WITH COMPLIMENTS OF

. F. G-UNTST,

Pacific Coast Agent for

Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co.

ADDRESS CARE OF

CUNNINGHAM"

327, 329 AMI

1

John Swett

W -

MANUAL OF THE BOTANY

OF THE

ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION.

MANUAL OF THE

(PMNOGAMIA AND PTERIDOPHYTA)

OF THE

ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION,

FROM NEW MEXICO TO THE BRITISH
BOUNDARY.

BY

JOHN M. COULTER, PH.D.,

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, AND EDITOR
OF THK BOTANICAL GAZETTE,

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY:
NEW YORK AND CHICAGO.

1885.

Copyright, 1885,
BY JOHN M. COULTER.

J CATION U^

PREFACE.

THIS manual is intended to do for its own range what has
been for a long time so admirably done for the Northeastern
States by Dr. Gray's Manual. About ten years ago it was the
writer's privilege to assist Professor Porter in the preparation
of the Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado, a first attempt to bring
together in convenient shape, for a restricted region, the scat-
tered material of our Western collectors. The demand even
then for a book by no means complete or conveniently arranged
was unexpected, and in the wonderful development of the
decade since then lies the confidence that a more convenient
book covering a greater range will be welcome to many. The
difficulties attending the naming of Western plants, owing to
the fact that descriptions are scattered through numerous and
often inaccessible publications, can only be appreciated by
those who have attempted it. From this fact, a great stimulus
to the study of systematic botany has been lacking, collectors
have been almost entirely professional, and a thousand possible
streams of information have been reduced to a score.

West of the Mississippi Valley prairie region, which is but
the continuation of more eastern conditions, there are three
well-defined floras. One is that of the Pacific slope ; another
is Mexican in character, extending from the Great Basin to
Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas, and southward into
Mexico ; the third is the Rocky Mountain region, extending
eastward across the plains to the prairies.

The first region is well provided for in the two volumes of
the Botany of California. The second, in the Great Basin, has

54!840

VI PREFACE.

Sereno Watson's Botany of the 40tfA Parallel, and in its Ari-
zona and New Mexican section, Dr. Bothrock's Botany of the
Wheeler Survey. The third region is that which this manual
attempts to provide for, its only predecessor being the Synop-
sis of the Flora of Colorado, already referred to. Essentially,
therefore, the range includes Colorado, Wyoming, Montana,
Western Dakota, Western Nebraska, and Western Kansas,
the hundredth meridian representing very nearly the eastern
boundary. While this is true, the larger part of contiguous
floras also will be found described, so that the western part
of the Indian Territory, Northwestern Texas, Northern New
Mexico and Arizona, and Eastern Utah and Idaho, may be
included for all except their own peculiar plants. In Utah,
our range is naturally carried westward by the Uinta and Wah-
satch Mountains, whose plants are intended to be included.

This edition only claims to be a compilation, an orderly
arrangement and sifting of scattered material. The chief
reason is, that first editions are necessarily incomplete, and
that materials for the satisfactory presentation of a flora most
quickly come from the provocation of an incomplete edition.
The author will therefore esteem it the surest evidence of
the usefulness of this book, if in the abundance of correc-
tions called forth a more complete edition may be attempted
at an early day.

It is unnecessary to give all the sources of descriptions and
information, as it would simply be a catalogue of the very
numerous contributions to western botany. The professional
botanist will notice that descriptions have been chiefly obtained
from the Botany of California, Botany of King's Expedition,
and Eaton's Ferns of North America, all constantly influenced
by Gray's Manual ; and that the presentation of Gamopetalse
is little more than a culling from Dr. Gray's recent volumes of
the Synoptical Flora of North America. As in most cases de-
scriptions and synoptical arrangement could be obtained from
the writings of Dr. Gray, Mr. Watson, and Professor Eaton,
little more is attempted in this edition than to adapt these
descriptions to the spirit of the work with as little change as

PBEFACB. Vll

possible. To Dr. Gray is due, not only the thought which
grew into this book, but also a constant encouragement and
patient criticism which have developed anything of merit it
possesses. Mr. Watson has also responded generously to ev-
ery demand made upon him ; while to Messrs. M. S. Bebb and
L. H. Bailey, Jr. is due the relief of some original work, the
former being our well-known authority in the difficult genus
Sal-ix, and the latter an ardent and most successful student of
the perplexing genus Car ex. At the time of his death, Dr.
George Engelmann had in preparation the groups with which
his name is so closely connected, and their presentation shows
the lack of his master hand.

In general, the ordinal sequence adopted by Bentham and
Hooker's Genera Plantarum has been followed, but Gymno-
sperms have been transferred to the end of Phsenogams,
and Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons subordinated to Angio-
sperms. This change has been made simply because it better
expresses relationships which have long been recognized. The
term "Cryptogam" has been discarded as the correlative of
Phaenogam, and Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) is used
as the name of the second great series of plants. The orders
and ordinal sequence of the Pteridophyta are thought best to
express their relationships.

Introduced plants are placed in foot-notes, that they may be
separated as far as possible from our native plants, and their
relation to the flora thus emphasized.

To save space, there is no attempt to give any but the most
important references and synonymy, while geographical range
is reduced to its lowest terms, and collectors7 names almost
entirely omitted. For the most part no characters have been
repeated, and the student is warned that generic characters
especially must be sought for through analytical keys. The
professional botanist will note a glaring inconsistency in this
respect, the genera of some families being grouped by means
of a few very salient characters, while those of others are
presented with almost full descriptions, only certain supple-
mentary statements being left to head the descriptions of

Vlll PREFACE.

species. It is sufficient to say that the two methods hold the
relation to each other of former and latter in the preparation
of this book.

In groups of species certain contrasting characters have been
italicized, according to the method of Gray's Manual. This
is done to facilitate the work of the student, but with the
mental reservation that its abuse may more than offset its
advantage. Ten years' experience as a teacher has shown
that the ordinary student will fix his attention upon the itali-
cized characters to the neglect of the description as a whole.
The student is here warned that the specific descriptions in
this book have been so much reduced that no unimportant
characters are intended to be given.

JOHN M. COULTER.

WABASH COLLEGE, CfeAWFORosviLLE, INDIANA,
January 1, 1885.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.

SEMES I. PH^ENOGAMIA OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Those
with flowers and seeds.

CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMJ3. Pistil a closed ovary containing the

ovules.

SUBCLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo with two cotyledons.
Leaves netted- veined. Flowers usually 4 or 5-rnerous.

DIVISION I. POLYPETAL^E. Calyx and corolla both present: the
latter of separate petals.

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the petals.
1. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the ovary and calyx.

Pistils few to many distinct carpels RANUNCULACE^E, 1

Pistil compound : cells, placenta, or stigmas more than one.
Petals more numerous than sepals,

Very numerous, small and persistent : aquatic. . . NYMPH^ACE^S, 3
Twice as many (4 or 6), and both usually caducous. PAPAVERACE.E, 4
Five to sixteen : sepals persistent. . . . PORTULACACE^E, 12

Petals same number as sepals,

Four, and both deciduous. CAPPARIDACEJE, 7

Five, and the calyx persistent.

Sepals valvate in the bud: stamens monadelphous. MALVACEAE, 15
Sepals imbricated in the bud : leaves entire and

pellucid-punctate. HYPERICACEJE, 14

2. Stamens on the ( free or adnate) calijx.

Leafless mostly prickly fleshy plants : ovary 1 -celled. . . CACTACE^E, 34

Leafy fleshy plants : ovary 3 or more-celled. . . . FICOIDEJE, 35

Leafy fleshy herbs : ovary 1 -celled PORTULACACE^E, 12

Not fleshy.

Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals 4 or 5. . SAXIFRAGACEJE, 27

Leaves alternate, with stipules ROSACES, 26

Leaves alternate, without stipules, rough. . . . LOASACE^, 32

X ANALYTICAL KEY.

B. Stamens 1 0 or less, or at most not more than twice the petals.
1. Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so.

# Pistils more than one, and distinct.

Pistils same number as petals and as sepals : leaves fleshy. CRASSULACE^E, 98
Pistils not same number as petals or sepals.

Stamens on the receptacle RANUNCULACE^E, 1

Stamens on the calyx.

Stipules persistent : leaves alternate ROSACE^E, 26

Stipules none or indistinct SAXIFRAGACE.E, 27

* * Pistil only one.

•t- Pistil simple, as shown by the single style, stigma, and cell.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. . BERBERIDACEJE, 2
Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top.

Flowers irregular, or leaves twice pinnate : fruit a legume. LEGUMINOS^E, 25

Flowers irregular : leaves simple POLYGALACE.E, 9

Flowers regular : leaves mostly stipulate : fruit a drupe

or akene ROSACES, 26

H- •«- Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placentce, styles or

stigmas.

Ovary 1 -celled, with (2 to 4, rarely more) parietal placentae.
Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4

or 5. FRANKENIACEJE, 10

Petals and sepals or lobes of the cleft calyx 5.

Corolla irregular : lower petal spurred. . . . VIOLACE^E, 8

Corolla regular or nearly so : styles or stigmas entire. SAXIFRAGACETE, 27

Petals 4 : bract-like sepals 2 : flower irregular. . . FUMARIACEJE, 5

Petals and sepals each 4 : stamens 6. . . . CAPPARIDACE.E, 7

Ovary and pod 2-celled : 2 parietal placentae : stamens tetra-

dynamous CRUCIFER.E, 6

Ovary and capsule 1-celled, several to many-seeded on a central placenta,
Truly so ; the partitions wanting or very incomplete.

Sepals 2 : leaves often alternate. . . PORTULACACEJE, 12

Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or 4 : leaves all opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 11
Apparently so ; the partitions at length vanishing.

Stipules between the opposite leaves. . . . ELATINACE.E, 13

No stipules. LYTHRACE^E, 30

Ovary and fruit 1-celled, with a single seed on a stalk from the base.

Shrubs : styles or stigmas 3 : fruit drupe-like. ANACARDIACE^E, 24

Herbs : style at most 2-cleft : fruit a utricle. ILLECEBRACE^E, 63

Ovary more than 1-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit.
Flowers very irregular : ovary 2-celled : cells 1 -seeded. POLYGALACE.E, 9
Flowers regular or nearly so.

No green foliage. .... Monotropeae, etc., in ERICACEAE, 45
Foliage pellucid-punctate : strong-scented shrubs. . RUTACE^, 19
Foliage not pellucid-punctate.
Anthers opening by terminal chinks or pores. . . ERICACEAE, 45

ANALYTICAL KEY. XI

Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite them.
Calyx-lobes valvate in the bud. . . . RHAMNACE^E, 21
Calyx-lobes small or obsolete : petals valvate. . VITACE^J, 22
Stamens when just as many as petals alternate with them.
Strong-scented shrub : leaves opposite, 2-folio-

late. ZYGOPHYLLACE^J, 17

Strong-scented herbs : leaves lobed or compound. GERANIACE^J, 18
Herbs, not strong-scented.
Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell.

Leaves all simple and entire. . . . LINACE^E, 16
Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets

entire. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E, 17

Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with

divisions or leaflets not entire. . GERANIACE^E, 18
Ovules numerous.

Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. SAXIFRAGACE^J, 27

Stamens on the receptacle : leaves opposite, simple.
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals,

2 or 5. ELATINACE^E, 13

Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Mollugo, in FICOIDEJE, 35
Shrubs or trees with opposite simple leaves.
Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. . . CELASTKACE^:, 20
Leaves palmately veined, lobed. . . . SAPINDACE^, 23
Shrubs or trees with opposite compound leaves.

Stamens 4 to 8. SAPINDACE.E, 23

Stamens 2 or rarely 3 OLEACE^E, 47

2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so.

Tendril-bearing herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. CUCURBITACEJE, 33
Aquatic herbs : flowers dioecious or monandrous. HALORAGE^E, 29

Shrubs or herbs, not tendril-bearing nor dioecious, nor umbelliferous.
Stamens as many as the small or unguiculate petals and

opposite them. RHAMNACE^J, 21

Stamens if of the number of the petals alternate with them.
Styles 2 to 5, distinct or united below.

Fruit a few-seeded pome ROSACES, 26

Fruit a many-seeded capsule SAXIFRAGACEJE, 27

Fruit a 1 -celled many-seeded berry. . Ribes, in SAXIFRAGACE^E, 27
Style 1, undivided : stigmas 1 to 4.

Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. . CORNACE^E, 38

Flowers racemose, spicate, or axillary.

Ovary 1 -celled : herbage scabrous. . , . LOASACEJE, 32
Ovary 2 to 5-, mostly 4-celled. . . . ONAGRACE^E, 31

Herbs : flowers in umbels : styles 2 : fruit dry. . . UMBELLIFER^B, 36

Herbs or shrubs : flowers in umbels : styles 4 or 5 : fruit

berry-like ARALIACEJE, 37

xii ANALYTICAL KEY.

DIVISION II. GAMOPETALJ3. Petals more or less united into one

piece.

A, Ovary inferior, or mostly so.

Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 10, dis-
tinct ERICACE^J, 45

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 5 (or 4), syngenesious.

Flowers in an involucrate head. COMPOSITE, 42

Flowers separate, racemose or spicate LOBEEIACE^S, 43

Stamens as many as the corolla lobes (at least 4), distinct,
Nearly or quite free from the corolla : leaves alternate :

no stipules. CAMPANULACE^E, 44

Inserted on the corolla : leaves opposite or whorled,

With stipules, or else in whorls, quite entire. . . RUBIACE^E, 40

Without stipules, opposite CAPRIFOLIACE.E, 39

Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla.

Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. . . . VALERIANACE.E, 41
Leaves alternate : stamens often united. . . . CUCURBITACE^E, 33

B. Ovary superior (free), or mostly so.
1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of tlie corolla.

Pistil single and simple : leaves compound. . . . LEGUMINOSJE, 25
Pistil compound, with one undivided style ERICACEAE, 45

2. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.
Style 1 : ovary and capsule several to many-seeded. . . PRIMULACE.E, 46

3. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, or fewer.

* No green herbage.
Corolla regular : stamens free : seeds very many and

minute. Monotropese, in ERICACE^, 45

Corolla regular : stamens on the tube : fruit 2-celled.

Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACE.E, 54
Corolla irregular : stamens didynamous : capsule 1 -celled,

many-seeded OROBANCHACE^, 57

* # With ordinary green herbage.

•t- Corolla regular or nearly so : stamens not didynamous.

Corolla scarious and veinless : stemless herbs. . . PLANTAGINACEJE, 61
Corolla more or less veiny.

Stamens 2 or 3 : parts of the corolla 4 or 5. . . . OLEACE^E, 47
Stamens 5 (or 4), as many as the corolla-lobes.
Pollen in solid waxy masses : fruit a pair of folli-
cles ASCLEPIADACE.E, 49

Pollen powdery.
Ovaries 2 : fruit a pair of follicles. . . . APOCYNACE^, 48

ANALYTICAL KEY. Xlll

Ovary 4-lobed, forming 4 separate or separable seed-
like nutlets. BORRAGINACEJE, 53

Ovary single and entire.

Style 3-cleft at apex : capsule 3-celled : corolla

convolute POLEMONIACE.E, 51

Styles or stigmas 2 or 1 .
Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, with large embryo and

little or no albumen : peduncles axillary. CONVOLVULACE.E, 54
Ovules few or numerous : embryo small, in albumen.
Leaves all opposite or whorl ed and entire : capsule

1-celled : corolla convolute. . . GENTIANACE.E, 50
Leaves various, mainly alternate.

Styles 2 (or 1 and 2-cleft) : capsule 1 to 2-

celled HYDROPIIYLLACE.E, 52

Style 1 : stigma usually 1 : capsule or berry

2-celled, rarely more • SOLANACE^:, 55

See also Limosclla, in ... SCROPHULARIACE.E, 56

H_ H_ Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or 2: style 1.
Ovary and capsule 2-celled : seeds small, mostly indefi-
nite SCROPHULARIACE^), 56

Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with many-seeded placentas

in the axis LENTIBULARIACE^E, 58

Ovary 4-parted, in fruit as many seed-like nutlets. . . LABIATE, 60
Ovary undivided : fruit splitting into 2 or 4 one-seeded

nutlets. VERBENACE.E, 59

DIVISION III. APETAL^E. Corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.
A» Flowers not in aments.

1. Ovary and fruit superior, l-celled and l-ovuled, or carpels distinct if more

than one.

Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes. . . . POLYGONACE^J, 66
Stipules not sheathing the stern or none.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves alternate : flowers perfect : fruit a tailed akene.

Cercocarpus, in ROSACEJE, 26

Leaves alternate : flowers unisexual : fruit a utricle. CHENOPODIACE^E, 65
Leaves opposite.

Fruit an akene : leaves small and narrow. Coleogyne, in ROSACES, 26
Fruit a simple samara : leaves pinnate. Fraxinus, in OLEACE.-E, 47
Herbaceous, or sometimes woody at base.

Fruit a utricle : seed lenticular : embryo annular or spiral.
Flowers with scarious persistent sepals and bracts : no

stipules AMARANTACE^E, 64

XIV ANALYTICAL KEY.

Bracts herbaceous or none : no stipules. . CHENOPODIACE.E, 65

Stipules scarious ILLECEBRACEJE, 63

Fruit a more or less triangular akene : embryo curved.

Flowers perfect, on jointed pedicels, involucrate. POLYGONACE^E, 66
Akene not triangular : embryo straight.

Flowers unisexual : filaments incurved in bud : leaves

simple URTICACE.&, 73

Submerged : flowers axillary, naked : leaves sessile,

filiformly dissected CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 72

Carpels several and distinct, 1 to several-ovuled : calyx

usually corolla-like. .... RANDNCULACE.E, 1

2. As in (I), but ovary and fruit enclosed by the calyx and apparently inferior.

Shrubs, with scurfy opposite entire leaves : flowers dio3cious :

fruit baccate. EL^EAGNACE^E, 67

Herbs : calyx corolla-like : fruit an akene.

Leaves simple, opposite, entire, without stipules: flowers

involucrate NYCTAGINACE^J, 62

Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate ROSACES, 26

3. Ovary and fruit superior, of 2 or more carpels.

Fruit 2 to 4-celled, usually lobed : cells 1 to 2-ovuled.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed : juice milky: mostly herbaceous.

EUPHORBIACE,E, 70

Fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed, compressed, indehiscent : styles 2 :

small aquatic, with opposite entire leaves. CALLITRICHACE^E, 71

Fruit fleshy, 3-celled, 3-lobed : shrubs with alternate simple

leaves RHAMNACE^E, 21

Fruit a double samara : trees with opposite pinnate leaves. SAPINDACE^E, 23
Cruciferous herb : pod small, obcompressed. Lepidium, in CRUCIFER^, 6
Fruit capsular, 1-celled or more, several-ovuled: low herbs
with opposite leaves.

Capsule 3 to 5-celled : succulent FICOIDE.E, 35

Capsule 1-celled : placentae central.

Style and stigma 1 : stamens alternate with the sepals.

Glaux, in PRIMULACE^J, 46

Styles or stigmas 3 or more: stamens opposite the
sepals CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 11

4. Ovary and fruit inferior.

Fruit many-seeded: capsule (£ inferior) 1-celled: leaves

cordate SAXIFRAGACE^J, 27

Fruit mostly 1 -seeded.

Flowers perfect : fruit nut-like : herbs with alternate entire

leaves SANTALACE-E, 69

Dioecious parasites on trees, with opposite leaves and jointed

stems : berry with glutinous pulp. . . . LORANTHACE^E, 68
Aquatic herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves. . HALORAGE^E, 29

ANALYTICAL KEY. XV

B. Flowers unisexual, at least the staminate in aments. Trees or shrubs with

alternate leaves.
Monoecious : male flowers in aments ; female solitary or few :

ovary inferior : leaves simple, with caducous stipules.

Anthers 2-celled : nut in a cup-like or spiny involucre. CCPULIFER^E, 74
Anther cells separate : nut in a foliaceous or tubular invo-
lucre Corylus in CUPDLIFER.ZE, 74

Monoecious or dioecious, flowers all in aments : ovary superior.
Fruit a 1 -seeded nutlet : bracts thickened and rigid in fruit :

nut winged or angled. . . . Betuleae, in CUPULIFERJE, 74

Fruit a many-seeded capsule : dioecious : bracts herbaceous :

seeds comose. SALICACEJE, 75

SUBCLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Embryo with a siugle
cotyledon. Leaves mostly parallel- veined. Flowers usually 3-merous,
never in fives. Mostly herbaceous.

A. Ovary inferior: perianth conspicuous, colored : terrestrial: flowers perfect.
Flowers irregular : stamens and style coherent ; anthers 1 or 2 :

leaves alternate, sheathing ORCHIDACEJE, 76

Flowers regular : stamens 3, perigynous : leaves equitant. . IRIDACE^E, 77
Flowers regular : stamens 6, perigynous : leaves not equitant.

AMARYLLIDACE^:, 78

B. Ovary superior or nearli/ so : perianth regular or none.
Carpels united into a compound ovary : perianth corolla-like,

rarely partly herbaceous : terrestrial plants.

Woody climber, with tendrils : anthers 1-celled. . . SMILACE.E, 80
Herbs : anthers 2-celled.

Perianth mostly of similarly colored lobes or divisions :

stems from a bulb, corm, or rhizome. . . . LILIACE^E, 79
Perianth of 3 green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent

petals : stems from fibrous roots. . . COMMELIN^CE^:, 81

Carpels distinct or solitary : aquatic or marsh herbs.
Perianth none : seed albuminous : fruit utricular or nut-like.
Flowers monoecious in heads or on a crowded spadix :

leaves linear. TYPHACEJE, 83

Small floating disk-like plants. .... LEMNACE^B, 84

Perianth herbaceous, petaloid, or none : albumen none.

Carpels few : perianth none or in fertile' flowers herbaceous.

NAIADACE^E, 86
Carpels numerous in a whorl or head : 3 sepals herbaceous,

3 petaloid. ALISMACE.E, 85

Perianth of 6 similar glumaceous segments : capsule 3-valved.

Rushes or sedge-like JUNCACE^E, 82

Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, spicate, without evi-
dent perianth. Stems solid : sheaths closed : scales single :

anthers basifixed. CYPERACE^E, 87

Culms hollow, terete : sheaths split : glumes in pairs : anthers

versatile. GBAMINE^J, 88

XVI ANALYTICAL KEY.

CLASS II. GYMNOSPERM.E. Ovules naked upon a scale or
bract, or within open integuments. Mono3cious or dio3cious trees or
shrubs.

Male flowers in aments : female subsolitary, the ovule within a
double integument with small terminal orifice : nearly naked
direcious shrubs. GNETACEJE, 89

Female flowers in aments, becoming dry cones or berry-like :
ovules naked at the base of a scale : from shrubs to trees of
the largest size ; with needle or scale-like leaves. . . CONIFERS, 90

SERIES II. PTERIDOPHYTA, or the FERN GROUP. Plants
without true flowers or seeds, but reproducing by spores ; and with a
distinct axis containing fibro- vascular bundles.

Stems solid, leafy : sporangia in the axils of simple leaves or bracts.
Leaves long and grass-like from a corm-like trunk: spores

of two kinds ISOETJS, 91

Small leaves imbricated upon a moss-like stem : sporangia in

terminal spikes.

Spores of two kinds : leaves with ligules. . . SELAGINELL.E, 92
Spores of one kind : leaves without ligules. . LYCOPODIACE^, 93
Stems solid, subterranean, bearing long-petioled often com-
pounded leaves (fronds).
Aquatics : leaves circinately developed : sporangia in fruits

borne on the stem or petioles. .... RHIZOCARPE^E, 94
Terrestrial : leaves erect in vernation : sporangia in special

spikes or panicles OPHIOGLOSSACE^E, 95

Terrestrial : leaves circinate in vernation : sporangia on the

under surface or margins of the leaves. . . . FILICES, 96
Stems hollow, jointed, and striate : leaves reduced to a toothed
sheath at the joints: sporangia in a terminal spike or
cone EQUISETACE^J, 97

BOTANY

OF THE

ROCKY MOUNTAINS,

SERIES I.

PILENOGAMIA OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

PLANTS bearing true flowers, that is, having stamens and
pistils and producing seeds which contain an embryo.

CLASS I. ANGIOSPERldLE.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules
arid forms the fruit.

SUBCLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Leaves netted-
veiued. Elowers usually 4- or 5-merous.

DIVISION I. POLYPETAL.E.

Perianth consisting usually of both, calyx and corolla ; the
petals not united with each other, sometimes wanting.

. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

ORDER 1. RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants with very diverse characters j
generally distinguished by the few or numerous sepals, petals, stamens,
and pistils being distinct and free. The flowers are regular or irregular.
The sepals are very commonly petal-like, and the petals are often want-
ing. The fruits are akenes, dry pods, or berries. The leaves vary from
simple to much compounded, usually on the palmately veined type,
with petiole^ dilated at base, and without stipules.

Tribe I. Sepals valvate, petal-like. Petals none or very small. The fruit a head of akenes,
tailed with feathery or hairy or rarely naked styles. Leaves opposite.

1. Clematis. Half-woody, climbing by the petioles, or erect and herbaceous.
Tribe II. Sepals imbricate, often petal-like. The fruit a head or spike of akenes.

* Petals none. Akenes in a head.

2. Anemone. Sepals indefinite in number. Leaves on the stem opposite or whorled on

or below one-flowered peduncles.

3. Thalictrum. Flowers mostly dioecious, panicled. Leaves alternate.

* * Petals slender. Akenes numerous in a long slender spike.

4. Myosurus. Flowers solitary on a scape. Sepals spurred at base.

* * * Petals generally broad and conspicuous. Akenes numerous in a head.

5. Ranunculus. Petals with a little pit or scale at the base inside. The akene differs

from all others of the order in having the ovule erect.

Tribe III. Sepals imbricate. Petals none, small, or irregular. Fruit a pod or berry.

Leaves alternate.

* Fruit consisting of pods (follicles), 1 to 15 in number.
•«- Flowers regular. Pods 5 to 15.

6. Caltha. Sepals petal-like. Petals none. Pods 5 to 12. Leaves simple.

7. Trollius. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8 to

15. Leaves palmately divided.

8. Aquilegia. Sepals deciduous. Petals 5, all spurred backward. Pods 5. Leaves

ternately compound.

•+- -i- Flowers irregular. Pods 1 to 5.

9. Delphinium. Upper sepal produced backward into a spur.

10. Aconitum. Upper sepal arched into a hood.

* # Fruit a berry of one carpel.

11. Actsea. Sepals caducous. Petals small. Leaves ternately compound. The flowers

are in a single raceme.

1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.

Sepals 4 or rarely more. A genus which is readily recognized by its few
petal-like valvate sepals, and long-tailed akenes.

* Petals none.

H— Stem erect.

1. C. Fremontii, Watson. Stems stout, clustered, 6 to 12 inches high,
leafy and usually branched, more or less villous-tomentose. especially at the
nodes : leaves simple, 3 to 4 pairs, thickish and with the veinlets conspicuously

EANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3

reticulated, broadly ovate, entire or few-toothed : floAvers terminal, nodding ;
the thick purple sepals an inch long, tomentose upon the margin, recurved at the
tip : akenes silky ; the tails less than an inch long, naked above, silky at base.

— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339. This species was discovered by Fremont, but
with locality unknown. It has been rediscovered in Kansas by Dr. Louis
Watson and others, and is the western representative of C. ochroleaca.

2. C. Douglasii, Hook. Stem simple or branching, more or less villous,
woolly at the joints : leaves from pinnate to 2 or 3-pinnatifid ; the leaflets linear or
linear-lanceolate: sepals thick, deep purple within, paler externally, woolly
at the apex, and spreading : akenes silky ; the tails an inch or more in length.

— From Colorado to Washington Territory.

Var. Scottii. A form with leaflets ovate or lanceolate, and tips of sepals
more reflexed and probably less woolly. — C. Scottii, Porter, Fl. Col. 1. Col-
orado and northward.

-t- -H- Stem climbing, more or less woody.

3. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : stems sometimes very
long : leaves pinnate and ternate, mostly 5-foliolate ; the leaflets oblong,
acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely toothed and trifid :
flowers white, in paniculate corvmbs, dioecious : sepals thin, equalling the
stamens. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9. From New Mexico to the Saskatchewan
and Oregon, and also in California. Climbing over bushes and producing a
great abundance of white flowers.

* * Some of the outer filaments enlarging to small petals: stems woody.

4. C. alpina, Mill., var. OCCidentalis, Gray. Trailing, nearly glabrous :
leaves biternately divided; segments ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
frequently 3-lobed, irregularly toothed : sepals purplish-blue, thin : anther-
bearing petals linear: akeues glabrous. — Powell's Geol. Black Hills, p. 531.
The C. alpina, var. Ochotensis, of the various Western reports. From New
Mexico to the Wahsatch and Teton Mountains.

5. C. verticillaris, DC. Climbing: leaves trifoliolate, with leaflets
about as in the last, but ofteuer entire : the flowers 2 to 3 inches across,
with the thin bluish-purple sepals widely spreading. — From California to
Maine, and from the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains to British America.

2. ANEMONE, L. WIND-FLOWEB.

Sepals colored and petal-like. Style short and stigma lateral. Akenes
compressed, pointed or ending in long feathery awns. — Perennial herbs with
radical leaves.

* Akenes with long bearded tails.

1 . A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Villous with long silky hairs :
flower erect, developed before the leaves; which are ternately divided, the
lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments
deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes : sepals 5
to 7, purplish or whitish. — From the mountains eastward into Illinois and
Wisconsin.

4 BANUNCULACEJ3. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

* # Akenes without tails.

H— Akenes very numerous in a dose head, densely villous.
•H*. Low (3 to 12 inches high) or slender plants, with simple stems.

2. A. decapetala, L. Stern 3 to 6 inches high from a round tuber : root-
leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft : involucre (mostly sessile and far below
the flower) 3-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft : sepals 10 to 20, oblong-
linear, purple or whitish: head of fruit oblong. — A. Caroliniana, Walt. From
Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico, and across the continent to the
Caroliuas.

3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3 to 12 inches high from a slender root-
stock : root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate-incised
or lobed : involucre 2 to 3-leaved, distant from the flower : sepals 5 or 6, oval,
white : head of fruit globular. — Mountains of Colorado, and northward to the
Arctic Sea.

•H- •»-*• Taller (6 inches to 2 feet), commonly branching above or producing two
or more peduncles : sepals 5 to 8, silky or downy beneath, oval or oblong.

4. A. multifida, Poir. Silky-hairy (6 to 12 inches high) : principal
involucre 2 to 3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles ;
leaves of the secondary involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves,
twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear : sepals red, sometimes
greenish-yellow or whitish : head of fruit spherical or oval. — Across the
continent in northern latitudes, and southward in the mountains through
Colorado.

5. A. cylindrica, Gray. Taller, and clothed with silky hairs : flowers
2 to 6, on very long and upright naked peduncles : leaves of the involucre
long-petioled , twice or thrice as many as the flower-stalks, 3-divided, their
divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft, lobes cut
and toothed at the apex : sepals greenish-white : head of fruit cylindrical. —
From Colorado to Bitter Root valley and thence eastward across the continent.

•*- •»- Akenes fewer, pubescent only.

6. A. dichotoma, L. Hairy, rather low : involucres sessile ; the primary
ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or
peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in
turn ', their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed : radical
leaves 5 to 7-parted or cleft : sepals 5, obovate, white : carpels orbicular. —
A. Pennsylvania, L. Common on the foothills of Colorado, northward and
eastward.

7. A. nexnorosa, L. Smooth or somewhat villous : stem perfectly simple
from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the involucre of 3 long-
petioled trifoliolate leaves ; their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, toothed or
cut, or the lateral ones 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants soli-
tary from the rootstock : sepals 4 to 7, oval, white or pinkish : carpels oblong,
with a hooked beak. — Northern United States and British America.

•»- H— H— Akenes glabrous.

8. A. narcissiflora, L. Villous : leaves palmately 3 to 5-parted ; seg-
ments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft, lobes linear : involucre somewhat
similar, sessile, leaflets 3 to 5-cleft: pedicels several, umbelled, leafless,

KANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5

1 -flowered: flowers white: carpels roundish-oval. — Alpine. In Colorado at
13,000 feet altitude, and thence through British America.

3. THALICTRUM, L. MEADOW-RUE.

Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like. Pistils 4 to 15. — Perennial
herbs with leaves 2 or 3 times ternately compound, the leaflets stalked.
Mowers in corymbs or panicles. The dioecious species are easily recognized
by combining that character with the much compounded leaves, and all of our
species can be distinguished from Anemone by their alternate leaves and

inconspicuous flowers.

# Flowers perfect.

1. T. alpinum, L. Stem simple, 2 to 8 inches high, slightly pubescent:
leaves mostly radical ; leaflets roundish, about J inch long, somewhat lobed,
crenately toothed : flowers nodding in a simple raceme : stigmas thick and
pubescent : carpels ovate, sessile. — Colorado and northward throughout British
America.

2. T. sparsiflorum, Turcz. Stem 1 to 3 feet high : upper leaves sessile :
flowers on long pedicels in a loose panicle : filaments clavate : carpels strongly
compressed, semi-obovate, short-stipitate, thrice shorter than the persistent style.
— Subalpine. Colorado and far northward ; also in California.

# * Flowers dioecious.

3. T. Cornuti, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: stem-leaves sessile (without
general petiole) or nearly so ; leaflets roundish or oblong and more or less
3-lobed, pale and usually minutely pubescent beneath, the margin mostly
revolute and the veining conspicuous: panicles compound: flowers white,
greenish, and purplish : filaments thickened upwards. — Possibly includes T.
purpurascens , L. Colorado, and in the Atlantic States.

4. T. Fendleri, Engelm. Rather low and slender, occasionally somewhat
pubescent : leaves petioled or the uppermost sessile ; leaflets usually small :
flowers in an open panicle : anthers setosely acuminate : akenes slightly glandu-
lar-puberulent, oblong to ovate, acuminate, 2 or 3 lines long. — PI. Fendl. 5.
Colorado and New Mexico, and westward to Utah and Nevada.

5. T. OCCidentale, Gray. Like the last, but stouter, the leaflets larger
and akenes few in a head (1 to 6), narrowly oblong (3 or 4 lines long), and
narrowed at each end. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 372. From California to Wash-
ington Territory, and extending into Western Montana.

4. MYOSURUS, L. MOUSETAIL.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, linear, on a slender claw with a pit at its summit.
Stamens 5 to 20. — Very small annual herbs, with a tuft of linear or spatulate
entire radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes. The long slender
spike of akenes and linear radical leaves give the plant the appearance of a
diminutive plantain.

1. M. minimus, L. Scapes 2 to 6 inches high : leaves usually shorter :
akenes blunt, on slender spikes 1 or 2 inches long. — From California through
Colorado to the Ohio Valley.

6 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

M. ARISTATDS, Benth., may be found where our boundary touches Utah
and Southern Idaho. It is characterized by its akenes being beaked with a
divergent persistent style nearly equalling the akene.

5. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 15. Akenes mostly flattened, pointed. —
Mostly perennial herbs. Flowers either solitary or somewhat corymbed,
usually yellow and often showy. The leaves are various, and those of the
stem alternate.

§ 1. Aquatic herbs with the submersed leaves, if any, finely divided : petals
white, the daw yellow : akenes transversely wrinkled.

1. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Stems long and
coarsely filiform : leaves all submersed and cut into numerous soft capillary
segments, which usually collapse when withdrawn from the water: akenes in a
close globular head. — Common throughout the continent in stagnant or slow-
flowing waters.

Var. stagnatilis, DC. Leaves all under water, the divisions and sub-
divisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without
collapsing when withdrawn from the water. — The R. divaricatus of Gray's
Manual and the Western reports. Rarer than the former, but with the same
range.

§ 2. Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places, mostly erect : sepals green,

rarely yellow : petals yellow : akenes neither wrinkled nor hispid.

* All the leaves undivided, the margins entire.

2. R. Flammula, L., var. reptans, Gray. Glabrous throughout : stems
filiform, creeping and rooting at the joints : leaves mostly lanceolate and acute
at each end : petals half longer than the sepals : akenes few in a small globu-
lar head, plump ; beak very short and curved. — Found in Colorado, but most
common northward, where it extends across the continent.

3. , R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Glabrous throughout : stems nearly or quite
erect, 6 to 16 inches high, rather stout : leaves broadly lanceolate, blunt at apex :
petals conspicuously nerved, nearly twice as long as the sepals : akenes slightly
flattened, pointed with a nearly or quite straight beak, crowded in a compact
ovate head. — The form called var. montanus, Watson, is the typical form.
Rocky Mountains and westward. The Eastern species bearing this name is
R. ambigens, Watson.

4. R. Macailleyi, Gray. Leaves Ungulate, the truncate apex 3-toothed ;
radical ones (early ones oblong) tapering into a petiole; cauline ones sessile:
sepals very dark villous outside : petals golden : carpels tapering into a short
subulate style : fruit unknown, though head of akeiies probably oblong. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 45. Mountains in San Juan Co., Colorado. The flowers
resemble those of R. nivalis, but the remarkable foliage readily distinguishes
it from every other species.

* * Radical leaves undivided : stem leaves, if any, toothed or lobed : glabrous
perennials, 3 to 6 inches high.

5. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Flowering stems or scapes leafless, 1 to
7-flowered : leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, clustered at

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7

the root and at the joints of the long filiform rooting runners: petals longer than
the sepals : the akenes striate-veined on the sides, enlarging upwards, with a
short oblique beak : head oblong. — Across the continent in marshy ground.

6. B. glaberrimus, Hook. Stems 1 to 3-flowered : radical leaves broadly
oval, either entire or with 3 large blunt teeth at the apex ; stem-leaves cuneate at
the base, 3-deft to the middle : sepals half as long as the petals : akenes plump,
tipped with a short curved beak : head globular. — From Colorado to Wyoming
and Washington Territory ; also in California.

* * * Some or all the leaves cleft or divided.
-i- Primary root-leaves crenate or toothed.

I. B. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf (3 to 6 inches high), hairy: root-
leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate ; lowest stem-leaves similar
or 3 to 5-lobed ; the upper 3 to 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear : petals
large, exceeding the calyx : akenes orbicular with a minute beak. — S. W. Colo-
rado to British America and eastward to Illinois and Michigan.

8. B. abortivus, L. Glabrous, 6 inches to 2 feet high : primary root-
leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones
often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 3 to 5-parted or
divided, their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed : petals
shorter than the reflexed sepals : akenes with a minute curved beak. — From the
mountains eastward across the continent. Most variable as to foliage.

-i- •*- Root-leaves lobed, cleft, or parted.
•w- Style straight or wanting.

9. B. hyperboreUS, Rottb., var. natans, Regel. Stem filiform, creep-
ing: leaves glabrous, petioled, 3-cleft ; the lobes oval-oblong, divaricate, the
lateral ones somewhat 2-cleft : heads of akenes globose, compact : style wanting.
— In swamps at middle elevations, Colorado and northward.

10. B. nivalis, L. Stem about I- flowered : radical leaves on long petioles,
dilated, lobed, the lobes somewhat ovate ; cauline ones nearly sessile, palmate :
calyx very hirsute, shorter than the obovate entire petals : style as long as the
glabrous ovaries. — In the mountains of British America.

Var. Eschscholtzii, Watson. Radical leaves 3-parted, the divisions lobed,
ciliate : style shorter than the akenes. — Colorado, Yellowstone Park, and north-
ward in the mountains.

II. B. SCeleratus, L. Glabrous: stem thick and hollow, a foot high:
root-leaves 3-lobed ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and
toothed ; the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly
entire : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals : akenes barely mucronulate, very
numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads. — From Colorado northward, and
across the continent. In drying, the numerous akenes are soon deciduous from
the receptacle.

•w- -w- Style curved.
= Stem usually \-flowered.

12. B. pygmseus, Wahl. Stem 1 to 2 inches high : leaves glabrous, 3*to
5-cleft ; radical ones petioled : sepals glabrous, longer than the somewhat reflexed
petals : heads oblong : akenes subglobose, pointed with a short hooked style. —
Mountains of Colorado and far northward.

8 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

13. R. adoneus, Gray. Low, sparsely villous, becoming glabrous : stems
branching from the base, 1 to 3-leaved above, sometimes sarmentose-decum-
bent and 2 to 3-flowered : leaves twice pedately parted, segments narrowly
linear : petals golden-yellow, twice exceeding the subvillous sepals : akenes
crowded in an oval head, turgid, with the rather long ensiform beak scarious-
winged on each edge. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 56. High altitudes close
to the snow, Colorado and northward.

= = Stems bearing more than one /lower.
a. Dwarf (2 to 3 inches high).

14. R. digitatus, Hook. Very glabrous : leaves few, petioled, digitately
lobed, the 3 to 5 segments narrowly lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse :
flowers 2 or 3, terminal, with reflexed sepals and 7 to 1 1 oblong cuneate pet-
als : akenes beaked with a subulate recurved style. — In the Wahsatch,
N. Utah, and northward into British America.

b. A foot or two high.

15. R. affinis, R. Br. Radical leaves petioled, usually pedately multifld ;
cauline ones subsessile, digitate, with broadly linear lobes : akenes with re-
curved beaks in oblong-cylindrical heads, more or less pubescent. — Colorado
and northward.

Var. leiocarpUS, Trautv. Lower leaves usually lobed or crenate : flowers
small : carpels smooth or somewhat pubescent. — Colorado.

Var. cardiophyllus, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent: radical leaves round-
cordate, undivided or many-cleft ; cauline ones palmately many-cleft : flowers
an inch in diameter. — Same range as the species.

16. R. Nelsoni, Gray. Sparingly pilose : the simple radical leaves often
3 to 4 inches in diameter, more or less deeply 3-lobed ; the uppermost rarely
parted ; the lower usually cordate in outline : petals not more than 3 lines long,
exceeding the sepals: akenes pilose (sometimes glabrous), in a small head,
rigid, more or less scattered, bearing a very much hooked style of the same
length. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. About Yellowstone Lake and far north-
ward.

H- -i- -t- Leaves all ternately divided.

17. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs :
stem stout, erect : divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally
3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute : petals pale, not exceeding the sepals :
akenes not margined, pointed with a sharp straight beak, in oblong heads. —
Colorado and northward, and in the Atlantic States.

18. R. repens, L. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous : stems ascending and
some of them forming long runners : divisions of the leaves all (or at least the
terminal one) stalked, broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or
parted and variously cut : petals obovate, much larger than the spreading sepals :
akenes strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak, in globular heads. —
Across the continent.

*19. R. macranthus, Scheele. Stem erect, taller, more or less hirsute
with spreading hairs : leaves ternately or more frequently bi-ternately divided,
segments usually stalked, laciniately lobed and toothed : flowers large, with the
sepals strictly reflexed : akenes crowded in subglobose heads, about equalling the

KANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9

broad subulate beaks. — R. repens, var. macranthus, Gray. In the Uinta Moun-
taius, and from Oregon to Nevada and Texas. The largest of the genus
sometimes reaching a height of 5 feet.

20. R. Nuttallii, Gray. Smooth, 6 to 8 inches high : radical leaves bi-ter-
nately divided, segments 3 to 5-parted, lobes oblong or linear, sometimes 2 to
3-cleft : petals spatulate, a little longer than the broader sepals which are also
yellow : akenes rather few, in a globose head, cylindrical-oblong, grooved, many-
nerved, tipped with a long, slender, incurved style. — Colorado and "Wyoming,
along the eastern foothills.

21. R. multifldus, Pursh. Stems floating or immersed, with the divisions
of the leaves long and filiform ; or rooting in the mud and the leaves round-
reniform and more or less deeply lobed and toothed: petioles short, broadly
stipulate-dilated at base : flowers large, the petals with conspicuous obovate scales :
akenes in a small globose head, beaked by a short straight style. — Colorado
and northward, and across the continent.

•i- •)- -»- H- Leaves pinnately divided.

22. R. orthorhyncus, Hook. More or less villous, the stems often
slender, 1 or 2 feet high : divisions of the leaves variously lobed and cut, the
segments often narrow : sepals reflexed : petals bright yellow or purple-tinged
outside : akenes large, flattened, in a close globose head, with aslcndcr straight
beak ns long as the ovary. — In the Bitter-root Mountains, northward and
westward.

6. C ALT HA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.

Sepals 5 to 12, deciduous. Pods each with several seeds, and when ripen-
ing spreading and flattened. — Glabrous perennial herbs, easily recognized by
their undivided leaves and showy petal-like sepals.

1. C. leptosepala, DC. Leaves round- to oblong-ovate (longer than
broad), with a somewhat narrowed and quadrate base, usually very obscurely
crenate above and rather coarsely and often acutely serrate below : flowers
solitary, very rarely 2, the second flower subtended by a pctioled leaf: sepals
white or often tinged with blue. — Prom New Mexico to Alaska. An excel-
lent pot-herb.

7. TROLL I US, L. GLOUE-FLOWER.

Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like. Pods sessile, many-seeded. — Smooth perennials,
with large solitary terminal flowers and palmately parted and cut leaves.

1. T. laxus, Salisb. Flowers pale greenish-yellow or nearly white:
petals much shorter than the stamens. — Associated with the preceding, but
less common.

Var. albiflorus, Gray. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, and flowers white. —
Near snow-banks. " The pure Avhite and broader sepals, lower stature, and
alpine station, distinguish this from the ordinary form," Colorado, Parry.

8. A QU I LEG I A, L. COLUMBINE.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals all alike, with a short
spreading lip. Pods erect, ma.iy-seeded. — Perennials, Avith the leaflets of the
2 to 3 ternately compound leaves lobed. Recognized by its large showy
flowers and prominent spurs.

10 KANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

* Caulescent : spur longer or shorter than the calyx.

«-~ Spur straight.
*•* Flowers red and yellow.

1. A. Canadonsis, L. Spurs much longer than the sepals: flowers 2
inches long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding so that the
spurs turn upwards : limb or lip of the petals distinct : stamens and styles
longer than the ovate sepals. — Along subalpine rivulets and eastward across
the continent.

2. A. formosa, Fisch. Like the preceding or stouter : spurs shorter, not
longer than the elongated sepals, — Colorado and northward, thence westward

into Oregon.

«-*• •»-*• Flowers never red.

3. A. CCBruloa, James. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous : leaves mostly
radical, glaucous beneath, the leaflets deeply cleft : flowers 2 to 2| inches in
diameter, pale blue, sometimes ochroleucous, pinkish, or white : spur very
slender: sepals rhomboid-ovatet longer than the limb of the petals. — On
shaded slopes throughout the Rocky Mountains. A very beautiful and
showy plant.

4. A. chrysantha, Gray. Usually taller and more slender : peduncles
often pubescent: flowers bright yellow throuf/hout : spurs even more slender:
sepals lanceolate-oblong, longer but not broader than the limb of the petals. —
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 621. Colorado and southward.

•<_ 1- Spur hooked at the tip.

5. A. flavescens, Watson. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, glabrous except the
pubescent peduncles and carpels : flowers yellow, the sepals frequently tinged
with scarlet : spurs shorter than the spreading or reflexed oval or oblong-
ovate sepals: limb large and dilated: stamens long exserted. — Bot. King's
Rep. 10. Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.

6. A« brevistyla, Hook. Stems 6/08 inches high, spreading : leaves
bi-ternate ; leaflets 3-lobed, crenate : flowers small, blue, about 6 lines long,
including the spur: sepals oblong-ovate: petals d little exceeding the stamens.
— A. vulgaris, var. brevistyla, Gray. Colorado and northward into British
America.

* * Acaulescent : spur shorter than the calyx .' flowers blue.

7. A. Jonosii, Parry. Minutely soft-pubescent : scapo 1 to 3 inches
high, naked, 1-flowered : leaves all crowded and the persistent scale-like dilated
bases of their petioles imbricated on the stout ascending branches of the
rootstock; the partial petioles short or wanting, so that the 9 small obovate
entire leaflets are in a dense cluster : pods reticulated, smooth, — Am. Nat.
viii. 211. Summit of Phlox Mountain, Wyoming, Parry.

&, DELPHINIUM, L. LARKSPUR.

Sepals 5, petal-like. Petals 2 or 4, irregular ; when 4, the upper 2 developed
backward^ into a spur which is enclosed in the spur of the calyx. Pods
many-seeded. — Erect herbs usually with palmately lobed, cleft, or dissected
leaves, and racemose flowers, which are blue shading to white.

RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11

* Not glandular pubescent.

1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem slender, branching, often slightly pubes-
cent: leaves deeply 3 to 5-parted, the divisions 2 to 3 times cleft, the lobes all
narroivly linear : flowers sky-blue or whitish, in a strict not dense raceme : spur
ascending, usually curved upwards. — Colorado, Wyoming, and eastward
across the plains.

2. D. Menziesii, DC. Glabrous below, at least at the very base, pubes-
cent above with spreading hairs, especially the inflorescence : leaves 5-parted,
divisions 2 to 3-cleft : flowers large, deep-blue, in a loosely few- to many-flowered
simple raceme : upper petals veined with purple : spur long and slender ; ovaries
somewhat tomentose. — Wyoming, Montana, and northwestward.

3. D. bicolor, Nutt. Very similar, but the whole plant glabrous through-
out, including the ovaries, or occasionally somewhat tomentose-pubescent ; and
the flowers are uniformly smaller. — The D. Menz>'esii of Fl. Colorado and
D. Menziesii, var. Utahense, of Bot. King's Rep. 12. Foothills of Colorado
and northward. Closely resembles the eastern D. tricorne.

4. D. SCOpulorum, Gray. Pubescent with a fine hoary tomentum or
glabrous: stem leafy : leaves orbicular in outline, 3 to 5-parted, the divisions
deeply 2 to 3-cleft., the segments many-lobcd or laciniate: flowers sparingly pilose
without, in a many-flowered strict raceme : spur longer than the sepals : pods
pubescent, on stout pedicels. — PI. Wright, ii. 9. Rocky Mountains from
New Mexico to British America.

* * Glandular pubescent.

5. D. OCCidentale, Watson. Known by the stiff glandular spreading
pubescence, which extends rarely to the ovaries and fruit : flowers numerous,
dull or dark blue, very variable in size, often in compound racemes : seeds
light colored and somewhat spongy. — D. elatum, var.(?) occidental, Watson.
Alpine or subalpiue, from Colorado to Oregon.

10. ACONITUM, L. ACONITE. MOXKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE.

Sepals 5, petal-like. Petals 2 to 5 ; the upper 2 with long claws and irregu-
lar spur-like blades concealed within the hood ; the lower 3 very minute or
obsolete. Pods many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately lobed leaves.

1. A. Columbianum, Nutt. Stem stout, 3 to 6 feet high : more or less
pubescent above with short spreading yellowish viscid hairs : divisions of the
leaves broadly cuneate and laciniatoly toothed or lobed : flowers purple or
white in a loose terminal raceme : the hood varying much in breadth and in
length of beak. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 34. A. nasutum, Hook. A. Fischeri
of Bot, Calif, i. 12. Colorado, Wyoming, and westward to the Sierra
Nevada.

11. ACTJEA, L. BAtfEBERRY.

Sepals 4 to 6, petal-like. Petals 4 to 10. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Berry
with many seeds, which are packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennial herbs
with 2 to 3 ternately compound leaves.

1. A. spicata, L., var. arguta, Torr. Smooth, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets
larger and more serrated than in the next : petals oblong, obtuse : berries

12 BERBEKIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

either white or red, in a loose, rather elongated raceme. — From the mountains
westward.

Var. rubra, Ait. Raceme ovate: petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter
than the stamens : berries cherry-red. — From the mountains eastward to the
Atlantic.

ORDER 2. BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

Our species are shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves and
no stipules ; the flower parts are distinct and free, and are opposite to
each other instead of alternate ; the anthers open by uplifted valves. —
Sepals and petals imbricated and deciduous. Pistil one, simple ; style
short or none.

1. B E R B E R I S, L. BARBERRY.

Sepals 6, colored like the petals, with 3 or 6 closely appressed bractlets.
Petals 6, yellow. Stamens 6. Stigma circular and peltate. Fruit a berry
with 1 to 3 seeds. — Shrubs with yellow wood and the flowers in clustered
bracteate racemes.

1. B. repens, Lindl. A low shrub less than a foot high: leaflets 3 to 7,
ovate, acute : racemes few, terminating the stems. — Throughout the Rocky
Mountains. This is the B. Aqui folium of Fl. Colorado and the various Western
Reports. B. Aquifolium ranges farther west, especially in Oregon and Wash-
ington Territory, and is a much larger shrub, with clusters of racemes.

2. B. Fendleri, Gray. Much taller (3 to 6 feet), with branches smooth
and shining as if varnished: leaves entire or irregularly spinulose-scrrate :
racemes pendulous, densely-flowered : calyx with conspicuous red bracts. — PI.
Fendl. 5. S. W. Colorado, southward, and westward to S. California.

ORDER 3. NYMPHLEACEJE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with horizontal trunk-like rootstocks or sometimes
tubers ; the leaves (in ours) deeply cordate ; flowers with all the parts
distinct and free, solitary and axillary on long peduncles ; stamens
numerous.

1. N U P H A R, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK.

Sepals 5 to 12, persistent, usually yellow within and partly green without.
Petals and stamens short and numerous, densely crowded around the ovary.
Ovary 8 to 20-celled, crowned by a radiate stigma, the cells many-seeded. —
In shallow water, sending up large leathery leaves which are usually upright,
but sometimes floating.

1. N. advena, Ait. Emersed and erect leaves thick, varying from
roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the sinus open, or closed, or narrow :
sepals 6 : petals like the stamens, thick and fleshy, truncate : fruit ovoid. —
Abundant in the Yellowstone Park, and extending northward and eastward
across the continent.

FUMAKIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 13

2. N. polysepalum, Engelm. Larger: leaves 6 to 12 inches long,
rounded above, deeply cordate at base : sepals 8 to 12 : petals dilated and unlike
the stamens, often tinged with red : fruit globular. — Mountain lakes in Colo-
rado, westward and northward.

ORDER 4. PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.)

Herbs, usually with milky or orange-yellow juice ; sepals 2 or 3,
caducous ; petals twice as many, in two sets ; stamens indefinite ; ovary
1 -celled, with parietal placentae; seeds numerous. — Leaves alternate,
without stipules. Petals imbricated and commonly crumpled in the
bud.

1. Papaver. Ovary incompletely several-celled by the projecting placentae. Stigmas

united into a radiate crown. Pod opening by chinks or pores under the edge of
the stigma.

2. Argemone. Ovary strictly 1-celled. Pod opening by valves, and with the leaves

prickly.

1. PAP AVER, L. POPPY.

Sepals 2. Stigma 4 to 20-rayed. Pod short and turgid. — Herbs with a
white juice, and nodding flower-buds.

1. P. nudicaule, L. Scape l-flowered, 2 to 3 inches high, naked, hispid
as well as the calyx with brownish hairs : leaves lance-ovate in outline, deeply
pinnatifid: petals lemon-yellow : pod obovate, hispid. — P.alpinumof the Fl.
Colorado. Alpine. Colorado and in Arctic America.

2. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY.

Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Stigma 3 to 6-rayed. Pod oblong ; seeds
crested. — Well marked by the prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves
sessile, sinuate-lobcd, with prickly teeth. Flower-buds erect.

1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Erect, 1 to 2.V feet high, hispid
throughout or armed with rigid bristles or prickles : lower leaves attenuate
to a winged petiole ; the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping : flowers white :
pod oblong. — A. hispida, Gray. Colorado to Mexico and westward.

It is doubtful whether A. Mexicana occurs in Colorado, but it ranges farther
south.

ORDER 5. FUMABIACEJE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

Tender herbs, with watery juice, dissected compound leaves, perfect
irregular hypogynous flowers with parts in twos, except the diadelphous
stamens which are 6, ovary 1-celled, seeds, etc. as in Papaveracece, to
which order Bentham & Hooker have united it.

1. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped (in onrs) at the base.

2. Corydalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base.

14 FUMAUIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

1. DICENTKA, Borkh.

Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4, in two sets ; the outer pair larger,
saccate at base, the tips spreading ; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped,
the hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, thus forming a cavity which con-
tains the anthers and stigma. Middle anther in each set 2-celled, lateral ones
1-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod 1-celled. — Glabrous perennials with the
fleshy root surmounted by a bulb-like cluster of fleshy grains and ternately
or pinnately compound leaves.

1. D. uniflora, Kellogg. The 3 to 7 divisions of the leaves pinnatifid
into a few linear-oblong or spatulate lobes : scape 2 to 3 bracted, 1 -flowered :
flowers flesh-colored, £ inch long, the divergent or reflexed tips of the outer
petals equalling or exceeding the erect gibbous-saccate base ; inner ones not
crested, the blade broadly hastate : pod abruptly beaked with the short style.
— Alpine. Wahsatch and Teton Mountains, and westward in the Sierra
Nevada.

2. COBYDALIS, DC.

Corolla one-spurred at the base on the upper side. Otherwise as in Dicentra.
# Corolla golden-yellow ; spur shorter than the rest of the flower.

1 • C. aur ea, Willd. Stems low or decumbent : racemes simple : the
slightly decurved spur not half the length of the rest of the flower : tips of the
outer petals blunt, crestless and naked on the back : pods usually pendent :
seeds smooth and even, turgid, marginless, partly covered by the scale-shaped
aril. — From Colorado northward and eastward.

Var. OCcidentalis, Gray. Spur longer : pods erect : seeds lenticular with
acute margins. — More common in our range than the type. Colorado to
Montana, and eastward to Missouri and Texas.

Var. micrantha, Engelm. Flowers small, nearly spurless, on short pedi-
cels: pods ascending. — From the Western Mississippi States to the Uiuta
Mountains.

2. C. CUrvisiliqua, Engelm. Differs from the last in having longer
4-angular pods ascending on very short pedicels : the acute-margined seeds muri-
cate. — C. aurea, var. curvisiliqua, Gray. Common in the mountains of
Colorado and southeastward.

* * Corolla white or cream-color ; spur longer than the rest of thefloiuer.

3. C. Brandegei, Watson. Tall and stout (5 feet high) : leaves twice
or thrice pinnately divided ; the lanceolate leaflets % to 1 inch long, acute or
acuminate : hood not crested, the margins folded back and not projecting
beyond the obtuse summit : pod oblong-obovate, obtuse, reflexed. — Mountains of
S. Colorado and in the Wahsatch. Formerly referred to C. Caseana, which
has a more westerly range.

4. C. Cusickii, Watson. Leaves bipinnately divided ; the oblong-oval leaf-
lets acute at each end, half-inch long : the broad margins of the hood produced
beyond its acute apex and folded back over the narrow and somewhat crisped
or erose crest : pod acute. — Extending from Oregon into the Bitter Root
Mountains.

CRUCLFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 15

ORDER 6. CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, cruciform corolla, tetradynamous
stamens, and a 2-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae. — Sepals 4, decid-
uous. Petals 4. Ovary 2-celled by a partition which stretches across
from the placentae, rarely 1 -celled. Style undivided or none ; stigma
entire or 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, the two valves falling away
from the partition, which persists and is called the replum, in a few
genera indehisceut. Ovules few or numerous. Flowers generally in
racemes and without bractlets. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
The mature pods are necessary for analysis.

I. Pod dehiscent, 2-valved.
* Pod strongly compressed parallel with the broad partition : cotyledons accumbent (i. e.

the radicle and cotyledons appearing in cross-section thus 08)-
•»- Pod short ; valves nerveless or faintly 1-nerved : flowers white or yellow.
1. Draba. Pod ovate to oblong or linear, few to many-seeded; valves flat or convex.
Seeds wingless. Low, flowers racemose.

•)- -t- Pod elongated.

«•» Valves nerveless ; replum thickened ; seeds wingless : flowers white : leaves all petioled.
2 Cartlainine. Pod moderately beaked or pointed. Stems leafy, with elongated

racemes.

•H- -H- Valves 1-nerved ; replum thin ; seeds flat, often winged or margined : flowers white to
purple (sometimes yellowish in Streptanthas) : canline leaves (if any) sessile.

3. Parrya. Anthers linear. Petals broadly obovate. Seeds in one or two rows. Scape

naked.

4. Arabis. An there short, scarcely emarginate at base. Petals with a flat blade and

claw. Calyx short or narrow, rarely colored. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows.

5. Streptantlius. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Petals often without a dilated

blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Calyx dilated and
usually colored. Seeds in one row.

* * Pod terete or 4-angled, slightly or not at all compressed ; seeds not margined.
•«- Pod long-linear (1 to 4 inches) ; valves 1-nerved; seeds in ] row, oblong, somewhat flat-
tened, cotyledons incumbent (i. e. the radicle and cotyledons appearing in cross-
section thus oZ>). Stout biennials or perennials.

•H- Flowers greenish-yellow to purple : anthers sagittate.

6. Caulantlms. Petals with abroad claw, somewhat dilated above and undulate, little

longer than the broad sepals, greenish-yellow or purple. Filaments included. Stigma
nearly sessile, somewhat 2-lobed. Pod sessile, 3 inches long or more.

7. Thclyportium. Petals with narrow claw and flat linear to rounded limb, much ex-

ceeding the narrow sepals, usually pink to purple. Filaments often exserted. Style
short ; stigma mostly entire. Pod sessile or short-stipitate.
•H- •»-*• Flowers yellow.

8. Stanley a. Pod somowhat terete, long-stipitate. Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not

sagittate, spirally coiled. Leaves entire or pinnatifid.

9. ICrysimum. Pod 4-angled, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers sagittate, not coiled.

Leaves narrow, entire or repandly toothed.

•«- •*- Pod linear, mostly less than 1 inch long ; valves 1 to 3-nerved ; seeds in 1 or 2 rows,
globose to oblong : flowers usually yellow (white or pinkish in Smeloivslcia) : at least
the lower leaves pinuatifid.1

1 Lrassica, an introduced genus, may be looked for in this group, differing from the other
genera in its nearly terete pod with a long stout beak, globose seeds with the cotyledons
infolding the radicle, and long sagittate anthers. See foot-note, p. 23.

16 CEUCIFEE^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

10. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-angled, pointed. Seeds oblong ; cotyledons nearly ac-

cumbent. Anthers short, oblong. Leaves lyrately-piimatifid. A smooth marsh
perennial

11. Sisymbrium. Pod nearly terete, short-pointed or obtuse. Seeds oblong ; cotyle-

dons incumbent Anthers linear-oblong, sagittate. Mostly annual, with finely dis-
sected or entire leaves.

12. Smelowskia. Pod short, 4-angled, pointed at each end. Alpine perennials with

narrowly pinnatifid leaves ; otherwise as Sisymbrium.

•t- +- -i- Pod oblong-cylindric to globose ; valves strongly convex, nerveless ; seeds in 2
rows, cotyledons accumbent.1

13. Nasturtium. Pod oblong or short-linear. Flowers white or yellow. Smooth or

somewhat hispid.

14. Vesicaria. Pod ovate to globose. Seed flattened. Flowers yellow. Densely stellate-

canescent.
* # * Pod more or less flattened contrary to the partition, which is narrower than the valves ;

seeds not winged.

•i- Valves 1-nerved or obtusely carinate, not winged ; cells several-seeded ; cotyledons in-
cumbent : flowers white.

15. Subularia. Pod ovoid, slightly compressed. A dwarf stomless aquatic, smooth,

with tufted subulate leaves.

16. Capsella* Pod obcordate or oblong, much compressed. Nearly smooth annuals.

•*- •»- Valves acutely carinate or winged ; cells few (1 to 5)-seeded ; cotyledons accumbent
(mostly incumbent in Lepidiu/n) : flowers white.

17. Thlaspi. Pod cuneate-oblong ; valves sharply carinate ; cells 2 to 4-seeded. A smooth

alpine perennial with entire leaves.

18. Lepitlium. Pod orbicular or obovate, 2-winged at the summit ; cells 1 to 2-seeded.
••-•«-•*- Valves inflated, nerveless ; cells several-seeded ; cotyledons accumbent : flowers

yellow.

19. Physaria. Pod didymous ; cells nearly globular. Stellate-cancscent perennials with

entire leaves.

II. Pod of 2 indehiscent cells, separating at maturity from the persistent axis.2

20. Biscutella* Cells flat, nearly orbicular, 1-seeded. Flowers rather large. Stigma

dilated or conical, nearly sessile.

1. DEABA, L. WHITLOW-GRASS.

Sepals equal. Filaments mostly flattened, without teeth : anthers rounded
or oval. — Leaves entire or toothed.

* Sfems scape-like, leafless (or perhaps 1 or2-leaved).

1. D. Stellata, Jacq. Scape with a single leaf, pubescent: leaves oblong-
oval, tomentose with a short stellate pubescence : flowers white. : pedicels puberulent :
pods oblong. — Uinta and Teton Mountains, and far northward.

Var. nivalis, Regel. Scape naked or sometimes with one or two leaves,
pubescent : leaves oblanceolate to obovate, canescent with a stellate pubescence :
pods narrowly oblong, and, with the pedicels, becoming glabrous. — D. nemorosa,
var. alpina, of the Fl. Colorado. High peaks about Mt. Lincoln, Colorado,
and in Arctic America.

Var. Johanms, TCegel. Scape naked or with a single leaf, glabrous:
leaves ovate, with a short woolly pubescence : pods long, linear, and with the pedi-

1 Camelina, an introduced genus, is distinguished by its pear-shaped pod, 1-nerved valves,
incumbent cotyledons, and small yellow flowers. See foot-note, p. 25.

2 Raphanus, an introduced genus, is known by its elongated 1-celled or transversely-
jointed pod, which is attenuated above. See foot-note, p. 27.

CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 17

eels glabrous.— D. muricella, Wahl. ? of Bot. King's Exp. 21; D. nivalis of
Hayd. Rep. 1870. Uiuta Mountaius and far northward.

2. D. crassifolia, Grab. Scape naked or with a single leaf, 1 to 3
inches high: leaves lanceolate-linear, entire or somewhat serrate, ciliate with
simple hairs : flowers small, yellow or white : petals a little exceeding the sepals,
retuse: pods ovate-elliptical, glabrous. — Alpine, from Colorado northward,
and in California.

3. D. alpina, L. Bather rigid : scape naked, mostly somewhat hirsute :
leaves spatulate-lanceolate, more or less pilose with branching hairs : petals yellow,
more than twice the length of the sepals : pods somewhat corymbed, oblong-
elliptical. — Alpine, Colorado, Uiutas, and northward to Arctic America.

Var. glacialis, Dickie. Dwarf: leaves more rigid, linear or narrowly
oblanceolate, more or less strongly cariuate, stellate pubescent, not ciliate : pods
short-ovate, pubescent — D. glacialis of Hayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. Teaks about
Yellowstone Lake and far northward.

* # Stems leaf u.
•»- Flowers white.

4. D. incana, L. Hoary pubescent, seldom branching at the base: leaves
oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatulate: pods oblong-lanceolate, often
pubescent, on short erect pedicels.

Var. conf usa, Poir. Leaves sparingly toothed : pods pubescent. — Moun-
tains of Colorado and in British America.

5. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute-pubescent throughout with branching
hairs, usually branching at base, leafy below or only at base : leaves obovate or
spatulate with a narrow or cuneate base, sparingly toothed toward the apex :
pods linear-oblong, somewhat pubescent with short ascending hairs, on spread-
ing pedicels. — Southern Colorado, eastward, and probably westward.

•»- -t- Flowers yellow (white in one variety of No. 7).
•w- Pods glabrous (except in one variety of No. 7).

6. D. stenoloba, Ledeb. Somewhat vil/ous with spreading hairs, glabrous
above : stems erect, with divergent or decumbent branches near the base :
leaves oblanceolate, rather thin, rarely and sparingly toothed ; the cauline few
and sessile : petals bright or pale yellow : pods linear, in an elongated raceme
on spreading scattered pedicels ; stifle none. — D. nemorosa, var. lutea, of Bot.
King's Exp. 22. Colorado mountains, the Uintas and Wahsatch, and west-
ward to California.

7. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less
toothed : racemes elongated : petals ernarginate, small : pods elliptical-oblong,
half the length of the horizontal or wideli/ spreading pedicels.

Var. leiocarpa, Lindb. Often with stem nearly or quite leafless, and
petals sometimes pinkish-white : sepals sparsely hirsute : pedicels scarcely ex-
ceeding or even shorter than the glabrous pods. — D. nemorosa, var. lutea, of
Fl. Colorado and Hayd. Rep. 1871. Colorado and throughout Yellowstone
Park.

Var. hebecarpa, Lindb. Pubescent : stem branched : pods pubescent,
one third the length of the pedicels. — D. nemorosa of Bot. King's Exp. 22 and
Hayd. Rep. 1871. In the mountains from Colorado to Arctic America.

2

18 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

8. D. chrysantha, Watson. Stems decumbent or erect from a branch-
ing rootstock, which becomes covered with the persistent bases of dead leaves,
sparingly pubescent with simple hairs: basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
mostly entire; the cauline oblauceolate to lanceolate : flowers bright yellow:
pod oblong, acute at each end and beaked by a slender style. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 364. In the high mountains of Colorado and southward into

Arizona.

•w- -i-+ Pods not glabrous.

9. D. moiitana, Watson. Hoary-villous with simple or branching rigid
hairs, rather stoat, erect, simple or sparingly branched, becoming a span high
or less : leaves rosulate and rather crowded at and above the base of the stem,
oblanceolate, sparingly toothed : pods linear-oblong, obtusish, roughly puberulent,
nearly erect upon spreading pedicels; style none. — Wheeler's Rep. vi. 63.
Colorado.

10. D. aiirea, Vahl. More or less canescenily stellate pubescent and usually
somewhat villous with branching hairs: stems 3 to 18 inches high, solitary or
several from the same root, simple or branched : leaves oblanceolate, petioled ;
the upper sessile, oblong to oblong-ovate, entire or sometimes sparingly
toothed : petals yellow fading to white : pods linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward
into a short style, puberulent, often somewhat twisted. — From Colorado to .British
America.

Var. stylosa, Gray. Style as long as in the next. — Southwestern
Colorado.

11. D. Streptocarpa, Gray. A span high, with simple or simply forked,
long, rigid, shaggy, spreading hairs : radical leaves rosulate, spatulate-lanceolate,
attenuated into a large-margined petiole ; cauline very entire, sessile : racemes
often paniculate : petals golden-yellow : pods linear or oblong-ovate, minutely or
strongly hispid-cilinte, usually much twisted with often 3 or 4 turns ; style long.
— In the mountains of Colorado to the very summit, the alpine forms being
much dwarfed.

12. D. vcntosa, Gray. Depressed and cespitose, canescenily tomentose
throughout, the pubescence stellate : leaves crowded on the mostly tufted
branches, spatulate-oblong or obovate, entire : peduncle in fruit exserted be-
yond the leaves: petals golden-yellow: pod oval or orbicular, tomentulose-hirsute,
tipped with a short distinct style. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. " On a high rocky
peak overlooking Snake and Wind River valleys," Parry,

2. CARDAMINE, L. BITTER CRESS.

Sepals equal. Pod linear, seeds in one row. — Growing in wet places,
usually with running rootstocks or small tubers ; leaves all petioled, simple or
pinnate.

1. C. COrdifolia, Gray. Stem I to 3 feet high, erect, simple, leafy to the
top : leaves cordate, sparingly repand-dentate or angular-toothed, ciliate, 2 to 4
inches across ; lowest orbicular ; upper triangular-cordate : flowers rather large :
pods erect. — C. rhomboidea of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From New Mexico and
Colorado to Oregon.

2. C. Breweri, Watson. Stem 6 to 18 inches high, flcxuous, decumbent at
base, usually simple : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, rounded or oblong, the terminal much

(MUSTARD FAMILY.) 19

the largest, entire or coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobed, often cordate at base ;
radical leaves mostly simple and cordate-reuiform : pods obtuse or scarcely
beaked with a short style, ascending. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339. C. pau-
cisecta of Hayd. Rep. 1870, 1871, 1872. From Wyoming to California and
Oregon.

3. C. hirsuta, L. Stem 3 to 12 inches high, erect or ascending from a
spreading cluster of root-leaves : leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, rounded ; those of the
upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent: flowers small: pods erect of
ascending in line with the pedicels ; «tyle very short or almost noiie. — From
Colorado to Alaska and eastward across the continent.

3. PARRYA, R. Br.

Style rather short ; lobes of the stigma connate. Seeds flat, orbicular, with
a broad membranous border. — Low herbs, with thick perennial roots and
numerous scapes with racemed flowers.

1. P. nudicaulis, Regel. Rootstock fusiform: scape 4 to 6 inches
high : leaves broadly lanceolate, incisely toothed : petals rose-color or purple,
retuse : pods broadly linear, erect, slightly incurved, somewhat constricted
between the seeds, which are slightly corrugated.

Var. aspera, Hegel. Pilose with glandular hairs.

Var. glabra, Regel. Whole plant glabrous. — Both varieties are included
in the P. macrocarpa. of Bot. King's Exp. 14 and Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 88.
Near the summit of one of the highest peaks of the Uiutas { Watson).

4. ARAB IS, L. ROCK CRESS.

Anthers short, hardly emarginate at base. Stigma entire or somewhat
2-lobed. Pod linear. Seeds flat and usually winged. — Erect, with perpen-
dicular roots and undivided leaves, the cauliue usually clasping and auricled
at base.

# Biennials : pods erect or ascending : flowers small, white or nearly so.

1. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous: stem stout, usually simple, 2 to 4
feet high, mostly glabrous but often hirsute toward the base : lower leaves spatu-
late, sinuate-pinnatlfld or toothed ; the cauliue entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
clasping by the sagittate base : petals little exceeding the sepals : pods erect and
usually oppressed, narrowly linear; style short: seeds in two roivs, narrowly
winged or wingless. — Across the continent and fur northward.

2. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, 1 to 2 feet high :
leaves often rosulate at the base ; the cauline ovate to oblong or lanceolate,
entire or toothed, partly clasping by a somewhat sagittate or cordate base : petals
greenish-white, longer than the sepals : pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style
scar cell/ any : seeds in one row, wingless. — Colorado and northward, and east-
ward across the continent.

3. A. spathulata, Nutt. Hirsute, dwarf and somewhat cespitose, about
4 inches high : root thick, crowned with vestiges of former leaves and stems :
leaves spatulate-oblong, entire; radical leaves on rather long petioles: petals
al>out twice the length of the sepals: pedicel about half the length of the pod,
which is rather short, diverging, pointed with a distinct slender style : seeds with

20 CEUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

a narrow margin. — Along the Platte and westward to W. Nevada and
Oregon.

4. A. lyrata, L. Low, diffuse or spreading from the base, mostly glabrous,
except the lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves; cauline leaves scattered, spatulate or
linear with a tapering base: petals much longer than the yellowish sepals: pods
ascending or spreading: seeds marginless. — From Colorado northward and
eastward.

* * Mostly perennials: pods usually erect or ascending flowers mostly larger
and deeper-colored.

5. A. Drurnmondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, 1 to 2 feet h/'gh : stem-
leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear and sagittate, or the lowest spatulate : petals
white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the sepnls : pedicels and pods
loosely erect or ascending or spreading: seeds wing-margined. — Throughout
the whole Rocky Mountain region and eastward across the continent. Very
variable.

6. A. Lyalli, Watson. Bright green or glaucous and glabrous, sometimes
villous below, rarely more or less canescent with stellate pubescence : stems
slender from a branching base, 2 to 15 inches high : radical leaves oblanceolate,
entire ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping by a sagittate base : petals light
pink, twice longer than the sepals: style none: seeds in 2 rows, narrowly
winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. A. Drummondii, var. alpina, of Fl.
Colorado ;md Ilayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. Alpine and subalpine. Colorado, Utah,
Wyoming, and westward.

7. A. canescens, Nutt. Densely and finely stellate-pubescent, 2 to G inches
high, tufted : leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate to broadly spatulate, entire ;
cauline oblong and clasping: petals pale-purple: pods glabrous, tipped by a
thick nearly sessile stigma, more or less spreading or reflexed on short pedicels :
seeds in 1 row, broadly winged. — Wyoming to Nevada and California.

* * * Perennial : pods rejlexed or recurved : style none.

8. A. HolbCBllii, Ilornem. More or less stellate-pubescent, rarely hirsute
or even glabrous : stem \ to 2 feet high, simple or branching : lower leaves
spatulate, entire or denticulate : petals twice longer than the sepals, white or
rose-color or rarely purple, becoming reflexed. — A. retrofmcta, Grah. From
the Sierra Nevada to New Mexico and Arctic America, and eastward to the
Saskatchewan.

5. STREPTANTHTJS, Nutt.

Anthers elongated, sagittate; longer filaments sometimes connate. Stigma
simple. Pod linear. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Ours is a perennial, with
stem-leaves clasping by a broad auriculate base.

1. S. COrdatUS, Nutt. Glabrous or glaucous: stem simple, 1 to 2 feet
high, rather stout : leaves thick, usually repandly toothed toward the apex,
the teeth often setosely tipped ; lower leaves spatulate-ovate or obovate ;
cauline cordate to oblong or ovate-lanceolate : petals about half longer than
the sepals, greenish-yellow to purple : pods nearly straight, loosely spreading.
— Mountains of Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to the Sierra
Nevada.

CEUCIFEE^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 21

6. CAULANTHUS, Watson.

Sepals large, nearly equally saccate at base. Anthers linear, curved. —
Ours are stout perennials, with lyrate and entire leaves and greenish-yellow
flowers.

1. C. hastatus, Watson. Glabrous, simple or somewhat branched:
leaves petioled, very variable; radical ones lyrate or entire, the terminal
leaflet ovate, hastate, or truncate at base, the lateral leaflets very small ; cauline
ovate-oblong, entire, hastate, rounded or cuueate at base : flowers in a loose
virgate raceme, reflexed : sepals narrow, distant: petals (sometimes nearly
wanting) equalling the sepals, toothed on the sides : pods spreading. — Bot.
King's Exp. 28, with plate. On shaded slopes in the Wahsatch and Uinta
Mountains.

7. THELYPODIUM, Endl.

Sepals narrow, equal at base. Anthers linear, curved. — Mostly stout and
coarse biennials.

* Leaves entire.

1. T. integrifolium, Endl. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, attenuated upward
and sending out numerous branches toward the summit: radical leaves petioled,
oblong-elliptical; cauline lanceolate, sessile, uppermost nearly linear: flowers
crowded, pale rose-color: pedicels almost horizontal : pod short, abruptly
pointed, on a short stipe. — From New Mexico to the Upper Missouri and
Oregon ; also in California.

2. T. linearifolium, Watson. Stem 1 foot or more high, often branched
from the base, erect, paniculate at the top : leaves linear, or the lower lance-
olate, sessile : sepals turning purplish : petals rose-purple : pods erect, on
spreading pedicels, very slender, teretish, apiculate with a very short style. —
Bot. King's Exp. 25. Streptanthus linear if olius, Gray. Wyoming, Colorado,
and southward.

3. T. sagittatum, Endl. Stems weak, rarely erect, 12 to 18 inches high:
radical leaves long-petioled, lanceolate; cauline sagittate and clasping: sepals
purplish : petals pale pink : pods somewhat torulose, acuminate with the
rather long style, spreading. — W. Wyoming, S. W. Montana, to Utah and
Nevada.

4. T. Nuttallii, Watson. Resembling the last but stouter and more erect,
3 to 5 feet high : radical leaves ovate : sepals and petals bright purple, rarely
whitish. — Bot. King's Exp. 26. Streptanthus sagittatus, Nutt. Wyoming
and Montana to Oregon and California.

* * At least the radical leaves toothed.

5. T. Wrightii, Gray. Stem 2 to 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate, f epand-
dentate or denticulate, all narrowed into a short petiole : flowering racemes
short and dense ; pedicels divaricate : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals :
pods widely spreading, on a very short stipe. — Colorado and southward.

22 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

8. STANLEYA, Nutt.

Sepals narrow, spreading, yellow. Petals with long connivent claws. Fila-
ments much elongated. — Stout perennials with large flowers in elongated
racemes.

1. S. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, decumbent at base:
lower leaves lyrate-pinnatljid ; upper leaves entire, lanceolate, narrowed at base
to a slender petiole : pods somewhat torulose, twice longer than the stipe. —
S. integrifolia, James. From Arizona and New Mexico to the head-waters of
the Missouri, eastward to Western Iowa, and westward to California.

2. S. tomcntosa, Parry. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, very stout, white-villous
or hirsute throughout: radical and lower leaves as in the last; upper ones
entire and hastate, passing into lanceolate and finally subulate bracts : raceme
very dense and thick, cylindrical, becoming 1 to 1£ feet long, with pale cream-
colored flowers. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. " Owl Creek, Wyoming, on dry
slopes," Parry.

3. S Viridiflora, Nutt. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, simple, erect, glabrous :
radical leaves obovate or lanceolate, entire or with a few ruucinate teeth towards
the base ; cauline lanceolate, clasping : sepals and petals greenish-yellow : pods
torulose. — N. Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and northward.

9. ERYSIMTJM, L.

Sepals erect, the alternate ones strongly gibbous at base. Petals long-
clawed, with a flat blade. — Leaves not clasping ; the flowers often large,
yellow or orange, or occasionally purple.

* Flowers small : pods small and short.

1. E. Cheiranthoides, L. Minutely roughish, slender, branching:
leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed : pods very obtusely angled, ascending
on slender divergent pedicels. — From Colorado to Arctic America and
westward.

* * Flowers showy : pods elongated.

2. E. asperum, DC. Canescent with short oppressed hairs: stems soli-
tary and simple, rarely branched above : leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatu-
late ; the caulilie linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly repand : petals
light yellow to deep orange or purple : pods ascending on stout spreading pedicels.
• — From Mexico to British America, and from California to Texas and Ohio.

Var. Arkansanum, Gray. Minutely roughish-hoary : leaves lanceolate,
somewhat toothed : pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, exactly 4-sided. —
On the plains and in the mountains of Colorado and eastward.

3. E. pumilum, Nutt. Somewhat scabrous: stems 2 to 4 inches high:
leaves linear, all entire : flowers pale yellow : pods flatly 4-sided, very long,
erect, on very short pedicels. — E. asperum, var. pumilum, and Hcspei-is Pallasii
of Fl. Colorado. Alpine in Colorado, also in the foothills of Nevada.

