa ping uis [Humphrey], 1. c. West Indies.

Turbo alvearia Dillwyn, Descript. Catal., II, p. 862, = Bulimus
fusus Brug., Encycl. Meth., I, p. 348, = Lister, pi. 588, f. 49, is an
unrecognizable form, similar to Gibbus palanga.

Helix (Cochlodonta') decumanus Fer., Prodr., p. 59 (undescribed)
= Pupa decumana Gray, Ann. of Philos., N. ser., 1825, IX, p. 413,
referring to Lister, pi. 588, f. 47, is unrecognizable with any reason-
able degree of certainty, but may be Pupa multicosta Kiister.
Crosse attempted to substitute decumana for regia, having found the
original specimens; but his course was untenable.

Pupa capillaris Beck, Index Molluscorum, p. 82. Undescribed.
"I. Antill."

Pupa ekgans Beck, 1. c., p. 82. Undescribed. " I. Antill."

Pupa conm Beck, 1. c., p. 82. Undescribed. " I. Antill."

Papa strobilus Beck, 1. c., p. 82. Undescribed. " I. St.
Domingo."

Pupa utriculus Menke, Verzeichniss der ansehnlichen Conchylien-
Sammlung des Freiherrn von der Malsburg, p. 8 (1829). "Shell
ovate, very obtuse, white, pellucid, the whorls swollen, upper ones
longitudinally striate, lower reticulate-veined. Umbilicus compressed,
linear, aperture ovate, the columellar lip one-toothed, outer lip with
reflexed margin. Length 1 inch 3 lines, width 10 lines." Locality
not stated.

S. orbicularis Maynard. Contributions to Science, I, pi. 16, f.
6a, b. Undescribed ; no locality assigned.

S. viola Maynard. Contr. to Sci., I, pi. 16, f. 5a, b. Unde-
scribed ; no locality assigned. Looks like C. tenuilabris.

ADDENDA TO BULIMULID^E, ETC.

STROPHOCHEILUS (DRYPTUS) INDENTATUS Da Costa. PI. 49, f. 7.
Shell oblong-ovate, imperforate, rather thin, rudely decussated
striate and finely indented ; rose-brown, ornamented with rufous
streaks and spots. Spire short, the apex obtuse, roseate, transversely
striate and punctate-granulose, somewhat crenulated at the sutures.

282 BULIMULUS, AMPHIDROMUS.

Whorls 5, a little convex. Columella roseate, nearly erect. Aper.
ture ovate, a little exceeding half the total length, lead-colored
within, peristome narrowly reflexed, roseate, at the base forming an
indistinct angle with the columella. Length 44, diam. 23, length of
aperture 24, width 13 mill. (Da Costa). Ecuador.

S. (D.) indentatus DA COSTA, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 239,
pi. 24, f. 8 (Oct., 1901).

" This shell with a few other examples was collected many years
ago by the late Mr. Clarence Buckley during his extensive travels in
Ecuador; it bears at first sight a resemblance to S. guerini Pfr.,
from which it differs in the strong reticulated sculpture on the whorls,
its swollen and obtuse spire, and especially in the angular form of the
base of the aperture, at its junction with the columella; moreover,
S. guerini has hitherto been found only in Venezuela, and in the
opinion of both Mr. Reeve and Mr. Pilsbry, is but a small variety of
S. moritzianus, a view in which the writer fully concurs." (Da Costa.)

BULIMULUS COMPACTUS Fulton.

Shell oblong-conic, thin, very narrowly umbilicated: apical whorls
reddish brown, others whitish, with numerous narrow oblique stripes
of red-brown ; the last three have a rugose and somewhat malleated
appearance ; nucleus smooth, except for some short, oblique, micro-
scopic striae at the suture ; whorls 6, moderately convex, rapidly
increasing in size, the last equal to two-thirds the height of the
whole shell, aperture oval, interior light brown, peristome thin,
simple. Alt. 16, maj. diam. 9 mill. (Fulton.) Chicani, Bolivia.

Bulimulus compactus FULTON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7th
Ser.), ix, p. 69 (Jan. 1, 1902).

Near B. exornatus Rve., and B. cinereus Rve., but differing from
both in having fewer and more rapidly-increasing whorls. B. exor-
natus has strong radial riblets on the apical whorls, whereas they are
almost smooth in B. compactus (Fulton).

AMPHIDROMUS PERAKENSIS Fulton. PI. 60, figs. 19, 20, 21.

" Shell dextral or sinistral, solid, general form as figured, imper-
forate, polished, yellow with a narrow conspicuous band at the suture ;
whorls 7J, slightly convex, with weak oblique strias or lines of
growth ; columella bearing a thin and somewhat flat projecting plate, ,
situated interiorly at about a third of a volution from the exterior ;

AMPHIDROMUS, DRAPARNAUDIA. 283

peristome white, thick, expanded and slightly reflexed, margins con-
nected by a transparent raised callus, columellar portion triangularly
dilated above, somewhat angular below ; aperture sub-ovate, whitish
within. Alt. (sinistral specimen) 48 ; maj. diam. 26 mill. Alt.
(dextral specimen) 50; maj. diam. 27 mill. (Fulton).

Per ok (Grubauer)

Amphidromus perakensis FULTON, Journ. of Malacology, viii, p.
104, pi. 9, f. 8-10 (Dec. 30, 1901).

" At first sight one could easily take this species to be one of the
numerous varieties of A. perversus, but on holding the shell obliquely,
the very characteristic projection becomes conspicuous. This plate
appears, from an exterior view, to be thick, but on breaking away
the wall of the shell, it is seen to be quite thin. All the numerous
specimens collected are quite constant in the possession of this
peculiarity, although it is more prominent in some than in others.'*
(Fulton.)

This is evidently allied to A. aureus leucoxanthus. I have de-
scribed and figured a form having a columellar lobe, Man. Conch.,
xiii, p. 164, pi. 54, figs. 76, 77.

ERRATA.

On pages 13 and 181 placed Bulimus sinistrorsus Moss & Webb
under Draparnaudia lifuana. Having examined specimens received
from Mr. Moss I find that the form was correctly identified. It is a
new variety of D. sinistrorsa (Dh.), separable by its less depressed
last whorl and less oblique aperture, which is produced basally more
than in sinistrorsa, and less tangentially ; somewhat as in D. crossei.
The Helix (Geotrochus) sinistrorsa Melv. & Stand, (p. 18), is also to
be deleted from the synonymy of D. lifuana, as it was apparently
based upon specimens of the same lot.

INDEX TO CERION.

[NOTE. — Names of generic and subgeneric groups are in SMALL CAPITALS; of
species and varieties in Roman, and of all synomys in italic type.]

Crassiusculum Torre. . .202

Cumingianurn Ptr. . .198

Curtissii Mayn. . . .256

Cyclostoma Kiist. . .196

Cyclostoma Sowb. . .201

Dalli Mayn. . . .276

Decumana Gray . 209, 281

Decumana Poey . . 225

Decumanus Fer. . 236, 281

Desculptum P. & V. . . 181

DIACERION Dall. . 179, 271

Dimidiatum Pf'r. . . 205

Duplodon P. & V. . . 276

Eburneum Mayn. . . 252

Edentula Beck . . .227

Eleutherae P. & V. . . 240

Elegans Beck . . .281

Elongatum Mayn. . . 253

EOSTROPHIA Dall. . 179, 280

Eucosmium P. & V. . . 233

Eurystoma Mayn. . 227, 228

Evolva Mayn. . . .263

Eximea Mayn. . ... 265

Eximium Mayn. . . 265

Fasciata Mayn. . . . 215

Fasciatum W. G. B. . . 215

Fastigata Mayn. . 227, 228

Felis P. & V. . . . 221

Ferrugineum Mayn. . .195

Festiva Mayn. . . .190

FloridanumDall . . 280

Fordii P. & V. . . . 270

Fraternum Pils. . . 265

Fusca Mayn. . . 185, 186
Fusus (Bulimus) Brug. . 281

Abacoense P. & V.

. 246

Acuta Mayn.
Agassizi Dall .
Agava Mayn.
Agrestinum Mayn.
Albea Mayn.
Album Mayn. .
Alvearia Dillw. .
Anodonta Dall .

190, 191
. 242

. 259
. 266
. 258
. 247

274, 281
. 280

Antonii Kiist. .

. 192

Arangoi P. & V.

. 211

Basistriatum P. & V. .

. 279

Bendalli P. & V.

. 266

Bidens Beck

. 227

Bimaryinata Mayn. .
Blandi P. & V. .

. 262
. 263

Brevispirum P. & V. .
Brownei Mayn. .
Bryanti Pfr.

. 233

. 248
. 272

Calcareum Pfr. .

. 234

Capillaris Beck .
Carlotta Mayn. .
Caymanense Pils.
Cera Mayn.
CERION Bolt. .

. 281
. 259
. 196
. 262
. 174

Cinerea Mayn. .
Chrysalis Fer. .
Clathrata Humph.
Cochlodon Sowb.

. 257
. 226
. 281
. 174

Columna P. & V.

. 235

Comes P. & V. .

. 232

Conus Beck

. 281

Copia Mayn.
Coryi Mayn.
Crassicostata Mayn. .
Crassilabris Sh. .

185, 187
. 258
. 254
. 192

(284)

INDEX TO CERION.

285

Gig antea Mayn.
Glaber Mayn. .
Glans Kiist.
Glans Mayn.
Grayi Mayn.
Grisea Mayn. .
Gruneri Pfr.
Gubernatorium Cr.
Gundlachi Pfr. .

Heterodon Pils. .
Hologlyptum Pils.
Hondana Pils. .
Hyperlissurn P. & V.

lanthina Mayn.
Ignota Mayri.
Incanoides P. & V.
Incanum Binn. .
Incrassatum Sowb.
Inland um Sli. .
Inflatum Mayn. .
Intermedia Mayn.
lostoma Einney .
lostomurn Pfr. .

Johnsoni P. & V.
Kusteri Pfr.

Latilabris Pfr. .
Lentiginosum Mayn.
Levigatum Mayn.
Lineota Mayn. .
Lou gi dens Mayn.
Longidena Pils.

Magister P. & V.
Maisianum Pils.
Major Mayn. .
Manic a Dh.
Maritimum Pfr.
Marmorata Mayn.
Marmoratum Pfr.
Martensi Mayn.
Martens! Weinl.
Martinianum Kiist.
Maynardia Dall

. 251

Maynardi P. & V. .

246

185, 189

Media Mayn.

226

. 260

Microdon P. & V.

203

. 261

Microstomum Pfr.

199

. 250

Milleri Pfr.

243

. 261

Minor Kiist.

195

. 267

Multicosta Kiist.

208

. 242

Multicostata Sowb.

209

. 200

Multistriaturn P. & V.

268

Mumia Brug.

225

. 275

Mumia Sowb.

236

. 216

Mumiola Pfr.

229

. 229

Mutata Mayn. .

257

. 211

Nan us Mayn.

183

. 275

Neglf.cta Mayn.

258

227, 228

Niteloides Dall .

244

. 233

Nivea Mayn.

256

. 213

Nor mails Beck.

227

. 207

Nudum Mayn. .

238

. 225

. 239

Ob liter ata Mayn. . 227,

228

185, 186

Obsciira Mayn. .

217

. 235

Orbicularis Mayn.

281

. 210

Ornatum P. & V. . .

208

. 223

Pallida Mayn. .

275

Pannosurn Mayn.

184

. 197

Paracerion P. & V. .

277

Paredonis Pils. .

199

. 194

Parva Mayn. . . 185,

188

. 248

Pentodon (Helix) Mke.

243

. 189

Percostatum P. & V.

232

185, 188

Perplexa Mayn. . 185,

189

. 183

Picta Mayn. . .190,

191

. 212

Pillsburyi P. & V. .

244

Pilsbryi Mayn. .

262

. 226

Pineria Dall .

198

. 218

Pinyuis Humph.

281

. 229

Pinguitia Mayn.

204

. 226

Politum Mayn.

217

. 212

Proteus Gundl.

206

. 218

Pudicum Pils. .

273

. 268

Pun till a Mayn. .

250

. 264

Pumilum Mayn.

251

. 267

Pygma3um P. & V. .

201

. 264

181, 249

Regina P. & V.

231

286

INDEX TO CER10N.

Regium Bs.
Regula Mayn. .
Ritchie! Mayn. . .
Robusta Mayn. .
Rubicundum Mke.
Rubra Humph. .
Rude Pfr.

Saccharimeta Bl.

Sagraianum Pfr.

Sallei P. & V. .

Sanzi Bianes

Sarcostomum P. & V.

Scalarinum Gundl.

Scalaris Pfr.

Scripta Mayn. .

Sculptum Poey .

Seniculus Mayn.

Smithii Bianes .

Stevensoni Dall

Striata Schum .

Striatella (Helix) Fer.

Striatella Humph.

Striatella Klist. .

Striatella v. minor Kiist.

Slriatellum Dall & Simp.

Striatellum < Fer ' Guer.

Strobilus Beck .

Strophia Alb. .

STHOPHIOPS Dall, 179, 181, 231

Sublavigatum Pfr. . .213

Submarmoratum P. & V. . 270

Sueyrasi Bl. . . 222

. 236

Sulcata Sowb. .

. 261

Swiftii P. & V.

. 250

. 257

Tenuilabre Gundl.

. 274

Thorndikei Mavn.

. 281

Torrei P. & V"

. 194

Tracta Mayn. .

Tridentatum P. & V.

. 214

Tridentistrophia Mayn.

. 216

Tumidula Dh. .

. 195

. 230

Umbonis Mayn.

. 234

Utriculvs Mke. .

. 223

Uva Brooks

. 224

Uva L. .

227, 228

. 222

Vaccinum Pils.