4. E. parviflorum, Nutt. Canescent and scabrous : stem low and simple :
leaves all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire, densely clustered
at the base of the stem : flowers small, sulphur-yellow: pods erect. — E. asperum,
var. inconspicuum, of Bot. King's Exp. 24 and Bot. Calif, i. 39. Nevada to the
Saskatchewan.

CEUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 23

1O. BARB ARE A, R. Br. WINTKR CRESS.

Valves somewhat carinate. Seeds in one row, turgid, margiuless. — Erect
and brandling, with angled stems.

1. B. VUlgaris, R. Br. Stem 1 to 3 feet high: lower leaves lyrate*
pinnatifid, with a larger rounded terminal lobe and 1 to 5 pairs of lateral
ones ; upper leaves obovate, more or less piuuatifid at base : pods erect, often
appressed. — From Oregon eastward.

11. SISYMBRIUM,1 L. HEDGE MUSTARD.

Sepals scarcely gibbous at base. Seeds not margined. — Erect herbs, with
small flowers, the leaves not clasping or auriculate, rarely entire.

* Leaves pinnate or bipinnate.

1. S. canescens, Nutt. Canescent with short branching hairs: stems
£ to 2£ feet high : leaves 1 to 2-piimate, with the segments more or less deeply
pinnatifid or toothed : pods acute at each end and pointed with the very short
style, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels : seeds in two rows. — Very
common on the plains and in the mountains. From Colorado to Arctic
America, westward to California, and eastward to New York and Pennsyl-
vania.

2. S. incisum, Engelm. Pubescence short, more or less glandular : stems
1 to 4 feet high : leaves pinnate, with the segments linear to ovate-oblong,
more or less deeply piunatifid, sometimes entire : pods pointed at both ends,
mostly exceeding the spreading pedicels : seeds in one row. — S. Calif or nicum,
Watson in Bot. King's Exp. 23. Oregon and Washington Territory, east-
ward to Winnipeg Valley and southward to New Mexico.

* * Leaves entire or toothed.

3. S. glaucum, Nutt. Glaucous, about 1 foot high: radical leaves
small, spatulate ; cauline ovate, sagittate and clasping, rather acute : floicers
very small, pale purple : pods erect : seeds in one or two rows. — South Park,
Colorado, and northwestward to Oregon.

4. S. virgatum, Nutt. Canescently hirsute with simple and stellate hairs:
stem about a span high, virgately branched from the base : leaves lanceolate-
linear, clasping ; lower ones denticulate or entire : flowers larger, pale purple :
pods erect : seeds in two rows. — On the Platte and its tributaries.

5. S. linifolium, Nutt. Glabrous and glaucous, 1 to l£ feet high : leaves
.narrowly oblanccolate or linear: flowers light yellow: pods ascending on short

spreading pedicels, with short thick styles : seeds in one row. — S. junceum of
Hayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. W. Wyoming and northwestward through Montana
and Idaho.

1 BRASSICA is an allied genus, represented in our range by the following introduced
species : —

B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Known by its rough spreading hairs, lower leaves usually with a
large coarsely toothed terminal lobe, upper leaves often undivided, and the pods more than
a third occupied by the stout 2-edgcd beak. — Around settlements in S. Montana and Idaho,
;uid undoubtedly elsewhere.

24 CKUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

12. SMELOWSKIA, C.A.Meyer.

Dwarf alpine perennials, distinguished from Sisymbrium by the short
4-angled pods.

1. S. calycina, C. A. Meyer. Densely white-tomentose to nearly gla-
brous, cespitose, the much-branched rootstock thickly covered with the shoath-
ing bases of dead leaves : leaves mostly radical and with long slender petioles,
pinnate or pinnatifid ; segments linear to oblong : pod beaked with a short
style and broad stigma, ascending on spreading pedicels : seeds in one row.
— From Colorado to California and Oregon, and northward.

13. N A S T U R TI U M, R. Br. WATEK-CRESS.

Growing in water or in moist places, smooth or nearly so, with the leaves
pinnatifid or lyrate.

* Flowers small, yellow or yellowish.

1. N. ObtUSUin, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so: stems much branched:
leaves pinnately parted or divided, often lyrate, decurrent; segments oblong-
roundish, obtusely toothed or repand : racemes elongated in fruit : pods ovate
to linear-oblong, twice the length of the pedicels ; style short. — From Colorado
to the headwaters of the Yellowstone and eastward. Growing in the spray of
the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Var. (?) alpinum, Watson. Dwarf: leaves oblong, entire or with a few
teeth or coarsely lyratc-pinnatifid : pods mostly shorter than the pedicels. — Bot.
King's Exp. 15. Uinta Mountains.

2. N. palustre, DC. Stout, glabrous, erect, 1 to 3 feet high: leares
lanceolate, lyrately-pinnatijid, petioled : pods oblong, equalling the spreading
pedicels, tipped by the prominent style. — E. California to Colorado, thence
northward and eastward.

Var. hispidum, Fisch. & Meyer. Somewhat hispid : pods shorter, globose-
oblong. — The more common form.

3. 3ST. CUrvisiliqua, Nutt. Smooth, usually erect, % to 1 foot high :
leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, pinnatijid with oblong usually toothed lobes,
rarely only sinuate-toothed : pods rather slender on pedicels of about the
same length, both often strongly curved; style prominent or none. — W. Wyo-
ming and Idaho to Washington Terr, and California.

4. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems diffuse, slender, decumbent, smooth or
slightly roughened, from perennial creeping or subterranean shoots : leaves
lanceolate, usually narrow, regularly sinuate-pinnatifid with numerous linear-
oblong nearly entire lobes : pods linear, tipped with the long style, becoming
curved, as also the slender pedicel. — From New Mexico to the Upper Missis-
sippi and westward to the Sierra Nevada.

* * Flowers whiteJ-

5. N. trachycarpum, Gray. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching:
leaves lyrate-subpinnatifid : pods oblong-linear, papillose-roughened, curved-

1 N. officinale, R. Br., is a smooth procumbent aquatic rooting at the joints, with pinnate
leaves and sinuate leaflets, and with spreading pedicels and a short thick style. — Intro-
duced in the streams about Denver and Salt Lake City, and doubtless elsewhere.

CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTAKD FAMILY.) 25

ascending on stout pedicels, soon recurved, shorter than the long subulate
style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54. S. W. Colorado ou the San Juan, etc.,
Brandegee.

14. VE SI CAR I A,1 Tourn. BLADDER-POD.

Low densely stellate-canescent herbs, with large yellow flowers, entire or
sinuately toothed leaves, and long slender styles.

* Pod smooth.

1. V. Fendleri, Gray. Low, spreading from a thick woody caudex :
leaves linear or linear-spatulate, crowded, mostly entire : raceme densely
many-flowered : pod membrauaceous. — PI. Fendl. 9. V. stenophylla, Gray, of
Fl. Colorado, 6. Southern Colorado and southward.

* * Pod hairy.

2. V. Ludoviciana, DC. Stem simple or somewhat branched above :
radical leaves spatulate, entire; cauline linear : pod oborate, globose, a little longer
than the style. — Colorado and Wyoming.

3. V. montana, Gray. Stems spreading, leafy : radical leaves subocate,
petioled, sometimes 1 or 2-toothed ; cauline spatulate: fruiting raceme elongated:
pod oval or ellipsoidal, a little longer than the style and a little shorter than the
upwardly curving spreading pedicel. — Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming,
also in California and Oregon.

4. V. alpina, Nutt. Dwarf and ccspitose : leaves linear-spatulate, entire :
flowers in short corymbose racemes, large for the size of the plant : pod
inflated belotc, compressed at the summit, shorter than the stifle, densely clothed with
stellate hairs. — W. Wyoming and S. W. Montana.

15. SUBTIL ARIA, L. AWLWORT.

A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves, few minute
white flowers, and no style.

1. S. aquatica, L. Scapes 1 to 3 inches high : leaves usually shorter
than the scapes : flowers scattered : petals not exserted : pods obtuse, about
equalling the pedicels. — In great abundance at the head of Yellowstone
Lake, Parry. The next stations to the east are in New Hampshire and
Maine.

16. CAPSELLA, Moench. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

Slender and mostly smooth annuals, with small white flowers and simple or
pinnate leaves.2

1. C. divaricata, Walp. Glabrous, very slender and diffusely branched :
radical leaves pinnate or pinnatifid with few lobes ; the upper oblanceolate to
linear, entire : pods elliptic-oblong, on very slender spreading pedicels. —
Colorado, W. Wyoming, and westward.

1 Camelina satim, Crantz., is an annual, with lanceolate arrow-shaped leaves, and large
margined pods. — Known as " False Flax," and introdur-cd in Colorado, etc.

2 C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcmcli, is usually somewhat hirsute at base, with radical leaves
mostly runcinate-pinnatifid, cauline lanceolate and auricled at base, and pods euneate-
triangular, truncate above. — Naturalized wherever civilized man is found.

20 CRUCIFEE^E. (MUSTAEJD FAMILY.)

17. THLASPI, L. PENNYCKESS.

Pod usually emarginate. Style rather long. Seeds somewhat turgid. —
Low glabrous herbs with simple stems ; lower leaves rosulate, entire or
toothed, the cauliue oblong, auricled and clasping ; flowers white or pinkish.

1. T. alpestre, L. Eadical leaves petioled, ovate or obovate: pods
acutely margined but not winged. — T. cochleariforme, DC., of Hayd. Kep.
1872; T. Fendleri, Gray, of Hayd. Rep. 1870. From New Mexico to British
America and westward.

18. LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERGRASS.

Low herbs with pinnatifid or toothed leaves and small white flowers.
# Petals ttorte : stamens 2 or 4.

1. L. intermedium, Gray. Erect and branching, puberulent or gla-
brous : lower leaves toothed or piuuatifid ; the upper often entire, oblanceolato
or linear : pod smooth or rarely puberulent, very shortly winged with some-
what divergent obtuse teeth, on spreading pedicels. — L. ruderale of Hayd.
Kep. 1870. From Texas to Hudson's Bay, and westward to S. California
and the Columbia Valley. Forms with small petals are reported from Utah,
New Mexico, Texas, etc.

* # Petals conspicuous : stamens 6.1

2. Ii. montanum, Nutt. Decumbent, branches many from a long some-
what woody root, spreading in a circular manner : radical leaves more or less
bipinnatifid; upper leaves trifid or entire: pods indistinctly reticulated, elliptical,
slightly emarginate, wingless, with a conspicuous style. — Plains from New Mexico
to the British boundary, and in California.

3. L. alyssoides, Gray. Stems diffuse, branches minutely puberulent :
leaves narrowly linear, mucronulate, attenuate at base, very entire, lowest often
piunately lobed : racemes dense, corymbose : po<ls ocate, shortly winged aliove with
acutish teeth, scarcely emarginafce, with a very short style. — In dry valleys and
on hillsides from N. Nevada through Colorado to Mexico.

4. L. Premontii, Watson. Glabrous and glaucous, diffusely branched,
from a somewhat woody base : leaves linear, entire or sparingly lolx-d : racemes
rather short and few-flowered: pods rounded, abruptly cuneate at base, slightly
pmarqinate with short very obtuse teeth. — Bot. King's Exp. 30, with plate. S.
Colorado and through S. Utah to Nevada and California.

19. PHYSABIA, Nutt.

Low and stellately canescent plants, distinguished by the inflated, nearly
globular cells of the didymous pod.

1. P. didymocarpa, Gray. Decumbent, diffusely branched: radical
leaves broadly spatulate, occasionally lyrate ; cauline oblanceolate : flowers
showy : pods deeply emarginate above and below, the cells usually approxi-
mate, but sometimes divergent. — From Colorado to British America and
westward to the Sierra Nevada.

1 L. sativum, L., has leaves variously divided and cat, with very numerous round-oval
winged pods, and flowers sometimes rose-color. — Introduced in Colorado, Utah, and else-
where.

CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) 27

20 BISCUTELLA,1 L.

Erect stellate-pubescent branching herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaves,
and yellow or purplish flowers.

1. B. Wislizeni, Benth. & Hook. A foot or more high, covered
throughout with a fine, but dense, stellate pubescence : leaves linear-lanceolate
to broadly lanceolate, entire, slightly undulate or deeply pinnatifid : each half
of the pod roundish. — Dlthyrtea Wislizeni, Engelm., of the various Western
reports. S. W. Colorado, Brandeyee, to Arizona and Texas.

ORDER 7. CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate leaves and perfect hypogynous flowers, sepals
and petals as in Cmciferce, stamens 6 or more, nearly equal in length,
pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae and kidney-shaped seeds, the
embryo incurved rather than folded.

* Stamens 8 to 32.

1. Polaiiisia. Flowers whitish or purple. Pod elongated.

* * Stamens G.

2. Cleome. Flowers yellow or pink-purple. Pod oblong or linear, many-seeded.

3. Cleoinella. Flowers yellow. Pod rhomboidal, 2-horned or globular, few-seeded.

1. POLANISIA, Raf.

Sepals sometimes united at base. Petals with claws and emarginate. Pod
compressed or cylindrical, many-seeded. — Annual herbs, ill-scented and mostly
glandular, with 3-foliolate petioled leaves, and flowers in leafy bracted racemes.

1. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray. Leaves with 3 lanceolate leaflets;
floral bracts mostly simple : petals with slender claws as long as the sepals :
stamens 12 to 16, exserted : pod very rarely on a short slender stipe : seeds finely
pitted and often warty. — P. uniylandulosa of the Fl. Colorado and Bot. King's
Ex p. Colorado and Wyoming to the Columbia River, and eastward to Kan-
sas and Texas.

2. P. graveolens, Ilaf. Leaves with 3 oWony leaflets : flowers small :
calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish-white: stamens about 1 1 , scarcely
exceeding the jxi<tls : pod sliyhtly stipitate. — Upper Arkansas Valley, Colorado,
and eastward across the continent.

2. CLEOME, L.

Sepals sometimes united at base. Pod stipitate, many-seeded. — Erect
brandling annuals, with palmately 3 to 7-foliolate leaves, flowers in bracteate
racemes, and pods pendent on spreading pedicels.

1 Raphanus sativus, L., is more or less hispid, witli purple or rose-colored flowers, and
an inflated long-pointed pod. —The common Radish, running wild in cultivated grounds*

28 VIOLACE^]. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

1. C. lutea, Hook. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high:
leaflets 5, linear- to oblong-lanceolate : flowers showy, bright yellow, corymbose,
the raceme elongated in fruit : stamens much exserted : pod equalling or
much longer than the stipe. — C. aurea, Nufct. Abundant in the valleys of
Colorado and Wyoming, and westward to Nevada and Oregon.

2. C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat glaucous, 2 to 3 feet high :
leaflets 3, lanceolate (the lowest oblong) : flowers large, showy, reddish-purple,
rarely white, the raceme sometimes nearly a foot long: pods compressed,
much longer than the stipe. — From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and
eastward.

3. C. Sonorse, Gray. Glabrous : leaflets 3, linear : flowers purplish : pod
turgid, somewhat longer than the stipe, which is much shorter than the pedicel. —
PI. Wright, ii. 16. S. Colorado (Brandegee) and southward.

3. CLEOMELLA, DC.

Like Cleome, but the pod few-seeded, small and ovoid-globose or rhom-
boidal. — Erect branching annuals, with yellow racemose flowers and 3-folio-
late leaves.

1. C. angustifolia, Torr. Branching ubore : leaflets oblong-linear: pod
many times longer than the style, shorter than the stipe, dilated-rhomboid :
seeds transversely rugulose. — Colorado and southward. Distributed in the
earlier Colorado collections by mistake under the name of C. ten in 'folia.

2. C. OOCarpa, Gray. Diffuse: leaflets oblong-linear : raceme frequently
densely flowered : pod with a somewhat shorter style, much shorter than the
stipe, ovate : seeds 1 or 2, smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 72. On the borders of
the Mesa Verde, S. W. Colorado ; also in Nevada.

ORDER 8. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

Herbs, distinguished by the irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals,
5 stamens, adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, wliicL has
a single club-shaped style, a one-celled ovary with 3 parietal placenta?.
— Flowers perfect, with persistent sepals. Each of the 3 valves of the
capsule, after dehiscence, in drying firmly folds together lengthwise and
by its increasing pressure projects the obovate seeds.

1. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred at base.

2. lonidium. Sepals not auricled. Lower petal unguiculate, the claw dilated and

shortly gibbous or concave.

1. VIOLA, L. VIOLET.

Anthers often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs
which project into the spur of the petal. — Mostly perennial herbs with alter-
nate leaves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1-flowered axillary peduncles.
The later flowers are often cleistogamous.

VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 29

* Stemless, the leaves and scapes all from a subterranean rootstoclc : flowers
purplish or violet (sometimes white).

1. V. palUStriS, L. Smooth: rootstoclc slender : leaves round heart-shaped
and kidney-form, slight y crenate : flowers small, pale lilac, with purple streaks, nearly
beardless : spur very short and obtuse. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah, and
far northward ; also in the White Mountains of N. H.

2. V. GUCUllata, Ait. Hoot stock thick and branching, dentate: leaves
long-petioled, smooth or pubescent, cordate with a broad sinus; the lowest
often reniform and the later acute or acuminate, crenately toothed, the sides
rolled inward when young : flowers deep or pale violet or purple (sometimes
white: the lateral and often the lower petals bearded: spur short and thick. — A
very variable species, ranging across the continent, but sparingly reported
from the Rocky Mountain region of Colorado and Wyoming.

3. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. Rootstock short and very thick, erect, not
scab] : leaves all palmately or pedatelij 5 to 7-parted; divisions 2 to 3-cleft into
linear lobes : flowers pale or deep lilac -purple or blue : lateral petals bearded.
— From Colorado across the plains to the Mississippi States.

* * Leaf ;/ -stemmed, perennial from short rootsfocks.

•*- Leaf-bearing from base to sttmmit, erect or ascending.

•n- Flowers u'hite or purple.

4. V. canina, L., var. sylvestris, Regel. Low (3 to 8 inches high):
stems mostly simple, from the base at length producing creeping branches :
leaves heart-shaped or the lowest kidney-form, crenate ; stipules fringe-toothed :
petals light violet, the lateral ones slightly bearded : spur cylindrical, half the
length of the petals : stigma beaked. — The most common American variety of
this very variable and widely distributed species. From Colorado northward
and eastward.

Var. adunca, Gray. Leaves ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, ob-
scurely crenate : spur as long as the sepals, rather slender, hooked or curved. — •
Rocky Mountains and westward.

Var. longipes, Watson. Very similar, but the stout obtuse spur is nearly
straight. — Bot. Calif, i. 56. Same range as the last.

5. V. Canadensis, L. Upright, 1 to 2 fret high : leaves cordate, pointed,
serrate ; stipules entire : petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones mostly
tinged with purple beneath, sometimes entirely purple ; the lateral ones
bearded : spur very short : stigma beakless. — Colorado, Montana, Wyoming,
and eastward.

•w- -W- Flowers yellow, more or less veined or tinged ivith purple.

6. V. aurea, Kellogg. More or less pubescent, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves
ovate to lanceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate at base, coarsely crenate ; stip-
ules foliac(ous, lanceolate, laciniate: peduncles a little longer than the leaves: the
upper petals more or less tinged with brown on the outside, the others veined
wiih purple : capsule, nearly globular, pubescent.

Var. venosa, Watson. Alpine and more slender : flowers smaller : leaves
often purple-veined. — Bot. Calif, i. 56. V. Nuttallii, var. vpnosa, of Hayd. Rep.
1872. The species belongs to the Sierra Nevada and westward, while the
variety ranges eastward to the Wahsatch and Uintas.

30 POLYGALACE.E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

7. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. From densely pubescent to nearly glabrous:
leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into the long petiole, entire or obscurely
sinuate ; stipules mostly narrow, entire : peduncles usually shorter than the leaves :
capsule ovate, smooth. — From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and Washington
Territory ; also in California.

•«- H- Stems naked below, two-leaved above.

8. V* biflora, L. Stem weak, 2-leaved and 2-flowered : leaves reniform,
very obtuse, crenate ; stipules ovate, very entire : flowers very small, yellow :
petals marked with brown lines : spurs short. — Colorado.

2. IONIDITJM, Yent.

Petals very unequal, the two upper shorter, the lower one very large.
Stamens approximate, the anterior ones each furnished with a nectarifer-
ous gland at the base. — Leaves opposite or alternate ; peduncles axillary,
solitary.

1. I. linoaro, Torr. Somewhat pubescent: leaves entire or remotely
serrulate ; the lower varying from lanceolate to oblong or obovato ; the upper
linear ; stipules linear : peduncles articulated, bibracteolate : flowers small. —
From Colorado eastward and southward across the plains.

ORDER 9. POLYGAL,4CE^. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs with simple entire leaves and no stipules, remarkable for the
seemingly papilionaceous flowers, monadelphous or diadelphous stamens
coherent with the petals, and one-celled anthers opening at the top.

1. POLYGALA, Tourn. MILKWORT.

Sepals 5, very unequal, the 2 lateral large and petal-like. Petals 3, united
to each other and to the stamen-tube, the middle one hooded above and often
crested or beaked. Stamens 6 or 8. Ovary 2-celled: style long, curved,
dilated above. Capsule membranaccous, flattened contrary to the narrow
partition, often notched above. Seed carunculate at the hilum. — Herbaceous
or somewhat shrubby, with racemose or spicate flowers.

1. P. verticillata, L. Slender, 6 to 10 inches high: stem-leares whorled
in fours, sometimes in fives; those of the branches scattered, linear: spikes pe-
duncled, dense, slender; the bracts falling with the flowers, which are small,
greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel conspicuous :
the 2-WW caruncle half the length of the seed. — Colorado and eastward across
the plains.

2. P. alba, Nutt. Smoothish, one foot high, leafy half-way to the sum-
tnit ' leaves linear to oblanceolate, margins slightly revolute : flowers deciduous,
leaving the rachis roughened after their fall, white : seed with caruncle extended
into two ear-like lobes nearly as long as the seed. — Plains of the Upper Missouri.

3. P. acanthOClada, Gray. Somewhat shjubby, 2 feet high, subcinereous-
pubf scent, armed with slander spines: leaves linear-spatulate : flowers subaxittary,
scattered, white ; pedicels bibracteolate at base : keel short boat-shaped, with a
boss on the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73. S. W. Colorado and S. E. Utah.

CABYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 31

ORDER 10. FBANKENIACEJE.

Low perennial herbs or undershrubs; with opposite entire leaves and
no stipules ; distinguished from Silenete mainly by the parietal placentSB
and oval or oblong anatropous seeds with a straight embryo.

I. FBANKENIA, L.

Calyx tubular or prismatic, 4 or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, clawed and bear-
ing a crown. Stamens 6. Ovary 1-celled : stylo 2 to 4-cleft into filiform
divisions. Capsule included in the persistent calyx. — Leaves small, mostly
crowded, and also fascicled in the axils : flowers small, solitary and sessile in
the forks of the stem or becoming cymose-clustered on the branches, white.

1. P. Jamesii, Torr. Much branched from a woody base, 6 to 10 inches
high : leaves linear, strongly revolute on the margins, the fascicled ones
shorter : limb of petals erose-denticulate at tip. — S. Colorado.

ORDER 11. CARYOPIIYLI.ACE.aB. (PINK FAMILY.)

Herbs, with regular and mostly perfect flowers, 4 or 5 persistent
sepals, 4 or 5 petals (sometimes wanting), the distinct stamens com-
monly twice as many, ovary one-celled with a free central placenta, the
seeds reniform. — Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite.
Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by
teeth at the summit. Stipules none in our genera.

Tribe I. Sepals united. Petals with a conspicuous claw, usually with an appendage
(crown) at the base of the blade, borne with the stamens on a stipe under the ovary.
Capsule dehiscent at the toothed summit. Flowers comparatively large. SiLENE^B.1

1. SHene. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3.

2. lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Styles 4 or 5.

Tribe II. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without crown or distinct claw, inserted
with the stamens on the margin of a disk under the sessile ovary, sometimes incon-
spicuous or wanting. — ALSINE^.

* Styles (when of the same number) opposite the sepals.

3. Cerastlum. Capsule cylindric, opening at the toothed apex. Petals emarginate or

bifid. Styles usually 5.

4. Stellaria. Capsule short, splitting to the base. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles mostly 3.

5. Arenaria. Differs from the last chiefly in the entire petals, these rarely wanting.

* * Styles alternate with the sepals and of the same number.

6. Sagina, Capsule 4 or 5-valved. Petals entire or wanting. Styles 4 or 5.

1. SILENE, L. CATCHPLY.

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved. Petals entire, notched, or bifid. Capsule usually
6-toothed. — Annual or mostly perennial herbs.

1 Saponaria, an introduced genus, has a terete calyx, petals not crowried, and two styles.
S. ramaria, L., Is a smooth annual, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale red flowers in cor-
ymbed cymes, and calyx enlarged nnd wing-angled in fruit. — Vaccaria vulgaria of Gray's
Manual Very generally introduced.

32 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.)

* Annual: flowers in naked panicles : petals entire or obcordate, crowned.

1. S. antirrhina, L. Glabrous, with a part of each joint viscid, erect,
slender : leaves lanceolate or linear : flowers in a dichotomous panicle, on
long pedicels : calyx becoming expanded by the enlarging ovary : petals pink.

— From S. Colorado to British America and eastward across the continent;
also in California.

* * Perennial : petals bifid.
H- Peduncles \-flouoered: stems spreading or decumbent.

2. S. Menziesii, Hook. Glandular-puberuleut : stems dichotomously
branched, leafy : leaves ovate-lanceolate or -oblong : peduncles lateral and
terminal, equalling the leaves : petals without a crown : seeds minutely tuber-
culate. at length nearly black and shining. — From New Mexico to Slave
Lake and westward to California.

i- -t- Peduncles 3- to many flowered : stems erect.

3. S. multicaulis, Nutt. Minutely pubescent : stems numerous, about
a foot high, rigid : leaves linear-oblanceolate ; upper ones very small : flowers in
threes on shortish peduncles, pale red: calyx ovate-cylindrical: seeds brown,
margined with a scaly crest. — From the western slopes of the mountains to
the Pacific.

4. S. Douglasii, Hook. Minutely pubescent : stem simple, very slender,
2 to 3 feet hiijk: leaves remote, linear, elongated : flowers feio on slender peduncles,
rose-color or nearly white: calyx obovate, at length inflated and membranaceous,
pubescent. — Montana to Washington Territory and southward to California
and the Wahsatch.

5. S. Scoiilori, Hook. Sfem stout: leaves distant, narrow: racemes sub-
compressed, narrow, few-flowered : calyx somewhat dilating, the teeth broad-
lanceolate, slightly ciliate : petals white or pinkish, the broad bifid limb with
notched lobes and appendages; claws auricled, u'ool/y-ciliate as well as t/te filaments.

— In the mountains from New Mexico to British America.

* # # Perennial, dwarf, tufted, smooth: flowering shoots l-flowered : petals
notched or entire, crowned.

6. S. acaulis, L. Tufted like a moss : leaves linear, crowded : flowers
almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle : petals purple or rarely white.

— Alpine summits of the whole Rocky Mountain range, and northward to
Arctic America : also in the White Mountains of N. II.

2. LYCHNIS, L. COCKLE.

Calyx more or less inflated, capsule 5 to 10-toothed, and styles as many as
calyx-lobes ; otherwise nearly as in Silene. — Ours are perennials with linear
to oblanceolate leaves.

* Stems 1-Jlowered: seeds with a loose membranous margin: dwarf and cespitose,

alpine.

1. L. montana, Watson. Glandular-pubescent above, nearly glabrous below :
petals included or nearly so, the emarginate blade not broader than the very narrow
claw; appendages very small: seeds rather broadly margined. — The L.
apftala of the Fl. Colorado and other Western reports. Mountain peaks of
Colorado, and in the Uintas.

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 33

2. L. Kingii, Watson. Pubescent throughout : petals exserted, the short and
flat blade rather deeply emarginate ; appendages entire or toothed ; claw
dilate, rather broadly auric/ed : filaments ciliate. — L. Ajanensis ? of Bot. King's
Exp. 37. Peaks of the Uintas and in N. W. Wyoming.

# * Flowers rarely solitary : seeds tuberculate.

3. L. Drummondii, Watson. Rather stout, finely glandular-pubescent
above : leaves narrowly oblanceolate : flowers few, on stout often elongated
pedicels : petals included or nearly so, white or purple, the entire or emarginate
blade narrower than the aaricled claw ; appendages minute. — Silene Drummondii
of the earlier Reports. Colorado, Wyoming, and northward.

4. L. Parryi, Watson. Slender, finely glandular-pubescent above : leaves
linear : flowers with the lateral pedicels mostly short : petals lung -exserted, pur-
plish, the broad blade cleft to the middle and with a short narrow lobe on each
side ; appendages quadrate or ovate, crenate ; claw broadly auricled. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 248. N. W. Wyoming, Parry.

3. CERASTIU M, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.

Stamens 10. Capsule often incurved, thrice the length of the calyx. —
Mostly pubescent or hirsute low herbs : flowers white, in terminal leafy or
scariously bracted dichotomous cymes.

1. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, viscid-pubescent, erect : leaves narrowly oblong

or linear-lanceolate, clasping, the lowest spatulate : cyme open, rather many- A,
flowered : pedicels often nodding or reflexed in fruit : petals slif/htly longer than the
sepals : capsule curved. — Across the continent and southward into northern
Mexico.

2. C. alpinum, L. Silky-hirsute, decumbent, few-flowered : leaves elliptical-
ovate : peduncles more or less elongated : petals bifid, twice the length of the
hairy sepals : capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx.

Var. Behringianum, Regel. Petals and capsule half longer than the
calyx, shorter than the pedicels : stems 2 to 4-floivered. — C. vu/gatum, var.
Behringianum, of Fl. Colorado, Playd. Rep. 1872, and Bot. King's Exp.
Mountains of Colorado and W. Wyoming.

3. C. arvense, L. Perennial, downy with reflexed hairs, cespitose : leaves
linear to linear-lanceolate, clasping : cyme few-flowered : pedicels erect or nodding :
petals nearly twice longer than the sepals : capsule little exceeding the calyx, nearly
straight. — Colorado and northward through Utah, Montana, and Wyoming,
and across the continent.

4. S TELL ARIA, L. CHICKWEED.

Stamens 10 or fewer. Styles 3, or rarely 2, 4, or 5. Capsule globose to
oblong. — Low herbs, mostly diffuse : leaves rarely subulate : flowers white,
solitary or cymose : stems mostly 4-angled.

* Bracts small and scarious.

-i- Petals none.

1. S. umbellata, Turcz. Glabrous : stems very slender, ascending from
slender creeping rootstocks, which are covered with orbicular scales : leaves

3

34 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)

elliptic or oblong-lanceolate : flowers in a simple or compound open umbel-
like few-rayed cyme: pedicels elongated. — Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863,
59. Mountains of Colorado and northward.

*- 4- Petals equalling or surpassing the calyx.

2. S. longifolia, Muhl. Stem erect, weak, often with rough angles : leaves
linear, acutish at both ends, spreading : cipnes naked and at length lateral, pedun-
cled, many-flowered ; the slender pedicels spreading. — From Oregon to British
America and across the continent.

3. S. longipes, Goldie. Shining or somewhat glaucous, very smooth :
leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadest at the base : cyme ter-
minal, few-flowered ; the long pedicels erect. — Colorado and northward, thence
eastward to Wisconsin and Maine.

Var. Igeta, Torr. & Gray. Branches erect from creeping stems, 3 to 6
inches high : leaves erect, rigid, carinate : sepals rather obtuse. — With the Inst,
in the mountains.

Var. Edwardsii, Torr. & Gray. Branches an inch or two high: leaves
ovate-lanceolate (the lowest sometimes ovate), sometimes sparsely ciliate at the
base : sepals acutish. — Mountains of Colorado.

# # Bracts foliaceous.
H- Petals shorter than the sepals, or none.

4. S. borealis, Bigelow. Erect or spreading : leaves elongated, lance-linear,
finely serrulate, the intramarginal nerve very indistinct : flowers in dichotomous
cymes : seeds smooth. — Abundant in the mountains of Colorado and north-
ward, and across the continent.

5. S. Obtusa, Engelm. Like the last, but prostrate; leaves triangular-ovate,
smooth-edged, 1-nerved, and the delicate reticulated veins uniting into distinct
intramarginal nerves : seeds (under the lens) covr-red with oblong-linear pectinate
tubercles. — Bot. Gazette, vii. 5. W. Colorado on the tributaries of the Gun-
nison lliver, Brandegce ; also in British Columbia.

H— H- Petals exceeding the sepals (sometimes wanting in No. 6).

6. S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid : leaves rather
fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong : flowers terminal or in the
forks of the stem or of leafy branches : seeds rugose-roughened. — Colorado,
Montana, and eastward to the Ohio valley.

7. S. Jamesii, Torr. Somewhat viscidly pubescent, rather stout : leaves
linear to ovate-lanceolate : pedicels divaricate : seeds smooth. — New Mexico,
Colorado, and westward.

5. ARENA HI A, L. SANDWORT.

Styles 3. Capsule globose or short-oblong. — Mostly low annuals or peren-
nials, usually tufted : with sessile leaves, often subulate and more or less rigid :
flowers white, cymosely panicled or capitate.

§ 1. The 3 valves of the capsule 2-cleft or parted: seeds not nppendnged at the
hilum : cespitose perennials, mostly scarious-bracted . — ARENARIA proper.

* Petals exceeding the sepals.

1. A. COngesta, Nutt. Smooth and glaucous : leaves very narrowly subu-
late, scabrous on the margin, often pungent : flowers in 1 to 3 dense subumbeJlate

CAKYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 35

fascicles, tvith large dilated membranous bracts : petals nearly twice as long as
the sepals : stigmas capitellate. — Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming,
to Washington Territory.

Var. subcongesta, Watson. Flowers less densely fascicled and some-
what cvmose. — Bot. Calif, i. 69. A. Fe.ndl.eri, var. subcongesta, of Bot. King's
Exp. and Fl. Colorado. Colorado, S. Idaho, and westward.

2. A. capillaris, Poir., var. nardifolia, Regel. More or less glandular-
pubescent above : leaves linear-subulate, pungent : flowers few in an open cyme ;
bracts smull, lanceolate : petals half longer than the sepals. — Watson in Bot.
Calif, i. 69. A. nardifolia, Ledeb., and A. formosa, Hook., in Bot. King's
Exp. 39. From the British boundary southward to the Wahsatch and
California.

* * Petals about equalling the calyx.

3. A. saxosa, Gray. Slightly-hispid pubescent : leaves lanceolate : raceme
many-flowered, somewhat cvmose : sepals with a distinct almost keel-like hispid
midrib. — PL Wright, ii. 18. S. Colorado and southward.

4. A. pungens, Nutt. Pubescent throughout, cespitose: leaves linear-
subulate, pungent, crowded : flowers in an open cyme, leafy-bracted: sepals
acuminate, pungent : seeds very few, smooth. — W. Wyoming, Teton Moun-
tains, and westward to California.

5. A. Franklinii, Doug-1. Of similar habit, but stouter and less pubescent :
stems leafy at base : flowers fascicled in a rather close cyme: sepals smooth and
shining, scariously margined, as also the large bracts. — From Colorado to the
sources of the Missouri and westward to Oregon.

Var. minor, Hook. & Arn. With shorter leaves, bracts, and sepals ; the
last two membranaceous. — W. Wyoming, Parry.

6. A. Fendleri, Gray. Stems numerous from a perennial caudex, glabrous
below, more or less glandular-pubescent abore, imbricately many-leaved at base :
leaves long, somewhat flattened, serrulate-scabrous, smooth except on the mar-
gins : cymes strict and few-flowered : sepals acuminate, with a broad scarious
margin: seeds papillose-scabrous. — PI. Fendl. 13. Montana, Colorado, and
southward.

Var. glabrescens, Watson. Nearly glabrous throughout: sepals shorter,
acute : leaves short. — Bot. King's Exp. 40. Colorado and westward to
Nevada.

Var. diflfusa, Porter. Branches of the cyme elongated, lax and widely spread-
ing: flowers numerous. — Fl. Colorado, 13. Ute Pass, Colorado, Porter.

§ 2. The 3 valves of the capsule entire : seeds not appendaged at the hilum. Ours
are all cespitose, not more than 3 inches in height, usually 1 to few-flowered, and
with petals commonly exceeding the sepals. — ALSINE.

7. A. verna, L. Erect, pubescent or glabrous: leaves linear-subulate,
nerved, erect : cyme erect : sepals orate, acute, mostly a little longer than the petals.
— Mountains of Colorado, Uintas, Teton Range, and northward to Arctic
America.

Var. hirta, Watson. Leaves minutely hirsute, obtuse. — Bot. King's
Exp. 41. With the last.

36 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.)

8. A. biflora, var. carnosula, Watson. Stems creeping; branches
mostly 1 -flowered : leaves narrowly linear, nerveless : sepals linear, very obtuse,
cucullate at the summit : petals much longer than the sepals and capsule. —
Bibl. Index, i. 94. A. a/pina of the Fl. Colorado. Colorado.

Var. obtusa, Watson. Leaves obtuse, carinate, serrulate-ciliate, obscurely
3-nerved: peduncles glandular-pubescent: petals about half longer than the
oblong sepals. — Watson, 1. c. A. arctica of Hayd. Rep. for 1870-72, and
A. arctica, var. obtusa, of Bot. King's Exp. and Fl. Colorado. Abundant in
the mountains of Colorado, the Uintas, about Yellowstone Lake, and north-
ward throughout the Arctic regions.

9. A. Stricta, Watson. Leaves subulate-triquetrous, rather obtuse, scarcely
equalling the flower or exceeding the calyx, mostly shorter than the internodes,
with manifest lateral nerves : peduncles 1 -flowered : petals sometimes wanting.
— Watson, 1. c. Alsine stricta, Wahl. A. fiossii of Hayd. Rep. 1870 and Fl.
Colorado. A. stricta, Michx., of the Eastern Flora, becomes A . Michauxii,
Hook. Colorado, Wyoming, and northward.

§ 3. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours: valves of the capsule bifid : young
ovary 3-celled: seed appendaged at the hilum tvith a small caruncle. —

MCEHRINGIA.

10. A. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent :
leaves oral or oblong, obtuse: peduncles usually 2-flowered, soon becoming
lateral : sepals oblong, obtuse : petals exserted. — From Colorado to Alaska,
and eastward across the continent.

11. A. macrophylla, Hook. Stems ascending, mostly simple, puberu-
lent above : leaves 3 to 4 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, bright
green : flowers few on slender pedicels : sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate : petals
included. — From the Bitter Root Mountains to Washington Territory and
California; also in New Mexico.

6. S A GIN A, L. PEARLWORT.

Low green herbs, with subulate or filiform glabrous leaves, and small
terminal usually long-pedicelled flowers.

1- S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Stems decumbent, ascending : leaves
somewhat secund, mucronate : peduncles much longer than the leaves : petals as long
as the sepals: stamens 5 to 10. — Including S. subulata, Torr. & Gray, of
Gray's Manual, where the species is credited to Wimmer. Rocky Mountains
and eastward.

2. S. Linn99i, Presl. Densely matted and decumbent, an inch or two high :
leaves somewhat fascicled, pungent : flowers on long pedicels, at length nodding :
sepals exceeding the petals: stamens 10. — Spergula saginoides, L. From New
Mexico to Arctic America.

3. S. nivalis, Liudb. Cespitose, stems very short, scarcely ^ inch high :
leaves mucronate : peduncles short, strict : sepals with membranous margins,
scarcely equalling the petals. — Uinta Mountains, Watson.

PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 37

ORDER 12. PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)

More or less succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves (either
opposite or alternate) and regular but un symmetrical perfect flowers;
sepals (except in Lewisia) 2 ; petals 2 to 5 or more ; stamens opposite
the petals or numerous ; ovary one-celled, in fruit becoming capsular ;
style 2 to 8-cleft ; stipules none or scarious or reduced to hairs. Flowers
open only in sunshine or bright daylight.

* Sepals 2, united below and adherent to the ovary, the free upper portion at length

deciduous.

1. Portulaca. Stamens 7 to 20. Flowers solitary, yellow (in ours). Capsule opening by

a lid.

* * Sepals 2, distinct, persistent (deciduous in Talinum) : ovary free,
•i- Style 3-cleft : capsule 3-valved : sepals equal.

2. Talinum. Stamens 10 to 30. Petals 5. Seeds numerous.

3. Calandrinia. Stamens more than 5. Petals 5 or more. Seeds mostly smooth and

shining.

4. Claytonia. Stamens 5. Petals 5. Seeds smooth and shining.

1- t- Style 2-cleft : capsule 2-valved : sepals unequal, hyaline.

5. Spraguea. Stamens 3. Petals 4. Stems simple, scape-like.

6. Calyptridium. Stamen 1. Petals 2. Stems branching, leafy.

* * * Sepals 4 to 8, distinct, much imbricated.

7. Lewisia. Stamens many. Style 3- to 8-cleft. Petals 8 to 16. Scapes 1-flowered.

1. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE.

Petals 4 to 6. Style deeply 3- to 8-cleft. — Fleshy diffuse or ascending
annuals, with axillary or terminal ephemeral yellow (in ours) flowers.

1. P. retusa,1 Engelm. Stems somewhat ascending, sometimes covering
a space several feet in diameter : leaves flat, obovate to spatulate : sepals
obtuse, broadly carinate-winged : seeds tuberculate. — S. W. Colorado and
southward.

2. TALINUM, Adans.

Distinguished from Calandrinia by the deciduous sepals, the style less deeply
3-cleft, the capsule 3-celled at base when young, and the seeds on a globular
stalked placenta.

1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base:
leaves linear, cylindrical : peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of
pink flowers. — In the mountains of Colorado and eastward.

3. CALANDRINIA, HBK.

Low succulent herbs, with radical leaves (in ours) and white to reddish
ephemeral flowers in bracteate racemes or panicles, or few upon short scape-
like stems.

1 P. oleracea, L., is prostrate, not so green, with larger leaves, acute sepals, and seeds
more finely tuberculate. — Common Purslane or Pig-weed ; naturalized near dwellings.

38 PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)

1. C. pygmsea, Gray. Smooth, with a thick fusiform root: leaves
linear, with broad scariously winged underground petioles : scapes mostly
simple, an inch or two high, with a pair of small scarious bracts : sepals glandular-
dentate : petals red. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623. Talinum pycjmceum, Gray.
Alpine region, Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to the Sierra
Nevada in California and Cascade Mountains in Washington Territory.

2. C. WevadensiS, Gray. Very similar, but* somewhat larger; with a
pair of larger leafy bracts and entire somewhat longer sepals, white petals and
more numerous ovules. — In the Wahsatch ( Watson], probably in the Uiutas,
and westward.

4. CLAYTON I A, L. SPRING-BEAUTY.

Seeds few, black and shining. — Low glabrous succulent herbs, with
opposite or alternate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in loose ter-
minal or axillary and simple or compound naked racemes, or sometimes um-
bellate, not ephemeral.

# AtfKttaJft, u'ith Jibrons roots.
•i— Stems simple, bearing a single pair of leaves which are often connate.

1. C. perfoliata, Donn. Radical leaves long-petioled, broadly rhomboidal
or deltoid or deltoid-cordate, obtuse; the cauline pair more or less united, usually
forming a single somewhat orbicular perfoliate leaf, concave above : racemes
usually nearly sessile and loosely flowered, the short pedicels often secund. —
From the Uintas and the Wahsatch to California, and thence northward to
Alaska.

2. C. COrdifolia, Watson. Stem from a slender running rootstock:
radical leaves broadly cordate, acutish ; cauline pair sessile, ovate, acute: racemes
few-flowered, with slender pedicels : petals thrice longer than the rounded sepals.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 365. N. W. Montana ( Watson], to Idaho and
Oregon.

-»- -i- Stems usually branching, leafy.

3. C. Chamissonis, Esch. Stems weak and slender, erect or decum-
bent, stoloniferous and rooting at the joints : leaves opposite, oblanceolate or
spatulate : racemes few-flowered ; the flowers very variable in size, on slender
pedicels : petals white. — C.aquatica, Nutt. Abundant in Colorado and north-
ward to the British boundary and westward. In the spray of the Lower Falls
of the Yellowstone.

* * Perennials, from a deep-seated tuber.

4. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Radical leaves very few, spatulate ; cauline
ones a single pair, ovate-lanceolate or oval, subspatulate at the base or ab-
ruptly decurrent into a petiole : pedicels slender, nodding : flowers in a loose
raceme : sepals and petals very obtuse, the latter pale rose-color with deeper
veins. — In the Rocky Mountains and eastward to the Atlantic.

Var. sessilifolia, Torr. Radical leaf narrow ; cauline sessile, lanceolate
to linear : raceme nearly sessile and cymose, with a single scarious bract at
base : sepals acutish. — C. Caroliniana, var. lanceolata, of Bot. King's Exp.,
Fl. Colorado, and the Hayden Reports. Colorado and northward, and west-
ward to the Sierra Nevada.

ELATINACEJE. (WATER-WOUT FAMILY.) 39

* * * Perennial, with a thickened candex.

5. C. megarrhiza, Parry. Root fusiform, very large : leaves fleshy;
radical ones petioled ; cauline lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile : racemes
secund: flowers large, profuse, white with pinkish veins: petals obovate,
subemarginate. — Parry in Herb. Gray. C. arctica, var. megarrhiza, of Bot.
King's Exp. and Fl. Colorado. High alpine, growing in crevices of the rock,
its large purple tap-root penetrating to a great depth. Mountains of Colorado
and the Uintas.

5. SPRAGUEA, Torr.

Sepals orbicular-cordate. — A glabrous biennial; with mostly radical fleshy
leaves and ephemeral flowers in dense scorpioid spikes umbellate-clustered on
a scape-like peduncle.

1. S. umbellata, Torr. Stems several from a thickened root, 2 to 12
inches high : radical leaves spatulate or oblauceolate, on thick petioles ; the
cauline similar but smaller, frequently scariously stipulate : an involucre of
scarious bracts subtending the dense capitate umbel of nearly sessile spikes :
flowers light rose-color : sepals very conspicuous, about equalling the petals.

— Wyoming (Parry), Yellowstone Park (Coulter), and westward. Usually in
dry rocky or sandy localities.

6 CALYPTRIDIUM, Nutt.

Sepals broadly ovate or orbicular. Petals somewhat coherent at the apex.

— Smooth prostrate diffusely branched annuals; with alternate succulent
leaves and small ephemeral flowers in axillary or terminal, clustered or com-
pound, scorpioid spikes.

1. C. roseum, Watson. Leaves oblong-spatulate, attenuate at base;
radical leaves few or none : petals minute : capsule not exceeding the calyx.

— Bot. King's Exp. 44, t. 6. W. Wyoming (Parry) and westward to
California.

7. LEWI SI A, Pursh.

Sepals broadly ovate, unequal, persistent. Petals large and showy. Style
parted nearly to the base. — Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, cespitose,
with thick fusiform roots.

1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong, sub-
terete, smooth and glaucous : scapes but little longer, jointed at the middle,
and with 5 to 7 subulate scarious bracts verticillate at the joint : petals rose-
colored or white. — Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Montana (in the Bitter Root
Mountains), and westward. The specific name refers to the fact that the
roots are wonderfully tenacious of life.

ORDER 13. ELATINACE^E. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

Low annuals, with membranous stipules between the opposite dotless
leaves, regular and mostly symmetrical flowers (2 to 5-merous), with

40 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

free sepals, hypogynous petals and stamens, and distinct styles bearing
capitate stigmas, the ovary 2 to 5-celled with axile placenta becoming
capsular in fruit.

1. ELATINE, L. WATER-WORT.

Parts of the flower in twos, threes, or fours. Sepals membranaceous, obtuse.
Ovary globose. — Small prostrate glabrous plants, growing in water or wet
places, with entire leaves and usually solitary flowers. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xiii. 361.

1. E. triandra, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, gradu-
ally attenuate at base : petals, stamens, and carpels most frequently 3, with 2
sepals : almost the seeds of the next, or more slender, less marked. — On the
Platte River, in Nebraska or Colorado (Hall) ; also in Illinois.

2. E. Americana, Am. Leaves obovate, very obtuse: flowers with their
parts o/lener in twos, sometimes in threes : seeds cylindraceous, somewhat
curved, the crustaceous coat many- (20 to 30-) latticed in 9 to 10 lines. — Col-
orado and Oregon, also on the Atlantic border.

ORDER 14. HYPEBICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)

Herbs (in ours), with opposite entire leaves punctate with translucent
or dark-colored glandular dots, no stipules, and perfect flowers with 5
petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a many-seeded capsule. — Sepals
5, imbricate. Petals convolute, glandular-punctate. Stamens very nu-
merous in 3 bundles. Styles 2 to 5.

1. HYPERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

In our species the capsule is 3-celled by the union of the placenta with the
axis, septicidal, and the flowers yellow with black dots.

1. H. Scouleri, Hook. Stems erect from a running rootstock, simple
or sparingly branched : leaves ovate to oblong, clasping : flowers in an open
cyme : styles elongated. — Colorado, Utah, southward and westward.

ORDER 15. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

Mostly herbs, with mucilaginous juice, and alternate leaves with stip-
ules ; distinguished by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their bases
or short claws united with each other and with the base of a column of
numerous monadelphous stamens, these with reniform 1 -celled anthers.
— Calyx 5-parted, often surrounded by an involucel. Petals 5. Pistils
a ring of ovaries around a projection of the receptacle. Leaves most
commonly palmately ribbed. Peduncles axillary. Flowers often large
and showy. In all of ours the stamineal tube is anther-bearing at
the top.

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 41

* Styles stigmatic down the inner side : carpels indehiscent : ovules solitary, ascending.1

1. Callirrhoe. Bractlets 3, or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.

2. Sidalcea* Bractlets none. Filaments in a double series, those of the outer series

united in 5 clusters. Carpels fewer, beakless.

* # Stigmas capitate : carpels mostly dehiscent at least at the apex.

3. Malvastrum. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovule solitary, ascending.

4. Sphseralcea. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovules 2, the lower ascending, the upper pendulous.

5. Abutilon. Bractlets none. Ovules 3 or more in each cell.

1. CALLIBRHOE, Nutt.

Petals wedge-shaped (usually red-purple). Carpels 10 to 20, with a short
empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded cell by a narrow projection.

1. C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute: stem branching, procumbent : leaves
deeply 3 to 5-parted, covered with stellate hairs, segments linear-lanceolate,
laciniately 3 to 5-toothed : peduncles erect, 1 -flowered, longer than the leaves :
flowers few in a loose panicle, scarlet : brackets linear-lanceolate : carpels hairy,
not wrinkled. — Loup Fork of the Platte, S. E. Colorado, and southward.

2. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent : steins slender : lower leaves
triangular heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5 to 7-parted, laciniate ; the upper-
most divided into linear segments : flowers corymbose, rose-color or white : involu-
cel none: carpels crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. — Valley of the
Platte, southward and eastward to Kentucky and Tennessee.

2. SIDALCEA, Gray.

Carpels 5 to 9, beakless. — Herbs, with rounded and mostly lobed or parted
leaves, the usually purple flowers in a narrow terminal raceme or spike.

1. S. malvaeflora, Gray. Lower leaves 7 to 9-lobed; cauline more
narrowly and deeply 5 to 7-lobed ; segments linear, somewhat toothed : pedicels
at first shorter, at length longer than the subulate bracts : flowers purple or white :
carpels 7, pointless. — From Mexico to Colorado and Oregon.

2. S. Candida, Gray. Lower leaves orbicular, 7-lobed, segments coarsely
3 to 5-toothed or incised ; upper leaves 7-lobed or parted ; the segments lance-
olate, entire : pedicels shorter than the bracts : flowers white or cream-color: carpets
9 or 10, cochkate-remform, mucronate. — On water-courses in the mountains of
Colorado and southward.

3. MALVASTKUM, Gray. FALSE MALLOW.

Stamineal tube simple. Carpels 5 or more. — Herbaceous tufted peren-
nials ; the flowers in narrow naked or leafy subpaniculate racemes.

1. M. COCCineum, Gray. Low and hoary: leaves 5-parted or pedate:

i Malva, an introduced genus, has 3 distinct bractlets, obcordate petals, and carpels
rounded, beakless.

M. rotundifolia, L., has procumbent stems, round heart-shaped crenate obscurely-
lobed leaves on very long petioles, whitish petals twice the length of the sepals, and pu-
bescent carpels. — The common Mallow. Commonly naturalized along waysides and in
cultivated ground.

42 LINAGES. (FLAX FAMILY.)

spikes or racemes of showy pink-red flowers. — Common on the plains from
Colorado to British America, and eastward to Iowa and Minnesota.

2. M. Munroanum, Gray. Taller, grayish or hoary-pubescent : haves
broadly ovate, usually cordate at base, 3 to 5-lobed or deeply cleft : flowers scar-
let. — Utah, Montana, and westward.

4. SPHJERALCEA, St. Hilaire.

Differing from Malvaslrum only in the two-ovuled cells of the ovary.

1. S. aiigustifolia, Spach. Slender, erect, hoary-pubescent : leaves oblong to
narrowly lanceolate, usually subcordate or rounded at base, crenate or coarsely
toothed : flowers small. — S. Colorado and southward.

2. S. rivillaris, Torr. Taller, scabrous with a stellate pubescence : leaves
cordate, deeply 5 to 7-lobed, coarsely serrate : racemes leafy below, naked
above ; the flowers clustered on short peduncles, light purple or nearly white.
— S. acerifolia of the Hay den Reports for 1870-72 and Bot. King's Exp.
W. Wyoming, northward and westward.

5. ABTJTILON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW.

Herbs, usually soft-tomentose : flowers mostly axillary, yellow (in ours).

1. A. parvulum, Gray. Cinereous-tomentose : stems slender, spread-
ing, paniculate above ; brauchlets pilose with spreading hairs : leaves small,
cordate, dentate, sometimes 3-lobed, canescent, tomentose beneath : peduncles
axillary, 1 -flowered, longer than the leaf. — Ledges of rock near Canon City,
Colorado ( Greene), and southward.

ORDER 16. L.INACEJE. (FLAX FAMILY.)

Herbs, with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4 to 6-
(5 in ours) merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute
petals, the stamens monadelphous at the base, and the pod 8 to 10-seeded,
having twice as many cells as there are styles.

1. LINUM, L. FLAX.

Styles often united into one below ; ovary globose. Seeds flattened, ovate,
the coat mucilaginous when wetted. — Herbs (sometimes shrubby at base)
with tough fibres in the bark, sessile entire alternate leaves, no stipules, and
cymose or panicled flowers.

* Petals blue.

1 . L. perenne, L. Branching above, leafy : leaves linear to linear-
lanceolate, acute : flowers large, in few-flowered corymbs or scattered on the
leafy branches : capsule exceeding the sepals, the prominent false partitions
long-ciliate. — Common on dry soils throughout our whole range, thence
northward and westward.

* * Petals yellow : sepals qlandular-margined.

2. L. rigidum, Pursh. Stems angled, much branched: leaves linear,
pungently-acute, rigid, with scabrous margins : pedicels thickened at the end and

GERANIACE.E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 43

forming an exterior cup-shaped calyculus: petals sulphur-yellow: styles united
almost to the top: capsule shorter than the sepals. — From S. Colorado to the
Missouri River.

3. L. Kingii, Watson. Stems panicled above, shrubby at base: leaves
linear or narrowly oblong, obtuse: styles distinct: capsule somewhat exceeding
the sepals. — Bot. King's Exp. 49. Mountains of Utah.

ORDER 17. ZYCOPHYL.L.ACE.E.

Distinguished from allied orders by the opposite compound leaves,
with interposed stipules and entire dotless leaflets. — Sepals 5, distinct.
Petals hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens (in ours) twice as
many as the petals and inserted with them. Ovary 5 to 12-celled, with
a single terminal style. Fruit dry. — Ours are herbs or shrubs, with
solitary flowers on lateral or terminal naked peduncles, and ovary sur-
rounded at the base by a disk.

1. Tribulus. Leaves abruptly pinnate, 6 to 10-foliolate. Fruit tuberculate. Herbs.

2. Larrea. Leaves 2-foliolate. Fruit densely hairy. Heavy-scented shrubs.

1. TRIBULUS, L.

Sepals mostly persistent. Petals fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed.
Stamens 10, the alternate filaments a little shorter and with a gland at base
on the outer side. Ovary 5 to 12-celled. Fruit lobed, separating into roughly
tuberculate carpels. — Loosely branched and hairy prostrate herbs, with ap-
parently axillary white or yellow flowers.

1. T. maximus, L. Leaflets ovate-oblong, more or less oblique: sepals
very hairy, linear, acuminate : fruit beaked by a stout style. — Kallstrcemia
maxima, Torr. & Gray. Fremont County, Colorado (Brandegee), to S. Cali-
fornia and Texas.

2. LA II RE A, Cav. CREOSOTE-BUSH.

Sepals deciduous. Petals unguiculate. Disk 10-lobed. Filaments winged
below with a bifid scale on the inner side. Ovary 5-cellecl. Fruit globose,
shortly stipitate, separating into 5 hairy one-seeded carpels. — Evergreen
heavy-scented shrubs, with nodose branches, and yellow flowers.

1. L. Mexicana, Moric. Diffusely branched, 4 to 10 feet high, densely
leafy, of a yellowish hue : leaves nearly sessile ; the thick resinous leaflets
inequilateral, with a broad attachment to the rachis : sepals silky : scales
a little shorter than the filament, somewhat lacerate : fruit beaked by a
slender style. — S. Colorado to California and Texas.

ORDER 18. GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Leaves generally with stipules, either lobed or compound. Flowers
on axillary peduncles, regular (in ours) and the parts in fives. Stamens
mostly 10, often somewhat mouadelphous. Ovary 5-celled, with a cen-
tral axis.

44 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Tribe I. Five glands of the receptacle alternate with the petals. Ovary deeply 5-lobed,
the carpels separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and indurated central
axis from below upward : the styles forming loiig tails which become revolute upwards
or spirally twisted. — GERANIE.E.

1. Geranium. Fertile stamens 10. Tails of the carpels not bearded.

2. Erodinm. Fertile stamens 5. Tails of the carpels bearded inside.

Tribe II. No glands alternate with the petals. Ovary not lobed, becoming in fruit a
5-celled loculicidal capsule. Leaves compound, with entire leaflets. Juice sour. —

OXALIDE^E.

3. Ox alls. Leaves in ours 3-foliolate.

1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL.

Annual or perennial herbs, with enlarged joints, palmately lobed and mostly
opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and 1 to 3-flowered peduncles.
# Annual or biennial : flowers small.

1. G. Carolinianum, L. Decumbent or ascending, diffusely branched,
pubescent: leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, the divisions cleft into oblong-
linear lobes : petals rose-color, equalling the awned sepals : carpels hairy. —
Across the continent.

Var. longipes, Watson. Peduncles usually solitary, and, with the pedi-
cels, much elongated. — Bot. King's Exp. 50. Colorado and southward.
* * Perennial: flowers large.

2. G. Fremontii, Torr. Rather stout, more or less pubescent through-
out, with a short, close, glandular pubescence, sparsely intermixed with longer, pilose
hairs : upper leaves deeply 3 to 5-cleJl ; radical ones 1 -cleft, segments 3-lobed or
incised : petals light or deep purple. — From Colorado to Wyoming and
Idaho. Much that is called by this name is G. ccespitosum, James.

Var. Parryi, Engelm. Stems and peduncles plainly glandular-villose :
leaves less deeply cut, ultimate lobes or teeth ovate, somewhat obtuse. — Gray's Peak,
Colorado.

3. G. Richardson!, Fisch. £ Mey. Taller but not so stout nor so hairy,
with the pubescence usually fine and appressed, or somewhat glandular and
spreading upon the pedicels : leaves 5 to 1-defi nearly to the base, the, broad
lobes more or less incisely toothed: petals purple or sometimes white. — In the
mountains from New Mexico to British America and westward.

4. G. incisum, Nutt. Closely resembling the last, but more vilhns and
fjlandulnr-pubescent : leaves rather more narrowly and laciniately cut : petals usually
deep purple. — From California through Montana to the Saskatchewan.

5. G. CSespitOSUm, James. More slender and more diffusely branched :
radical leaves smaller, reniform, deeply 5 to 7 '-cleft, pubescent : flowers purple. —
New Mexico and northward. Includes many of the forms which have been
called G. Fremontii.

2. ERODIUM, L'Her. STORKSBILL.

Sterile stamens scale-like. Tails of the carpels becoming spirally twisted. —
Leaves pinnate, peduncles umbellately 4 to 8-flowered, with a 4-bracted invo-
lucre ; petals small.

EUTACE.E. (RUE FAMILY.) 45

1. E. cicutarium, L'Her. Hairy, much branched from the base : leaf-
lets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow acute lobes : peduncles exceeding the
leaves : petals bright rose-color : pedicels at length reflexed, the fruit still
erect. — E. Utah and throughout the whole region west of the Rocky Moun-
tains. Known as " Alfilaria," " Pin-clover," and " Pin-grass."

3. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SOKREL.

Low, often acaulescent, with obcordate leaflets and peduncles umbellately
or cymosely few to many-flowered.

1. O. Violacea, L. Acaulescent, nearly smooth, leaves and scapes from a
scaly bulb : scapes longer than the leaves, umbellately flowered : petals violet :
capsule few-seeded. — Colorado, and common eastward.

2. O. COmiculata, L. Caulescent, more or less villous, from running root-
stocks : stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet high : petals yellow : capsule many-seeded.

Var. stricta, Sav. Without stipules. — 0. stricta, L. Colorado and east-
ward across the continent.

ORDER 19. RUTACEJE. (RUE FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic
leaves, definite hypogynous stamens, and few seeds. — Sepals and petals
4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the
petals, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk. Stipules none.

1. Ptelea. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fruit orbicular, indehiscent, broadly winged. Stamens 4

or 5.

2. Thamnosma. Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit a 2-lobed coriaceous capsule. Sta-

mens 8.

1. PTELEA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE.

Flowers polygamous. Ovary with a short thick stipe, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled,
the lower ovule abortive : style short. — Shrubs or small trees ; flowers small,
greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs.

1. P. angUStifolia, Benth. A shrub 5 to 25 feet high, with chestnut-
colored punctate bark : leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, becoming smooth
and shining with age : fruit emarginate at base and often above ; the stipe
narrow. — S. Colorado to California and Texas.

2. THAMNOSMA, Torr.

Disk cup-shaped, crenate or lobed. Ovary stipitate, 2-celled ; cells 5 or
6-ovuled : style elongated. — Low glandular desert shrubs, strongly scented ;
leaves linear ; flowers solitary.

1. T. Texana, Torr. Woody only at base, the slender stems 3 to 15
inches high : flowers on short naked pedicels : petals yellow tinged with
purple. — Rutosma Texanum, Gray. S. W. Colorado and southward.

46 KHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

ORDER 20. CEL.ASTRACEJE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)

Shrubs, with simple leaves, no stipules, and small dull-colored perfect
regular flowers, the stamens as many as the petals and inserted on the
margin of a broad disk which lines the calyx-tube. — Sepals arid petals
imbricated. Stamens alternate with the petals. Seeds arillate.

1. PACHYSTIMA, Raf.

Calyx with a short tube and 4 rounded lobes. Petals 4. Ovary free,
2-celled : style very short. Capsule small, coriaceous, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds
enclosed in a white many-cleft membranaceous aril. — Low evergreen shrubs ;
leaves smooth, opposite, very shortly petioled, serrate or serrulate ; flowers
green, in one to few-flowered axillary cymes.

1. P. Myrsinites, Raf. Leaves ovate to obloug or oblanceolate, cuneate
at base: fruit smooth. — In the mountains from New Mexico to British
America and westward to California. In dense clumps on wooded slopes.
The only other species known (P. Canbyi] grows at a single station in the
Alleghany Mountains of Virginia.

ORDER 21. KHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often
caducous stipules, and small regular flowers. — Sepals valvate in the
bud ; a conspicuous disk lining the short tube of the calyx. Petals
clawed, mostly involute, each around a stamen in the bud, sometimes
wanting. Stamens perigynous and alternate with the sepals. In ours
the fruit is berry-like or dry, containing 2 to 4 separating seed-like nut-
lets, and the leaves are alternate.

1. Rhamnus. Calyx and disk free from the ovary; calyx-lobes erect or spreading.

Petals small, short-clawed, or none. Filaments very short. Fruit berry-like, with 2
to 4 mostly indehiscent nutlets.

2. Ceanot lius. Calyx and disk adnate to the base of the ovary ; calyx-lobes connivent.

Petals long-clawed, hooded. Filaments exserted. Fruit dry, with 3 dehiscent
nutlets.

1. RHAMNUS, L. BUCKTHORN.

Flowers perfect or polygamo-dio3cious. Calyx 4 to 5-cleft. Petals on the
margin of the disk. — Leaves pinnately veined, with small deciduous, stipules,
and greenish flowers axillary cymose or racemose.

§ 1. Seeds and nutlets deeply silicate or concave on the back : flowers mostly
dioecious, solitary or fascicled in the axils. — RHAMNUS proper.

1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high: leaves deciduous,
ovate-oblong, crenately serrate : petals wanting : fruit black, obovate, 3-lobed.
— W. Wyoming, westward, and eastward across the continent.

IIHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 47

§ 2. Seeds and nutlets convex on the back : flowers mostly perfect, in pedunculate
cymes. — FRANGDLA.

2. R. Caroliniana, Walter. Thornless shrub or small tree: leaves
oblong, obscurely serrulate, deciduous : flowers in one form umbellcd, in another
solitary in the axils: fruit globose, 3-seeded. — Frangula Caroliniana, Grav.
From the mountains eastward across the continent.

3. R. Californica, Esch. A spreading shrub, with the young branches
somewhat tomentose : leaves ovate-oblong to elliptical, denticulate or nearly entire,
evergreen : peduncles with numerous mostly abortive flowers in subumbell ate fascicles :
fruit blackish purple with thin pulp, 2 to 3-lobed and 2 to 3-seeded. — Frangula
Californica, Gray. S. W. Colorado to California.

4. R. Purshiana, DC. Sometimes 20 feet high ; young branches tomen-
tose : leaves elliptic, denticulate, deciduous, somewhat pubescent beneath : flowers
rather large, in a somewhat umbellate cyme: fruit black, broadly obovoid, 3-lobed
and 3-seeded. — N. Idaho and westward in the Pacific States.

2. C E A N O T H U S, L. NEW JERSEY TEA.

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-cleft. — Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spines-
cent, with petioled leaves and showy thyrsoid or cymose white (in ours)
flowers. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333. Ours all belong to the first sec-
tion of the genus, in which the leaves are all alternate and 3-nerved, glandular-
toothed or entire, and the fruit not crested.

* Branches not spiny : inflorescence thyrsoid : leaves usually large,
glandular-serrate.

1. C. velutinus, Dougl. A shrub 2 to 3 feet high, usually glabrous :
leaves thick, broadly ovate or elliptical, resinous and shining above, sometimes
velvety beneath : flowers in a loose thyrse : peduncles usually short. — Colorado,
Utah, and northwestward.

Var. ISBVigatuS, Torr. & Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous beneath. — More
common than the type ; ranging from Colorado northwestward to the British
boundary.

2. C. OVatUS, Desf. A shrub 2 to 3 feet high : leaves narrowly oblong or
elliptical-lanceolate, glandular-serrulate, nearly glabrous : thyrse umbel-likei
the pedicels elongated and closely approximated. — Includes C. oralis, Bigel.
Colorado and Wyoming.

3. C. sanguineus, Pursh. A shrub 4 to 12 feet high: stem and branches
reddish : leaves broadly ovate or obovate, subcordate, serrate : thyrsoid corymbs
in lateral panicles, on very short peduncles. — Includes C. Oreganus, Nutt.
Along the Missouri and its tributaries.

* * Branches mostly spinose, grayish : flowers in simple clusters : leaves
small, entire.

4. C. Fendleri, Gray. A shrub one or two feet high, widely and intri-
cately branched : leaves oval or elliptic, silky-canescent beneath, smoothish
and green above : flowers in clusters, dense, sessile, glabrous. — Colorado and
southward.

48 SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

ORDER 22. VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.)

Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils, branchlets articulated and
often thickened at the nodes, usually palmately veined or lobed or com-
pound alternate leaves, panicled cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence, small
greenish or whitish flowers, and fruit a berry. — Flowers very commonly
polygamous or dioscious. Calyx minute, truncate, or 4 to 5-toothed,
caducous or early deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, valvate. Stamens the same
number and opposite. Ovules in pairs or solitary in the cells of the
ovary.

1. Vitis. Calyx filled with an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens.

Leaves simple.

2. Ampelopsis. Disk none. Leaves palmately compound.

1. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE.

Petals thick and caducous. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair
of ovules in each cell. — Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves, the
former almost always at least once forked.

1. V. riparia, Michx. Leaves usually iucisely 3-lobed, the lobes long-
pointed : panicles small, rather simple : berries mostly with bloom : seeds
obtuse or somewhat obcordate and with an inconspicuous rhaphe. — V. cordi-
folia, var. riparia, Gray. Colorado ; common in the Atlantic States.

2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIA CREEPER.

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before the fall.
— Leaves with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets. Tendrils fixing
themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips.

1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A woody vine in low rich grounds, climb-
ing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-bearing tendrils :
berries small and blackish. — Colorado (Meehan), and throughout the At-
lantic and Mississippi Valley States. Leaves turning bright crimson in
autumn.

ORDER 23. SAPINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

Ours are all trees of the MAPLE FAMILY, which has compound or lobed
opposite leaves without stipules, polygamous or dioecious regular flowers,
sometimes without petals, each cell of the 2-celled fruit producing a
wing and becoming a samara.

1. Acer. Leaves palmately lobed or rarely divided. Flowers polygamous.

2. Negumlo. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, apetalous.

ANACARDIACE^E. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 49

1. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE.

Calyx colored, usually 5-lobed. Petals as many or none. Stamens 3 to 12,
usually 8, inserted with the petals upon a lobed disk. Fruit divaricately
2-winged above, separable at maturity, each 1-seeded. — Flowers in umbel-
like corymbs or fascicles.

J . A. grandidentatum, Nutt. Leaves cordate or truncate at base, rather
deeply 3-lobed, with broad round sinuses ; lobes rather acute, coarsely sinuate-
dentate : the umbel-like corymb nearly sessile, few-flowered, the pedicels long
and nodding. — Utah and northward along the western slopes of the moun-
tains. Rarely attains a foot in diameter and 30 to 40 feet in height.

2. A. glabrum, Torr. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high: leaves subreniform, orbicu-
lar in outline, 3-lobed or more usually 3-parted ; segments short and broad,
acutely incised and toothed, somewhat 3-lobed, middle one cuneate : the umbel-
like corymb pedunculate: sepals about 8. — Includes A. tripartitum, Nutt.
From New Mexico to Wyoming and westward. Along water-courses among
the mountains.

2. WE GUN DO, Mcench. BOX-ELDER.

Petals and disk none. Fruit as in Acer. — Sterile flowers on clustered
capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes.

1. N. aceroides, Moench. Leaflets very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed :
fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. — In the valleys from New
Mexico northward. A tree with light green twigs and delicate drooping
clusters of greenish flowers a little earlier than the leaves.

ORDER 24. ANACABDIACEvE. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees with a resinous juice, alternate leaves without stipules,
aud small regular flowers commonly polygamous or dioecious. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the petals. The free ovary 1-celled and
1-ovuled, but the styles often 3. Fruit a dry drupe.

1. RHUS, L. SUMACH.

Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted under the edge of a disk
lining the base of the calyx. — Leaves simple or pinnate.

# Leaflets 11 to 31 : flowers in a terminal thyrsoid panicle.

1. R glabra, L. Shrub 2 to 12 feet high : leaflets whitened beneath,
lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate : fruit globular, clothed with acid crimson
hairs; the stone smooth. — Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and eastward across the
continent. Not poisonous.

* # Leaflets 3.

2. R. Toxicodendron, L. Climbing by rootlets over rocks or ascending
trees : leaflets rhombic-ovate, rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinu-
ate, or cut-lobed : flowers in loose and slender axillary panicles : fruit globular,
glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate. — Colorado, Utah, Wyo-
ming, and eastward. Poisonous to the touch.

4

50 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

3. R. aromatica, Ait., var. trilobata, Gray. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high,
diffusely branched, strongly scented : leaflets cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal,
coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed : flowers in clustered scaly bracted
spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves, yellowish : fruit flattish, somewhat
viscid. — R. trilobata, Nutt. Common throughout the Rocky Mountains to
the Upper Missouri, and westward.

ORDER 25. L,EGIJMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

Plants with irregular or sometimes regular flowers, mostly 10 mon-
adelphous or diadelphous stamens, and a single simple free pistil
becoming a legume in fruit. — Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually
compound.

SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACE^E.

Flower irregular. Calyx mostly 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla of 5
petals (rarely fewer) ; one (standard) superior, larger and always
external, covering in the bud the two lateral ones (wings), and these
covering the inferior pair, which together form the keel, this in turn
enclosing the stamens and pistil. Style generally inflexed or incurved.

* Stamens distinct
•*- Leaves digitately 3-foliolate.
1. Thermopsis. Stipules conspicuous, and yellow flowers in racemes.

•«- •*- Leaves unequally pinnate.
2 Sopliora. Pod thick, large, several-seeded, often, transversely constricted. Leaves

coriaceous.

9. Amorpha. Pod small, 1 to 2-seeded. Petal one. Stamens inonadelphous at the very
base.

* * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and IX

t- Anthers of two forms : filaments strictly monadelphous : leaves digitate, of more than 3

entire leaflets.

3. laipinns* Calyx 2-lipped. Standard with recurved sides : keel falcate. Pod large,

straight

•«- •»- Anthers reniform.

•H. Leaflets 3 (rarely 5 to 7), denticulate or serrulate : stamens diadelphous or nearly so :
pods small and enclosed in the calyx.1

4. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent, united with the filaments.

•H- **• Leaves unequally pinnate (very rarely digitate or simple) ; leaflets entire: no tendril.
= Flowers in axillary umbels or solitary : stamens diadelphous.

5. Hosackia. Corolla yellow or partly white or turning reddish : claw of the standard

usually remote from the others. Pod linear, several-seeded.

= = Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads, never umbellate,
a. Herbage glandular-dotted : stamens mostly monadelphous : pod usually indehiscent

6. Psoralea. Herbs, with 3 to 7-foliolate leaves and axillary spikes or racemes. Pod one-

ovuled, one-seeded.

1 Medicago is an introduced genus, with small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes, petals
free and deciduous, arid the pod spirally coiled or curved. See foot-note, p. 54.

LEGUMLNOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 51

7. Dalea. Shrubby or herbaceous, with pinnate or palmate leaves and terminal spikes or

heads. Wings and keel inserted on and articulated with the stamen tube. Pod 2 to
6-ovuled, mostly one-seeded.

8. Petalostemon. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and terminal spikes or heads. Stamens

5 ; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Pod 1 to
2-seeded.

9. Ainorpha. Shrubs, with pinnate leaves and terminal racemes or spikes. Wings and

keel of the corolla wanting. Stamens monadelphous only at base, otherwise distinct.
Pod 1 to 2-ovuled, 1 to 2-seeded.

5. Shrubs or shrubby : herbage not glandular : leaves pinnate : pod flat, 2-valved: stamens

diadelphous.

10. Peteria. Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves. Pod narrow, many-seeded. Leaflets

not stipellate.

11. Robinia. Pod thin, margined on one edge. Leaflets stipellate.

c. Herbage glandular or glutinous and more or less punctate : leaves unequally pinnate :

stamens diadelphous ; anthers confluently one-celled.

12. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc. of Astragalus. Pod prickly or muricate, short, one-

celled.

d. Herbage neither glandular nor dotted : stamens diadelphous ; anthers 2-celled : leaves

pinnate.

13. Astragalus. Pods mostly bladdery or turgid, or more or less 2-celled by intrusion of

the dorsal suture. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage.

14. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with a point ; otherwise as in Astragalus.

•H- -H- -H- Herbs with odd-pinnate leaves and no tendril : pod transversely 2 to several-jointed,
the reticulated one-seeded .joints iridehiscent.

15. Hedysarum. Stamens diadelphous (5 and 1).

•H- -H- -H- -H- Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril or bristle : stamens diadelphous :
peduncles axillary : pod 2-valved.

16. Vicia. Stamen-tube oblique at the summit. Style filiform, hairy around and below

the apex.

17. L«athyrus. Stamen-tube nearly truncate. Style dorsally flattened toward the apex,

hairy on the inner side, usually twisted half round.

SUBORDER II.

Flower more or less irregular. Perigynous disk lining the tube or
base of the calyx. Petals imbricated in the bud, the one corresponding
to the standard within the lateral ones. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct. —
In ours the corolla is yellow and not at all papilionaceous.

18. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. Anthers either 10 and unequal, or some

of the upper ones imperfect, abortive, or wanting.
10. Hoffmanseggia. Leaves abruptly or unequally bipinnate, and dotted with black

glands. Stamens 10, with anthers all perfect and filaments hairy. Racemes opposite

the leaves.

SUBORDER III. MIJWOSE.E.

Flowers regular, small, and numerous in spikes or heads. No disk.
Calyx and corolla valvate in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals, hypogynous. Leaves usually twice pinnate.

20. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Pod covered with small prickles or
rough projections^

52 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

1. THERMOPSIS, K. Br.

Calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle. Standard shorter than the oblong
wings, the sides reflexed : keel nearly straight, equalling the wings. Pod
linear to oblong-linear, much compressed, shortly stipitate or nearly sessile,
straight or incurved. — Stout perennial herbs with erect clustered stems;
stipules free, leaflets entire.

1. T. rhombifolia, Richardson. Stems angular, nearly smooth : stipules
as long as the petioles; leaflets obovate-cuneiform, silky-puberulent, at length

1 nearly glabrous : bracts oval: pod alcate, recurved or pendulous, glabrous, 10
to 14-seeded. — From Colorado northward, at the head-waters of the Platte,
Missouri, and Saskatchewan.

2. T. montana, Nutt. Somewhat silky-pubescent, at length glabrous :
stipules exceeding the petioles ; leaflets oblonq-obovate to oblong, sparingly villous
beneath, smooth above: bracts mostly lanceolate : pod straight, erect, pubescent,
10 to 12-seeded.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 388. T. fabacea of Hayd. Rep. 1872.
T. fabacea, var. montana, of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1870 and 1871,
and Fl. Colorado. From New Mexico to Washington Territory and east-
ward to the borders of Nebraska and Dakota.

2. SOPHORA, L.

Calyx-tube campanulate; teeth short. Petals nearly equal; standard broad.
Pod stipitate, terete or somewhat compressed. — Ours are herbs ; leaves with
numerous entire leaflets ; stipules small or obsolete ; flowers white, in terminal
racemes.

1. S. sericea, Nutt. Low, 6 to 12 inches high, more or less silky-canes-
cent : leaflets about 21, elliptic or cuneate-oval : racemes short, at first scarce
exserted beyond the leaves : calyx gibbous at base. — High plains of Colorado
and northward along the plains of the Platte and the Missouri.

3. LIT PIN US, L. LUPINE.

Wings united above, enclosing the keel. Stigma bearded. Pod 2-valved,
compressed, coriaceous. — Generally herbaceous ; stipules adnate to the
petioles. Flowers in terminal racemes, verticillate, or scattered, bracteate.

§ 1. Ovules several: cotyledons petioled in germination. — LUPIN us proper.
Ours are all herbaceous perennials, with oblong pods.

* Dwarf and cespitose : racemes usual/I/ short and dense : pods 3 to 4-seeded.

1. L. CSBSpitOSUS, Nutt. Nearly stemless, silky-hirsute : raceme sessile,
shorter than the leaves ; bracts setaceous, deciduous : petals pale blue. — Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 379. From the mountains of W. Colorado and Utah north-
ward to the head-waters of Snake and Yellowstone Rivers.

2 L. aridus, Dougl. Pubescence villous, both loose and appressed :
leaflets oblanceolate : peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts nearly equalling
the calyx: petals purple; the standard elliptical. — Sources of the Missouri,
to Washington, Oregon, and California. In low valleys.

3. L. minimus, Dougl. Appressed silky-villous : leaflets obovate or
oblanceolate : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves ; bracts linear : petals

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 53

purple ; the standard orbicular. — From N. W. Wyoming to Washington Ter-
ritory and California.

4. L. Lyallii, Gray. Stems from a spreading woody caudex : pubescence
dense, villous, appressed : leaflets obovate : racemes very short, the peduncles
much exceeding the leaves ; bracts short : petals purple ; the standard elliptical.

— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334. Bitter Root Mountains, and in the Cascades of
Washington Territory.

* * Stems taller, erect or ascending, and racemes elongated.
H— Flowers large : lea/lets 7 to 10, glabrous above or nearly so : ovules 5 to 8.

5. L. Burkei, Watson. Stout, erect, the short and silky pubescence closely
appressed: lower leaves long-petioled ; leaflets about equalling the petioles:
raceme usually short and dense ; bracts villous : flowers purple or sometimes
white : calyx with spreading pubescence : keel nearly semicircular : pod 8-seeded.

— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 525. L. polyi>hyllus, of Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd.
Rep. 1871 and 1872. Head-waters of Yellowstone and Snake Rivers, to
N. Nevada.

6. L. Sitgreavesii, Watson. Puberulent and somewhat silky villous with
spreading hairs: raceme open, shortly peduncled : calyx appressed-silky : stan-
dard rounded, naked : ovules 5. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 527. In the mountains
from the S. Sierra Nevada to S. Colorado and New Mexico.

7. L. Plattensis, Watson. Appressed silky -villons throughout, with a some-
what glaucous hue : leaflets spatulate : raceme loose, shortly peduneled : petals
pale blue, with a conspicuous darker spot upon the standard. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 369. L. ornatus, Bougl., var. glabratus, Watson. The L. ornatus of the
Hayden Reports. Common on the Upper Platte and northward.