. 181

Validum P. & V.

. 202

Vannostrandi P. & V.

. 220

Varia (Pupa) Bonnet

. 226

Variegata Kiist.

. 278

Variegata Pfr. .

279, 280

Venustum Poey

. 193

Viola Mayn.

. . 195

Vulneratum Kiist.

>. . 278

-. . 278

Weinlandi Kurr.

. 281

Weinlandi Sowb.

. 174

Yumaense P. & V. .
Zebra Weinl. Sowb. .

227
232

200
257
207
257

280

277
209

219

281
274
180

215
236
252
255
274
215
203
281
219

237
238

194
253

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

VOL. XIV.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE PAGE

1. Amphidromus trifasciatus Gm. Specimen, . . 3

2. Araphidromus trifasciatus Gm. After Reeve, 3
3-6, 8. Amphidromus trifasciatus Gm. Specimens, . 3
7. Amphidromus ceylanicus Pfr. After Reeve, . . 5
9. Amphidromus trifasciatus rufopictus Bs. Specimen, 5

10, 11. Amphidromus ceylanicus intermedius Pfr. Novit

Conch., ....... 6

12. Amphidromus ceylanicus intermedius Pfr. Specimen, 6

13. Amphidromus physalis Bs. Conch. Indica, . . 8

14. 15. Amphidromus albizonatus Rve. Specimens, . 7

16. Amphidromus albizonatus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 604, 7

17. Amphidromus albizonatus simoni Jouss. After Jousseau me 7

18. Amphidromus albizonatus simoni Jouss. Specimen, . 7

19. Amphidromus calcadensis ' Bedd.' Blanf. Conch. Indica 9

20. Amphidromus calcadensis ' Bedd.' Blanf. J. A. S. Ben-

gal, xlv, 9

PLATE 2.

21. Amphidromus albizonatus simoni Jouss. Free retractor

muscles, Pilsbry, del., ...... 2

22. Amphidromus ceylanicus intermedius Pfr. Genitalia and

penis papilla, Pilsbry, del., ..... 1

23. Amphidromus ceylanicus intermedius Pfr. Pallial organs,

Pilsbry, del., 2

24. 25. Eulota (Dolicheulota) swinhoei Pfr. P. Z. S., 1865, . 19

26. Eulota (Dolicheulota) formosensis H. Ad. P. Z. S., 1866, 19

27, 28. Eulota (Dolicheulota) formosensis H. Ad. Specimens, 19

29. Amphidromus (Pseudopartula) galericulum gedeanus Bttg.

Specimen, . . . . . . . .11

30. Amphidromus (Pseudopartula) galericulum impunctatus

Anc. Specimen, . . . . . .11

31. 32, 33. Amphidromus (Pseudopartula) galericulum Mouss.

Moll. Java, 10

34, 35. Amphidromus (Pseudopartula) dohertyi Aldr. Speci-
men, . . . . . . . . .11

(287)

288 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV.

FIGURE PAGE-

PLATE 3.

1. Draparnaudia singularis Pfr. Specimen, . . .14

2, 3. Draparnaudia sinistrorsa Dh. Specimen, . . .15

4. Draparnaudia sinistrorsa castaneofasciata Montr. Speci-

men, ......... 16

5, 6. Draparnaudia turgidula Gass. Specimen, . . .16
7. Draparnaudia lifuana Pils. (theobaldianus Gass). After

Gassies, . . . . . . . .17

8,9. Draparnaudia lifuana Pils. Type specimen, . .17

10,11. Draparnaudia crossei Pils. Type specimen, . . 17
12—15. Draparnaudia sinistrorsa Dh., var. from Lifu. Anatomy,

after Moss and Webb, 13

PLATE 4.

16. Calycia crystallina Rve. Conch. Icon., . . . .21

17. Calycia crystallina Rve. Archiv f. Naturg., . . .21

18. Calycia crystallina Rve. After Tapparone-Canefri, . .21

19. 20. Calycia isselliana T.-C. After Tapparone-Canefri, . 22
21. Calycia (?) everetti Smith. After Smith, . . .22
22-26. Calycia crystallina Rve. Anatomy, after Schako, . 20

PLATE 5.

27-29, 32-36. Anostoma ringens L. After Fischer, . .. 109

30, 31. Odontostomus punctatissimus Less. Pilsbry, del., . 38

37, 38. Macrodontes odontostomus Sowb. Pilsbry, del., . 29

39. Anostoma ringens L. Teeth, after Fischer, . . . 109

PLATE 6.

40-44. Anostoma octodentatum F. de "W. Specimens, . . 110

45. Anostoma depressum Lam. (verreauxianum Rve.). C. Icon., 113

46, 47. Anostoma deshayesianum Fischer. J. de Conch., . Ill
48-52. Anostoma depressum Lam. Specimens, . . .112
53, 54. Anostoma depressum Lam. (verreauxianum Hupe).

After Hupe .113

PLATE 7.

55-58, 61. Anostoma ringens L. Specimens, . . . 114
59, 60. Anostoma ringens L. Conch. Cab., .... 114

62, 63. Anostoma carinatum Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . 115

64. Tomigerus cumingi ' Nc.' Pfr. Specimen, . . .108

65, 66. Tomigerus cumingi ' Nc.' Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . 108
67-69. Tomigerus clausus Spix. Conch. Cab., . . . 106
70. Tomigerus clausus Spix. Specimen, . . . .106

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV. 289

FIGURE PAGE

71, 72. Tomigerus turbinatus Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . 107
73. Toinigerus turbinatus Pfr. Specimen, .... 107
74-76. Tomigerus gibberulus Burrow. Conch. Cab., . . 107

PLATE 8.

77, 78. Odontostomus leucotrema Bk. Specimens, . . 64

79. Odontostomus exesus Spix. After Reeve, . . .65

80. Odontostomus exesus Spix var. zonata. After Moricand, 66

81. Odontostomus ciaranus Dohrn. Jahrb., 1882, . . .49
82-84. Odontostomus pantagruelinus Moric. Specimens, . 63

85. Odontostomus pantagruelinus Moric. After Moricand, . 63

86. Anctus angiostomus Wagn. Specimen, . . . .36

87. Anctus laminiferus Ancey. Specimen, . . . .37

88. Odontostomus ringens Dkr. After Reeve, . . .49

89. Odontostomus ringens Dkr. Specimen, . . . .49

90. 91. Odontostomus albifilosus Dohrn. Jahrb. x., . . 50

PLATE 9.

1. Odontostomus dubiosus Jay (fusiformis Rang). After

Kiister, .41

2. Odontostomus dubiosus Jay. Specimen. After Kiister, . 41

3. Odontostomus auriscervina Fer. After Mawe, . . .42

4. Odontostomus angulatus Wagn. After Reeve, . . .42

5. Odontostomus angulatus Wagn. Specimen, . . .42

6. 7. Odontostomus angulatus Wagn. After Ku'ster, . . 42

8. Odontostomus angulatus Wagn. Copy of original figure, . 42

9, 10. Odontostomus willi Dohrn. Jahrb. x, . . .44
11-13. Odontostomus bouvieri Dautz. J. de C., . . .45
14, 15. Odontostomus rhodinostoma Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., 51
16,17,18. Odontostomus bahiensis Moric. Specimens, . . 47
19. Odontostomus occultus Rve. Conch. Icon., . . .48
20,21. Odontostomus occultus var. reevei Desh. Fer., Hist., . 48

PLATE 10.