•<- -i- Flowers smaller (3 to 5 lines long) : ovules 2 to 6.
•w- Lower petio'es elongated: Icajlets not glabrous above: racemes mostly dense.

8. L. leucophyllus, Dougl. Leafy, densely silky-tomentose throughout
and somewhat villous : leaflets 7 to 10, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong ; the
upper petioles about equalling the leaves : racemes sessile or nearly so, densely
flowered : pedicels stout : petals blue or pink ; the standard densely villous.

— Head-waters of the Platte and Missouri Rivers, to Washington Territory
and N. California.

•w- -H- Stems slender: pubescence short, silky, appressed: petioles and peduncles
mostly short : flowers subverticillate or scattered, on short slender pedicels.

9. L. parviflOPUS, Nutt. Stems 2 or 3 feet high : pubescence scanty, the
calyx and pedicels silky: leaflets 5 to 11, oblanceolate to obovate, glabrous above,
the lower leaves shorter than the petioles : standard naked. — Mountains of Central
Colorado, to the sources of Snake River, and westward to Central California
and the Columbia River.

10. L. laxiflorus, Dougl. Stems 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 6 to 8, nar-
rowly oblanceolate, silky on both sides, at least half as long as the petioles : calyx
narrowed and saccate at base : standard somewhat pubescent. — Wahsatch Moun-
tains, westward to N. California and Vancouver Island.

11. L. argenteus, Pursh. Hoary with thick pubescence: stem 1 to 2
feet high : leaflets 5 to 8, linear -lanceolate, smooth above or nearly so, about equal-
ling the petioles : calyx gibbous but not spurred at base : petals blue or cream-

54 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

colored; standard very broad. — From Central Colorado to Montana, and
westward along the plains of Snake and Columbia Rivers.

Var. decumbens, Watson. Stem stouter and more leafy : raceme
dense. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. L. decumbens, Torr. L. laxiflorus, of
Hayd. Rep. 1872. L. laxiflorus, var. tenellus, of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From
Montana and Wyoming southward into New Mexico and Arizona.

Var. argophyllus, Watson. More silky-pubescent ; the leaflets nearly
equally so on both sides, longer than the petioles : flowers larger : calyx decidedly
spurred. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. S. Colorado and New Mexico.

§ 2. Ovules 2 (rarely 3 or 4) : cotyledons broad and clasping after germination,
usually long persistent. Erect annuals : leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate : bracts
persistent : pod ovate. — PLATYCARPOS, Watson.

12. L. pusillus, Pursh. Rather stout, 3 to 10 inches high, hirsute with
long spreading hairs : leaflets mostly 5, nearly smooth above, about half as long
as the petioles : racemes spicate, nearly sessile, 2 or 3 inches long : petals purple
or rose-color : pod very hirsute. — From the Upper Missouri to the Columbia
and southward east of the Sierras, to Arizona and New Mexico.

13. L. Xingii, Watson. Resembles the last, but more slender and villous
with soft while hairs : racemes very short, few-flowered, on long slender peduncles :
pods and seeds smaller. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 534. L. Sileri, Watson. Utah,
Colorado, and southward along the Rio Grande.

4. TBIFOLIUM,1 L. CLOVER.

Herbs with palmately compound leaves, stipules adnate to the petiole,
flowers in capitate racemes, spikes, or umbels, peduncles axillary or only
apparently terminal. — Watson Rev. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127.
* Leaflets 5 to 7 : heads not involucrate, terminal and axillary : flowers sessile :
calyx-teeth filiform, plumose .v low or dwarf perennials.

1. T. megacephalum, Nutt. Stout, somewhat villous : leaflets cuneate-
oblong to obovate, obtuse, toothed : flowers very large (1 inch long), purplish,
in spicate heads : calyx half as long, the teeth very much longer than the tube :
pod stipitate, smooth. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 315. Head-waters of the Mis-
souri, to Washington Territory and N. E. California.

* * Leaflets 3 : heads not involucrate, terminal : flowers sessile or nearly so :

perennial or biennial.
•«- Caulescent, often tall: calyx-teeth very narrow, shorter than the corolla?

2. T. eriocephalum, Nutt. Vilhus with spreading hairs, or the stem
and leaves rarely glabrous : leaflets narrowly oblong or sometimes broader,

1 Medicago sativa, L., has leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong, and
purple flowers. — Known as " Lucerne," and introduced into Wyoming, Utah, and westward.

2 T. pratense, L., the common Red Clover, is becoming introduced and may be known by
its oval or obovate leaflets often notched at the end and marked above with a pale spot, broad
bristle-pointed stipules, ovate sessile heads of rose-purple flowers, and scarcely hairy calyx.

T. repens, L., the White Clover, is also introduced, and may be known by its creeping
stems, axillary peduncles, inversely heart-shaped or merely notched leaflets, narrow stip-
ules, long petioles and peduncles, the short pedicels reflexed when old, and the white
flowers turning brownish in fading.

LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 55

serrulate : flowers in dense ovate spikes, at length reflexed, ochroleucous : calyx-
teeth very villous, lax, nearly equalling the petals : ovary hairy. — Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 313. S. W. Colorado, N. California, Oregon and Idaho.

3. T. longipes, Nutt. Slender: stem usually glabrous, the leaflets and
calyx sparingly villous: leaflets narrowly oblong to linear, serrulate: heads
ovate, looser than in the last, not re flexed: flowers ochroleucous or tinged with
purple : calyx-teeth straight, more or less hairy, shorter than the corolla. —
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 314. From N. Arizona and Colorado to the British
boundary, and west to the Pacific.

Var. (?) latifolium, Hooker. Often low: leaflets broader: flowers
pedicellate in loose heads. — With the species.

4. T. Kingii, Watson. Glabrous throughout : leaflets oblong to oblanceolate,
very acute, sharply denticulate : peduncles exceeding the leaves : heads naked,
the purplish flowers at length reflexed ; the rachis often produced above the
head, with a few spinescent bracts : calyx-teeth about one third the length of the
corolla. — Bot. King's Exp. 59. T. Haydeni, Porter in Hayd. Rep. 1871.
From Montana through Idaho and Utah to N. E. California.

-i— •(— Dwarf, cespitose, acaulescent or nearly so.
++ Glabrous : flowers large : ovary smooth, linear, 4 to 1-ovuled.

5. T. nanum, Torr. Leaflets small, oblanceolate, serrulate, strongly veined :
peduncles very short, radical : flowers 1 to 3, dark purple : calyx-tee.th broad,
acute, shorter than the tube : ovary 4 to 5-ouuled. — Mountains of Colorado and
Utah.

6. T. Brandegei, Watson. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, thin, entire : peduncles
about equalling the leaves : flowers Sfncate in a loose naked head, purplish : calyx-
teeth lanceolate, acuminate, a little longer than the tube : ovary stipitate, 1-ovuled. —
Proc. Am. Acad, xi. 130. S. W. Colorado and N. W. New Mexico.

+•*• •»-»• Pubescent: flowers small: ovary obocate, densely villous, 2-ovufed, at length
exserted from the calyx.

7. T. gymnocarpon, Nutt. Leaflets ovate-oblong to oblanceolate, ser-
rate : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers 2 to 6, in rather close heads,
on short pedicels : calyx-teeth equalling the tube. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 320.
Bot. King's Exp. 62, t. 8. W. Wyoming and the Wahsatch.

* # * Leaflets 3 : heads subtended by a mostly monophyllous usually many-cleft

involucre, axillary : flowers in whorls, sessile or nearly so, not reflexed.
•t- Low^or dwarf perennials, acaulescent or nearly so: flowers rather large: invo-
lucre parted, somewhat scarions.

8. T. Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, often stout : leaflets oblong to oblanceolate,
sharply dentate : bracts 5 to 7, oblong, obtuse : flowers 20 or more in a head : calyx-
teeth broadly subulate, equalling the tube: corolla rose-purple. — Am. Jour.
Sci. n. xxxiii. 409. — Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.

9. T. dasyphyllum, Torr. & Gray. Cespitose : leaves, peduncles, and
calyx more or less silky : leaflets linear-lanceolate, entire : head globose, on a long
radical peduncle : bracts very small, unequal, lanceolate : calyx -teeth linear,
much longer than the tube. — Mountains of Colorado, and the Uintas.

10. T. andinum, Nutt. Cespitose, silky-canescent : leaflets rigid, cuneate-
j, entire, strongly veined : peduncles radical, about equalling the leaves :

56 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

heads hemispherical: involucre of 2 broadly stipuled 3-foliolate leaves: ovary
one-ovukd. — Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 60, t. 8. W. Wyoming and N. E.
Utah.

•*— -i— Slender annuals, glabrous : lobes of ike involucre laciniately and sharply

toothed.

11. T. involucratum, Willd. Branching from the base : leaflets mostly
oblanceolate, acute at each end, spinulosely-serru/ate^. flowers in close heads, purple
tipped with white : calyx-teeth thin : ovules several. — From Mexico to the British
boundary, and from Colorado and New Mexico to the Pacific.

12. T. pauciflorum, Nutt. Very slender : stems ascending or decum-
bent: leaflets obovate or oblanceolate or sometimes linear, usually obtuse or
refuse, serrulate : heads rather few-flowered : involucre small -i. flowers little ex-
ceeding the calyx, deep purple or light rose-colored : ^calyx-teeth rigid, setosely
acuminate: ovules two. — T. variegatum, Nutt., in Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd.
Rep. 1872. From Washington Terr, and Montana to S. California and Utah.

5. HOSACKIA, Douglas.

Calyx-teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from
the stamens, nearly equal ; keel somewhat incurved. Pod sessile, partitioned
between the seeds. — Herbaceous: leaves (in ours) 1 to 5-foliolate; stipules
minute and gland-like. — Watson in Bot. King's Exp. 432.

1. H. Wrightii, Gray. Perennial: ashy-puberulent, bushy-branched, very
leafy : leaflets 3 to 5, apparently palmate and sessile, the lowest oblong, the rest
filiform-linear: peduncles short, rarely equalling the leaf, 1 to 2-flowered : calyx-
teeth setaceous-subulate, about equalling the tube : keel not f alcatel y -attenuate,
mostly very obtuse. — S. W. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.

2. H. Pu.rsh.iana, Benth. Annual: more or less silky-villous or sometimes
glabrous: leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 3* (or 1, rarely 4), varying from ovate to
lanceolate : peduncles exceeding the leaves, one-flowered : calyx-teeth linear, much
longer than the tube, about equalling the corolla : keel attenuated upward, falcate,
mostly acute. — From Washington Terr, to Northern Mexico, eastward to the
Upper Missouri, Arkansas, and N. Carolina.

6. PSORALEA, L.

Two upper calyx-lobes often connate. Keel united with the wings. Sta-
mens mostly diadelphous. Pod sessile, thick and often wrinkled. — Perennial
herbs : leaves (in ours) digitate, the leaflets entire; stipules not adnate to the
petiole : flowers white or purplish.

* Flowers in panicled racemes.

1 . P. tenuiflora, Pursh. Slender, much branched and bushy, minutely
hoary-pubescent when young : leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong :
lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute : pod glandular. — P. floribunda,
Nutt. From Texas to Arizona, northward to the Missouri River and eastward
into Illinois.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 57

* * Flowers in interrupted spikes : peduncles and lower tooth of the calyx

elongated.

2. P. argophylla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, divergently
branched : lea/lets elliptical-lanceolate : lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. —
From N. Wisconsin to the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri, and in
Colorado.

3. P. campestris, Nutt. Like the last but much less hirsute and silvery,
with short white appressed hairs, and more branching : stipules linear ; leaflets
linear or oblong-linear, rather obtuse, nearly glabrous above : bracts 3-flowered,
broadly ovate. — Plains of the Platte.

4. P. digitata, Nutt. Canescent, diffusely branched : stipules lanceolate,
rejlexed ; leaflets cuneate-oblong and oblong-linear with an abrupt rigid point,
smooth and minutely dotted above, hirsute beneath : bracts obcordate or rent-
form : lobes of the calyx ovate : pod hirsute, not wrinkled. — S. E. Colorado
and southeastward along the Red River into Arkansas.

* * * Flowers in capitate or oblong dense spikes.
•t- Root tuberous.

5. P. GSCUlenta, Pursh. Rovgkisk-hairy all over : stem stout : leaflets obo-
vate or lanceolate-oblong : spikes oblong, long-pedancled : lobes of the calvx and
bracts lanceolate. — High plains from the Saskatchewan to Louisiana and
Texas.

6. P. hypogsea, Nutt. Acaulescent : hirsute with whitish appressed hairs :
leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, nearly glabrous above: spikes capi-
tate, on peduncles much shorter than the petioles : lobes of the calyx linear,
acuminate, the lowest lanceolate, elongated. — Sandy plains of N. Colorado
(Greene], and along the Platte.

H— -i- Root not tuberous.

1. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs : stipules
linear-lanceolate ; leaflets linear to oblong-obovate, acute : peduncles about equal-
ling the leaves : calyx very small, its teeth short, obtuse, nearly equal : ovary very
silky : pod very glandular. — Washington Terr, to N. Arizona and eastward
to the Saskatchewan and Nebraska.

8. P. CUSpidata, Pursh. Canescent with appressed pubescence: stipules
subulate ; leaflets obovate or elliptical-oblong, pubescent : peduncles much longer
than the leaves : calyx large, somewhat inflated, gibbous at the base, conspicuously
dotted, teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one produced: pod hid in
the large calyx. — From S. E. Colorado to Texas and Arkansas.

7. DALEA, L.

Calyx (in ours) deeply cleft, with plumose teeth. Standard cordate, its
claw free. Pod ovate, compressed, included in the calyx. — Leaflets small,
entire, sometimes stipellate.

* Glabrous : flowers not yellow : leaflets 4 to 20 pairs, dotted.
1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect annual, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets
10 to 20 pairs, linear-oblong : flowers light rose-color, in cylindrical spikes: bracts

58 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

conspicuous, ovate, pubescent, deciduous : calyx very villous, with long slender
teeth. — From Colorado to S. Arizona and eastward to the Mississippi from
Texas to Illinois.

2. D. laxiflora, Pursh. Erect, 3 to 4 feet high : branches slender and
spreading : leaflets 4 to 5 pairs, linear-oblong : spikes panided, few-flowered :
flowers distant, white : bracts very broad, almost orbicular, glandular, coriaceous,
glabrous, slightly cuspidate : calyx-teeth beautifully plumose. — From Colorado
to the plains of the Missouri, and southeastward to Arkansas and Texas.

3. D. formosa, Torr. Suffruticose, much branched : leaflets very small,
about 5 pairs, cuneate-oblong , refuse, dotted with black glands beneath : spikes loose,
few-flowered, on short peduncles : flowers large and showy, bright purple : bracts
ovate, silky-villous on the margin. — On the Platte (James), and southward.

* # Not glabrous: flowers yellow (deep purple in No. 7).
•t— Leaves palmately trifoliolate, not dotted.

4. D. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Stems several from one root, 4 to 9 inches
high, somewhat woody at base : whole plant silky-pubescent : leaflets obovate,
very obtuse : spikes oblong, sessile, dense and broad ; bracts ovate, acuminate,
villous. — S. Colorado and southeastward.

i- -t- Leaves pinnately compound, with 2 to 6 pairs of leaflets.

5. D. aurea, Nutt. Stem pubescent, erect, 2 feet high : leaflets 3 to 4
pairs, oblong -obovate and linear-oblong, more or less silky-pubescent : spikes ovate,
very compact, on long peduncles : bracts rhombic-ovate, as long as the calyx.
— On the plains from the Missouri River to Texas.

6. IX rilbescens, Watson. Like the last but more slender, the leaves tri-
foliolate, and the flowers smaller, the yellow petals becoming purplish. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 369. D. nana, Torr., var. elatior, Gray. S. E. Colorado,
southward and eastward.

7. IX lanata, Spreng. Decumbent, canescently tomentose throughout : the
stems 1 to 3 feet long : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, obovate-cuneate, emarginate : spikes
usually opposite the leaves. — From Nebraska, Arkansas, and Indian Territory
to Texas, New Mexico, S. Colorado, and Utah.

8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER.

Similar to the last, but with only 5 stamens and the flowers always in dense
bracteate cylindrical spikes.

* Smooth or nearly so : leaflets 5 t o 9 : spikes globose to cylindrical.

1. P. ViolaCGUS, Michx. Leaflets 5, narrowly linear: spikes globose-
ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old : bracts pointed, not longer than the silky-
hoary calyx : corolla rose-purple. — Prairies from the Saskatchewan to Texas,
and from Colorado to Indiana.

2. P. candidus, Michx. Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or linear-oblong : spikes
oblong, cylindrical when old : bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous
calyx: corolla white. — With the last.

3. P. macrOStachyuS, Torr. Leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse,
dotted beneath : spikes cylindrical, elongated : bracts as long as the flotuer :
calyx silky-villous : corolla nearly white. — From Colorado to Oregon.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 59

* * Soft downy or silky-villous all over: leaflets 13 to 17 : spikes cylindrical.

4. P. villosus, Nutt. Leaflets linear or oblong : spikes 1 to 5 inches long,
short-peduncled : corolla rose-color. — Along the Upper Missouri and Missis-
sippi to N. Wisconsin.

9. AMORPHA, L. FALSE INDIGO. LEAD PLANT.

Standard erect, folded together. — The flowers purple or violet, small, in
dense clustered terminal spikes.

* Pods l-seeded: leaflets small, crowded.

1. A. canescens, Nutt. Whitened with hoary down, 1 to 3 feet high:
leaflets 15 to 25 pairs, elliptical, smoothish above with age. — From British
America to Texas and from Colorado to Indiana.

2. A. microphylla, Pursh. Very low, nearly glabrous: leaflets some-
what ovate-elliptical, rigid : spikes solitary and aggregated. — Along the
Platte to the mountains and northward to the plains of the Red River.

* * Pods ^-seeded : leaflets scattered.

3. A. fruticosa, L. Rather pubescent or smoothish: leaflets 8 to 12
pairs, oval. — Along rivers from Colorado northeastward to British America
and eastward to Pennsylvania and Florida.

10. PETERIA, Gray.

Calyx tubular at base, gibbous above. Standard open at the apex, with
reflexed sides, narrowed into a long claw. Ovarv stipitate.

1. P. scoparia, Gray. Rigid, branching, glabrous: leaflets numerous,
very small, entire ; stipules small, subulate : flowers scattered, yellowish. —
PL Wright, i. 50. S. W. Colorado and southward.

11. ROBINIA, L. LOCUST.

Calyx slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back. — Trees
or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules : flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.

1. R. NeO-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high : stipular prickles
subrecurved, sharp and stout : leaflets elliptical or oblong : peduncles and the
short crowded racemes hispid with straight glanduliferous hairs : calyx finely
hispid : corolla rose-color : pods glandular-hispid. — S. Colorado and south-
ward.

12. GLYCYRRHIZA, L. LIQUORICE.

Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Ovary sessile : style short and rigid. Pod
compressed, and often curved. — Erect perennial herbs : flowers in dense
axillary pedunculate spikes, with caducous bracts : root large and sweet.

1. G. lepidota, Pursh. Somewhat glandular-puberulent, or the younger
leaves slightly silky : leaflets 6 to 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate : spike short :
flowers ochroleucous : pod thickly beset with hooked prickles. — From Colo-
rado to New Mexico, westward into Nevada and N. California, and northward
to Washington Territory, and across the continent to Hudson's Bay.

60 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.)

13. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. RATTLE-WEED.

Corolla and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow. — Herbs, or a few
woody at base : with rather small flowers, chiefly in simple axillary spikes or
racemes : the peduncle commonly elongated. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 188.
Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 435.

SERIES I. Pod completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal
suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply inftexed. — ASTRA-
GALUS, L.

Artificial Key.

Pod succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, sessile Nos. 1, 2, 3

Pod not 2-celled, inflated, not mottled, sessile ; plant hirsute-canescent ... 27
Pod completely 2-celled, bladdery-inflated, often mottled, sessile ; plant nearly glabrous 4
Pod coriaceous, cartilaginous, or chartaceous, not bladdery-inflated,

1. Conspicuously stipitate, the stipe about equalling or surpassing the calyx,

Not sulcate 20, 21

Deeply sulcate.

Pod glabrous, pendent . . 14, 15, 16

Pod black-hairy 24

2. Short-stipitate,

Not sulcate 22

Sulcate,

Incurved, mottled 25

Straight,

Completely 2-celled 11, 13

Incompletely 2-celled 23, 26

3. Sessile.

Completely 2-celled,

Glabrous 5, 7

Pubescent or hoary . 8, 9, 10, 12

Villous or woolly 6

Incompletely 2-celled.

Stems a span or more high 18, 19

Stems not rising so high, or none at alL

Pod straight or nearly so 17, 28

Pod curved 29, 30, 31, 32

Systematic Synopsis.

§ 1. Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stip-
itate, completely 2-celled. — Perennials, with low leafy stems : stipules distinct,
nearly free : racemes short, spike-like.

* Ovary and pod glabrous.

1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. Grayish with an oppressed pubescence: Jlowers
violet : pod globose or ovate, usually pointed. — Plains from the Saskatchewan
to Texas.

2. A. Mexicanus, A.DC. Taller, greener, less pubescent: flowers lighter-
colored or white: calyx softly white-villous or tomentose: pod ovate-globose,
scarcely pointed. — From Colorado to Missouri and S. Texas.

# # Ovary hoary-hirsute : pod sometimes becoming glabrate.

3. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Loosely villous : flowers ochroleucous or pur-
plish above : pod ovate, acuminate, or oblong and somewhat curved. — From
Colorado to Nebraska and Illinois, and southward to Texas and N. Alabama.

LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 61

§ 2. Pod ovate or globose, membranous, inflated, nearly glabrous, sessile, completely
2-celled and more or less didymous by the intrusion of both sutures, many-
seeded. — Stipules distinct, adnate : flowers spicate.

4. A. diphysus, Gray. Nearly glabrous throughout: leaflets 6 to 11
pairs, obovate or oblong : flowers blue or purple, occasionally white : pod
curved-acuminate, frequently mottled. — S. W. Colorado, southward, and
westward in the Great Basin.

§ 3. Pod cartilaginous or coriaceous, sessile, oblong, turgid, terete, sulcate at both
sutures, at length incurved, completely ^-celled. — Subacaulescent, shining with
a soft silky-villous often yellow pubescence : peduncles long, scape-like : spikes
dense : flowers violet.

5. A. mollissimus, Torr. Pod narrow-oblong, 5 to 9 lines long, gla-
brous, subdidymous : ovary also glabrous. — From Colorado to Nebraska and
W. Texas.

6. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Pod oval-oblong, 6 lines long, densely woolly, but
slightly sulcate. — From S. W. Colorado to Texas and Mexico.

§ 4. Pod coriaceous, turgid, oblong, terete, scarcely sulcate and only on the back,
nearly straight, sessile, completely ^-celled. — Tall, with oppressed gray pu-
bescence or glabrate : spikes dense : flowers whitish, ochroleucous or purplish :
stipules distinct or united, free.

7. A. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 10 to 14 pairs, elliptical or oblong, ob-
tuse : pod and ovary glabrous. — From Colorado to the head-waters of the
Columbia and Saskatchewan, and eastward to the Atlantic States.

8. A. Mortoni, Nutt. Differs from the last in the somewhat pubescent
ovary and pod, and the latter more decidedly sulcate dorsally and less crowded
in the matured spike, and the leaflets 6 to 8 pairs. — A. Canadensis, var.
Morloni, Watson. Head-waters of the Missouri and Platte, westward into
Utah, Nevada, and California.

§ 5. Pod coriaceous, oblong or ovate, straight or slightly curved, usually more or
less compressed-triangular, dorsally sulcate (cross-section obcordate), completely
^-celled, pubescent. — Caulescent, grayish short-pubescent or glabrate : stipules
more or less sheathing.

9. A. adsurgens, Pall. Rather stout: spikes at length oblong or cylin-
drical : flowers purplish : pod sessile. — From Colorado to Oregon, Nebraska,
and the Saskatchewan.

10. A. terminalis, Watson. Slender: leaves long-petiolate : raceme an
inch long, open, long-pedunculate: flowers nearly sessile, reflexed, purplish:
pod sessile, straight, erect. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 370. S. Montana.

11. A. hypoglottis, L. Slender : flowers capitate, violet: pod silky-vil-
lous, very shortly stipitate. — From S. Colorado northward along the mountains
and Red River Valley to Alaska and the Arctic Circle.

12. A. ventorum, Gray. Stems flexuous, 4 to 6 inches high, simple:
leaflets broadly obovate : raceme loose, short-peduncled, equalling the leaves :
flowers light yellow : pod sessile, slightly curved. — Watson in Am. Naturalist,
viii. 212. Wind River, Wyoming, Parry,

62 LEGCTMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

§ 6. Pod coriaceous, obovoid, straight, short-stipitate, dorsally sulcate, ventral
suture rather prominent, completely 2-celled. — Low, caulescent : flowers very
small, white or cream-color, tinged with purple.

13. A. Brandegei, Porter. Canescent with minute appressed hairs :
branching from a somewhat woody base : leaflets linear : racemes on long
peduncles, loosely few-flowered : pod hairy. — Fl. Colorado, 24. Banks of the
Arkansas near Canon City, Colorado, Brandegee.

§ 7. Pod exsert-stipitate, pendent, very glabrous, straight or falcate, narrow, more
or less triangular, very deeply sulcate dorsally, the suture intruded to the middle
or beyond. — Stems erect, stout, sulcate, very leafy : flowers in long crowded
racemes, rather large.

14. A. Drummondii, Dougl. Softly villous: calyx scarcely gibbous at
base, black-hairy : corolla white : pod long-linear, terete, cross-section obcordately
2-lobed. — From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan.

15. A. SCOpulorum, Porter. Pubescent with appressed hairs: calyx gib-
bous at base, pilose with blackish hairs : corolla yellow or ochroleucous : pod
oblong, becoming arcuate with age, sharply 3-angled, the dorsal suture with an
acute sulcus on each side. — Fl. Colorado, 24. A. subcompressus, Gray. Cen-
tral and Southern Colorado.

16. A. racemosus, Pursh. Appressed pubescent, glabr 'ate : calyx strongly
gibbous at base, whitish-puberulent : corolla white : pod lance-oblong, cross-section
somewhat equally triradiate. — From Colorado to Nebraska and Idaho.

§ 8. Pod sessile, coriaceous, obcompressed, with the impressed dorsal suture more
or less approaching the ventral, but not 2-celled. — Low or prostrate, with a fine
hoary pubescence : flowers spicate, deep yellow.

17. A. flavus, Nutt. Diffuse: stipules sheathing the stem and base of
the petiole, oblique : leaflets linear : pod half-included, hoary, ovate, straight.
— W. Wyoming, Parry, and westward.

§ 9. Pod 2 to 3 lines long, sessile, elliptic-ovate, always wholly one-celled, the
ventral suture thick and prominent. — Subcinereous : stems slender, rather
rigid, a foot high or more : lea/lets 5 to 8 pairs, linear : racemes spike-like :
flowers purple to whitish.

18. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stems virgate: leaflets nearly filiform: racemes
dense, elongated, long-peduncled : flowers pale purple or whitish : pods spreading,
coriaceous, strongly concave on the back, white-hairy, at length glabrous, trans-
versely rugose-veined. — From Colorado to Nebraska and Missouri.

19. A. microlobllS, Gray. Stems diffuse: leaflets shorter, linear or
oblong-linear : racemes rather short and usually looselij flowered : flowers deep
purple : pods reflexed, thick-cartilaginous, puberulent, finely rugulose, a little
flattened on the back, the ventral suture very thick. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi.
203. From the Rocky Mountains to Missouri and Nebraska.

§ 10. Pod stipitate, coriaceous or nearly membranous, scarcely or not at all obcom-
pressed, \-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. — Caulescent, slender: flowers in
short often spike-like racemes, or few in small heads, purple to white, spreading.

* Pod membranous, glabrous or pubescent, slightly more compressed laterally,
l-celled with a very narrow rudimentary septum from the straight dorsal suture,
the ventral suture gibbous.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 63

+- Pod long-stipitate, not sulcate, cross-section oval : flowers white or bluish, keel

violet.

20. A. aboriginum, Rich. Hoar //-pubescent or subvillous : stems numer-
ous, rigid : leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, linear or oblong-lanceolate : pod semi-elliptic. —
Mountains of Colorado, northward throughout VV. British America.

21. A. glabriusculus, Gray. Like the last: glabrous or with short
scattered hairs: leaflets thinner, green, linear-lanceolate: pod lanceolate-subfal-
cate, the stipe 2 to 3 times longer than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 204.
Mountains of Colorado and British America.

H- -t- Pod short-stipitate, cross-section obovate, pubescent with more or less nigres-
cent hairs: flowers white.

22. A. Robbinsii, Gray, var. OCCidentalis, Watson. Pod much com-
pressed, tapering at base to a very short stipe, with no indication of a dorsal
sulcus. — Bot. King's Exp. 70. S. W. Colorado and Nevada.

# # Pod more coriaceous, black- or rarely cinereous-pubescent, more or less triangu-
lar and semi 2-celled, the dorsal suture sulcate-impressed.

•t- Pod lens-shaped, the cross-section obcordate, the ventral suture a little the more

gibbous.

23. A. Oroboides, Hornem., var. AmericanuS, Gray. Subcinereous-
puberulent : steins 1 to l£ feet high : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong and oval or
often linear-oblong : flowers in a long secuud raceme, the wings exceeding the
keel : pod with gray pubescence ; stipe very short. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 205.
In the Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward into British America,
thence eastward to Labrador.

•H- •*- Pod triangular, more impressed, the cross-section deeply obcordate, rather
straight or incurved, gibbous on the back.

24. A. alpinus, L. Hairy-pubescent or glabrous: leaflets 6 to Impairs,
oval or oblong : racemes short or subcapitate, many-flowered : wings little if at
all exceeding the rather large keel: pod straight or recurved, black-villous or
-pubescent ; stipe usually exceeding the calyx. — Colorado, Wyoming, and north-
ward to Arctic America; also in Maine and Vermont.

25. A. sparsiflorus, Gray. Slightly appressed-pilose, glabrate : leaflets
4 to 6 pairs, obovate or subrounded : peduncles 3 to 10-flowered: the emargi-
nate or bifid banner and the wings much exceeding the incurved keel: pod in-
curved, mottled; stipe very short. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 60. Colorado.

§ 11. Closely resembling the last, but villous or canescent, lower, and ivith yellow-
ish flowers: pod semi-ovate or oblong, turgid, coriaceous, subtriangular, with
the back gibbous and more or less impressed, the ventral suture prominent.

26. A. lotiflorus, Hook. Heads few-flowered : corolla little exceeding
the calyx : the cross-section of the pod obovate, retuse, or usually broadly ob-
cordate toward the base. — From Colorado and Wyoming to Texas, Nebraska,
and Hudson's Bay.

§ 12. Pod sessile, mostly thick coriaceous and obcompressed, the impressed dorsal
suture more or less approaching the ventral, not 2-celled, pubescent. — Low,
white-silky or hoary : flowers spicate or subcapitate, usually violet or purplish.

64 LEGUMINOS^J. (PULSE FAMILY.)

# Annual or biennial, many-stemmed : flowers rather small: pod inflated, mem-

branous, incurved.

27. A. pubentissinms, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, hirsute-canescent : leaf-
lets oblong or obovate : flowers few : pod villous, ovate-lunate, strongly in-
curved. — Colorado and W. Wyoming.

* * Perennial, short-stemmed or scarcely caulescent, usually prostrate or matted:
flowers rather large : pod thick-coriaceous, obcompressed-triangular, trans-
versely rugulose.

28. A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Subcaulescent, hoary-silky with a short
very closely oppressed pubescence : peduncles scape-like, capitately or spicately
few-flowered : pod nearly straight, blackish, elliptic. — From New Mexico to
Nebraska and the Saskatchewan.

29. A. ShortianuS, Nutt. Usually subacaulescent, silky-canescent with
a very closely oppressed pubescence : leaflets obovate or ovate : pod strongly
arcuate, thick, puberulent, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear. — Includes A.
cyaneus of most of the western reports. From Colorado to Nebraska and
westward ; also southward into New Mexico.

30. A. Farryi, Gray. Stems short, villous, with loose spreading hairs:
flowers loosely subcapitate, whitish or yellowish, the keel tinged with purple :
pod arched or at length circinate, pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, strongly obcompressed
and rugulose, both sutures sulcately impressed, contiguous. — Am. Jour. Sci. n.
xxxiii. 410. From Colorado to N. W. Texas.

31. A. iodanthus, Watson. Canescent with an appressed hairy pubes-
cence, or usually nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and
margins of the leaves : stems decumbent : leaflets obovate or orbicular : spikes
sJiort, dense : pod strongly arcuate or hamate, nearly glabrous, mottled, linear-oblong,
irregularly folded. — Bot. King's Exp. 70. Colorado (Coulter) and Nevada.

32. A. glareOSUS, Dougl. Depressed, villous-silky with white incumbent
hairs : flowers 3 to 6 : pod incurved, silky-pubescent becoming subglabrous, oblong-
ovate, attenuate above. — Wyoming and S. Idaho.

SERIES II. Pod one-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more

intruded than the dorsal. — PHACA, L.
A. Leaves pinnate with man1] or rarely with few or abortive leaflets, or simple.

Artificial Key.

Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent No. 61

Leaflets not prickly pointed.
Pod inflated,
Stipitate,

Mottled 36

Not mottled.

Stipe very short 37

Stipe eqxialling or exceeding the calyx 38, 39

Sessile.

Annual; pod 7 to 12 lines long 34,35

Perennial ; pod 2 to 4 lines long . . 40, 41, 42, 43

Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous, not bladdery inflated,
Exsert-stipitate,

Deeply sulcate 44, 45

Not deeply sulcate 53

LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 65

Short-stipitate,

Glabrous 50> 52

Puberulent 49, 51

Sessile,

Glabrous 46, 47, 60

Puberulent or pubescent.

Stems a span or more high 56, 57, 58

Cespitose 54, 55, 59

Woolly or villous 33, 48

Systematic Synopsis.

§ 13. Pod very woolly, short, turgid, coriaceous, incurved, sessile. — Very soft-
woolly : stems short, prostrate, from a stout perennial root : Jlowers usually one
inch long, loosely subcapitate.

33. A. Purshii, Dougl. Nearly acaulescent, rarely 6 inches high, canes-
cent with a long and dense woolly pubescence : leaflets lanceolate or oblong :
flowers ochroleucous, with the keel sometimes purplish. — W. Wyoming to
California and Oregon.

§ 14. Pod membranous, inflated, globose, egg-shaped or semi-ovate, usually large,

finely reticulated, glabrous or glabrate.

* Annual: pod sessile, not mottled: flowers small, ochroleucous or purplish. Low,
leaflets linear or linear-oblong, gray with stngulose hairs.

34. A. triflorus, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent, very much branched from
the base, branches ascending, 6 to 12 inches high : flowers 3 to 15: pod oval,
obtuse or acutish. — PI. Wright, ii. 45. S. Colorado and southward into
Mexico.

35. A. Geyeri, Gray. Somewhat simple, 3 to 6 inches high, subcanescent,
with an appressed hairy pubescence : leaflets glabrous above : flowers 3 to 5 :
pod ovate-lunate with an incurved acumination. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. Wyo-
ming, Idaho, and W. Nevada.

* * Annual or perennial : pod stipitate.
•*- Pod mottled: stipe equalling the calyx: flowers few, rather small.

36. A. pictus, Gray. Hoary with a loose silky pubescence : leaflets 3 to
7 pairs, narrowly linear or filiform, most of them usually abortive : pod ovoid,
scarcely pointed, pendent. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. From Nebraska to
Idaho and New Mexico. In sandy places.

Var. filifolius, Gray. Leaves usually imperfect ; leaflets very few, mostly
attenuated, the terminal one or the filiform rachis produced, persistent. — Loc.
cit. 215. On the plains of Colorado and southward.

H- •»- Pod not mottled.

•M. Nearly stemless, few-flowered : leaflets 4 to ^-paired : pod with a very short

stipe.

37. A. megacarpus, Gray. Glabrous : leaflets broadly oval or ovate :
scape much shorter than the leaves : flowers ochroleucous or whitish : pod
ovate-oblong, acuminate, very obtuse at base. — Loc. cit. 215. "Plains of
the Rocky Mountains" (Nuttall).

5

66 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

•*-*• -M. Caulescent, rather tall, leafy: lea/lets 7 to ^-paired: racemes or spikes mostly
many-flowered: pod with a stipe equalling or exceeding the calyx.

38. A. frigidus, Gray, var. Americanus, Watson. Subglabrous :
leaflets ovate- or elliptic-oblong : peduncles equalling the leaves : flowers
white: pod oblong, acute at each end, black-hairy or glabrous. — Bibl. Index,
i. 193. A. frigidus of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1871, and Fl. Colorado.
In the mountains from Colorado to the Arctic regions.

§ 15. Pod membranous, lanceolate-cylindric, straight, exsertly-stipitate, glabrous:
flowers rather large: leaflets few or almost none,

39. A. lonchocarpus, Torr. Ashy-puberulent, glabrate : stem fistulous,
branched : leaflets filiform-linear, remote, the leaf sometimes reduced to the
flattened-filiform rachis : racemes loosely many-flowered : flowers white, pen-
dent : pod very sharply acuminate at each end. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 80. S. Colo-
rado to New Mexico and Utah.

§ 16. Pod membranous or chartaceous, small, globose or ovate, inflated, sessile. —
Diffuse or procumbent, mostly small and slender: flowers small and usually few.

40. A. microcystis, Gray. Ashy-pubescent, from a woody root : leaflets
4 to 6 pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse : racemes 5 to 1 2-flowered : corolla
violet or whitish : pod globose-ovate, 3 lines long, thin membranous, gray-pubes-
cent.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 220. W. Wyoming (Parry) and Washington
Territory.

41. A. leptaleUS, Gray. Nearly glabrous: leaflets 7 to 11 pairs, lance-
linear or oblong, often acute : peduncles 2 to 4-flowered : corolla white : pod ovate
or oval, 4 lines long, chartaceous, puberulent. — Loc. cit. Colorado.

42. A. jejunus, Watson. Dwarf, minutely hoary-pubescent: stems 1 to 2
inches long, crowded, from a many-branching caudex, covered with numerous
imbricated stipules, which are membranous, sheathing, truncate and ciliate:
leaflets 4 to 7 pairs, linear: peduncles 2 to 3-flowered : corolla ochroleucous or
tinged with violet: pod gibbous dorsally, obtuse, 4 lines long, membranous, gla-
brous.— Bot. King's Exp. 173, t. 13. Bear River Valley, near Evauston
( Watson).

43. A. humillinitlS, Gray. Habit of the last, but much more dwarf and
condensed : stems scarcely an inch long, with the 'scarious coalescent stipules imbri-
cate and petioles persistent and spinescent : leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong, canescent,
with revolute margins: peduncles 1 to 3-flowered: corolla pale: pod ovate, 2
lines long, coriaceous, with a white pubescence. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 57. Often
choked in drifting sand. Mesa Verde, S. W. Colorado (Brandegee).

§ 1 7. Pod coriaceous, shortly exsert-stipitate, straight, narrowly oblong, semi-cylin-
dric, the deeply concave ventral surface divided by the salient obtuse suture.

44. A. bisulcatUS, Gray. Strigulose-puberulent : stem over a foot high, stout:
leaflets oblong, often narrower : flowers violet, in dense spike-like racemes, middle-
sized : calyx-teeth scarcely shorter than the tube. — Pac. R. Rep. xii. 42, t. 1 .
From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan.

45. A. HaydGnianilS, Gray. Smaller, pubescence more cinereous : spike
elongated, virgote : flowers much smaller : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube :
corolla white, keel tinged with purple at the end: pod rugulose with transverse
veins; stipe not exceeding the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 56. Colorado.

LEGUMLNOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 67

§ 18. Pod thick-cartilaginous ivith a subfleshy epicarp, subovate or oblong, turgid,
sessile, neither suture intruded, but both thick and prominent. — Perennial, afoot
high, stem and leaves rather rigid : leaflets nearly filiform, not jointed to the
rachis, persistent.

46. A. pectinatus, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, glabrate : branches striate,
angled : flowers white, the banner elongated : pod pendulous, glabrous, cuspi-
date, the dorsal suture very thick. — From Colorado to Nebraska and the
Saskatchewan.

47. A. Grayi, Parry. Distinguished from the last by the broader leaflets,
quite strongly veined, and by the somewhat thinner ascending pod: flowers
light yellow. — Watson in Am. Nat. viii. 212. W. Wyoming (Parry}.

§ li). Pod coriaceous, ovate or oblong, rarely cylindrical, turgid, not sulcate and
neither suture intruded. — Ours are perennials and the pods are sessile or
scarcely stipitate.

* Nearly acaulescent, silvery-silky, large-flowered.

48. A. Newberryi, Gray. Stems very short, crowded from a deep elon-
gated root : leaflets 3 to 7, either broad- or narrow-obovate, approximate :
peduncles few-flowered : corolla ochroleucous : pod villous, the broad point
laterally compressed, subincurved. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 55. A. Chamozluce,
Gray, in part. On the borders of Utah, Arizona, and S. W. Colorado.

* * Glabrous or pubescent, stems ascending or erect : pod very shortly stipitate or
sessile: cal>/x gray- or dark-pubescent.

49. A. Fendleri, Gray. Glabrous or oppressed puberulent, erect: leaflets
oblong or linear-oblong: racemes loosely purple-flowered: pod straight, minutely
puberulent, very shortly stipitate. — PI. Wright, ii. 44. Colorado and New
Mexico.

50. A. Hallii, Gray. Subcinereous-pubescent, glabrate, ascending : leaflets
narrow-oblong, subcuneate, refuse : flowers violet, in a dense head-like raceme :
pod straight, glabrous, with stipe a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 224.
Colorado to New Mexico.

51. A. flexuOSUS, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending : leaflets oblong-
or cuneate-linear, obtuse or retuse : racemes mostb/ elongated, loose : corolla
white or purplish : pod cylindric, puberulent, straight or subincurved, stipe
very short but evident. — From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan.

52. A. Patterson!, Gray. Robust, a foot or two high, appressed-puberu-
lent, sometimes glabrous : leaflets oblong, thickish : peduncles racemosely many-
flowered : corolla white, the keel sometimes purplish at the tip : pod glabrous,
abruptly contracted within the calyx, becoming somewhat stipe-like. — Loc. cit. xii.
55. S. W. Colorado and Utah.

§ 20. Pod vetch-shaped, flattened or less compressed, straight, margined by the
nerve-like sutures, coriaceous or chartaceous, sometimes stipitate. — Perennials,
with the leaves pinnate ivith many or few leaflets, or in some species simple.

* Flowers in peduncled racemes or spikes: pod many (7 to 20)-ovuled.

•<- Stipules connate, at least, the lower ones : pod exsert-stipitate. Caulescent :

leaves pinnate, with many leaflets.

53. A. multiflorus, Gray. Somewhat glabrous : stems slender : stip-
ules dark-colored; leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, linear or narrowly oblong: pedun-

68 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

cles not exceeding the leaves, loosely few-flowered : flowers ochroleucous,
tinged with purple : pod oblong, reflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 226. From
Colorado to the plains of Nebraska, northward to lat. 65°, and westward to
Utah, Nevada, and S. California.

•t- •»- Stipules as before : pod sessile. Caulescent.

•i-*. Calyx-teeth very slender, exceeding the tube. Low, from a woody caudex : the
stipules all more or less connate.

54. A. pauciflorus, Hook. Dwarf, cinereous-pubescent, matted-decum-
bent, with crowded leaves : leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong or lanceolate : peduncles
2 to ^-flowered: corolla violet: pod linear-oblong, silk {/-puberulent, 4 to 5 lines
long. — From the head-waters of the Yellowstone northward in the mountains
of British America.

55. A. tegetarius, Watson. Dwarf, cespitose, canescent ivith a silky
pubescence : stems 2 to 6 lines long, numerous, procumbent : leaflets 3 to 5
pairs, linear: peduncles 1 to 3-Jlowered : corolla ochroleucous: pod ovate-oblong,
pubescent, 2 to 3 lines long. — Bot. King's Exp. 76, t. 13. Nevada, Idaho, and
Montana.

Var. implexus, W. M. Canby. Leaflets in 2 pairs, crowded on the stems :
stipules tipped with a short straight point : Jlowers violet, the keel deep purple :
pods mostly smaller, 1 or 2 lines long. — Fl. Colorado, Appx. South Park,
Colorado.

•w- -w- Calyx-teeth short or about equalling the tube. Slender, rather rigid, branched:
upper stipules nearly distinct : leaflets linear to oblong, or none : Jlowers in loose
long-peduncled racemes, ochroleucous or purplish.

56. A. Campestris, Gray. Minutely pubescent or glabrate: stipules mem-
branous, large; leaflets 5 to 9 pairs: flowers subcapitate or scattered, the keel
with a long and narrow inflexed tip: pod oblong-linear, puberulent. — Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 229. Mountains of Colorado and northward through Montana.

57. A decumbens, Gray. Cinereous- or silky-pubescent: stems diffuse
or ascending : petioles sometimes somewhat Jlattened, mostly with 7 to 13 leaflets:
racemes 5 to 10-flowered : keel with a short inflexed tip: pod broad-linear,
straight or falcate, hoary puberulent. — Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado
and northward.

58. A. junceilS, Gray. Minutely pubescent or subylabrous : stems usually
solitary, erect : stipules small : petioles slender, sometimes 6 inches long, usually
naked, or with I to 5 pairs of linear leaflets : peduncles 3 to 7-flowered, flowers
distant : keel strongly incurved : pod oblong-linear, straight or subfalcate,
pubescent. — Loc. cit. 230. Includes A. diver si folius, Gray. Gravelly plains,
from Colorado northward through Wyoming and Montana, and westward
into Utah and Nevada.

•*- -t- -i- Stipules scarious, connate : pod short, sessile. Acaulescent, cespitose, silky-
canescent: leaves simple, lanceolate- or spatulate-linear : scapes exceeding the
leaves, man y-Jlowered : corolla purple or rose-color.

59. A. C8espitOSUS, Gray. Racemes spike-like : pod oblong or broad-
lanceolate, scarcely curved. — Loc. cit. Plains of the Platte from W. Nebraska
to the mountains.

LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 69

* * Cushioned: flowers scarcely exserted from among the simple leaves: pod many-

ovuled, margined with rather strong sutures.

60. A. Simplicifolius, Gray. Leaves hoary with an appressed silky
pubescence, linear- or spatulate-lanceolate, crowding the extremities of the
usually short branches : scapes 2 to 3-flowered : flowers purple, the keel
strongly arched: pod half-included in the calyx, glabrous. — Loc. cit. 231.
Sources of the Platte. W. Wyoming (Parry).

* * * Caulescent, often depressed : flowers subsessile in the axils of the leaves :

pods 3 to 4-ovuled, usually l-seeded, ovate, sessile : leaves pinnate, with few
leaflets

61. A. Kentrophyta, Gray. Intricately branched from a long root,
broadly depressed-cespitose, hoary with a short silky pubescence : leaflets 2 to
3 pairs, linear-subulate, usually rigid and divaricate, pungent : flowers 1 to 3,
ochroleucous or tinged with violet : pods compressed, pubescent, acuminate,
somewhat incurved. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 60. From Montana and
Wyoming to New Mexico and westward into Nevada.

B. Leaves apparently palmately 3-foliolate.

§ 21. Pod conical-ovate, acuminate, not stipitate nor compressed, coriaceous, some-
ivhat included in the calyx, neither suture intruded. — Perennial, cespitose from
a much-branched ivoody caudex, low, silvery-silky, with crowded leaves : leaflets
crowded.

62. A. triphyllus, Pursh. Acaulescent, glossy silky: stipules glabrous:
primary leaves sometimes 5-foliolate with cuneate oblanceolate leaflets, the
rest with 3 longer lanceolate leaflets, long petioled, exceeding the sessile crowded
flowers : calyx-teeth half shorter than the tube : corolla ochroleucous or white : pod
villous, included. — From Nebraska to the Saskatchewan.

63. A. tridactylicus, Gray. Resembliug the last in habit and leaves,
but stipules villous, flowers pale purple, calyx-teeth equalling the tube, pod puberu-
lent, exposed by the falling away of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 527. Moun-
tains of Colorado.

64. A. sericoleuCUS, Gray. Very broadly cespitose, silky-hoary: the
branches covered with villous stipules : leaves all 3-foliolate, not equalling the 2
to 6 flowered filiform peduncles; leaflets oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong : calyx-
teeth about equalling the tube : corolla purple : pod hoary, half included in the calyx.

— Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 410. From the sand-hills of N. Colorado to
N. Nebraska.

14. OXYTROPIS, DC.

Like Astragalus, but distinguished by a subulate beak at the tip of the keel.

— Mostly low perennials, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard
and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules : pinnate leaves
of many leaflets: naked scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. —
Rev. Oxyt., Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. xx.

§ 1. Stipules free from the petiole and from each other: leafy-stemmed or depau-
perate plants nearly stemless.

1. O. deflexa, DC. Loosely soft-pubescent or silky : taller forms over a
foot high : leaflets crowded in 12 to 16 pairs, lanceolate to oblong, i to ^ inch

70 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

long: peduncles much surpassing the leaves : flowers rather small (about
£ inch long), in a short and close or in fruit lengthened and open spike : pod
oblong-lanceolate, not stipitate, 1-celled, much surpassing the calyx. — In the
mountains from British America to S. Colorado and westward to Utah. Sub-
alpine forms are often depauperate and almost stemless.
§ 2. Stipules adnate to the petiole, imbricated on the short branches of the caudex

which bears the scapes and leaves : no other ascending stems.
# Most of the numerous leaflets as if verticillate or fascicled in threes or fours or

more along the rachis: scape spicately several to man ij -flower ed : pod ovate,

2-celled, hardly surpassing the very villous calyx.

2. O. SplendenS, Dougl. Silvery silky-villous, 6 to 12 inches high:
flowers erect-spreading : pod erect. — Whole length of the Eocky Mountains,
and plains along their eastern base, to the Saskatchewan.

* * Leaflets simply pinnate.

•i— Pod wholly enclosed in the bladdery ovate-globose calyx, turgid-ovate, one-celled :
peduncles weak, 1 to 2-flowered.

3. O. multiceps, Nutt. Matted cespitose, subcaulescent, 1 to 3 inches
high, canescently silky : leaflets 3 to 4 pairs : flowers purple : pod short-stipi-
tate. — Alpine region of the Eocky Mountains, S. Wyoming and Colorado.
Nuttall's specimens are larger-leaved and less cespitose than those of subse-
quent collectors distributed as var. minor, Gray.

•t- •»- Pod nearly or quite enclosed in and completely filling the distended and often
split fructiferous calyx, turgid, pubescent, half two-celled: scapes capitately few
to several-flowered, surpassing the leaves, a span high : flowers over ^ inch long.

4. O. nana, Nutt. Silvery with oppressed silky pubescence: leaflets 3 or 4
or rarely 6 pairs, narrowly lanceolate : flowers purple or whitish : pod turgid-
oblong, somewhat coriaceous, the acuminate tip barely projecting out of the
undivided lightly villous calyx. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. May be 0. argentea, Pursh,
Fl. ii. 473. Mountains of Wyoming and Montana.

5. O. lagopus, Nutt. White silky with looser and more villous hairs: leaf-
lets 4 or 5 pairs, lanceolate or oblong: flowers bright violet: pod ovate, thin-mem-
branaceous and almost bladdery, obtuse, abruptly tipped with the persistent
style, slightly surpassing the calyx which soon splits down one side. — Jour.
Acad. Philad. vii. 17. Mountains of Wyoming and Montana.

•(- -i- •<- Pod well surpassing the calyx ; this at length split down one side or re-
maining unchanged.

•w- Bladdery-inflated and membranaceous, ovate, one-celled: scapes or peduncles
few-flowered, in fruit usually decumbent: very low and depressed-tufted plants.

6. O. podocarpa, Gray. Villous, or in age glabrate: leaflets 5 to 11
pairs, linear-lanceolate (3 or 4 lines long) : peduncles 2-flowered, not surpassing
the leaves: flowers comparatively large (7 or 8 lines long), violet : pod large
(often an inch long), broadly ovate, puberulent, short-stipitate, neither suture at
all introflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 234. 0. Hallii, Bunge. Alpine and
subalpine, from S. Colorado to British America and perhaps to the Arctic
regions.

7. O. Oreophila, Gray. Silky-canescent : leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, lanceolate to
oblong (2 to 4 lines long) : scapes common!, y surpassing the leaves, capitately 4 to

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 71

B-flowered : flowers only 4 or 5 lines long, apparently purple : pod hardly £ inch
long, oblong-ovate, cinereous-pubescent, not at all stipitate, the ventral suture moder-
ately introflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 3. A species of S. California and
Utah, collected on Aquarius Plateau, Utah, by L. F. Ward; probably to
be found within our southwestern boundaries.

•w- -H. Pod oblong or narrower, not bladdery -inflated, coriaceous, nearly or quite
^.-celled : scape 1 to 3-flowered.

8. O. Parryi, Gray. Silky-canescent : leaves and scapes about a span
high : leaflets 7 to 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate (2 or 3 lines long) : calvx short,
cinereous-pubescent : pod nearly £ inch long, terete with a strong ventral
groove, grayish-pubescent, not at all stipitate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 4.
0. arctica of Hall & Harbour's collection, no. 143. 0. Uralensis, var. pumila,
of Western Reports. Mountains of Colorado near the limit of trees.

•H. -M. -w. Pod nearly terete, turgid, but not bladder y-membranaceous, not stipitate or

rarely obscurely so : scape capitately or spicately several to many-flowered.

= More or less glandular viscid, at least the calyx and commonly the pod,

9. O. Viscida, Nutt. Leaflets numerous and small (2 to 4 lines long),
thickish, oval or oblong, often pubescent when young, at maturity green and
glabrate : flowers in a dense oblong head or at length in a short spike, less
than ^ inch long : calyx villous and with sessile glands usually evident : pod
small (3 to 5 lines long), puberuleut, oblong, thin-chartaceous, half 2 celled,
the small beak or point straight. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 341. In the mountains
from British America to Colorado ; common in Wyoming.

= = Not glandular nor viscid : leaves more or less silky at least when young.

10. O. monticola, Gray. Loosely silky-villous, at least the scapes (5 to
9 inches high) and calyx: leaflets sometimes glabrate, oblong or lanceolate
(3 to 7 lines long) : spike oblong or cylindraceous, dense even in fruit : flower
hardly \ inch long : pod ovate-oblong, between membranaceous and chartaceous,
i to £ inch long, tipped with a straight point, one-celled with no introflexiou
of the ventral suture, or nearly half 2-celled, silfcy-canescent. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xx. 6. 0. campestris of Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. in part. Mountains of
Wyoming, Dakota, and northward.

11. O. Lamberti, Pursh. Commonly taller as well as larger (the scapes
often a foot or more high), silky- and mostly silvery-pubescent, sometimes
glabrate in age : leaflets from oblong-lanceolate to linear (4 to 16 lines long) :
spike sometimes short-oblong and densely flowered at least when young, often
elongated and sparsely flowered : flowers mostly large (often an inch long, but
sometimes much smaller), variously colored : pod either narrowly or broadly
oblong, sericeous pubescent, flrm-coriaceous, -J inch or more long, imperfectly
2-celled. — Includes 0. campestris of Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. in part. Common
along the Great Plains from the Saskatchewan and Minnesota to New Mexico,
Texas, etc., and in the foothills.

Var. sericea, Gray, is a robust mountain form, canescent with the silky
pubescence; the leaflets mostly broad (3 or 4 lines), and the cylindraceous
pods nearly or quite an inch long. — 0. sericea, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 339.

Var. Bigelovii, Gray, is a marked form, with pods of the preceding
form, but more slender, of thinner texture, and short-stipitate ; leaflets green

72 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

and glabrate, narrow. — The 0. Lamberti of Torr. in Pacif . K. Rep. iv. 80.
On the Upper Canadian River, Colorado, Bigelow.

15. HEDYSARUM, Tourn.

Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the
wings. Pod flattened, the separable joints roundish and equal-sided. — Peren-
nial herbs.

1. H. Mackenzii, Richard. Stems 2 feet high, minutely pubescent,
simple or branched : leaflets 11 to 17 (usually 11), canescently pubescent, nearly
glabrous above : racemes loosely 1 to 30-flowered, elongating in fruit : flowers
large, light purple : pod 2 to 4-jointed, minutely pubescent. — From Colorado
northward to the Arctic regions.

2. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13 to 21, nearly glabrous: raceme of many
deflexed purple flowers : pod 3 orb-jointed, smooth, reticulated. — From W. Wyo-
ming (Parry) northward throughout British America to the Arctic Circle.

16. VI CIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE.

Wings adherent to the middle of the short keel. Style inflexed. Pod flat,
smooth. Seeds globular. — Herbs, with angular stems, more or less climb-
ing : leaflets entire or toothed at the apex : stipules semi-sagittate : flowers
solitary or in loose peduncled axillary racemes.

* Perennial: peduncles 4 to ^-flowered.

1. V. Americana, Muhl. Usually rather stout, 1 to 4 feet high, gla-
brous : leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, very variable, linear to ovate-oblong, truncate to
acute : peduncles 4 to 8-flowered : flowers purplish : pod oblong, 3 to 6-
seeded. — Throughout the whole of our range and extending to Washington
Territory and New Mexico and eastward across the continent.

Var. truncata, Brewer. Usually somewhat pubescent : leaflets truncate
and often 3 to 5-toothed at the apex. — Bot. Calif, i. 158. V. truncata, Nutt.
From Colorado and northwestward to Washington Territory.

Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves all linear. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 134.
Lathyrus linearis, Nutt. From the Rocky Mountains westward to California,
being the common western form of the species.

# * Slender annuals : peduncles 1 or 2-Jlowered.

2. V. exigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, more or less pubescent:
leaflets about 4 pairs, linear, acute : peduncles rarely 2-flowered : flowers pur-
plish : pod linear-oblong. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 272. S. Colorado and New
Mexico, westward to California.

3. V. micrantha, Nutt. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, strongly angled, gla-
brous, climbing : leaflets 2 to 6 pairs (usually 2 pairs), oblong-elliptical, obovate
or linear-oblong, obtuse or' ernarginate, mucronate : peduncles at first much
shorter than the leaves : flowers pale, blue at the tip : pod sabre-shaped, ses-
sile.— Loc. cit. 271. From Colorado to Texas and Louisiana.

17. LATHYRUS, L. EVERLASTING PEA.

Nearly as in Vicia except the characters given in the synopsis of genera.
All of ours have long peduncles. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 133.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 73

§ 1. Rachis of the leaves tendril-bearing: pod sessile. Ours are perennials, with

semi-sagittate stipules having lanceolate lobes, and purple or purplish flowers.

* Leaflets 8 to 12 : peduncles rather many-flowered.

1. L. venosus, Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy : leaf-
lets oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse : calyx densely pubescent to nearly glabrous :
pod smooth. — Throughout the Eastern States and extending northwestward
to Washington Territory.

* * Leaflets 4 to 8 : peduncles 2 to 6-flowered.

2. L. paluster, L. Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : stem
often winged: leaflets narrowly oblong to linear: flowers smaller (6 lines
long). — Common everywhere throughout the northern portions of both
hemispheres.

Var. myrtifolius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets
ovate to oblong, shorter (an inch long or less). — PL Fendl. 30. L. myrtifolius,
Muhl. L. venosus, var. 8, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 274. L. polyphyllus, Watson,
Bot. King's Exp. 78. The L. pubescens, Nutt., of Fl. Colorado. With the
species.

§ 2. Rachis not tendril-bearing or rarely so: pod shortly stipitate. In ours the
peduncles are 2 to 6-flowered.

3. L. polymorphus, Nutt. Usually low, finely pubescent or glabrous,
glaucous: leaflets 6 to 12, thick and strongly nerved, narrowly oblong, acute :
flowers very large, purple : pod 3 or 4 lines broad ; f uniculus remarkably nar-
row and hilum short. — Colorado and New Mexico to Central Arizona.

4. L. ornatus, Nutt. Resembling the last except the leaves are nar-
rower and shorter, the pod somewhat broader, and the funiculus broader. —
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 277. Mountains of Colorado and Utah.

18. CASSIA, L. SENNA.

Calyx-tube very short. Anthers erect, opening by two pores or chinks
at the apex. Pod usually curved, many-seeded, often with cross-partitions
between the seeds. — Herbs, with flowers in terminal or axillary (in ours)
clusters.

1. C. Chamsecrista, L. Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch,
10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base, a cup-shaped gland beneath
the lowest pair : flowers on slender pedicels, in small clusters above the axils,
2 or 3 of the showy petals often with a purple spot at the base : four of the
anthers yellow, the others purple. — Throughout the Eastern States and
westward across the plains to Colorado.

19. HOFFMANSEGGIA, Cav.

Sepals united into a short obconic base. Petals obovate, on short claws,
spreading, one or more of them often glandular at base. Filaments thickened
or dilated toward the base. Pod oblong or linear, often falcate, compressed,
dry, 2-valved. — Low perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants, often dotted with
black glands.

1. H. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Canescently-pubescent, much branched
from a shrubby base: pinnae 5, abruptly 10 to 16-foliolate : leaflets oval, nearly

74 ROSACEJS. (ROSE FAMILY.)

glabrous above : flowers nodding or reflexed : the upper petal smallest, marked
with reddish spots : pod I inch long, more or less lunate, scabrous, 2 to 3-seeded,
sprinkled (as well as the leaves, calyx, and petals) with sessile black glands. — Fl. i.
393. Plains of E. Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.

2. H. drepanocarpa, Gray. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, wholly desti-
tute of glands: stems numerous, from a thick woody root: pinnae 5 to 11,
8 to 20-foliolate ; leaflets crowded, subfalcate, nerveless : petals broadly obovate,
nearly alike, naked and glabrous: pod. 1^ to 2 inches long, strongly falcate, gla-
brous or minutely puberulent under a lens, 9 to W-seeded. — PI. Wright, i. 58.
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.

20. SCHRANKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Pod long and narrow,
4-valved. — Perennial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly : leaves
sensitive and of many small leaflets, the axillary peduncles bearing round
heads of small rose-colored flowers.

1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked: partial petioles 4 to 6 pairs:
leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath : pod oblong-linear,
nearly terete. — Throughout the S. E. States and westward across the plains
to Colorado and Dakota.

ORDER 26. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with mostly alternate leaves, usually evident
stipules, usually perigyiious mostly numerous stamens, distinct free
pistils from one to many, or coherent with each other and the calyx-
tube, and anatropous seeds destitute of albumen or nearly so.

SUBORDER I. AMYGDAI^EJE.

Carpels solitary, or rarely 5, becoming drupes, entirely free from the
calyx, this or its lobes deciduous. Ovules 2, pendulous, but seed almost
always solitary. Style terminal. — Trees or shrubs, with bark exuding
gum, and mostly (as well as the seeds) yielding the flavor of prussic
acid. Stipules free, deciduous.

1. Primus. Flowers perfect. Carpel solitary.

SUBORDER II. ROSACE^E PROPER.

Carpels free from the persistent calyx, becoming akenes, or follicles,
or drupe-like in fruit. Stipules commonly adnate to the petiole. Calyx
dry and open, or sometimes strictly enclosing the fruit, or fleshy and
pome-like.

Tribe I. SPIR^ACE^J. Carpels few, rarely solitary, becoming two to several-seeded

follicles. Calyx open.

* Carpels alternate with the calyx-lobes when of the same number.
•*- Seeds with membranous testa aud no albumen : stipules none.

ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 75

•H- Calyx persistent in fruit : stamens perigynous : carpels several-seeded.

2. Spiraea. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valved, distinct. Flowers perfect, rarely polyga-

mous. Leaves simple, serrate or incised.

•H- -H- Calyx marcescent in fruit : stamens hypogynous : carpels few-seeded.

3. Aruncus. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valved, distinct. Flowers dioecious. Leaves re-

peatedly ternately divided.

•<- -t- Seeds with shining stony testa : albumen very distinct : stipules membranaceous,

caducous.

4. Physocarpus. Follicles membranaceous, inflated, 2-valved, distinct, often stipitate.

Flowers perfect, corymbose. Leaves lobed.

* * Carpels opposite to the calyx-lobes when of the same number.

5. Chamaebatiaria. Follicles coriaceous, 1-valved, connate at base, several-seeded.

Albumen distinct. Flowers perfect Leaves small, coriaceous, stipulate, bipinnately
dissected.

* * * Carpel becoming an akene.

6. Holodiscus. Carpels alternate with the calyx-lobes, with densely silky styles and 2

collateral pendulous ovules. Akenes membranous, woolly, 1-seeded. Leaves lobed,
without stipules.

Tribe II. RUBE^E. Carpels several or numerous on a spongy receptacle, becoming
drupelets in fruit. Calyx open, without bractlets. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2
and pendulous, but seed solitary.

7. Rubus. Carpels indefinitely numerous, berry-like in fruit. Perennial herbs or soft-

woody shrubs with biennial stems.

Tribe III. POTENTILXE^E. Carpels numerous, several, or solitary, 1-ovuled, be-
coming dry akenes. Calyx not enclosing or at least not constricted over the fruit.
Seed erect or ascending.

* Shrubs: carpels mostly solitary : style not elongated in fruit: stigma decurrent: calyx

imbricated, without bractlets. Flowers solitary in ours.

8. Purshia. Petals 5. Leaves 3-cleft. Radicle inferior.

9. Coleogyne. Calyx 4-parted, colored. Petals none. Leaves opposite, small, narrow,

entire. Radicle superior.

* * Trees or shrubs : carpels solitary or numerous : styles elongated and plumose in fruit :

calyx imbricated, without bractlets (except in Fallugia) : seed erect.

10. Cercocarpus. Flowers solitary, axillary, small. Petals none. Carpels solitary,

rarely 2. Calyx-tube long-cylindrical ; the limb deciduous. Leaves simple, entire or
toothed.

11. Cowania. Flowers solitary, short-peduncled, terminal, showy. Petals 5. Carpels

5 to 12. Calyx short and turbinate. Leaves cuneate, lobed.

12. Fallugia. Flowers somewhat panicled, on long peduncles, showy. Petals 5. Carpels

numerous. Calyx turbinate. Leaves with linear lobes.

* * * Herbs : carpels few to many : calyx concave or campanulate, valvate in the bud,

bracteolate.
•*- Seed erect from the base of the cell : radicle inferior : style strictly terminal, persistent.

13. Dryas. Like Geum, but petals 8 or 9.

14. Geum. Carpels very numerous on a dry receptacle : the elongated style in fruit mostly

geniuulate or plumose. Petals 5.

•«- -i- Seed suspended or ascending : radicle superior : style small, naked, not geniculate.

15. Fragaria. Carpels very numerous, in fruit on a large fleshy scarlet receptacle. Styles

lateral. Leaves 3-foliolate.

16. Potentilla. Petals yellow, rarely white, sessile. Stamens usually 20 or more ; fila-

ments narrow or filiform. Carpels mostly numerous, on a dry receptacle. Leaves
pinnate or digitate ; leaflets toothed or cleft, not confluent.

17. Sibbaldia. Petals yellow, sessile, minute and narrow. Stamens 5 ; filaments very

short, filiform. Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry receptacle. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets
3-toothed.

76 EOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

18. Ivesia. Petals yellow, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 20; filaments filiform.

Carpels 1 to 15, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets cleft or parted,
often small and very numerous and closely imbricated.

19. Chamzerhodos. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 5 ; filaments short, subulate.

Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves many-cleft; the segments
linear.

Tribe IV. POTEBIE^E. Carpels 1 to 3, in fruit akenes, completely enclosed in the
dry and firm calyx-tube, the throat of which is constricted or sometimes nearly closed.
Seed suspended. Ours are herbs with pinnate leaves and solitary ovule.

20. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, surrounded by a margin of hooked prickles. Petals

yellow. Stamens 5 to 12. Flowers in long racemes.

21. Poterium. Calyx-lobes 4, imbricate, deciduous, petaloid ; the tube 4-angled, naked.

Petals none. Flowers in dense heads.

Tribe V. ROSE^E. Carpels many, in fruit bony akenes, enclosed and concealed in the
globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous.
Stamens numerous.

22. Rosa. Erect shrubs, with pinnate leaves.

SUBORDER III. POUIE^E.

Carpels 2 to 5, enclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube,
in fruit becoming a pome. A pair of ovules in each carpel. Styles
often united below. — Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole
or nearly so.

23. Crataegus. Ovary 2 to 5-celled ; the fruit drupaceous, of 2 to 5 bony 1-seeded stones,

either separable or united into one. Branches usually thorny.

24. Pyrus. Ovary 2 to 5-celled ; the fruit a proper pome, with papery or cartilaginous and

undivided 2-seeded cells or carpels.

25. Amelanchier. Ovary 5-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled and 2-seeded, but in fruit each

divided into two by a partition from the back. Styles 3 to 5. Otherwise like Pyrus.

26. Peraphyllum. Ovary usually 2- (incompletely 4-) celled. Styles 2. Otherwise like

A me lanchier.

1. PR UN US, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, &c.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to 25, inserted with the
petals. — Leaves simple, usually serrulate: flowers white, fascicled in the
axils, or in terminal racemes.

* Flowers in umbel- or corymb-like dusters from, lateral scaly buds in early spring,
preceding or coetaneous with the leaves.

1. P. Americana, Marshall. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM). Tree
thorny, 8 to 20 feet high : leaves ovate, or somewhat ohovate, conspicuously
pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature : fruit nearly
destitute of bloom, roundish ovnl, yellow, orange, or red; the stone turgid, more
or less acute on both margins ; pleasant-tasted, hut with a tough and sour skin. —
Colorado. Very common throughout the East.

2. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny:
leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous : fruit nearly destitute of
bloom, globular, red; the stone ovoid, almost as thick as wide, rounded at both
sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Perhaps native only west of the Mis-
sissippi from Arkansas southward, but introduced eastward, and westward to
Colorado.

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 77

3. P. Pennsylvanica, L. (WILD RED CHERRY.) Tree 20 to 30 feet
high, with light red-brown bark : leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and
sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides: fruit globose, light red,
very small, with thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. — From Colorado north-
ward, and eastward to Newfoundland and Virginia.

4. P. emarginata, Walpers, var. mollis, Brewer. Becoming a small
tree 25 feet high, with bark like that of an ordinary Cherry-tree, more or less
woolly-pubescent : leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, mostly obtuse, crenately serru-
late, narrowed to a short petiole, with usually one or more glands near the
base of the blade, more or less woolly-pubescent on the under side : fruit globose,
black, bitter and astringent ; stone with a thick grooved ridge upon one side. —
Bot. Calif, i. 167. Bitter Root Mountains and westward into Oregon and
California.

* * Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, hence appearing after the

leaves, late in spring.

5 P. demissa, Walpers. (WILD CHERRY.) An erect slender shrub
2 to 12 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly
rounded or somewhat cordate at base, sharply serrate, usually more or less pubes-
cent beneath, with 1 or 2 glands at base : fruit purplish-black, or red, sweet and
edible, but somewhat astringent ; stone globose. — From the Rocky Mountains
westward to the coast.

6. P. Virginiana, L. (CHOKE CHERRY.) Leaves rarelj at all pubes-
cent, more frequently somewhat cuneate at base: fruit dark red, very astringent
and scarcely edible ; the stone more ovoid and acutish : otherwise like the last,
but more diffuse in habit, and preferring stream banks and moist localities. —
This species appears to be distributed throughout the whole of North Amer-
ica except in the region west of the Rocky Mountains.

2. S PIE, M A, L. MEADOW-SWEET.

Petals 5, rounded, nearly sessile. Stamens numerous. Carpels usually
5 or more. — Perennial herbs or mostly shrubs : flowers white or rose-colored,
in compound corymbs or spikes. — We follow the arrangement of Dr. Maxi-
mowicz in recognizing the four following genera as distinct from Spircea.
Bot. Calif, ii. 443.

* Erect shrubs : petals rose-colored or purplish : floivers in compound corymbs.

1. S. betulifolia, Pallas. Glabrous or finely pubescent, with reddish
bark : leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, acutely and unequally serrate or
incised, on short petioles or nearly sessile : flowers pale purple, the fastigiate
corymbs often leafy-bracted : ovules 5 to 8. — S. corymbosa, Raf. Head-
waters of the Missouri, eastward in the Alleghany Mountains, westward to
N. California, and northward to Alaska.

Var. rosea, Gray. Corolla rose-red. — Proc. Am- Acad. viii. 381. W.
Wyoming, Idaho, and westward to Oregon and California.

* * Low herbaceous perennials, woody at base : petals white : Jlowers in dense

cylindrical spikes on scape-like stems.

2. S. C8BSpitOSa, Nutt. Cespitose, on rocks : leaves rosulate on the short
tufted branches of the woody spreading rootstock, oblanceolate or linear-

78 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

spatulate, silky on both sides; those of the scape scattered and narrower:
calyx-lobes silky : filaments and styles exserted : carpels 3 to 8, somewhat
villous or glabrous, 2-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 418. W. Wyoming to
Montana and Oregon, and southward to New Mexico.

3. ART! NOTTS, L. GOAT'S-BEARD.

Herbaceous : the small white flowers in numerous filiform panicled spikes.

1. A. Sylvester, Kost. Smooth, branching, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves
large ; leaflets thin, sparingly villous beneath, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate,
sharply and laciniately doubly toothed, the terminal one broadest : panicle
large and compound, pubescent : filaments long-exserted : carpels 3 to 5,
smooth. — Spiraea Aruncus, L. Ranges across the continent.

4. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. NINE-BARK.

Carpels 1 to 5, divergent. Ovules 2 to several. — Diffuse shrubs : flowers
large, white.

1. P. opulifolia, Maxim. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with ash-colored
shreddy bark : leaves ovate or often cordate, 3-lobed and toothed, on slender
petioles, nearly glabrous: flowers on long slender pedicels in simple umbel-like
hemispherical tomentose corymbs : carpels 2 to 5, glalirous. — Spiraea opuli-
folia, L. Neillia opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. From California northward to
British America and eastward across the continent.

2. P. Torreyi, Maxim. A small shrub, differing from the last in its
smaller leaves, its finer pubescence, and the leaves sometimes densely white-
tomentose beneath, its fewer and smaller flowers on short pedicels, fewer stamens,
and especially the densely tomentose ovaries, which are fewer (1 or 2) and be-
come less inflated. — Spircea opulifolia, var. pauciflofa, Hook., and in Fl.
Colorado var. parvifolia. Neillia Torreyi, Watson. In the mountains of
Colorado and westward to Nevada.

5. CHAMJEBATIARIA, Maxim.

Flowers large, white, in a leafy terminal racemose panicle. — A stout,
diffusely branched, glandular-pubescent shrub.

1. C. Mill 6 folium, Maxim. More or less tomentose : leaves narrowly
lanceolate in outline, scattered or fascicled at the ends of the branches, with
very numerous (about 20) pinnae and minute oblong obtuse leaflets (about 6
pairs) : the erect acute lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the orbicular petals :
carpels 5, pubescent. — Spircea MiUefolium, Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 83, t. 5.
From W. Wyoming (Coulter] to California.

6. HOLODISCUS, Maxim.

Petals white, broadly oblong, about equalling the 5-parted calyx. — A dif-
fuse shrub, with grayish brown bark : flowers in loose spreading panicles.

1. H. discolor, Maxim. Pubescent, 4 feet high or more : leaves broadly
ovate, truncate at base or cuneate into a slender petiole, more or less silky-

ROSACES. (KOSE FAMILY.) 79

tomentose beneath, nearly smooth above, pinnatifidly toothed or lobed, the
lobes often dentate : panicle much branched, tomentose. — Spiraea discolor,
Pursh.

Var. dlimosa, Maxim. Only 1 to 3 feet high : leaves usually small, cune-
ate into a short margined petiole, often white tomentose beneath : panicle
mostly smaller and less diffuse. — Spiraea dumosa, Nutt. S. discolor, var.
dumosa, Watson. Colorado and New Mexico and thence to the Sierra Nevada
and Oregon.

7. RUBTJS, L. RASPBERRY. BLACKBERRY.

Petals 5, conspicuous. Styles nearly terminal. — Erect or trailing, often
prickly : leaves simple or pinnately 3 to 7-foliolate : flowers white or reddish,
in panicles or corymbs, or solitary : fruit usually edible, red, purple, or purplish-
black. — Ours are all true Raspberries, having fruit with a bloom separating
from the receptacle when ripe. The Blackberries, having fruit black, shining
and persistent on the receptacle, are not known to occur within our range.
# Leaves simple: prickles none (except in No. 3) : flowers large : fruit and recepta-
cle flat and broad.

1. R. Nutkanus, Mocino. (SALMON-BERRY.) Stems 3 to 8 feet high;
bark green and smooth or more or less glandular-pubescent, becoming brown and
shreddy : leaves palmately and nearly equally 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally
serrate, 4 to 12 inches broad, glabrous or somewhat tomentose, the veins beneath
as well as the petioles and peduncles usually more or less hispid with gland-tipped
hairs : flowers white, an inch or two broad : calyx densely tomentose : carpels
very numerous, tomentose : fruit red, large, and pleasantly flavored. — From
Colorado northward, westward to the coast, and eastward to Upper Michigan.

2. R. delicioSUS, James. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high; branches, young
leaves, and calyx tomentose-pubescent or puberulent, not glandular : leaves reniform-
orbicidar, rugose, more or less 3 to 5-lobed, finely serrate-toothed: flowers 2
inches across : sepals with a dilated acumination : petals white : fruit purplish,
large, smooth, " flavor not agreeable to the human palate." — Canons of
Colorado.

3. R. nivalis, Dougl. — Low, not more than 6 inches high, frutescent : leaves
cordate, 3-lobed, sharply toothed, glabrous, the petioles and veins of the leaves
armed with recurved prickles : peduncles short, 2-flowered : petals red ( ? ) : fruit
red. — In the Bitter Root Mountains and northward. Probably a species of
the next section with the leaflets confluent.

* * Leaflets 3 t o 5 : petals small, erect, white.
-i- Stem* annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few separate grains.

4. R. triflorus, Richardson. Stems ascending or trailing : leaflets 3 (or
pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely
doubly serrate, thin, smooth: peduncle 1 to 3-flowered : fruit small, red. —
Colorado and northward into British America and eastward to the New Eng-
land and Middle States.

•»- H- Stems biennial and woody, prickly : receptacle oblong : fruit hemispherical.

5. R. strigosus, Michx. (WiLD RED RASPBERRY.) Stems upright, and
with the stalks, etc. beset with stiff straight bristles, glandular when young,

80 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

somewhat glaucous : leaflets oblong-ovate, cut-serrate, whitish-downy under-
neath, the lateral ones sessile : petals as long as the sepals : fruit light red. — From
New Mexico and Colorado northward to British America and thence eastward
to the New England and Middle States ; also in Nevada.

6. R. occidentalis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.) Glau-
cous all over: stems recurved, armed like the stalks, etc. with hooked prickles,
not bristly : leaflets 3, ovate, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-downy under-
neath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked: petals shorter than the sepals: fruit
purple-black. — From Oregon eastward to Missouri and thence throughout the
Eastern States, especially to the north.

8. PURSHIA, DC.

Calyx funnel-shaped. Petals exceeding the calyx-lobes, yellow. Stamens
about 25, in one row. Carpels sometimes 2, narrowly oblong. Fruit pubes-
cent, attenuate at each end, exserted. — Diffusely branched : leaves mostly
fascicled, cuneate : flowers terminal on the short branchlets.

1. P. tridentata, DC. Usually 2 to 5 (rarely 8 or 10) feet high, with
brown or grayish bark ; the young branches and numerous short branchlets
pubescent : leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed at the apex, petioled, white-tomen-
tose beneath, greener above : calyx tomentose with some glandular hairs :
petals spatulate-obovate. — Arizona and New Mexico, and northward through-
out the Rocky Mountain region to the British boundary; westward to the
Sierras.

9. COLEOGYNE, Torr.

Calyx with a membranaceous margin, colored within. Stamens numerous,
inserted upon the base of a tubular torus which includes the ovary. Style
lateral, very villous at base, twisted, exserted, persistent. Fruit glabrous, in-
cluded. — Diffusely branched, somewhat spinesceut : leaves coriaceous : flowers
terminal on the short brauchlets, subtended by 1 or 2 pairs of 3-lobed bracts,
yellow, showy.

1. C. ramosissima, Torr. The short rigid branches opposite and spines-
cent; bark gray: leaves approximate upon the branchlets, linear oblanceolate,
puberulent with appressed hairs attached by the middle : tube of the torus
membranaceous, dilated below and narrowed to the shortly 5-toothed apex,
densely white-villous within : akene somewhat compressed, the obtuse apex
incurved. — PI. Frem. 8, t. 4. From S. Colorado to Arizona and Nevada, and
in California.

10. CERCOCARPUS, HBK. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.

Stamens 15 to 25, in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Fruit coria-
ceous, linear, terete, villous, included in the enlarged calyx-tube. — Leaves
evergreen.

1. C. ledifolius, Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 6 to 15 feet high: leaves
narrowly lanceolate with margins more or less revolute, thick-coriaceous and
somewhat resinous, entire, more or less tomentose, but glabrous above, acute :

KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 81

flowers sessile, toraentose : limb of the calyx deeply toothed : tail of the akene
at length 2 or 3 inches long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 427. W. Wyoming and
through the Wahsatch to the Sierras and northward.

2. C. parvifolius, Nutt. A shrub usually 2 to 10 feet high (sometimes
15 to 20 feet) : leaves cuneate-obovate, less coriaceous, serrate towards the obtuse
or rounded summit, more or less silky above, densely hoary-tomentose beneath :
flowers on short slender pedicels : limb of the calyx with short teeth : tail of the
akene often 4 inches long. — From, New Mexico to Wyoming and westward to
the coast.