22. Odontostomus janeirensis Sowb. Conch. Illustr., . . 51

23, 24. Odontostomus janeirensis Sowb. Specimens, . . 51

25, 27, 28. Odontostomus janeirensis var. miliola Orb. Speci-

mens, ........ 52

26. Odontostomus janeirensis var. miliola Orb. After Orbigny, 52
29, 30. Odontostomus guarani Orb. After Orbigny, . . 53

31, 34, 35. Odontostomus fusiformis Mke. Specimens, . . 54

32, 33. Odontostomus fusiformis Mke. (vermiculatus Mke.).

Conch. Cab., 54

36. Odontostomus costatus Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . .54

37. Odontostomus costatus Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .54
38-41. Odontostomus punctatissmus Less. Specimens, . . 57

290 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 11.

42. Odontostomus sexdentatus Spix. Test. Bras., . . .59

43, 44. Odontostomus inflatus Wagn. Specimens, . . .60
45. Odontostomus inflatus Wagn. Conch. Cab., . . .60
46-53. Odontostomus inflatus sectilabris Pfr. Specimens, . 61

54. Odontostomus scabrellus Anth. Jahrb., 1882, . . .62

55. Odontostomus scabrellus Anth. Specimen, . . .62

56. 57. Odontostomus avellanedae Doer. Exp. Rio Negro, . 91
58, 59. Odontostomus avellanedse Doer. Specimens, . . 91

60. Hyperaulax (Bonnanius) ramagei Sm. Specimen in coll.

G. H. Clapp, .103

61. Hyperaulax (Bonnanius) ramagei Sm. (B. bouvieri Jouss.).

After Jousseaume, ....... 103

62. Hyperaulax (Bonnanius) ramagei Sm. After Smith, . . 103

PLATE 12.

60. Odontostomus spixi Orb. (striatus Spix). After Spix, . 67

61. Odontostomus spixi Orb. Specimen, . . . .67

62. 63. Odontostomus spixi Orb. (wagneri Pfr.). After Pfeiffer, 67
64, 65. Odontostomus spixi var. minor Orb. (striata Dh.). After

Deshayes, 70

66. Odontostomus spixi var. major Orb. After Orbigny, . 70

67. Odontostomus spixi var. paraguayanus Anc. Specimen, . 71

68. Odontostomus kiihnholtzianus Crosse. Specimen, . . 74
69,70. Odontostomus kiihnholtzianus Crosse. Journ. de Conch., 74
71,72. Odontostomus pyriformis Pils. ((ioeringi Kob.). After

Kobelt, . . 72

73, 74. Odontostomus philippii Doer. After Kobelt, . . 75
75,76. Odontostomus charpentieri ' Grat.' Pfr. After Pfeiffer, 76

77. Odontostomus charpentieri < Grat.' Pfr. Specimen, . . 76

78, 79. Odontostomus chancaninus Doer. After Kobelt, . . 86
80, 81. Odontostomus kobeltianus '.Doer.' Kob. After Kobelt, 86
82, 83. Odontostomus neglectus Pfr. Specimen, . . .91
84. Odontostomus lemoinei Anc. After Ancey, . . .90

PLATE 13.

85-87. Macrodontes Odontostomus Sowb. Specimens, . . 31

88. Macrodontes grayanus Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . .32

89, 90. Macrodontes fasciatus Dohrn. Novit. Conch., . . 32
91, 92. Macrodontes fasciatus Dohrn. Specimens, . . .32
93, 94. Macrodontes paulistus Pils. & v. Iher. Specimens, . 33
95-97. Macrodontes dautzenbergianus Pils. Specimens, . 34

98, 99. Macrodontes degeneratus Pils., 35

100. Odontostomus cordovanus Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 66

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV. 291

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 14.

1. Odontostomus daedaleus Dh. After Kobelt, . . ,97

2, 3, 8. Odontostomus daedaleus Dh. Specimens, . . .97
4, 5. Odontostomus daedaleus var. minor Doer. After Kobelt, 99
6, 7. Odontostomus daedaleus var. major Strob. After Kobelt, 98
9. Odontostomus daedaleus var. multidentatus. After Kobelt, 99

10-12. Odontostomus brackebuschii Doer. Jahrb., 1880, . 99

13, 14. Odontostomus weyenbergii Doer. Jahrb., 1880, . . 100

15-17. Odontostomus dentatus Wood. Specimens, . . 94

18, 19. Odontostomus rocae Doer. Exp. Rio Negro, . . 97

20,21. Odontostomus patagonicus Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., . 95

22. Odontostomus patagonicus Orb. Exped. Rio Negro, . 95

23, 24. Odontostomus patagonicus Orb. (iheringi Pils.). Spec-

imens, .95

PLATE 15.

25. Odontostomus dentatus Wood. Apex of specimen from

Montevideo, ....... 93

26. Odontostomus punctatissimus Less. Pallial region, x 3, no.

73450 A. N. S. coll., from Sao Paulo. Vanatta,
del., 38

27. Genitalia of same individual, x 3. Vanatta, del., . . 38

28. Macrodontes odontostomus Sowb. Genitalia, x 3. Vanatta,

del., 29

29. Macrodontes odontostomus Sowb. Pallial region, x 3, no.

73441. Vanatta, del., 29

30. Apex of Macrodontes odontostomus Sowb. . . .29

31. Apex of Odontostomus punctatissimus Less. . . .57

32. Apex of Odontostomus daedaleus Dh. . . . .93

33. Aperture of 0. dentatus Wood, young specimen, viewed ob-

liquely from below; IP, infraparietal lamella; i,
parietal lamella ; A, angular lamella . . .93

34. Apex of 0. wagneri paraguayana Anc., . . . 67,71

PLATE 16.

1,2. Strophocheilus paranaguensis Pils. and v. Iher. Specimen, 124
3, 4. Bulimulus thamnoicus Orb. Typical specimen, . . 142

PLATE 17.

39, 40. Strophocheilus pudicus Mull. Copy of type figures, . 116

41. Stropbocheilus pudicus Mull, (almeida Spix). Specimen, . 117

42, 43. Strophocheilus erythrosoma Pils. Specimen, . . 117
44, 45. Strophocheilus erythrosoma Pils. (pudicus Pfr.). Mai.

Blatter, 117

46, 47. Strophocheilus pilsbryi Iher. Type specimen, . .118

292 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 18.