11. CO WAN I A, Don. CLIFF ROSE.

Petals obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, in 2 rows, inserted with the
petals at the throat of the calyx-tube. Carpels densely villous. Fruit coria-
ceous, narrowly oblong, striate, nearly included in the dilated calyx-tube. —
Leaves small, toothed or pinnatifid, coriaceous, glandular-dotted.

1. C. Mexicana, Don. A much branched shrub, 1 to 6 feet high; the
trunk with abundant shreddy light-colored bark: leaves approximate upon
the short branchlets, cuneate-obovate in outline, piunately 3 to 7-lot>ed, dark
green above, tomentose beneath : flowers yellow, the calyx-tube attenuate into
a short glandular-hairy pedicel : tail of the akene at length 2 inches long or
more. — N. Utah and S. Colorado to Central Mexico.

12. PALLUGIA, Endlicher.

Calyx-tube villous within ; the 5 lobes with alternate linear bractlets. Sta-
mens numerous, inserted in a triple row upon the margin of the calyx-tube.
Carpels densely villous, inserted upon a small conical receptacle. Fruit coria-
ceous, narrowly oblong, exserted. — A low undershrub : leaves pinnately
lobed, margin revolute : flowers white.

1. F. paradoxa, Endlicher. Much branched with somewhat virgate
slender branches ; epidermis white, persistent : leaves scattered or fascicled,
somewhat villous, cuneate and attenuate into a linear base, pinnately 3 to 7-
cleft above. — From Colorado to California and southward into Mexico.

13. DRY AS, L.

Calyx open, flattish, 8 to 9-parted. Petals large, white or yellowish. —
Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves and
solitary large flowers.

1. D. octopetala, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate-toothed,
obtuse at each end, clothed with a white tomentum beneath, the veins promi-
nent, the margins revolute : sepals linear. — Alpine. High peaks of Colorado
and northward throughout British America to Greenland.

14. GEUM, L. AVENS.

Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternate bractlets. Carpels on a conical or
clavate receptacle. Akenes small, compressed. — Perennial herbs: leaves
mostly radical, lyrate or pinnate ; stipules adnate to the sheathing petioles :
flowers rather large, solitary or corymbose.

6

82 BOSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)

§ 1. Styles jointed and bent near the, middle, ike upper part deciduous, the
lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated : calif x-lobes reflexed. — In ours
the petals are (/olden-yellow, broadly obovate, exceeding the calyx.

1. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hair i/, stout (1 to 3 feet high):
root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very
large and round heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2 to 4, minute,
the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded : receptacle of the
fruit nearly naked. — From the Sierra Nevada to the Atlantic, and northward

\ to Sitka.

2. G. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3 to 5 feet high) : root-leaves
interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3 to 5,
rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute: receptacle of fruit downy. — From Colorado
northward, and eastward to the Atlantic.

§ 2. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose : flowers large :
calyx erect or spreading.

3. G. rivale, L. Stems nearly simple! root-leaves lyrate and interrupt-
edly pinnate ; those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed : calyx brown purple :
petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish orange : head
of fruit stalked in the calyx. — Colorado, W. Montana, and northward ; also
eastward to Newfoundland.

§ 3. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight : head of fruit sessile : flowers
large : calyx erect or spreading. — Flowering stems simple and bearing only
bracts or small leaves.

4. G. triflorum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy: root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong wedge-form, deeply
cut-toothed : flowers 3 or more on long peduncles : bractlets linear, longer than
the purple cah/x, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals : styles very long,
strongly plumose in fruit. — In the mountains from the Sierra Nevada north-
ward and eastward to Arctic America and Labrador.

5. G. Rossii, Seringe. Slightly pubescent above: root-leaves interrupt-
edly pinnate, rather glabrous, minutely ciliate ; leaflets ovate or cuneiform,
2 to 3-lobed, incised or entire: scape l-flowered : calyx-lobes shorter than the
roundish yellow petals: st.t/les glabrous, not exserted in fruit. — Alpine. High
peaks of Colorado and W. Montana, and northward through Arctic America.

Var. humile, Torr. & Gray. More pubescent, almost silky when young,
somewhat larger: leaflets more numerous and crowded: scape sometimes 2-flow-
ered. — Fl. i. 424. Colorado, Nevada, and northward to Unalaska.

15. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

Petals 5, white, spreading. Stamens many in one row. — Acaulescent sto-
loniferous perennials : leaves palmately trifoliolate ; the leaflets obovate-cune-
ate, coarsely toothed: flowers few, cymose upon short erect scapes.

1. P. Virginiana, Duchesne. Akenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruit-
ing receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck : calyx becoming erect after
flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified :
leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture : the hairs of the scape and especially of
the pedicels silky and appressed. — The species seems to be confined to the
Atlantic States.

ROSACES. (HOSE FAMILY.) 83

Var. Illinoensis, Gray. A coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct
species : the flowers more inclined to be polt/gamo-dioecious : the villous hairs of the
scape and pedicels widely spreading. — The common form in the mountains
and extending eastward to the Atlantic States.

Var. glauca, Watson. Differs from the type in the perfectly smooth and
glaucous surface of the leaf. — Bot. King's Exp. 85. In the Wahsatch and
Uinta Mountains.

2. F. vesca, IJ. Akenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical
fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits) : calyx remaining spreading or reflexed :
hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels oppressed : leaflets thin,
even the upper surface strongly marked by the veins. — Throughout the
United States and Arctic America.

16. POTENTILLA, L. FIVE-FINGER.

Petals 5, obcordate or broadly obovate. Styles lateral or nearly terminal,
short, deciduous. Akenes small, turgid, crustaceous. — Herbaceous or rarely
woody : flowers cymose, or axillary and solitary. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 549.

* Styles thickened and glandular toward the base : carpels glabrous, sessile : in-
florescence cymose.

•i- Style attached below the middle of the ovary : disk thickened : stamens 25 to
30 : perennial herbs with glandular -villous pubescence and pinnate leaves.

1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout, 1 to 4 feet high, simple
below : radical leaves 7 to 1 1 foliolate ; leaflets rounded, ovate, or subrhom-
boiclal, incised or doubly serrate : cyme strict and rather close : calyx densely
pubescent: stamens mostly 30. — New Mexico and northward to N. Idaho, thence
eastward to the New England States and Canada.

2. P. glandulosa, Lindl. Resembling the last, but usually more slender
and branched, 1 to 2 feet high, and for the most part less pubescent : leaflets
more frequentl y 5 to 9: cyme panicled, with elongated branches and more slender 0
pedicels : calyx much less tomentose : stamens usually 25. — P. fissa, Nutt. In
the mountains, from New Mexico and Colorado northward, and thence west-
ward to California and Washington Territory.

•»— H— Style terminal: disk not thickened : flowers small : leaves pinnate or

ternate.

-H. Annual or biennial: leaflets incisely serrate, not tvhite-tomentose : stamens 5

to 20.

3. P. Norvegica, L. Erect, stout, % to 2 feet high, at length dichoto-
mous above, hirsute: leaves ternate; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : cyme
leafy and rather loose: calyx large: stamens 15, rarely 20 : akenes rugose, or
nearly smooth : receptacle large, oblong. — Throughout N. America, espe-
cially northward.

4. P. rivalis, Nutt. More slender, usually diffusely branched : pubescence
softli/-villous, sometimes nearly wanting : leaves pinnate, with 2 pairs of closely
approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaf 3-parted ; upper
leaves ternate ; leaflets cuneate-ovate to -lanceolate, coarsely serrate : cymes
loose, less leafy : calyx small: petals minute: stamens 10 to 20 : akenes usually

84 KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

smooth : receptacle short. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 437. From the Missouri River
to the Rocky Mountains.

Var. millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate : stems erect or weak and
ascending : akenes often small and light-colored. — Rev. Pot. 553. P. mille-
grana, Engelm. Eastern slope of the Sierras and eastward to New Mexico
and the Missouri.

5. P. SUpina, L. Stems decumbent at base or erect : pubescence scanty,
villous, spreading: leaflets pinnately 5 toll, obovate or oblong: cymes loose,
leafy: petals equalling the sepals: stamens 20: akenes strongly gibbous by the
thickening of the very short pedicel. — P. paradoxa, Nutt. From the Missouri
to New Mexico, and eastward to the Mississippi, Ohio, and the Great Lakes.
•H- -W- Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose : leaflets incisely-pinnati-

fid: bractlets and sepals nearly equal: stamens usually 25.

6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Silky-tomentose : leaflets 5 to 9, white tomen-
tose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, the segments linear, slightly or not
at alt revolute: cyme fastigiate but rather open, the pedicels erect. — From
Colorado and New Mexico northward, thence eastward to the New England
coast and Canada.

Var. strigosa, Pursh. Smaller : leaflets mostly tomentose on both surfaces,
deeply pectinate-divided or pinnatifid, with revolute margins: cyme short and
close. — From Colorado northward, and along the Missouri.

Var. glabrata, Watson. Leaves subglabrous on both sides, the lobes of the
leaflets silky -tufted at the apex. — Rev. Pot. 554. Mountains of Colorado,
Nevada, and northward into British America.

* # Styles filiform, not glandular at base: inflorescence cymose.
•«— Style terminal: carpels glabrous: disk not thickened: stamens 20: herbaceous

perennials, with conspicuous fiowers.

•H. Leaves pinnate (sometimes digitate in Nos. 7 and 11) : bractlets shorter than the

sepals.

7. p. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the
upper surface of the leaves a little darker: stems branching above into a diffuse
cyme : leaves occasionally digitate in reduced alpine specimens ; leaflets 5 to
1 1 , diminishing uniformly down the petiole, incisely toothed at least towards the
apex: carpels 10 to 30. — From New Mexico and Arizona to Nebraska and
the Saskatchewan.

Var. pulcherrima, Watson. Leaflets 5 to 9, approximate, crowded, or
digitate, the upper surface green and pubescent or subglabrous. — Rev. Pot. 555.
P. pulcherrima, Lehm. In the mountains from New Mexico to British
America.

8. P. efifusa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout with scattered villous hairs:
stems diffusely branched above: leaflets 5 to 11, interruptedly pinnate, the alternate
ones often smaller, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate : carpels 10. — From Colo-
rado northward into British America.

9. P. crinita, Gray. Appressed silkt/-villous, not at all tomentose: stems
decumbent : leaflets 9 to 15, mostly folded and falcately recurved, coarsely ser-
rate, villous beneath, scarcely so or glabrous above : carpels 25 to 30. — PL
Fendl. 41. S. W. Colorado and New Mexico.

R-OSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 85

10. P. PlattensiS, Nutt. Subalpine: pubescence oppressed silky-villous
throughout, scanty or nearly wanting: stems decumbent: lea/lets 7 to 13, usually
crowded and often alternate, deeply incised-pinnatifid into 3 to 7 linear segments :
flowers few, in an open cyme: carpels 25 to 40. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 439.
P. diversifolia, var. pinnatisecta of Bot. King's Exp. 87. Mountains of Colo-
rado and Nevada, and in the Uintas.

11. P. dissecta, Pursh. Low, alpine, more or less silky-villous, with some-
what spreading hairs, or nearly glabrous : stems decumbent or ascending : leaflets
5 to 7, or rarely but 3, often glaucous, closely pinnate, or as frequently digitate,
the upper one incisely pinnatifid or serrate, the lowest often but trifld : flowers few,
in an open cyme : carpels 10 to 20 or more. — P. diversifolia, Lehm. From
Colorado to California and British America. The following varieties occur
with the type.

Var. glaucophylla, Lehm. Glaucous-green: leaves digitate, nearly gla-
brous on both sides.

Var. multisecta, Watson. Canescent with a not very dense silky pubes-
cence : leaves digitate or nearly so, the leaflets digitately or pinnately divided
and the segments linear. — Bot. King's Exp. 86.

Var. (?) decurrens, Watson. Leaflets but 3 or with 1 to 2 additional
distant pairs of smaller ones, the terminal lea/let truncate!. y 3-toothed, the upper
pair 2 to 3-toothed, conspicuously decurrent: stem l-flowered, 3 inches high, gla-
brous throughout, excepting the villous calyx and tufted apices of the leaves. —
Rev. Pot. 557. From peaks of the Uintas.

•w- -w- Leaves digitately 5 to 7-foliolate (rarely pinnate in No. 12): tomentose or

villous.

12. P. gracilis, Dougl. Villous and more or less tomentose: stems'* to 3
feet high: leaflets mostly 7, incisely serrate or pinnatijid, tomentose beneath,
green above and subvillous or appressed silky: carpels 40 or more. — From
New Mexico to Utah and California, and thence northward to the Saskatche-
wan and Alaska.

Var. flabelliformis, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets very deeply pinnatifid. —
Fl. i. 440.

Var. fastigiata, Watson. Cyme shorter and more compact, more densely
pubescent : often low. — Rev. Pot. 557. P. fastigiata, Nutt.

Var. rigida, Watson. Villous, but without tomentum : usually tall and stout.

— Loc. cit. P. Nuttallii, Lehm.

13. P. hlimifusa, Nutt. Densely ivhite-tomentose and silky-villous: stems
decumbent, 2 to 4 inches long, slender : leaflets 5, green and appressed silky
above, only the rounded or truncate apex serrate with 3 to 5 teeth : carpels 15 to 20.

— From the mountains of Colorado to the Saskatchewan.

-tH.-t-H.-w. Leaves ternate: low, arctic or alpine, few-flowered.

14. P. nivea, L. Pubescence silky-villous, densely white-tomentose on
the under side of the leaves : leaflets coarsely incised-serrate or pinnatifid, the
terminal one sessile or petiolulate : carpels few or many. — From Colorado
northward.

Var. dissecta, Watson. Leaves digitately or piunately 5-foliolate, the
leaflets deeply pinnatifid : stems 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-flowered. — Rev.
Pot. 559. In the Uintas and mountains of Montana and British America.

86 ROSACES. (EOSE FAMILY.)

-»- •*- Style attached below the middle of the ovary : carpels on short pedicels, and,
with the receptacle, densely villous: disk not thickened: more or less woody
perennials.

15. P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby, much branched, 1 to 4 feet high : pubes-
cence silky-villous : leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, oblong-lanceolate,
entire, usually white beneath and the margins revolute. — From Colorado
westward to N. California, northward to the Arctic Circle, and eastward to
New Jersey and Labrador.

* # # Styles Jiliform, attached to the middle of the ovary : peduncles axillary,
solitary, l-flowered.' carpels glabrous : stems creeping or decumbent: herbaceous
perennials.

16. P. Anserina, L. Spreading by slender many-jointed runners, white-
tomentose and silky-villous : leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets 7 to 21, with
smaller ones interposed, sharply serrate, silky-tomentose at least beneath. —
From California, New Mexico, Illinois, and Pennsylvania northward to the
Arctic Ocean and Greenland.

17. SIBBALDIA, L.

Petals linear-oblong. Styles lateral. — Dwarf and cespitose arctic or al-
pine perennials : leaves thick ; the leaflets few-toothed at the truncate summit :
flowers cymose.

1. S. procumbens, L. Somewhat villous : stems creeping, leafy at
the extremities : leaflets cuneate : peduncles usually shorter than the leaves :
akeues on verv short hairy stipes. — Mountains of Colorado and California,
and the White Mountains, and northward to Alaska and Greenland.

18. IVESIA, Torr. & Gray.

Calyx campanulate. Akenes fixed by the middle. — Herbaceous peren-
nials : flowers in cymes or open panicles.

1. I. Gordon!, Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent or often somewhat hir-
sute, or glabrate: stems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex :
leaflets obovate, with oblong or spatulate segments ; cauline leaves one or
two, pinnatifid. — Pac. R. Rep. vi. 72. Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and west-
ward to California.

19. CHAM^SRHODOS, Bunge.

Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft ; the base lined with a membranous disk,
which is very denselv bearded at the margin. Stamens opposite the petals,
inserted with them into the sinuses of the calyx above the disk. Styles
arising near the base of the ovaries. — Small, erect and branching glandular-
pubescent herbs : inflorescence dichotomously cymose.

1. C. erecta, Bunge. Stem slender, two inches to a foot high, panicu-
lately branched above : radical leaves rosulate, teruately or biternately many-
cleft ; the upper cauline ones 3 to 5-cleft. — Colorado and northward into
British America.

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 87

20. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.

Tall perennial herbs : leaves interruptedly pinnate : flowers in slender spi-
cate racemes, with 3-cleft bracts : fruit pendulous.

1. A. Eupatoria, L. Leaflets 5 to 7, with minute ones intermixed,
oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed : petals twice the length of the calyx. —
Colorado; common throughout the Eastern States.

21. POTERIUM, L. BURNET.

Stamens 2 to 4 or more : filaments often elongated. — Ours is an annual:
leaflets deeply pinnatifid, petiolulate : flowers small, perfect in ours.

1. P. annuum, Nutt. Glabrous, slender, 6 to 15 inches high: leaflets
4 to 6 pairs, ovate to oblong, with linear segments : flowers greenish, the
heads ovoid or oblong : fruit shorter than the bracts. — From the Upper
Missouri southward into the Indian Territory ; also in California and Wash-
ington Territory.

22. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE.

Calyx without bractlets. Stamens on the thick margin of the silky disk,
which nearly closes the mouth of the calyx. Ovaries several, hairy. —
Usually prickly : leaves with mostly serrate leaflets : flowers corymbose or
solitary, showy. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 324.

# Sepals connivent and persistent after flowering.
•*- No infrastipular spines ; acicular prickles often present : fruit globose.

1. R. blanda, Ait. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, with usually few prickles or
none : stipules dilated, naked and entire, or slightly glandular-toothed ; leaflets
5 or 7 (rarely 9), cuneate at base and shortly petiolulate, simply and coarsely
toothed, glabrous above, paler and glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath,
not resinous : flowers corymbose or solitary : sepals entire, hispid. — R. fraxini-

folia, Gmelin. Within our range at its northeastern boundary, and extending
from thence to Newfoundland.

2. R Sayi, Schwein. Stems 1 or 2 feet high, thickly covered with prickles :
stipules dilated, glaudular-ciliate and resinous ; leaflets 3 to 7, usually sessile
and obtuse or subcordate at base, more or less doubly toothed, glabrous or slightly
pubescent above, resinous beneath: flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) : outer sepals
with lateral lobes, not hispid — Abundant in the mountains from Colorado to
British America, thence eastward to Lake Superior.

3. R. Arkansana, Porter. Stems £ to 6 feet high, more or less densely
prickly : stipules narrow, more or less glandular-toothed ; leaflets 7 to 11, nearli/
sessile or often petiolulate, somewhat cuneate at base, simply and coarsely toothed,
glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, usually not resinous: flowers corym-
bose: outer sepals with one or more lateral lobes, usually not hispid. — Fl. Colo-
rado, 38. R. b'anda, var. setigera, Crepin. Abundant in the mountains from
New Mexico and W. Texas to British America, and eastward to the Upper
Mississippi.

88 KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

•»- •+- Infrastipular spines present, often with scattered prickles : leaflets 5 or 7 .
•••+ Sepals entire.

4. R. Nutkana, Presl. Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high, armed with stout
straight or recurved spines : stipules dilated, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets rounded
at base, usually resinous beneath, the teeth more or less glandular-serrulate :
flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3), 2 or 3 inches broad: fruit globose, 6 lines broad.

— From N. Utah (in the Wahsatch) and Idaho to Oregon and northward.
Unarmed forms and others with slender spines are reported from W. Mon-
tana ( Watson).

5. R. Fendleri, Crepin. Stems often tall (6 or 8 feet high, or less),
with rather slender straight or recurved spines : stipules mostly narrow and
usually naked ; leaflets cuneate at base and often petiolulate, usually glaucous,
finely pubescent beneath or glabrous or somewhat resinous, the teeth usually
simple : flowers smaller, corymbose or often solitary : fruit globose, 4 lines broad.

— From W. Texas and New Mexico to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into
British America.

•w- -w- Outer sepals laterally lobed.

6. R. Woodsii, Lindl. Stems \ to 3 feet high, with slender straight or
recurved spines : stipules narrow or dilated, entire ; leaflets obtuse or usually
cuneate at base, glabrous or pubescent above, villous or pubescent or glabrous
beneath, simply toothed or resinous and serrulate-toothed : flowers corymbose
or solitary, 1^ to 2 inches broad, on very short naked pedicels: fruit globose,
4 or 5 lines broad. — From Missouri and Colorado to W. Montana and the
Saskatchewan. On the plains and in the valleys.

* # Sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous : infrastipular spines present.

7. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Stem slender and weak, 2 to 10 feet high,
with straight slender spines : stipules narrow, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets 5 to 9,
glabrous, doubly glandular-toothed, sessile or nearly so : flowers solitary or
few : sepals 3 or 4 (rarely 6) lines long, entire, deciduous (with the few
distinct styles) from the very contracted top of the naked oblong-obovate to
globose fruit. — In the Pacific States, but extending eastward into N. W.
Montana and N. Idaho.

23. CRAT^IGUS, L. THORN.

Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped ; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Sta-
mens 5 to 20. — Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, toothed, or lobed :
flowers corymbose, mostly white.

1. C. rivularis, Nutt. Spines few, short and stout : leaves rather rigid,
lanceolate-ovate, simply serrate, only the upper ones of the shoots broader,
doubly serrate or rarely slightly incised ; with narrow, glandular-incised stip-
ules : calyx-lobes usually glandular : fruit black : nutlets 3 lines long or over,
usually strongly ridged on the back. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 464. Mountains
of Colorado and Utah, and westward to the Pacific.

C. DOUGLASII, Lindl., with broader, thinner, doubly serrate leaves, broad
stipules, and smaller black-purple fruit, is reported from Montana, but proba-
bly occurs only west of our range.

SAXJFRAGACEJ2. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 89

C. COCCINEA, L., with bright coral-red fruit, and glabrous throughout, has
been reported from S. W. Colorado.

C. TOMENTOSA, L., var. PUNCTATA, Gray, with fruit dull red and yellowish
with whitish dots, and leaves villous-pubescent when young, has been reported
from Weber River Valley, Utah.

The last two species, belonging to the section ERYTHROCARPA, are very
common east, but their occurrence within our range is so doubtful that for
the present they are excluded.

24. PYRUS, L. PEAR, APPLE, &c.

Calyx pitcher-shaped or turbinate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, ses-
sile or uuguiculate. Stamens 20. Styles distinct, woolly at base. — Ours
is a shrub, with pinnate, serrate, deciduous leaves, and white flowers in flat
compound cymes.

1. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high,
nearly glabrous : the leaf-buds and inflorescence usually sparingly villous :
leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oblong, acute : fruit berry-like, red. — From Colorado
to California, northward into British America and thence eastward to the
Atlantic.

25. AMELANCHIER, Medicus. JUNE-BERRY. SERVICE-
BERRY.

Calyx-tube campanulate; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, oblong, ascending.
Stamens 20, short. — Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, serrate : flowers
white, racemose : fruit purplish, edible.

1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous throughout or
often more or less woolly-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occa-
sionally oblong-ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate usually only
towards the summit : petals narrowly oblong. — A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia,
Torr. & Gray. From the Rocky Mountains to California, and eastward into
the Mississippi Valley.

26. PERAPHYLLUM, Nutt.

Flowers solitary or in sessile 2 to 3-flowered corymbs; petals orbicular,
spreading.

1. P. ramosissimum, Nutt. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very much
branched, with grayish bark and short rigid branchlets : leaves narrowly
oblanceolate, attenuate into a very short petiole, somewhat silky-pubescent,
sparingly denticulate : flowers appearing with the leaves, pale rose-color :
styles elongated, tomentose : fruit globose, fleshy and edible. — Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 474. S. W. Colorado to Utah, California, and Oregon.

ORDER 27. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or sometimes small trees, distinguished from most
Rosacece by albuminous seeds and small embryo j usually by definite
stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes j commonly

90 SAXIFKAGACE^E. (SAXIFKAGE FAMILY.)

by the want of stipules ; sometimes by the leaves being opposite ; and
in most by the partial or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a
compound ovary, with either axile or parietal placentae. Seeds usually
indefinitely numerous. Petals and stamens perigynous. Styles inclined
to be distinct.

Tribe I. Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate and without distinct stipules. Styles or tips
of the carpels distinct and soon divergent. Fruit capsular. — SAXIFEAGE^E.

* Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells and placentae in the axis, or of as many distinct carpels.

1. Saxifraga. Stamens 10 (rarely more). Petals 5. Calyx-tub' mostly free.

2. JJoykiiiia. Stamens 5. Petals 5. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary.

* * Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentse alternate with the styles or stigmas: no

sterile filaments.

3. Tellima. Stamens 10, included. Petals 3 to 7-parted into narrow divisions, conspicu-

ous. Styles 2 or 3, very short.

4. Tiarella. Stamens 10, and styles 2, both long, filiform and exserted. Petals entire,

inconspicuous and almost filiform. Capsule very unequally 2-valved to the base.

5. Mitella. Stamens 5 (in ours), very short. Petals pinnatifid or 3-cleft into capillary di

visions. Styles very short. Capsule depressed.

6. Chrysosplenium. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Petals none. Styles 2. Capsule

obcordate, flattened.

7. Heuchera. Stamens 5, and styles 2, both commonly slender. Petals entire, small,

sometimes minute or none. Capsule ovate, 2-beaked, fully half inferior.

* * * Ovary 1-celled, with 3 or 4 parietal placentas directly under as many obtuse sessile

stigmas : a cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens.

8. Parnassia. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, large. Stamens 5. Flower solitary.

Tribe II. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple: no stipules. Fruit capsular. — H YD RAN-
GIER.

* Stamens 20 or more : ovary inferior.

9. Philadelphia. Ovary 4 to 6-celled. Petals convolute in the bud.

* * Stamens 8 or 10 : ovary superior or nearly so.

10. Jamesia. Calyx-tube adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary and incompletely 3 to

5-celled capsule. Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5.

11. Fendlera. Calyx-tube half adherent to the 4-celled ovary and capsule. Petals 4.

Filaments 2-lobed. Styles 4.

Tribe III. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple : stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting.

Fruit a berry.

12. Kibes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary : placentse 2, parietal.

1. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx 5-lobed or parted, free, or its tube more or less coherent with the
lower part of the ovary. Petals entire. Stigmas mostly depressed-capitate
or reniform. — Either stemless or short-stemmed : petioles commonly sheath-
ing at base : the small flowers in cymes, cymose panicles, or clusters, some-
times solitary.

* Stem more or less leafy.
•»- Calyx free from the ovary : leaves opposite.

1. S. oppositifolia, L. Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated
on the sterile branches : flowers solitary, large : petals pnrple, obovate, much
longer than the 5-cleft calyx. — From the Teton Mountains northward and
throughout Arctic America ; also found in Vermont.

SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 91

•*- •<- Calyx adherent to the ovary below : stem leaves alternate.

•w- Sepals distinct or coherent at base.

= Petals yellow.

2. S. Hirculus, L. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, not dilate: pedicels and
upper part of the 1 to 6-flowered stem more or less hairy, not glandular: sepals
usually dilate, much shorter than the very large petals. — From Colorado to
the Arctic Sea.

3. S. flagellaris, Willd. Glandular-pubescent, 1 to 5-flowered : stolons
from the axils of the radical leaves long and filiform, naked and rooting at the
ends : leaves obovate-spatulate, ciliate ; the lower much crowded ; the upper
oblong or linear : flowers large : sepals very glandular. — From the high
mountains of Colorado to the Arctic regions.

4. S. aizoides, L. Low, 3 to 5 inches high, in tufts, with few or several
corymbose flowers : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, Jleshy, distantly spinulose-
ciliate : petals spotted with orange. — " Alpine rivulets on the Rocky Moun-
tains" (Drummond], throughout Arctic America, and found in some of the
Atlantic States.

5. S. chrysantha, Gray. Dwarf, cespitose, shoots creeping: leaves rosu-
late, imbricated, oblong-ovate, thick, very smooth: stem filiform, few-leaved,
slightly glandular-pubescent, 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-flowered : calyx segments
reflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. The S. serpyllifolia of Fl. Colorado and
Hayd. Rep. 1871. High alpine regions of the Colorado Rocky Mountains.

= = Petals white or cream-color.

6. S. CSespitosa, L. Dwarf (\ to 2 inches high), cespitose: leaves glandu-
lar-pubescent, 3 to 5-cleft, segments broadly linear and obtuse ; the upper leaves
linear and entire : flowering stems with a few scattered leaves, glandular, 1 to
4-flowered. — Mountains of Colorado and extending northward to lat. 56°.

7. S. cernua, L. Glabrate or glandular-pubescent : stems granulate at
base, weak, 2 to 5 inches high : lower leaves reniform, broadly toothed or lobed ;
the upper ones bearing little bulbs in their axils : flowers often solitary, terminal,
pendulous : petals retuse. — Mountains of Colorado and northward through-
out the Arctic regions.

8. S. bronchialis, L. Stems slender, producing short branchlets : leaves
linear, rather coriaceous, finely ciliate, mucronate-pointed, crowded below: flowers
corymbose on a long, slender, bracted peduncle : petals marked with numerous
purplish spots. — From Colorado northward to the N. W. Coast.

+H. -H. Sepals coherent at least to the middle : petals not yellow.

9. S. rivularis, L. Small: stems weak, 3 to 5-flowered: lower leaves
rounded, 3 to 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate : petals white,
ovate. — Mountains of Colorado and northward; also in the White Moun-
tains.

10. S. adscendens, L. Glandular-pubescent : stems 1 to 3 inches high,
erect : leaves cuneate-ovate, 3 to ^-toothed at the apex, the earlier spatulate and
entire, radical ones crowded : branchlets 3-flowered: petals pinkish or yellowish
white. — Mountains of Colorado.

11. S. Jamesii, Torr. Glandular-puberulent : stems 2 to 6 inches high
from a thick caudex, 5 to IQ-flowered : radical leaves reni form-cordate, smooth-
ish, crenately-toothed or -lobed ; cauline few, the uppermost bract-like, cuneiform :

92 SAXIPRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

raceme compound : petals purple, orbicular. — Mountains of Colorado and
northward in the Teton Kange and the National Park.

M- •<--(- Calyx wholly adherent.

12. S. debilis, Engelm. Glabrous or very sparingly glandular-pubes-
cent: stems weak, ascending, 2 to 4-flowered, 2 to 4 inches high: radical
leaves small, crenately lobed ; cauline 3-lobed or entire : petals white or pink-
ish, ovate, obtuse. — Mountains of Colorado and northward into Wyoming.

# # Stemless : petals white.
H- Calyx free from the ovary, or nearly so : sepals almost distinct, reflexed.

13. S. punctata, L. Villous-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves long-
petioled, reniform or orbicular, equally and deeply dentate : scape slender, naked,
1 to l^feet high, the peduncles and pedicels of the usually open panicle glandu-
lar : petals oval or orbicular. — Colorado, Utah, and northward into British
America.

14. S. Stellaris, L., var. COmosa, Poir. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or
less toothed : scape 4 to 5 inches high, bearing a small contracted panicle : many
or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves : petals un-
equal, lanceolate and tapering into the claw. — Mt. Evans, Colorado (Greene);
also in Maine and far northward.

•i- •«- Calyx adherent to the ovary at base.
•w- Sepals erect.

15. S. nivalis, L. Leaves ovate or obovate, attenuate into a broad
petiole, unequally crenate-deutate : scape 2 to 5 inches high, capitately or sub-
corymbosely several to many-flowered: petals oblong: capsules purple. — Colo-
rado and northward to Arctic America.

16. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Like the preceding, but larger and more
open : scape a span to afoot high, at length loosely many-flowered in a paniculate
cyme: petals obovate. — In the Rocky Mountains and Coast Ranges; also com-
mon in the Atlantic States.

•H- H-H- Sepals spreading, or at length reftexed.

17. S. integrifolia, Hook. Leaves from ovate or obovate to lanceolate-
spatulate, 1 to 5 inches long, denticulate or entire, narrowed at base into a
very short and margined petiole : scape 1 to 3 feet high, viscid : flowers in
small clusters usually in a narrow thyrsiform panicle : petals obovate or
broadly spatulate. — S. hieradfolia of Hayd. Rep. for 1871 and 1872. From
Colorado northward to the Yellowstone and westward to the Sierras.

2. BOYKINIA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-lobed. Petals entire, the base contracted into a short claw. —
Perennial, with creeping rootstocks, leafy simple stems, and paniculate or
corymbose cymes of white flowers : the leaves all alternate, round-reniform,
palmately lobed and incised or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips,
and the petiole mostly with stipule-like dilatations or appendages at base.

1. B. major, Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet h^gh : leaves 4 to 8 inches in diam-
eter, 5 to 9-cleft : petioles abruptly append aged at base, the lower with scari-

SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 93

ous, the upper with foliaceous and rounded stipules. — In the Sierras from
California to Oregon and extending into the Bitter-Root Mountains.

3. TELLIMA, R. Br.

Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed ; the base of the tube coherent
with the base or lower half of the ovary. — Perennials : with palmately-
divided leaves, few on the simple stems ; their petioles with stipule-like dila-
tations at base : flowers in a simple terminal raceme ; petals white or pink.
In ours the slender or filiform rootstock and sometimes even the few-flowered
raceme bear clusters of small grain-like bulblets.

1. T. parviflora, Hook. Roughish-hirsute or scabrous-pubescent, a span to
afoot high : divisions of the leaves narrowly cuneate and once or twice 3-cleft :
calyx obconlcal or at length almost clavate : petals deeply 3-cleft into linear or
oblong divisions: ovary and capsule fully half -inferior. — Colorado, Utah, and
northward through the Yellowstone region to British America.

2. T. tenella, Watson. Small and slender, 2 to 9 inches high, roughish
with a minute glandular pubescence: leaves smaller than the preceding (£ inch
in diameter): calyx campanulate: petals 3 to 5-parted or even irregularly
7 '-parted into mostly linear divisions : ovary and capsule free except the base. —
Bot. King's Exp. 95. Colorado and the Teton Mountains, thence west to the
Sierras.

4. TIARELLA, L.

Calyx 5-parted ; the base almost free from the ovary, the lobes more or less
colored. — Perennial, low or slender : with palmately lobed or divided alter-
nate leaves, and a terminal raceme or panicle of small white flowers.

1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Somewhat pubescent or hairy : flowering stems
a span to a foot or more long : leaves thin, cordate, either rounded or some-
what triangular, 3 to 5-lobed and the lobes crenate-toothed ; the radical ones
slender-petioled ; the cauline mostly one, smaller, and short-petioled, or some-
times 2 or 3 similar to the radical. — From California to British Columbia
and extending into N. W. Montana.

5. MI TELL A, Tourn. MITRE-WORT.

Calyx 5-cleft, short, coherent with the base of the ovary. — Low and slender
perennials : with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or rim-
ners ; those on the scape opposite, if any : flowers small, in a simple slender
raceme or spike.

1. M. pentandra, Hook. Leaves all radical, cordate, slightly lobed,
crenately serrate : calyx adherent nearly to the summit of the ovary : petals
pectinate-pinnatijld : stamens opposite the petals : stigmas g-lobed. — From
Colorado to the Yellowstone and the Bitter-Root Mountains.

2. M. trifida, Graham. Leaves as in the last, but dentate : calyx adhe-
rent to the middle of the ovary : petals 3 to 5-parted : stamens opposite the calyx-
lobes: stigmas entire. — By mistake in Fl. Colorado this species was described
under the name M. pentandra. From Colorado to British America, and also
in California.

94 SAXIFKAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4 or 5, yellow within.
Stamens inserted on a conspicuous disk. — Low and small smooth herbs, with
tender succulent leaves, and small corymbose flowers.

1. C. altemifolium, L. Flowering stems erect: leaves alternate, reni-
form-cordate, doubly creuate or somewhat lobed. — Colorado and northward.

7. HE U CHER A, L. ALUM-ROOT.

Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. — Perennials : with the round heart-shaped leaves
principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate : petioles
with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base : flowers in small
clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish.
* Stamens and styles exserted.

1. H. rubescens, Torr. Scape usually naked, glabrous or somewhat
scabrous, 8 to 15 inches high: leaves nearly glabrous, suborbicular, cordate
at base, slightly lobed, crenate-dentate, the teeth ciliate : panicle loosely many-
flowered, often somewhat reddish : petals linear, more or less rose-colored or
white. — From New Mexico and S. W. Colorado to the mountains of Nevada
and the Wahsatch.

* * Stamens and styles included (at least at first).
-i— Generally hirsute : flowers rather large.

2. H. hispida, Pursh. Scapes 2 to 4 feet high, hispid or hirsute with long
spreading hairs, scarcely glandular: leaves rounded, slightly 5 to 9-lobed :
panicle very narrow : stamens at. first included, but soon exserted, longer than the
spatulate petals. — Along the Missouri to the mountains, and northward and
eastward.

3. H. Cylindrica, Dougl. Commonly hirsute and above glandular-pubes-
cent : leaves round-reniform or cordate-ovate, crenately doubly toothed and com-
monly lobed : scape 10 to 24 inches high: the greenish flowers in a cylindrical
spike or thyrsus : petals inconspicuous or none. — National Park, Montana, and
westward into Nevada, Oregon, etc.

H— -t— Puberulent or glabrous : flowers small.
HH- Panicle glomerate, spicale.

4. H. bracteata, Seringe. Small, 3 to 6 inches high : scapes numerous
from a thick woodv caudex : radical leaves roundish-subcordate, incisely
lobed, lobes crenately toothed : petals attenuate, scarcely broader than the
filaments : styles and stamens at length exserted. — Mountains of Colorado.

•w- •••+• Panicle loose, racemose.

5. H. Hallii, Gray. Minutely glandular-puberulent : scapes 4 to 8 inches
high, naked or with 1 to 3 minute subulate bracts : petals narrowly spatulate,
obtuse, exsert. — Colorado.

6. H. parvifolia, Nutt. Scabrous-puberulent : scape naked, 6 inches to 2
feet high : leaves roundish-cordate, crenately 5 to 7-lobed : petals minute, cadu-
cous: seeds muricate or hispid under a lens. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 581. From
New Mexico northward through Montana.

SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 95

8. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OP PARNASSUS.

Perennial smooth herbs, with the leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the
large solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with
greenish or yellowish veins.

* Petals sessile, entire.

1. P. parviflora, DC. Leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at the base : petals
little longer than the calyx : sterile filaments about 5 in each set. — Along
streams in the mountains and eastward to Lake Michigan.

2. P. palustris, L. Leaves heart-shaped : flower nearly an inch broad :
petals rather longer than the calyx, few-veined : sterile filaments 9 to 15 in each
set. — Montana and Wyoming, eastward to Lake Superior, and throughout
British America.

* # Petals contracted into a short claw, fringed.

3. P. fimbriata, Banks. Leaves from reniform to cordate-ovate: the
margin of the petals fringed below the middle or towards the base : sterile
filaments 5 to 9 in each set and united below into a fleshy carinate scale, or
sometimes a dilated scale destitute of bristle-like filaments. — From Colorado
to California and northward to British America.

9. PHILADELPHUS, L. SYRINGA. MOCK ORANGE.

Calyx-limb 4 to 5-parted. Petals rounded or obovate, large. Styles 3 to 5,
united below or nearly to the top. Seeds with a loose membranaceous coat
prolonged at both ends. — In ours the leaves are entire, and the showy white
flowers 1 to 3, terminal.

1. P. microphyllus, Gray. Branches slender, erect: leaves small, G
to 9 lines long, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, shining above, pale and minutely
pilose beneath, narrowed at base into a very short petiole : calyx 4-cleft, gla-
brous without, tomentulose within : styles united to the apex. — PI. Fendl. 54.
S. Colorado and southward.

10. JAMESIA, Torr. & Gray.

Calyx-lobes sometimes bifid. Petals 5, obovate. Alternate stamens shorter;
filaments linear, flattened acuminate. Capsule included. Seeds striate-reticu-
late. — Low, diffusely branching, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves ovate, mucronately
serrate, cauescent beneath, as well as the petioles, calyx, and branchlets, with
a soft hairy pubescence : flowers cymose, in terminal panicles.

1. J. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Cymes often longer than the leaves,
5 to 10-flowered : petals white, glabrous or softly hairy within : calyx-lobes
shorter than the petals, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. — Fl. i. 593. Utah,
Colorado, and New Mexico.

11. FENDLERA, Eng. & Gray.

Calyx-tube 8-ribbed. Petals ovate-deltoid, unguiculate, emarginate. Sta-
mens 8 : filaments 2-forked at the apex, the lobes divaricate and extended
beyond the cuspidate anther. Capsule crustaceous. Seeds reticulate, winged
below. — Erect shrub.

96 SAXIFKAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

1. F. rupicola, Eng. & Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, branches terete,
striate : leaves deciduous, subsessile, oblong, very entire, 3-nerved at base :
flowers 1 to 3, terminal on the short branchlets, peduncled, white. — PL Wright,
i. 77. S. W. Colorado and southward.

12. RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.

Calyx 5-lobed, often colored. Petals 5, small. Styles 2, distinct or united.
Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. — Low, sometimes
prickly, with palmately-lobed leaves, often clustered in the axils ; the small
flowers from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds.

§ 1. Mostly thorny under the fascicles, and sometimes scattered-prickly or
bristly along the branches : leaves plaited in the bud : calyx mostly recurved or
rejlexed at flowering-time. — GOOSEBERRY.

* Calyx-tube campanulate to cylindraceous : peduncle 1 to ^-flowered.
•t- Flowers yellow or yellowish: leaves seldom \ inch in diameter : anthers oval-
oblong.

1. R. leptanthum, Gray. Much branched and rigid, 1 to 4 feet high, with
comparatively large single or triple thorns : leaves roundish, 3 to 5-cleft, and
the lobes crenately-incised or toothed : peduncles very short, 1 to 2-flowered :
berry glabrous. — PI. Fendl. 53. New Mexico, Colorado, and in the Sierras.

-t- •(- Flowers greenish, white, or dull purplish : leaves mostly an inch or two in

diameter : anthers shorter, mostly didymous.
•w- Ovary and berry unarmed and glabrous : berry pleasant.

2. R. divaricatum, Dougl., var. irriguum, Gray. Nearly glabrous or
soft-pubescent : stems 5 to 12 feet high, with widely spreading branches ; the
thorns single or triple : leaves nervose-veiny at base, 3 to 5-lobed, the lobes in-
cisely toothed : the 2 to ^-flowered peduncle and pedicels slender, drooping : calyx
livid purplish or greenish white : petals fan-shaped, white : berry dark purple. —
R. irriguum, Dougl. From Colorado and Idaho to Nevada and Oregon.

3. R. OXyacanthoideS, L. Mostly glabrous, 2 to 4 feet high; thorns
single or triple, small : leaves usually deeply 5-lobed, the lobes incised and
coarsely toothed : the 2 to 3-flowered peduncles very short: calyx greenish-white
or flesh-colored : stamens and 2-cle/l style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped
calyx : berry small, purple. — R. hirtellum, Michx. From Colorado north-
ward throughout British America; also in California and the N. Atlantic
States.

4. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy : peduncles slen-
der, 1 to ^-flowered: stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow
cylindrical calyx : fruit smooth. — The Upper Missouri, and extending east-
ward to the Atlantic States.

•M. -H. Berry armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth.

5. R. Cynosbati, L. Spines small or obsolete : leaves pubescent : sta-
mens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx : berry large. —
Near the sources of the Platte, and thence through the N. Atlantic States to
Canada.

SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 9T

* * Calyx-tube saucer-shaped, expanding immediately above the ovary : peduncles
racemosely 5 to 1 5-Jlowered : anthers very short, pointless: berry small and
currant-like, beset with some scattered gland-tipped bristles.

6. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and
with weak thorns : leaves heart-shaped, 3 to 5-parted, with the lobes deeply
cut. — From California and the Rocky Mountains to the N. Atlantic States
and Labrador.

Var. parvulum, Gray. Smaller and nearly glabrous. — The commoner
western form.
§ 2. Thornless and prickless : leaves plaited in the bud : berry unarmed (except

in No. 7 ). — CURRANT.
* Calyx dilated immediately above the ovary, rotate or saucer-shaped, 5-parted.

7. R. prostratum, L'Her. Stems reclined : leaves deeply heart-shaped,
5 to 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate : racemes erect,
slender, flowers greenish : pedicels and the pale red fruit glandular bristly. —
From Colorado northward throughout British America, and in the Atlantic
States.

8. R. Hudsonianum, Richards. Resembles the last, but the flowers are
white and crowded in the erect raceme, and the berry is darker and smooth. — The
R. bracteosum of King's and Haydeu's Reports, not of Douglas. Montana,
Wyoming, and thence through British America to Hudson's Bay.

9. R. cereum, Dougl. Minutely pubescent, usually resinous dotted and
more or less glutinous, sometimes glabrous : leaves rounded or reniform, ob-
scurely or more decidedly 3-lobed, crenately toothed or incised : racemes
drooping : pedicels hardly any or shorter than the bract : calyx waxy-white,
sometimes greenish or pinkish : berry reddish, sweetish. — From New Mexico
to Washington Territory and Dakota.

Var. pedicellare, Gray. Pedicels slender and longer than the bract. —
Montana.
* * Calyx prolonged above the ovary into a campanulate or cylindrical tube :

fruit and foliage more or less glandular: bracts conspicuous.

•+- Flowers dull white or greenish, or sometimes purplish-tinged : racemes somewhat

corymb-like and few- flowered : berry black, smooth.

1 0. R. viscosissimum, Pursh. Pubescent and viscid -glandular : leaves
cordate-rounded : racemes ascending ; bracts rather shorter than the pedicels. —
Idaho and Montana ; also in California.

11. R. floridum, L. Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart-
shaped, sharply 3 to 5-lobed : racemes drooping, downy : bracts longer than the
pedicels. — On the Platte in Colorado, and common in the Atlantic States.

1- ••- Flowers rose-red, or varying to white : racemes drooping, many-flowered :
berry blackish, somervhat, hispid-glandular, tough and not juicy.

12. R. sanguineum, Pursh. Two to twelve feet high, varying from
nearly glabrous to tomentose-canescent, either almost glandless or glandular :
leaves rounded-cordate.

Var. variegatum, Watson. Low, nearly glabrous : raceme short and
dense, ascending, barely glandular : calyx rose-color : petals white. — R. Wolfi,
Rothrock. Mountains of Colorado; also in California.

7

98 CKASSULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

§ 3. Thornless and prickless : leaves convolute in the bud : calyx-tube elongated :

berry naked and glabrous.

13. R. aureum, Pursh. Five to twelve feet high, glabrous or almost so,
glandless : leaves 3 to 5-lobed: racemes short, 5 to 10-flowered, with mostlv
foliaceous bracts : flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant : tube of the salver-
form calyx 3 or 4 times longer than the lobes : berry yellowish turning black-
ish. — Colorado and northward, westward to the Pacific coast ; also common
in cultivation throughout the Atlantic States. Known as the Buffalo or
Missouri Currant.

ORDER 28. CBAS§ULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Succulent or fleshy plants, mostly herbaceous, and not stipulate, with
completely symmetrical as well as regular flowers, with all the parts
distinct, the carpels becoming follicles in fruit.

1. Tillnca. Parts of the flower each 3 to 5 : the stamens only as many. Small annuals,

with opposite leaves and minute axillary flowers.

2. Sedum. Parts of the flower each 4 to 7 : stamens twice as many. Low annual or per-

ennial herbs, with cymose conspicuous flowers.

1. TILLJEA, L,

Seeds longitudinally striate. — Glabrous : leaves entire : flowers white or
reddish.

1 . T. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stems diffuse, dichotomous, about
an inch high : leaves oblong-linear, somewhat connate : flowers on pedicels at
length as long as the leaves : carpels 12 to 20-seeded. — Fl. i. 558. S. W. Colo-
rado to Texas and Louisiana.

2. T. angustifolia, Nutt. Stems decumbent, rooting at base, diffusely
branched, an inch long : leaves linear, connate, a line or two long : flowers
sessile or on very short pedicels: carpels 8 to 12,-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.
558. From Colorado to Oregon.

2. SEDUM, L. STONE-CROP.
Sepals united at base. — Flowers rarely dioecious, in cymes, often secund.

* Flowers mostly dioecious, in a regular compact compound cyme, deep purple or

becoming so : leaves serrate, flat.

1. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stems 1 to 10 inches high, from a thick fragrant
root, leafy • leaves alternate, oblong-oblanceolate : cyme sessile : flowers on
short naked pedicels, usually 4-merous. — From Colorado northward to the
Arctic coast, and eastward across the continent.

* # Flowers perfect, in a simple terminal cyme, rose-color or nearly white : leaves

entire, flat.

2. S. rhodanthlim, Gray. Stems a half to a foot high, from a thick
root : leaves scattered, oblong or oblanceolate : flowers large, mostly 4-merous.
— Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Montana.

HALOKAGE^E. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 99

# * * Flowers perfect, secund upon the branches of a forked cyme, mostly yellow

or yellowish: leaves very fleshy, entire.
-•- Leaves narrowed toward the base, obtuse.

3. S. debile, Watson. Stems weak, 2 to 4 inches high, from very slender
running rootstocks : leaves rounded or obovate : flowers on rather long pedi-
cels, in small cymes. — Bot. King's Exp. 102. In the Wahsatch and Uintas;
also mountains of Nevada and N. California.

H- -»- Leaves broadest at base, acute.

4. S. Stenopetalum, Pursh. Stems 3 to 6 inches high, simple or some-
times branched : leaves narrowly lanceolate : flowers bright yellow, nearly sessile.
— Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 560. Very common on both sides of the mountains
from Colorado to Montana and into Oregon.

5. S. Douglasii, Hook. Stems 3 to 4 inches high, branching at base,
from a stout proliferous rootstock : leaves lanceolate or the lowermost linear-
subulate, membranaceous when dry: flowers sometimes polygamous, sessile:
follicles at length divaricately spreading from their united bases. — National Park,
W. Montana, Oregon, and California.

ORDER 29. HA LOR AGE JE. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with inconspicuous and often apetalous flowers sessile
in the axil of leaves or bracts, calyx adnate to the ovary in fertile ones,
the fruit indehiscent and nut-like.

1. Hippviris. Leaves linear, in whorls of 8 or 12. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire. Petals
none. Stamen and cell of the ovary one.

2 Myriophyllum. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers monoecious or polyga-
mous. Parts of the flower in fours.

1. HIPPURIS, L. MARE'S TAIL.

Calyx-tube globular. — Smooth : with erect simple leafy stems : leaves
entire : flowers solitary.

1. H. VUlgaris, L. Stems a foot or two high : leaves usually a half to an
inch long, but often much longer, especially the submerged ones : calyx hardly
a half-line long. — In shallow ponds throughout the northern part of the con-
tinent, and southward in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, L. WATER-MILFOIL.

Limb of the calyx 4-lobed in the sterile flowers, wanting or minutely toothed
in the others. Petals 2 to 4, minute or wanting in the pistillate flowers.
Stamens 8 (in ours). Ovary 4-celled : stigmas recurved and plumose. —
Smooth leafy herbs : leaves whorled in threes or fours : upper flowers usually
staniinate, the lower pistillate, and the intermediate ones perfect.

1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except
the floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the
flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike. — 111 the Atlantic States and
across the continent.

100 ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

2. M. verticillatum, L. Like the last, but fiord leaves much longer
than the flowers and pectinate pinnatijid. — Snake River ( Coulter) ; in the
Atlantic States and northward.

ORDER 30. LYTIIBACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

Herbs with simple and entire leaves, calyx tubular or campanulate
and free from the ovary and capsule, but enclosing it, the petals and
definite stamens borne in its throat, a single style, and numerous small
seeds on a central placenta. Distinguished from Haloragece and Ona-
gracea by the free ovary, and from the former also by the numerous
seeds.

1. Ammannia. Calyx barely 4-angled, short. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Capsule

globular, bursting irregularly. Leaves opposite.

2. Liythmm. Calyx striate, cylindrical. Petals commonly 6 (4 to 7). Stamens as many

or twice as many. Capsule oblong or cylindraceous.

1. AMMANNIA, Houston.

Calyx 4-toothed, with as many intermediate small tooth-like processes.
Petals as many, small and fugacious, or none. — Low and smooth annuals,
with 4-angled steins, sessile leaves, and small axillary flowers.

1. A. latifolia, L. Stems erect: leaves linear-lanceolate, with a broad
auricled base : flowers 1 to 5 in each axil, mostly closely sessile. — Milk River,
N. Montana; also in Nevada, California, and the S. Atlantic States.

2. LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx 4 to 7-toothed, with intermediate tooth-like processes. Petals oblong-
obovate, often conspicuous. — Erect slender herbs, with angled stems, and
axillary mostly solitary flowers.

1. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial, smooth: branches
with margined angles : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper
scattered, not longer than the flowers, which are small and nearly sessile in
the axils : proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the intermediate processes :
petals purple. — From Colorado to the N. Atlantic States, and southward.

ORDER 31. ONAGBACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with perfect symmetrical flowers, the parts being most com-
monly in fours, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary and its lobes often
colored, the petals borne on its throat or at the sinuses, the cells of the
ovary usually of the same number, the stamens as many or twice as
many, and styles always single. Leaves simple, but sometimes lobed
or divided, either alternate or opposite : no stipules. Flowers often
showy. In ours the limb of the calyx is deciduous.

ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMKOSE FAMILY^

# Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded (the cells rarely only several-seeded)/ /Parti, cf" tie

flower in fours,
t- Seeds comose at the apex : lower leaves often opposite : stamens 8.

1. Zauschneria. Calyx-tube continued much beyond the ovary, funnel-form.

2. Epilobium. Calyx 4-parted nearly dowu to the ovary, or with a short and campanu-

late tube beyond it.

•»- •(- Seeds not comose : leaves all alternate.

•H- Anthers attached near the middle and versatile : petals generally yellow or white or some-
times changing to rose-color.

3. Gayophytum. Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary ; this and the membranous

capsule only 2-celled. The stamens opposite the petals usually sterile.

4. GEiiothera. Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary into a linear or obconical tube.

Anthers all uniform. Petals without claws.

•H. -H- Anthers attached at or near the base, remaining erect ; those opposite the petals much
shorter, or sterile, or rarely wanting : petals never yellow.

5. Clarkia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical ; its lobes reflexed. Petals with claws,

either lobed or entire. Capsule coriaceous.

* * Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1 to 4-seeded. Parts of the flower in fours, or rarely threes.

In ours the stamens are 8, and the anthers are attached by the middle.

6. Stenosiplion. Alternate stamens a little shorter. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves scattered.

7. Gaura. Stamens nearly equal : filaments with a scale-like appendage on the inside next

the base. Ovary 4-celled. Leaves alternate.
* * * Fruit indehiscent, bur-like, 1 to 2-seeded. Parts of the flower in twos throughout.

8. Circaea. Leaves opposite.

1. ZAUSCHNEBIA, Presl.

Calyx-tube deeply colored above the ovary, with a small globose base and
4-lobed limb, appendaged with 8 small scales, 4 erect and 4 deflexed. Petals
obcordate or 2-cleft, scarlet. Stamens exserted. Style long and exserted.
Capsule linear, obtusely 4-angled. — Low decumbent perennial, somewhat
woody at base : leaves sessile : the large scarlet Fuchsia-like flowers in a
loose spike.

1. Z. Californica, Presl. More or less villous and often tomentose:
leaves narrowly lanceolate to ovate, entire or denticulate : capsule attenuate
to the slender base, sometimes shortly pedicellate. — From New Mexico to
the Wahsatch and N. W. Wyoming, and thence to California.

2. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

The alternate stamens shorter : anthers fixed near the middle. Capsule
linear, 4-sided. — Perennial or annual : leaves alternate or opposite, nearly
sessile, denticulate or entire, often fascicled : flowers rose-color, purple, or
white, very rarely yellow.

* Flowers large : stamens and style declined : stigma-lobes spreading ; leaves

scattered.

1. E. spicatllin, Lam. Stem erect, simple, often 4 to 7 feet high: leaves
lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire, the veins anastomosed near the edge: flowers in
a long spicate raceme, bracteate, purplish-lilac : style hairy at the base, at first
deflexed. — E. angustifolium, L. Common across the continent.

. (EVENING-PRIMEOSE FAMILY.)

""2: w32.Llaiifdlilim, L. Differing from the last in its short ascending occa-
sionally branched stem : ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, rather thick and
rigid leaves, veins not apparent : vert/ large axillary and terminal flowers on short
pedicels : somewhat erect glabrous style. — Mountains of Colorado to Arctic
America.

* * Flowers small, white: stamens and style erect, the latter much exserted:
stigma thick, with 4 spreading lobes : leaves opposite.

3. E. suflfruticosum, Nutt. Stems decumbent, much branched : leaves
linear-lanceolate, entire, somewhat canescent : flowers axillary near the ends
of the branches : capsule clavate, narrowed at each end, on a very short pedi-
cel. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 488. Wahsatch Mountains near Ogden, Utah, and
northwestward to Oregon and Washington Territory.

* * * Flowers small : stamens and style erect, the latter included : stigma clavate

or cylindrical: lower leaves commonly opposite, the upper often alternate.

•i- Herbaceous perennials.

4. E. alpinum, L. Low, 2 to 6 inches high, nearly glabrous : stems ascend-
ing from a stoloniferous base, simple : leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, nearly
entire, on short petioles: flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud: petals
purple : pods glabrous. — Throughout the northern part of the continent ; in
the Kocky Mountains as far south as Colorado.

5. E. afiine, Bong. Stem erect, 6 inches to a foot high, simple, glabrous :
leaves sessile, partly clasping, irregularly denticulate : flowers sessile : petals
2-cleft. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 489. W. Montana and northward.

6. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched
above, minutely hoary pubescent : leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, nearly en-
tire : flower-buds somewhat nodding : petals purplish or white : pods hoary. —
E. palustre, var. albljlorum, Lehm. Colorado and northward, thence across
the continent to New England.

7. E. COloratum, Muhl. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous or nearly
so: leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, denticulate; the middle ones sometimes
decurrent ; the lower slightly petioled : flower-buds erect : petals purplish,
emarginate or 2-cleft : pods minutely pubescent. — Includes E. tetragonum of
the Western reports. From Colorado northward, and eastward throughout
the N. United States.

8. E. origanifolium, Lam. Stem generally simple, terete, 6 to 12 inches
high, ivith two pubescent lines: leaves more or less petioled; the lower rounded,
the middle ones oval and equally pointed at each end, the upper acuminate : flow-
ers large, varying from dark purple to pure white : capsules sometimes nod-
ding.— In the Sierras from California northward, and extending into the
Bitter-Root Mountains.

H- -i— Annuals.

9. E. paniculatum, Nutt. Glabrous or pubescent above : stem erect,
10 inches to 10 feet high, dichotomous above: leaves narrowly linear, ob-
scurely serrulate, mostly alternate and fascicled ; the uppermost subulate :
flowers few, terminating the spreading filiform and almost leafless branches :
petals obcordate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 490. From Colorado through Mon-
tana and Washington Territory.

ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 103

3. GAYOPHYTUM, A. Juss.

Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals white or rose-colored. — Very slender branch-
ing annuals, with linear entire leaves, and very small axillary flowers.

1. G. ramosissimum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence
puberuleut, diffusely much branched : flowers £ line long, mostly near the ends
of the branches : capsule oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, on pedicels of about the same
length or shorter, often deflexed, 3 to 5-seeded. — Fl. i. 513. Colorado and
northward, and westward to Oregon and California.

2. G. racemosum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or more or less canesceut
with short appressed pubescence, the elongated branches mostly simple : flowers
^ line long, axillary the whole length of the branches : capsules linear, sessile or
very shortly pedicelled, 8 to 10 lines long, usually many-seeded. — Fl. i. 514.
Colorado and northward, thence westward to Washington Territory and
California.

4. CE NOT HER A, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals obcordate or obovate. Stamens 8. Capsule
coriaceous or somewhat woody to membranaceous. — Herbs, or sometimes
woody at base : flowers axillary, spicate, or racemose. — Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 573.

§ 1. Stigma lobes linear, elongated: calyx-tube linear, slightly dilated at the
throat : anthers linear.

# Caulescent : /lowers in a leafy spike, erect in the bud, yellow : capsules sessile,

coriaceous : seeds in two rows.

•»— Capsules oblong, slightly attenuate above : seeds with more or less margined
angles, nearly smooth.

1. GE. biennis, L. Erect, rather stout, 1 to 5 feet high, usually simple:
calyx-tube 1 to 2^ inches long : capsule f to 1 inch long. — Common every-
where and very variable.

Var. grandiflora, Lindl. Petals equalling the calyx-tube. — Same
range, but less common eastward.

-t- H- Capsules linear : seeds not margined, minutely tuberculate.

2. <E. rhombipetala, Nutt. Spike elongated, dense : calyx silky-
canescent : petals rhombic-ovate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 493. Probably
within the eastern limits of our range, and thence to the Indian Territory
and northward to Minnesota.

* # Caulescent : flowers nodding in the bud, white turning to rose-color : capsules

sessile, mostly linear: seeds in a single row.

3. (E. pinnatifida, Nutt. Annual or biennial : calyx-tips not free,
throat naked : seeds oval, not angled, finely pitted. — Along the eastern slope
of the Rocky Mountains from Dakota to the Indian Territory and New
Mexico.

4. CB. trichocalyx, Nutt. Annual : calyx very villous ; the tips not free,
throat naked : seeds lance-linear, smooth. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 494. (E. del-
toidea, Torr. From W. Wyoming to California, and thence to Arizona and
New Mexico.

104 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

5. GE. albicaulis, Nutt. Perennial : stems white and shreddy : calyx-tips
free, throat naked : seeds smooth, lance-linear, — A very variable species. From
New Mexico and Colorado to Washington Territory and British America.

6. GE. COronopifolia, Torr. & Gray. Perennial : calyx-tips short, free,
throat very villous : capsule oblong : seeds ovate, angled, tuberculate. — Fl. i. 495.
From Nebraska to the Uintas, and southward to New Mexico.

* * * Acaulescent, or nearly so : flowers erect in the bud, white or rose-color:

capsules mostly sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtusely or sharply angled, large
and rigid.

7. GE. CSespitOSa, Nutt. Capsule oblong, ribbed, often doubly crested on
the angles : calyx-tube 2 to 7 inches long : petals f to If inches long. —
(E. tnarginata, Nutt. From the Upper Missouri to Nebraska and southward
to Nevada, New Mexico, etc.

8. (E. triloba, Nutt. Capsule ovate, persistent, strongly winged, net-veined :
calyx-tips free, the tube 2 to 4 inches long : petals % to 1 inch long. — From
British Columbia to Mexico, and westward to California.

Var. (?) parviflora, Watson. Flowers very small, about an inch or two
long, fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening : fruit abundant, forming
at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass, nearly 2 inches
in diameter and often 2 or 3 inches high. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 251. Plains
of Kansas and Nebraska..

9. CE. brachycarpa, Gray. Capsule ovate, winged, more or less corky,
smooth: calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long: petals 1$ inch long, purplish: seed-testa
thickened. — PI. Wright, i. 70. ? CE. marginata, var. purpurea, of the various
reports. From Montana to Nevada, New Mexico, and W. Texas.

* * * * Caulescent : flowers axillary : capsule ovate to orbicular, strongly angled

and broadly winged.

10. CE. canescens, Torr. Low: capsule ovate, 3 to 4 lines long: petals
white and rose-color, 6 lines long : calyx-tube 6 to 8 lines long. — From the head-
waters of the Platte to New Mexico.

11. CE. Missouriensis, Sims. Capsule 1 to 3 inches long, with wings
nearly as broad: calyx-tube 2 to 5 inches long: petals 1 to 2| inches long, yellow :
seeds strongly crested. — From Missouri to Colorado and Texas.

§ 2. Stigma capitate : calyx-tube linear, persistent : flowers erect in the bud,
yellow : anthers oblong : capsules sessile, linear to ovate : seeds in two rows :
mostli/ acaulescent.

12. CE. breviflora, Torr. & Gray. Subpubescent : leaves deeply pinna-
tifid : calyx-tube 3 to 6 lines long : petals 3 lines long. — Wyoming, Colorado,
Utah, and westward.

§ 3. Stigma discoid : calyx-tube more broadly dilated above : flowers erect in the
bud, yellow, axillary : anthers oblong-linear : capsule mostly sessile, linear-
cylindric.

13. OE. Hartwegi, Benth. Low, 3 to 15 inches high : leaves numerous,
linear to lanceolate, mostly entire : calyx-tube 1 to 2 inches long, the tips free
and linear: petals 4 to 12 lines long : capsule 8 to 10 lines long.

ONAG RACEME. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 105

Var. lavandlllsefolia, Watson. Taller, pubescent throughout : leaves
mostly linear and shorter : calyx-segments less attenuated above. — (E. la-
vandulcefolia, Torr. & Gray. From Kansas and Colorado to Mexico.

14. CE. serrulata, Nutt. Leaves linear to lanceolate, denticulate: the
free calyx-tips short : capsules 9 to 1 5 lines long. — From New Mexico and
Texas northward to British America.

§ 4. Stigma capitate: cali/x-tube obconic or short funnelform: flowers in crowded
bracteate or leaf}) spikes: anthers oblong: capsule linear, Sessile, attenuated
above, curved and contorted.

15. CE. strigulosa, Torr. & Gray, var. pubens, Watson. Pubescence
hirsute and spreading, sometimes nearly smooth : petals 1 to 2 lines long, yel-
low, usually turning red : capsule very narrowly linear, often short-pedicelled. —
Includes (E. dentata, Torr. & Gray. From the Wahsatch westward through
the Pacific States.

16. CE. andilia, Nutt. Dwarf, 1 to 3 inches high, canescently puberulent :
flowers a line long, yellow : capsule fusiform, 3 to 6 lines long. — From E.
Oregon to Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah.

§ 5. As in § 4, but capsules linear to clavate, pedicelled and obtuse : caulescent :
flowers in loose, naked racemes : seeds oblong-lanceolate.

17. CE. SCapoidea, Nutt. Puberulent or nearly glabrous: leaves low on
the stem, usually lyrately-pinnatifid : calyx-tips not free : capsule 4 to 12 lines
long. — From W. Wyoming and S. Idaho to S. Utah and Colorado.

18. CE. brevipes, Gr. Like the last, but stouter: villous, not puberu-
lent: calyx-tips free, thick: capsule I to 3 inches long.

Var. parviflora, Watson. Of a much more branching habit : the leaves
more distinctly pinnate : inflorescence more slender : flowers pale yellow, the
Is 2 to 3 lines long. — Am. Nat. ix. 271. S. W. Colorado and S. Utah.

5. CLARKIA, Fursh.

Petals purple or violet. Anthers oblong or linear. Stigma with 4 broad
lobes. Capsule linear, attenuate above, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds angled
or margined. — Annuals, with erect brittle stems : leaves on short slender
petioles, the uppermost sessile : flowers showy, nodding in the bud, in terminal
racemes.

1. C. pulchella, Pursh. Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear: petals 3-lobed,
attenuate to a long claw which has a spreading tooth on each side : perfect sta-
mens with a linear scale on each side at base ; alternate stamens rudimentary
and filiform : capsule S-angled. — Bitter-Root Valley, W. Montana, to Idaho,
Oregon, and Washington Terr.

2. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate : pet-
als entire, rhomboidal, with a short broad claw which is often broadly toothed :
anthers all perfect ; filaments with hairy scales at the base : capsule ^-angled. —
From the Wahsatch to California and Washington Terr.

6. STENOSIPHON, Spach.

Tube of the calyx filiform or almost capillary, much prolonged beyond the
ovary, recurved or declined after flowering. Petals unguiculate, unequal.

106 LOASACEJ2.

Fruit (very small) coriaceous, ovate, convex externally, flattish within, about
8-ribbed. — A tall perennial herb, with virgate branches : linear-lanceolate,
sessile, entire leaves, gradually reduced to bracts : flowers white, sessile,
crowded in long and strict virgate spikes.

1. S. virgatus, Spach. Spikes in fruit sometimes nearly one foot long:
bracts subulate, longer than the ovary : calyx pubescent, 4 to 5 lines long :
petals rather large in proportion : ovary tomentose-pubescent. — From Colo-
rado to Arkansas and Texas.

7. GAURA, L.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the obconic or clavate ovary. Petals with
claws. Style hairy below. Fruit obtusely 4-angled and ridged upon the
sides. — Leaves sessile: flowers in spikes or racemes, white or rose-colored,
turning to red.

1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy or downy, 3 to 8 feet high: leaves oblong-
lanceolate, denticulate : fruit oval or oblong, ribbed, downy. — Idaho and east-
ward to the Atlantic.

2. G. parviflora, Dougl. Clothed, besides the long soft-villous hairs,
with a minute slightly glandular pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, repand-denticulate, clothed on both sides with a soft velvety pubescence : spikes
virgate, dense : fruit oblong-clavate, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above. — From
Washington Terr, to Texas.

3. G. COCCinea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate, 6 to 12 inches
high, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or
entire : flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet : fruit elliptical,
terete, 4-sided above. — Colorado to Montana and eastward to Arkansas and
the Saskatchewan.

8. CIRC JE A, L. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged above the ovoid ovary, the base nearly filled
by a cup-shaped disk. Petals obcordate. Fruit pear-shaped, covered with
hooked bristles. — Low slender erect herbs : leaves thin, petiolate : flowers
small, white, in terminal and lateral racemes : fruit on slender spreading or
deflexed pedicels.

1 . C Pacifica, Ascherson & Magnus. Mostly glabrous : leaves ovate,
rounded or cordate at base, repandly denticulate : calyx white, with a very
small tube : fruit a line long. — The C. alpina of Fl. Colorado. From Colo-
rado to the Saskatchewan and westward to California and Washington Terr.

ORDER 32.

Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough -barbed
hairs, no stipules, calyx- tube adnate to a one-celled ovary, parietal pla-
centae, and a single style. Stamens usually very numerous, some of
the outer occasionally petaloid. Flowers perfect, often showy.

LOASACE^E. 107

1. MENTZELIA, L.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or turbiuate: the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 10.
Stamens inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovary trun-
cate at the summit : style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted. Capsule opening
usually irregularly at the apex. — Erect, the stems becoming white and shin-
ing : leaves alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid : flowers cymose or
solitary, orange or golden yellow to white.

# Seeds few, oblong, not winged : petals 5, not large : filaments all filiform :

leaves petioled, cut-toothed or angled.

1. M. oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive, 1 to 3 feet high, much
branched, branches brittle : leaves ovate and oblong : petals yellow, wedge-
oblong, pointed: capsule about 9-seeded. — From the mountains eastward
across the plains to Illinois and Texas.

# * Seeds few to many, irregularly angled or somewhat cubical, not winged:

petals 5, not large: filaments all filiform: capsule linear: leaves sessile, sin-
uately toothed or pinnatifid.

2. M. albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, 3 inches to a foot high or more:
leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, upper leaves
broader : flowers mostly approximate near the ends of the branches : petals
spatulate or obovate : capsule linear- clavate: seeds numerous, rather strongly
tuberculate, irregularly angled with obtuse margins. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 534.
From New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon and California.

3. M. dispersa, Watson. Very similar, but the leaves sinuate-toothed,
sometimes entire, rarely pinnatifid, the uppermost often ovate : seeds somewhat
cubical and very nearly smoolli. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 115. M. albicaulis, var.
integrifolia, Watson. From Colorado through Idaho to Washington Terr, and
California.

# * * Seeds numerous, suborbicular-winged or narrowly-margined : petals 5 or 10,

often large and showy : outer filaments often petaloid : capsule broad, oblong :
leaves as in the last.

H- Flowers vespertine, yellowish white.

4. M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. Rough with short-barbed hairs : leaves
oblong-lanceolate, the segments rather acute : flowers very large, terminating the
branches, bracteolate: petals 10, about 2 inches long : filaments all filiform:
capsule 5 to 7-valved at the summit : seeds scarcely margined. — Fl. i. 534.
Along the Missouri and its tributaries ; also in S. W. Colorado.

5. M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. Rough with minute barbed pubescence:
leaves somewhat lanceolate, the segments obtuse : flowers about half the size of
the last, not brac.teol ate: petals 10: exterior filaments petaloid and often sterile:
capsule 3-vahed at the summit : seeds plainly winged. — Loc. cit. 535.

•*- -<- Flowers expanding only in bright sunshine, bright yellow: leaves lanceolate.

6. M. laevicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high: flowers sessile
on short branches, very large: calyx-tube naked: petals acute at each end, 2 to
2^ inches long: seeds very minutely tuberculate. — Loc. cit. W. Wyoming
and Montana to the Columbia River and S. California.

7. M. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 8 to 10 inches high: lower
leaves somewhat petioled : flowers small, solitary or three together, terminating

108 CUCURBITACE^E. (GOURD FAMILY.)

the loose flowering branches, slightly pedicellate, with 1 or 2 bracts at base :
outer filaments flat. — Loc. cit. M. Wrightii of Fl. Colorado. S. Colorado,
southward and westward.

8. M. chrysantha, Engelm. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, branching : leaves
ovate-lanceolate, the lower narrowed towards the base: flowers subsessile :
petals 6 to 9 lines long, acute, often less than 10, the innermost smaller and
antheriferous : seeds narrowly margined but not winged. — Brandegee's Fl.
S. W. Col. 237. Differs from M. pumila in its larger flowers and seeds pot
winged. Near Canon City, Colorado, and S. Utah.

9. M. multiflora, Gray. Stems scabrous, pubescent, a span to afoot high :
leaves attenuate below : flowers more numerous, subtended by 1 or 2 bracts : petals
deep yellow, abruptly pointed, 6 to 9 lines long. — PI. Fendl. 48. Colorado and
southward.

ORDER 33. CUCIJRBITACEjE. (GOURD FAMILY.)

Herbs, mostly tendril-bearing and climbing, rather succulent, with,
alternate and palmately veined or lobed leaves and no proper stipules,
flowers monoecious or dioacious, with petals more commonly united into
a cup or tube and also blended with the calyx. Sterile flowers with
two 2-eelled anthers and one 1 -celled ; the cells usually long and con-
torted. Fertile flowers with the calyx -tube adnate to a 1 to 3-celled
ovary.

1. Cucurbita. Flowers all solitary, large, yellow. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruit smooth, inde-

hiscent, 1-celled, many-seeded.

2. Echipocystis. Sterile flowers in compound racemes, small, greenish white. Corolla

6-parted. Fruit prickly, bursting at the top, 2-celled, 4-seeded.

1. CUCURBITA, L. PUMPKIN, SQUASH, ETC.

Flowers monoecious. Catyx-tube and corolla campanulate. Sterile flowers
with the stamens at the base. Fertile flowers with 3 rudimentary stamens :
ovary oblong, with 3 placentae. Fruit fleshy, often with a hard rind. Seed
ovate or oblong, flattened. — Mostly prostrate and rooting at the joints : leaves
cordate : tendrils compound.

1. C. perennis, Gray. Boot fleshy, very large, 6 inches to 3 feet thick,
yellow inside: leaves cordate-ovate or triangular, undivided or subsinuate-
repand, margin denticulate : fruit globose, yellow, 2 or 3 inches in diameter. —
PI. Lindh. 193. From Colorado to Texas and Mexico, and westward to
California.

2. E C H I NO C Y S T I S, Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE.

Flowers monoecious. Petals united at the base into an open spreading
corolla. Fruit fleshy, at length dry. — Tall climbing plants, nearly smooth,
with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, fertile flowers in small clusters or solitary,
from the same axils as the sterile.

CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 109

1. B. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Root annual : leaves deeply and sharply
5-lobed: fruit oval, 2 inches long: seeds flat, dark-colored. — Colorado and
eastward, in rich soil, to New York and Canada.

ORDER 34. CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

Green fleshy and thickened persistent mostly leafless plants, of pecu-
liar aspect: globular or columnar, tuberculated or ribbed, or jointed and
often flattened, usually armed with bundles of spines from the areolce.
Flowers with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens, usually in many
rows, the cohering bases of all of which coat the inferior one-celled
many-ovuled ovary, and above it form a tube or cup, nectariferous at
base. Style one, with several or numerous stigmas. Fruit a pulpy or
rarely dry one-celled berry.

§ 1. No leaves proper : spines never barbed. Flower-bearing and spine-bearing areolse
distinct. Tube of the sessile solitary flowers well developed, often long. Seeds brown
or black, mostly small. — CACTE^E.

1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers

from between the tubercles. Ovary naked.

2. Echinocactus. Globose or oval plants, stouter than the last, usually ribbed : bundles

of spines on the ribs. Flowers from the youngest part of the ribs close above the
nascent bunches of spines. Ovary covered with sepals.

3. Cereus. Oval or columnar plants, sometimes tall, ribbed or angled : bundles of spines

on the ribs. Flowers close above the bundles of full grown (older) spines. Ovary
covered with sepals.

§ 2. Leaves small, subulate, early deciduous. Sessile and solitary flowers from the same
areolaj as the always barbed spines. Tube of the flowers short, cup-shaped. Seeds
larger, whitish, covered with a bony arillus. — OPUNTIE.E.

4. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants : joints flattened or cylindrical.

1. MAMILLARIA, Haw.

Flowers about as long as wide : the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped.
Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, the succulent berry
exsert. Seeds yellowish-brown to black.

1. M. vivipara, Haw. Simple or cespitose: the almost terete tubercles
bearing bundles of 5 to 8 reddish-brown spines, surrounded btj 15 to 20 rjrai/ish
ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid : flowers purple, with lance-
subulate petals and fringed sepals : berry oval, green : seed pitted, light brown.
— A variable species, ranging across the plains and along the eastern slopes
of the mountains.

2. M. Missouriensis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, simple, with fewer (10
to 20) weaker ash-colored spines: flowers yellow : berries scarlet, subf/lobose : seeds
globose, pitted. — M. Nuttallii, Eng. Common along the eastern slopes of
the mountains and upon the plains.

Var. csespitosa, Watson. Cespitose, with 12 to 15 straight white spines :
berry shorter than the tubercles, red. — Bibliog. Index, i. 403. M. Nuttallii,
var. cozspitosa, Eng. Eastern slopes of the mountains of Colorado and
southward.

110 CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

2. ECHINOCACTUS, Link & Otto.

Flowers about as long as wide. Ovary covered with few (in ours) sepaloid
scales, which are naked or woolly in their axils. Fruit succulent or dry,
covered with the persistent scales, sometimes enveloped in copious wool, and
usually crowned with the remnants of the flower. Seed obliquely obovate,
black.

1. E. Simpsoni, Eiig. Simple, globose or depressed, with ovate tubercles
bearing about 20 outer ash-colored spines and 5 to 10 stouter darker inner ones, all
straight and rigid : flowers yellowish green to purplish : berry dry, with few
black tuberculated seeds. — From the eastern slopes of the Colorado moun-
tains westward to Utah and Nevada.

2. E. Whipplei, Eng. & Big. Simple, globose or ovate, umth 13 to 15
compressed and interrupted ribs : 7 to II outer spines and 4 inner ones ; the ivory-
white, upper ones longest, broadest, recurved or twisted ; the lower shorter, darker
and terete; the lowest middle one hooked : flowers yellow : seeds large, minutely
tuberculated. — From S. Colorado westward to S. California.

3. CEREUS, Haw.

Flowers about as long as wide or elongated. Scales of the ovary distinct,
with naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete and the axils spiny. Berry
succulent, covered with spines or scales or almost naked. Seeds black. —
Fruit often edible. Our species all belong to § ECHINOCEREUS, which in-
cludes low and usually cespitose plants, with numerous oval or cylindric
heads, short flowers, green stigmas and spiny fruit, the seeds covered with
confluent tubercles.

1. C. Viridiflorus, Eng. Ovate or at length cylindrical, simple or
sparingly branched, 1 to 2 inches high : ribs about 13 : areolse ovate-lanceolate :
spines strictly radiating, 12 to 18, with 2 to 6 superior setaceous ones, the rest
lateral and longer, the lower frequently purplish brown, the others white, central
one often wanting, when present stouter, solitary, and variegated : flowers
lateral towards the apex, i/e/iow, becoming yreen : berries elliptical, small. — PI.
Fendl 50. Common in Colorado and southward.

2. C. Fendleri, Eng. Ovate-cylindrical, 3 to 8 inches high : ribs 9 to
12 : areolae rather crowded : spines very variable, a/ways bulbous at base, radial
ones 7 to 10, straight or curved, white and brown, lower ones stronger, central one
stout, curved above, dark brown, often elongated : flowers lateral below the top,
large, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, of a deep purple color: berry 1 to 1£ inches
long, edible. — PI. Fendl. 50. S. Colorado and southward.

3. C. gonacanthus, Eng. & Big. Ovate, simple or sparingly branched
from the base, 7-ribbed : areolce large, orbicular, distant: spines robust, angled,
straight or variously curved ; radial ones 8, yellowish, often blackish at base and
apex, the upper one much larger than the others, nearly equalling the central one,
which is remarkably stout, angular, and channelled : flowers scarlet, open day and
night. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 33, t. 5. S. Colorado and southward.

4. C. phOBniceUS, Eng. Heads 2 to 3 inches high, generally forming
dense hemispherical masses a foot or more in diameter: ribs 9 to 11 : areolce ovate-
orbiculate, somewhat crowded: spines setaceous, straight, radial ones 3 to 12,

CACTACE.E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) Ill

upper ones a little shorter, central ones 1 to 3, bulbous at base, terete, a little
stronger, lowest one longest. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 34, t. 4. S. Colorado and
southward.

5. C. conoideus, Big. Heads 3 to 4 inches high, few from one base, of
unequal height, ovate, acutish towurds the apex, conoid : ribs 9 to 11: radial
spines 10 to 12, slender, rigid, upper ones 2 to 5 lines long, lateral ones 6 to
15 lines, upper central spines hardly longer than the lateral ones, lower one 1 to 3
inches long, angular and often compressed. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 36. S. Colorado
and southward.

6. C. paucispinus, Eng. Stem 5 to 9 inches high, 2 to 3 inches in
diameter, ovate-cylindrical, sparingly branching or simple : ribs 5 to 7 : areolce
remote: spines strong, 9 to 16 lines long, dark-colored, radial ones 3 to 6, central
wanting or rare, stout, subangled. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 34. S. Colorado and
southward.

4. OPUNTIA, Tourn.

Petals spreading or rarely erect. Berry succulent or sometimes dry,
marked with bristly or spiny areolas, truncate. — Articulated much-branched
plants, of various shapes, low and prostrate, or erect and shrub-like.

§ 1. Joints compressed: rhaphe forming a prominent bony margin around the seed.
* Fruit pulpy.

1. O. Camanchica, Eng. & Big. Large, prostrate, extensively spread-
ing : joints ascending, 6 to 7 inches long, suborbiculate : areolse remote, numer-
ous, armed : bristles straw-colored or broicnish, few : spines 1 to 3, compressed,
brownish, paler at the apex, 1 to 3 inches long, upper ones elongated, suberect, the
others dejlexed : berry large, ovate, widely umbilicate : seeds angled, deeply
notched at the liilum. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 40. S. Colorado and southward.

2. O. Rafinesquii, Eng. Joints deep green, prostrate, broadly obovate or
orbicular : leaves spreading : bristles bright red-brown : spines few and small with
a single strong one: flowers sulphur-yellow, mostly with a red centre: berry
narrowed at the base, with a funnel-shaped umbilicus. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 43.
From Colorado eastward across the plains to Wisconsin and Kentucky.

Var. (?) fusiformis, Eng. & Big. Roots forming fusiform tubers: bristles
stout and yellowish brown : flowers smaller and with fewer sepals : seed
larger and thicker. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 43. From the Missouri southward
across the plains.

* * Fruit dry and prickly.

3. O. Missouriensis, DC. Prostrate : joints broadly obovate and tuber-
culate, 2 to 4 inches long : leaves minute ; their axils armed with a tuft of straw-
colored bristles and 5 to 10 slender radiating spines 1 to 2 inches long : flowers
light yellow. — Frequent on the plains and in the mountains, and extending
eastward to Wisconsin.

4. O. rutila, Nutt. Prostrate, with thick obovate or elongated joints, 2 to 4
inches long, sometimes thick and almost terete : areohe close, armed with numer-
ous slender reddish or gray flexible spines : flowers purple : berry deeply umbili-
cate: seeds large, flat, broadly margined, ivory-white. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.
155. S. Wyoming to Utah and westward.

112 TJMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

5. O. fragilis, Haw. Joints small, ovate, compressed or tumid or even
terete, 1 to l£ inches long, fragile : larger spines 4, cruciate, mostly yellowish
brown, with 4 to 6 smaller white radiating ones below ; bristles few : flowers yel-
low : fruit with 20 to 28 clusters of bristles, only the upper ones with a few
short spines. — From the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone to New Mexico.

§ 2. Joints cylindrical, more or less tuberculated : seed not margined.

6. O. arborescens, Eng. Arborescent, 5 to 6 feet high (much higher
farther south) : branches numerous, verticillate, horizontal or pendulous :
joints verticillate : tubercles cristate, prominent : spines 8 to 30, divaricately
stellate : berry sub-hemispherical, tuberculate-cristate, yellow, unarmed. —
Wisliz. Rep. 6. Abundant from Central Colorado southward.

ORDER 35. FICOIDEJE.

A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with
mostly opposite leaves and no stipules ; differing from Caryopliyllacece
and Portulacacece by having distinct partitions to the ovary and capsule j
the stamens sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceo? ; petals wanting in
ours.

1. Sesuvimn. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5 to 60. Capsule circumscissile. Suc-

culent

2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent.

1. SESITVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE.

Calyx-tube turbiuate; the lobes apiculate on the back near the top, mem-
branously margined. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule ovate-oblong. — Smooth branch-
ing mostly prostrate herbs : leaves opposite, linear to spatulate, entire : flowers
axillary and terminal, solitary or clustered.

1. S. Portulacastrum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late : flowers sessile or pedicellate : calyx-lobes more or less purple : stamens
many. — From California through Nevada and Colorado to New Mexico.

2. M OL LIT GO, L. CARPET-WEED.

Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3. Seeds longitudinally sulcate on the back.
— Low and much branched, glabrous : leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate,
entire, opposite and apparently verticillate : flowers mostly on long pedicels
and axillary.

1. M. verticillata, L. Prostrate: pedicels umbellately fascicled at the
nodes : capsule oblong-ovoid : seeds reniform, shining. — From Colorado to
Arizona and New Mexico ; also in California and the Atlantic States.

ORDER 36. UUIBEULIFEB.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Herbs, with small flowers in umbels, five epigynous stamens and
petals, and two styles ; the calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary, which

UMBELLIFEIl^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 113

contains one ovule in each cell; and the fruit splitting into a pair of
dry seed-like indehiscent carpels. Stem commonly hollow. Leaves
mainly alternate, mostly compound, often decompound, the petiole
expanded or sheathing at base. Umbels usually compound, forming
jimbettets. The bracts under the general umbel form an involucre,
under an umbellet an involucel. The enlarged base of the styles is the
stylopodium, which is often surrounded by an epigynous disk. Each
carpel has usually 5 longitudinal ribs : in the intervals are usually one
or more longitudinal oil-tubes, or vittce. The face by \vhich the two
carpels cohere is the commissure : a slender prolongation of the axis
between them is the carpophore ; this is apt to split into two branches,
a carpel suspended from the tip of each.

I. Umbels irregularly compound, the flowers capitate in the umbellets. Oil-tubes obscure.

1. Saiiicula. Leaves lobed and incised. Flowers polygamous, mostly yellow. Fruit

covered with hooked prickles or tubercles.

II. Umbels regularly compound. Fruit without prominent secondary ribs and not fur-

nished with hooked or barbed prickles. * Oil-tubes rarely wanting.

* Fruit more or less compressed laterally, broadly ovate or subglobose to elliptic-oblong,

not broadly winged,
•i- Seed with sides moderately incurved : carpophore 2-cleft : flowers yellow or white.

2. Musenium. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong : ribs 5, filiform, slightly prominent : oil-tubes

2 or 3 in the intervals.

3. Orogeiiia. Fruit ovoid : ribs 5, the 3 dorsal ones filiform, the lateral thickened, corky
' and involute : oil-tubes obscure, 3 in each interval.

f- H- Seed nearly terete or but slightly concave on the face.

•H- Fruit not prominently ribbed : carpophore, bifid or 2-parted. Involucre and involucels
usually present. Flowers white.

4. Cam in. Fruit ovate or oblong: ribs filiform : oil-tubes solitary.

5. Berula. Fruit nearly globose, emarginate at base, with thickened epicarp : oil-tubes

numerous and contiguous : leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, laciniately toothed.
•H- •»+ Fruit with 5 strong ribs : carpophore 2-parted.
= Involucre none : flowers yellow: leaves all simple.

6. Bupleurum. Fruit ovoid-oblong, with or without oil- tubes : leaves entire.

= = Involucres and involucels usually present : flowers white : leaves pinnate to pinnately

decompound.

7. Cicuta. Fruit broadly ovate, with thick obtuse wings : oil-tubes solitary.

8. Slum. Fruit globular : ribs wing-like : oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals.

* * Fruit somewhat compressed laterally, linear-oblong, with broad commissure, not

winged : seed sulcate or reniform in section : carpophore 2-parted, persistent : flowers
white.

9. Osmorrhiza. Fruit narrowly attenuate at base, hispid on the acutish angles : oil-tubes

very obscure : seed sulcate on the face or somewhat involute : umbels nearly naked :
leaflets ovate, cleft and toothed.

10. Glycosma. Similar, but fruit not attenuate at base, very rarely hispid : seed broadly
sulcate.

1 The introduced genus Daucus has the secondary ribs most prominent and armed with
barbed or hooked prickles, and solitary oil-tubes under the wings or ribs. See foot-note,
p. 121.

8

114: UMBELLIFEK^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

* * * Fruit more or less compressed dorsally, oblong to orbicular.

•»- Fruit somewhat compressed dorsally : the dorsal ribs rather narrowly winged ; the lateral
wiugs broader, distinct : seed sulcate and concave.

11. Ldgusticum. Dorsal ribs narrowly winged : oil-tubes several in the intervals, obscure :

seed reniform in section : flowers white or yellow.

12. Thaspium. Dorsal ribs strong and winged : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals : seed

orbicular and somewhat angled in section : flowers yellow.
H- •>- Fruit much flattened dorsally.

•H- Lateral wings broad, distinct ; the dorsal more or less prominent : seed concave on the
face or nearly flat.

13. Angelica* Dorsal wings narrower than the lateral : oil-tubes solitary: stout herbs,

with white flowers and naked or nearly naked umbels.

14. Archangelica. Similar, but with stouter ribs, and 2 to 3 or more oil-tubes in each

interval adhering to the loose seed.

15. Cymopterus. Dorsal wings as broad as the lateral ones : oil-tubes one to several in

the intervals : low perennial herbs : flowers yellow or white : involucres present.
•H- -H- Lateral wings coherent till maturity ; dorsal ribs filiform : seed nearly flat on the face.

16. Peucedanum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes as long as the fruit : involucre none :

low perennials : flowers yellow or white, not radiate.

17. Heracleum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes solitary, clavate, not reaching the base of

the fruit : involucre deciduous : stout, pubescent perennials, with white, often radiate
flowers.

18. Archemora. Lateral wings thin, broad : oil-tubes solitary : involucre nearly none :

smooth perennials, with white flowers and rather rigid leaves.

19. Ferula. Lateral wings corky, as thick as the fruit ; dorsal ribs filiform : oil-tubes very

numerous, mostly obscure.

20. Polytaenia. Lateral wings corky, tumid, thicker than the fruit ; back nearly ribless :

oil-tubes two in the intervals.

1. SANICULA, Tourn. SAXICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid : ribs obso-
lete : oil-tubes numerous. Seed hemispherical. — Smooth perennials, with
nearly naked stems: leaves palmately divided; the lobes more or less pin-
natifid or incised : umbels involucrate with sessile leafy usually toothed
bracts ; the bracts of the involucels small and entire.

1 . S. Marylandica, L. Stem 2 to 3 feet high : leaves all 5 to 7-parted :
sterile flowers numerous, on slender pedicels : styles elongated and conspicu-
ous, recurved. — Colorado and W. Montana ; common throughout the Atlantic
States.

2. MUSENIUM, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth persistent. Petals obovate, with inflexed point. — Perennial,
dwarf, rather foetid, resiniferous herbs, with fusiform roots and a short
caudex, or branching dichotomously from the base : leaves 2 to 3-pinnatifid :
involucre none ; involucels unilateral, of a few rather rigid narrow leaflets.

1. M. divaricatum, Nutt. Decumbent : stem short, dichotomously
branching from the base : leaves, except the radical, opposite, glabrous, shining,
bipinnatijid ; divisions confluent with the winged rhachis : flowers yellow: fruit
somewhat glabrous ; oil-tubes filled with a strong terebinthine oil. — Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 642. " Naked and arid hills of the Upper Missouri," Nuttall.

UMBELLIFEK^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 115

Var. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Rhachis narrow: fruit scabrous. — Loc. cit.
M. trachyspermum, Nutt. From the Saskatchewan to the Upper Missouri, the
Platte, and S. W. Montana.

2. M. tGnuifolium, Nutt. Acaulescent, erect and somewhat cespitose, of
glaucous hue: leaves tripinnately divided; segments linear: Jlowers white: fruit
nearly glabrous ; oil-tubes with a more aromatic oil than in the former species.
— Loc. cit. " Rocky Mountains," Nuttall.

3. OROGENIA, Watson.

Calyx-teeth minute. Commissure with 2 to 4 oil-tubes : carpophore adnate
to the carpels and forming a thick corky midrib dividing the hollowed face
of the commissure longitudinally. — Dwarf, scarcely caulescent, glabrous :
root tuberous : leaves radical, 1 to 2-ternate, with entire linear segments :
umbel with few very short unequal rays.

1. O. linearifolia, Watson. Stem an inch or two above ground and
very slender : leaves 2 or 3, upon filiform petioles, equalling the stem : umbels
with 2 or 3 rays ; umbellets 3 to 5-flowered : involucre none ; involucels of
1 to 3 linear leaflets exceeding the rays. — Bot. King's Exp. 120, pi. 14.
Wahsatch Mountains, on damp shaded ridges.

4. CARUM, L.

Calyx-teeth small. Stylopodium conical. — Smooth, erect, slender biennial
herbs or acaulescent, with tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots : leaves mostly
simply pinnate with a few leaflets.

1. C. Gairdneri, Benth. & Hook. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, from a tuberous
root : leaves few, with 3 to 7 linear entire leaflets ; the lower leaves rarely pin-
nate with entire or toothed divisions ; upper leaves usually simple : involucre
of a single linear leaflet, or often wanting; involucels of several linear bracts:

flowers white. — From Washington through Idaho to Wyoming, and thence
to S. California. A common article of food among the Indians, who call it
"yamp."

2. C. (?) Hallii, Watson. Acaulescent from a stout caudex branching at
the summit : leaves pinnate or pinnatisect ; leaflets or segments oblong or sub-
ovate in outline, p innately 3 to 7-lobed and Jew toothed: scape very simple, naked,
surpassing the leaves, 10 inches high: involucel deeply parted: flowers yel-
low.— Bibl. Index, i. 416. Seseli Hallii, Gray. Musenium Greenei, Gray.
Colorado.

5. BERULA, Koch.

Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conical and styles short. Commissure
broad. Seed terete. — A smooth perennial aquatic : leaves pinnate : involucre
and involucels of several leaflets.

1. B. angustifolia, Koch. Erect, £ to 3 feet high, the stem stout and
angled : leaflets about 6 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, often laciniately lobed at
base, and the upper ones especially more or less deeply cut-toothed : involucre
and involucels of 6 to 8 entire linear-lanceolate leaflets. — Slum angusti folium,
L. From Colorado northward, and eastward across the continent ; also in
California.

116 UMBELLIFEK.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

6. B UP LEU RUM, Tourn. THOROUGH-WAX.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit somewhat twin. — Herbs with simple entire
leaves.

1. B. ranunculoides, L. Radical leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline
ones clasping, cordate-oblong, striate : involucre about 3-leaved, unequal ;
leaflets of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Head-waters of Madison,
Gallatin, and Snake Rivers.

7. CICUTA, L. WATER HEMLOCK.

Calyx-teeth small, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Commissure narrow. —
Smooth, tall branching marsh perennials, with stout hollow stems : umbels
many-rayed : roots thick and fascicled, very poisonous : flowering in summer.

1. C. maculata, L. Stout, 3 to 6 feet high : lower leaves on petioles
1 or 2 feet long, bipinnate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : invo-
lucre usually wanting ; involucels of 6 to 8 narrow lanceolate leaflets : flowers
white : fruit broadly ovate. — Across the continent from the Atlantic to
Washington Territory and the Sierras.

2. C. (?) trachypleura, Watson. Stem a foot or more high, striate, 1
to 3-leaved, bearing 2 to 3 umbels on long peduncles : leaves ternately decom-
pound, segments filiform : involucre and involucels of I to 3 small subulate leaflets:
flowers yellow: fruit twin-ovate. — Bibl. Index, i. 417. Thaspium trachypleu-
rum, Gray. Colorado.

8. S I U M, L. WATER PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete (in ours). Stylopodium depressed and styles short.
Commissure narrow. — Smooth perennial aquatics, with angled stems : leaves
pinnate and leaflets serrate : involucre and involucels of several bracts :
floAvers white.

1. S. cicutsefolmm, Gmelin. Tall: leaflets linear, lanceolate, or ob-
long-lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point. — S. lineare, Michx. From Colo-
rado to the Saskatchewan and the Atlantic ; also along the Pacific slope.

9. OSMOBRHIZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Carpels 5-angled. Seed terete, sulcate on the face
or with margins contiguous and enclosing a central cavity. — Perennials, with
thick aromatic roots, more or less hirsute : leaves large, 2 to 3-ternately com-
pound : involucre small or none.

1. O. Hilda, Torr. Rather slender, 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubes-
cent with spreading hairs : umbel long-peduncled, 3 to 5-rayed, usually naked :
style and Stylopodium very short. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 93. From Colorado
westward and along the coast from California to Alaska. Closely allied to
the Eastern 0. brevistijlis.

2. O. longistylis, DC. Branching, 2 or 3 feet high : leaflets sparingly
pubescent or smooth with age, short-pointed : style slender, nearly as long as the
ovary. — From Dakota eastward across the continent.

UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 117

10. GLYCOSMA, Nutt.

Stylopodium depressed : seed semiterete or angled, with rather a broad
sulcus. — Involucre and involucels wanting.

1. G. OCCidentale, Nutt. Rather stout, 2 feet high or more, finely
puberulent throughout, excepting the inflorescence : leaves 2-ternate ; leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, serrate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 639. Myrrhis occidental is,
Benth. & Hook. Head-waters of Snake and Yellowstone Rivers to Oregon
and California.

11. LIGUSTICUM, L. LOVAGE.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium usually conical ; margin of the disk
undulate. Fruit with a broad commissure. — Smooth perennials, usually
tall : leaves pinnately or ternate and pinnately decompound : umbels many-
rayed, naked or involucrate.

* Flowers white.

1. L. apiifolium, Benth. & Hook. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, leafy or
naked, with 2 to 4 umbels on long peduncles : leaves pinnately decompound,
the segments iucisely lobed ; cauline leaves ternate, upon a short dilated
sheath : fruit 2 \ lines long, with a conical stylophore : seed with a central longi-
tudinal ridge on the concave face. — Probably the Conioselinum Canadense of
Hayd. Rep. 1872. Colorado and northward into Montana, but more abundant
westward.

2. L. SCOpulorum, Gray. Very similar, but the fruit larger, 4 lines
long, more broadly winged and ovate, and the seed more depressed, almost reni-
form in section. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 347. Colorado, alpine and subalpine.

3. L. filicinum, Watson. Rather slender, l£ feet high: leaves broadly
triangular in outline, ternate, the divisions bipinnate, and the segments deeply pin-
natifid with linear acute lobes : stylophore obscure : seed obscurely ridged on the
back. — Loc. cit. xi. 140. L. apiifolium, of Bot. King's Exp. In the Wahsatch
and Uinta Mountains and Wyoming.

* # Flowers yellow.

4. L. montanum, Benth. & Hook. Very smooth : stem slender, 1 to 2
feet high : leaves 2-ternately divided ; leaflets cuneiform, trifid ; lobes oblong
or lanceolate, sometimes linear, entire, or the larger ones incised. — Colorado
and Arizona.

12. THASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. — Perennial herbs, with 1 to 2-ternately
divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple) : umbels with no involucre and
minute few-leaved involucels.

1. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Glabrous, stems somewhat branched : root-
leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ; stem-leaves simply ternate
or quinate, or 3-parted ; the divisions or leaflets ovate-lanceolate or roundish,
mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed : flowers deep
yellow. — Manual, 195. Colorado and northward into Montana, and east-
ward to the Atlantic States.

118 UMBELL1FEKJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

13. ANGELICA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodium depressed Fruit ovate, with
a very broad commissure. — Usually tall and stout perennials (ours are
glabrous or nearly so) : leaves pinnate or compound, the toothed segments
usually broad umbels many-rayed.

# Inrolucre and involucels none.

1. A. pinnata, Watson. Stem rather slender, 2 to 3 feet high : leaves
simply pinnate, with a tendency to be bipinnate in the lower pair of leaflets ;
leaflets 1 to 6 inches long, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sharply and somewhat
unequally serrate, occasionally entire. — Bot. King's Exp. 126. Wahsatch and
Uinta Mountains.

2. A. Lyallii, Watson. Stout, 4 or 5 feet high: leaves ternate-qumate ; the
leaflets lanceolate, mostly caneate at base, unequally dentate. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 374. From Montana to Oregon and the British boundary.

# * Involucre and involucels conspicuous.

3. A. Dawsoni, Watson. Rather slender, 1 to 3 feet high : radical leaves
biternate, the lanceolate leaflets 1 or 2 inches long, sharply and finely serrate,
the terminal one sometimes deeply 3-cleft: cauline leaves (1 or 2 or none)
similar : umbel solitary, the conspicuous involucre of numerous foliaceous
lacerately toothed bracts nearly equalling the rays ; involucels similar. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xx. 369. Rocky Mountains near the British boundary, and proba-
bly in N. Montana.

14. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm.

Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp. — Much like
Angelica.

1. A. Gmelini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit, 1 to 3 feet
high : leaves 2 to 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, gla-
brous : fruit oblong. — Colorado to Oregon and Behring's Straits ; also along
the New England coast.

15. CYMOPTERUS, Raf.

Calyx-teeth prominent or often small or obsolete. Stylopodium depressed.
Fruit ovate or elliptical, obtuse or retuse. — Low and often cespitose, with a
thickened root : leaves pinnately and finely decompound, with small narrow
segments : umbels usually with both involucre and involucels.
# Flowers yellow.

1. C. alpinus, Gray. Caudex cespitose: leaves pinnatisect ; pinnas 3 to 5,
approximate, 3 to 7-parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, very entire, or the
lower 2 to 3-cleft : scape 2 to 4 inches high, bearing a subcapitate umbel a little
longer than the leaves: involucels 5 to 7-parted; segments equalling the
golden flowers : wings of the fruit somewhat erose ; oil-tubes I or 2 in the
intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Am. Jour. Sci., n. xxxiii. 408. High alpine,
from Colorado to Mentana.

2. C. terebinthinus, Torr. & Gray. Shortly caulescent, 6 to 18 inches
high, leafy at base : leaves rather rigid, thrice pinnate : leaflets a line long or

UMBELLIFER2E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 119

less, linear-oblong, entire, or 1 to 2-toothed : involucre a single linear leaflet
or wanting ; involucels of several short bracts : oil-tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals,
4 to 10 on the commissure. — Fl. i. 624. C. foeniculaceus, Torr. & Gray. Colo-
rado and northward, thence westward to California and Washington.

* * Flowers white.
-t- Peduncles shorter (sometimes longer in No. 3) than the leaves.

3. C. montanus, Torr. & Gray. Root long and fleshy : stem 2 to 6 inches
high: leaves glaucous, ovate in outline, bipinnately divided ; segments rather
few and distant : involucre and involucel somewhat compamdate, scarious, about
5-parted : flowers polygamous : fruit with membranous wings ; oil-tubes 4 on the
commissure. — Loc. cit. Colorado, northward and westward.

4. C. glomeratus, Raf. Root thick and fusiform: stem 3 to 8 inches
high ; caudex bearing the leaves and peduncles at the summit : leaves on long
petioles, ternatelij divided and bipinnatijid : leaflets of the palmately 5 to 1 -parted
involucre coherent at base and partly adnate to the rays of the umbellets : fruit
with thickened and somewhat spongy wings," oil-tubes 3 to 4 in the intervals,
about 8 on the commissure. — Colorado and northward, also eastward along the
Missouri and Arkansas Rivers.

5. C. campestris, Torr. & Gray. Root tuberous: plant about 2 inches
high: leaves 3-parted, the divisions remote, bipinnatijid: involucels minute: fruit
with somewhat thickened and spongy wings, the alternate ones obsolete ; oil-
tubes 6 on the commissure. — Loc. cit. " Plains of the Platte near the Rocky
Mountains" (Nuttall).

-i- -t- Peduncles equalling the leaves or longer.

6. C. (?) anisatus, Gray. Acaulescent, cespitose from a much-branched
caudex, glabrous: leaves narrow, on long petioles, somewhat rigid, pinnate;
leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, pinnately parted; segments entire or laciniately lobed,
linear, pungently acute : involucre usually none ; involucels of 6 to 8 linear
leaflets : fruit irregularly winged ; calyx-teeth conspicuous ; oil-tubes one in
each narrow interval, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863,
p. 63. Colorado, Nevada, and the Wahsatch.

7. C. bipinnatus, Watson. Cespitose, the short branches of the root-
stock covered with the crowded remains of dead leaves, glaucous, rough-puberu-
lent : leaves pinnate ; leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, subequal, 3 to 5 lines long or less,
pinnately divided ; segments linear, entire or cleft into short linear lobes :
scape 4 to 6 inches high, much exceeding the leaves : involucels of several linear-
lanceolate leaflets : fruit nearly sessile, li or 2 lines long; wings thin, but some-
what corky, narrow; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the rather broad intervals. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xx. 368. C. foeniculaceus of Hayd. Rep. 1871. Resembling C. alpinus.
Mountains of Montana, Hat/den, Watson, Canby.

16. PEUCEDANITM, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete or slightly prominent. Disk and stylopodium small
and depressed. — Perennials, with fusiform or tuberous roots, caulescent or
acaulescent : umbels mostly involucellate : leaves pinnate to decompoundly
dissected. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121.

120 UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

* Leaves not finely dissected (rarely bipinnate), the segments large or broad or

elongated : flowers yellow : fruit glabrous.

•*- Acaulescent, glabrous : fruit oblong : leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; leaflets
narrowly linear.

1. P. graveolens, Watson. Scape 6 to 18 inches high, a little exceed-
ing the leaves : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, narrowly margined : oil-tubes about

2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Bot. King's Exp. 128. Mountains
of Utah and Colorado, subalpine.

•>-• •»— Caulescent : oil-tubes solitary : leaflets linear, entire.

2. P. simplex, Nutt. Finely puberulent, often tall : leaves ternate or
biternate: fruit orbicular, 3 to 6 lines long, emarginate at each end; wings
broader than the body ; ribs prominent. — From S. W. Montana to N.
Arizona.

3. P. ambiglium, Nutt. Glabrous, often low: leaves 1 to ^-pinnate with
long leaflets, the upper often more dissected : fruit narrowly oblong, 4 lines long,
narrowly winged ; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.
626. "W. Montana to Oregon and Washington. Root much used by the
Indians.

* * Leaves ample, very finely dissected with short filiform segments : flowers

yellow : fruit glabrous.
•*- Acaulescent, usually tomentose : fruit orbicular or broadly elliptical.

4. P. famiculaceum, Nutt. Sometimes even glabrous : involucels
gamophyllous, 5 to 7-cleft : fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter; ribs prominent;
oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Loc. cit. 627.
From the Saskatchewan to Nebraska and the Indian Territory.

H— •(— Caulescent, glabrous: fruit oblong.

5. P. bicolor, Watson. Stem short : peduncle elongated : rays few,
very unequal: involucel of a few linear bractlets : fruit narrowing from near
the base, narrowly winged ; ribs filiform ; oil-tubes obscure. — Bot. King's
Exp. 129. Wahsatch Mountains.

* # # Leaves smaller, much or finely dissected with small segments: flowers

yellow : fruit pubescent : low, acaulescent.

6. P. villosum, Nutt. More or less densely pubescent : leaves of very
numerous crowded narrow segments : umbels dense in flower : fruit oval,

3 or 4 lines long ; oil-tubes several in the intervals. — From Nebraska to W.
Nevada and S. Utah. .

* * * * Leaves much dissected with small segments : flowers white : fruit
glabrous: usually low, somewhat caulescent or scarcely so.

7. P. macrocarpum, Nutt. More or less pubescent : involucels conspicu-
ous: fruit 4 to 10 lines long, 2 or 3 wide; calyx-teeth evident; ribs filiform; oil-
tubes rarely 2 or 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 627. From the Saskatchewan to Washington Territory and
N. California.

8. P. nudicaule, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : involucels small : fruit ellip-
tical, 2 or 3 lines long ; calyx-teeth obsolete ; ribs prominent ; oil-tubes always
solitary, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Loc. cit. Nebraska and N. Colorado.

ARALIACE^. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 121

17. HERACLEUM, L. Cow PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk undulate ; stylopodium conical. Fruit
orbicular or elliptical ; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure : seed flat and thin. —
Leaves ample, compound : umbels many-rayed : involucels many-leaved.

1. H. lanatum, Miehx. A very large strong-scented plant, 4 to 8 feet
high, woolly : stem grooved : leaves 1 to 2-ternately compound ; leaflets
somewhat heart-shaped. — From Colorado to British America and eastward
to the Atlantic ; also in California.

18. ARC HE MOB A, DC. COWBANE.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, flattish ; ribs approximated and equidistant
on the convex back ; oil-tubes 4 to 6 on the commissure. — Leaves pinnate,
with 3 to 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets : involucels of numerous small leaflets.

1. A. Fendleri, Gray. Root fasciculate-tuberose; tubers 3 to 4, about
an inch long : stem simple, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets of the radical and lower
cauline leaves ovate or oblong, all incisely serrate throughout : fruit hardly
2 lines long. — PL FendL 56. Colorado and New Mexico.

19. FERULA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Disk small and stylopodium depressed. Fruit
oblong-elliptical or nearly orbicular. — Smooth, nearly acaulescent peren-
nials, with thick fusiform roots : leaves pinnately decompound : flowers
yellow, in many-rayed umbels.

1. !P. multifida, Gray. Stems 1^ to 2 feet high, stout, naked or with
1 or 2 leaves : segments of the 3 to 4-pinnate leaves incisely piunatifid, with
narrow or linear lobes: flowers dull yellow or brownish. — Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 348. In the Wahsatch, W. Montana, Idaho, and Oregon.

20. POLYTJENIA,1 DC.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat; many oil-tubes in the corky margin.

— A smooth herb, with 2-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft :
iuvolucels bristly : flowers bright yellow.

1. P. Nuttallii, DC. Plant 2 or 3 feet high, with rather a stout sulcate
stem which is usually scabrous and leafy : leaves mostly on long petioles, the
segments pinnately incised or toothed : fruit 3 lines long, entire at each end.

— Plains of the Platte and eastward to Indiana and Louisiana.

ORDER 37. ARALIACE^E. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

Like Umbettiferce, bnt the umbels not regularly compound, stems apt
to be woody, styles and carpels more than two, and the fruit fleshy
(berry-like or drupaceous).

1. Aralia. Petals imbricated. Ovary 2 to 5-celled. Pedicels jointed. Ours not prickly.

2. Fatsia. Petals valvate. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Pedicels not jointed. Very prickly

throughout.

1 The introduced Daitcus Carota, L., may he known by its bristly stem, pinnatifid invo-
lucre which equals the dense and concave umbel, white or cream-colored flowers, the central
one of each umbellet being abortive and dark purple.

122 CORKAGES. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

1. All ALIA, L. SPIKENARD.

Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed
or rarely conical. Ovary 2 to 5-celled : styles free or connate at base, at length
divaricate. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3 to 5-angled. — Perennial
herbs or shrubs : leaves alternate, digitate or compound, with serrate leaflets :
umbels mostly simple, solitary, racemed or panicled.

1. A. racemosa, L- Herbaceous: stem widely branched: leaves very
large, quinately or pinnately decompound ; leaflets cordate-ovate, doubly serrate :
umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle. — Base of the Rocky
Mountains, Dr. James, and from Canada to Georgia.

2. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem somewhat woody, short, scarcely rising out of
the ground, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with 2
to 7 umbels : leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions. —
In the Rocky Mountains, and from Canada to the Southern States.

2. PATS I A, Dene. & Planch.

Woody plant, with very large leaves palmately lobed, and the capitate um-
bels in a long raceme.

1. F. horrida, Benth. & Hook. Stem stout and woody, 6 to 12 feet
long, creeping at base, leafy at the summit, and very prickly throughout,
making the forests in places almost impassable. — Cascade and Coast Ranges,
from the Columbia northward, and extending into the Bitter-Root Mountains.

ORDER 38. CORNACE.S3. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple and entire mainly opposite
leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes or involucrate heads ; petals
and stamens 4 and epigynous ; calyx adherent to the 1 to 2-celled ovary,
which becomes a 1 to 2-seeded drupe or berry.

1. COB NITS, L. DOGWOOD. CORNEL.

Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals oblong or ovate, val-
vate. Style slender : stigma capitate or truncate. — Shrubs or perennial herbs :
flowers white or greenish.

1. C. Canadensis, L. Stems low and simple, 5 to 7 inches high, from a
slender creeping trunk: leaves scarcely petioled, the upper crowded into an
apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval : flowers greenish, in a head or
close cluster, which is surrounded by a large and showy, ^-leaved, corolla-like, white
or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red. — Colorado and nortbward, thence
eastward across the continent.

2. C. Stolonifera, Michx. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high ; branches, especially
the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth : leaves ovate, rounded
at the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish ivith a minute close straight pubes-
cence on both sides, whitish underneath : flowers white, in open and flat spreading
cymes: involucre none: fruit white or lead-color. — C. pubescens of Fl. Colorado
and King's and Hay den's Reports. Same range as the last.

CAPKIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 123

DIVISION II. GAMOPETAL^i.

Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter
more or less gamopetalous, that is, with petals united.

ORDER 39. CAPRI FOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx-
tube adnate to the 2 to 5-celled ovary, the stamens mostly as many as
the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or
base. Flowers commonly 5-merous.

* Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate : style short or hardly any ; stigmas

3 to 5 : fruit baccate-drupaceous : inflorescence terminal and cymose.
•i- Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.

1. Adoxa. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary : limb

about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4 to 6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus
of the corolla, each with a peltate one-celled anther. Ovary 3 to 5-celled. Fruit
greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nutlets.

t- -t- Shrubby to tree-like : stamens as many as corolla-lobes : inflorescence compound-
cymose : anthers 2-celled : calyx 5-toothed.

2. Sambucus. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3 to 5-

celled, forming small baccate drupes.

3. Viburnum. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate.

Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe.

* * Corolla commonly more or less irregular, elongated or at least campanulate: style

elongated ; stigma mostly capitate.

•t- Herbaceous, creeping, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded fruit,
but a 3-celled ovary.

4. Unnsea. Calyx with a 5-parted limb, constricted above the globular tube. Corolla

campanulate-funnelform, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included.
Style exserted.
-•- -i- Shrubs, with scaly winter buds, erect or climbing : fruit two to many-seeded.

5. Symphoricarpos. Calyx with a globular tube and 4 to 5-toothed limb. Corolla regu-

lar, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4 to 5-lobed. Ovary 4-celled.
Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, containing two small and seed-like bony nutlets.

6. Lonicera. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb.

Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base ; the limb irregular
and commonly bilabiate, sometimes almost regular. Ovaiy 2 to 3-celled. Fruit a few
to several-seeded berry.

1. ADOXA, L. MOSCHATEL.

An anomalous genus in this order. Cauline leaves a single pair: a very
small herb, a span or less high, with musky odor.

1. A. Moschatellina, L. Glabrous and smooth : radical leaves once to
thrice ternately compound ; cauline pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate
and 3-cleft or parted leaflets : flowers small, greenish-white or yellowish, 4 or

124 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule : corolla of the terminal one 4 to 5-cleft,
of the others 5 to 6-cleft. — Subalpine, Arctic America to Colorado and east-
ward in the Northern States.

2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

Plants with large pith to the vigorous shoots, serrate leaflets, small flowers
in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark.

# Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate ; the axis continued and sending off several

pairs of branches : pith of year-old shoots deep yellow-brown.

1. S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high; branches spreading:
leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous ; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate : thyrsiform cyme ovate
or oblong : flowers dull white, drying brownish : fruit scarlet. — S. pubens,
Michx. In cool districts, across the continent.

2. S. melanocarpa, Gray. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubes-
cent : leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 9 : cyme convex, as broad as high : flowers white :
fruit black, without bloom : otherwise much like preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 76. Ravines of the Rocky Mountains of Montana to Oregon, and south
to New Mexico and California.

# # Compound cymes depressed, 5 -rayed ; external rays once to thrice 5-rayed :

pith of year-old shoots bright white,

3. S. Canadensis, L. Plants 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some
fine pubescence on midrib and veins of leaves beneath: leaflets (5 to 11)
mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower not rarely bifid
or with a lateral lobe ; stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped with
a callous gland : fruit dark purple, becoming black, with very little bloom. —
From the S. Rocky Mountains eastward to Canada and Florida.

3. VIBURNUM, L.

Shrubs or small trees, with tough and flexible branches, simple leaves, and
terminal depressed cymes of white flowers. — In our species the drupes are
light red, globose, acid and edible, with the stone very flat, orbicular, and
even, and the leaves palmately veined.

1. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Glabrous or pubescent, 2 to 5 feet high,
straggling : leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many
of them either obsoletely or distinctly 3-lobed, about 5-nerved at base : cymes
small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate
with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers. —
Mountains of Colorado, northward and eastward in cold or mountainous
regions.

4. LINN .33 A, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER.

A trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, purplish rose-
colored sweet-scented flowers which are sometimes almost white.

1 . L. borealis, Gronov. Somewhat pubescent : leaves obovate and rotund,
£ to 1 inch long, crenately few-toothed, somewhat rugose-veiny, tapering into
a short petiole : peduncles filiform, terminating ascending short leafy branches,

CAPJMFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 125

bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a filiform
one-flowered pedicel : pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of
larger ovate glandular-hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary : flowers
nodding. — From the mountains of California, Colorado, and Maryland,
northward to the Arctic Circle.

5. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY. INDIAN

CURRANT.

Low and branching shrubs, erect or diffuse, not climbing ; with small and
entire short-petioled leaves, and 2-bracteolate small white or pinkish flowers.
— Fruit in ours white, and the style glabrous.

* Short-flowered : corolla urceolate- or open-campanulate, only 2 or 3 lines long :

flowers in terminal and upper axillary clusters, or solitary in some axils.

1 . S. OCCidentalis, Hook. Robust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent :
leaves oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long) : axillary flower-clusters
not rarely pedunculate, sometimes becoming spicate and an inch long : corolla
3 lines high, 5-cleft to beyond the middle, within densely villous-hirsute with long
beard-like hairs : stamens and style more or less exserted. — Mountains of Colo-
rado and Montana, northward and eastward. " Wolf-berry."

2. S. racemOSUS, Michx. More slender and glabrous : leaves round-oval
to oblong, smaller : axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest one-flow-
ered : corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded
within, narrowed at base : stamens and style not exserted. — Across the conti-
nent. " Snowberry."

Var. pauciflorus, Bobbins. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly
only an inch long : flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely
spicate in the terminal cluster. — Mountains of Colorado to those of Oregon,
Vermont, and northward.

* * Longer-flowered : corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed only

at summit, 4 to 6 lines long : flowers mostly axillary.

3. S. oreophilus, Gray. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence :
leaves oblong to broadly oval, ^ to f inch long : corolla tubular or ftinnelform,
its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes : nutlets
of the drupe oblong, flattened, attenuate and pointed at base. — Bot. Calif, i.
279. S. montanus, Gray. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to
California and Oregon.

6. L ONI CERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

Erect or climbing shrubs ; with leaves mostly entire, and the inflorescence
various.

* Flowers in pairs (or threes) from the axils of the leaves, the ovaries of the two

either distinct or connate : stems erect and branching : corolla rather short.
H- Bracts at the summit of the peduncle very small, subulate : bractlets minute,

rounded : berries red.

1. L. Utahensis, Watson. Leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, rounded at
both ends, very short-petioled, glabrous or nearly so from the first, or soon

126 RUBIAOE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)

glabrate, reticulate-venulose at maturity, 1 or 2 inches long : peduncles seldom
over a half-inch long: corolla honey-yellow or ochroleucous, occasionally
tinged with purple, | to £ inch long ; the tube gibbous at base, pilose-pubes-
cent within. — Bot. King's Exp. 133. Mountains of Utah, Montana, Oregon,
and northward.
H- H- Bracts oblong to ovate or cordate and foliaceous ; in fruit enlarging and

enclosing or surrounding the two globose dark purple or black berries : bractlets

conspicuous and accrescent.

2. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, sometimes glabrate, 2 to 10 feet
high : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, petioled :
peduncles 1 or 2 inches long, sometimes 3-flowered : corolla yellowish, viscid-
pubescent, a half-inch or more long : bractlets 4 or united into 2, viscid-
pubescent. — Mountains of Colorado and California to Alaska, and extending
eastward into Canada.

* * Flowers in variously disposed terminal or axillary clusters, commonly verticil-
late: stems twining: uppermost pair or two of leaves connate into an oval or
orbicular disk : corolla with more or less elongated tube : berries orange or red.

3. L. ciliosa, Poir. Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually
ciliate, otherwise glabrous : whorls of flowers single and terminal, or rarely
2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves,
either sessile or short-peduncled : corolla glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubes-
cent, yellow to crimson-scarlet ; limb slightly bilabiate ; lower lobe 3 or 4
lines long. — From the mountains of Arizona and California to those of
Montana and British Columbia.

ORDER 40. RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Shrubs or (ours) herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by in-
terposed stipules, or verticillate without apparent stipules, the calyx
adnate to the 2 to 4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of
the regular corolla, and inserted on its tube.

* Leaves opposite, with entire interpetiolar stipules.

1. Kelloggia. Flowers generally 4-merous. Calyx with obovate tube and minute teeth.

Corolla between funnelforra and salverform. Stamens and style more or less exserted.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with hooked bristles, separat-
ing at maturity into 2 closed carpels.

* * Leaves verticillate, without stipules.

2. Galium. Flowers 4-merous, sometimes dioecious. Calyx with globular tube and obso-

lete limb. Corolla rotate ; lobes commonly with inflexed acuminate or mucronate tip.
Stamens with short filaments. Style 2-cleft or styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed.
Fruit didymous, dry (in ours), jointed on the pedicel, separating into two closed car-
pels, or only one maturing.

1. KELLOGGIA, Torr.

A single Californian species, most nearly allied in our flora to Mitchella.
1. K. galioides, Torr. Slender and glabrous or puberulent perennial,
a span to a foot high : leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile, with small and en-

. (MADDER FAMILY.) 127

tire or 2-dentate interposed stipules : fruit and paniculate inflorescence as in
Galiurn : corolla white or pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long. — Mountain woods, mostly
under coniferous trees, California and Arizona to Washington Territory and
N. W. Wyoming.

2. GALIUM, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

Herbs (occasionally with suffrutescent base) with sessile leaves and small
flowers variously arranged.

# Woody at base : leaves 4 in the whorls ; their margins, midrib, and angles of

stem destitute of retrorse hispidness or roughness : fruit hirsute with long and
straight (not at all hooked) bristles: Jlowers dioecious: stems low and diffuse.

1. G. Matthewsii, Gray. Glabrous and smooth, paniculately much
branched, woody at base : leaves rigid, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, vein-
less, with stout midrib, 2 or 3 lines long or more, some of the upper cuspi-
date-acute : flowers (of fertile plant) naked-paniculate : corolla barely a line
in diameter : bristles of immature fruit rigid, not longer than the body. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 80. S. W. Colorado, New Mexico, and E. California.

* * Wholly herbaceous : margins and midribs of the leaves and angles of the

stem often retrorse hispid or rough : bristles on the fruit more or less hooked or
none : flowers not dioecious.

*- Fruit beset with hooked bristles : leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl.

2. G. Aparine, L. Stems 1 to 4 feet long, retrorsely hispid on the angles,
as also on the margins and midrib of the oblanceolate or almost linear cuspidate-
acuminate leaves : peduncles rather long, 1 to 3 in upper axils or terminal,
bearing either solitary or 2 or 3 pedicellate white flowers : fruit not pendulous,
granulate-tuberculate and the tubercles tipped with bristles. — From Texas
to California and northward ; eastward mainly as an introduced plant.

Var. Vaillantii, Koch. Smaller, more slender : leaves seldom an inch
long : flowers usually more numerous : fruit smaller, hirsute or hispidulous.
— Texas to California, Montana, and British Columbia.

3. G. triflorum, Michx. Diffusely procumbent, smoothish : herbage sweet-
scented in drying : stems a foot to a yard long : leaves in sixes, elliptical-lan-
ceolate to narrowly oblong (inch or two long), scabrous or not on the margins
and midrib beneath : cymes once or twice 3-rai/ed : pedicels soon divaricate :
corolla yellowish white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles of
the ovary. — Across the continent.

•i- -i- Fruit without hooked bristles : leaves 4 to 6 in a whorl.

•w- Flowers very numerous and collected in a terminal and ample thyrsiform

panicle : leaves in fours, 3-nerved, blunt.

4. G. boreale, L. Erect, a foot or two high, mostly smooth and gla-
brous, very leafy : leaves from linear to broadly lanceolate, often with fasci-
cles of smaller ones in the axils : flowers in a terminal panicle ; the uppermost
leaves being reduced to pairs of small oblong or oval bracts : fruit small, his-
pidulous, or at first canescent and soon glabrous and smooth. — From New
Mexico and California north to Arctic regions and east to Canada.

128 VALERIANACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

•M- *+ Flowers few in number and scattered.

5. G. bifolilim, Watson. Smooth and glabrous, a span or two high,
sparingly branched, slender : leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, 4 in the
whorls, the alternate ones smaller, or uppermost nearly reduced to a single pair :
flowers on solitary naked peduncles : fructiferous peduncles about the length of
the leaves, horizontal, and the minutely hispidulous fruit decurved on the naked
tip. — Bot. King Exp. 134. Mountains of W. Colorado and S. Montana to
California.

6. G. trifldum, L. Weakly erect, branching, 5 to 20 inches high,
smooth and glabrous, except the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem and
usually more hispidulous and sparse roughness of the midrib beneath and
margins of the leaves: these in sixes, fives, or not rarely fours, linear or oblan-
ceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long : peduncles slender, scat-
tered, one to several-flowered ; flowers often 3-merous, as commonly 4-merous :

fruit smooth and glabrous. — From Texas to California, northward and east-
ward.

Var. pusillum, Gray, is the smallest form, a span or two high : leaves
only in fours, 3 or 4 lines long, narrow, in age often reflexed : peduncles
1-flowered. — In the mountains of Colorado and California, and northward.

Var. latifolium, Torr. The larger and broadest-leaved form : leaves
6 or 7 lines long, often 2 lines wide : cymules few to several-flowered. —
Canada to Texas and California.

ORDER 41. VALERIAWACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules, the calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, which has one fertile one-ovuled cell and two abortive or
empty ones, stamens 1 to 3, distinct, fewer than the lobes of the corolla
and inserted on its tube. — Corolla tubular or funnelform, mostly 5-
lobed : flowers in terminal cymes.

1. VALERIANA, Tourn.

Calyx-lirnb of 5 to 15 setiform lobes, which are inrolled and inconspicu-
ous until fruiting. Stamens 3. Roots of peculiar scent. Leaves various.
Flowers white or rose-colored.

# Erect from a large fusiform perpendicular stock branching below into deep and

thickened roots : leaves thickish, nervosely veined, not serrate.
1. V. edulis, Nutt. Glabrous or glabrate, a foot or at length 3 feet or
more high : radical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering into a margined
petiole, entire or some sparingly laciniate-pinnatifid ; cauline rarely none,
commonly 1 to 3 pairs, sessile, and pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or lan-
ceolate divisions, or terminal one spatulate : flowers polygamo-dioecious, yel-
lowish white, sessile in the cymules, which form an elongated thyrsiform
naked panicle. — Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, northward and
eastward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 129

# * Erect from creeping or ascending rootstocks, which emit slender roots : leaves
thinnish, loosely veiny, often with some simple and some divided and margins
either entire or dentate on same plant ; the radical ones on slender naked peti-
oles : corolla white to light rose-color,

2. V. sylvatica, Banks. Stems from 8 to 30 inches high : radical leaves
mostly simple and ovate to oblong, occasionally some 3 to 5-foliolate ; cauline
more or less petioled, 3 to ll-foliolate or parted, the divisions entire or rarely
few-toothed : fruiting cymes open, at length thyrsoid-paniculate : corolla 2 or 3
lines long. — V. dioica, var. sylvatica, Gray. Mountains of New Mexico and
Arizona, northward and eastward.

3. V. Sitchensis, Bong. More robust, from thicker and branching as-
cending rootstocks : leaves larger ; cauline short-petioled, only 3 to 5-foliolate ;
the divisions orbicular to oblong-ovate, or in the upper leaves ovate-lanceolate,
not rarely dentate or repand: cymes contracted: corolla fuimelform, 4 lines
long. — Northern Rocky Mountains and northward.

ORDER 42. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Flowers in a close head on a common receptacle, surrounded by an
involucre, with (5 or 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers
united in a tube. — Calyx-tube aduate to the 1- celled ovary, the limb
{pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, etc.,
or even absent. Corolla strap-shaped (ligulate} or tubular. Style 2-
cleft. Fruit an akene. — The flowers are perfect, monoecious, dioecious,
or polygamous. Strap-shaped marginal flowers are the rays ; heads
with prominent rays and tubular flowers are radiate ; and a head com-
posed entirely of strap-shaped corollas is ligulate. The tubular flowers
compose the disk, and a head with no rays is discoid. A head with all
its flowers alike as to sex is homogamous, when unlike heterogamous.
The leaves of the involucre are scales ; and the bracts or scales which
are often found upon the receptacle among the flowers are chaff, and
when this is wanting the receptacle is naked.

Key to the Tribes.

Ser. I. TUBULIFLOR^:. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermaph-
rodite flowers.
Heads homogamous and discoid : flowers all hermaphrodite and never yellow :

anthers not caudate at base.

Style-branches elongated, filiform-subulate, hispidulous throughout; stig-
matic lines only near the base : leaves alternate. I. VERNONIACE^E.

Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thickened upward and ob-
tuse, minutely papillose-puberulent, stigmatic only below the middle.

II. ECPATORIACEJE.

130 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or radiate : flowers not rarely
yellow : style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines
extending either to the naked summit or to a more or less distinct
pubescent or hispidulous tip or appendage.

Anthers not caudate at base : style-branches in hermaphrodite flowers flat-
tened and with a distinct (but sometimes very short) terminal appendage :
disk-corollas generally yellow : rays of same or different color.

III. AsTEROIDEjE.

Anthers caudate : style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers slender, destitute
of any terminal appendage, the stigmatic lines extending quite to (or
vanishing near) the naked obtuse or truncate summit : leaves alternate :
heads in our genera discoid IV. INULOIDE.E.

Anthers not caudate : style-branches with truncate or variously appendieu-
late pubescent or hispid tips : involucre not scarious : receptacle chaffy :
pappus various or none, never of fine capillary bristles.

V. HELIANTHOIDE^:.

Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : pappus from chaffy to setiform
or none : herbage often punctate with resinous or pellucid dots or glands :
otherwise nearly as preceding VI. HELENIOIDE^E.

Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked or sometimes chaffy : involucre of
dry and scarious bracts : style-branches mostly truncate : pappus coroni-
form, or of short scales, or none VII. ANTHEMIDE^E.

Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : involucre little or not at all im-
bricated, not scarious. Pappus of numerous soft-capillary bristles.

VIII. SENECIONIDE^E.

Anthers conspicuously caudate, and with elongated appendages at tip:
style-branches short or united, destitute of appendage, stigmatic quite
to the obtuse summit, mostly smooth and naked : involucre much imbri-
cated : receptacle densely setose or fimbrillate, or favose : akenes thick
and hard : pappus usually plurisetose. Heads never truly radiate.

IX. CYNAROIDE.E.

Ser. II. LIGULIFLORJE. Corollas all ligulate and flowers hermaphrodite.
Receptacle naked or chaffy : anthers not caudate : style-branches filiform,
naked, stigmatic only toward the base. Herbage with milky juice.

X. CICHORIACE^E.

Tribe I. VERNONIACEJE. Corollas tubular, 5-lobed.

1. Vernonia. Heads several to many.flowered. Involucre of dry or partly herbaceous
much imbricated bracts. Receptacle plane, naked. Corolla regularly 5-cleft into
narrow lobes. Akenes mostly 10-costate, with truncate apex. Pappus double ; the
inner of rigid capillary bristles, outer a series of small scales.

Tribe II. EtJPATORIACE^. Receptacle in most cases naked. Leaves either

opposite or alternate.

# Akenes 5-angled : scales of the involucre mostly lax, from thin-membranaceous to herba-
ceous, nerveless or few-nerved, either imbricated or equal and about in one row.
2. Eupatorliim. Heads few to many-flowered* Receptacle flat. Pappus wholly of
scabrous capillary bristles which are mostly in one row, and indefinitely numerous.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 131

* * Akenes 10-costate or striate : scales of the involucre regularly imbricated ; the outer ones

successively shorter.

•»- Scales of the involucre not herbaceous, conspicuously striate-nerved : corolla slender,
5-toothed at summit ; the teeth mostly glandular : pappus a single series of bristles :
leaves mostly not entire.

3. Kuhnia. Pappus conspicuously plumose. Scales of the involucre narrow, in few

series. Leaves nearly all alternate.

4. Brickellia. Pappus from barbellate or subplumose to merely scabrous. Leaves

opposite or alternate.

.»- «- Scales of the involucre somewhat herbaceous or partly colored, not conspicuously
striate : corollas narrow, with gradually dilated throat and elongated lanceolate or linear
spreading (rose-colored) lobes : pappus about a single series of capillary or stouter
bristles: leaves punctate , entire.

5. L-iatris. Heads few to many-flowered. Involucre spirally imbricate. Akenes slender

or tapering from apex to base, pubescent. Pappus of firm and mostly equal bristles,
from plumose to barbellate. Leaves alternate. Herbs, with heads in a terminal
spike or raceme, sometimes becoming paniculate.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDE^J. Heads with ligulate ray-flowers pistillate or rarely neu-
tral, or with the flowers all hermaphrodite and tubular, or even dioecious. Receptacle
seldom chaffy. Pappus various, sometimes none. Leaves mostly alternate.

* Disk wholly of hermaphrodite flowers, of the same color as the ray fif present), mostly

yellow ; their corollas tubular with more or less ampliate throat and 4 or 5-lobed limb :
receptacle not chaffy, flat or merely convex: involucre closely imbricated, mostly in
several series.

«- Pappus chaffy : heads radiate, small, paniculate or cymose-clustered : scales of the invo-
lucre mostly coriaceous, the outer successively shorter.

6. Gutierrezia. Involucre oblong-clavate or turbinate to campanulate. Receptacle
from flat to conical, commonly alveolate o • fimbrillate. Style-appendages mostly slender.
Rays 1 to 8. Akenes short, obovate or oblong, terete or 5-angled.

f- t- Pappus of a few (2 to 8) elongated awns or rigid caducous bristles : heads radiate or
rayless, solitary at the end of the branches.

7. Grindelia. Heads many-flowered, hemispherical or at first globose : the scales nu-

merous and narrow, imbricated in many series, firm and rigid, with more or less
herbaceous tips. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Akenes short and thick,
compressed or turgid, or the outer triangular, truncate, glabrous.

-»~ -i- -4- Pappus double : the inner of numerous capillary scabrous bristles : the outer com-
posed of minute short bristles or scales, which are sometimes even obsolete: heads
mostly radiate, middle-sized, terminating the stem and branches.

8. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered, with rays numerous or wanting. Involucre cam-

panulate or hemispherical, of narrow regularly imbricated scales. Style-appendages
from linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Akenes from obovate to linear-fusiform,
compressed or turgid.
•»-•(-•»-•»- Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles, simple, in one or more series :

receptacle more or less alveolate and the alveoli often dentate : style-appendages from

ovate-lanceolate to filiform : flowers yellow.

8. Chrysopsis. Species with outer pappus obscure or wanting would be sought here.

9. Aplopappus. Heads usually many-flowered, radiate, rarely discoid. Disk-corollas

narrow, 5-toothed. Involucre usually (but not always) broad : the bracts with or
without herbaceous tips. Akenes from turbinate to linear.

10. Bi^elovia. Heads 3 to 30-flowered, destitute of rays, small. Involucre narrow: the
bracts chartaceous or coriaceous, mostly destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips.
Akenes narrow, terete or angled, hardly compressed, mostly at least 5-nerved. Pappus
of somewhat equal bristles. Inflorescence not racemiform.

132 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

11. Solidago. Heads few- or several-, rarely many-flowered ; mostly radiate, small, com-

monly in racemiform or spicifonn clusters, sometimes fastigiate-cymose or in a thyrsus.
Involucre narrow : its bracts mostly not herbaceous-tipped. Akenes terete or angu-
late, 5 to 12-nerved or costate. Pappus of equal elongated bristles.

* * Disk of hermaphrodite and mostly fertile flowers ; their corollas mostly yellow : the ray

not yellow, occasionally wanting : receptacle naked, flat or barely convex,
•t- Pappus a single series of long awns or of coarse and rigid bristles, or in the conspicuous

ray chaffy.

12. Townsendia. Involucre broad, many-flowered, imbricated : the bracts lanceolate,

with scarious margins and tips, outer usually shorter and inner more membranaceous.
Receptacle broad. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate or oblong, much
compressed, and with thickish margins, those of the ray sometimes triangular. Awns
or bristles of the pappus scabrous.
•»- •*- Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, with or without a short outer series.

13. Aster. Involucre from hemispherical to campanulate, sometimes oblong or tarlunate,

imbricated in several or few series of unequal bracts, mostly in part herbaceous.
Bays numerous, not very narrow. Style-appendages from slender-subulate to ovate-
acute, commonly lanceolate. Akenes mostly compressed, 2 to 10-nerved, and the
pappus mostly simple and copious, rarely distinctly double. Leafy-stummed herbs,
the greater part perennials.

14. Erigeron. Differs from Aster in the more naked-pedunculate heads, simpler involucre

of narrow and erect equal bracts, which are never coriaceous, nor foliaceous or with
distinct herbaceous tips, narrower and usually very numerous rays often occupying
more than one series, very short and roundish style-appendages, small 2-nerved akenes,
and more scanty or fragile pappus, in many with a conspicuous short outer series.
4-4-+- Corolla of the numerous female flowers reduced to a filiform or short and narrow
tube, wholly destitute of ligule.

15. Conyza. Heads small, many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre narrow,

in 1 to 3 series. Female flowers much more numerous than the hermaphrodite ; their
filiform or slender tubular corolla truncate or 2 to 4-toothed at the apex. Pappus a sin-
gle series of soft capillary bristles, sometimes an added outer series of short bristles.

* * * Heads discoid and unisexual : corolla of the fertile flowers filiform : pappus of capil-

lary bristles.

16. Baccharis. Heads completely dioecious, many-flowered. Involucre regularly imbri-

cated. Receptacle mostly flat and naked, rarely chaffy. Flowers of the male heads
with tubular-fun nelform 5-cleft corolla : the female with corolla reduced to a slender
truncate or minutely toothed tube. Akenes 5 to 10-costate. Pappus of the male
flowers a series of scabrous and often tortuous bristles : of the fertile flowers of
usually more numerous and fine bristles, and often elongated in fruit. Shrubby or
herbaceous.

Tribe IV. INULOIDE^E. Female flowers ligulate or filiform. Style-branches fili-
form or flattish. Pappus capillary or none. Involucre commonly dry or scarious.
Ours do not have conspicuous rays, and are all floccose-woolly herbs.

* Involucre of few scarious bracts : receptacle chaffy ; a bract subtending each female

flower or akene : anthers sometimes only acutely sagittate or auriculate : the short style
or style -branches not truncate.

17. Evax. Akenes from obcompressed to terete, sometimes minutely papillose or puberu-

lent. Bracts of the female flowers from scarious to chartaceous. Hermaphrodite
flowers sometimes fertile, destitute of pappus. Receptacle from barely convex to
subulate.

* * Involucre of numerous more or less scarious bracts which are often colored or petaloid

at the summit: receptacle not chaffy: anther-tails slender: style or style-branches
mostly truncate.

18. Antennaria. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucre imbricated in many series.

Male flowers with mostly undivided style and a rather scanty pappus of clavellate

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 133

or apically barbellulate or crisped bristles. Female flowers with oblong or narrower
and terete or flattish akenes, and a copious fine-capillary pappus, the soft and naked
bristles of which are commonly united at base, so as to fall in a ring. Low peren-
nials.

19. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious, but usually with a few hermaphrodite sterile flowers in

the centre of the female heads. Pappus of male flowers of bristles little if at all
thicker at the apex : of the female flowers not united at base but falling separately.
Otherwise as in the preceding ; the female plant differing from the following only in
the sterility of the few central flowers.

20. Gnaphalium. Heads heterogamous, fertile throughout, of few or many series of

female surrounding a smaller number of hermaphrodite flowers. Involucre imbricated
in many series : the scarious and commonly partly woolly bracts with or without col-
ored papery tips or appendages. Style of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of
numerous merely scabrous capillary bristles, in a single series.

Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDE^. Female flowers ligulate and radiate, or the heads
sometimes hornogamous by their absence : disk-flowers all with regularly 4 to 5-toothtd
corolla. Leaves mostly opposite.

* Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile, the ligule mostly deciduous ; disk -flowers hermaphrodite-
sterile : akenes usually coriaceous ; the style mostly entire : receptacle chaffy through-
out, except in No. 24.

•»- Involucre double ; exterior of 4 or 5 herbaceous or foliaceous plane bracts ; interior of a
single series of small bracts, which completely and permanently enclose the obovate or
oblong more or less compressed smooth and glabrous akenes with a pericarp-like acces-
sory covering, at length deciduous together : pappus none.

21. Melampodium. Fructiferous bracts commonly indurated, naked or unarmed.

Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes more or less obovate and incurved.
•*- -t- Involucre broad, of plane or barely concave bracts ; innermost subtending obcom-

pressed (mostly much flattened) akenes, but not enclosing nor embracing them.

•H- Ray-flowers and akenes in more than one series, and with elongated exserted deciduous

ligules : the akeues falling free, or with only the subtending bract.

22. Silpliium. Heads large, many-flowered. Involucre of thickish more or less folia-

ceous imbricated bracts ; the innermost small and chaffy. Receptacle comparatively
small, the central part somewhat turbinate in age : its chaffy bracts linear, flat, or
involute around the abortive ovaries. Corollas of the ray with a long and spreading
ligule on a very short tube ; of the disk cylindrical-tubular. Akenes very flat and
broad, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, completely free from the subtending bract and from
those of adjacent male flowers, surrounded by a winged margin which is produced
more or less beyond the summit on each side into a callous tooth or auricle. Pappus
none or sometimes a pair of short rigid awns or teeth, with which the wing is con-
fluently united.

+»• -H- Ray-flowers and akenes in a single series, with very short or even obsolete ligules :
akenes with 2 or 3 bracts of sterile flowers attached to their base on the inner side,
which they take with them, and commonly also the subtending involucral bract, when
they fall : heads small.

23. Parthenium. Fertile flowers 5, with obcordate or 2-lobed almost sessile concave

ligule, or a truncate emarginate cup. Bracts of the involucre chartaceous or partly
herbaceous, and the inner more scarious : those of the usually conical receptacle
cuneate, tomentose at summit, partly enclosing the sterile flowers. Akenes oval or
obovate, commonly pubescent, surrounded by a filiform callous margin, which is
firmly coherent at base with the bases of the bracts of the contiguous pair of sterile
flowers and of the subtending bract, at length tearing away from the akene ; the sum-
mit bearing the marcescent corolla. Pappus of two chaffy awns or scales, or some-
times hardly any.

24. Parthenice. Fertile flowers 6 to 8. with ligule obsolete or reduced to 2 or 3 small

teeth : sterile flowers 40 or 50, with funnelform corolla Involucre of 5 somewhat-
herbaceous oval exterior bracts, and of 6 or 8 somewhat larger orbicular-obovate and

134 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

more scarious interior ones, these subtending the fertile flowers. Receptacle convex,
with linear-oblong or spatulate chaffy bracts subtending the outer series of sterile
flowers, but mostly minute or wanting to the inner flowers. Akenes oblong-obovate,
glabrous, wingless, but acute-margined, with an incurved apiculation inserted by a
very small base, falling away at maturity with the involucral and two receptacular
bracts, but these readily separating. Pappus none, and corolla deciduous.
* * Fertile flowers apetalous, or with corolla reduced to a tube or ring around the base of
the 2-parted style ; disk-flowers staminate, anthers slightly united and their short ter-
minal appendage inflexed, the abortive style hairy only at the somewhat enlarged and
depressed summit, the ovary a mere rudiment : pappus none (or a vestige in Nos. 26
and 27) : heads small ; the flowers whitish or greenish.

•«- Head androgynous (rarely all male in No. 27), having few female flowers at the margin ;
the more numerous male flowers all or most of them subtended by slender and com-
monly spatulate chaffy bracts : involucre open.

•H. Akenes turgid, mostly obovate or pyriform, marginless.

25. Iva. Female flowers 1 to 5, with or without the tube or cup representing a corolla.

Akenes more or less obcompressed, glabrous, puberulent, or glandular : the terminal
areola small.

26. Oxytenia. Female flowers abort 5, wholly destitute of corolla. Involucre of about

5 dilated-ovate and rather rigidly acuminate bracts. Receptacle convex, small : the
10 to 20 sterile flowers subtended by slender chaffy bracts with cuneate-dilated tips.
Akenes (immature) very villous, nearly pyriform, with large terminal areola bearing
around the base of the style a fleshy annular disk. Lower part of the disk-flowers
and their chaff beset with some villous hairs.

•H- •H- Akenes flattened, obcompressed, wing-margined.

27. Dicoria. Female flowers one or two, wholly destitute of corolla : male flowers 6 to

12, with mere rudiments of ovary and style. Involucre of 5 oval or oblong herbaceous
bracts ; and within one or two larger and broad thin-scarious bracts, subtending the
fertile flowers, or these wanting in male heads. Receptacle small, flat, with a few
narrow and hyaline chaffy bracts. Filaments monad el phous up to the lightly con-
nected anthers. Akenes much surpassing the outer involucre, oblong, anteriorly flat,
convex or somewhat angled dorsally, abruptly bordered by a thin-scarious pectinate-
dentate wing or edge. Pappus rudimentary, of several small and setiform bracts.

•i- i- Heads unisexual, monoecious ; the fertile with solitary or 2 to 4 completely or nearly
apetalous female flowers in a closed nutlet-like or bur-like involucre, only the style-
branches ever exserted ; the sterile of numerous male flowers in an open involur.re,
the heads in a raceme or spike : akeues turgid-obovoid or ovoid, wholly destitute of
pappus : flowers greenish or yellowish.

•H- Involucre of the sterile heads gamophyllous : the receptacle low, and abortive style with
dilated apex radiately fimbriate.

28. Ambrosia. Involucre of the male flowers from depressed-hemispherical to turbinate,

ft to 12-lobed or truncate, herbaceous. Receptacle flat or flattish, usually with some
filiform chaff among the outer flowers. Involucre to the solitary fertile flower nut-
like, apiculate or beaked at the apex, and usually armed with 4 to 8 tubercles or
short spines in a single series below the beak. Sterile heads spicate or racemose
above the fewer fertile ones.

29. Franseria. Heads of male flowers as Ambrosia, or sometimes intermixed with the

female. Fertile involucre 1 to 4-flowered, 1 to 4-celled, a single pistil to each cell, 1 to
4-rostrate, more or less bar-like, being armed over the surface with several or numer-
ous prickles or spines (the spiny free tips of component bracts) in more than one
series. Leaves mostly alternate.
•H- ++ Involucre of the sterile heads polyphyllous : the receptacle cylindraceous.

30. X aiithiii in. Involucre of the globular sterile heads one or two series of small narrow

bracts : receptacle distinctly chaffy, a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract partly
enclosing each male flower: filaments monadelphous. Fertile heads a closed and
ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1 to 2-beaked at the apex, the surface

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 135

clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles: each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick
ovoid akeiie, the two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. Leaves
alternate.

* * * Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile ; the ligule with very short tube or none, persistent

on the akene and becoming papery in texture : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile,
numerous, subtended or embraced by chaffy bracts ; the corolla cylindraceous : leaves
opposite and heads singly terminating the stem or branches.

•»- Leaves all or mostly entire, sessile : akenes of the disk compressed, all or some of them
toothed or awned from the summit of the angles or edges.

31. Zinnia. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous: its closely appressed-imbricated
bracts dry and firm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming
conical or cylindraceous : the chaffy bracts conduplicate around the disk-flowers. Lobes
of the disk-corolla mostly velvety-villous. Pappus when present of erect awns or
chaffy teeth. Rays showy.

•t- •*- Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled : akenes not compressed.

32. Heliopsis. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts. Receptacle

from high-convex to conical : the pointless chaffy bracts partly embracing the disk-
ftowers. Ligules large : disk-corollas glabrous. Akeues obtusely 4-angular, with
broad truncate summit, wholly destitute of pappus.

* * * * Ray-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or even wanting, the ligule

not persistent : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, subtended and sometimes
enwrapped by the chaff: pappus a cup or crown, of teeth or awns from the 2 to 4
principal angles, or of a few stout bristles, or none.

-•- Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit.

33. Echinacea. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series : its bracts lanceolate.

Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical : chaffy
bracts of the latter persistent, carinate-concave, acuminate into a rigid and spinescent
cusp. Ligules rose-colored or rose-purple. Disk-corollas cylindraceous, with 5 erect
teeth and almost no proper tube. Akenes acutely quadrangular, somewhat obpy-
ramidal, with a thick coroniibrni pappus more or less extended into triangular teeth
at the angles.

34. Ruclbeckia. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemispheri-

cal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical : its
chaffy bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or partly
brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper tube.
Akenes 4-angled, prismatic. Pappus a coriaceous and often 4-toothed crown, some-
times none.

35. ILepachys. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes

winged at one or both edges, on a slender-subulate receptacle. Pappus a chaffy tooth
over one or both edges, or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle conduplicate, with
thickened and truncate summit, embracing and hardly surpassing the akenes, at
length deciduous with them. Corollas of the disk with hardly any proper tube.
Ligules, involucre, &c. of Rudbeckia.
•i- •«- Receptacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical : akenes not winged nor

very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged.'

•H- Rays fertile : receptacle flat or merely convex : ray akenes commonly triquetrous or ob-
compressed : pappus persistent or none.

36. Balsamorrhiza. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong : of the disk quadrangular

and often with intermediate nerves. Involucre broad : the outer bracts foliaceous,
sometimes enlarged. Chaff linear-lanceolate. Tuberous-rooted low herbs.

37. Wyethia. Akenes prismatic, large, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-angled and in the disk

often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves. Pappus a lacerate chaffy crown,
or cut into nearly distinct scales, commonly produced at one or more of the angles
into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campanulate or broader, more or less im-
bricated : outer bracts often foliaceous. Chaff lanceolate or linear, partly embracing
the akenes. Thick-rooted and large-headed herbs, with alternate leaves.

136 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

++ +* Rays sterile, rarely wanting : akenes quadrangular-compressed or more turgid : chaffy

bracts of the convex or conical receptacle embracing the akenes.
33. Gymnolomia. Pappus none or a minute denticulate ring : the truncate apex of the

short akenes commonly at length covered by the base of the corolla, the tube of

which is usually pubescent.

39. Helianthus. Pappus deciduous, of two scarious and pointed scales, mostly no in-

termediate ones. Akenes usually glabrous or glabrate. Tube of the disk-corollas
short, and the throat elongated.

+- 4-4- Receptacle flat, convex, or sometimes becoming conical : akenes of the disk either
flat-compressed and margined or thin-edged, or if turgid some of them winged : pappus
not caducous.

40. Helianthella. Rays neutral, rarely wanting. Pappus of delicate scales between the

two chaffy teeth or awns which surmount the two acute margins of the akene, or these
obsolete in age. Ovary often wing-margined, but mature akene not so.

41. Verbesina. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, imbricated. Rays fertile,

sometimes neutral or none. Akenes usually winged and flat, 2-awned, or in the ray
1 to 3-awned, with no intermediate scales, and even the awns sometimes wanting.
Leaves apt to be decurrent as wings on the stem.

* # * * * Akenes obcompressed or sometimes terete, and the subtending chaffy bracts flat
or hardly concave ; otherwise as in the last section : heads many-flowered : leaves
mostly opposite : style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into a cusp or cone : invo-
lucre double : receptacle flat or merely convex : rays in ours neutral.
•t- Akenes never with retrorsely barbed awns.

42. Coreopsis. Involucre of two distinct series of bracts, all commonly united at the

very base ; outer foliaceous, narrower, and usually spreading ; inner erect or incurved
after blooming, each series commonly 8 in number. Rays about 8. Akenes flat, or-
bicular to linear-oblong, winged or wingless, truncate or emarginate at summit, bearing
2, rarely 3 or 4 naked awns, scales, or teeth, or sometimes destitute of pappus.
•«- f- Awns of the pappus when present retrorsely barbed or hispid.

43. BitTens. Bracts of the involucre distinct, or united only at the common base. Akenes

neither winged nor beaked, 2 to 5-awned : the awns retrorsely hispid. Rays neutral,
yellow or white, sometimes wanting.

44. Thelesperma. Bracts of the inner involucre united into a cup ; outer of shorter

and narrow bracts, connate at base with the inner. Chaff of the flat receptacle white-
scarious. Rays about 8, cuneate-obovate. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube,
and abrupt campanulate or cylindrical throat. Anthers wholly cxserted. Akenes
slightly obcompressed or terete, narrowly oblong to linear, marginless, beakless : the
abrupt summit crowned with a pair of persistent and stout awns or scales, or some-
times pappus wanting. Leaves opposite.

****** Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile, each subtended by a bract of the mostly one-
seried involucre which more or less encloses its akene ; disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but
some or all of them sterile, their style-branches subulate and hispid : chaff always
present between ray and disk flowers : pappus none to the ray-akenes, chaffy or else
none to the disk-flowers : commonly glandular-viscid and heavy-scented herbs.

45. Madia. Heads many to several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong, few to many-

angled by the salient narrow backs of the involucral bracts. Receptacte flat or con-
vex, bearing a single series of bracts enclosing the disk-flowers as a kind of inner
involucre, either separate or connate into a cup. Ray-flowers 1 to 20, with cuneate
or oblong 3-lobed ligules : their akenes laterally compressed, and enclosed in condu-
plicate-infolded involucral bracts.

46. L,ayia. Heads many-flowered, broad: ray-flowers 8 to 20, with 3-lobed or toothed

ligules. Bracts of the involucre flattened on the back below, with abruptly dilated
thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-akene. Receptacle broad and flat,
bearing a series of thin chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-flowers. Akenes of
the ray obcompressed, almost always smooth, destitute of pappus ; those of the disk
similar or more linear-cuneate, mostly pubescent, bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles,
or scales, or rarely none.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 137

Tribe VI. HEL,ENIOIDE.<E. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. Bracts of
the involucre not scarious. Differing chiefly from the last tribe in entire absence of
chaff.

* Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts : ligules persistent and becoming papery on the

usually striate-nerved akenes : herbage more or less white-woolly ; no oil-glands.

47. Riddellia. Heads with 3 or 4 ray- and 5 to 12 disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre of

4 to 10 linear-oblong coriaceous woolly bracts, and a few smaller scarious ones within,
sometimes an additional narrow outer one. Receptacle small, flat. Ligules as broad
as long, abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and 2 to 3-lobed.
Disk-corollas with short externally glandular-bearded teeth. Pappus of 4 to 6 hyaline
scales.

* * Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts, in only one series : ray-flowers female or none,

the ligule deciduous ; disk-corollas 4-toothed : akenes flat, with only marginal nerves,
usually much ciliate : plants not floccose-tomentose, and with no oil-glands.

48. Pericome. Head many-flowered, homogamous. Involucral bracts lightly connate by

their edges into a campanulate cup. Disk-corollas with viscous-glandular tube and
much exserted anthers. Akenes strongly villous-ciliate. Pappus a lacerate-ciliate
crown, and sometimes a pair of short awns, one from each angle of the akene. Yellow-
flowered, with long-acuminate leaves.

* * * Involucre hardly at all imbricated, its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single

series : ligules not persistent : disk-flowers numerous, mostly with 5 teeth : akenes few-
nerved or angled, or more numerously striate-angled when turbinate or pyriform: no
oil-glands.
•i- Receptacle flat or convex : akenes from linear to obpyramidal, mostly quadrangular,

rarely 5-angled : flowers all fertile.

•H- Involucre mostly hemispherical ; the bracts from oblong or oval to broader, not colored
or scarious-tipped.

49. Eriophyllum. Involucre of one or sometimes two series of oblong permanently

erect bracts, either distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup, at least in fruit
concave at centre, partially receiving the akenes. Receptacle from convex or rarely
conical to plane. Ray-flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely none. Akenes
narrow, from clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of nerveless
and mostly pointless scales. Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate herbs.

50. Bali i a. Involucre hemispherical or obovate and lax or open in fruit ; the plane bracts

distinct to and commonly narrower at the base, not embracing akenes. Receptacle
mostly flat. Female flowers with exserted ligules, or rarely none. Akenes narrow,
quadrangular. Pappus of several scarious scales. Not floccose-tomentose.
•H- -H- Involucre broadly campanulate or turbinate ; its bracts from linear-lanceolate and

spatulate to obovate or broader, at least the tips membranaceous and colored or

petaloid.

51. Hymenopappus. Involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts 6 to 12, equal, obovate

to broadly oblong, thin. Ray-flowers none. Corolla with reflexed or widely spread-
ing lobes. Akenes obpyramidal, 4 to 5-angled, with attenuate base, the faces 1 to 3-
nerved, the nerves at maturity sometimes as prominent as the angles. Pappus of 10
to 20 thin-scarious and mostly hyaline obtuse scales.

52. Polypteris. Involucre from broadly campanulate to turbinate ; its bracts from spatu-

late to linear-lanceolate, commonly in two series and equal. Rays in our species
evolute into a palmate ligule and fertile. Corolla of the disk-flowers with long lobes.
Stamens wholly exserted. Akenes from linear and downwardly attenuate to clavate-
obpyramidal, 4-sided, minutely pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 12 equal hyaline-scarious
scales.

•H- *+ -H- Involucre hemispherical or campanulate ; its bracts linear, erect, herbaceous to the
ti;>, inclined to embrace the akenes : heads discoid, or with an inconspicuous ligule.

53. Chsenactis. Receptacle flat. Akenes slender, linear-tetragonal or more compressed,

pubescent. Pappus of hyaline nerveless scales. Leaves mostly cleft or compound.

138 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

«- -i- Receptacle from convex to oblong: involucre of more than one series of bracts:
akenes short, ohpyramidal or turbinate, 5 to 10-costate or angled, mostly silky-villous
or hirsute : disk-flowers all fertile.

•H- Receptacle destitute of awn-like nmbrillae among the flowers.

54. Actinella. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, or sometimes broader; its

bracts in two or more series, erect, often rigid ; outer sometimes united. Receptacle
from conical to convex. Rays fertile. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin and mostly hyaline
scales. Mostly low herbs, and bitter-aromatic.

55. Helenium. Bracts of the involucre spreading, subulate or linear. Rays fertile or

sterile, rarely none. Disk-corollas with 4 to 5-toothed limb ; the teeth obtuse, glandu-
lar-pubescent. Pappus of usually 5 or 6 thin scarious scales. Leaves commonly
inipressed-punctate, mostly decurrent.

4+ +•»• Receptacle (from convex to globular) beset with setiform or subulate fimbrillaj among

the flowers.

56. Gaillardia. Involucre broad ; the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all but the short inner series

foliaceous and lax. Ray-flowers neutral ; ligules 3-toothed or 3-cleft. Disk-corollaa
with 5 ovate-triangular to subulate teeth, which are beset with jointed hairs. Akenes
turbinate, 5-costate, covered with long villous hairs. Pappus conspicuous, longer
than the akene, of 5 to 10 hyaline-scarious scales with a costa mostly excurrerit into
an awn.

# * * * Involucre of the small heads composed of a few equal connivent bracts in a single
series, sometimes one or two small additional ones at base : ligules small, not per-
sistent : akenes terete, oblong or linear, 8 to 10-striate-costate : leaves opposite : no oil-
glands.

57. Flaveria. Heads one to several-flowered : the flowers all fertile, homogamous and

tubular, or one female and short-ligulate. Disk-corollas 5-toothed. Involucre of 2
to 5 mostly carinate-concave bracts. Pappus none.

***** Involucre a series of equal bracts, either distinct or united into a cup or tube,
dotted or striped with oil-glands : rays when present fertile ; ligules not persistent :
akenes mostly narrow and striate : pappus various: mostly glabrous and smooth herbs
or undershrubs, strong-scented, the herbage like the involucre commonly dotted with
some oil-glands.

58. Dysodia. Pappus multisetose-polyadelphous, i. e. all or most of the 10 or more scales

resolved, except a basal portion, into several or indefinitely numerous capillary, but
rather stiff bristles. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, usually with a series
of loose accessory bracts, the proper bracts generally more or less gamophyllous.

59. Hymenatherum. Pappus of several or numerous scales, either 1 to 5 aristate or

pointed, or partly resolved into as many bristles, or some or all of them entire and
even truncate. Involucre campanulate, gamophyllous high up, with or without some
loose accessory bracts. Akenes mostly terete, and striate.

60. Pectis. Heads radiate, several to many-flowered. Involucre naked at base, or nearly so,

cylindrical or campanulate, of few or several equal carinate bracts in a single series.
Disk-corollas 5-lobed, one or two sinuses often deeper, thus becoming bilabiate. /
Akenes linear, terete or angled. Pappus of few or numerous bristles or awns, some-
times chaffy-dilated at base, or of scales. Opposite-leaved herbs.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDE 2E. Akenes usually small and short, with no pappus or a
chaffy crown, or a circle of scales. Strong-scented or bitter-aromatic herbs or under-
shrubs, with alternate leaves. Distinguished from the former tribe chiefly by the
scarious involucre.

* Receptacle with chaffy bracts : heads radiate.

61. Iieucampyx. Involucre broadly hemispherical ; its bracts broadly oval, equal, in 2 or

3 series of 4 or 5 each, their margins white-scarious. Ray-flowers 8 or 10, fertile;
ligule cuneate-obovate, ample, on a slender glandular tube. Akenes large, obovate-
trigonous, with narrowed base and rounded summit, lightly 5-nerved, glabrous,
slightly incurved. Pappus an obscure crown, soon obsolete.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1-89

62. Achillea.1 Involucre with imbricated bracts as in the last, but campanniate or obo-

vate. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle membranaceous, like the innermost bracts of the
involucre. Kays few or several, short and broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcom-
pressed, glabrous, destitute of pappus.

* * Receptacle destitute of bracts or chaff.

t- Heads radiate, pedunculate, solitary at the summit of the branches, or sometimes corym-
bose.

63. Matricaria.2 Receptacle conical or ovoid, or rarely lower when young. Akenes 3 to

5-ribbed or nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back.
H- -i- Heads discoid.