46, 47. Strophocheilus calus Pils. Bolivia. Type specimen, . 119

48, 49. Strophocheilus milleri iguapensis. Specimen, . . 119

50-52. Bulimulus steerei Pils. Specimens, . . . .140

53, 54, 55. Gonyostomus turnix Old. Specimens, . . . 133

PLATE 19.

56, 57. Strophocheilus yporanganus Iher. & Pils. Type spec-
imen, . .120

58, 59. Strophocheilus milleri kronei Iher. Type specimen, . 118

PLATE 20.

60, 61. Strophocheilus fragilior Iher. Type specimen, . . 121

62. Strophocheilus iheringi Cless. From a photograph, . . 122

63. Strophocheilus sanctipauli Iher. & Pils. Type specimen, . 123

PLATE 21.

64. Plekocheilus coloratus var. Specimen, . 129

65. Plekocheilus castaneus Pfr. Specimen, . . . . 131

66. Plekocheilus piperatoides Pils. Specimen, . . . 132

67. 68. Plekocheilus coloratus subplicatus Pfr. Novit. Conch., 130

69. Plekocheilus tricolor Pfr. Specimen, .... 131

70, 71. Plekocheilus argenteus Jouss. After Jousseaume, . 128
72,73. Plekocheilus dalmasi Dautz. After Dautzenberg, . 128

PLATE 22.

74-78. Bulimulus cretaceus Pfr. Specimens, . . . 141

79, 80. Neopetraeus patasensis Pfr. Specimens, . . . 153

81, 82. Neopetraeus platystomus Pfr. Specimens, . . .153

83-85. Neopetraeus lobbi Reeve. Specimens, . . . 153

PLATE 23.

86-93. Bulimulus nigropileatus Reeve. Specimens, . . 136

94-96. Bulimulus depstus Reeve. Specimens, . . . 136

97. Strophocheilus aurifus Sowb., var. Specimens, . . 121

98, 99, 1, 2. Bulimulus moniezi Dautz. Journ. de Conch., . 136
3—7. Drymaeus cognatus Pils. Specimens, .... 155

PLATE 24.

1. Strophocheilus dorbignyi Doering. Exp. Rio Negro, . 126

2. Bulimulus snodgrassi Dall. Proc. A. N. S. P., . . 150

3. Bulimulus approximatus Dall. Proc. A. N. S. P., . . 150

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV. 293

FIGURE PAGE

4. Bulimulus hoodensis Ball. Proc. A. N. S. P., . . 151

5. Plekocheilus doliarius Da Costa. P. Mai. Soc., . . 130
6-8. Xenothauma baroni Fult. J. de Conch., . . . 134
9, 10. Xenothauma baroni Fult. Specimen, . . 134

11. Porphyrobaphe subirroratus Da Costa. P. Mai. Soc., . 163

12. Oxystyla princeps var. elegans Rolle. Biol. Centr. Amer., 164

13. Drymaeus colimensis Rolle. Biol. Centr. Amer., . . 162

14. Oxystyla zonif'era var. nobilis Rolle., .... 164

PLATE 25.

15. Bulimulus delumbis Reeve. Conch. Icon., . . . 138

16. 17. Bulimulus dentaxis Pils. Specimens, .... 143
18. Bulimulus stilbe Pils. Specimens, . . . . . 145
19-21. Bulimulus haematospira Pils. Specimens, . . . 149

22. Drymaeus peelii Rve., var. Specimens, .... 154

23, 24. Bulimulus marcidus Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . 146
25-29. Drymseus expansus Pfr. varr. Specimens, ... . 155
30. Bulimulus dukinfieldi Melv. P. Mai. Soc., . . .146
31—33. Drymseus strigatus Sowb. varr. Specimens, . . 158

PLATE 26.

34, 35. Drymaeus vexillum Wood, varr. Specimens, . . 159
36, 37. Drymseus keppellii Pfr. Specimens, .... 159

38. Drymaeus succinea Pils. Specimen, .... 160

39. Bulimulus eudioptus Pils. Specimen, . . VOv. XL, 89
40-42. Odontostomus tudiculatus v. Mart. Specimens, . .170

43. Drymaens inusitatus Fult. Specimen, .... 162

44. Odontostomus patagonicus Orb. Specimen, . . .171

45. 46. Bothriembryon martensi Kob. After Kobelt, . .166

47. Oxystyla maracaibensis Pfr. Specimen, .... 164

48, 49. Oxystyla phlogera Orb. Specimen, . . . .165

PLATE 27.

1-3. Cerion nanus Mayn. Specimens,

4-6. Cerion pannosum Mayn. Specimens, .

7, 8. Cerion pannosum fuscum Mayn. Contrib. to Sci.

Q riprinn nHnnosnm fnsmirn Mavn. Snpp.imp.n.

183
184

7, 8. Cerion pannosum fuscum Mayn. Contrib. to Sci., . 186

9. Cerion pannosum fuscum Mayn. Specimen, . . . 186
10-12. Cerion pannosum intermedium Mayn. Specimens, . 186

13. Cerion pannosum copium Mayn. Specimen, . . . 187

14. Cerion pannosum parvum Mayn. Specimen, . . . 188

15. Cerion pannosum lineotum Mayn. Specimen, . . . 188

ID. Uenon pannosum lineotum Mayn. Specimen, .

16. Cerion pannosum perplexum Mayn. Specimen,

17, 18. Cerion pannosum glaber Mayn. Specimen,
19, 20. Cerion levigatum Mayn. Specimen, .

189
189

294 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV.

FIGURE PAGE

21. Cerion levigatum festivum Mayn. Specimen, . . . 190

22, 23. Cerion levigatum nitela Mayn. Specimen, . . 191

24. Cerion levigatum acutum Mayn. Specimen, . . . 191

25, 26. Cerion levigatum pictum Mayn. Specimen, . . 191

PLATE 28.

27-30. Cerion dimidiatum Pfr. (jorotews Gundl.). Novit. Conch., 205
31,32. Cerion dimidiatum Pfr. Specimens, .... 205
33, 34. Cerion dimidiatum Pfr. var. Specimens, . . . 206

35. Cerion incrassatum Sovvb. After Sowerby, . . . 207

36. Cerion microdon P. & V. Specimen, . . . .203

37. Cerion multicostum Kiister. Conchyl. Cab., . . . 208

38. Cerion multicostum Kiister. Specimen, .... 208

39. 40. Cerion torrei Bl., P. & V. Specimen, . . .207
41, 42. Cerion torrei ornatum P. & V. Specimen, . . 208

43. Cerion hyperlissum P. & V. Specimen, .... 211

44. Cerion iostomum Pfr. Specimen, ..... 210

45. 46. Cerion iostomum arangoi P. & V. Specimen, . * 210

PLATE 29.

47. Cerion incanum fasciatum Binn. After Binney, . . 215

48. 50. Cerion incanum Binn. After Binney, . . . 213

49. Cerion incanum Binn. Specimen, ..... 213

51. Cerion incanum vaccinum Pils. Specimen, . . . 215

52, 53. Cerion incanum saccharimeta Bl. Specimen, . . 214
54-56. Cerion sanzi Bl. Specimen, ..... 230
57-60. Cerion vulneratum Ktist. Novit. Conch., . . .219
61. Cerion vulneratum Kiister. Specimen, .... 219
62-64. Cerion mumiola Pfr. After Pfeiffer, . . . .229
65, 66. Cerion scalarinum Poey. After Pfeiffer . . .223

67. Cerion sculptum Poey. After Poey, . . . . 222

68. Cerion sueyrasi Bl. Specimen, ..... 222

69. 70. Cerion johnsoni P. & V. Specimen, . 223

PLATE 30.

71. Cerion tumidulum Desh. After Deshayes, . . . 209

72. Cerion maritimum Pfr. After Kiister, .

73. 74. Cerion maritimum Pfr. Specimens, . . . 212
75, 76. Cerion maritimum subtavigatum Pfr. Specimens, . 213
77. Cerion sagraianum Pfr. After Kiister, ...

78-80. Cerion sagraianum Pfr. Specimens, .... 216
81,82. Cerion sagraianum Pfr. (obscura Mayn.). Contrib. to

Sci., . . . . ,-.; . . .217

83. Cerion sagraianum hologlyptum Pils. Specimen, . .216

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV. 295

FIGURE PAGE

84-88. Cerion politum Mayn. Specimens, .... 217
89-91. Cerion politum maisianum Pils. Specimens, . . 218

PLATE 31.

92, 93. Cerion infandum Shutt. Mai. Bl., .... 225

94. Cerion infandum Shutt. Specimen, .... 225

95, 96. Cerion mumia Brug. Specimen, .... 225

97. Cerion mumia Brug. (media Mayn.). Contrib. to Sci., . 226

98, 99, 1-4. Cerion mumia var. chrysalis. Specimens, . . 226

5. Cerion mumia var. chrysalis Fe>. Per., Hist. . . . 226

6, 7. Cerion mumia var. (obliterata Mayn.). Contrib. to Sci., 228

8. Cerion mumia var. (scripta Mayn.). Contrib. to Sci., . 228

9. Cerion mumia var. (eurystoma Mayn.). Contrib. to Sci., . 228
10-12. Cerion mumia var. lastigatum Mayn. Specimens, . 228

PLATE 32.

13, 14. Cerion cyclostomum Kiist. After Kiister, . . .196
15-18. Cerion cyclostomum var. kiisteri Pfr. After Kiister, . 197

19. Cerion cyclostomum Ku'st. Specimen, .... 196

20. Cerion pineria Dall. Specimen, . . . . .198

21. 22. Cerion cumingianum var. paredonis Pils. Specimen, . 199
23, 24. Cerion longidens Pils. Specimen, .... 212

25. Cerion cumingianum Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .198

26. Cerion tenuilabre Kiist. Specimen, .... 200
27-29. Cerion tenuilabre pygmaeum P. & V. Specimen, . 201

30, 31. Cerion microstomum Pfr. Mai. Bl 199

32^35. Cerion gundlachi Pfr. Mai. Bl., . . . .200
36, 37. Cerion crassiusculum Torre. Specimens, . . . 202

38. Cerion crassiusculum Smithi Bl. Specimens, . . . 202

39, 40. Cerion antonii Kiist. After Kiister, . . . .192

PLATE 33.

41-45: Cerion uva L. Specimens, ...... 180

46. Cerion uva desculptum P. & V. Specimens, . . . 181
47-49. Cerion crassilabre Sh. Anageda. Specimens, . .192
50-52. Cerion crassilabre Sh. Ponce, Pto. Rico. Specimens, 192

53. Cerion rude latilabris Pfr. Mai. Bl., . . . .194

54, 55. Cerion rude Pfr. Specimens, ..... 194
56, 57. Cerion rude Pfr. Mai. Bl., . . . . .194

58. Cerion yumaense P. & V. Specimen, .... 194

59. Cerion yumaense ferrugineum Mayn. Contrib. to Sci., . 195

60. Cerion yumaense sallei P. & V. Specimen, . . .195

61. Cerion yumaense sallei P. & V. Specimen, . . .195

296 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XlV.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 34.

1, 2. Cerion calcareum Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . . 234
3, 4. Cerion sarcostoraum P. & V. Specimens, . . . 234
5-10. Cerion columna and var. validum P. &. V. Speci-
mens, 235, 236

11. Cerion regina eucosmium P. & V. Specimens, . . 233

12. Cerion regina percostatum P. & V. Specimens, . . 232

13. 14. Cerion regina swiftii P & V. Specimens, . . . 232

15. Cerion regina brevispira P. & V. Specimens, . . . 233

16. Cerion regina comes P. & V. Specimens, . . . 232

PLATE 35.

17-21. Cerion regium Bens. Specimens, .... 236
22, 23. Cerion regium Bens. After Kiister, .... 236

24. Cerion regium Bens, (mumia Sowb.). Gen. of Shells, . 237

25, 26. Cerion incanoides P. & V. Specimens, . . .233
27-30. Cerion regina P. & V. Specimens, . . . .231

PLATE 36.

31. Cerion gubernatorium Crosse. J. de Conch., . . . 242

32-34. Cerion gubernatorium Crosse. Specimens, . . 242

35-38. Cerion eleutherae P. & V. Specimens, . . .240

39-40. Cerion agassizi Dall. Bull. M. C. Zool., . . .242

41-42. Cerion pillsburyi P. & V. Specimens, . . .244

43. Cerion niteloides Dall. Bull. Lab. I. S. Univ., . . 244

44. Cerion milleri Pfr. Specimen, ..... 243
45-49. Cerion milleri Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . .243

PLATE 37.

50, 51. Cerion nudum Mayn. Contrib. to Sci., . . 238

52, 53. Cerion inflatum Mayn. Contrib. to Sci., . . . 239

54, 55. Cerion weinlandi Kurr. Novit. Conch., . . . 237

56, 57. Cerion weinlandi Kurr. Specimens, .... 237

58, 59. Cerion abacoense P. & V. Specimens, . . 246

60, 61. Cerion lentiginosum Mayn. Specimen, . . . 248

62, 63. Cerion album brownei Mayn. Contrib. to Sci., . . 248

64, 65. Cerion maynardi P. & V. Specimens, . . . 246

66. Cerion album Mayn. Specimens, ..... 247

PLATE 38.

67, 68. Cerion fordii P. & V. Specimens 270

69, 70. Cerion fordii submarmoratum P. & V. Specimens, . 270
71, 72. Cerion fordii P. & V, Specimens, . . . .270

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV. 297

FIGURE PAGE

73-75. Cerion martensi Weinl. Novit. Conch., . . . 267

76-78. Cerion eximium Mayn. Specimens, .... 265

79, 80. Cerion fraternum Pils. Specimens, .... 265

81-85. Cerion agrestinum Mayn. Specimens, . . . 266

86, 87. Cerion marmoratum Pfr. After Pfeiffer, . . .268

88-90. Cerion marmoratum Pfr. Specimens, . . . 268

PLATE 39.