64. Tanacetum. Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate, rarely solitary, many-flowered ;

female flowers with tubular 3 to 5-toothed corolla. Akenes 5-ribbed or 3 to 5-angular,
with broad truncate summit, bearing a coroniform pappus or none. Anther-tips
broad and mostly obtuse.

65. Artemisia. Heads paniculately disposed, few to many-flowered, small, heterogamous,

the female flowers with small and slender tubular corolla, and the hermaphrodite
either sterile or fertile ; or homogamous, with the flowers all hermaphrodite and fer-
tile. AntLer-tips slender and pointed. Akenes obovate or oblong, destitute of
pappus.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^E. Involucre mostly one or two series of equal bracts,
sometimes unequal or imbricated, with or without accessory ones at base. Leaves
usually alternate. Chiefly distinguished by the copious capillary pappus, simple in-
volucre, and naked receptacle.

* Involucre a series of soft herbaceous bracts : heads subdicecious, racemosely or corym-

bosely disposed, whitish flowered : herbs with ample mostly radical leaves.

66. Petasites. Akenes narrow, 5 to 10-costate, with elongating soft and white pappus.

* * Involucre lax (not erect-connivent), of much overlapping bracts (4 or 5), many- (at

least 20-) flowered: herbs with opposite leaves.

67. Haploesthes. Heads radiate ; flowers all fertile. Involucre short-campanulate, of

similar rather fleshy orbicular or broadly oval bracts, the outer strongly overlapping
the inner. Ligules of the rather few and short ray-flowers oval. Akenes linear, terete,
striate-costate, glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather rigid and scabrous whitish
bristles.

* * * Involucre of 4 to 6 firm and concave close and strongly overlapping bracts, 4 to 9-

flowered : shrubs, with alternate leaves.

68. Tetradymia. Heads homogamous. Involucre cylindrical to oblong. Corollas with

lanceolate or linear spreading lobes. Anthers wholly exserted. Akenes terete, short,
obscurely 5-nerved, from extremely long-villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus
of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long bristles, white or whitish.

* * * * Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts, many-

flowered : herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves.

69. Arnica. Heads conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. Involucre cam-

panulate, of several thin-herbaceous oblong-lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single

1 The Old- World genus Antkemis has a naturalized species within our range and may be
characterized as follows : —

Anthemis. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowpred, of comparatively small imbricated
bracts, the outer successively shorter. Chaffy bracts of receptacle sometimes hyaline, some-
times aristiform. Akenes terete or 4 to 10-angled or ribbed, not flattened, glabrous ; the
truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or auriculate pappus. Heads
comparatively large — See p. 198.

2 The following Old- World genus has a naturalized species within our borders : —
Chrysanthemum. Receptacle from flat to hemispherical. Akenes (at least of the disk)

5 to 10-ribbed or nerved all round. —See p. 199.

140 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

OP somewhat double series. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated
hirsute tube. Akenes linear, more or less 5 to 10-costate or angled. Pappus a single
series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to barbellate. Leaves
chiefly opposite.

70. Senecio. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous and

discoid. Corollas yellow. Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numer-
ous bristles. Leaves alternate.

Tribe IX. CYNAROIDE^. Heads homogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all
hermaphrodite, the corolla lobes long and narrow. Leaves alternate, the teeth or mar-
gins often prickly.

71. Cnicus.1 Involucre of numerous much imbricated and often prickly-tipped bracts.

Receptacle densely villous-setose. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-plumose,
connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection. Leaves more
or less prickly.

Tribe X. CICHORIACE^E. Ligule 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Receptacle
almost always plane. Herbs, mostly with milky and bitter juice, and alternate leaves.
In ours the pappus is always present and the receptacle naked.

* Pappus chaffy or partly so, or bristle-like, or plumose.

72. Krigia. Heads several to many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous,

equal. Akenes short-columnar, many-ribbed, terete or somewhat angular, with broad
truncate summit. Pappus double; outer of pointless thin scales; inner of delicate
naked bristles. Flowers yellow.

73. Steplianomeria. Heads 6 to 12-flowered, rarely 3 to 20-flowered. Involucre cylin-

draceous or oblong, of several oppressed and equal plane meinbranaceous bracts and
some short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus be-
coming imbricate. Akenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs.
Pappus a series of plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns. Flowers pink or rose
color.

74. MIcroseris. Heads several to many-flowered, on naked simple scapes or peduncles.

Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes 8 to 10-costate, with a basal callosity
which is hollowed at the insertion. Pappus simple white ; its bristles or awns naked,
with chaffy base, or plumose. Flowtrs yellow.

* * Pappus of capillary bristles, scabrous, never plumose nor chaffy.
f- Akenes not flattened : pappus deciduous, mainly all together, soft and white.

75. Malacothrix. Involucre many-flowered, either imbricated or only calyculate. Re-

ceptacle sometimes with or sometimes without delicate capillary bristles interposed
among the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and striately
5 to 15-costate, or 4 to 5-angled by the prominence of stronger ribs, with broad trun-
cate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a series of
soft and scabrous bristles, and commonly 1 to 8 outer and stronger ones which are
more persistent and smoother.

•*- -i- Akenes not flattened : pappus persistent, or bristles falling never in connection.

•H- Beak to the akenes none.

= Flowers yellow.

76. Hieracium. Involucre several to many-flowered, of narrow equal bracts and some

short calyculate ones. Akenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous, mostly 10-
ribbed or striate, either terete or 4 to 5-angular, commonly of same thickness to the
truncate top, but in several species tapering to a narrower summit. Pappus of rather

1 The following Old-World genus has a naturalized species within our range : —
Arctium. Involucre globular ; bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading above
the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of numer-
ous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous. Leaves never prickly. — See
p. 212.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 141

rigid scabrous fragile bristles, dirty or tawny, rarely white and soft. Perennials,
commonly with hispid or hirsute, or often glandular pubescence.

77. Crepis. Involucre few to many-flowered, somewhat imbricated, or more commonly a

series of equal bracts and some short calyculate ones. Akenes from columnar to
fusiform, 10 to 20-costate. Pappus of copious white and usually soft capillary bristles.
Annuals or perennials.

= = Flowers from whitish or cream-color to violet or rose-red.

78. Prenanthes. Heads 5 to 30-flowered, mostly nodding. Akenes terete or 4 to 5-angled,

commonly striate, with truncate summit. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary
bristles, in one section from whitish to ferruginous. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with
paniculate or thyrsoidly disposed heads ; leaves dilated.

79. !Lygodesmla. Heads 3 to 12-flowered, erect. Akenes terete, obscurely few-striate or

angled, commonly linear or slender-fusiform. Pnppus of copious and usually unequal
capillary bristles, either soft or rigidulous, from sordid-whitish to white. Stems
mostly rush-like and striate ; leaves narrow-linear or reduced to scales. Flowers
rose-colored.

•H- ++ Beak to the akenes distinct and slender : heads erect.

80. Troximon. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes. Invo-

lucre campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated. Akenes 10-costate or 10-
nerved, smooth, not muricate nor sculptured. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers
yellow, orange, or rarely purple.

81. Taraxacum. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple and fistulous naked

scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, a single series of nearly equal narrow
bracts, a little connate at base, and several or numerous calyculate bracts at the base.
Akenes oblong-obovate to fusiform, 4 to 5-costate or angled, muricate or spinulose,
the summit abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. Pappus soft and capillary, dull
white, no woolly ring at its base. Flowers yellow.

82. Pyrrhopappus. Heads and involucre nearly of the last, terminating scappse or

leafy steins or branches. Akenes oblong or linear-fusiform, about 5-costate or sulcate,
muriculate-rugulose, tapering abruptly into a long filiform beak. Pappus copious,
soft and capillary, fulvous or rufous, its base usually surrounded by a soft-villous
ring. Flowers yellow.

•»- -i- •*- Akenes flattened : pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles : leafy-stemmed
plants, with more or less paniculate heads.

83. iLactuca.1 Involucre cylindraceous, or in fruit somewhat conoidal, several to many-

flowered. Akeues obcompressed, and with a beak or narrowed summit, which is
more or less expanded at apex into a pappiferous disk. Pappus of bright white or
rarely sordid bristles, falling separately.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately-veined leaves, and usually purple
or rose-colored flowers, sometimes varying to white.

1. V. fasciculata, Michx. Glabrous, .or nearly so, 2 to 5 feet high:
leaves thickish, from linear to oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously spinulose-denticu-
late : heads numerous and crowded on the branches of the compound cyme : invo-
lucre (3 or 4 lines high) 20 to 30-flowered ; its bracts all obtuse, or some of
the uppermost abruptly mucronate-acute. — From Dakota to Texas within the
eastern limits of our range, and eastward to the Mississippi States.

1 The following Old-World genus has several species naturalized within our range : —
Sonchus. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy-thick-
ened at base, and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or
dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very soft and fine flaccid bristles, which fall more or
less in connection, and commonly one or more stronger ones, which fall separately.

142 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high :
leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, like those of narrowest forms of the last, but
smaller and less or obsoletely denticulate : heads few or numerous in a loose
and open corymbiform cyme, all pedunculate: involucre (4 or 5 lines high) 15
to 25-flowered ; its bracts all or mostly obtuse. — Fl. ii. 94. Plains of Ne-
braska and Arkansas to W. Texas and E. New Mexico.

2. ETJPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Herbs or shrubby, commonly with opposite leaves, mostly resinous- atoiu-
iferous and bitter ; the small heads corymbosely cymose or paniculate.
* Involucre imbricated, the outer bracts successively shorter: herbs.
•t- Heads 5 to IQ-jlowered: leaves verticillate.

1. E. purpureum, L. From pubescent to nearly glabrous: stem
simple, 3 to 9 feet high : leaves commonly 3 to 6 in a whorl, from oval-ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, reticulate-veiny, the base
narrowed into a short petiole : cymes polycephaloue, compound-corymbose
and numerous : involucre whitish and flesh-colored : flowers dull flesh-color or
purple, rarely almost white. — From the Sierra Nevada, eastward across the
continent. Known as " Joe-Pye Weed " and " Trumpet Weed." Varies
exceedingly; the commonest form being

Var. maculatum, Darl. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, often roughish-pubescent,
commonly purple, striate or sulcate : leaves somewhat rugose : inflorescence
more compact.

•H- -t- Heads W to 20-flowered : leaves opposite.

2. E. Bruneri, Gray. Minutely puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves
acutely sen-ate, ovate-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, very short-petioled : paniculate
rather slender peduncles bearing 3 or more sessile or short-peduncled heads : in-
volucre campanulate, at least 2Q-Jlowered, of comparatively few obscurely
striate obtuse bracts ; the outer oval, puberulent ; inner ones scarious and
glabrous, flesh-color : akenes glabrous. — Synopt. Fl. i. 96. Damp ground, in
the Rocky Mountains at Fort Collins, N. Colorado, Dr. Bruner.

3. E. perfoliatum, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, villous-pubescent, fasti-
giately branched above, stout : leaves lanceolate, connate-per foliate, tapering
gradually to an acuminate apex, finely and closely crenate-serrate, rugose, soft-
pubescent, or almost tomentose beneath, 4 to 8 inches long : heads small but
very numerous, in dense compound-corymbose cymes, mostly 1 Q-fiowered :
bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with slightly scarious acutish tips. —
From Dakota, within the N. E. limit of our range, to Louisiana and eastward
across the continent. Known as " Thoroughwort " and " Boneset."

* * Involucre of bracts all of the same length or nearlij so, in one or two series:
leaves opposite and petioled : shrubs.

4. E. ageratifolium, DC. Shrub 3 to 7 feet high, with slender and
spreading mostly herbaceous branches, green and nearly glabrous : leaves
deltoid-ovate, coarsely and rather obtusely dentate, 2 or 3 inches long, slender-
petioled : heads pedicelled, numerous in corymbiform cymes, 10 to 30-flowered :
involucral bracts 8 bo 12, narrowly lanceolate or linear. — E. Berlandieri, DC.
From S. Colorado to Texas.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 143

3. KUHNIA, L.

Perennials, with mostly alternate leaves, more or less sprinkled with resin-
ous atoms, usually with scattered or cymose-clustered heads of 10 to 30
whitish or at length purple flowers; pappus mostly tawny.

1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stem herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves
from oblong-lanceolate to linear, irregularly few-toothed or upper ones entire,
the lower narrowed at base and sometimes short-petioled : pubescence minute
or soft and cinereous, or hardly any : heads more or less cymose-clustered. —
From Montana to Texas and eastward to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Very variable.

Var. corymbulosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, stouter, some-
Avhat cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose : leaves rather rigid and sessile,
from oblong to lanceolate, coarsely veiny : heads rather crowded. — From
Dakota and Nebraska to Texas and eastward to the Mississippi States.

4. BRICKELLIA, Ell.

Herbs or undershrubs, with opposite or alternate veiny leaves and heads of
white, ochroleucous, or even flesh-colored flowers.

* Heads 30 to 4Q-Jlowered , % to f inch long : leaves slender-petioled, at least the
lower ones opposite : perennial herbs.

1. B. grandiflora, Nutt. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stem 2 or
3 feet high, paniculately branched : the numerous heads pauiculate-cymose
and drooping : leaves broadly or narrowly deltoid-cordate, coarsely dentate-
serrate and with an entire gradually acuminate apex, the larger 4 inches
long : bracts papery and scarious-margined when dried : pappus white,
inclined to be deciduous. — In the mountains from New Mexico and Arizona
to Montana and Oregon.

Var. minor, Gray, is a smaller form, with leaves only an inch or two long,
heads proportionally small, involucre fewer-flowered. — Clear Creek, Colo-
rado, to California in the Sierra Nevada, and Arizona.

* * Heads 9 to 25-Jlowered, not over £ inch long : leaces distinctly petioled,
mostly alternate: stems shrubby at base.

2. B. Wrightii, Gray. Usually much branched from a woody base,
2 to 4 feet high, puberulent : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate or rounded-cordate and
obtuse, more or less crenate-dentate, ^ to 1^ inches long: heads glomerate-panicu-
late, the clusters shorter than or little surpassing the subtending leaves : in-
volucre often purple. — PI. Wright, ii. 72. From Colorado and Arizona to
W. Texas.

3. B. microphylla, Gray. Glandular-puberulent or pubescent and viscid,
a foot or two high from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched ; the
short leafy branchlets terminated by 1 to 3 heads : leaves subcordate or ovate to
oblong, when old somewhat scabrous, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire,
the larger ^ inch long, those of flowering branchlets a line or two long: heads
nearly ^ inch long, about 15-flowered. — PI. Wright, i. 85. From S. W.
Colorado to California and Oregon.

144 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

5. LI A THIS, Schreb, BLAZING STAR.

Herbs, with simple virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly glo-
bose and corm-like stock, bearing spicate heads of rose-purple flowers ; the
leaves all alternate, narrow, entire, rigid, mostly glabrous.

* Pappus very plumose: heads 16 to 60-jlowered.

1. Ii. squarrosa, Willd. Pubescent or partly glabrous : stem stout, 6 to
20 inches high : leaves all linear and rigid ; the lower grass-like : heads few,
or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, the larger an inch or more
long : bracts of the involucre much imbricated, all herbaceous and acuminate,
or with foliaceous or herbaceous lanceolate rigid and somewhat pungent tips ;
these usually squarrose-spreadiug and prolonged. — Within the eastern limit
of our range and extending eastward across the continent.

Var. intermedia, DC. Heads narrow : bracts of the involucre erect or
little spreading, less prolonged. — Same range as the type, perhaps extending
a little farther west.

* * Pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye: heads 4 to G-flowered.

2. L. punctata, Hook. Stems a span to 30 inches high from a thick
and branching or sometimes globular stock, stout : leaves all narrowly linear,
as well as bracts commonly punctate, rigid : head oblong or cyliudraceous,
thickish, from \ to f inch long, mostly numerous and crowded in a dense
spike : bracts of the involucre oblong, abruptly or sometimes more gradually
cuspidate-acuminate, often lanuginous-ciliate. — On the plains from the Sas-
katchewan to Montana and southward to Texas and New Mexico.

# * * Pappus minutely barbellate, not plumose : heads 25 to 4Q-Jloivered.

3. L. scariosa, Willd. Pubescent or glabrate : stem stout, 1 to 5 feet
high : leaves spatulate- or oblong-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole, 4 to 6
inches long; upper narrowly lanceolate; uppermost small, linear, sessile:
heads racemose or spicate, few or numerous (3 to 50), about an inch high
and wide or much smaller : iuvolucral bracts broadest and rounded at sum-
mit, there either herbaceous or scarious edged and tinged with purple (rarely
white-scarious). — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent.
Extremely variable.

6. GUTIERREZIA, Lag.

Ours is a suffruticose plant, with narrow entire and alternate leaves, small
heads of yellow flowers, and pappus of ray and disk similar, consisting of
chaffy scales which vary from narrowly oblong to linear-subulate.

1. G. EuthamiaB, Torr. & Gray. Bushy, from glabrous to puberulent,
6 to 18 inches high, with mostly strict and fastigiately polycephalous branches :
leaves narrowly linear, verging to filiform : heads mostly clavate-oblong, few
to several-flowered, not over 2 lines long, some short-pedunculate, others 3 to 5
in a glomerule : flowers of disk and ray not numerous : akenes sericeous-
pubescent. — From the Saskatchewan and Montana to New Mexico and
California.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 145

7. GRINDELIA, Willd. GUM-PLANT.

Herbs of coarse habit; with sessile or partly clasping and usually ser-
rate rigid leaves, and rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches ; the narrow rays numerous, occasionally wanting. Heads more or
less viscid, especially before blooming, but the herbage glabrous (in ours).

* Akenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not toothed: pappus-awns

2 or 3.

1. G. squarrosa, Dunal. Commonly only a foot or two high and
branched from the base : leaves rigid ; cauline from spatulate- to linear-oblong
and with half-clasping base, acutely and often spinulosely serrate or denticu-
late ; sometimes radical and even cauline laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre strongly
squarrose with the spreading and recurving short-filiform tips of the bracts :
outer akenes commonly corky-thickened and with broad truncate summit,
those toward the centre narrower and thinner-walled. — On the plains, from
the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward to the Sierra Nevada.

Var. nuda, Gray. Rays wanting. — With the radiate form in Colorado
and New Mexico.

* # Akenes narrow, excisely truncate or bidentate at summit : pappus awns
mostly 2.

2. G. nan a, Nutt. Rather low and slender, 6 to 30 inches high, the
larger plants corymbosely and freely branched above : leaves thinnish, lanceo-
late and linear, or the lower spatulate, entire or spinulose serrate : heads
small : bracts of the involucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips,
as in the last : rays 16 to 30. — From N. W. Wyoming to Oregon and Wash-
ington Territory ; replacing G. squarrosa in the Northwest.

8. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

Herbs, with pubescence from hispid to silky, leaves entire or few-toothed,
yellow flowers in middle-sized heads terminating the stem and branches.
Our single species includes a multitude of forms, the more marked of which
are given as varieties.

1. C. villosa, Nutt. A foot or two high : leaves from oblong to lanceo-
late, rarely few-toothed, usually cinereous or canescently strigose or hirsute
and sparsely hispid along the margins and midrib, an inch or two long : heads
mostly terminating leafy branches, sometimes rather clustered, naked at base
or leafy- bracteate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high ; its bracts com-
monly strigulose-canescent, sometimes almost smooth, acute : akenes oblong-
obovate, villous : outer pappus of chaffy bristles. — On open ground from
the Saskatchewan to Alabama and westward across the continent.

Var. hispida, Gray. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid pubescence,
not canescent : heads particularly small : involucre not canescent, sometimes
glabrous. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Saskatchewan to W. Texas and
Arizona.

Var. discoidea, Gray. Heads destitute of rays : involucre somewhat
canescent : otherwise nearly as the last. — Synopt. Fl. i. 123. Canons, W. Mon-
tana, Watson.

10

146 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Var. foliosa, Eaton. Canescent with appressed sericeous pubescence,
mostly soft and destitute of hispid bristles ; but stem often hirsute or villous :
leaves short, oblong or elliptical : heads small, rather numerous and clustered.
— Bot. King Exp. 164. Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and Arizona.

Var Kutteri, Rothrock. Most like the preceding, equally sericeous-
canescent with usually longer soft hairs : heads of double the size, fully
£ inch high and wide, solitary or few in a cluster, foliose-bracteate : rays 30
to 40, £ inch long. — Wheeler Rep. vi. 142. S. Arizona ; also Colorado, where
the leaves are slightly canescent.

9. APLOPAPPUS, Cass.

A large and polymorphous genus ; mostly herbaceous, some suff ruticose :
the flowers all yellow, and occasionally rayless, thus making them undistin-
guishable from the following genus.
* Involucre ofjirm well-imbricated or rigid bracts: rays numerous, several, or

wanting : pappus commonly fuscous or rufous, and more or less rigid.
4- Heads rayless: akenes senceous-canescent : leaves coriaceous, dentate.

1. A. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous from a woody stock, a span
to a foot high : leaves from spatulate-oblong to almost lanceolate : heads few
terminating the branches, one third inch high : involucre hemispherical ; the
bracts with slightly spreading greenish tips. — From New Mexico and
Arizona to Idaho and the Saskatchewan.

4- 4- Heads conspicuous! 'y radiate, large and showy: rays very numerous, J to

1 inch long : akenes wholly glabrous : leaves coriaceous, entire.
4H- Stems equably and very leafy up to the sessile or subsessile heads.

2. A. Fremonti, Gray. A foot or less high, simple or fastigiately
branched above : leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, obscurely 3 to 5-nerved ;
lower narrowed and upper partly clasping at base: involucre (inch or less
high) broadly campanulate ; its bracts broadly lanceolate, conspicuously and
often cuspidately acuminate : rays £ inch long : akenes obovate, striate-nerved,
almost as long as the rigid pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Colorado.

Var. "Wardi, Gray. Dwarf: fascicled stems only a span high: leaves
proportionally small, linear-lanceolate, destitute of lateral nerves: heads
one-half smaller, 2 or 3 in a terminal glomerule : akenes double the length
of the scanty pappus. — Synopt. Fl. i. 128. Wyoming, L. F. Ward.
4H- 4-v Stems simple, above with decreasing or sparse leaves and solitary or few

naked and usually pedunculate heads, at base a tuft of ample lanceolate- or

spatulate-oblong radical leaves.

3. A. CFOCeus, Gray. Stem stout and erect, commonly a foot or two
high, and with radical leaves afoot or less long (including the petiole) : cauliue
leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, partly clasping : head mostly solitary : invo-
lucre a fall inch in diameter ; its bracts ovate to spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, lax,
inner with scarious erose-denticulate margins : rays saffron-yellow, sometimes
inch long : akenes narrowly oblong, nearly the length of the pappus. — Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Mountains of Colorado.

4. A. integrifollUS, T. C. Porter. Stems several from the caudex,
ascending, a foot or less high : radical leaves 3 to 8 inches (including short

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 147

petiole or taperiug base); cauline lanceolate, or small uppermost linear:
heads solitary or 2 or 3 in axils, smaller than in foregoing : iuvolucral bracts
narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, some loose outer ones usually equalling the
disk and more foliaceous : rays bright yellow, half-inch long : immature akeues
oblong. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Mountain meadows, Wyoming,
and Montana.

1- -t- -t- Heads conspicuously radiate, smaller : rays ^ to barely \ inch long :

akenes silky pubescent or villous.

•w Mostly simple stems with a tuft of radical leaves : leaves coriaceous, entire or ^
spinulose-serrate, the cauline diminished upwards: rays 20 to 50: pappus
pale, rather soft and fine.

5. A. uniflorus, Torr. & Gray. Stems a span to barely a foot high,
ascending or erect, sometimes 5 to ^-leaved, sometimes rather scapiform or upper
leaves reduced and bract-like, bearing a solitary head, rarely one or two from
lower axils : leaves lanceolate or sometimes broader ; radical 2 or 3 inches
long and usually petioled : involucre commonly 4 inch high and the linear or
oblong-linear bracts all of same length, rather loose, outer all foliaceous. — A. uni-
florus & A. inuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 241. From the Saskatchewan to
Montana, Utah, and Colorado.

6. A. lanceolatUS, Torr. & Gray. Habit of the preceding: stems gen-
erally more leafy and bearing 3 to 15 heads; these when few subcorymbose,
when more numerous racemosely or paniculately disposed : involucre in the
type fully ^ inch high ; its bracts rather closely imbricated in 3 or 4 unequal
series, lanceolate, acutish, with short green tips and whitish coriaceous base ;
outer successively shorter, occasionally some of them longer and more herba-
ceous.— Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 160. From the Saskatchewan to British
Columbia and N. Nevada.

Var. Vaseyi, Parry. Heads a third or quite half smaller, disposed to
be racemose and involucre closer. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, Utah, and
Colorado.

•w- -M- Very dwarf from a multicipital caudex, leafy up to the small heads : leaves
all narrow and entire : rays 7 to 10 : pappus scanty, somewhat fulvous.

7. A. multicaulis, Gray. Very dwarf, tufted, tomentulose, but early
glabrate and smooth : stems 1 to 3 inches high from a ligneous caudex, simple
or forked, bearing 3 or 4 leaves and few heads : leaves narrowly linear, or the
lowest obscurely spatulate, an inch long : bracts of the involucre large and
rather few (9 to 14), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate,
marked with a green spot below the slender cusp, or the outermost with a
larger foliaceous tip. — Am. Nat. viii. 213. On rocks, mountains of N. W.
Wyoming.

•<-(• -w- -M- Branching and leafy : leaves not rigid, dentate or pinnatifid, the teeth
and tips bristle-tipped: rays conspicuous, 15 to 30: pappus rather rigid, its
bristles very unequal in size and strength.

8. A. rubiginosus, Torr. £ Gray. One to three feet high, viscid-glan-
dular and pubescent: leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, incisely pinnatifid or
dentate with salient narrow teeth : heads somewhat cymosely paniculate, 5 or 6
lines high, usually naked pedunculate : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate,

148 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

with slender spreading green tips: rays deep golden-yellow. — Fl. ii. 240. From
S. Texas to the plains of Colorado as far as the mountains.

9. A. spinulosus, DC. Canescently puberulent or glabrate : stems a span
to a foot high, cymosely branching at summit: leaves pinnately and the lower
o/len bipinnately parted into rather numerous lobes ; lobes and teeth, as well as
oppressed involucral bracts setaceous-tipped, — Plains, from the Saskatchewan to
Texas and westward to Dakota, Colorado, and Arizona.

# # Bracts of the involucre from ovate to lanceolate or even linear, not rigid, all
of equal or about equal length : rays several or numerous : pappus soft and
white or whitish: leaves all entire.

•»- Heads cymose or glomerate at the summit of a leafy stem : involucre campanu-
late: rays 12 to 20, small and narrow: alcenes short and glabrous or nearly so.

10. A. Parryi, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, puberulent, and some-
what viscid above: stems 6 to 18 inches high: leaves oblong-obovate and
spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, 2 to 4 inches long : heads
nearly ^ inch high, rather numerous : involucral bracts oblong, obtuse, pale,
and in about three moderately unequal ranks: flowers pale yellow. — Am.
Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 10. Mountains of Colorado to the Wahsatch.

•t— -i- Dwarf: heads solitary, terminating simple st<ms or branches: rays

conspicuous.

•w- Wholly herbaceous, chiefly alpine, disposed to be cespitose, a span or less in

height: leaves soft, not persistent : involucre hemispherical: rays 15 to 20.

= Green, not woolly, mostly equably leafy up to the head.

11. A. pygmaJUS, Gray. Less than a span high, soft-pubescent or gla-
brate, not viscid nor glandular : leaves from linear-spatulate to spatulate-
oblong : involucral bracts oblong, outer ones foliaceous and loose, very obtuse,
equalling the thinner innermost : akenes pubescent. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii.
239. Alpine region of Colorado mountains.

12. A. Lyalli, Gray. Rather taller, larger-leaved, viscid-puberulent:
leaves obovate-spatulate to oblanceolate : involucre glandular ; its bracts lanceo-
late, acute, sometimes 2 or 3 outermost oblong and more foliaceous : akenes
and ovaries glabrous or nearly so. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 64. Alpine
region of Colorado mountains ; also in Montana, Oregon, and northward.

= = Woolly or tomentose, at least the involucre, above less leafy, or head
pedunculate.

13. A. lanuginosus, Gray. Fully a span high from creeping root-
stocks, floccose-tomentose : leaves soft, narrowly spatulate or upper linear, an
inch or two long ; the sparse uppermost almost filiform : bracts lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, thin, nearly equal, in two series, outer barely greenish :
akenes sericeous-canescent. — Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. From Montana,
Watson, to the mountains of Washington Territory.

*+ +•*• Depressed-cespitose from a multicipital woody caudex, glabrous or puberu-
lent : leaves rigid and persistent, crowded on the crowns of the caudex or on
short shoots, a few on the scapiform flowering stems : rays 6 to 15: akenes
canescently villous.

14. A. acaulis, Gray. Leaves from spatulate to oblanceolate or linear,
mucronate, more or less 3-nerved and the broader ones veiny, commonly sea-

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 149

brous : scapiform flowering stems an inch to a span high, mostly monocepha-
lous : brads of the involucre from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mucronately acute or
acuminate, destitute of greenish tips; the outer a little shorter than the inner.
— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353. In the mountains from the Saskatchewan to
California and Oregon.

Var. glabratus, Eaton. Glabrous and smooth or nearly so : flowering
stems disposed to be leafy above and to branch, so bearing 2 or 3 heads. —
Bot. King Exp. 161. Wyoming to Nevada and Arizona.

15. A. armerioides, Gray. Smooth and glabrous : flowering stems
naked above for 1 to 3 inches, sometimes nearly scapiform : bracts of the
campanulate involucre broadly oval, rounded-obtuse or retuse, muticous, of about
three lengths ; the outermost much shorter, most of them greenish at apex. —
Kocks on mountains, from Wyoming to New Mexico and S. Utah.

# * * Heads mostly solitary, terminating leafy branches: involucre of lanceolate

or linear bracts in few ranks and of somewhat equal length ; outer with con-
spicuous leaf ;/ tips, or loose and foliaceous, passing into leaves : rays few and
conspicuous, or wanting : pappus soft and slender : low and many-stemmed
from a suffrutescent base : leaves soft, spatulate-oblong to broadly linear, ses-
sile, entire.

16. A. SUflruticOSUS, Gray. Destitute oftomentum: stems glandular-
pubescent or puberulent : heads £ to f inch high : rays 2 to 5 and somewhat
exserted, or none : disk-flowers 10 to 30. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 542. Alpine
or subalpine, from California to Oregon and N. Wyoming.

17. A. Macronema, Gray. Stems stouter, whitened by a dense and
close tomentum : head commonly larger, one inch long : rays always wanting. —
Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, and westward.

10. BIGELOVIA, DC. RATLESS GOLDEN-ROD.

Mostly suffrutescent or more shrubby plants, generally few-flowered, but
grading easily into both Solidago and Aplopappus. Includes Linosyris.

# Heads comparatively large, at least £ inch long, but narrow, 5 to 2Q-Jlowered :

bracts of the involucre chartaceous and acuminate, some of the outer prolonged
into a slender herbaceous tip ; when numerous the vertical ranks are more or
less apparent: low and suffrutescent, with linear entire leaves, not punctate
nor viscid.

H- Style-appendages conspicuously exserted: akenes pubescent: stems and
branches whitened (at least when young) by a close tomentum.

1. B. Parry i, Gray. Stems rather strict, leafy to the summit: leaves
linear, 2 or 3 inches long, 2 lines or less wide, obscurely 3-nerved, glabrous ;
upper ones hardly diminished in size and overtopping all the heads of the
strict and narrow thyrsiform-virgate panicle: heads 10 to 1 5- flowered : bracts of
the involucre about 12. — Parks of the Colorado mountains.

2. B. Howard!, Gray. Low, rather tufted, canescently tomentulose
when young : leaves narrowly linear, rigid, an inch or two long, barely a line
wide, obscurely \-nerved; upper mostly overtopping the glomerate narrow
heads: involucre 5-flowered ; its bracts 15 to 18. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641.
Parks of the Colorado mountains to New Mexico and Utah.

150 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

•»- -i- Style-appendages hardly exserted : akenes glabrous: involucre 15 to 20-
Jiowered : herbage glabrous throughout.

3. B. Engelmanni, Gray. A span or two high, in tufts from a sub-
terranean branching caudex : stems simple, very leafy up to the cymose-
glomerate heads : leaves all narrowly linear, an inch or two long, only a
line wide, rigid : bracts of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed,
outer similar but short, all abruptly mucronate or short-cuspidate, slightly
greenish below the tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75. Plains of Colorado at
Hugo Station.

* * Heads narrow or small, 5-fiowered, mostly numerous and crowded : involucre
of dry chartaceous more or less keeled bracts imbricated so as to form 5 con-
spicuous vertical ranks : shrubby and branching, with narrow entire leaves.

+- Akenes and ovaries glabrous, 4 to 6-angled : pappus rigidulous : bracts of the
involucre acute or acuminate, numerous and strictly 5-ranked, 5 or 6 in each
vertical rank : herbage not punctate, slightly or not at all resinous.

4. B. depressa, Gray. Obscurely puberulent and pale, a span or two high
from a decumbent woody base : branches leafy up to the glomerule or fas-
ciculate cyme of few heads : leaves short, about ^ inch or less long, lanceolate
or lowest rather spatulate, rigid, mucronate-acute, with carinate midrib and no
veins : heads £ inch long : involucral bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate
into an almost setaceous tip. — Plains of S. Colorado to New Mexico and S.
Utah.

5. B. pulchella, Gray. Glabrous and green, shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high,
fastigiately much branched, very leafy up to fastigiate-cymose heads : leaves
narrowly linear, plane, an inch or less long, rather obtuse, with ciliolate-scabrous
margins and midrib not prominent : heads f to £ inch long : involucral bracts
rigid-chartaceous, much carinate, acute and cuspidate-mucronate. — W. Texas
to New Mexico and Colorado.

6. B. Bigelovii, Gray. Canescent with fine close tomentum when young,
glabrate, shrubby, a foot to a yard high, fastigiately much branched, rigid :
branches less leafy, bearing a few fastigiate-clustered heads, ^ to § inch high :
leaves nearly filiform : involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, thinnish, all pale. —
N. New Mexico and adjacent Colorado.

•i- H- Akenes canescently pubescent or villous : herbage commonly graveolent and

mostly becoming more or less resinous or viscid.

•*-*• Leaves numerous, filiform : involucral bracts 3 in each vertical rank, mostly
with small subulate spreading or recurving tips.

7. B. Greenei, Gray. Suffruticose, about a foot high, green and gla-
brous, more or less balsamic-viscid : leaves very numerous on the branches,
filiform-acerose, but flat, and margins minutely scabrous: heads numerous
and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75. Colo-
rado, on the Huerfano Plains and near Twin Lakes ; also in Utah.

•w- ++ Leaves numerous, from filiform-linear to broadly linear or lanceolate : bracts
of the involucre obtuse or somewhat acute.

8. B. graveolens, Gray. A foot to a yard or more high, bearing nu-
merous crowded heads : these ^ or § inch high : leaves mostly fiocculent-tomen-
tose when young, often glabrate in age, not rigid ; the larger spatulate-linear, or

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 151

linear-lanceolate, 2 inches long and 2 lines wide, obscurely if at all 3-nerved ;
the narrowest almost filiform, at least when dry, and margins involute : invo-
lucre thin-chartaceous when dry : corolla-lobes or teeth short, from lanceolate
to nearly ovate : akenes linear : pappus sojl. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644.
From New Mexico and S. California to Dakota and British Columbia. An
exceedingly polymorphous species, the following varieties representing the
principal forms within our range.

Var. glabrata, Gray. Includes forms with the usually narrow leaves
early glabrate or perhaps glabrous from the first, sometimes balsamic, some-
times not. — Not rare in Colorado, where even the branches sometimes early
lose their light tomentum.

Var. albicaulis, Gray. Branches for the most part permanently and
very densely white-tomentose and leaves floccose-tomentose : involucre either
tomentulose or glabrate ; its bracts commonly acutish : corolla-lobes more or
less lanceolate and the tube villous-pubescent. — Mountains of Wyoming to
British Columbia ; also in California.

Var. latisquamea, Gray. Rather stout, white-tomentose or partly gla-
brate : heads numerous in the corymbiform cymes : bracts of the glabrous
involucre mostly elliptical-oblong, very obtuse : lobes or teeth of the corolla
short, someAvhat lanceolate, the tube glabrous. — S. E. Colorado to New
Mexico and S. Utah.

9. B. Dotlglasii, Gray. Green, no tomentum: from 6 inches to 6 feet
}\']gh,fastigiately branched, sometimes resinous-viscid, often slightly or not at all
so: leaves from very narrowly linear or almost filiform (but plane) to lanceo-
late-oblong, mostly 3-nerved : heads few or numerous and fasti giate-cymose :
bracts of the involucre comparatively few, only 2 to 4 in each vertical rank,
from broadly to linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, Jirm-chartaceous : pappus
rigiduJous. — From Dakota to Washington Territory and southward into
California and New Mexico. Very variable, with the following principal
forms.

Var. pumila, Gray. A dwarf northern and mountain state, a span or
two high, glabrous or minutely puberulent and disposed to be viscidulous ; the
simple branches bearing very few heads in a close cluster : outer involucral
bracts either somewhat greenish-tipped or passing into bract-like leaves. — N.
Montana to Washington Territory and mountains of Utah.

Var. serrulata, Gray. Taller : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, ser-
rulate-ciliolate, sometimes scabrous and rigid. — Common through the whole
dry interior region.

Var. tortifolia, Gray. Leaves twisted : otherwise like the preceding. —
Plains of Colorado to California.

Var. lanceolata, Gray. Low, but bearing compact cymes of numerous
(5 to 7-flowered) heads: leaves short, lanceolate or broadly linear, puberu-
leut. — Synopt. Fl. i. 140.

H- t- •(- Akenes and ovaries glabrous, nearly terete : bracts of the involucre
rounded-obtuse : suffrutescent, green and glabrous.

10. B. Vaseyi, Gray. A span or two high, somewhat balsamic-viscid,
leafy up to the fastigiate-cymose cluster of heads : leaves linear or spatulate-
linear, obtuse, plane : involucre 3 or 4 lines long ; its bracts narrowly oblong,

152 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

firm-chartaceous, and all but innermost with a thickened greenish spot at
the very obtuse apex : pappus fine and soft, rather short. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xii. 58. Colorado mountains, in Middle Park and Gunnison Valley ; also in
Utah.

* * * Heads several to many-flowered : bracts of the involucre coriaceous, and

usually somewhat herbaceous or thickened at the obtuse apex, all strictly ap-
pressed and imbricated, but the vertical ranks inconspicuous : akenes pubescent :
leaves linear, entire or sparingly dentate : herbaceous down to the suffrutescent
base.

11. B. pluriflora, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear, entire: heads 15 to 18-
flowered, 4 lines high : involucre somewhat turbinate, very smooth ; its thinnish
bracts lanceolate, acute: otherwise like the next, of which it is probably a
form. — Colorado ? probably on the Arkansas or South Fork of the Platte,
James in Long's expedition.

12. B. Wrightii, Gray. Commonly glabrous or nearly so : stems rather
strict and slender, a foot or two high : leaves thickish, narrowly linear, entire,
sometimes lower ones sparingly laciniate-dentate, margins either smooth or spar-
ingly scabrous: heads (4 or 5 lines high) 7 to \5-Jlowered, usually numerous
and crowded in a corymbiform cyme : bracts of the involucre oval-oblong to
broadly lanceolate, obtuse ; the back at or near the apex usually greenish. —
W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona.

Var. hirtella, Gray. Leaves cinereous-hirtellous or hirsute-pubescent and
roughish, but often glabrate in age or only ciliolate : stems sometimes pubes-
cent. — Synopt. Fl. i. 142. Same range.

11. SO LID AGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Herbs, with mostly strict stems, entire or serrate alternate leaves, the cau-
line sessile or nearlv so, the radical tapering into margined petioles : the small
heads thyrsoid-glomerate, or sometimes cymose, or more commonly in raceme-
like secund clusters : flowers yellow.

§ 1. Receptacle honeycombed: rays generally fewer or not more numerous than
disk-flowers. — VIRGAUREA.

* Heads mostly large, 4 to 6 lines long, many-flowered, collected in thyrsoidal in-

florescence which is not at all secund nor raceme-like: rays 6 to 14: akenes

pubescent: leaves veiny from a simple midrib, mostly bright green : stems low.
Ours are mountain or high-latitude forms.

1. S. multiradiata, Ait. Villous-pubescent above or glabrate: leaves
minutely and sparingly serrate above, sometimes entire ; cauline spatulate to
lanceolate, all tapering gradually to the base, or the radical into a slender mar-
gined petiole : heads generally few and glomerate in a single terminal roundish
or oblong compact cluster, occasionally with one or two looser axillary clusters
or branches : brads of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, acute : rays numerous
and narrow. — S. Virgaurea, var. multiradiata, Torr. £ Gray. Across the con-
tinent in high latitudes and extending southward along the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado and New Mexico, where the usual form is

Var. SCOpulorum, Gray. More glabrous, 3 to 18 inches high, commonly
strict: heads when numerous in a more open or compound cluster, mostly

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 153

smaller : bracts of the involucre closer, shorter, aiicl merely acute. — Proc.
Am. Acacl. xvii. 187.

2. S. humilis, Pursh. Glabrous, disposed to be glutinous, bright green :
stems strict, leafy : upper leaves lanceolate to nearly linear, entire ; lower and
radical becoming spatulate with long attenuate base, sparingly appressed-ser-
rate above the middle : heads rather crowded in a narrow racemiform paniculate
simple or sparingly branched thyrsus : bracts of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse.
— S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray, Man. In the mountains of New Mexico
and Colorado, and extending northward to the British possessions, where it
ranges eastward across the continent.

Var. nana, Gray. A high alpine form, 2 to 5 inches high, with spatulate
to obovate leaves, and few heads in a close glomerule, or more numerous in a
spike-like thyrsus. — Synopt. Fl. i. 148. S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 389. S. Virgaurea, var. alpina, of Fl. Colorado and Wheeler's
Report. High mountains of Colorado and in the Cascades.

# * Heads smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4) lines long, not in a terminal cyme, but in
paniculate or raceme-like clusters, ivhich when well developed are collected in a
terminal compound panicle or panicles; when the clusters are raceme-like and
spreading they are apt to be secund: stems branching only at summit.

-*- Neither alpine, canescently pubescent, nor the leaves triple-ribbed : leaves entire

or little serrate.

3. S. spectabilis, Gray. A foot or two high: heads numerous and
crowded in a narrow or compound and broader thyrsus : cauline leaves lanceo-
late, or the small uppermost becoming linear, acute ; lower and radical spatu-
late-lanceolate or oblong, acutish or obtuse, often an inch wide and obscurely
triple-ribbed ; radical rarely with a few serratures : iuvolucral bracts lanceolate
or broader, mostly obtuse: rays 8 to 15, small: akenes pubescent. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 193. S. Guiradonis, var. spectabilis, Eaton. From the Eastern
slopes of the "Front Range" in Colorado to western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada.

4. S. speciosa, Nutt. Commonly 3 to 6 feet high and robust : leaves
thicker and generally ample, oval or oblong, rather abruptly narrowed into a
sessile base, or the larger into a winged petiole, often 4 to 6 inches long and
2 or 3 wide ; uppermost small and lanceolate or oblong ; primary veins spread-
ing and obscure : thyrsus narrow, composed of numerous short or rarely elon-
gated spiciform clusters, rigid, rather showy: heads 3 or 4 lines long: bracts of
the well-imbricated involucre of firm texture, narrowly oblong, very obtuse,
and with a greenish midnerve : rays conspicuous, 5 or 6 : akenes glabrous or
nearly so. — Hardly extending into our range, but represented at its eastern
border by the

Var. rigidiuscula, Torr. & Gray, which is not so tall, has smaller leaves,
the lower being spatulate or oblanceolate and only 2 to 4 inches long and
hardly an inch wide, the upper more rigid and rougher-edged, and the thyrsus
more simple.

•«- •*- Leaves more or less triple-ribbed, or with a pair of lateral veins continued

parallel to the midrib.
•*-«• Smooth and glabrous, at least as to the stem and bright green leaves : injlores-

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

cence when developed of naked and secund commonly recurving raceme-like
clusters collected in a terminal panicle.

5. S. MissotiriensiS, Nutt. Low or middle-sized : leaves thicJcish, with
scabrous margins, mostly tapering to both ends, and the serratures ichen pres-
ent sharp and rigid; lower spatulate-lanceolate, larger 4 to 6 inches long;
upper mostly linear and entire, acute ; sometimes all entire : racemiform clus-
ters approximated in a short and broad panicle, recurving in age : rays 6 to
13, small: bracts of the involucre mostly ovate. — From the eastern slopes of the
mountains to the Mississippi Valley States.

Var. montana, Gray. Dwarf, 6 to 15 inches high : leaves entire or with
few small serratures ; cauline obscurely triplinerved, an inch or two long :
panicle small and compact, at most 2 or 3 inches long ; its clusters short,
crowded, seldom recurved or much secund. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195.
From Idaho to Dakota and the Saskatchewan.

Var. extraria, Gray. A foot or two high, robust : leaves broader, the
largest sometimes an inch wide, sparingly serrate or entire : heads rather
larger: rays more conspicuous. — Loc. cit. Dry ground, in the mountains,
Colorado to S. Arizona.

6. S. S0rotina, Ait. Stem stouter and taller, 2 to 7 feet high, very smooth
Up to or near the ample panicle, which is sometimes more or less hairy : leaves
thinner, lanceolate or broader, sharply and saliently serrate: rays 7 to 14, mod-
erately large and conspicuous : bracts of the involucre broadly linear. — From
Oregon to Texas and eastward.

+•* •!-* Minutely pubescent or qlabrate, not cinereous or scabrous: leaves thinnish, the
lateral ribs generally obscure : panicle mostly erect and thyrsiform ; heads little
if at all secund: rays 12 to 18, small.

7. S. elongata, Nutt One to three feet high : leaves lanceolate to oblong,
3 or 4 inches long, very sharply and mostly coarsely serrate : thyrsus rather
compact, 3 to 8 inches long, its branches occasionally spreading : bracts of the
involucre linear, acutish or obtuse. — From California to British Columbia
and eastward to Montana.

•w. *+ *+ Pubescent (at least the stem), either hirsutely or canescently: branches of
the panicle ivhen well developed secund.

= Leaves tapering gradually to an acute or acuminate point, generally thin or
thinnish: panicle open, of naked and secund mostly recurving racemiform clus-
ters : bracts of the involucre narrow and thin : rays small and short.

8. S. Canadensis, L. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, from scabrous-puberulent
to hirsute : leaves mostly lanceolate, puberulent, pubescent, or nearly glabrous,
sharply serrate or the upper entire, veiny, and with lateral ribs prolonged par-
allel to the midrib : heads small, ordinarily only 2 lines long : bracts of the
involucre small and pale, narrowly linear, acutish or obtuse : rays 9 to 16,
more numerous than the disk-flowers. — From Arizona to British Columbia
and eastward across the continent.

Var. procera, Torr. & Gray. Leaves less serrate or the upper entire, at
least the lower face and upper portion of the stem cinereous-pubescent with
very short and fine pubescence : inflorescence less open or the branches ascend-
ing in less developed or cultivated plants : heads sometimes larger. — From
Idaho to Texas and the Saskatchewan.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 155

= = Leaves obtuse or abruptly apiculate, firm or coriaceous : pubescence all close :
panicle mostly naked and compact : bracts of the involucre broadish and obtuse,
of firm texture: rays fewer and larger, golden yellow.

9. S. nemoralis, Ait. Mostly low, with fine close soft or (in age) sca-
brous pubescence : leaves from spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate or linear ;
radical and lower cauline sparingly serrate : thyrsus and its compact racemiform
clusters secund, commonly recurved-spreading : bracts of the involucre oblong-
linear or narrower, obtuse: rays 5 to 9. — From Arizona to Nevada and east-
ward across the continent.

Var. incana, Gray. Dwarf, span to a foot high : leaves oval or oblong,
rigid, canescent, sometimes strongly serrate and sometimes mostly entire:
racemiform clusters erect or the lower spreading, collected in a dense oblong
or conical thyrsus. — From the mountains of Colorado and Montana to
Dakota and Minnesota.

10. S. nan a, Nutt. A span to a foot high, canescent with minute dense
puberulence, not scabrous in age : leaves mostly obovate or spatulate and entire,
small : heads broad, few or rather numerous in an oblong or corymbiform pani-
cle, not at all secund : bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse : other-
wise nearly as S. nemoralis. — S. pumila, of FI. Colorado. From Wyoming
to N. Arizona and Nevada.

* * * Heads in a compact and corymbiform thyrsus or cyme : radical leaves

mostly long-petioled and with prominent midrib.
H- Leaves not 3-nerved or smooth: heads over 30-Jlowered: rays 7 to 10, rather

11. S. rigida, L. Somewhat cinereous with a short and dense, either soft
or scabrous pubescence : stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves rigid, obscurely
serrate or entire ; radical and lowest cauline oval or oblong, rounded at both
ends or acute at base, 3 to 7 inches long; upper cauline ovate-oblong, gradu-
ally smaller upward, with slightly clasping or decurrent base : clusters dense :
heads campanulate : involucral bracts broad : akenes turgid, 12 to 15-nerved.
— From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward.

•»- -t- Leaves rigid, 3-nerved, smooth and glabrous : heads 5 to 8-JJowered : rays 1

to 3, short.

12. S. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, a span or more high, many-
stemmed from a woody cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout, punctate,
somewhat resinous : radical leaves 2 or 3 inches long : cyme glomerate-fas-
tigiate : heads narrowly oblong : involucral bracts rigid, somewhat carinate,
and with small green tips : mature akenes flattish and 5-nerved. — From Texas
through S. Colorado to Nevada and Idaho.

§ 2. Receptacle fimbrillate or pilose: rays very small, almost always more numer-
ous than the disk-flowers and never surpassing them in hzight : heads glomer-
ately and fasciculately cymose, small : leaves very numerous, all linear, entire,
1 to 5-nerved, sessile : akenes villous-pubescent.

13. S. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches termi-
nated by small clusters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves usually 3-nerved,
glabrous and smooth even on the midrib, and margins obscurely scabrous : bracts

156 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

of the involucre rather narrow: rays 16 to 20: disk-flowers 8 to 14. — Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 226. From New Mexico to Montana and westward.

14. S. lanceolata, L. Comparatively low, cymosely much branched above
and flat-topped, heads mostly glomerate-sessile: leaves lanceolate-linear, dis-
tinctly 3-nerved and the larger with an additional outer pair of more delicate
nerves, minutely scabrous-pubescent on the nerves beneath: outer bracts of the
involucre ovate or oblong: rays 15 to 20: disk-flowers 8 to 12. — From Mon-
tana to Canada and Georgia.

12. TOWNSENDIA, Hook.

Depressed or low many-stemmed herbs of the Rocky Mountains : entire
leaves from linear to spatulate : heads comparatively large, the numerous rays
from violet or rose-purple to white: akene commonly beset with hairs which
are forked or glochidiate-capitellate (i. e. bidentate at apex and the two lobes
recurved or re volute, thus appearing minutely capitate).

* Bracts of the involucre conspicuously attenuate-acuminate : head large : involu-
cre £ inch or more high, and rays £ inch long.

•t- Caulescent, somewhat hirsute-pubescent, but the foliage at length glabrate : invo-
lucre naked; its bracts from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate : rays showy, bright
blue or violet.

1. T. eximia, Gray. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branching, 6 to 14
inches high : leaves spatulate or the upper lanceolate : head sparingly leafy-
bracted or naked at base : involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate and somewhat
rigidlt/ cuspidate-acuminate, whitish-scarious with green centre : akenes broadly
obovate, almost cartilaginous, glabrate, sprinkled with a few short and obscure
glochidiate-tipped hairs : pappus wholly persistent, of 2 subulate at length cor-
neous stout awns which are rather shorter than the akene, and a circle of rigid
scales. — PI. Fendl. 70. Mountain sides, New Mexico and Colorado.

2. T. grandiflora, Nutt. Stems spreading from the base, sometimes
divergently branched above, a span or two high : upper leaves often linear,
2 or more uppermost subtending the head : involucre nearly of the preceding :
akenes narrowly obovate, sprinkled with glochidiate-capitellate hairs: pappus in
the ray reduced to a crown of short scales, and of the disk plurisctose and
longer than the akene. — Plains and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to New
Mexico.

3. T. Parryi, Eaton. Stems erect, simple, stout, naked and pedunculiform
above, 2 to 6 inches high: leaves mostly spatulate : bracts of the very broad
involucre lanceolate, thinner, with softer and less attenuate tips, or the outer
barely acuminate : akenes narrowly obovate, canescently pubescent, the hairs acute
and simple or many of them 1 to 2-dentate at tip : pappus of the ray plurisetose
like that of the disk, or somewhat more scanty. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212.
Wyoming, Montana, and E. Idaho.

Var. alpina, Gray. A dwarf and alpine form, more pubescent and cine-
rous : leaves very small, at most £ inch long : flowering stem about the same
length or hardly any : involucral bracts less pointed : " rays pink." — Proc.
Am. Acad. xvi. 83. Wyoming on the high divide between the Stinking Water
and the Yellowstone, Parry.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 157

and monocephalous.

4. T. COndensata, Parry. Very lanuginous with long and soft arach-
noid hairs, the spatulate-obovate leaves rosulate-crowded around the large and
broad sessile head, the whole forming a globular or hemispherical woolly tuft,
an inch and a half high and surmounting a slender stolouiform caudex : bracts
of the involucre linear and soft, with a weak attenuate apex, all nearly equal
in length : rays 100 or more, narrow: pappus of ray and disk plurisetose and
long. —Am. Nat. viii. 213. Wyoming, on a high alpine peak of the Owl
Creek range, J. D. Putnam.

* * Bracts of the involucre not prominently if at all acuminate : heads mostly
smaller or narrower : pappus of the disk and often of the ray plurisetose.

•*- Hairs on the akene mostly copious and slender, simple or bifid, the lobes ascend-
ing or merely spreading : heads middle-sized, more or less naked-pedunculate :
the pink or rarely white rays and the involucre each from J to % inch long.

5. T. florifer, Gray. A span or more high, cinereous-hirsute : stems
rather slender, leafy : leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate-spatulate, acute,
mostly apiculate-acuminate : involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, little unequal.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 84. Montana to Washington Territory and Oregon.

•t- •»- Hairs on the akene mostly glochidiate-capitettate.

•w- Head large, £ to 1 inch long without the rays : plants green and glabrous,
depressed-acaulescent : leaves large, much surpassing the head.

6. T. Wilcoxiana, Wood. Leaves linear-spatulate, elongated, 1 to 3
inches long including the petiole-like base : head mostly solitary, short-pedun-
cled or subsessile : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or linear, barely acutish :
ray and disk pappus of similar slender and elongated bristles. — Bull. Torr. Club,
vi. 163; Bot. Gazette, iii. 50. Colorado to Arizona and Indian Territory.

7. T. Rothrockii, Gray. Leaves more broadly spatulate and shorter,
an inch long or less, rosulate around the solitary head which is closely sessile at
the surface of the ground, or at length with one or two additional heads : invo-
lucre shorter and broader ; its bracts oblong, mostly obtuse : ray-pappus of
chaffy bristles not longer than the breadth of the akene. — Wheeler Rep. vi. 148.
In the alpine regions of the mountains of South Park, Colorado.

•w- -w- Heads from \to \ inch long, sessile or rarely on a very short naked peduncle :
plants sericeous-pubescent, depressed-acaulescent or -caulescent : ray-pappus
mostly plurisetose.

8. T. sericea, Hook. Depressed-acaulescent, with closely sessile solitary
or few heads on the crown next the ground, surrounded and more or less sur-
passed by the linear or linear-spatulate leaves, an inch or two high : heads an
inch or less long: involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acute: rays white
or purplish : ray and disk of pappus mostly similar. — From New Mexico
and Arizona northward in the mountains to British America. Exceedingly
variable.

Var. leptotes, Gray, has heads less than •£ inch long, all but the primary
ones distinctly pedunculate, and the leaves narrowly linear with attenuate
base. — Middle Park, Colorado, Parry.

9. T. incana, Nutt. Depressed-caulescent or subcaulescent, an inch to
a span high, branching: leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear;

158 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

uppermost around the sessile (^ inch) heads and seldom surpassing them: invo-
lucral bracts more obtuse : pappus of the ray from J to •£ the length of that
of the disk. — Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and Nevada.
t-t.-w.-H- Heads about £ inch long : sessile among the rosulate leaves : herbage
soft-lanate : pappus deciduous in a ring.

10. T. spathulata, Nutt. Depressed and multicipital, forming a tuft an
inch or so high : leaves crowded, spatulate, densely villous-lanate ; the upper
about equalling the heads : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute :
rays rather short, pinkish : pappus of ray and disk similar, of slender bristles.
— Mountains of Wyoming.

•M- -M- -M- 4-t- Heads small, J inch high (exclusive of the rays), mostly short-pedun-
culate : involucre of broadly lanceolate and barely acute bracts : caulescent
and branching: pappus of the ray shorter, commonly of chaffy bristles.
= Green and glabrate.

11. T. glabella, Gray. An inch or two high, nearly simple, sparsely
pilose-pubescent when young : leaves thickish, soon glabrous, spatulate, an
inch or less long, including the usually slender petiole ; the uppermost usually
surpassed by the slender and naked peduncle : involucre glabrous. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xvi. 86. S. W. Colorado, Newberry.

= = Cinereous with fine and close pubescence, flowering from near the ground at
first, but becoming taller (4 to 10 inches high) and loosely branching.

12. T. Fendleri, Gray. Leaves linear: bracts of the involucre unequal,
in about 3 ranks, acute. — PL Fendl. 70. New Mexico and S. Colorado.

13. T. Strigosa, Nutt. Flowering when only \ inch high, often attain-
ing a span in height : early leaves spatulate ; later ones linear : heads rather
smaller : bracts of the involucre broader, acutish, in about 2 ranks, the outer
shorter. — Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona.

13. ASTER, Tourn. STARWORT. ASTER.

The largest and by far the most difficult of our genera, not naturally sepa-
rated from Erigeron. All are herbs, mostly perennial, and especially charac-
teristic of North America. Includes Machceranthera and Diplopappus.

§ 1. Involucral bracts (at least the outer ones) with green herbaceous tips or
appendages, or wholly or partly foliaceous, imbricated or many-ranked, their
margins not scarious : akenes from obovate-oblong to linear, 3 to several-
nerved: pappus rather fine and soft (in one or two species more coarse and
rigid), simple (with no exterior series). — ASTER proper.

* Involucre well imbricated: the bracts appressed and coriaceous, with more or
less spreading herbaceous tips: akenes narrow, 5 to \Q-nerved: pappus more
rigid than in the following groups : rays showy, blue or violet : leaves firm,
acutely serrate, more or less scabrous, none of them cordate or clasping ; the
radical tapering at base into margined petioles.

1. A. Sibiricus, L. A span to afoot high, somewhat cinereous-pubescent
or puberulent, or the foliage scabrous : heads solitary, terminating the stem
or corymbiform branches : leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, 1 to
3 inches long : involucre 3 lines high, shorter than the disk ; its bracts narrowly

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 159

-*

lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose herbaceous tips: rays 3 or 4 lines
long, violet : akenes pilose-pubescent — Mountains of Wyoming and Montana,
and far northward.

2. A. COnSpiCUUS, Lindl. Scabrous : stem 2 feet high, stout, rigid, bear-
ing several or numerous corymbosely cymose heads : leaves rigid, ovate, oblong,
or the lower obovate, ample, 4 to 6 inches long : involucre about equalling the
disk, 5 to 6 lines high ; its bracts in several series, minutely glandular-puberulent,
lanceolate, acute, the greenish tips little spreading : rays £ inch long, violet
akenes minuteli/ pubescent. — In the mountains, from the Yellowstone north-
ward.

* * Involucre and usually branchlets viscidly-glandular, rather well imbricated:
rays 15 to 40, showy, violet to purple: akenes narrow, several-nerved: leaves
all entire or the lower with few teeth; cauline all sessile or partly clasping.
•<- Stem simple : leaves and heads proportionally large : alpine or subalpine.

3. A. integrifolius, Nutt. Stem afoot or more high, stout, sparsely leafy,
villous-pubescent but glabrate, bearing few or several racemed or thyrsoid
heads: leaves firm, oblong to spatulate, 4 to 7 inches long; the smaller upper
ones lanceolate, half-clasping ; lowest tapering into a long winged petiole :
heads £ inch high : involucre and branchlets viscid-glandular ; its bracts
linear, not squarrose : rays bluish purple. — From Colorado to Montana and
westward.

4. A. Kingii, Eaton. A span or less high, cespitose: leaves mainly radical,
spatulate, entire, or with few sharp teeth, mucronate, thinnish, glabrous or
nearly so, 1 to 3 inches long: flowering stems pubescent and above glandular,
bearing solitary or 3 to 5 middle-sized heads : involucre 4 or 5 lines high, merely
piiberulent-glandnlar, hardly at all viscid ; the bracts linear-lanceolate with at-
tenuate and sf/uarrose-spreading green tips: rays white — Bot. King Exp. 141.
In the Wahsatch Mountains.

•*- H- Stems branching : leaves comparatively small : neither alpine nor subalpine.

•*-*• Involucre of the small and scattered heads not squarrose ; the green tips of the

bracts more or less erect : slender and low species, a span to a foot or less high.

5. A. campestris, Nutt. Pruinose-pubcrulent and viscidulous, somewhat
heavy-scented : leaves linear, about an inch long, a line or two wide, or lower
narrowly spatulate, mostly glabrate, some obscurely 3-nerved : involucre 3 or 4
lines high, hemispherical, of rather few-ranked and little unequal linear acute
bracts: rays 3 or 4 lines long, light violet or purple. — From Montana and
Idaho to Washington Territory and California.

6. A. Fendleri, Gray. Rigid, a span to a foot high, sparseli/ hispid n-
lous: the linear one-nerved firm leaves hispid-ciliate, otherwise usually smooth
and glabrous : involucre somewhat campannlate, 3 lines high ; 0'iter bracts
shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse, prui nose-glandular : rays violet, 4 lines long. —
PI. Fendl. 66. A. Ntittallii, var. Fendleri, Gray. Plains and sand-hills, from
W. Kansas to S. Colorado and N. New Mexico.

++ •*•* Involucre of middle-sized heads well imbricated ; the unequal bracts with
loose squarrose-spreading tips: leaves not rigid, spreading.

7. A. Novae-AngliSB, L. Stem stout and strict, 2 to 8 feet high, very leafy
to the top, coarsely hirsute or hispid with many-jointed hairst also with glandular

160 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

»

pubescence : leaves lanceolate or broadly linear, pubescent, 2 to 5 inches long,
entire, slightly if at all narrowed below, half-clasping by a strongly auricu-
late-cordate base : heads crowded : rays 50 to 60 or more, fully half-inch long,
purple. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward.

Var. roseus, DC. Kays rose-colored. — Occasionally with the ordinary
form.

8. A. OblongifoliuS, Nutt. About 2 feet high : stem hirsute-pubescent,
very leafy, corymbosely branched: leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly
linear, larger cauline 2 inches long, somewhat puberulent : involucre aromatic-
scented, the linear bracts granulose-glandular and viscidulous : rays 25 to 30,
bright violet, 5 or 6 lines long. Hardly within our range, but represented in
Colorado by

Var. rigidlllus, Gray. Low, more fastigiate, with more rigid and
hispidulous scabrous leaves. — Synopt. Fl. i. 179.

* # * Heads small, paniculate: lower cauline and radical leaves cordate and

petioled : no glandular or viscid pubescence: akenes compressed, 3 to 5-nerved :
rays violet, purplish, or white.

9. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Green, from glabrous to sparsely pilose-
pubescent : stem strict, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves oblong- and ovate-lanceolate,
acutely more or less serrate ; radical and' lowest cauline narrowly cordate, on
naked petioles; upper subcordate or truncate at base and contracted into a
winged petiole, 3 to 5 inches long ; uppermost linear-lanceolate and sessile :
heads densely thyrsoid-paniculate : bracts of the involucre subulate-linear and
mostly attenuate, the tips rather loose. — In Dakota within the eastern limit
of our range, and extending eastward.

# # * # No cordate petioled leaves ; radical leaves all acute or attenuate at

base : not glandular nor viscid nor silky-canescent : akenes compressed, few-
nerved.

•»- Whole plant very smooth and glabrous : heads rather large, showy, with Jirm
closely imbricated oppressed green-tipped bracts : leaves on flowering branch-
lets mostlij reduced to rigid subulate bracts : akenes glabrous.

10. A. laevis, L. Rather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid : leaves from ovate
or oblong to lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long, decreasing upward ; radical and
lowest cauline contracted below into a winged petiole ; upper all with auricu-
late or snbcordate partly clasping base : heads sparsely thyrsoid-paniculate,
on short and rigid branchlets: involucre campanulate or obscurely turbinate;
the whitish coriaceous bracts bearing abrupt rhomboid or deltoid short green
tips : rays 20 or 30, broadish, sky-blue verging to violet. — Eastern slopes of
the Rocky Mountains and eastward across the continent.

Var. Geyeri, Gray. A foot or two high : involucre broader and less
imbricated ; its bracts of thinner texture, mostly attenuate-acute, the green
tip less definite. — Synopt. Fl. i. 183. In the mountains of Idaho and Wyo-
ming and northward.
•»- -i- Heads rather small (3 or 4 lines high), thyrsoidly or corymbosely arranged ;

bracts rigid, narrow, with subulate green nearly erect tips: rays numerous,

bright white, 4 lines long : akenes minutely pubescent.

11. A. Porteri, Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous and smooth (except
ciliation of lowest leaves), either simple or branching above: leaves linear or

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 161

lower spatulate-liuear, 2 to 4 inches long, I to 3 lines wide ; radical spatulate :

heads broad : involucral bracts linear-subulate ; outer little shorter than inner.

— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. A. ericoides, var. strictus, Porter, Fl. Colorad. 56.

Common in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.

H— H— •»- The numerous small, heads racemosely arranged : unequal bracts well
imbricated, with squarrose or at least spreading herbaceous obtuse or merely mu-
cronate tips : cauline leaves small, linear and entire, scarcely narrowed at the
abrupt sessile or partly clasping base: akenes canescent-hirsute : rays white,
rarely tinged with blue or purple.

12. A. multiflorus, Ait. Low, a foot or two high, bushy-branched,
cinereous or green : leaves rigid, scabrous-ciliate ; uppermost passing into m
volucral bracts ; these mostly with obtuse tips : heads in the ordinary forms
little over 2 lines long, and with only 10 to 15 or 20 rays. — From Arizona to
British Columbia and eastward across the continent.

13. A. commutatus. A foot or so high, with divergent branches :
heads more scattered and twice or even thrice the size of those of A. mu/ti/lorus,
3 or 4 lines high and broad : rays 20 to 30 : otherwise nearly as the preceding.
— From Saskatchewan and Dakota to Utah and E. Oregon.

-i- -i- •«- H- Involucre in some imbricated and with short close tips, in others more
loose and herbaceous : heads when numerous either thyrsoid or open-paniculate
on erect or ascending branches.
•H- Cauline leaves sessile, but neither with cordate or auriculate base (with 1 or 2

exceptions), nor with abrupt winged petiole-like lower portion.

—- Herbage inclined to be glabrous ; the branches often pubescent in lines : leaves
(at least some of them) serrate or denticulate: stems branching and with sev-
eral to many heads: none alpine or subalpine: Eastern forms.
a. Involucre close and erect ; its bracts imbricated in successive lengths.

14. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, freely and panicu-
lately branched : leaves from elongated oblong to narrowly lanceolate, mostly
attenuate-acuminate, sharply serrate or denticulate, or upper entire, thin : heads
about J inch high, in loose and open mostly leaf/ panicles : bracts of the invo-
lucre narrowly linear, with tapering acute or acuminate green tips : rays 3 or 4
lines long, white varying to purplish or violet. — A very polymorphous species,
including also part of the forms heretofore included under A. Tradescantl,
simplex, tenuifolius, and carneus. From E. Montana to Louisiana and east-
ward ; abundant in the Northeastern States.

15. A. salicifolius, (Lam ?) Ait. Resembles the preceding, equally
branching : leaves commonly less elongated, less serrate or entire, of firmer tex-
ture, apt to be scabrous, and the fine reticulation of the veinlets manifest :
involucre more imbricated; its bracts firmer, linear, with shorter and more defi-
nite green tips, these acute, or obtusish: heads disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-
glomerate on the ascending branches : rays purplish to violet, rarely white. —
Includes A. carneus, in part. From E. Montana to Texas and northeastward ;
most abundant in the Mississippi Valley.

b. Involucre loose, and less imbricated ; its bracts about equal.

16. A. junceus, Ait. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, the smaller plants sim-
ple-stemmed and with few heads, smooth and nearly glabrous : leaves linear or

11

162 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

nearly so, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, entire, or lower with rare den-
ticulations : involucre 3 lines high ; its bracts all small, narrowly linear and
erect, thiuiiish, manifestly imbricated in 2 or 3 series, and the outer more or less
shorter (thus connecting with A. paniculatus of the preceding subdivision) :
rays light violet-purple, 4 or 5 lines long. — A. cestivus, Gray, Man. mainly.
Wet meadows in the mountains north to the British possessions, and thence
eastward.

17. A. longifolius, Lam. Afoot to a yard high, glabrous or pubescent,
leafy : leaves elongated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serru-
late, 3 to 7 inches long, tapering to both ends : involucre 4 or 5 lines high, little
or not at all imbricated; its bracts all of nearly equal length: rays 3 or 4 lines
long, violet or purplish, rarely almost white. — Low moist grounds, Montana
to Labrador, and south to New England.

= = Inclined to be pubescent or scabrous, at least in the upper parts of the stem,
which is often monocephatous : leaves entire or nearly so : frequently alpine or
subalpine : Western forms.

a. Involucre conspicuously and regularly imbricated, of oblong-linear or spatu-
late bracts; outer bracts successively shorter ; all. loosely erect or little spread-
ing, with mostly obtuse and broadish tips. •

18. A. adsceudens, Lindl. A span to two feet high, rather rigid, from
nearly glabrous to strigulose : stems commonly brandling, bearing few or
rather numerous loosely paniculate or subcorymbose heads (4 or 5 lines high) :
leaves of firm and thickish texture, linear to spatulate-lanceolate, with mar-
gins commonly ciliate or scabrous : bracts of the hemispherical involucre
moderately unequal and in comparatively few ranks : rays 3 or 4 lines long,
violet or purple. — From New Mexico and Arizona to Nevada, Montana, and
the Saskatchewan.

b. Involucre more or less imbricated but looser ; the bracts all narrow (linear or
subulate), th/nnish, from moderately to hardly unequal, loosely erect, mostly
acute, with not at all broadened tips, nor ivith the outermost foliaceous.

1. Low, 1 to 2 feet high or less, with solitary or few heads: chiefly in the moun-
tains and northward.

19. A. AndinilS, Nutt. Dwarf, with decumbent stems 2 or 3 inches long
from filiform creeping rootstocks ; bearing a solitary comparatively large head :
leaves % inch long; radical and lower cauline spatulate; cauline (2 or 3) linear-
lanceolate: heads 4 lines high: rays (35 to 40) violet. — In the mountains of
Wyoming, near perpetual show, Nuttall. Not since found ; thought possibly
to be an alpine state of the following.

20. A. Fremonti, Gray. A span to afoot or more high, glabrous or nearly
so : stem slender, erect: leaves with margins either quite naked and smooth or
obscurely scabrous; radical and lowest cauline oblong or oblanceolate, or
somewhat obovate, inch or two long, and tapering into a slender margined
petiole; cauline from oblong-lanceolate to linear, commonly half-clasping at
base : heads solitary in the smaller specimens, several in the larger, one third
to half an inch high, somewhat naked-ped uncled : bracts of the involucre nar-
rowly linear, some of the outer shorter. — Synopt. Fl. i. 191. A. adscendens,
var. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. In the mountains below the alpine region from
Colorado to Montana and westward to the Sierra Nevada and Cascades.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 163

2. Tall, 3 to 8 feet high, paniculately poli/cephalous: in low grounds and to the

south.

21. A. hesperius, Gray. From nearly glabrous and smooth to scabrous-
pubescent : leaves lanceolate, entire or the larger with a few denticulations,
2 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide : heads rather crowded, 4 or 5 lines high :
involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate erect bracts, either unequal and
imbricated, or with some loose and slender exterior ones which equal the
inner: rays either white or violet, 3 or 4 lines long — Synopt. Fl. i. 192.
S. Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona and S. California. Has been taken
for A. longifolius, Novi-Belgii, cestivus, etc.

c. Involucre loose and with conspicuous foliaceous outer bracts, which equal the
inner, either ascending or squarrose.

22. A. foliaceus, Lindl. Smooth and glabrous, or upper part of stem
pubescent : leaves from broadly lanceolate to oblong and the lower spatulate ;
upper cauline very commonly with partly clasping and sometimes even sub-
cordate-auriculate base : heads | inch high : involucre with lanceolate or
broadly linear outer bracts : rays violet or purple, in the larger heads nearly
£ inch long. — In the Pacific States from California to Alaska, extending
eastward into our range under the following forms.

Var. frondeus, Gray. Stem simple or with sparing erect flowering
branches, sparsely leaved: leaves comparatively ample, 4 or 5 inches long;
lower tapering into winged petioles, upper often with clasping base : heads
solitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad : involucral bracts linear-lanceolate,
loose and not imbricated, all equalling the disk, occasionally the outermost
broader and leaf -life. — Synopt. Fl. i. 193. A. adscendens, var. Parryi, Eaton.
Subalpiue, from the borders of British Columbia to those of Colorado.

Var. apricus, Gray. Like a dwarf state of the preceding variety, growing
in exposed places, somewhat rigid, thicker-leaved : stems ascending from
tufted rootstocks, a span or two high, bearing solitary or 2 to 3 broad heads :
involucral bracts all alike, somewhat spatulate-linear, obtuse or acutish : rays
" deep blue-violet and reddish-purple intermixed." — Loc. cit. High moun-
tains of Colorado, and in Washington Territory.

Var. Parryi, Gray. Includes some ambiguous forms, seemingly between
the preceding variety and A. Fremonti, with stems a span to a foot high, with
smooth and thickish rather large leaves, mostly naked heads ; the involucre
sometimes foliaceous-bracteate in the manner of the present species, some-
times wholly of the narrow and closer bracts of A. Fremonti. — Loc. cit.
Mountains of Colorado, subalpine, and S. Wyoming.

Var. Burkei, Gray. A foot or two high, rather stout, simple or branched
above, leafy to the top : leaves thickish, very smooth, ample ; upper cauline
mostly oblong, and with broadly half-clasping usually auriculate insertion :
heads solitary or several, very broad : involucre of oblong or spatulate and
obtuse loosely imbricated bracts, the outer commonly shorter, or outermost
sometimes more foliaceous and equalling the disk. — Loc. cit. Rocky Moun-
tains, Burke ; also in Washington Territory, the Wahsatch, New Mexico, and
Arizona.

Var. Canbyi, Gray. Like the preceding form in foliage, apparently tall
and stout (base of stem and lower leaves wanting), leafy throughout the

164 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

thyrsoid panicle of numerous subsessile heads : upper leaves rather broadly
oblong and with broad half-clasping base obscurely auriculate : bracts of the
involucre imbricated, with small and erect lanceolate green tips, only in some
heads a few of the outermost loose and foliaceous, but seldom equalling the
disk. — Loc. cit. A. Canbyi, Vasey. On White River in Western Colorado,
Vasey.

Var. Eatoni, Gray. Rather tall, 2 or 3 feet high, branching, bearing
numerous and smaller paniculate or glomerate heads, and comparatively nar-
row lanceolate leaves : involucre loosely imbricated ; outer and sometimes
inner bracts foliaceous, either erect or squarrose-spreading. — Loc. cit. 194.
British Columbia to California and northeastward to Montana.

•«-»• -M- Base of most of the cauline leaves auriculate- or cordate-clasping.

23. A. puniceus, L. Stem commonly 3 to 7 feet high, loosely branch-
ing above, rather stout, often red or purple, hispid with spreading bristles :
leaves 3 to 6 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, from coarsely and
irregularly serrate to sparingly denticulate or sometimes entire, commonly
scabrous above and often hispid along the midrib beneath : heads (4 to 6
lines high) subsessile, either sparsely paniculate or thyrsoid-crowded : invo-
lucre of loose and thin soft and narrowly linear merely herbaceous bracts :
rays £ inch long, violet, varying to purple or occasionally white. — Through-
out the Eastern States and extending into our range through Dakota.

§2. Pappus double: involucral bracts narrow and appressed, well imbricated:
rays 10 to 18, violet: akenes narrow, villous : low and tufted plants, tvith
rigid steins thickly beset with small linear or lanceolate entire and rigid leaves.
— IANTHE.

# Head & inch high, broad, solitary: akenes flat, with stroncj nerves.

24. A. SCOpulorum, Gray. Puberulent and somewhat cinereous: stems
tufted, rigid, only a span high, terminated by a solitary pedunculate head :
leaves short, 3 to 6 lines long, rigid, from oblong to linear or the loivest spatulate,
the broader obtuse with an abrupt mucro, callous-margined : involucre broadly
campanulate ; its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, scabro-puberulent, lanceo-
late : rays | inch long, light violet : outer pappus sometimes distinctly chaffy.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Diplopappus alpinus, Nutt. Mountains of Mon-
tana and Wyoming to Nevada and California.

25. A. Stenomeres, Gray. More slender, 6 to 10 inches high, green,
minutely scabrous: solitary naked pedunculate head larger: leaves all linear,
$ to 1 inch long, a line wide, acutely mucronate, hardly margined : involucre
broad ; its bracts barely in two moderately unequal series, linear, thinnish, often
pubescent : rays pale violet, over ^ inch long : outer pappus sctulose. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 209. — Mountains of Montana and Idaho.

* * Heads $ to J inch high, narroiv: akenes less compressed, lightly few-nerved :
outer pappus of few or indistinct unequal short bristles.

26. A. ericsefolius, Rothrock. About a span high, canescent and
glandular-scabrous, much branched : branches erect or diffuse, terminated by
somewhat pedunculate heads : leaves commonly hispid-ciliate, erect or little
spreading, 3 to 6 lines long ; lowest spatulate and tapering into a petiole ;

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 165

upper from linear to nearly filiform : bracts of the involucre in about 3 series,
lanceolate, acute or apiculate, thinnish, scarious-margined : rays purple or
violet, sometimes white. — Bot. Gazette, ii. 70. Diplopappus ericoides, Torr.
& Gray. From Kansas and Texas to Utah, Arizona, and California.

§ 3. Pappus simple : bracts of the involucre imbricated and oppressed, destitute
of folia ceous or herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or more or less dry : rays
fertile: leaves mostly entire. — OKTHOMERIS.

* Involucre well imbricated, of small and narrow bracts, greener than in others of

this section : low and slender herbs, leafy-stemmed, branching above ; with lin-
ear erect leaves, and several small white-rayed heads : akenes not compressed,
very glabrous.

27. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Rather rigid, 6 to 20 inches high
in a tuft, from smooth to puberulent, bearing a corymbiform cyme of several
or numerous heads : leaves firm, linear or the lower spatulate-lanceolate :
bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, thickish, rather rigid : rays
2 to 4 lines long, broadish : pappus white, of rather rigid bristles, longer
ones manifestly clavellate at tip. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and
New England.

* * Involucre appressed-imbricated in several series of ovate or ovate-lanceolate

dry chartaceous bracts : akenes compressed, more or less pubescent : stems leafy,
bearing several or solitary pedunculate heads.

•i- Involucral bracts ihin, acute, commonly tomentose (at least when young) : akenes
hirsute, becoming glabrate : heads showy, 4 to 6 lines high.

28. A. Engelmanni, Gray. Rather tall and robust, green, puberulent to
glabrous: leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, the
larger sometimes with a few small teeth, upper acuminate : heads \ inch high :
involucral bracts acute or acuminate ; some outer ones partly herbaceous, or with
loose pointed tips ; inner purplish : rays | inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii.
238. A. elegans, var. Engelmanni, Eaton. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and
Wyoming, to the Cascades.

29. A. elegans, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, mostly scabro-
puberulent : leaves thickish, pale, lanceolate, inch or two long, erect, the upper
apiculate-mucronate : heads several at summit of simple stem or branches,
comparatively small and few-flowered, 4 or 5 lines high : involucral bracts all
close and conspicuously woolly-ciliate, barely acute, outer ovate, none with pointed
tips: rays rather few, about 4 lines long. — Fl. ii. 159. Mountains of Wyoming
and Montana to Nevada and Oregon.

•f— -»— Involucral bracts firmer, glabrous, all the outer obtuse : akenes merely
pubescent: heads smaller, 3 lines high.

30. A. glailCUS, Torr. & Gray. Throughout smooth and glabrous,
glaucescent or pale : stems a foot high from extensively creeping filiform
rootstocks, branching, bearing several or numerous paniculate heads : leaves
thickish, lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, £ to \ inch broad, rather obtuse : invo-
lucre imbricated in about 3 ranks : rays bright violet, 4 to 6 lines long. — Fl.
ii. 150. Mountains of Wyoming to Colorado and Utah.

166 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

# # # Involucre less imbricated, hemispherical; the bracts partly greenish, in few

ranks, with or without scarious margins : low-stemmed or acaulescent, from a
thick rootstock, with solitary or few pedunculate heads, % inch or more high :
leaves thickish and narrow.

•t— Heads terminating short leafy stems which arise from creeping and woody
rootstocks: involucral bracts acuminate and mucronate-tipped : akenes oblong,
very villous.

31. A. Parryi, Gray. Tomentose-pubescent and cinereous, a span high :
leaves mostly spatulate and obtuse with a mucronate point, an inch or more
long : heads usually solitary on peduncle surpassing the leaves, very broad: bracts
of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, densely cinereous-pubescent : rays white, over
§ inch long. — Am. Nat. viii. 212. Mountains of Wyoming.

32. A. Xylorrhiza, Torr. & Gray. Less pubescent and glabrate, 4 to 8
inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate-lanceolate to linear, 1 or 2 inches
long, 1 to 3 lines wide ; tlie upper commonly equalling the 1 to 3 peduncles : heads
smaller : involucral bracts more attenuate : rays " pale red " or " pale rose-
color," 4 lines long. — Mountains of Wyoming.

•*- •«- Heads (large for the plant) solitary on simple and scapiform stems, which
with the cluster of narrow radical leaves rise from a thickened caudex: invo-
lucral bracts acutish : akenes linear, glabrate : pappus strongly denticulate.

33. A. pulchellus, Eaton. Stems 2 to 4 inches long: radical leaves
from spatulate to narrowly linear, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, in our form only
a line wide : akenes striate. — Bot. King. Exp. 143. Alpine from Wyoming
and Montana to Oregon and Washington Territory.

# # * * Involucre little imbricated, with peduncles and upper part of stem viscid-

glandular : heads % inch high, with conspicuous violet or purple rays.

34. A. pauciflorus, Nutt. Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender
creeping rootstock, simple and bearing few heads, or branching above : leaves
moderately fleshy, linear, or radical subspatulate or elongated-lanceolate,
uppermost reduced to bracts : bracts of short hemispherical involucre rather
fleshy and green, moderatelv unequal and rather loose, in only 2 or 3 ranks :
akenes narrow, compressed, striate-nerved, appressed-pubescent. — In saline
soil from New Mexico and Arizona to Utah, and eastward to Dakota and
the Saskatchewan.

§ 4. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of linear nearly eqval bracts ; the outer foliaceous,
resembling the upper leaves: ray-flowers with the ligule generally wanting:
akenes narrow, not compressed, appressed-pubescent : pappus simple, very
soft. — Cox YZOPSIS.

35. A. angustus, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high, branching,
leafy-stemmed, nearly glabrous, except that the linear chiefly entire leaves
are somewhat ciliate : numerous rather small heads disposed to be racemose-
paniculate : bracts of the involucre acute : corolla of tbe ray-flowers reduced
to the tube and much shorter than the elongated style. — Fl. ii. 162. Wet
saline soil from Colorado and Utah to the Saskatchewan and Minnesota.

§ 5. Involucre imbricated in many rows ; the bracts linear, coriaceous below, with
foliaceous spreading tips: rays numerous and conspicuous, violet or bluish
purple: akenes narrowed downward, compressed: receptacle honeycombed:

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 167

pappus copious and simple, of rather rigid and unequal bristles : leafy-
stemmed and branching, the showy heads terminating the branches, the invo-
lucre canescent or even viscid, and the leaves from dentate to bipinnately-parted.
— MACH^ERANTHERA.

* Involucre densely hispidulous as well as viscid, very squarrose: akenes gla-

brous or glabrate : leaves from inciscly dentate to entire, the teeth hardly at all
bristle-tipped : rays brig/it violet.

36. A. Patterson!, Gray. A span or two high, branched from the summit
of the tap-root : stems or branches ivith soft or cottony pubescence or glabrate :
leaves thickish, spatulate or Ungulate, entire or coarsely few-toothed, none widened
at base : heads solitary or few : involucral bracts lanceolate : rays about 30,
fully £ inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 272. JUacJueranthera canescens,
var. a/jn'na, Porter, Fl. Colorad. 59. Moist ground along streams, Gray's
Peak, Colorado.

37. A. Bigelovii, Gray. A foot or two high, robust : stem leafy, branch-
ing above, roughish-hirsute to glabrate; the flowering branches or peduncles glandu-
lar-hirsute, terminated by showy large heads : leaves oblong or lanceolate,
irregularly and sometimes incisely dentate, sometimes entire ; radical lanceolate-
spatulate ; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually with broadish partly clasping
base : involucral bracts very numerous, linear-attenuate or the prolonged and
much recurved tips almost filiform : rays very many, an inch or less long. —
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 97. Colorado and New Mexico.

* # Involucre from nearly glabrous to glandular-puberulent, but not lu'sjiidulous:
akenes densely pubescent or villons: leaves generally with bristle-tipped teeth.

H- Leaves at most incisely dentate.

38. A. Coloradoensis, Gray. A span or less high, forming a tuft of
short few-leaved steins on a strong tap-root, canescently pubescent, not at all
glandular : leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about an inch long, coarsely den-
tate, the teeth tipped with conspicuous bristles : heads solitary, broadly hemi-
spherical, £ inch high : involucral bracts small and numerous, well imbricated,
subulate-lanceolate : rays 35 to 40, violet-purple, barely £ inch long : akenes
densely canescent-villous, £ the length of the comparatively rigid pappus. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. Common in South Park, Colorado, and at the San
Juan Pass.

39. A. canescens, Pursh. Commonly a foot or two high and loosely
much branched, bearing numerous paniculate heads, sometimes dwarf and with
simple contracted inflorescence, pale and cinereous-puberulerit or minutely
canescent, or greener and glabrate : leaves lanceolate to linear, or the lower
spatulate, from entire to irregularly dentate, or occasionally lacinnite, the rigid
teeth mostly with mucronate tip : involucre of rigid usually well-imbricated
bracts: rays violet, 4 or 5 lines long: akenes narrow, canescent. — Fl. ii. 547.
Mach<jer anther a canescens and M. pulverulenta of the "Western Reports. A
polymorphous species. From Arizona to Texas and northward to British
Columbia and the Saskatchewan.

Var. latifolius, Gray. Green, minutely soft-pubescent, 2 feet or more
high : leaves thinnish, nearly rnernbranaceous, comparatively large, some-
times spatulate-oblong, and over ^ inch wide : heads large and few: involucre
hemispherical ; tips of its bracts mostly attenuate-subulate and squarrose-

168 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

spreading, canescent and obscurely glandular. — Synopt. Fl. i. 206. Machce-
ranthera canescens, var. latifolia, Gray. New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado.

Var. viSGOSUS, Gray. Canescent or cinereous : leaves narrow, rather
rigid ; the upper mostly entire, the lower coarsely dentate : involucre cam-
pan ulate or turbinate, squarrose ; the prominent foliaceous tips of the bracts
viscid-glandular, either spreading or recurved. — Loc. cit. Wyoming to
California.
H- •»- Leaves 1 to 3-pinnately deft or parted : involucre hemispherical, its bracts

mostly looser: stem diffuse! if branched.

40. A. tanacetifolius, HBK. Pubescent or viscid, very leafy, a foot
or two high : lowest leaves 2 to 3-pinnately parted ; uppermost simply pin-
natifid or on the flowering branchlets entire : heads £ inch high : bracts of
the involucre narrowly linear, with slender mostly linear-subulate spreading
foliaceous tips, or the outermost almost wholly foliaceous : rays numerous,
£ inch long or more, bright violet: akenes rather broad, villous. — dfaclim-
ranthera tanaceti folia, Nees. From Nebraska to Texas and westward to
Arizona and California.

14. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE.

Heads disposed to be solitary and long-pedunculate ; rays variously colored ;
disk-flowers yellow, not changing to purple: akenes generally 2-nerved.

§ 1. Pays elongated and conspicuous, wanting in a few species, occasionally
abortive in one or two : no rayless female flowers between the proper ray and

disk. — EUERIGERON.

# Commonly dwarf from a multicipital caudex, alpine or subalpine, with rather
large and mostly solitary heads: involucre loose and spreading, and copiously
lanate: rays about 100, narrow: leaves entire.

1. E. Tinifloms, L. Stems an inch to a span or two high, few-leaved,
often naked and pedunculiform at summit : radical leaves spatulate or oblan-
ceolate, inch or two long ; cauline lanceolate to linear : involucre usually hirsute
as well as lanate, occasionally becoming naked ; the linear acute bracts rather
close, or merely the short tips spreading : rays purple or sometimes white,
2 or 3 or rarely 4 lines long. — Alpine, from Colorado and California north-
ward and across the continent in high latitudes.

2. E. lanatus, Hook. Stems about a span high, scapfform or few-leaved :
radical leaves spatulate to obovate, about £ inch long, tapering into a narrowed
base or into a slender margined petiole ; some primary ones occasionally pal-
mately 3-lobed ; cauline one or two, small and linear, or hardly any : head
not larger than that of the last, and involucre similar, but densely soft-lanate :
rays rather broader, 3 lines long, white. — Alpine in Montana and British
Columbia.

3. E. grandiflorus, Hook. Stems a span or two high, rather stout,
usually several-leaved: radical leaves obovate-spatulate, an inch or so long;
cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually £ inch or less long: heads larger: invo-
lucre £ inch high, very woolly ; its linear and attenuate-acuminate bracts squar-
rose-spreading or the tips recurved : rays violet or purple, J to ^ inch long. —

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 169

Rocky Mountains, in or near the alpine region, from British Columbia to
Colorado.

Var. elatior, Gray. A foot or two high, leafy up to the 1 to 4 pedunculate
heads, pubescent, but hardly hirsute : leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to
4 inches long ; cauline closely sessile by a broad base : involucre fully £ inch
high : rays £ inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 237. Subalpine and lower,
in the mountains of Colorado.

* * Perennials from a rootstock or caudex, neither stoloniferous nor flag elliferous :

involucre from hispid or villous to glabrous, but not lanate.

•*- Comparatively tall and large (afoot or more high), leafy-stemmed, glabrous to
soft-hirsute : leaves rather large, entire or occasionally toothed : heads rather
large, with numerous rays: mountain forms.

•«• Rays 50 to 70, comparatively broad : involucre rather loose : heads solitary or
on larger plants few and corymbosely disposed: pappus simple.

4. E. salsuginosus, Gray. Stem 12 to 20 inches high, the summit or
peduncles more or less pubescent : no bristly or hirsute hairs : leaves very
smooth and glabrous, bright green, thickish ; radical and lower cauline spatulate
to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole ; upper cauline
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mucronate ; uppermost small
and bract-like : bracts of the involucre loose or even spreading, linear-subulate
or attenuate, viscidulous, at most pubendous : disk over ^ inch in diameter : rays
purple or violet, % inch or more long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Alpine,
from New Mexico and California to the far north.

Var. glacialis, Gray. A span high, few-leaved, monocephalous : leaves
smaller. — Synopt. Fl. i. Pt 2. 209. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains.

5. E. Coulteri, Porter. Stem 6 to 20 inches high, equally leafy, bearing
solitary or rarely 2 or 3 slender-pedunculate heads : leaves membranaceous,
obovate to oblong, either entire or serrate with several sharp teeth, pilose-pubes-
cent to glabrous, cauline hardlij mucronate: disk about ^ inch wide: involucre
less attenuate and spreading, obscurely viscidulous bid hirsute with spreading
hairs : rays rather narrowly linear, ^ inch or more long, white, varying to pur-
plish.— Fl. Colorado, 61. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and California.

•*-*. -M- Rays 100 or more and narrow: involucre closer: pappus more or less dou-
ble, but the exterior minute : stems erect, tufted, generally leafy to the summit
and bearing few to several heads : leaves entire : mountain forms but not
alpine.

6. E. macranthus, Nutt. From hirsute-pubescent to nearly glabrous,
more leafy than the next : stem 10 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to
ovate ; upper often reduced in size : involucre glabrous or nearly so, but com-
monly minutely glandular : rays % inch long : short outer pappus sometimes
nearlij chaff y. — Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah.

7. E. glabellus, Nutt. From partly glabrous to copiously hirsute, disposed
to be naked above: stems 6 to 20 inches high : leaves lanceolate or the lowest
somewhat spatulate ; upper linear-lanceolate and gradually reduced to subu-
late bracts : heads considerably smaller : involucre strigosely hirsute or pubescent :
rays violet, purple, and rarely white, ^ to ^ inch long: outer pappus setulose. —
From Colorado and Utah northward and eastward.

170 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Var. mollis, Gray. Somewhat cinereous with a soft and short spreading
pubescence, a foot or two high, leafy to the top : leaves oblong-lanceolate :
cinereous pubescence of the involucre soft and spreading. — Proc. Acad.
Philad 1863, 64. Mountains of Colorado.
•»— -*-Low, rarely a foot high, conspicuously hispid or hirsute with spreading bristly

hairs: leaves entire, narrow: involucre close: rays numerous, occasionally

wanting: pappus conspicuously double.
•M. Sparingly branched stems from the crown of a tap-root, more or less leaf;/ :

heads middle-sized: disk $ to % inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50

to 80, occasionally wanting in the second species.

8. E. pumilus, Nutt. Radical and lower cauline leaves from spatulate-
linear to lanceolate, a line or two wide ; upper linear : rai/s white, 4 lines
long : outer pappus of sJtort bristJes little or not at all thicker than the inner
ones and more or less intermixed with them. — Dry plains, Dakota to Colo-
rado, and in the mountains to Utah.

9. E. COncinnus, Torr. & Gray. Like the preceding, but usually with
more dense and shaggy hirsuteness and less rigid leaves : stems not rarely some-
what copiously branched : rays violet or blue, rarely white : "outer pappus con-
spicuous and chaffy. — Fl. ii. 174. In arid regions from New Mexico and
Arizona to Wyoming and British Columbia.

Var. aphanactis, Gray. Discoid, the rays being nearly destitute of ligule
or wanting. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540. — Colorado to Nevada and California.
•*-*• -M- More branched and leaf//, over a span high ; with smaller heads, fewer rays,
and somewhat naked involucre more imbricated.

10. E. Brandegei, Gray. A very imperfectly known plant, green,
sparsely hispidulous-hirsute : radical leaves spatulate-linear ; cauline linear
and small, or upper minute : bracts of involucre short-linear, almost naked :
rays 30 or more, white : outer pappus of coriaceous chaffy scales, which are
commonly confluent with the scanty bristles of the inner. — Synopt. Fl. i.
Pt. 2. 210. Adobe plains, S. W. Colorado, on the borders of New Mexico,
Brandegee.

H_ *- .»_ Dwarf, cespitose from a multicipital caudex, with monocephalous flower-
ing stems : radical leaves dissected : pappus simple.

11. E. compositus, Pursh. From hirsute to glabrate, with slender
margined petiole setose-ciliate : radical leaves much crowded on the crowns of
the caudex, usually 1 to 3-ternately parted into linear or short and narrow
spatulate lobes, the few on the erect flowering stems 3-lobed or entire and
linear : involucre 3 or 4 lines high, sparsely hirsute : rays from 40 to 60, not
very narrow, white, purple, or violet, mostly 3 or 4 lines long. — Alpine re-
gions, from S. Colorado and California to British Columbia and northward.

Var. discoideus, Gray. Kays wanting or abortive : head commonly
smaller. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 237. — Same range as the type.

Var. trifidus, Gray. Small blade of leaves simply 3 to 5-fid : the lobes
from oblong to obovate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. E. trijidus, Hook.
Mountains, N. Colorado to British Columbia.

Var. pinnatisectus, Gray. Usually a large form : numerous violet-
purple rays 5 lines long : leaves pinnately parted into 9 to 11 linear and entire
or rarely 2 to 3-cleft divisions. — Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 171

+- -i- •«—•»- Dwarf or low species, alpine, entire-leaved, cespilose from a multi-
cipital caudex, no fine pubescence, monocephalous : leaves few on the simple
stems, at least the radical broader than linear : rays numerous and not very
narrow: pappus simple or nearly so.

++ Involucre glabrous but pruinose-glandular, brownish purple : smooth and green.

12. E. leiomerus, Gray. A span high, smooth and very glabrous:
leaves bright green, mainly radical and spatulate, very obtuse, from 2 to 6
lines wide ; cauline only 2 or 3 and smaller • involucre 3 lines high, close ;
the bracts lanceolate and not attenuate : rays about 40, linear, violet, 3 or 4
lines long. — Synopt. Fl. i. 211. Aster glacialls in Bot. King Exp. Moun-
tains of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada.

•w. -M. Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish.

13. E. ursinus, Eaton. A span or two high, loosely cespitose: leaves
duller green, mostly smooth and glabrous, but their margins more or less hir-
sute-ciliate, spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate ; cauliue ones lanceolate or linear
and acute: involucre (3 tines high) and naked summit of flowering stem hirsute-
pubescent: rays 40 or 50, purple, narrowly linear, 3 lines long. — Bot. King
Exp. 148. Alpine and subalpiue, mountains of Wyoming to S. Colorado,
Utah, and California.

14. E. radicatUS, Hook. A span high or less, densely tufted : leaves all
spatulate-lmear or somewhat wider, broadest a line or two wide, hirsute or
hirsutely citiate, or sometimes almost naked, then glabrous ; no glandular rough-
ness: involucre more or less villous-pubescent, barely 3 lines high: rays white
oi- purple, 2 or 3 lines long. — Alpine or subalpiue, from British America to
Wyoming, S. Colorado, and Utah.

15. E. glandulosus, Porter. Cespitose from a stout caudex, a span to
a foot high, rigid, granul one-glandular or glandular-scabrous, and with sparse
or hispid hairs, especially on the margins of the leaves : leaves thickish,
spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long : head 4 or 5 lines high :
involucre glandular or viscid as well as pubescent: rays 40 or 50, violet or
purple, 4 to 6 lines long. — Fl. Colorado, 60. Mountains of Colorado.

4_ ^_ H_ H_ H_ None truly alpine ; with entire leaves, not hispidly hirsute : invo-
lucre close, disposed to be imbricated and rigid: rays not very numerous or
wanting.

•M- A span or tu-o high : leaves only few and narrow on the simple or sparingly
branched stems ; but radical ones with obovate or spatulate blade ^ inch long :
rays IS to 30, pale violet or purple: akenes compressed, 2 to 3-nerved: pappus
nearly simple.

16. E. tener, Gray. Canescent with very fine pubescence : stems several
from a caudex, weak and ascending, bearing single or 2 or 3 heads : involucre
minutely canescent ; its narrow and close bracts unequal, somewhat in 2 or 3
ranks : rays 25 to 30. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. High mountains of Utah
and California to those of Wind River, Montana.

*+ ++ A span 1o near a foot high, cespitose, silver y-canescent, with simple and
monocephalous stems: leaves from narrowly spatulate to linear: rays 40 or

172 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

50, white or purple changing to white: akenes slender and nearly terete, 8 to
10-nerved or striale: pappus double; the outer subulate and conspicuous.

17. E. canus, Gray. Silvery appressed pubescence obviously strigulose
under a lens, that of the involucre loose and spreading : stems 4 to 9 inches
high, leafy : linear cauline leaves gradually diminishing upward ; radical
spatulate-lanceolate or narrower : head 4 lines high : rays narrow, 3 lines
long: akenes glabrous. — PL Fendl. 67. N. New Mexico and Colorado; also
on the Platte in Wyoming.

«-*• -w- -^Either low or comparatively tall, leafy -stemmed or somewhat scape-like:

akenes compressed, 2 or 3-nerved.

= Leaves all narrowly linear to Jiliform, the broadest not over a line wide :
involucre 3 or 4 lines high, of equal bracts.

18. E. OChroleucus, Nutt. Low, a span or two high, somewhat cespi-
tose, from pubescent to glabrate : stems usually simple, naked above and
mostly monocephalous : leaves rather rigid, the radical 2 or 3 inches long :
involucre hirsute-pubescent : rays 40 to 60, " ochroleucous," white or purplish :
outer pappus setulose. — Gravelly soil, N. Wyoming and Montana to Idaho.

= = Leaves from narrowly linear to oblong.

a. Stems naked above, mostly simple and monocephalous, a span or two high :
pappus simple.

19. E. Eatoni, Gray. Stems several from the crown of a strong tap
root, slender and weak, diffuse, 3 to 9 inches long, simple or with 2 or 3
monocephalous branches: leaves all linear, thickish, minutely pubescent;
radical about 2 inches long and the broadest 2 lines wide : heads only 3 lines
high : bracts of the sparsely hirsute involucre little unequal : rays seldom
over 20, at most 3 lines long, white or purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi 91.
E. ochroleucus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152. Mountains of Colorado, Wyo-
ming, and Utah.

b. Stems more leafy and disposed to branch, but sometimes monocephalous:
pubescence cinereous : outer pappus setulose, sometimes obscure or none.

20. E. CSBSpitOSUS, Nutt. Low, a span to rarely a foot high, many-
stemmed and ascending or spreading from a stout caudex, from cinereous to
canescent with dense and fine short pubescence: stems of smaller plants
monocephalous : radical leaves spatulate to lanceolate, and cauline lanceolate-
oblong to linear, | to 2 inches long : heads short-peduncled, 3 or 4 lines high :
bracts of the involucre rather unequal : rays 40 or 50, linear, 3 or 4 lines long,
white, sometimes tinged with rose-color. — From the Saskatchewan to New
Mexico and westward.

21. E. COrymboSUS, Nutt. Taller, often a foot or two high, erect from
creeping rootstocks, soft-cinereous with mostly spreading short pubescence :
radical leaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, largest 3 or 4 inches
long and 3 or 4 lines wide, 3-nerved ; cauline linear and narrow : heads some-
times solitary, usualltj several and cori/mboseli/ disposed on short slender pedun-
cles: involucre 3 lines high, canescently pubescent: rays 30 to 50, mostly
narrow and 3 to 5 lines long, blue or violet, apparently sometimes white. —
Mountains of Montana to those of Washington Territory and California.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 173

c. Stems leafy, mostly branched above and bearing few or several heads: pubes-
cence not cinereous nor spreading, either strigose or none : pappus simple.

22. E. decumbens, Nutt. Slender, commonly low or spreading, 6 to
18 inches high, strigulose-pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate : leaves linear
or sometimes linear-spatulate (radical not rarely 4 to 6 inches long and only
a line or two wide) : involucre minutely hirsute or pubescent : rays 15 to 40,
white, purplish, or violet-tinged — Mountains, from Montana and Utah to
Oregon and California.

# # * Perennial by stoloniform creeping rootstocks, or creeping leafy stems or

stolons: ra>/s ven/ numerous (100 or more) and narrow: low ground forms.

23. E. Philadelphicus, L. Soft hirsute, a foot or two high, spreading
by rosulate offsets borne on apex of stoloniform creeping rootstocks: stem striate-
angled, erect, corymbosely branching above and bearing several small heads :
leaves oblong, or lowest spatulate; upper cauline half-clasping, obtuse, spar-
ingly and coarsely serrate or entire : peduncles thickened under the head : rays
pink, almost filiform : pappus simple. — Across the continent.

24. E. flagellaris, Gray. More or less cinereous with appressed pubescence :
stems slender, diffusely decumbent and flagelliform but leafy, some prostrate,
many at length rooting at the apex and proliferous : leaves small, entire ; radical
spatulate and petioled ; those of the branches becoming linear : solitary
peduncles 2 to 5 inches long: rays white or purplish: pappus double. — PI.
Feudl. 69. From the Upper Platte to Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas.

* * * # Mostly cinereous-pubescent or strigose annuals, leafy-stemmed and very

branching, often diffusely : heads conspicuously radiate and mostly paniculate :
low grounds and plains.

4- Akenes narrow, little compressed, tvith a broad and whitish truncate apex and a
simple capillary pappus: rays 40 to 70 : leaves always entire.

25. E. Bellidiastrum, Nutt. Diffusely or loosely branched, a span or
two high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves spatulate-linear or the lowest broader,
an inch or less long : heads paniculate, short-peduncled : rays light purple. —
Nebraska to New Mexico.

•«- •*- Akenes compressed, 2-nerved: pappus double: inner often fragile or decidu-
ous : rays mostly more numerous : leaves sometimes toothed or lobed.

26. E. divergent, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched and spreading, a
foot or less high, cinereous-pubescent or hirsute : leaves linear-spatulate or the
upper linear and lowest broader and sometimes laciniately toothed or lobed:
heads 2 or 3 lines high : rays white or purplish, very numerous : involucre hir-
sute : inner pappus of rather scanty bristles ; outer of short subulate scales. —
Fl. ii. 175. From Nebraska to W. Texas and westward to the coast.

27. E. StrigOSUS, Muhl. Pubescence appressed, of ten strigose: stem erect,
seldom over 2 feet high, leafy, branched above, bearing cymose or paniculate
heads : leaves lanceolate and the upper entire ; lower from spatulate-lanceolate
to oblong, often serrate: rays mostly white, not excessively numerous nor very
narrow : involucre with few or no bristly hairs : outer pappus a short crown of dis-
tinct or partly united slender scales, persistent after the fragile inner pappus
has fallen. — From Canada to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward to
Oregon and California.

174 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Var. Beyrichii, Gray. A slender form, with minute or even cinereous
pubescence, smaller heads, and rays from white to pale rose-color. — Synopt.
Fl. i. 219. Within the eastern limits of our range.

§ 2. Rays inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceeding the disk :
within them a series of rayless filiform female flowers (commonly none in No.
29) : leaves entire or nearly so: pappus simple. — TRI MORPHIA.

28. E. acris, L. More or less hirsute pubescent, varying towards glabrous
(not glandular) : cauline leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatu-
late : involucre hirsute : rays slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the
disk and pappus, purple: filiform female flowers numerous. — In the mountains
of Colorado and northward to British Columbia, thence across the continent.

Var. Drcebachensis, Blytt. Somewhat glabrous, or even quite so:
involucre also green, naked, at most hirsute only at the base, often minutely
viscidulous : slender rays somewhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and
filiform and shorter than the pappus. — Same range as the type.

Var. debilis, Gray. Sparsely pilose : stems a span to a foot high, slender,
1 to 3-cephalous : leaves bright green ; radical obovate or oblong ; cauliue
spatulate to lanceolate, short : involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part
glabrate, the attenuate tips of the bracts spreading : rays in flower rather
conspicuously surpassing the disk. — Synopt. Fl. i. 220. Mountains of N.
Montana, northward and eastward.

29. E. armeriajfolillS, Turcz. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves gla-
brous and most of the narrowly linear and elongated cauline bristly-ciliate:
inflorescence more racemose and strict : involucre sparsely hirsute : rays filiform,
extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the disk, ivhitish, no filiform rat/less
flowers seen. — From the mountains of California and Colorado to the Sas-
katchewan.

§ 3. Rays of the small (2 lines high) and narrow seemingly discoid (and mostli/
thijrsoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk or
pappus : leaves more or less hispid-ciliate. — C^ENOTUS, in part.

30. E. Canadensis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous : stem
strict, 1 to 4 feet high, with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauper-
ate plants only a few inches high and with few scattered heads : leaves linear,
entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised or few-toothed : rays white, usually a
little exserted and surpassing the style-branches. — Waste grounds, throughout
the continent.

31. E. divaricatus, Michx. Low, a span to a foot high, diffusely much
branched, somewhat fastigiate : leaves all narrowly linear or subulate, entire :
rays purplish, rarely surpassing the style-branches of the pappus. — Fl. ii. 123.
Open grounds from Colorado to the Mississippi Valley.

15. CONYZA, Less.

1. C. Coulterif Gray. A foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing
numerous small heads in a mostly crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle, viscidly
pubescent or partly hirsute : cauline leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate-
oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid, an

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 175

inch or two long : involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spread-
ing hairs, considerably shorter than the soft pappus : flowers whitish. — Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 355. W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and California.

16. BACCHARIS, L.

More or less shrubby : with alternate simple leaves, and the branches striate,
bearing small heads of white or yellowish flowers.

1. B. "Wriglltii, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody base, very smooth and
glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching, sparsely leaved : slender
branches terminated by solitary heads : leaves linear, small ; uppermost linear-
subulate: involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high; its bracts lanceolate, gradu-
ally acuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with a green back : pappus
very copious and pluriserlal, soft, elongating in fruit, fulvous or purplish, four
times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8 to 10-nerved akene. — PI. Wright.
i. 101. W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona.

2. B. salicina, Torr. & Gray. Branching shrubs, 3 to 12 feet high, gla-
brous or nearly so, usually viscous, with a resinous exudation: leaves mostly
subsessile,//wrt oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, rarely entire : heads
or glomendes pedunculate : involucre campanulate, about 3 lines high ; its bracts
ovate and acutish : pappus more or less copious, but mostly unisenal, conspicu-
ously elongating in fruit, white, soft and flaccid: akeues 10-nerved. — Fl. ii. 258.
Colorado to Texas.

3. B. glutinosa, Pers. Stems herbaceous above but woody toward the
base, 3 to 10 feet high: branches somewhat striate-angled : leaves elongated-lan-
ceolate, serrate with few or several scattered teeth on each side, more or less
distinctly 3-nerved from near the base, 3 or 4 and the larger 5 or 6 inches
long : heads mostly 3 lines long, numerous and corymbosely cymose at the summit
of comparatively simple stems or branches : involucre stramineous : pappus not
very copious, nor flaccid, and elongated hardly at all in fruit: akene 5-nerved. —
From S. California to S. Colorado and Texas.

17. EVAX, Gaertn.

Dwarf and depressed annuals, floccose- woolly. In ours the heads are small
and aggregated in terminal foliose-involu crate glomerules.

1. E. prolifera, Nutt. Rather stout: stem often a span hi<;h, simple
and erect, or with ascending branches from the base, bearing numerous small
spatulate leaves and a capituliform glomerule, half an inch in diameter; whence
proceed 1 to 3 nearly leafless branches similarly terminated, sometimes again
proliferous : fructiferous bracts scarious, oval or oblong, mainly naked ; those
embracing staminate flowers more herbaceous and woolly-tipped, of firmer
or more herbaceous texture : staminate flowers each on a filiform stipe repre-
senting an abortive ovary. — Diaperia prolifera, Nutt. Dry ground, Colorado
to Dakota and Texas.

18. ANTENNAE- 1 A, Gajrtn. EVERLASTING.

Mostly low, canescently and often floccosely woolly herbs, with whitish or
purplish flowers : bracts of the involucre pearly white, rose-color, or brownish,
never yellow.

176 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

§ 1. Bristles of the male pappus hardly at all thickened bat minutely barbellate

near the apex: akenes puberulent : bracts of the involucre brownish.
1. A. dimorpha, Torr. & Gray. Depressed, cespitose from a stout mul-
ticipital caudex, bearing rosulate clusters of spatulate leaves : heads solitary
and subsessile at the crown, or raised on a sparsely-leaved stem of an inch or
less in height : male head 4 lines high, with broad and obtuse involucral
bracts ; female becoming i to f inch long, the inner bracts narrow and long-
attenuate into a hyaline acuminate tip : pappus of the fertile flowers of long
and fine smooth bristles. — Fl. ii. 431. Dry hills, from Wyoming to California
and British Columbia.

§ 2. Bristles of the male pappus stouter, with thickish and clavate or scarious-

dilated tips.

* Not surculose-stolomferous : stems simple from the subterranean branching cau-
dex, leafy, naked at summit, and bearing a cluster of broad heads : inner
bracts of the male involucre all with conspicuous ivory-white papery obtuse tips ;
those of the female with hardly any tips and more scarious : herbage silver y-
lanate.

2 A. luzuloides, Torr. & Gray. Closely silky-woolly: stems slender, a
span to a foot high ; leaves all narrowly linear, or some of the lowest narrowly
lanceolate-spatulate, small uppermost linear-subulate : heads small (2 lines, or
the female barely 3 lines long), several or numerous : involucre glabrous nearly
or quite to the base ; the inner bracts in the female heads obtuse : akenes gland,
ular: the spatulate and as it were petaloid tips of the male pappus obtuse.
— Fl. ii. 430. From Wyoming to Oregon and British Columbia.

3. A. Carpathica, R. Br. Floccoseli/ white-woolly, rather stout : lower
leaves spatulate-lanceolate and the upper linear : heads broad, 3 or 4 lines long :
involucre conspicuously woolly at base, more or less livid, except the white tipi
to the bracts of the male; the inner bracts of the female commonly acutish
and thiu-scarious : akenes smooth and glabrous. — In the Northern Rocky
Mountains, and extending south to Oregon ; represented in the lower Rocky
Mountains as far south as New Mexico, by the

Var. pulcherrima, Hook. Stems 6 to 18 inches high: leaves mostly
larger, the radical often half an inch or even almost an inch wide : heads more
numerous, often in a compound cyme : bristles of the male pappus with more
strongly and abruptly or even scariously dilated tips.

* * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or leafy shoots or stolons.
•i- Heads in a ci/mose cluster, sometimes solitary : involucre woolly at base.

4. A. alpina, Gartn. Somewhat cespitose: radical shoots few and short :
flowering stems 1 to 4 inches high, bearing 2 to 5 heads, sometimes a single
head : radical leaves spatulate, % inch long : involucre 3 lines high, livid-brown-
ish; the inner of the male heads with whitish oblong tips, of the female
wholly livid and scarious and from acutish to acuminate : akenes glandular. —
High mountains of Colorado and California, and far northward.

5. A. dioica, Gsertn. Freely surculose and forming broad mats : flowering
stems 2 to 8 or even 12 inches high, bearing few or numerous heads: radical
leaves from obovate to spatulate, half -inch to nearly an inch long, rarely glabrate
above : bracts of the involucre in both sexes with colored (white or rose-colored)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177

and obtuse papery tips : akenes smooth and glabrous or sometimes minutely
glandular. — Throughout the mountain region at all elevations and north-
ward, thence eastward across the continent.

Var. congesta, DC., has heads sessile in a rosulate tuft of leaves termi-
nating depressed stems, like the sterile creeping ones. — Alpine on Sierra
Blanca, S. Colorado, and similar but taller forms from the mountains of
Wyoming, etc.

6. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Freely surculose by long and slender
sparsely leafy stolons : flowering stems more scapiform, 6 to 18 inches high, bear-
ing small linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads : radical
leaves from roundish ovate to obovate and spatulate, the larger an inch or two
long, soon glabrate and green above, silvery-canescent beneath with a com-
pletely pannose coating, 3 to 5-nerved: involucre very woolly at base; inner
bracts of the male heads with oval or oblong obtuse ivory-white tips, of the
larger (4 to 6 lines long) female heads with white or whitish narrow and acute
tips : akenes minutely glandular. — From New Mexico to Washington Terri-
tory and eastward across the continent.

•*-• H— Heads looseli/ paniculate : involucre almost glabrous.

7. A. racemosa, Hook. Stoloniferous as in the last, lightly woolly,
becoming glabrate : flowering stems 6 to 20 inches high, slender, sparsely
leafy, bearing few or numerous racemosely or paniculately disposed heads :
leaves thin ; the radical broadly oval, an inch or two long ; lower cauline ob-
long ; upper small and lanceolate : involucre scarious, brownish ; the male
2 or 3 lines long, of obtuse bracts, the inner white-tipped ; female 3 or 4 lines
long, of narrow and mostly acute bracts : akenes glabrous. — From the moun-
tains of Wyoming to the Cascades and the British border.

19. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING.

1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. Commonly afoot or two high, in
tufts, very leafy, the white floccose wool rarely becoming tawny: leaves 2 to
5 inches long, from rather broadly to linear-lanceolate, soon glabrate and
green above, the broader ones indistinctly 3-nerved : heads numerous, corym-
bosely cymose: bracts of the involucre very numerous, almost wholly pearly
white, radiating in age. — Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br. Higher moun-
tains of Colorado and California and far northward ; across the continent in
its cooler portions.

20. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED. EVERLASTING.

Floccose woolly herbs : with sessile and sometimes decurrent entire leaves,
and cymosely clustered or glomerate heads of whitish or yellowish flowers.
Ours belong to the section in which the bristles of the pappus are not united,
but fall separately.

* Involucre woolly only at base, the scarious bracts from white to brownish straw-
color : more or less fragrant herbs, erect, a foot or two high : akenes smooth
and glabrous.

1- G-. Sprengelii, Hook. & Arn. Stems usually stout, 6 to 30 inches
high : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest spatulate, densely white-woolly,

12

178 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

or sometimes thinly floccose, the short decurrent bases or adnate auricles rather
broad, slightly if at all f/landular or heavy-scented : heads in single or few close
glomerules terminating the stem or branches : involucre hemispherical, white
or yellowish, becoming rusty-tinged. — G. luteo-album, var. Sprengelii, Eaton.
From Texas and Colorado to S. California and N. Oregon.

2. G. decurrens, Ives. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, corymbosely
branched above and bearing cymosely crowded glomerules of broad heads : leaves
very numerous, lanceolate or the upper linear, obviously adnate-decurrent, the
upper face becoming naked and green in age and with the stem glandular-pubes-
cent or viscid, white-woolly beneath, stronghj balsamic-scented: involucre cam-
panulate, white, becoming rusty-tinged. — Am. Jour. Sci. i. 380. From Texas
and New Mexico to Washington Territory and British Columbia, and eastward
to New England.

* * Involucre less imbricated, more involved in wool, the scarious tips of ihe nearly
equal bracts inconspicuous and dull-colored : heads glomerate and leafy-bracte-
ate, only a line or so in length : low and branching annuals, a few inches or
rarely afoot high : akenes either smooth or scabrous.

3. G. palUStre, Nutt. Loosely floccose with long wool, erect, at length
diffuse or weak : leaves 3 to 5 lines wide, spatulate or the uppermost oblong or
lanceolate: tips of the linear involucral bracts white, obtuse. — In moist
grounds from New Mexico to Wyoming and westward.

4. G. strictum, Gray. Appressed-woolly : stem strict and simple, a span
to a foot high, sometimes branching or with ascending stems from the base :
leaves all linear, seldom a line wide : heads in spicately disposed glomerules in
the axils or on short lateral branches : involucral bracts with brownish or some-
what whitish tips, obtuse. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110. Rocky Mountain region,
from Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona.

21. MELAMPODIUM, L.

Branching herbs, with opposite mostly sessile leaves, and pedunculate heads
terminating the branches or in the forks. In our species the rays are con-
spicuously exserted and white, and the fructiferous bracts hooded.

1. M. ciner0um, DC. Branched from the base, a span to a foot high,
cinereous or even silvery-canescent with a close pubescence, or greener : leaves
linear or the lower lanceolate or spatulate, entire or undulate, or even sinuate-
pinnatifid : ligules 5 to 9, cuneate-oblong, 2 to 3-lobed at apex, 3 to 6 lines
long : bracts of the involucre ovate, appressed, slightly united at base : fruc-
tiferous bracts nearly terete, somewhat incurved, muricate with sharp tubercles ;
its hood about the length of the body and very much wider, nearly smooth,
its truncate and usually even margin commonly incurved. — From S. and E.
Colorado to Arizona, Texas, and W. Arkansas.

22. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED.

Tall and coarse perennials : with resinous juice, large leaves, and ample
pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. Our species is the " Compass-Plant,"
with alternate deeply pinnatifld or bipinnatifid leaves, and large heads (sessile
or nearly so) racemosely disposed along the naked summit, and very rough
herbage,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179

1. S. laciniatum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12 feet high : radical leaves
a foot or two long, loug-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below
divided, the divisions and lobes lanceolate to linear ; cauline with petiole sim-
ply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and sometimes palmatifid appendages ;
upper sessile and reduced to bracts : involucre inch or more high and broad :
rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow. — Prairies, from Dakota to
Texas and eastward to Wisconsin and Alabama.

23. PAB.THENIUM, L.

Ours is an acaulescent cespitose perennial, with the ligule wanting.

1. P. alpinum, Torr. & Gray. Densely tufted on a thick branching cau-
dex, depressed, rising only 1 or 2 inches : leaves crowded, silvery-cauescent with
a flue appressed pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatulate-linear, barely an
inch long, entire : heads solitary and nearly F<vsile among the leaves : pappus
a pair of oblong-lanceolate membranaceous scales. — Mountains of Wyoming.

24. PARTHENICE, Gray.

Allied to both Parthenium and Iva.

1. P. mollis, Gray. Annual, with odor of Artemisia, 4 to 6 feet high,
paniculately branched, minutely cinereous throughout, wholly destitute of any
coarser pubescence: leaves all alternate, ovate, some of the larger (10 or 12
inches long) subcordate, acuminate, irregularly or doubly dentate, long-peti-
oled : heads small, 2 lines broad, numerous in loose axillary and terminal
somewhat leafy panicles : flowers greenish-white. — S. Colorado to Arizona.

25. IVA, L.

Herbs or shrubs . with entire or serrate leaves, at least the lower ones oppo-
site, and small spicatety or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered
and commonly nodding heads.

* Heads crowded in narrow spike-like clusters which are aggregated in a naked

panicle : leaves hng-petioled.

1. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. Tall and coarse, 3 to 5 feet high, pubescent, at
least when young : leaves mainly opposite, broadly ovate, ample, coarsely or
incisely serrate, acuminate, 3-ribbed at base, puberulently scabrous above :
panicles axillary and terminal : outer involucral bracts 5, broadly ovate and
herbaceous ; inner of as many membranaceous dilated-obovate or truncate
ones, which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace the obovate-
pyrif orm aiid glabrate akenes. — From New Mexico to Idaho and the Sas-
katchewan.

* * Heads spicately or racemosely disposed in the axils of leaves or foliaceous

bracts, and nodding.

2. I. ciliata, Willd. Rather stout, 2 to 6 feet high, strigose and hispid :
leaves nearly all opposite, ovate, acuminate, sparsely serrate, the base abruptly
contracted into a hispid petiole ; spikes strict, 3 to 8 inches long ,• their bracts
lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, surpassing the at length deflexed
heads, hispid-ciliate, as are the 3 or 4 herbaceous and unequal distinct or partly
united bracts of the involucre. — From New Mexico to Nebraska and eastward.

180 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

3. I. axillaris, Pursh. Stems or branches nearly simple, ascending, a
foot or two fnyh : leai'es from obovate or oblong to nearly linear, obtuse, entire, ses-
sile, rarely over an inch long, even the uppermost usually much surpassing
the mostly solitary heads in their axils ; bracts of the involucre connate into a
4 or 5-lobed or sometimes parted, or merely crenate cup. — From New Mexico
to Dakota and the Saskatchewan, and westward.

26. OXYTENIA, Nutt.

Shrubby species, with Artemisia-like habit.

1. O. acerosa, Nutt. Shrubby, but soft-woody, 3 to 5 feet high, canes-
cent, with erect branches sometimes leafless and rush-like : leaves when present
alternate, pinnately 3 to 5-parted into long filiform divisions, or uppermost
entire : heads numerous, 2 lines long, in dense panicles. — Dry plains, S. W.
Colorado to S. E. California.

27. DICORIA, Torr. & Gray.

1. D. Brandegei, Gray. Strigulose-canescent, diffusely and alternately
branched leaves of the branches oblong-lanceolate or partly spatulate, ob-
tuse, mostly entire, an inch or less long and with slender petiole : heads
sparse, racemose-paniculate ; fertile flower solitary ; its dilated-cuneate hyaline
subtending bract hardly surpassing the outer involucre : akene naked and
exserted, bordered with pectinate callous teeth connected by an indistinct sca-
rious margin. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. Sandy bottoms of the San Juan,
near the boundary between Colorado and Utah.

28. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.

Coarse herbs . with mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves,
and dull inconspicuous flowers : sterile heads racemose or spicate and with
no bracts : fertile flowers usually glomerate in axils below.

* Involucre of sterile heads 3-ribbed : no chaff" on the receptacle : leaves palmately

cleft, ample, petioled.

1. A. trifida, L. Tall and stout, 3 to 12 feet high or more, roughish
hispid or almost glabrous : leaves all opposite, very deeply 3-lobed or the lower
5-lobed ; the lobes acuminate, serrate : sterile racemes long and dense : fertile
heads clustered and as if involucrate by short bracts : fruit very thick, with 5
to 7 strong ribs or angles terminating above in spinous tubercles around the
base of the conical beak. — From the plains of Colorado eastward across the
continent.

# # Involucre of sterile heads not ribbed : receptacle ivith some chaff : leaves mostly

1 to 3-pinnatiJid or dissected.

2. A. artemisissfolia, L. Variously pubescent or hirsute, paniculately
branched, a foot or two high, or taller : leaves thinnish, biptnnatifid or pinnately
parted with the divisions irregularly pinnatifid or sometimes nearly entire, on
the flowering branches often undivided : sterile heads pedicelled : fruit short-
beaked, armed with 4 to 6 short acute teeth or spines. — A weed in waste and

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181

cultivated grounds across the continent, known variously as " Roman Worm-
wood," "Ragweed," and "Bitter-weed."

3. A. psilostachya, DC. From slender running rootstocks, stouter, 2
to 6 feet high, with strigose and some loose hirsute pubescence : leaves thickish;
upper simply and lower twice pinnatifld ; the lobes mostly lanceolate and acute:
sterile heads commonly short-pedicelled : fruit mostly solitary in the axils
below, rugose-reticulated, obtusely short-pointed, either wholly unarmed or with
four short either blunt or acute tubercles. — From the Saskatchewan to Texas
and westward across the continent.

29. FRANSERIA, Cav.

Ours are herbaceous, with chiefly alternate leaves, and the spines of the
fruiting and 1 to 2-flowered involucre comparatively few.

# Fruiting involucre seldom over a line long, in the same plant bearing either
1 or 2 flowers.

1 . F. tenuifolia, Gray. Erect, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy to the top, hispid,
variously pubescent, or glabrate : leaves mostly 2 to 3-pinnately parted or dis-
sected into narrowly oblong or linear lobes, the terminal elongated : sterile
racemes commonly elongated and paniculate : fertile heads in numerous glom-
erules below, in fruit minutely glandular, usually 2-flowered, armed with 6
to 18 short and stout incurving spines, their tips almost always hooked, and
an excavated cartilaginously bordered areola above each. — PL Fendl. 80.
From Colorado to California, Texas, and southward.

# * Fruiting involucre 3 or 4 lines long at maturity, and longer stout or broad
spines : stems low.

2. F. Hookeriana, Nutt. Diffusely spreading from an annual root, freely
branched, hirsute-pubescent or hispid: leaves of ovate or roundish outline, 1 to
3 inches broad, and bipinnatifld, or the upper oblong and pinnatifld: sterile
racemes solitary or paniculate : fruiting involucre armed with flat and thin
lanceolate-subulate smooth and glabrous long and straight spines, l-flowered. —
From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward across the continent.

3. F. discolor, Nutt. A foot or less high, erect from perennial slender
creeping root-stocks : leaves canescently tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above,
interruptedly-pinnatifld, oblong in outline, comparatively large, the lowest often
6 inches long ; the lobes usually short and broad : sterile racemes commonly
solitary : fruiting involucre 2-flowered, canescent, armed with rather short cortical-
subulate very acute and straight spines. — Plains, Nebraska to Wyoming, Colo-
rado, and New Mexico.

4. F. tomentOSa, Gray. A foot high, rather stout, erect, from an appar-
ently perennial base, canescent. with a dense sericeous tomentinn: leaves vert) white
beneath, cinereous above, pinnately 3 to 5-cleft or parted ; the terminal division
large, oblong or broadly lanceolate, serrate ; upper lateral similar but smaller ;
lowest commonly very small and entire : fruiting involucre 3 lines long, 2-
flowered, nearly glabrous ; the short spines conical -subulate, very acute, and the
very tip usually uncinate-incurved. — PI. Fendl. 80. Along streams or river-
beds, Kansas and E. Colorado.

182 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

30. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLE-BUR. CLOT-BUR.

Coarse annuals : with branching stems, alternate and usually lobed or
toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads, botli sexes in terminal and larger
axillary clusters, the male uppermost ; the lower axillary clusters of few or
solitary female heads.

1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stem often punctate with brown spots: leaves
cordate or ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, with dentate margins and often in-
cised or lobed, on long petioles : fruiting involucre about an inch long, densely
beset with rather long prickles, the two stout beaks at maturity usually hooked
or incurved, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid. —
X. strumarium, var. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. From Texas to the Saskatche-
wan and westward.

31. ZI1TNIA, L.

With opposite and mostly entire sessile leaves, single heads terminating the
branches, and showy flowers. In ours the leaves are narrow and rigid, connate-
sessile and crowded, and the akeues 2 to 4-aristate.

1. Z. grandiflora, Nutt. Scabrous: stems or branches a span or more
high from a stout woody base : leaves linear, 3-nerved at base : involucre nar-
row, 4 lines long : ligules 4 or 5, at maturity 5 to 8 lines long, dilated-obovate
or roundish, light yellow or sulphur-color, becoming white. — Plains and bluffs,
E. Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

32. HELIOPSIS, Pers.

"With loosely branching stems, veiny and mostly serrate 3-ribbed leaves on
naked petioles, and pedunculate showy heads with numerous yellow rays.

1. H. Isevis, Pers. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so throughout, 3 or 4
feet high : leaves bright green, thiimish, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate from
a truncate or slightly cuneate-decurrent base, acuminate, coarsely and sharply
serrate with numerous teeth, 3 to 5 inches long : heads somewhat corymbose :
rays broadly linear, an inch long : akenes wholly glabrous and smooth. —
Near Canon City, Colorado, Brandegee; chiefly a form of the Atlantic States.

33. ECHINACEA, Moench.

Perennial herbs, with rather stout erect stems, undivided leaves, the lower
long-petioled, and solitary large heads on long peduncles terminating the stem
and few branches. Rays from flesh-color to rose-purple, much elongating
with age.

1. E. angustifolia, DC. Hispid, a foot or two high, mostly simple:
leaves from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, entire, 3-nerved, all attenuate
at base, the lower into slender petioles : bracts of the involucre in only about
2 series. — Within the eastern limit of our range and extending eastward.

34. RUDBECKIA, L. CONEFLOWER.

With alternate leaves, either simple or compound, and showy pedunculate
heads terminating stem and branches : rays yellow, even sometimes wanting,
the lisk from fuscous to purplish black.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183

# Disk from hemispherical to ovoid, black or dull brown : akenes small, quadran-

gular, wholly destitute of pappus : leaves undivided : involucre soon reflexed.

1 . R. hirta, L. Rather stout, 1 to 3 feet high, rough-hispid and hirsute :
leaves from oblong to lanceolate, sparingly serrate or nearly entire, 2 to 5
inches long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles : rays when well devel-
oped an inch or two long, golden yellow, sometimes deeper colored toward
the base : disk at first nearly black, in age dull brown, becoming ovoid in
fruit. — Dry and open ground, from Colorado to the Saskatchewan and east-
ward across the continent.

# # Disk from globular to cylindrical, yellowish or brownish : akenes comparatively

large, somewhat compressed, with a crown-like pappus: involucre loose and
fohaceous but not usually reflexed.

•*-Rays few or several, inch or two long, drooping, pure yellow : disk dull yellowish ;
the tip of the chaff y bracts canesce.nl : pappus a short 4-toothed or nearly entire
crown: nearly all the leaves cleft or divided: stems branching.

2. R. laciniata, L. Glabrous and smooth, sometimes minutely scabrous,
at least on the margins and upper face of the leaves : stem 2 to 7 feet high,
branching above : leaves veiny, broad, incisely and sparsely serrate ; radical
commonly pinnately 5 to 7-foliolate or nearly so, and divisions often lacini-
ately 2 to 3-cleft ; lower cauline 3 to 5-parted, upper 3-cleft, and those of the
branches few-toothed or entire — Moist ground, from Montana to Arizona
and New Mexico, and eastward across the continent.

•«- •*- Rays wanting : disk brownish ; the tip of the chajfy bracts puberufent : re-
ceptacle bodkin-shaped : scarious cup-shaped pappus very conspicuous : stems
stout, simple.

3. R. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat
scabrous-puberulent : leaves undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
entire, or irregularly and sparingly dentate, 4 to 8 inches long ; upper sessile by a
rounded or subcordate base ; lower abruptly contracted into a short winged
petiole, rarely a pair of obscure lateral lobes : disk in age becoming 1 ^ inch
long, and akenes 2 lines long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 355. Mountains
of Wyoming to Idaho and Oregon.

4. R. montana, Gray. Smoother, somewhat glaucous, tall and very
stout : leaves 8 to 1 2 inches long, pinnately parted into 3 to 9 oblong-lanceolate
divisions, or the lanceolate uppermost cauline with 2 to 4 narrow lateral lobes :
disk cylindraceous or cylindrical, at length often 3 inches long and an inch in
diameter: akenes with the deep coroniform pappus 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 217. Mountains of Colorado.

35. LEPACHYS, Raf.

Herbs, with pinnately parted leaves, and terminal long-peduncled showy
heads, the drooping rays yellow or partly brown-purple : truncate inflexed tips
of the chaff pubescent ; disk yellowish, becoming darker.

1 L. COlumnaris, Torr. & Gray. Scabrous, 1 or 2 feet high, branching
from the base : divisions of the cauline leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly
linear, sometimes 2 to 3-cleft : rays commonly an inch or more long, normally

184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

all yellow : disk at length columnar, an inch or more long. — Plains, from the
Rocky Mountains to the Saskatchewan and Texas.

Var. puleherrima, Torr. & Gray. A part or even the whole upper face
of the ray brown-purple. — From Arizona to Texas and Nebraska.

36. BALSAMORRHIZA, Hook.

Low ; with thick, deep and balsamic roots ; a tuft of radical leaves mostly
on long petioles ; and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked scapes,
bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers.

* Leaves entire or nearly so ; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and

lonq-petioled.

1. B. sagittata, Nutt. Silvery-can escent, and the involucre white-woolly :
radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, 4 to 9 inches long, the base 2 to
6 inches wide, on petioles of greater length ; the few and inconspicuous cauline
from linear to spatulate : scape at length a foot or more high : rays 1 to 2
inches long. — Mountains of Colorado to Montana and British Columbia.
Used for food by the Indians.

# # Leaves neither entire nor cordate, varying from laciniately dentate to bipin-

nately divided : heads solitary on a naked scape or one bearing a pair of small
opposite leaves towards the base.

2. B. macrophylla, Nutt. Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except
the ciliate margins of the leaves, usually minutely glandular-viscidulous :
leaves ample, ovate or oblong in outline, a span to a foot long, some with only one
or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them pinnately parted into broadly lanceo-
late and commonly entire lobes : scapes a foot or two high : bracts of the invo-
lucre from narrowly lanceolate to spatulate and foliaceous, an inch or two
long, nearly equal, either half or fully the length of the rays. — Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 350. Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, Wyoming to Utah.

3. B. Hookeri, Nutt. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomentose pu-
bescence, but not at all hirsute : scapes and leaves a span to a foot high ; the
latter lanceolate or elongated-Mong in outline, pmnately or bipinnately parted into
lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes, or some of them only pinnatifid or incised :
involucre from canescently puberulent to lauate; its bracts from linear- to
oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes the outer-
most foliaceous and enlarged. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 301 . West of our range,
but represented by

Var. incana, Gray. Densely white-tomentose : leaves often of broader out-
line. — Synopt. Fl. i. 266. B. incana, Nutt. Wyoming and Montana to
N. California.

37. WYETHIA, Nutt.

Stout and mostly low ; with ample undivided pinnately veined alternate
leaves (mostly entire), and large heads of mostly yellow flowers.

* Rays from pale ye/low or dull straw-color to white.

1. "W. helianthoides, Nutt. A span to a foot and a half high, simple
and with a single large head, or rarely 3 or 4, hirsute : leaves from oval to

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185

broadly lanceolate, denticulate or entire, 4 to 8 inches long, mostly narrowed
at base into a short margined petiole : heads an inch high : bracts of the invo-
lucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous : rays nearly 2 inches long : akenes 4
lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flattish, 12-nerved: pappus some-
times minute, chaffy coroniform and cleft into few or several teeth. — Northern
Ilocky Mountains, in moist valleys, S. W. Montana to E. Oregon.

# # Rays bright yellow.

•»- Glabrous and smooth throughout, usually balsamic-viscid: leaves lanceolate to

oblong.

2. W. amplexicaulis, Nutt. A foot or two high, robust : leaves mostly
lanceolate-oblong, entire or denticulate ; radical often a foot or more long ;
upper cauline partly clasping by a rounded or somewhat narrowed base : heads
solitary or several, short peduncled : involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, one or
two outer ones occasionally foliaceous and larger : rays l£ inches long : akenes
with a conspicuous crown cleft into acute teeth, and sometimes a small awn.
— From Colorado to Montana and British Columbia. Called " Pe-ik " by the
Indians.

H- H- Hirsutely pubescent or scabrous : leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear.

3. W. Arizonica, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent, a foot high, bearing a sin-
gle or few heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, or the upper
and sessile cauline broader: involucre of rather foliaceous and erect bracts:
rays 8 to 12 : pappus a very narrow crown, extended into 3 or 4 stout subulate
teeth, or into 1 or 2 short awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655. S. Colorado to
S. Utah and Arizona.

4. W. SCabra, Hook. Very scabrous, a foot or two high, rigid : cauline
leaves linear, thick, 4 to 6 inches long, £ inch wide, sessile, attenuate-acute :
involucral bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series, all the outer with an appressed
base, which is acuminate into a longer subulate filiform spreading very hispid-
scabrous appendage : rays several, •£ inch long : akenes acutely angled, the 3 or
4 angles extended into a pappus of as many short blunt teeth, which are barely
confluent at base. — New Mexico and S. Colorado to Utah and Wyoming.

38. QYMNOLOMIA, HBK.

With erect branching stems, alternate or opposite leaves, and heads of yellow
flowers ; resembling small-flowered species of Helianthus.

1 . G. multiflora, Benth. & Hook. A foot to a yard high, pubescent or
scabrous, sometimes also hispid, often much branched : leaves from narroAvly
linear to lanceolate, either alternate or mainly opposite, entire or obscurely
denticulate: rays 10 to 15, golden yellow: disk hemispherical, in age little
more elevated and receptacle obtusely conical ; its bracts linear, obtuse or the
inner acute : akenes smooth. — Hel-i omen's multiflora, Nutt. Very polymor-
phous. From Arizona to Wyoming and W. Texas.

39. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Usually tall or coarse ; with a part or all the leaves opposite and simple ;
heads peduncled and terminating the stems or branches, with yellow rays,
and either yellow or purple disk-flowers.

186 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

§ 1. Annuals : receptacle fiat or nearly so: all but the lower leaves usually alter-
nate, pet! oled, 3-ribbed: involucre spreading ; its bracts attenuate: disk brown-
ish or dark purple.

1. H. annuus, L. Robust, when well developed tall, hispid, hispidulous,
or scabrous : stem often spotted or mottled : leaves ovate and the lower cordate,
serrate, the larger 6 to 12 inches long, the blade of the cauliue ones longer than
their petiole : bracts of the involucre from broadly ovate to oblong, aristiform-
acuminate, below hispidly ciliate : disk in the wild plant commonly an incli or
more in diameter. — • Includes H. lenticular is, Dougl., and many other forms.
From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward. The " Common Sunflower,"
extensively cultivated everywhere and thus becoming very tall and with enor-
mous heads. Fruit used by the Indians for food and oil.

2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. A foot to a yard high, more slender, loosely
branching, strigose-hispidulous, rarely hirsute : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, entire or sparin'/ly denticulate, I to 3 inches long, cuneately attenuate
or the lower abruptly contracted into a long and slender petiole : bracts of the
involucre lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with acute and mucronate or some-
times more attenuate tips, seldom at all ciliate : disk £ inch or more in diame-
ter..— About the same range as the last.

§ 2. Perennials: receptacle convex, or at length low-conical: lower leaves almost
always opposite.

* Involucre loose, becoming more or less squarrose ; its bracts almost equal, filiform-

attenuate : disk usually dark purple or turning brownish : all but the lower leaves
long-linear or filiform.

3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem smooth and glabrous, often 10 feet high,
very leafy to the top : leaves mostly alternate, from long-linear, 8 to 16 inches
long, commonly 2 to 4 lines wide, or the lowest lanceolate, to almost filiform,
slightly papillose-scabrous, the lower narrowed into a petiole and sometimes
serrulate: bracts of the involucre filiform-attenuate, those of the receptacle
entire : akenes oblong-obovate with a rounded summit, 3 lines long. — Dry
plains, Nebraska to Texas, west to S. E. Colorado.

# # Involucre closer, of more imbricated and unequal ovate or oblong but not folia-

ceous bracts: leaves from lanceolate to ovate: herbage not tomentose nor con-
spicuously cinereous.

4. H. rigidus, Desf. A foot or two (rarely 6 to 8 feet) high, rigid, spar-
ingly branched : leaves very firm-coriaceous and thick, both sides hispidulous-
scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or serrate ; lower oblong and ovate-lanceolate,
attenuate at base into short winged petioles ; upper mostly lanceolate : heads
comparatively large, show//; disk £ inch high, dark purple or brownish: invo-
lucre pluriserially imbricated ; its bracts mainly ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid,
appressed, densely and minutely ciliate. — Plains and prairies from Michigan
to Texas and west to E. Colorado.

5. H. pumilus, Nutt. Hispid and scabrous throughout : stems simple, a
foot or two high, bearing 5 to 7 pairs of leaves and a few rather short-peduncled
heads : leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or nearly so, 1 \ to 4 inches
long, rigid, abruptly contracted at base into a short margined petiole : invo-
lucre less than half-inch high, white hirsute or scabro-hispidulous ; its bracts

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187

imbricated in about 3 series, oblong-lanceolate, acutish : disk yellow. — Eastern

Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, from Wyoming to Colorado.

* * * Involucre looser and the bracts disposed to be more taper-pointed, or folia-

ceous: disk yellow or yellowish.

•t- Stems smooth or somewhat scabrous: leaves mostly lanceolate or narrower:
involucral bracts linear-subulate, loose or soon squarrose-spreading.

6. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. Stem very smooth and glabrous, com-
monly glaucous, 6 to 10 feet high, bearing numerous rather cymosely disposed
and short-peduncled heads : leaves slender-petioled, thinnish, oblong-lanceolate
or narrower, or some of the cauline almost deltoid-lanceolate, gradually acu-
minate, sharply serrate, or upper merely denticulate, slightly scabrous above,
luh/t sh and soft-puberulent beneath ; larger cauline commonly 8 to 10 inches and
the petiole an inch or two long: deep yellow oblong rays over an inch long.
— Dry plains, from Texas to Dakota and as far east as Ohio.

7. H. Maximiliani, Schrader. Hispidulous-scabrous : stem stout, 2 or 3
(and even 10 to 12) feet high, below mostly rough-hispid : leaves almost all alter-
nate, thickish, becoming rigid, very scabrous above, lanceolate, acute or acuminate
at both ends, mostly subsessile, all entire or sparingly denticulate : involucre of
more rigid bracts : rays numerous, often inch and a half long, golden yel-
low. — Prairies and plains west of the Mississippi, and from the Saskatchewan
to Texas.

8. H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, commonly
simple, smooth and glabrous: leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, 3 to 6 inches
long, 3 to 9 lines wide, short-petloled or subsessile, serrulate or entire : bracts of
the involucre naked or somewhat hirsute at base : palea3 of the pappus long
and narrow. — Fl. ii. 324. In wet soil, W. Wyoming and Utah to Oregon,
Washington Territory, and British Columbia.

H- -»- Stems pubescent or hirsute : leaves ovate or subcordate : involucral bracts
lanceolate, loose, hirsute-ciliate.

9. H. tuberosus, L. Stem 5 to 10 feet high, branching at summit:
leaves mostlv alternate on the branches, acuminate, dull green, minutely pu-
bescent and occasionally cinereous beneath, soon scabrous above : bracts of
the involucre attenuate-acuminate : rays often inch and a half long, 12 to 20 :
bracts of the receptacle hirsute-pubescent on the back : akenes more or less
pubescent at summit and margins, mostly long and slender. — The "Jerusa-
lem Artichoke," widely cultivated for its fleshy tubers, and found under various
forms, especially in the E. United States. An indigenous form coming within
our range is

Var. subcanescens, Gray. Mostly dwarf, about 2 feet high, compara-
tively small-leaved, rough-hispidulous or scabrous, but the lower face of the
leaves whitish with soft and fine pubescence. — Synopt. Fl. i. 280. Plains
of Minnesota, Dakota, etc.

40. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray.

Leafy-stemmed : leaves lanceolate to ovate, with tapering base, opposite or
alternate : rays broad, yellow : disk yellow or purplish-brown : akeues flat,
from cuneate-obovate and emarginate to slightly obcordate.

188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* Chaffy bracts of the receptacle soft and scarious : akenes with some long viHous

hairs on the margins and sometimes on the faces.
H- Heads showy, large or middle-sized, solitary, or some later ones axillary : bracts

of the involucre loose and lanceolate-attenuate or linear, more or less foliaceous,

conspicuously hirsute-ciliate : disk yellowish.

1. H. quinquenervis, Gray. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent or almost
glabrous : stems solitary or scattered, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves mostly opposite,
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 9 inches long, uppermost sessile, lower
ones tapering into margined petioles, and the lowest (afoot or more long) into
longer petioles : head mostly long-peduncled, ample, the disk a full inch in
diameter : rays 15 to 20, pale yellow, commonly inch and a half long: pappus
of 2 slender awns, of half the length of the akene, and nearly thrice the length of
the squamellce, which form a conspicuous finely dissected fringe. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 10. H. unijlora of the Fl. Colorado and Bot. King's Exp. Moun-
tains from Dakota and Montana to S. Colorado.

2. H. Parryi, Gray. Hispidulous-hirsute : stems numerous from a thick-
ened root, a foot high, rather slender : leaves mostly alternate, more rigid, lanceo-
late and an inch or two long, or the lowest and radical oblong-spatulate and of
double the size : heads and rays barely half the size of the preceding : pappus of
jimbriately dissected squamellw only, or with a pair of slender awns not surpass-
ing these. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, G8. Mountains of Colorado and New
Mexico.

i- -i- Heads small : involucre more imbricated : rays few and hardly surpassing
the dark purple disk.

3. H. microoepliala, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous : stems numerous
from a greatly thickened root, a foot or less high, slender, somewhat panicu-
lately or corymbosely branched at summit and bearing several heads : leaves
rigid, all but the lower alternate ; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; upper cauline
nearly linear and sessile, an inch long : involucral bracts linear-oblong, mostly
obtuse : rays not over 3 lines long : pappus of several slender squamellae inter-
mixed with the long hairs, two marginal ones often extended and awn-like. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. Borders of Colorado and adjacent New Mexico and
Utah.

* * Chaffy bracts of the receptacle Jirm-chartaceous : stems afoot or two high.

4. H. tmiflora, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent or glabrate : leaves
more commonly opposite, sometimes all alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5
inches long; lower short-petioled : involucre pubescent or slightly hirsute:
rays a full inch long : akenes more or less ciliate : pappus a pair of long awns
and rather conspicuous squamellae. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. //. multi-
caulis of Bot. King's Exp. Mountains of Montana and E. Idaho to S. Utah.

41. VERBESINA, L.

Flowers yellow or rarely white. Ours belongs to § Ximenesia, in which the
heads are broad, the involucre of spreading linear and foliaceous equal bracts,
and the disk and receptacle merely convex : the rays are numerous and con-
spicuous.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189

1. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high, freely branch-
ing, pale and cinereous or sometimes canescent : leaves mostly alternate, and
the upper face green, from ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, variously
serrate or laciniate-dentate, most with winged petioles, and commonly with
auriculate-dilated appendage at base: disk three fourths inch in diameter:
rays 12 to 15, an inch long, deeply 3-cleft at summit: akenes obovate, mostly
broadly winged and with short awns. — Ximenesia encelioides, Cav. Erom
S. Colorado and Arizona to Texas.

42. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Pedunculate heads terminating the branches : rays mostly showy, yellow,
party-colored, or rose-colored. In ours the akene is wingless.

1. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves opposite and
all 1 to 2-pinnately divided into lanceolate or linear divisions: outer involucre
short and close : rays ^ to f inch long, either yellow with crimson-brown base or
nearly all crimson brown: disk-flowers dark purple or brown : akenes moderately
incurved : pappus none or an obscure border. — From Colorado and Arizona to
the Saskatchewan and Texas.

2. C. involucrata, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrous, 1 to 3 feet
high : leaves opposite and all pinnately 3 to 7-divided or parted ; the divisions
serrate, incised, or again cleft : bracts of the outer involucre 1 2 to 20, mostly
surpassing the inner, slender, hispid on the back and margins : rays sometimes
an inch long, golden yellow: disk-Jlowers dull yellow: akenes straight, with 2
short acute teeth. — Plains of E. Colorado to Texas and W. Illinois.

43. BIDENS, Tourn. BUR-MARIGOLD.

Leaves opposite, simple or compound : heads of mostly yellow flowers soli-
tary or paniculate.

§ 1. Akenes flat, from obovate to cuneiform, not at all contracted at summit, 2 to 4-
awned: outer involucre f of iaceous and spreading.

* Heads erect, rayless, or rarely with 1 to 5 small rays : disk greenish yellow : leaves

mostly petioled and divided.

1. B. frondosa, L. Glabrous or somewhat hairy, branching, 2 to 6 feet
high : leaves except the uppermost pinnately 3 to 5-divided into lanceolate or
broader sharply serrate petiolulate leaflets : outer involucre often very leafy :
akenes obovate or oblong, more or less hairy, 2-awned. — Shady or moist rich
ground, common everywhere. The common " Stick-tight."

* * Heads commonly with conspicuous rays : leaves all sessile and undivided ;

upper pairs somewhat connate round the stem : margins of the cuneate akenes
and the rigid awns retrorsely hispid.

2. B. cernua, L. Stem glabrous or setulose hispid, from a span to a yard
high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly sharply serrate : heads
conspicuously nodding after anthesfs, commonly surpassed by the foliaceous
outer involucre : rays ovate or oval, little surpassing the disk or wanting : akenes
usually 4 awned. — Across the continent, especially in the more northern lati-
tudes. In wet grounds.

190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

3. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. Glabrous, often decumbent at base,
a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate, rather minutely and evenly serrate : heads
rather large, little or not at a/I nodding: outer involucre seldom surpassing the
inner, conspicuously surpassed by the oval or broadly oblong rays: akeues 2 to
4-awned. — Wet grounds, across the continent ; on the plains around Denver.

§ 2. Akenes narrow, linear-tetragonal ; the outer shorter and more truncate than
the inner, which generally taper upward : outer involucre seldom foliaceous or
enlarged: leaves (in ours) all once to thrice 3 to 5-nately parted or divided, and
the rays inconspicuous or none.

4. B. bipinnata, L. Primary and secondary divisions of the leaves
rather ovate or deltoid-lanceolate in circumscription, and the lobes mostly acute :
akenes oil slender, the inner ones 5 to 9 lines long, outermost moderately shorter
and thicker : awns 3 or 4, sometimes only 2. — A common weed in waste
ground throughout the continent. Commonly known as " Spanish Needles."

5. B. tenuisecta, Gray. A foot or two high, branched from the base,
sparsely hirsute or glabrous : leaves 2 to 3-ternately or pinnately dissected into
narrow linear lobes : heads on naked rather long and stout peduncles, many-
flowered, 4 or 5 lines high in flower : akenes glabrous, 2-awned ; inner 5 lines
long, with tapering summit; outermost 3 lines long, stouter and with broad
summit and usually short awns : rays yellow, mostly surpassing the disk. —
PI. Fendl. 86. Along water-courses, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.

44. THELESPERMA, Less.

Smooth and glabrous perennials: with opposite usually finely dissected
leaves, and pedunculate heads : the rays golden yellow.

* Lobes of the disk-corollas linear or lanceolate, longer than the throat : pappus
evident: chaff of receptacle falling with and partly embracing the akenes.

1. T. ambigUUm, Gray. Afoot high, spreading by creeping rootstocks,
rather rigid and naked above : leaves bipinnately divided into narrowly linear
or filiform lobes : bracts of the outer involucre 8, subulate-linear, almost equalling
or half the length of the inner, which are connate to or above the middle : rays
broad, over ^ inch long, rarely wanting : disk usually purple turning brownish :
outer akeues becoming coarsely papillose ; the stout pappus-scales not longer titan
the* width of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 16. T. jUifolium of most of
the Western Reports. From Montana to Colorado, New Mexico, and W.
Texas.

2. T. gracile, Gray. More rigid, a foot or two high, from a deep root,
less branched, naked above : leaves once or twice 3 to 5-nately divided or
parted into filiform-linear or broader lobes, or some upper ones filiform and
entire : bracts of the outer involucre 4 to 6, very short, ovate or oblong ; of the
inner one connate to above the middle, the edges of their lobes slightly scari-
ous : disk mostly yellow, scarcely brownish after anthesis : akenes less papillose
or roughened, the breadth of the summit exceeded bi/ the subulate awns: rays usu-
ally none, rarely present and 2 or 3 lines long, — Loc. cit. Plains, Nebraska
and Wyoming to W. Texas and Arizona.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191

# * Lobes of disk-corollas ovate or oblong, decidedly shorter than the throat :
pappus shorter and coroniform or obsolete : very leafy below, sending up long
and naked peduncles : outer involucre short.

3. T. SUbnudum, Gray. Rather stout : leaves thickish and rigid, once
or twice terriately parted into linear or lanceolate lobes : peduncles 4 to 10
inches long : head £ inch high : rays sometimes none, sometimes ample : pap-
pus a minute 4 to 5-toothed naked crown, or obsolete. — Proc. Am. Acad. x.
72. Green River, Wyoming, Parry ; mainly in New Mexico, N. Arizona, and
S. Utah.

45. MADIA, Molina. TARWEED.

Glandular and viscid herbs, mostly heavy-scented : with entire or merely
toothed leaves, some or all of them alternate : heads axillary and terminal.
Ours belongs to the § Eu madia, in which the rays are few and inconspicuous
or none and the pappus none.

1. M. glomerata, Hook. A foot or so high, rigid, very leafy, hirsute,
glandular only toward the inflorescence : leaves narrowly linear : heads glom-
erate : rays 2 to 5 or sometimes none, not surpassing the about equal number
of disk-flowers : akenos narrow, those of the disk 4 to 5-angled ; of the ray
somewhat curved and 1-nerved on each face. — Mountains of Colorado, to
the Saskatchewan, the Sierras of California, Oregon, and Washington Ter-
ritory.

46. LAYIA, Hook. & Am.

Branches terminated by showy heads of (in ours) white flowers : pappus of
10 to 20 stout bristles, which are plumose below the middle : herbage hispid
or hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with scattered stipitate blackish
glands.

1. L. glandulosa, Hook. & Am. A span to a foot or more high, dif-
fusely branched : lower leaves lanceolate or linear, laciuiate-pinnatifid or
incised, upper narrow and entire : rays 8 to 13, large and conspicuous (bright
white or tinged with rose), j to f inch long, 3-lobed: villous hairs of the pap-
pus bristles copious, the outer straight and erect, the inner soon crisped and
interlaced into a woolly mass. — Barren ground, from New Mexico through
S. W. Colorado to Idaho, and westward.

47. RIDDELLIA, Nutt.

Low and corymbosely branched woolly herbs : with alternate and spatulate
or linear leaves, the cauline entire : small heads of yellow flowers : bracts
of the involucre distinct, but connected by the intricate wool so as to seem
connate.

1. R. tagetina, Nutt. Loosely or somewhat villosely lanate, sometimes
glabrate in age, rather widely branched : radical and even lower cauline leaves
often ladniate-pinnatifid: heads numerous, mostly cymosely clustered and
short-ped uncled : scales of the pappus oblong-lanceolate, entire, usually obtuse,
£ or £ the length of the disk-corolla. — W. Texas to E. Colorado and Arizona.

192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

48. PEB.ICOME, Gray.

The name refers to the coma of long hairs all round the margin of the
akenes.

1. P. caudata, Gray. Rather tall, widely branching, strong-scented, very
minutely puberuleut : leaves opposite, long-petioled, green and minutely some-
what resinous-atomiferous, triangular-hastate, 2 to 5 inches long, with sparingly
crenate-dentate or entire margins, caudately long-acuminate, as also in less
degree are the basal angles : heads numerous in terminal corymbiform cymes,
half-inch or less high ; flowers golden yellow, conspicuously longer than the
glabrous involucre : pappus a crown of hyaline scales which are more or less
connate and fimbriate-lacerate at summit, the fringe dissected into bristles or
hairs somewhat simulating those of the margin of the akene. — PI. Wright, ii.
82. Rocky canons, etc., S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.

49. ERIOPHYLLUM, Lag.

Mostly floccose herbs : with alternate or partly opposite leaves, and pedun-
cled heads : flowers golden yellow. In ours the heads are mostly solitary or
scattered and conspicuously pedunculate.

I. E. csespitosum, Dougl. Floccosely white-woolly, many-stemmed
from the root : leaves in age with upper face often glabrate ; lower ones from
spatulate or cuneate to roundish in outline, from iricisely 3 to 5-lobed to pin-
nately parted or the upper varying to linear and entire : involucral bracts 8
to 12, oblong or oval: tube of disk-corollas mostly hirsute-glandular and
longer than the pappus, which is variable, sometimes very short, sometimes
obsolete. — Bahia lanata, DC. Common from Montana to British Columbia
and thence southward. Very variable, one form within our range being

Var. integrifolium, Gray. Low, often dwarf, cespitose-tufted, 3 to 10
inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate and entire to
more dilated and 3-lobed at summit, or at base and on sterile shoots cuueate
and incisely lobed: involucre of 6 bracts: pappus about equalling the very
glandular but not hirsute corolla-tube. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. Bahia
integrifolia, DC. Mountains of Wyoming, Montana, and westward.

50. BAHIA, Lag.

Sometimes canescent but not woolly : with opposite or sometimes alternate
leaves, and rather small pedunculate heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches.

* Scales of the pappus 4 to 8, obovate or spatulate, with rounded or truncate scari-
ous summit : leaves dissected or cleft, mostly opposite.

1. B. oppositifolia, Nutt. A span or two high, fastigiately branched
and many-stemmed, very leafy up to the short-peduncled heads, cinereous with
fine close pubescence : leaves petioled, palmately or pedately 3 to 5-parted
into linear divisions little broader than the margined petiole : bracts of the
involucre oblong or oval, comparatively close : rays 5 or 6, oval, hardly sur-
passing the disk-flowers : akenes slender, glandular : pappus half the length
of the corolla-tube. — Sterile hills and plains, Nebraska to Colorado and New
Mexico.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193

* * Scales of the pappus about 10, linear-lanceolate, and with a distinct rib:

leaves all alternate and entire.

2. B. nudicaulis, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, upper part
of the scapiform stem and involucre minutely glandular, a span or two high :
leaves nearly all radical, oval or spatulate-oblong, tapering into a slender peti-
ole : heads solitary or few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly £ inch
high : involucre of about 1 0 oblong bracts : rays 6 to 9, oblong : pappus fully
half the length of the cuneate-linear sparsely hairy akene ; the thin margins of
the paleas of the pappus erose. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Wind Kiver
Mountains, N, W. Wyoming, Parry.

3. B. Oblongifolia, Gray. Smaller: steins sparsely leafy almost to the
3-cepha/ous naked inflorescence: leaves narrowly oblong: head only 4 lines high,
narrow : paleas of the pappus firmer, smoother, and with entire edges, little
shorter than the glabrate akene — Loc. cit. On the San Juan and Rio Colorado,
S. E. Utah or adjacent Colorado.

* * * Leaves once or twice palmate! y or pedately divided : akenes mostly hirsute

along the slender attenuate base.
•H- Leaves mainly opposite : raya' none • pappus of broad and very obtuse scales.

4. B. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. A span or more high, minutely puberu-
lent : leaves 3 to 7-parted into narrow linear divisions ; uppermost little shorter
than the slender peduncles: involucre of about 10 sparingly pubescent spatu-
late bracts . disk-corollas small, with glandular tube, almost equalled by the
obovate scales of the pappus, which are much thickened at and near the base.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. New Mexico and S. Colorado.

-<- i- Leaves mainly alternate: rays 16 to 20, obovate-oblong.. yellow: pappus

none.

5. B. chrysanthemoides, Gray. Taller and stouter, 1 to 4 feet high,
puberulent or below glabrous, above with the flowering branches and short
peduncles glandular pubescent and viscid : leaves 1 to 3-ternately divided or
parted ; the lobes from oblong and obtuse to nearly linear : heads 5 or 6 lines
high and broad : bracts of the involucre 16 to 20, crowded, from oblong-lan-
ceolate to obovate-oblong, most of them conspicuously acuminate. — Proc.
Am Acad. xix. 28. Vdlanova chrijsanthemoides, Gray. Along mountain-
water-courses, Colorado to S Arizona.

51. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her.

Mostly floccose-tomentose and with sulcate-angled erect stems, alternate
mostly 1 to 2-pinnatifid or parted leaves, and cymose or solitary pedunculate
heads of white or yellow floAvers.

* Flowers white ; the tube long and slender and stamens much exserted : pappus

of very small scales forming a crown, or obsolete : akenes puberulent : involucre
of partly white-petal oid bracts.

1 . H. COrymbosus, Torn £ Gray. Slender and glabrate, naked above :
lower leaves 2-pinnately and the small upper ones mostly simply parted into
narrowly linear acute divisions and lobes : heads 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of
the involucre shorter than the flowers, obovate-oblong, the petaloid summit

13

194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

only greenish white: akenes puberulent — Fl. ii. 372. Prairies, Nebraska
to Arkansas and Texas, extending westward to within the eastern limits of
our range.
# * Flowers dull white to yellow : pappus conspicuous, of spatulate or narrow

scales which have a manifest rib : akenes villous : involucre greener, less peta-

loid.

2. H. tenilifolius, Pursh. Lightly tomentose, or soon glabrate and green,
leafy : leaves rather rigid, once or twice pinnately parted into very narrowly
linear or filiform divisions, their margins soon revolute : heads only 3 or 4
lines high, numerous and cymose : involucre rather erect and close ; its bracts
oblong-obovate, greenish with whitish apex and margins : corolla dull white :
akenes long-villous. — Fl. ii. 742. Plains, from Nebraska to Arkansas, Texas,
and Utah.

3. H. filifolillS, Hook. Tomentose-canesccnt, or somewhat denudate and
glabrate, na ke< above: stems a span to a foot high .sometimes scapiform : leaves
nearly as in the last, or of more filiform rigid divisions : heads a third to half
inch high, yew or solitary : bracts of the involucre oblong or obovate-oblong,
largely green or else white-woolly, the tips whitish or purplish-tinged: corolla yel-
I»wish white or sometimes clear yellow: akenes very long-villous. — Probably the
//. tenuifohus of Fl. Colorado as well as of Bot. King's Exp. From Nebraska
and Montana to New Mexico and S. California.