91, 92. Cerion ritchiei Mayn. Specimens, .... 250

93-96, 98, 99. Cerion ritchiei grayi Mayn. Specimens, . 250

97. Cerion ritchiei grayi f. pumilum Mayn. Specimens, . 251

1. Cerion ritchiei grayi (f. giganteum Mayn.). Specimen, . 251

2. Cerion ritchiei vannostrandi P. & V. Specimen, . . 252

3. Cerion eburneum Mayn. Specimen, .... 252

4. 5. Cerion eburneum elongatum Mayn. Contrib. to Sci., . 253

PLATE 40.

5-7. Cerion glans varium Bonnet. Rev. et Mag. Zool., . 255

8-11. Cerion glans varium Bonnet. Specimen, . . . 255

12-14. Cerion glans varium (curtissii Mayn.). Specimen, . 256

15. Cerion glans varium (nivea Mayn.). Specimen, .. . 256

16-19. Cerion glans Kiist. (thorndikei Mayn.). Specimen, . 257

20. Cerion glans Kiist. (cinereum Mayn.). Specimen, . . 257

PLATE 41.

21-23. Cerion glans Kiist. (cinerea Mayn.). Specimens, . 257

24-27. Cerion glans Kiist. (traeta Mayn.). Specimens, . . 257

28-30. Cerion glans Kiist. (mutata Mayn.). Specimens, . 257

31. Cerion glans Kiist. (albea Mayn.). Specimen,. . . 258

32-36. Cerion glans coryi Mayn. Specimens, . . . 258

PLATE 42.

37. Cerion glans Kiist. (neglecta Mayn.). Specimen, . . 258

38. Cerion glans Kiist. (agava Mayn.). Specimen, . . 259
39-44. Cerion glans Kiist. (agava Mayn.). Specimens, . 259
45-47. Cerion glans Kiist. (earlotta Mayn.). Specimens, . 259
48-50. Cerion glans Kiist. Typical specimens, . . . 260
51, 52. Cerion glans Kiist. After Kiister, .... 260

PLATE 43.

53-56. Cerion glans Kiist. Andros. Specimens, . . . 261

57, 58. Cerion glans Kiist. (grisea Mayn.). Specimens, . . 261

59. Cerion glan* Kiist. (regulum Mayn.). Specimens, . . 261

298 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV.

FIGURE PAGE

60-62. Cerion glans Kiist. (bimarginatumMayn.). Specimens,. 262

63. Cerion glans Kiist. (cera Mayn.). Specimens,. . . 262

64. Cerion glans Kiist. (pilsbryi Mayn.). Specimens, . . 262

65. Cerion glans Kiist. (evolva Mayn.). Specimens, . . 263

66. 67. Cerion glans Kiist. (restrictum Mayn.). Specimen!, . 263
68, 69. Cerion glans Kust. Gun Cay. Specimens, . . . 263

PLATE 44.

70, 71. Cerion stevensoni Dall. Specimen, .... 220
72, 73. Cerion felis P. & V. Specimen, . . . .221

74. Cerion tenuilabris Gundl. Specimen, . . . . 200

75, 76. Cerion martinianum Kiist. Conch. Cab., . . . 264
77. Cerion martinianum Kiist. Specimen, . . . . 264
78-80. Cerion glans varium, nameless form. Specimen, . . 258

81. Cerion blandi P. & V. Specimen, ....

82. Cerion multistriatum P. & V. Specimen, . . . 268

83. Cerion gruneri Pfr. (?). Specimen, . . . .267

84. Cerion bendalli P. & V. Specimen, . . . .266

85. 86. Cerion caymanense Pils. Specimen, .... 196

PLATE 45.

86-90. Cerion rubicundum Mke. Specimens, . . . 274
91-93. Cerion rubicundum ianthina Mayn. Specimens, . . 275

94. Cerion rubicundum pallidum Mayn. Specimens, . . 275

95. Cerion duplodon P. & V. Specimens, . . . .276
96-98. Cerion heterodon Pils. Specimens, .... 275
99, 1-4. Cerion dalli Mayn. Specimens, .... 276

PLATE 46.

5, 6. Cerion bryanti Pfr. Novit. Conch., .... 272

7-10. Cerion bryanti Pfr. Specimens, . . . 272

13-16. Cerion bryanti var. Specimens, .... 273

17, 18. Cerion bryanti var. pudicum Pils. Specimens, . . 273

19. Cerion striatellum ' Fer.' Guerin. Guerin's Mag. de Zool., . 278

20-23. Cerion striatellum ' Fer.' Guerin. Specimens, . . 278

24, 25. Cerion tridentatum P. & V. Specimens, . . . 280
26, 27. Cerion basistriatum P. & V. Specimens, .

PLATE 47.

28-30, 32-34. Cerion mumia chrysalis Fer. Fig. 28, free
retractor muscles; 29, jaw; 30, pallial organs; 32, 33,
extended genitalia; 34 genitalia, .... 177
31. Cerion pannosum var. copium Mayn. Specimen, . .178
35. Cerion incanum Binn. After Binney, .... 176

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV. 299

FIGURE PAGE

36. Cerion columna P. & V. After Binney, . . . .177

37. Cerion neglectum Mayn.=glans Kiist. After Dall., . .179

38. Cerion uva L. After Ball., 179

89. Cerion dalli Mayn. After Dall., . . . . .179

40. Cerion regium Bens. After Dall., . . . . .179

PLATE 48.

41, 42. Buliraulus baeri Dautz. J. de Conch., . . .135
43,44. Bulimulus iocosensis Dautz. J. de Conch., . . 135

45. Drymaeus obliquistriatus Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc., . 157

46. Drymaeus cylindricus Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc., . 157

47. Drymaeus chiriquiensis Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc., . 162

48. Drymaeus subventricosus Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc., . 156

49. 50. Drymasus sanctaemarthae Pils. Specimen, . . . 161

51. Drymaeus roseatus var. montanus Pils. Specimen, . .161

52. Drymaeus exoticus Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc., . . 156

53. Drymaeus elsteri Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc., . .156

54. Drymaeus expansus perenensis Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc. 156

55. 56. Placostylus porphyrocheila D. & B. Journ. de Conch. . 167

PLATE 49.

1-4. Amphidromus metabletus Mlldff. Specimens, . .168
5,6. Amphidromus latestrigatus Schepm. Specimens, . 167

7. Strophocheilus indentatus Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc. . 281

8. Gonyostomus multicolor Rang. Pallial organs x 2. Pilsbry del.

9. Thaumastus taunaisii Fer. Pallial organs. Pilsbry del.

PLATE 50.

[Note.— Reference to the figures on plates 50 to 62 will be found in the
Supplement to this volume, to be issued with the first number of vol. XV.]

1, 2. Drymaeus virginalis Pfr. After Schako.

3. Plekocheilus blainvilleanus Pfr. After Semper.

4, 5, 6, 12. Plekocheilus blainvilleanus Pfr. After Schako.

7. Auris distorta Gm. After Semper.

8. Zaplagius aurisleporis Brug. After Semper.

9. 10. Plekocheilus aulaco»tylus Pfr. After Binney.
11. Auris aurissciuri Guffy. Proc. Malac. Soc.

13. Auris egregia. After Semper.

14. Auris distorta Gm. After Semper.

15. Gonyostomus multicolor Rang. After Binney.

PLATE 51.

15. Placostylus shongii Less. Pallial organs. Pilsbry, del.

16. Gonyostomus turnix Gld. Genitalia. Pilsbry, del.

300 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV.

FIGURE

17-19, 21. Thammastus taunaisii Fer. Genitalia. Pilsbry, del.
20. Bothriembryon melo Q. Genitalia. After Semper.

22. Placostylus elobatus Gld. Genitalia. After Semper.
23-25. Placostylus shongii. Genitalia. Pilsbry, del.

PLATE 52.

23. Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Genitalia x2. Pilsbry, del.

24. Bulimulus guadalupensis Brug. Genitalia. Pilsbry, del.

25. Bulimulus montezuma Dall. Genitalia x2. Pilsbry, del.

26. Gonyostomus multicolor Rang. Genitalia x2. Pilsbry, del.

27. Gonyostomus multicolor Rang. Vagina, etc. Pilsbry, del.

28. Bulimulus pallidior Sowb. Genitalia x3. Pilsbry, del.

29. Bulimulus versicolor Brod. Genitalia. After Strebel.

PLATE 53.

30. Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Pallial organs. Pilsbry r del.

31. Bulimulus guadalupensis Brug. Pallial organs. Pilsbry, del.

32. Bulimulus montezuma Dall. Mantle-edge. Pilsbry, del.

33. Bulimulus montezuma Dall. Pallial organs x2. Pilsbry, del.

34. Oxystyla undata jamaicensis Pils. Pallial organs x3. Vanatta

del.

35. Gonyostomus multicolor Rang. Foot. Vanatta del.

PLATE 54.

36. Oxystyla undata jamaicensis Pils. Free muscles. Vanatta. del.

37. Gonyostomus turnix Gld. Free muscles. Pilsbry, del.

38. Zaplagius aurisleporis Brug. Pallial organs x2. Pilsbry, del.

39. Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Free muscles. Pilsbry, del.

40. Drymseus acervatus Pfr. Pallial organs x2. Pilsbry, del.

41. Placostylus shongii Less. Free muscles. Vanatta, del.

PLATE 55.

42. Oxystyla princeps Sowb. Genitalia. Vanatta, del.

43. Orthalicus sultana Dillw. Genitalia. After Strebe.

44. Oxystyla u. jamaicensis Pils. Genitalia. Vanatta,ldel.

45. Porphyrobaphe iostoma Brod. Genitalia. After Fischer.

46. Oxystyla pulchella Spix. Genitalia. Vanatta, del.
47-49. Orthalicus atramentarius Pfr. Genitalia. After Strebel.

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV. 301

FIGURE

PLATE 56.

50-53. Liguus magnificus Rve. After Schako.

54. Orthalicus atramentarius Pfr. After Strebel.

55. Orthalicus sultanus Dillw. After Binney.

56. Liguus virgineus L. After Binney.

57. 58. Oxystyla u. jamaicensis Pils. Pilsbry, del.

PLATE 57.

59. Gonyostomus turnix Gld. Pilsbry, del.

60, 61. Thaumastus taunaisii Fer. Pilsbry, del.

62, 64. Bulimulus d. mooreanus W. G. B. Pilsbry, del.

63. Bulimulus limnoides Fe"r. After Binney.
65-67. Gonyostomus multicolor Rang. Pilsbry, del.

68. Gonyostomus turnix Gld. Pilsbry, del.

PLATE 58.

69. Drymseus acervatus Pfr. Pilsbry, del.
70-74. Zaplagius aurisleporis Brug. Pilsbry, del.

75, 77, 79. Drymseus acervatus Pfr. Pilsbry, del.

76, 78. Leiostracus perlucidus Spix. Pilsbry, del.

PLATE 59.

1. Neopetraeus lobbi Rve. Teeth. 'After Binney.

2. Bulimulus proteiformis Dohrn. Teeth. After Semper.

3. Bulimulus guadalupensis Brug. Genitalia. After Fischer.

4. Neopetraeus altoperuvianus Rve. Teeth, after Binney.

5. Bulimulus proteus Brod. Jaw. After Strebel.

6. Bulimulus nux Brod. Genitalia. After Binney.

7. Oxystyla ferussaci Mart. Teeth. After Strebel.

8. Bulimulus bauri Dall. Teeth. After Ball.

9. Neopetraeus lobbi Rve. Jaw. After Binney.

PLATE 60.

10. Bothriembryon tasmanicus Pfr. Jaw. After Hedley.

11, 12. Placostylus shongii Less. Tee'th. Pilsbry, del.

13. Placostylus fulguratus Brod. Teeth. After Semper.

14, 15. Drymaeus vincentinus Pfr. Teeth. Pilsbry, del.

16. Drymaeus interpunctus Mart. Teeth. Pilsbry, del.

17. Liguus fasciatus Brug. Jaw. Pilsbry, del.

18. Oxystyla longa Pfr. Jaw. Pilsbry, del.

19-21. Amphidromus perakensis Fult. Journ. of Malac.
22. Cerion crassilabris Sowb. Conch. Icon.

302 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIV.

FIGURE

PLATE 61.

22. Liguus fasciatus Miill. Teeth. Pilsbry, del.

23. Liguus fasciatus Miill. Teeth. Pilsbry, del.

24. Gaeotis. Teeth. After Binney.

25. Amphibulima rubescens Dh. Teeth. After Binney.

26. Peltella palliolum Fer. Teeth. After v. Ihering.

PLATE 62.

27. Amphibulima patula Brug. Pallia! region. Pilsbry, del.

28. Amphibulima patula Brug. Genitalia. Pilsbry, del.

29. Amphibulima patula Brug. Free retractor muscles. Pils-

bry, del.

30. Amphibulima patula Brug. Jaw. Pilsbry, del.

31. Amphibulima appendiculata Ray. Teeth. After Binney.

32. Amphibulima rubescens Dh. Jaw. After Binney.

33. Amphibulima depressa Rang. Living animal. After Fischer.

34. Simpulopsis sulculosa Fer. Teeth. After Heynemann.

35. Amphibulima depressa Rang. Genitalia. After Fischer.

36. Peltella palliolum Fer. Jaw. After v. Ihering.

37. Peltella palliolum Fer. Genitalia. After v. Ihering.

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS O-F VOL. XIV.

Part 53, pp. 1-64, plates 1-15, issued June 7, 1901.
Part 54, pp. 65-128, plates 16-21, issued Sept. 6, 1901.
Part 55, pp. 129-192, plates 22-36, issued Nov. 29, 1901.
Part 56, pp. 193-302, plates 37-62, issued April, 1902.

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