52. POLYPTERIS, Nutt.

Herbs more or less scabrous-pubescent : with undivided and mostly entire
petiolate leaves, all or the upper alternate : loosely cymose or paniculate and
pedunculate heads of rose-purple flowers. In ours the rays are palmately
3-cleft.

1- P. Hookeriana, Gray. Stout, 1 to 4 feet high, above glandular-
pubescent and somewhat viscid : leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate :
involucre many-flowered, broad, ^ inch or more high, of 12 to 16 lanceolate
bracts in two series, the outer looser and often wholly herbaceous, inner with
purplish tips : ray-flowers 8 to 10, the rose-red rays ^ inch long, but sometimes
reduced or abortive : pappus of the disk of thin scales attenuate at apex into
a slender point or short awn, nearly the length of the akene. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 30. Sandy plains, from Nebraska to Texas, and extending within
the eastern limits of our range.

53. CH^NACTIS, DC.

With alternate mostly pinnately dissected leaves, pedunculate solitary or
cymose heads of yellow or (in ours) white or flesh-colored flowers, and pappus
mostly of entire or merely erose persistent scales (iu ours 8 to 14).

1. C. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Canescent with a fine somewhat floccose
tomentum, or sometimes glabrate, a span to a foot or more high : leaves mostly
of broad outline and bipinnately parted into crowded short and very obtuse
divisions and lobes : heads from j to f inch long, in larger plants several or
numerous and corymbosely cymose : scales of the pappus from linear-ligulate

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195

to narrowly oblong and from ^ to £ the length of the corolla. — From Mon-
tana to New Mexico and westward.

Var. alpina, Gray. Dwarf, 3 to 5 inches high, consisting of a rosette or
thick tuft of leaves with very approximate divisions, and naked or scapiform
steins, bearing mostly solitary heads, surmounting the subterranean branches
of a multicipital perennial caudex or rootstock. — Synopt. Fl. i. 341. Alpine
region of the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, California, and north to
Washington Territory.

54. AC TI NELL A, Pers., Nutt.

Low mostly herbaceous plants : with punctate and often resinous-atomifer-
ous, aromatic herbage : leaves all alternate arid narrow or with narrow lobes :
the heads of yellow flowers commonly slender-pedunculate.

§ 1 . Involucre of numerous herbaceous or nearly membranous nearly equal and
similar bracts, distinct to the base : heads mostly solitary on long or scapiform
peduncles, rarely sessile in the cluster of leaves.

* Leaves mostly quite entire, all on the crowns of the caudex, which bear a simple

scapiform peduncle (or none): involucre villous-lanate : scales of the pappus
usually produced at apex into an awn.

1. A. scaposa, Nutt. Loosely villous and glabrate, rather sparsely cespitose,
the branches of the caudex being slender and often ascending : scape a span
to afoot high, occasionally leafy along the base: leaves linear to lanceolate or
some of the earlier ones spatulate, not rarely laciniate-lobed. — From Texas
and New Mexico, but extending into Colorado under the following form :

Var. linearis, Nutt. Leaves all narrowly linear and entire, more rigid.

2. A. acaulis, Nutt. Densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short,
thick, and crowded, canescently villous or sericeous, sometimes more naked :
leaves thickish, all entire, from spatulate to nearly linear, commonly short,
£ inch to 2 inches long, densely crowded on the caudex : scape % inch to 6
inches high: rays 3 to 5 inches long (rarely wanting). — Mountains and the
bordering plains and hills, Dakota to Montana, and south to New Mexico and
Arizona.

Var. glabra, Gray. Leaves green, spatulate-linear, from sparingly villous
or glabrate to nearly glabrous, even to the base and axils. — Man. 363. Rocky
hills and bluffs, Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah.

3. A. depressa, Torr. & Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose : leaves densely
crowded on the very thick dense branches of the caudex, spatulate-linear,
£ inch long, either sericeous-canescent or glabrate : head strictly sessile, im-
mersed among the long -villous bases of the leaves. — PI. Fendl. 100. Mountains
of W. Colorado or E. Utah.

* * Leaves all quite entire, crowded on the caude,-, also scattered along the sim-

ple or sparingly branched stems : peduncles slender : heads, etc., as in the last
group.

4. A. leptoclada, Gray. A span or two high, slender, sparsely and
loosely silky-villous, glabrate, the linear leaves and lower part of the stems
not rarely glabrous. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 107. New Mexico and S. W. Colo-
rado.

196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* * * Leaves mostly parted or dissected into narrow linear lobes, crowded on the

thick comparatively simple caudex and scattered on the short flowering stems :
heads large : involucre very woolly : scales of the pappus attenuate into a subu-
late but hardly awned point.

5. A. Brandegei, Porter. Leaves glabrate, with 2 or 3 lobes toward the
upper part, or some entire, narrowly linear, only 2 or 3 on the somewhat scapiform
simple flowering stem (a span or more in height) : head therefore conspicuously
pedunculate, $ inch high and wide : involucral bracts lanceolate : rays 12 to 16, 3 or
4 lines long. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 373. A. grandiftora, var. glabrata,
Porter, Fl. Colorad. 76. Alpine region of the mountains of S. Colorado.

6. A. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. A span or two high, very stout, floc-
cose-woolly, somewhat glabrate in age : stem simple or branching below, leafy :
leaves with petiole scarious-dilated at base, lower ones 2 to 3-ternately or quinately
parted, upper with 3 to 5 simple lobes : involucre about an inch broad, very
woolly ; its bracts linear: rays 30 or more, over ^ inch long. — Alpine regions,
from Montana to Colorado.

§ 2. Involucre double or of two distinct series of coriaceous or rigid oppressed
bracts, the outer connate at base : leafy-stemmed and branching.

7. A. Kichardsonii, Nutt. A span to a foot high, in tufts from a mul-
ticipital caudex, puberulent or nearly glabrous, woolly in the axils of radical
leaves, polycephalous : upper leaves mostly once and lower twice ternately
parted into long and simple filiform-linear lobes, rather rigid : involucre 2 or
3 lines high, 6 to 9-angled ; the 6 to 9 bracts of the outer strongly cariuate,
united for the lower quarter or third : rays broadly or sometimes narrowly
cuneate, 2 to 4 lines long. — Plains, Saskatchewan and E. Oregon to Utah
and New Mexico.

55. HELBNIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED.

Herbs, with alternate simple leaves, commonly resinous-atomiferous and
punctate, and with pedunculate heads of yellow flowers.

* Leaves not decurrent, entire : rays long and narrow : bracts of the involucre

numerous in two series, tardily reflexed in fruit : heads comparatively few and
large.

1. H. Hoopesii, Gray. Slightly tomentose or pubescent when young,
soon glabrate : stem stout, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy, bearing several or sometimes
solitary large heads : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate
with long tapering base : rays becoming an inch long, tardily reflexed : disk
^ to f inch high, hemispherical : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, long
attenuate-acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Acad. Philad.
1863, 65. Mountains of Montana to New Mexico, Arizona, and California.

* * Stem ivinged by the decurrent serrate or denticulate leaves : rays cuneate or

oblong, soon drooping : ini'o/iicre small and simple, of linear or subulate bracts,
soon reflexed : heads more numerous (corymbose) and smaller.

2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent: stem
very leafy, narrowly winged, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves lanceolate to ovate-
oblong : heads about ^ inch in diameter, usually equalled by the rays : pappus

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197

commonly £ or f the length of disk-corolla. — From Arizona to British
Columbia and eastward across the continent.

56. GAILLABDIA, Fougeroux.

Herbs, with alternate leaves, and ample shoAvy heads on terminal peduncles.
Ours are more or less pubescent or hirsute and leafy-stemmed, with yellow
rays and disk-flowers apt to turn brown, villous akenes, and scales of the pap-
pus slender-awned.

1. G. aristata, Pursh. More or less hirsute, often 2 feet or more high :
leaves lanceolate or broader, or lower spatulate./rora entire to laciniate-dentate or
sinuate-pinnatifid : rays in the largest heads l£ inches long : lobes of disk-corolla
subulate-acute and tipped with a cusp : pappus aristate. — From New Mexico
and S. Colorado to Oregon, British Columbia, and the SaskatcheAvan.

2. G. pinnatiflda, Torr. Cinereous-pubescent: peduncles scapiform or
from short leafy stems, 5 to 10 inches long: some or even all the leaves pinna-
tifid, sometimes linear or with linear lobes, sometimes spatulate and sinuate
or even entire : teeth of the disk-corolla short and broad, obtuse, pointless: pappus-
scales lanceolate. — On the plains, Colorado and Arizona to W. Texas.

57. PLAVERIA, Juss.

Glabrous herbs ; with small and fascicled or glomerate heads of yellowish
or yellow flowers, and opposite sessile leaves; akenes mostly smooth and
glabrous.

1. P. angustifolia, Pers. Erect, a foot or two high : leaves from linear
to lanceolate, serrulate or entire, sessile by broadish or little contracted base :
heads in subsessile or short-pedunculate or leafy-involucrate chiefly terminal
glomerules: involucre of mostly 3 bracts, 3 to 5-flowered or some only 2-
flowered. — Alkaline soil, E. Colorado and New Mexico to W. Texas.

58. DYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD.

Herbs, mostly strong-scented, Avith alternate or opposite leaves, and solitary
or somewhat paniculate heads of yellow floAvers. Ours has an involucre with
accessory bracts, pubescent akenes, and opposite pinnately divided leaves.

1. D. Chrysanthemoides, Lag. Much-branched and ill-scented annual,
leafy up to the subsessile or short-pedunculate small heads : leaves 1 to 2-pin-
nately parted into linear lobes : involucre purplish-tinged or greenish, of 8 or
10 scarious-tipped oblong bracts, and some linear loose accessory ones : rays
few and inconspicuous, not surpassing the disk. — From Arizona and Colorado
to Minnesota and Louisiana, and now spreading eastward to the Atlantic
States.

59. HYMENATHERUM, Cass.

Low herbs, mostly pleasant-scented ; with alternate or opposite leaves, and
rather small radiate heads of yelloAv flowers. Our species is wholly glabrous.

1. H. aureum, Gray. A span or two high, erect or diffuse, much
branched, bearing numerous short-peduncled heads : leaves mostly alternate,

198 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

pinnately parted into 7 to 9 linear-filiform pointless divisions : involucre 3 lines
high : rays about 12, oblong, 3 lines long: pappus of 6 or 8 quadrate or oblong
and erose-truncate scales, in length little exceeding the breadth of the akene.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Plains of Colorado to W. Texas.

0. PECTIS, L.

Mostly low and spreading herbs, usually glabrous and scented ; with narrow
opposite leaves conspicuously dotted with round oil-glands; small heads of
yellow flowers ; and slender rigid bristles fringing at least the base of the
leaves.

1. P. angustifolia, Torr. A span or two high, lemon-scented: leaves
narrow-linear : heads subsessile or short -peduncled, fastigiate or cymose at
the end of the branches : bracts of the involucre about 8, linear, at length
with involute margins : pappus a crown of 4 or 5 mostly connate scales, and
not rarely one or two slender usually short awns. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214.
Dry ground, Colorado and Arizona to Texas.

61. LEUCAMPYX, Gray.

Named from the circle of bracts of the head being white-bordered.

1. L. Newberryi, Gray. Perennial herb, a foot or two high, flocculent-
woolly, glabrate in age : leaves 2 to 3-pinnately parted into filiform-linear seg-
ments : heads few or several at the naked summit of the stem : involucre
nearly J inch broad : rays £ inch long, obscurely 3-lobed at summit, at first
yellow, soon changing to cream-color or white : akenes 2 lines long, turning
black. — Fl. Colorado, 77. S. W. Colorado, and W. New Mexico.

62. ACHILLEA,1 Vaill. YARROW.

Herbs ; with small and corymbosely cymose heads of white, yellow, or even
rose-colored flowers ; disk commonly yellow.

1. A. Millefolium, L. From villous-lanate to glabrate: stems simple,
a foot or two high : leaves elongated and narrow in outline, sessile, bipmnately
dissected into numerous small and linear to setaceous-subulate divisions :
heads numerous, crowded in a fastigiate cyme : involucre oblong ; its bracts
pale or sometimes fuscous-margined, or even wholly brownish : rays 4 or 5,
about the length of the involucre, white, occasionally rose-color. — Common
throughout the Northern hemisphere. Called either " Yarrow " or " Milfoil."
Exceedingly variable.

1 The Old-World genus Anthemis has several species naturalized in this country, one of
which is an excessively common weed at the East, and becoming abundant within our range.
It may be characterized as follows : —

A. Cotula, L. Stem rather low : herbage unpleasantly strong-scented : leaves finely
3-pinnately dissected : receptacle conical : rays mostly neutral and white or abortive : akenes
10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate. — Known as "Mayweed" or "Dog-FenneL" Maruta
Cotula, DC.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199

63. MATBICABIA,! Tourn., L.

Herbs, with finely once or thrice dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads,
the rays white (or wanting) and the disk-flowers yellow.

1. M. discoidea, DC. Annual, somewhat aromatic, glabrous, a span to
a foot high, very leafy : leaves 2 to 3-pinnately dissected into short and narrow
linear lobes : heads all short-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly oval,
white-scarious with greenish centre, hardly half the length of the well-devel-
oped greenish-yellow ovoid disk : akenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an
obscure coroniform margin at summit, this occasionally produced into one or
two conspicuous oblique auricles of coriaceous texture. — From W. California
to Montana and far northward ; becoming naturalized in the Atlantic States.

64. TANACETUM, Tourn. TANSY.

Strong-scented, alternate-leaved, yellow-flowered perennials. Ours are low,
with stems rather slender and naked above, bearing rather small (2 lines
broad) globular heads, and leaves simply or pedately 3 to 5-cleft.

1 . T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-canescent, loosely cespitose, a span
high : leaves short, mostly broad-cuneate with tapering base, obtusely 3 to 5-
lobed at the broad summit ; those of the flowering stems usually oblong or
linear and entire : heads few, somewhat paniculate or loosely clustered, some of
them slender-pedunculate: involucre very scarious. — JT1. ii. 415. Mountains
of N. Wyoming.

2. T. capitatum, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-canescent, densely cespitose, a
span high : leaves simply or pedately 3 to 5-parted into linear lobes, or some
of them only 3-cleft at summit : flowering stems scapiform or 2 to 4-leaved :
heads 10 or more, sessile in a globose glomerule. — Loc. cit. Mountains of
N. Wyoming.

65. ARTEMISIA, Tourn., L. WORMWOOD. SAGE-BRUSH.

Herbs and low shrubs, bitter-aromatic ; with alternate leaves and small
paniculate heads, commonly nodding ; the flowers yellow or whitish, usually
sprinkled with resinous globules.

§ 1. Heads heterogamous ; the dislc-flowers hermaphrodite bat sterile, their ovary

abortive, and style mostly entire : receptacle not hairy. — • DRACUNCULUS.
* AJccnes and flowers beset with long cobwebby and crisped hairs : spinescent

undershrub.

1. A. spinescens, Eaton. Stout and densely branched, rigid, 4 to 18
inches high, villous-tomentose : leaves small, pedately 5-parted and the divis-

1 The following species of the Old- World genus Chrysanthemum has become extensively
naturalized, its broad heads and conspicuous white raya making it very prominent. It
may be characterized as follows : —

C. Leucanthemum, L. Glabrous, a foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched : cau-
line leaves spatulate, and the upper gradually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately
dentate or incised, partly clasping at base ; radical broader, petioled : head broad and flat :
rays inch long : pappus none. — Known as " Ox-eye Daisy " or " Whiteweed." Leucanthe-
mum vulgare, Lam.

200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

ions 3-lobed ; lobes spatulate : heads globose, racemosely glomerate on short
and leafy branchlets, which persist as slender spines : bracts of the involucre
5 or 6, broadly obovate : female flowers 1 to 4 ; hermaphrodite-sterile flowers
4 to 8. — Bot. King Exp. 180. Whole desert region of Wyoming, Utah,
Nevada, and Idaho.

* * Akenes nearly glabrous : no spines.
•*- Leaves dissected.

2. A. Canadensis, Michx. A foot or two high: glabrous or mostly with
at least the radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely or canescently
silky-pubescent : leaves mostly 2-pinnately divided into narrow linear or almost
filiform but plane lobes, of thickish texture: heads 1 or 2 lines long, very nu-
merous in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle : involucre greenish,
glabrous or rarely pubescent. — Across the continent to the north, and extend-
ing southward in the Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico and Arizona.

3. A. borealis, Pall. A span or two high from a stout caudex : stems
simple : leaves silky-pubescent or silky-villous ; radical and lower 1 to 2-ternately
or pinnately divided into linear lobes ; uppermost linear and entire or 3-parted :
heads 2 lines broad, comparatively few, crowded in a narrow (rarely compound)
spiciform thyrsus with leaves interspersed: involucre pilose or glabrate, pale-
fuscous to brownish. — In the alpine region of Colorado, and far northward
across the continent.

4. A. pedatifida, Nutt. Cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex, very
dwarf, canescent throughout with a fine and close pubescence : leaves chiefly
crowded in radical tufts and on the base of the (inch or two high) rather naked
flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into narrowly spatulate or nearly linear
obtuse entire divisions: heads (hardly 2 lines broad) few, loosely spicately or
racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent. — Dry ground, in the mountains
of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.

•«— •<— Leaves entire or 3-cleft or -parted : the whole plant or at least the base some-
what woody.

5. A. dracuncilloides, Pursh. Glabrous: stems 2 to 4 feet high, either
virgately or paniculately branched : leaves mostly entire, narrowly or sometimes
more broadly linear, some 3-cleft : heads very numerous in a compound and
crowded or open and diffuse panicle, many -flowered. — On plains, from Sas-
katchewan to Texas, and westward across the continent.

6. A. filifolia, Torr. Minutely canescent, even to the 3 to ^-flowered invo-
lucre, 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate rigid branches, very leafy : leaves all slender
filiform, commonly 3-parted ; the upper and those in axillary fascicles entire :
heads very small, crowded in an elongated leafy panicle. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii.
211 . Plains, from Nebraska to New Mexico and W. Texas.

§ 2. Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, with 2-cleft
style. — EUARTEMISIA. Ours have the akenes obovoid or oblong and wholly
destitute of pappus.

* Receptacle beset with long woolly hairs.

1. A. scopulorum, Gray. Herbaceous, a span or two high from a stout
multicipital caudex, silky-canescent : stems simple, bearing 3 to 12 spicately or
racemosely disposed hemispherical (rarely solitary) heads : radical and few lower

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201

cauline leaves pinnately 5 to ^-divided, and divisions 3-parted into spatulate-linear
lobes ; uppermost simply 3 to 5-parted or entire : involucre 2 Hues broad, vil-
lons ; its bracts brown-margined : corollas hirsute at summit. — Proc, Acad.
Pliilacl. 1863, 66. Alpine region, mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.

8. A. frigida, Willd. Herbaceous from a suffrutescent base, silky-canes-
cent and silver y, about a foot high : stems simple or branching, bearing numerous
racemosely disposed heads in an open panicle : leaves mainly twice ternately or
quinately divided or parted into linear crowded lobes, and usually a pair of sim-
ple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at base of the petiole : heads globular,
barely 2 lines in diameter : involucre pale, canesrent, its outer bracts narrow
and herbaceous : corollas glabrous. — From Minnesota to Texas and west-
ward to New Mexico, Nevada, and Idaho,

* * Receptacle not v'lluus.
-»- Annual and biennial.

9. A. biennis, Willd. Wholly glabrous, inodorous and nearly insipid :
stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to the top, bearing close glomerules of small
heads in the axils from toward the base of the stem to the somewhat naked
and spiciform summit : leaves 1 to 2-piunately parted into lanceolate or
broadly linear laciniate or iucisely toothed lobes; or the uppermost small,
sparingly pinnatifid and less toothed. — Open grounds from California and
Oregon to Hudson's Bay; also now spreading to the eastern seaboard farther

south.

•H- -i- Perennials.

•M- Heads many-flowered, broad (2 to 5 lines), several or numerous and loosely
racemose or paniculate on mostly simple stems : alpine and subalpine, with dis-
sected leaves and no cottony tomentum.

10. A. Norvegica, Fries. Rather stout, 5 to 25 inches high, from villous
or pubescent to glabrate : leaves twice 3 to 7-parted into linear or lanceolate or
more dilated segments : heads 4 or 5 lines broad, loosely racemose or racemose-
paniculate, most of them long-ped uncled : bracts of the involucre broadly brown-
margined : corollas loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous. — Mostly A. arctica
of the Western Reports. From the high mountains of S. Colorado and
S. California far northward.

11. A. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, a foot or less high, wholly glabrous,
leafy up to the loosely paniculate inflorescence of numerous short-peduncle d
heads : leaves 2 to 3-pinnatel •/ parted into mostly linear thickish lobes : involucre
2 or 3 lines broad, its bracts greenish with brownish margins and with tae
corollas glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. Mountains of Colorado, at
Saugre de Cristo Pass.

•w- -w- Heads comparatively small (1 to 3 lines high and broad), 12 to many-
flowered, variously paniculate : floicers glabrous : herbs, mostly whitened (at
least when young and on the lower surface of the leaves) with cottony tomentum.

= Tall, with numerous amply paniculate heads, strict stems, and undivided elon-
gated-lanceolate or linear leaves, 3 to 1 inches long.

12. A. serrata, Nutt. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy : leaves green and
glabrous above, white-tornentoso beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, all
serrate with sharp narrow teeth, pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pin-

202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

nately incised : heads rather few-flowered, less than 2 lines long, greenish,
hardly pubescent. — Prairies, Dakota to Illinois.

13. A. longifolia, Nutt. Stem 2 to 5 feet high: leaves entire, at first to-
mentulose, but usually glabrate above, white-tomentose beneath, linear or
linear-lanceolate (1 to 5 lines wide) : heads usually canescent, 2 or 3 lines
long. — Minnesota and Nebraska to Montana.

= = jYbJ 80 tall : leaves more or less cleft or divided, or when entire compara-
tively short, not filiform nor narrowly linear.
a. Involucre from canescent to tvoolly, 12 to 20-fiowered.

14. A. LudOViciana, Nutt. A foot to a yard high, simple or with virgate
branches, sometimes paniculate, completely and somewhat. fiocculently tvhite-tomen-
tose, or upper face of leaves sometimes early glabrate and green : leaves from
linear-lanceolate to oblong, sometimes nearly all undivided and entire ; com-
monly the lower with a few coarse teeth or incisions, or 2 to 3-cleft, or irregularly
3 to ^-parted into lanceolate or linear entire lobes : heads gfomerately paniculate,
not over 2 lines long : involucre woolly-lomentose. — Including also var. gnapha-
lodes, Torr. & Gray. Across the continent from the west to Michigan and
Illinois.

15. A. Mexicana, Willd. Paniculate!// branched, 2 to 4 feet high, less
tomentose : leaves narrow-lanceolate to linear, commonly attenuate, some 3 to
5-cleft or parted ; radical cuneate, incisely pinnatifid or trijid : heads very nu-
merous in an ample loose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long : involucre
arachnoid-canescent or glabrate, largely scarious. — A. Ludoviciana, var. Mexi-
cana, Gray. Dry plains, from S. Nevada, S. Colorado, and Arizona to Texas
and Arkansas.

b. Involucre glabrous, 20 to 40-fiowered.

16. A. franserioides, Greene. Glabrous throughout, or minutely and
obscurely puberulent : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves compara-
tively ample, green above, pale and barely cinereous beneath; lower bipinnately
and upper simply pinnately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2 to 3-
clejl divisions and lobes : heads numerous, loosely racemose on the branches of the
leafy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines broad. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 42. Moun-
tains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.

17. A. discolor, Dougl. A foot high, mostly slender, glabrous or gla-
brate except the lower face of the leaves : these white with close cottony tomen-
tumt 1 to 2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or lanceolate entire or sparingly
laciniate divisions and lobes ; heads glomerate in an interrupted spiciform or virgate
panicle, 1 or 2 lines high. — Mountains of British Columbia and Montana to
Utah, Nevada, and California.

Var. incompta, Gray. Stouter, with coarser or less dissected leaves,
having mostly broader lobes, or the upper entire. — Synopt. Fl. i. 373. A. in-
compta, Nutt. Mountains from Wyoming and Montana to California and
Washington Territory.

== = == Rather low: leaf-divisions narrowly linear or filiform: heads 15 to 20-
fiowered, in a narrow thyrsoid or spiciform panicle.

18. A. "Wrightii, Gray. Cinereous or canescent, or radical shoots some-
times white-tomentose, 10 to 20 inches high, very leafy up to the panicle :

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203

leaves pinnately 5 to 7-parted into very narrow linear and by revolution fili-
form entire divisions : involucre minutely cinereous-canescent, becoming
glabrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 48. Plains of Southern Colorado and New
Mexico.

.w. MH. -w- Heads small and narrow, very few-flowered : flowers glabrous : stems
woody at base.

19. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Silvery-canescent throughout, a foot high:
leaves from oblong- to linear-cuueate, mostly 3-toothed at the truncate apex,
about \ inch long : heads very numerous and crowded in the oblong or virgate
thyrsiform panicle, tomentose-canescent, containing only one or two hermaph-
rodite and as many female flowers, all fertile. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110. Rocky
banks, Colorado, on the Upper Canadian and Arkansas.

§ 3. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile: receptacle not
hairy. — SE-RIPHIDIUM. Ours are the true "Sage-brushes," being rather
shrubby, canescent or silvery with a flne or close tomentum, and heads not
nodding.

20. A. arbllSCUla, Nutt. Dwarf, a span or rarely a foot high, with a
stout base and slender flowering branches : leaves short, cuneate or flabelliform,
3-lobed or parted, with the lobes obovaie to spatulate-linear, sometimes again 2-lobed ;
those subtending the heads usually entire and narrow : panicle strict and com-
paratively simple and naked, often spiciform and reduced to few rather scat-
tered sessile heads : involucre 5 to 9-flowered. — High mountains and elevated
plains, from Wyoming and Utah to Idaho and California.

21. A. tridentata, Nutt. Larger, I to & (or even 12) feet high, much
branched : leaves cuneate, obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed, or even 4 to 7 '-toothed, at the
truncate summit, uppermost cuneate-linear : heads densely paniculate : involucre
5 to 8-jloivered, its outer or accessory tomentose-canescent bracts short and
ovate. — From Montana to Colorado and westward. Immensely abundant ; the
characteristic " Sage-brush," or " Sage-wood."

22. A. trifida, Nutt. A foot or two high, sometimes lower, much
branched : leaves 3-cleft and 3-parted ; the lobes and the entire tipper leaves nar-
rowly linear or slightly spatulate-dilated : heads numerous in the contracted
leafy panicle, or spicately disposed on its branches : involucre 3 to 5-flowered,
rarely 6 to 9-flowered, its outer or accessory bracts oblong to short-linear or
lanceolate. — Wyoming and Utah to Washington Territory and California.

23. A. cana, Pursh. A foot or two high, freely branched, silvery canes-
cent : leaves lanceolate-linear or narrower, somewhat tapering to both ends, an inch
or two long, entire, rarely ivith 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes, margins not revolute :
heads glomerate in a leafy contracted panicle, 6 to ^-flowered, rarely 5-flowered,
usually with one or two linear subulate accessory bracts. — Plains, Saskatche-
wan to Montana, Dakota, and Colorado.

66. PETASITES, Tourn. BUTTER-BUR. SWEET COLTSFOOT.

Perennial herbs, with thickish and creeping rootstocks, sending up scapiform
simple flowering stems and ample radical leaves on strong petioles, cottony-
tomentose or glabrate ; the flowers whitish or purplish.

20-1 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

1. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves from deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate,
from acute to rounded-obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath,
when full grown 7 to 10 inches long : heads short-racemose becoming corym-
bose.— Bot. Calif, i 407. Wet ground, in the mountains of Colorado and
northward ; across the continent in northern latitudes.

67. HAPLOESTHES, Gray.

The name refers to the few (4 or 5) bracts of the involucre.

1. H. Greggii, Gray. Somewhat fleshy, herbaceous or suffrutescent, a
foot or two high, fastigiately branched, glabrous, leafy up to the loose cymes
of a few slender-pedunculate naked heads : leaves all opposite, very narrowly
linear or filiform, entire ; the lower connate at base : heads 2 or 3 lines high :
flowers yellow : ligules 1 or 2 lines long. — PI. Feudl. 109. Saline soil, S. E.
Colorado to W. Texas.

68. TETRADYMIA, DC.

Low and rigid shrubs, sometimes spinescent, canescently tomentose ; with
alternate and sometimes fascicled narrow and entire leaves, cymose or clus-
tered heads of yellow flowers, and a copious white pappus.

* Involucre 4-flowered, of 4 or 5 bracts: pappus extremely copious: akenes either

very villous or glabrous : under shrubs, afoot or two high.

1. T. canescens, DC. Permanently canescent with a dense close tomentum,
unarmed, fastigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceo-
latc, an inch or less long : heads | to £ inch long, most of them short-pedun-
culate.— Hills and plains, N. Wyoming and British Columbia to New Mexico,
Arizona, and California.

Var. inermis, Gray. A form with shorter and crowded branches, shorter
leaves more inclined to spatulate and lanceolate, and smaller heads. — Bot.
Calif, i. 408. The commonest form.

2. T. glabrata, Gray. Whitened with looser at length deciduous tomentum,
unarmed: branches more slender, spreading: leaves at length naked and
green, primary ones slender-subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, half-
inch long ; those of fascicles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless :
heads mostly short-pedunculate : involucre often glabrate. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii.
122. From Colorado and Utah to California and Oregon.

3. T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Pubescence and foliage of T. canescens,
var. inermis, bearing rigid divergent spines in place of primary leaves : leaves of
the axillary fascicles mostly spatulate: heads more glomerate. — Fl. ii. 447.
Utah and Wyoming.

* * Involucre 5 to 9-flowered, of 5 or 6 broader bracts : proper pappus less copi-

ous, reduced nearly or quite to a single series of bristles, which are covered by a
false pappus of extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which densely
clothe the akene: shrubs 2 to 4 feet high, at least the branches densely white-
tomentose.

4. T. spinosa, Hook. & Arn. Branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid
and straight or recurved spines in place of primary leaves : secondary leaves

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205

fascicled in the axils, small, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrous or glabrate : heads
scattered, pedunculate, fully £ inch long : pappus of comparatively rigid capil-
lary bristles, a little surpassing the wool of the akene. — From S. Wyoming
to Arizona, S. E. California, and E. Oregon.

69. ARNICA, L.

Perennial herbs; with erect stems, simple or branching, opposite leaves,
and comparatively large long-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers.

* Radical leaves cordate at base, on slender or sometimes winged petioles ; cauline
all opposite, in 1 to 3 pairs, dentate or denticulate.

1. A. COrdifolia, Hook. A foot or two, or when alpine a span or two
high, pubescent, or the steins hirsute and peduncles villous : lower cauline as
well as radical leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, yet sometimes only ovate ;
upper cauline small, sessile : heads few, in smaller plants solitary : involucre
§ inch long, pubescent or villous : rays commonly an inch long : akenes more
or less hirsute. — From the mountains of Colorado to those of California and
British Columbia.

Var. eradiata, Gray. An ambiguous form; with smaller and ray less
heads, and oblong-ovate at most subcordate leaves. — Synopt. Fl. i. 381.
Montana and E. Oregon.

2. A. latifolia, Bong. Minutely pubescent or commonly glabrous, with
smaller heads than the preceding : only radical leaves cordate or subcordate and
petioled ; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, usually sharply dentate, closely
sessile by a broad base, or lowest with contracted base : akenes commonly gla-
brate or glabrous. — Pine woods, mountains of Colorado and Utah to Oregon,
British Columbia, and Alaska.

* * No cordate leaves ; radical leaves petioled, tapering or abrupt at base.

H- Leafy to the top: cauline leaves seldom less than 4 pairs, and the upper not

conspicuously diminished.

3. A. ChamissoniS, Less. From tomentose or viflous-pubescent to nearly
glabrous: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or ob-
tuse ; lowest tapering into a margined petiole, upper broad at base and somewhat
clasping: akenes hirsute-pubescent. — Including A. mollis, Hook.; also A. lati-
folia in part, of the Western Reports. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to
those of California and far northward.

4. A. longifolia, Eaton. Many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely puberulent:
cauline leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, entire or denticulate,
somewhat nervose, 3 to 6 inches long, lower with narrowed bases connate-vagi-
nate: heads corymbosely disposed, short-peduncled : akenes minutely glandu-
lar, not hairy. — Bot. King Exp. 186. Wahsatch Mountains and westward.

5. A. foliosa, Nutt. Tomentose-pubescent, strict : leaves lanceolate, denticu-
late, nervose ; upper parti'/ clasping by narrowish base, lower with tapering bases
connate : heads short-peduncled, rarely solitary : akenes hirsute-pubescent or
glabrate. — A. Chamissonis of the Western Reports, in part. From the Sas-
katchewan to Oregon and southward along the mountains to N. California
and Colorado.

206 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

•i— -t- Less leafy : cauline leaves 1 or 2 (rarely 3) pairs, and the upper mostly

small.

6. A. Parry i, Gray. A foot or less high, slender, simple, somewhat hir-
sutely pubescent and above glandular : leaves membranaceous, commonly den-
ticulate ; radical oval to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, abruptly or cuneately
contracted at base into a short margined petiole ; cauline remote : involucre hir-
sute and glandular, £ inch or less high : heads rat/less, occasionally some
outermost corollas ampliate : akenes glabrous or with a few sparse hairs. —
Am. Nat. viii. 213. A. angustifolia, var. eradiata, Gray. Mountains from
Colorado to Wyoming and westward.

7. A. alpina, Oliu. A span to 18 inches high, pubescent, hirsute, or at
summit villous, strict, simple and monocephalous, occasionally 3-cephalous :
leaves thickish, from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the radical oblong- spat ulate
and small uppermost linear, entire or denticulate, 3-nerved ; bases of the cau-
line hardly at all connate : heads conspicuously radiate : akenes hirsute-pubescent,
rarely glabrate. — A. angustifolia, Vahl. In the mountains of Colorado and
California; across the continent in high latitudes.

70. SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL.

A very large genus; with alternate leaves aud heads of yellow flowers.
Ours all belong to the section of perennials having the pubescence (if any) of
a tomentose or floccose kind and never viscid nor hirsute.

* Heads an inch or distinctly over \ inch high, very many -/lowered.
•«- Heads radiate.
*+ Alpine species.

1. S. Soldanella, Gray. Apparently glabrous from the first, a span high,
somewhat succulent : leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-reni-
form to spatulate-obovate, denticulate or entire ; cau/ine one or two or none : head
solitary, erect, two thirds to nearly a full inch high : iuvolucral bracts lan-
ceolate and a very few calyculate ones: rays 6 to 10, oblong, a quarter-inch
long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67. High alpine, in the mountains of
Colorado.

2. S. amplectens, Gray. Lightly fioccose-woolly at first, soon glabrate,
a foot or. so high, few to several-leaved, terminated by one or two long-pedun-
culate nodding heads : leaves thinner than in the foregoing, from denticulate to
conspicuously and sharply dentate ; radical obovale to spatidate, tapering into a
winged petiole ; cauline as large or larger, oblong or narrower, half-clasping
or more, the upper by a broad base : involucre over half-inch high, of linear
bracts and a few loose calyculate ones : rays linear, inch long or more, acute or
acutely 2 to 3-toothed at tip. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 240. Alpine and
subalpine region, mountains of Colorado.

Var. taraxacoides, Gray. Only a span or two high, with fewer and
smaller cauline leaves ; these and the radical commonly spatulate and with
tapering base, not rarely laciniately subpinnatifid : head smaller, even down
to half-inch, and with rays of only the same length. — Proc. Acad. Philad.
1863, 67. High alpine, in the mountains of Colorado and Nevada.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207

•w- +•«• Not alpine, with leafy stems a foot or so high.

3. S. megaceph.alu.8, Nutt. About a foot high, loosely floccose- woolly,
tardily glabrate, leafy : leaves entire, lanceolate, or the radical spatulate-lan-
ceolate and tapering into a petiole, and uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish :
heads 1 to 3, short-ped uncled, 8 lines to an inch high : involucre calyculate by
some very loose and subulate elongated accessory bracts : rays over £ inch
long. — From the mountains of Idaho to the Rocky Mountains near the Brit-
ish boundary.

H- •*- Heads rayless, nodding : some sparse crisped hairs in place oftomentum.

4. S. BigelOVii, Gray. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy up to near the
racemiform or simply paniculate inflorescence, at length glabrate : leaves from
elongated-oblong to lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or acuminate;
radical and lower cauline 3 to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-peti-
oled, or tapering into a winged petiole or partly clasping base ; upper lanceo-
late with partly clasping base : heads in small plants few or solitary. — Pacif.
R. Rep. iv. 111. Includes also var. Hallii, Gray. Mountains of Colorado,
New Mexico, and Arizona.

* * Heads middle-sized or small, half-inch or less,
•*- Nodding, rayless: leafy-stemmed.

5. S. CermiUS, Gray. Quite glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate
or the larger oblong-lanceolate, entire, denticulate, rarely with a few scattered
coarser teeth, all tapering at base into a barely margined petiole, or upper
into a narrowed not clasping base : heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several
or numerous in the panicle, most of them decidedly nodding : flowers pale
yellow. — Am. Jour. Sci. u. xxxiii. 10. Mountains of Colorado, wholly below
the alpine region.

•+- •»- Heads erect, mostly radiate.

+* Stems numerously and nearly equably leafy to the top: leaves from entire to
lar.iniate-dentate, never divided or dissected, nor narrowly linear : glabrous or
very early glabrate.

= Low, alpine: heads subsolitary, radiate.

6. S. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. Many-stemmed from a thickish caudex,
a span to a foot high : leaves thickish, from rounded-bbovate or spatulate to
oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even
pinnatifid-dentate ; lower abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; upper-
most sessile by broadish base : heads | inch high : rays 3 to 5 inches long. —
Fl. ii. 445. Alpine regions, from the British boundary to S. Colorado, Utah,
and California.

Var. OCCidentalis, Gray. More slender, with rounder leaves and heads
longer-peduncled ; in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering
almost from the ground. — Bot. Calif, i. 618. Mountains of N. Wyoming,
Montana, and California.

= = Rather low, with numerous cymosely paniculate and small heads, always

rayless.

7. S. rapifolius, Nutt. About a foot high : leaves ovate or oblong,
throughout very sharply and unequally dentate, rather fleshy ; radical tapering

208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

into a petiole, cauline mostly clasping by a broad subcordate base : heads 3
lines high, about 15-flowered: involncral bracts 8 to 10, narrowly oblong. —
Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, about the sources of the Platte.

===== Tall, with corymbosely cymose and radiate heads: leaves nearly mem-

branaceous.

8. S. triangularis, Hook. Rather stout : stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high,
bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme :
leaves all more or less petroled and thickly dentate with more or less salient
teeth, deltoid-lanceolate, or the lower triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, and
uppermost lanceolate with cuneate base: rays 6 to 12. — From the Saskatche-
wan to Washington Territory and southward in the mountains to Colorado
and California.

9. S. serra, Hook. Strict, 2 to 4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes simple
and bearing rather few heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing
numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads : leaves 4 to 6 inches long,
all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile by a narrow base, or the lowest
oblong-spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, •usually with the whole margin
thickly serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teetli : rays 5 to 8. — In the
Western Reports principally under the name of S. Andinus. Mountains of
Colorado to Idaho and Wyoming.

Var. integriusculus, Gray. Heads smaller, 3 or 4 lines high, and nar-
rower, fewer-flowered : leaves minutely serrate or denticulate, or the upper
entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so, generally shorter and smaller, or
broader and not acuminate. — Synopt. Fl. i. 387. S. Andinus, Nutt. From
Wyoming to Oregon and California.

*+ •*-*• Stem not numerously but somewhat equably leafy up to the inflorescence :
leaves all entire or denticulate: involucre Jleshy-thickened.

10. S. crassuhlS, Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous: stem 5 to 7-
leaved, bearing 3 to 8 pedunculate rather large and thick heads : leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, apiculate-acute, 2 to 5 inches long ; radical and lowest cauline
spatulate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a short winged petiole; upper
sessile by partly clasping or decurrent base : involucre 40 to 50-flowered, of 12
fleshy-thickened but thin-edged bracts, the base also thickened, the whole
becoming conical and multangular in fruit : rays about 8. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 54. S. integemmus, Gray, in part ; 5. lunens, var. Hookeri, Eaton, in part.
Subalpine, mountains of Colorado to Utah and Wyoming.

•M- -M. -M- Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves reduced in size ; the inflo-
rescence therefore naked : none with narrow linear /eaves.

= Tall and simple-stemmed, with a fibrous cluster of roots : leaves fleshy coria-
ceous, all entire or barely denticulate.

11. S. hydrophilus, Nutt. Very glabrous or smooth : stem robust, 2 to
4 feet high, strict : leaves lanceolate ; radical oblanceolate and stout-petioled,
sometimes a foot long ; upper c-mline sessile or partly clasping : heads numer-
ous in a branching cyme: bracts 8 to 12: di.sk-flowers 15 to 30; rays 3 to 6
and small, or none — In water or very wet ground, from Colorado and Cali-
fornia to Montana and British Columbia.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209

= = Plants mostly in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks.

a. Stems mostly robust, generally a foot to 3 or 5 feet high, bearing numerous
heads in a cyme: rays 8 to 12, conspicuous : leaves from entire to dentate, none
really cordate nor with permanent tomentum. None truly alpine.

12. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elon-
gated-oblong, quite entire or denticulate ; upper ones reduced and bract-like,
attenuate-subulate from a dilated base : heads several, umbellately cymose, com-
monly ^ inch high: involucral bracts narrow, acute or acuminate. — Dakota
to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan.

13. S. lugens, Richards. Lightly floccose-woolly when young, in the
typical form early glabrate and bright green : stem 6 inches to 2 feet high,
few- and small-leaved and naked above, terminated by a cyme of several or
rather numerous heads : radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to
oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly contracted at base into a winged or
margined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-denticulate ; upper cauline lan-
ceolate or reduced and bract-like : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, with
obtuse or acutish commonly blackish tips: rays 10 or 12, conspicuous. — In-
cludes var. Hookeri and var. Parryi. Through the whole Rocky Mountains to
New Mexico and westward to California.

Var. foliosus, Gray. Floccose wool usually persistent up to flowering,
and vestiges remaining to near maturity : stem seldom over a foot high,
stouter, more leafy to near the inflorescence: leaves comparatively large,
oblong to broadly lanceolate : heads often very numerous and crowded in the
corymbiform cyme, then narrower: tips of involucral bracts conspicuously
blackish. — Bot. Calif, i. 413. S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Eaton. Mountains of
Colorado and Utah.

Var. exaltatus, Gray. Lightly floccose when young, and not rarely with
looser and more persistent scattered hairs : stem stout, 1 to 3 or even 4 or 5
feet high : leaves thickish ; radical longer-petioled, from spatulate-lanceolate
to ubovate or ovate, the broader ones abrupt and sometimes even subcor-
date at base ; cauline occasionally laciniate-dentate : heads mostly numer-
ous in the cyme. — Loc. cit. S. exaltatus, Nutt. Wet ground, British
Columbia and Idaho to California, extending within the western limits of
our range.

b. /Stems low, only 2 to 6 inches high, scapiform : leaves clustered on the rootstock
or caudex, entire or crenate; those of the scape reduced to mere bracts. Chiefly
alpine or subalpine.

1. Leaves thick and coriaceous, tapering into a petiole, crowded on the multicipital

caudex.

14. S. werneriaefolius, Gray. Woolly and canescent, tardily glabrate :
leaves quite entire, erect or ascending, from spatulate-linear (2 or 3 inches long,
including the petiole-like base) to elongated-oblong and short-petioled, the mar-
gins sometimes revolute : scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 to 8 heads ;
these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or want-
ing.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. aureus, var. wernericefolius, Gray. Moun-
tains of Colorado, alpine.

14

210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

15. S. petrSBUS, Klatt. Glabrous or early glabrate: leaves from, orbicular-
obovate or oval (£ to £ inch long) to cuneate-oblong, entire or 3 to 7 -crenate-toothed
at the broad summit, abruptly petioled : scapes I to 3 inches high, bearing solitary
or several clustered heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 6 to 10, golden yellow,
3 lines long. — S. aureus, var. alpinus, Gray. Alpine region of the mountains
of Colorado, Utah, and California.

2. Leaves round-cordate, crenate, purple-tinged beneath, slender-petioled , more or
less clustered at the base of the scape : plants very glabrous.

16. S. renifoliUS, Porter. Two inches high from filiform creeping root-
stocks : leaves thickish, resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbal-aria, rounded-
subcordate or reniform, only about £ inch wide, coarsely 5 to 7-crenate : scape
or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing a solitary comparatively large
(£ inch long) head: rays about 8, oblong, 4 lines long. — Fl. Colorad. 83.
High alpine region on Whitehouse Mountain, in Central Colorado, at 13,000
feet, J. M. Coulter.

c. Stems afoot or two high or less, bearing some leaves and corymbosely ci/mose

heads. Mostly not alpine: usually somefloccose foment um.

1. Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same species, none pinnately
divided : rays sometimes wanting.

17. S. canus, Hook. Permanently tomentose-canescent, or at length floccu-
lent, but rarely at all glabrate : stems from a span to 2 feet high : leaves some-
times all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to oblong,
\ to \\ inches in length, slender-petioled, sometimes laciuiate-toothed or pin-
natifid : akenes very glabrous. — From Dakota to Colorado and west to Cali-
fornia and British Columbia.

18. S. aureus, L. Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at
flowering and a foot or two high from small rootstocks : radical leaves mostly
rounded and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatifid or laciniate : most
polymorphous species, of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet
high : leaves thin ; principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base,
crenate-dentsite, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, on long slender petioles; lower
cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobes on the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed;
others more laciniate-pinnatifid and lobes often incised ; uppermost sparse
and small, with closely sessile or auriculate-dilated incised base : akenes quite
glabrous. — Very abundant, across the continent. The following are the
principal forms within our range.

Var. Balsamitae, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more
or less wool until iruiting : depauperate stems a span or two, larger fully
2 feet high : principal or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, com-
monly verging to lanceolate, inch or two long, serrate, contracted into slender
petioles; the succeeding lyrately pinnatifid: heads usually rather small and
numerous : akenes almost always hispudulous-pubescent on the angles. — From
Texas to Colorado and British Columbia and eastward to Canada.

Var. COmpactUS, Gray. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid,
when young whitened with fine tomentum, glabrate in age : radical leaves
oblanceolate or attenuate-spatulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnatijid-den-
tate, an inch or more long, thick and firm at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211

linear, entire or pinnatifid: heads rather numerous and crowded in the cyme,
rather small : ovaries papillose-hispid ulous on the angles — Synopt. Fl. i. 391.
From Colorado to N. W. Texas ; mostly in saline soil.

Var. borealis, Torr £ Gray. A foot down to a span high, at summit
bearing either numerous or few heads ; these not rarely rayless : leaves thick-
ish ; radical from roundish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate
and cuneate-spatulate, ^ to 1 inch long, slender-petioled ; cauline seldom much
pinnatifid : akenes glabrous. — Mountains of Colorado, California, and north-
ward, where it extends across the continent.

Var. croceus, Gray. A span to a foot or two high, glabrous or early
glabrate : leaves somewhat succulent ; radical oblong to roundish, sometimes
lyrate ; cauline very various : heads usually numerous in the cyme : Jlowers
saffron-colored or orange, at least the rays, or these sometimes wanting. —
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. Mountains of Colorado to Montana, Nevada,
and California.

Var. subnudllS, Gray. Wholly glabrous or glabrate, slender, a span or
two high, bearing 2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or not rarely a
pair: radical leaves few, spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch
or less long, occasionally lyrate ; cauline incised or sparingly pinnatifid : rays
conspicuous. — Synopt. Fl. i. 391. Wyoming to British Columbia and Cali-
fornia.

19. S. Fendleri, Gray. Very canescent with foccose wool, in age tardily
glabrate: stems rather stout, 5 to 15 inches high, leafy, the larger plants
branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; radical sometimes almost entire,
more commonly like the cauline sinuately pectinate-pinnatifid or even pinnately
parted, the short oblong divisions incisely 2 to 4-lobed : akenes glabrous. — PL
Fendl. 108. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico.

2. Leaves mostly once pinnatelij divided or parted and again lobed or incised.

20. S. eremophilus, Richards. Stems freely branching, leafy up to the
inflorescence: leaves mostly oblong in outline, laciniately-pinnatifid or pin-
nately parted, the lobes usually incised or dentate : heads in corymbiform
cymes, short-peduncled : bracts commonly purple-tipped : rays 7 to 9 : akenes
minutely papillose or glabrous. — In the Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico
to the Mackenzie River.

H-fm.MH.-M- Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top : leaves
all pinnately lobed or parted or entire, their divisions (or the whole leaf) linear
to filiform.

2J. S. Douglasii, DC. Lignescent and sometimes decidedly shrubby
at base, many-stemmed, a foot or two or even 5 or 6 feet high, either white-
tomentose or glabrate and green : leaves thickish, sometimes all entire and
elongated-linear, more commonly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly
filiform entire divisions : heads several or numerous and cymose, from i to ^
inch high : rays 8 to 1 8 : akenes canescent with a fine strigulose pubescence. —
S. longilobns, Benth. ; S. filifolius, Nutt. Plains and hills, Nebraska to Texas
and westward to California.

212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

71. C NIC ITS,1 Tourn., L., partly. PLUMED THISTLE.

Stout herbs; with sessile leaves, commonly with prickly teeth and tips,
and large or middle-sized heads : the flowers red or purple, rarely white or
yellowish. — Cirsium, DC.

* Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbricate'd and the

outer successively shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbriate or lacerate wliite-
scarious tips.

1. C. AmericanuS, Gray. A foot or two high, branching above:
branches bearing solitary or scattered naked heads : leaves white-tomentose
beneath, lanceolate or broader, sinuately pinnatifid, or some merely dentate,
others pinnately parted, weakly prickly : heads erect, an inch high : principal
bracts of the involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate below, and the
dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with a barely
exserted cusp ; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious tips : flow-
ers ochroleucous : stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavellate at tip. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 56. Lower mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to
California.

* * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricated nor rigid, taper-

ing gradually from a narrow base to a slender-prickly or muticous apex; outer
not very much shorter than the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge
or spot : pappus-bristles not clavellate-tipped.

2. C. Parryi, Gray. Green, lightly arachnoid and villous when young,
2 feet or so high : leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, not decurrent, moderately
prickly: heads several and spicately glomerate or more racemosely panicu-
late, more or less bracteose-leafy at base : accessory and outer proper bracts or
some of them pectinately fimbriate-ciliate down the sides, innermost with more or
less dilated or margined mostly lacerate-fimbriate tips : corollas pale yellow ;
the lobes longer than the throat : pappus of fine soft bristles, none of them
obviously clavellate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 47. Mountains of Colorado and
Utah.

3. C. eriocephalus, Gray. Loosely arachnoid- woolly and partly gla-
brate, very leafy : leaves pinnalifid into very numerous and crowded and numer-
ously prickly short lobes, the base decurrent on the stem into prickly wings : heads
several, sessile, and crowded in a leaf-subtended at first nodding glomerule;
the subtending leaves and the involucral bracts densely long-woolly, all very slender-
prickly : corollas light yellow or yellowish. — Alpine region of the Rocky
mountains of Colorado.

* * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal or the lower not rarely about

equalling the upper, more rigid and imbricated at base, but most of them with

1 The naturalized genus Arctium, " Burdock," may be known by the hooked tips of its
involucral bracts forming a bur, otherwise unarmed ; large mostly cordate leaves ; and
rather small heads of pink or purplish flowers. The species is

A. Lappa, L., and is 3 to 5 feet high, with cymose heads, leaves green and glabrous above
but whitish with cottony down beneath, and in the larger forms with the bur an inch or
more in diameter, its bracts all spreading and glabrous.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213

more or less herbaceous spine scent-tipped spreading upper portion, and no
glandular dorsal ridge.

4. C. Eatoni, Gray. A foot or so high, mostly simple, loosely arachnoid-
woolly or glabrate : leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted into short lobes,
mostly very prickly, either green and glabrate, or remaining whitish-woolly
beneath : heads an inch high, few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster:
involucre from arachnoid-ciliate to glabrate or apparently glabrous ; its principal
bracts erect, with broadish appressed base, abruptly attenuate into the subu-
late-acerose slightly herbaceous spinesceut portion, outermost little shorter
than the inner: corolla whitish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Cirsium folio-
sum and C, Drummondii in part, of the Western Reports. Mountains of Colo-
rado, Utah, and Nevada.

5. C. Neo-MexicamiS, Gray. Stout, 2 to 4 feet high; herbage and
commonly squarrose involucre copiously while-woolly : leaves from sinuate-
dentate to pinnatifid, not very prickly : heads solitary, terminating the stem
or branches, often 2 inches high and broad: principal bracts of the involucre
with spinescent rigid tips % to 1 inch long: corolla from white to pale-pur-
ple.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45. Plains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona.

* * * * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-imbricated in
numerous ranks ; the outer successively shorter, not herbaceous-tipped or
appendaged.

H- Flowers from rose-purple to white : involucre glabrous or early glabrate, the
light arachnoid wool caducous; its bracts coriaceous, not at all glandular on
the back, outer tipped with a short weak prickle or cusp, innermost wholly
unarmed.

6. C. Drummondii, Gray. Green and somewhat villous-pubescent, or
when young lightly arachnoid-woolly, either stemless and bearing sessile heads
in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and even 2 or 3 feet high, with solitary
or several loosely disposed heads : leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately
parted, moderately prickly : larger heads fully 2 inches high : involucral bracts
weak-prickly pointed, innermost with more scarious and sometimes obviously
dilated and erose-fimbriate tips : corollas either white or sometimes rose-
purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40. From the mountains of Colorado and
California to the far north.

Var. acaulescens, Gray. Smaller, with heads (solitary or several on
the crown, encircled by the radical leaves) only inch and a half long, or less,
and proportionally narrow : outer involucral bracts with a longer but rather
weak prickle. — Mountains of Colorado to California.

7. C. scariosus, Gray. White with cottony tomentum, at least the lower
face of the leaves : stem about a foot high : leaves of lanceolate outline, mostly
pinnately parted into lanceolate long-prickly lobes ; upper face sometimes villous,
sometimes only cottony and early glabrate : heads 2 or 3 in a sessile cluster,
or solitary on short leafy branches : innermost bracts of involucre commonly
with more conspicuous erose or entire scarious tips : corollas pale or white. —
Synopt. Fl. i. 402. Mountain plains, Wyoming and Utah.

214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

H- H- Flowers usually rose or flesh-colored : involucral bracts closely appressed,
coriaceous, commonly with a glandular or viscid ridge, short line or a broader
spot on the back near the summit : heads naked, solitary or scattered.

= Leaves pinnately parted into narrow and linear mostly entire divisions.

8. C. Pitcheri, Torr. A foot or two high, with herbage persistently
white-tomentose throughout : lower leaves a foot or so long, with divisions
either entire or some again pinuately parted into shorter lobes, weakly prickly-
tipped ; the winged rhachis not wider than the divisions : heads few or soli-
tary, 2 inches high : involucre glabrate ; the bracts rather small, viscid down
the back, tipped with small short prickle : corollas ochroleucous. — Extending
into Dakota and the northeastern limit of our range from the shores of the
Great Lakes.

= = Leaves from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or broader,
disposed to be white-lomentose above as well as below: prickle on cusp of invo-
lucral bracts more or less rigid.

9. C. ochrocentrus, Gray. Resembles the next, usually taller, even to
6 or 8 feet high, the white tomentum mostly persistent : leaves commonly but
not always deeply pinnatijid and armed with long yellowish prickles: heads 1 or
2 inches high : principal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid
line on the back narrow or not rarely obsolete, tipped with a prominent, spreading
yellowish prickle: corollas purple, rarely white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57.
Plains, W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona.

10. C. undulatus, Gray. A foot or two high, persistently white-tomen-
tose : leaves rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly : heads commonly 1^ inch
high : principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the
broader glandular-viscid ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped with an
evident spreading short prickle : corollas rose-color, pale purple, or rarely white.
— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Plains, from Oregon to the Great Lakes and
southward to New Mexico.

Var. canescens, Gray, is a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over
an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply
pinnatifid. — New Mexico and S. Utah to Minnesota.

= ==== Leaves in the same species from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes
from ovate to lanceolate, upper face soon glabrate and green : involucral bracts
tipped with weak prickles or sometimes hardly any.

11. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem branching, 3 to 10 feet high : leaves in
the typical form ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spiuulose-
ciliate slightly toothed margins, sometimes laciniate-cleft or sinuate, or lower
ones deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly : heads l£ to 2 inches high: invo-
lucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped with a spreading set if or m prickle,
the short outermost ovate or oblong : roots fascicled and not rarely tuberous-
thickened below the middle, in the manner of Dahlia. — East of our range,
but represented by

Vsir. filipendulus, Gray. Smaller, 2 or 3 feet high : roots tuberiferous :
leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid: heads few, only 1^ inch high. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 56. Prairies and thickets, Texas and Colorado.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215

12. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or
branching : leaves narrow, varying as in the last : heads more naked -peduncu-
late, only an inch long: involucral bracts small and narrow, thinner, tapering
into a very weak short spreading bristle-like prickle, sometimes hardly any : flowers
rose-purple. — From Colorado to Texas and Virginia.

72. KBIGIA, Schreb.

Low herbs ; with rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating slender
naked peduncles or scapes. Ours belongs to the § Cynthia, in which the
involucral bracts are 9 to 18 and thin, and pappus of 10 to 15 oblong scales
and 15 or 20 slender capillary bristles.

1. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Caulescent, not tuberiferous, glaucous:
stem a foot or two high, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat
umbellate heads on moderately long peduncles : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse,
entire, repand and denticulate, or radical somewhat lyrately lobed; these
contracted into winged petioles; cauliuc partly clasping by a broad base. —
Cynthia Virginica, Don. From Colorado to New York and Georgia.

73. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt.

Mostly smooth and glabrous ; with branching or rarely virgate and often
rigid or rush-like stems, small or merely scale-like leaves on the flowering
branches, and usually paniculate heads of rose-colored or flesh-colored flowers.
In ours the heads are ^ to ^ inch high, mostly 5-flowered and with about the
same number of involucral bracts.

* Perennials, paniculately branched from thick and tortuous roots, with striate and

rush-like branches, small-leaved or nearly leafless above : pappus bristles not at
all dilated at base, but plumose below the middle.

1. S. runcinata, Nutt. Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high,
with spreading branches: heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along
the branches : lower leaves runcinate-pinnatijid, commonly lanceolate ; upper
linear or reduced to scales : pappus dull white, plumose only to near the base.
— Plains, from Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, Arizona, and California.

2. S. minor, Nutt. More slender and with ascending branches bearing usu-
al/>/ terminal and smaller heads: cauline leaves all slender, often filiform : pappus
white, very plumose down to base. — Plains and mountains, from the borders
of British America to those of Mexico.

* * Annuals or biennials : bristles of the white or whitish pappus plumose above

but naked below the middle, at base more or less dilated.

3. S. exigua, Nutt. A foot or two high, with slender branches and
branchlets : radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, those
of the branches mainly reduced to short scales : bristles of the pappus 9 to
18, their more or less dilated or chaffy bases commonly a little connate. —
From Wyoming to Texas and westward to Nevada and E. California.

216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

74. MICBOSEKIS, Don.

Glabrous or merely puberulent, acaulescent or subcaulescent ; with heads of
yellow flowers terminating naked scapes or elongated simple peduncles.

* Pappus of \5 to 20 white and soft plumose bristles ivith chaffy base: akenes

linear-columnar, of same diameter from base to summit : stems more or less
branching and leaf-bearing.

1. M. nutans, Gray. Slender, a foot or so high : fusiform roots either
fascicled or solitary : leaves from entire and spatulate-obovate to pinuately
parted into narrow linear lobes : heads 8 to 20-flowered, slender-peduncled :
involucre of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate gradually acuminate principal bracts:
bristles of pappus several times longer than the oblong scale at the base. —
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. From British Columbia and Montana to S. W.
Colorado and California.

* # Pappus of 20 to 24 narrowly linear-lanceolate silvery-white scales, occupying

two or more series, very gradually attenuate into a slender awn: akenes attenu-
ate-fusiform.

2. M. troximoides, Gray. Acaulescent or nearly so : leaves tufted on
the caudex, rather fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4 to
6 inches long : scapes a span to a foot high : involucre f inch high : pappus
£ inch or more long, its almost setiform scales £ line wide below. — Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 211. Hills and open plains, Montana and Idaho to Washington Ter-
ritory and California.

75. MALACOTHBIX, DC.

Leafy -stemmed or scapose ; with pedunculate heads of yellow or white
flowers, sometimes becoming purplish tinged. In ours the involucre is of
narrow bracts and short-peduncled on the leafy spreading branches.

1. M. sonchoides, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high : lower leaves
oblong, pinnatifid, with short and dentate lobes, rhachis of the principal leaves
also dentate: akenes linear-oblong, 15-striate-ribbed, somewhat angled by 5
moderately stronger ribs, the summit with a 15-denticulate white border. —
Fl. ii. 486. Plains of W. Nebraska to New Mexico and westward.

76. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

Perennial herbs : often with toothed but never deeply lobed leaves : heads
paniculate, rarely solitary : flowers yellow, or white in one species.

§ 1. Involucre of the comparatively large heads irregularly more or less imbri-
cated : pappus of copious and unequal bristles : akenes columnar, truncate.
In ours the stems are leafy to the top, the cauline leares all closely sessile.
1. H. Timbellatum, L. A foot or two high, strict, bearing a few some-
what umbellately disposed heads: leaves narrowly or sometimes broadly lanceo-
late, nearly entire, sparsely denticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate, all narrow
at base : involucre usually livid, glabrous or nearly so ; outermost bracts loose
or spreading. — From Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains, and northward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217

2. H. Canadense, Michx. Taller, robust, with corymbose!,/ or panicu-
lately cymose heads: leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely
and acutely dentate or even laciniate, at least the upper partly clasping and broad
or broadish at base: involucre usually pubescent when young, glabrate, occa-
sionally glandular ; the narrow outermost bracts loose : pappus sordid. — Across
the continent near the British boundary and northward.

§ 2. Involucre a series of equal bracts and a few short ones : pappus of more or
less scanty equal bristles: akenes in some species slender or tapering to the
summit.

* Hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy denticulate hairs comm.only

from a small papilla, commonly but not always on the involucre also: flowers
yellow.

3. H. longipilum, Torr. Stout, leafy to near the middle of the stem,
and with linear-lanceolate or subulate bracts up to the narrow panicle : pubes-
cence mainly glandular-setose and most abundant, the bristles upright, com-
monly \ to 1 inch long, fulvous or rufous : leaves spatulate-oblong or upper
lanceolate, thickish, the radical commonly present in a tuft at flowering time :
involucre 20 to 30-flowered, and with short peduncles more or less tomentu-
lose as well as glandular, in a narrow almost virgate panicle : akenes fusiform :
pappus at maturity fuscous. — Woods and prairies, from Nebraska to Texas,
within the eastern limit of our range, and eastward to Michigan.

4. H. Scouleri, Hook. Robust, a foot or two high: hairs long and soft
setose, whitish or yellowish: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3 to 6
inches long : panicle irregular or branching : involucre somewhat furfuraceous
and glandular, also sparsely or copiously beset with long bristly hairs : akenes
columnar and short: pappus whitish. — From Montana to Oregon and south to
the Wahsatch.

* * Dark-hirsute and somewhat glandular (also whitish with short tomentum) on

the involucre: leaves and lower part ofscapiform stems not even pilose : flowers
yellow : pappus sordid.

5. H gracile, Hook. Pale green, in tufts : leaves nearly all in radical
clusters, obovate- to oblong-spatulate and attenuate into petioles, entire or
repand-denticulate : stems or scapes slender, 8 to 18 inches high, cinereous
above, bearing few or several racemosely disposed livid heads, the lower
linear-bracteate : involucre usually blackish-hairy at base : akenes short co-
lumnar.— Includes H. triste, mostly, of the Western Reports. Mountains of
Colorado, Utah, and northward.

Var. detonsum, Gray. A span to nearly a foot high, with rather smaller
heads : dark hirsute hairs wholly wanting, or only some smaller ones on the
involucre. — Synopt. Fl. i. 427. //. triste, var. detonsum, Gray. Mountains
of Colorado and California to those of British Columbia.

* * * Not bristly (occasionally scattered bristles on the involucre and panicle),

but at least the radical leaves and base of stem sparsely or thickly setose-hirsute
with long spreading hairs.

•»- Flowers white : stems leafy : akenes linear-columnar, not at all narrowed
upward : pappus sordid : leaves entire or denticulate.

6. H. albiflorum, Hook. A foot to a yard high, smaller plants with

218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

simple and larger with compound open cyme : leaves oblong, thin, upper
with usually narrowed sessile base, lower tapering into petiole : involucre of
linear-lanceolate bracts, pale or livid, mostly glabrous or nearly so, not rarely
a few bristly hairs. — From Colorado and Utah to California and British
Columbia.

•»- -t- Flowers yellow: stems rather scapose (2 to several-leaved) : leaves entire or
slightly denticulate.

7. H. cynoglossoides, Arvet. Stem a foot or less high (either from
naked base or more commonly a radical tuft of leaves), simple, 2 to several-
leaved, bearing few or several cymosely disposed heads, setose-hirsute or
hispid at base : leaves lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, at least the lower con-
spicuously setose-hirsute ; upper sometimes glabrous : involucre glandular, some-
times as also peduncles glandular-hispidulous : akenes rather short-columnar:
pappus whitish. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 68. IT. Scouleri, Hooker, partly.

•N. W. Wyoming and Montana to Oregon and California.

8. H. Fendleri, Schultz Bip. Subscapose, not rarely one or two leaves
toward base of the simple or paniculately branching stem, sparsely setose-
hirsute : radical leaves spatulate or broader ; cauline verging to lanceolate,
reduced above to linear bracts : heads few and racemiform-paniculate, or more
numerous and corymbosely disposed : involucre puberulent or glabrate, with or
without scattered setose hairs : akenes tapering from near the base to summit,
sometimes reddish, at length commonly blackish : pappus copious, soft, sordid-
whitish. — Colorado and New Mexico.

77. CREPIS, L.

Annuals or (ours) perennials, with soft white pappus and narrow-necked
or beaked akenes (some truncate or merely tapering upwards) : leaves entire
or inclined to be pinnatifid : flowers all yellow.

* Low or depressed, branched from the base, wholly glabrous, bearing numerous

clustered heads : involucre of narrowly linear obtuse equal bracts: akenes nar-
row, IQ-striate, having at summit a disk bearing the pappus.

1. C. nana, Richards. Forming depressed tufts on creeping rootstocks :
leaves chiefly radical, obovate to spatulate, entire, rep<md-dentate, or It/rate,
commonly equalling the clustered scapes or stems: heads in fruit nearly
£ inch high : akenes linear, unequally ribbed, obscurely contracted under the
moderately dilated pappiferous disk. — Alpine mountain summits in Colorado
and California, thence far northward.

2. C. elegans, Hook. Many-stemmed from a tap-root, diffusely branched :
leaves entire or nearly so ; radical spatulate, cauline from lanceolate to linear :
heads smaller : akenes linear-fusiform, minutely scabrous on the equal narrow
ribs, attenuate into a short slender beak, which is discoid-dilated at summit. —
From Montana and Dakota to the Saskatchewan.

* # More robust and taller, with scapiform or few-leaved stems and larger heads:

akenes thicker, not dilated-discoid at the insertion of the pappus.
•»- No canescent pubescence: foliage mostly glabrous: involucre many-flowered;

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219

its bracts narrow, acute, little thickened below after flowering : pappus not
remarkably copious: leaves mostly radical.

3. C glauca, Torr. & Gray. Usually scapose, 1 to 2 feet high, glauces-
cent or glaucous : radical leaves from obovate-spatulate to lanceolate, from
entire to laciniate-pinnat/fld : involucre 4 lines high, glabrous or nearly so, as
also the peduncles : akenes oblong, with slightly narrowed summit, strongly
and evenly 10-ribbed. — Fl. ii. 438. Moist ground, from the Saskatchewan
and Nebraska to Utah and Nevada.

4. C. runcinata, Torr. & Gray. Not glaucous or slightly so, 1 to 2 feet
high: radical leaves obovate-obloug to oblong-lanceolate, from repand to run-
cinate-pinnatifld with short lobes or teeth ; cauline none, or small and narrow
at the forks : involucre £ inch high or smaller, pubescent, often hirsute, some-
times (with peduncles and upper part of scape) glandular-hispidulous : akenes
narrowly oblong, moderately narrowed upward, somewhat evenly 10-ribbed. —
Loc. cit. In subalpine swamps, from Colorado and Utah to Montana and the
Saskatchewan.

H- H- Cinereous-pubescent, at least the foliage : bracts of the involucre at length
with more or less thickened or keeled midrib, at least at base : leaves usually
laciniate-pinnatifld.

•M. Principal bracts of the involucre and flowers 5 to 8 : no hirsute pubescence:
pappus moderately copious and soft.

5. C. acuminata, Nutt. Minutely cinereous below, but green : stem
slender, 1 to 3 feet high, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing a fastigiate or coryrnbiform
cyme of numerous small heads : leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong-
lanceolate in outline, laciniate-pinnatifid, tapering to both ends, the apex
usually into a lanceolate or linear tail-like prolongation : involucre £ to £ inch
long, rarely over 6-flowered, smooth and glabrous: akenes at maturity fusi-
form, considerably longer than the pappus, lightly striate-costate, moderately
attenuate at summit. — Dry ground, Montana and Wyoming to E. Oregon,
Utah, and California.

6. C. intermedia, Gray. Habit and foliage of the preceding, or less
tall, more ciuereous-puberulent, usually with fewer heads: involucre \ inch or
more long, canescently puberulent ; its bracts in age more carinate by thick-
ened midrib: akenes acutely 10 costate at maturity, oblong-fusiform, slightly
attenuate upward, longer than or equalling the pappus. — Synopt. Fl. i. 432.
C. acuminata, Gray, Bot. Calif., partly. Rocky Mountains in Colorado to the
Sierra Nevada, California, and north to Washington Territory.

Var. gracilis, Gray. A very slender form, with rhachis and apical pro-
longation as well as lobes of the leaves attenuate-linear. — Loc. cit. C. occi-
dentalis, var. gracilis, Eaton.

•»•+ -t-n- Principal bracts of involucre 9 to 24 and flowers 10 to 30: pappus exceed-
ingly copious and harsher.

7. C. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Often hirsute as well as canescent, rather
robust, a span to a foot or so high, commonly leafy-stemmed and branching :
leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader in outline, variously laciniate-pinnatifid or
incised, apex seldom much prolonged : involucre \ to § inch high, canescent :
akenes longer than the pappus, usually with tapering summit and acute ribs.

220 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

— Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to Washington Territory, and south to
the mountains of Colorado and California.

78. PRENANTHES, Vaffl.

Perennial herbs, with loosely paniculate heads, few-nerved akenes, and soft
bright white pappus. Ours belong to the subgenus Nabalus, with more con-
tracted inflorescence, dull-colored flowers, more nerved akenes, and stiffer
sordid pappus.

1. P. racemosa, Michx. Stems simple, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the
inflorescence, with the leaves glabrous and glaucous : leaves ordinarily only
denticulate; radical and lower leaves spatulate-oblong to obovate, tapering into
winged petioles ; upper cauline lanceolate to ovate, partly clasping, the broader
ones by a cordate or auriculate base : heads not at all drooping, crowded in an
elongated thyrsus, a span to 2 feet long : involucre loosely hirsute : flowers pur-
plish: akenes about 15-nerved, somewhat angled by 4 or 5 of the stronger
nerves. — Nabalus racemosus, DC. From Colorado to the Saskatchewan,
thence eastward across the continent.

2. P. alata, Gray. A foot or two high, the larger plants branching : leaves
hastate-deltoid, sharply and irregularly dentate, abruptly contracted or some of the
upper cunealely decurrent into winged petioles, or small uppermost narrower
and sessile by a tapering base : heads somewhat pendulous, loosely and someivhat
corymbosely paniculate: involucre of 8 to 10 greenish bracts : flowers purplish :
akenes slender, at least sometimes with a tapering summit. — Synopt. Fl. i.
435. Nabalus alatus, Hook. From the far north to Oregon, represented in
the mountains of N. Montana by

Var. sagittata, Gray. Leaves sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes
mostly slender and prolonged : heads in a virgate panicle : involucre pale
green, very glabrous : immature akenes not tapering to the summit. —
Loc. cit.

79. LYGODESMIA, Don.

Mostly smooth and glabrous ; with usually rush-like rigid or tough stems,
linear or scale-like leaves, and terminal or scattered heads which are always
erect : the flowers pink or rose-color.

* Erect perennials, with striate-angled junciform stems and branches, and terminal
solitary heads: akenes slender, terete, almost filiform, slightly tapering to sum-
mit : pappus soft and copious, whitish or sordid.

1. L. juncea, Don. Fastigiately much branched from the deep-rooted base,
about a foot high : leaves persistent, small, somewhat nervose ; lower lanceo-
late-linear from a broadish base, inch or two long ; upper reduced to small subu-
late scales : involucre at most £ inch long, 5-flowered : ligules $ or £ inch long.
— Plains of the Saskatchewan and Minnesota to New Mexico and Nevada.

2. L. grandifiora, Torr. & Gray. Stems separate or few from the root,
simple below, a span to a foot high ; the larger plants leafy, corymbosely
branched above, and bearing few or numerous short-pedunculate heads : leaves
all entire, of firm and thickish texture, linear-attenuate, 2 to 4 inches long, only

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221

the very uppermost reduced to scales : involucre fully f inch long, 5 to 1 0-
flowered: ligules of equal length, showy, rose-red. — Fl. ii. 485. Gravelly hills,
W. Wyoming and Utah.

* * Paniculately branched annuals : pappus white and soft.
3. L. rostrata, Gray. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, striate, leafy, corym-
bose-paniculate : leaves narrowly linear, attenuate to both ends, entire, ob-
scurely 3-nerved ; cauline 3 to 7 inches long, barely 2 lines wide ; uppermost
slender-subulate : heads numerous, on scaly-bracteolate erect peduncles : invo-
lucre 8 to 9-flowered, of as many very narrowly linear bracts : rays small and
narrow, probably purplish : akenes slender-fusiform, distinctly attenuate at
summit, longer than the soft rather dull-white pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix.
217. L.juncea, var. rostrata, Gray. Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Wyo-
ming and Colorado.

80. TBOXIMON, Nutt.

Acaulescent or nearly so; with a cluster of sessile or subsessile radical
leaves, and simple scapes bearing a head of yellow or rarely purple flowers.
Includes both Troximon and Macrorhynchus of the Western Reports.

§ 1. Akenes beakless, or tapering gradually into a short and thickish beak, on
which the nerves or ribs of the bod// are prolonged to the apex: pappus some-
what rigid. — EUTROXIMON.

1. T. CUSpidatum, Pursh. Glaucescent, somewhat tomentose when
young, a span to a foot high : leaves entire, elongated linear-lanceolate and up-
wardly linear-attenuate, mostly ciliate : involucre about an inch high ; its bracts
in 2 or 3 series, all tapering to a slender acumination, glabrous : akenes becoming
3 or 4 lines long, rather shorter than the unequal pappus, beakless. — Prairies,
from Dakota to Wisconsin and W. Illinois.

2. T. glaucum, Nutt. Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or
glaucous, either glabrous or with loose pubescence : leaves linear to lanceolate,
from entire to sparingly dentate or sometimes laciniate, 4 to 12 inches long: invo-
lucre commonly an inch high and many-flowered; its bracts lanceolate or
broader; outer series shorter, often pubescent or even villous: akenes with the
stout nerved beak 5 or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus. — Macrorhynchus
glaucus, Eaton. Grassy plains, Saskatchewan and Dakota to British Columbia,
and mountains of Utah and Colorado.

Var. parviflorum, Gray. A small and slender form : leaves only 2 to G
inches long : scape a span to a foot high : head smaller and narrower. —
Synopt. Fl. i. 437. T. parviflorum, Nutt. Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming
to the mountains of New Mexico.

Var. laciniatum, Gray. Dwarf (a span or two high), with the small
heads of the preceding variety, varying to larger, glabrous or glabrate, when
young often cinereous-pubescent throughout : rays sometimes purplish exter-
nally or in fading : leaves mostly of lanceolate outline and lacmiate-pinnatifid.
— Bot. Calif, i. 437. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to California.

Var. dasycephalum, Torr. & Gray. Commonly robust, with large and
broad heads : the involucre inch broad as well as high, and from villous to
cinereous-pubescent, sometimes early glabrate : receptacle not rarely bearing

222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

a few chaffy bracts among the flowers : leaves from elongated-lanceolate to
oblong-spatulate, from entire to laciniate or rarely pinuatifid : scape from a
span to 2 feet high. — Mountains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada and Wash-
ington Territory, northeastward to Dakota and the Arctic regions.

§ 2. Akenes with a slender and mostly filiform nerveless beak and soft pap-
pus. — MACRORHYNCHUS.

3. T. aurantiacum, Hook. Loosely soft-pubescent and glabrate : leaves
from linear-lanceolate to spatulate, thinnish, entire, or sparingly laciniate-den-
tate, occasionally pinnatifid : scape from a span to a foot or more high : invo-
lucre 7 to 9 lines high ; its bracts from broadly to narrowly lanceolate and
acute, or outer and looser ones oblong and obtuse : flowers orange, commonly
changing to brownish red or purple : akenes thickish, 3 or 4 lines long, and
the firm beak only 2 or 3 lines long: pappus somewhat rigidulous. — Macro-
rhynchus troximoides, Torr. & Gray. Northern Rocky Mountains to British
Columbia and Oregon, and mountains of Colorado.

Var. purpureum, Gray. Leaves apparently thickish, laciniate, and with
the purple-tinged involucre very glabrous or glabrate : " flowers purple." —
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72. New Mexico, and in the mountains of Colorado.

4. T. gracilens, Gray. Resembles slender forms of preceding : leaves
mostly entire, flaccid, from lanceolate to nearly linear, or some narrowly spatu-
late: scape 10 to 18 inches high: head and iuvolucral bracts narrow: flowers
deep orange : akenes fusiform-linear, 3 or 4 lines long ; the very slender beak 4
or 5 lines long: pappus soft, but not flaccid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 71. Moun-
tains in N. Wyoming to Oregon and Washington Territory.

81. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

Perennials, sending up in the spring, from a rosulate cluster of runcinate-
pinnatifid or lyrate radical leaves, naked fistulous scapes, which elongate with
and after the blooming of the showy head of yellow flowers : involucre re-
flexed at maturity : fruit, with the expanded pappus raised on the elongated
beak, displayed in a globose body.

1. T. officinale, Weber. Root vertical: leaves from spatulate-oblong to
lanceolate, from irregularly dentate to runcinate-pinnatifid : akenes oblong-
obovate or narrower, abruptly contracted into a conical or pyramidal apex,
which is prolonged into a filiform beak of twice or thrice the length of the
akene. In the ordinary form of the fields the involucral bracts are obscurely
or not at all corniculate, and the calyculate bracts are linear, elongated, and
recurved ; leaves usually lobed. — T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Common everywhere
in fields and yards.

Var. alpinum, Koch. Outer involucral bracts ovate to broadly lanceo-
late, spreading, none conspicuously corniculate. — Labrador to British Colum-
bia, and southward along higher mountains to Colorado and California.

Var. lividum, Koch. Outer involucral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
all apt to be dark-colored in drying, obscurely or not at all corniculate : leaves
from denticulate to runcinate-dentate, sometimes pinnatifid. — T. palustre, DC.
Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the Arctic coast.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223

Var. SCOpulorum, Gray. Minute : leaves and scape an inch or less long :
head 3 or in fruit even 5 lines high, narrow, few-flowered : outer involucral
bracts lanceolate, rather loose ; inner somewhat corniculate. — T. Icevigatum,
Gray. Highest alpine region of the liocky Mountains in Colorado.

82. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC.

With leafy or (in ours) scapiforra stems, undivided or pinnatifid leaves, and
rather large slender pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers. Our species
is rnonocephalous.

1. P. SCapoSUS, DC. Hirsutulous-pubescent, low and simple: globular
tuber sending up a slender caudex, bearing at the surface of the ground a
cluster of pinnatifid leaves and scapes of a span or two high: the latter sim-
ple and naked, sometimes a bract or small leaf near the base : head seldom an
inch high in fruit : calyculate bracts of involucre short and small, subulate ;
principal ones obscurely corniculate at tip : flowers citron-yellow : pappus
fulvous. — P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Prairies of Arkansas to E. Colorado.

83. LACTUCA,1 Tourn. LETTUCE.

Mostly tall herbs, with milky juice, leafy stems, and paniculate heads of
yellow, blue, or whitish flowers: involucre glabrous and smooth. Includes
Mulgedium.

# Akenes flat, orbicular to oblong, abruptly produced into a filiform beak of softer

texture.

1. L. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy to the open panicle, 2 to 5 feet
high : leaves all oblong and auriculate-clasping, 3 or 4 inches long, sinuate-pin-
natifid, somewhat spinulosely dentate, more or less bnstly-ciliate, more or less
hispidulous-setose on the midrib beneath : flowers yellow : akenes oblong-oval,
about equalled by the flliform beak. — From Dakota and Wyoming to Iowa and
Texas.

2. L. pulchella, DC. A foot or two high, very glabrous, glaucescent,
leafy up to the open panicle : leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong,
entire or runcinate-dentate, or some lower ones pinnatifid ; cauline sessile, with

* The Old World genus Sonchus, Tourn., ("Sow-Thistle.") with leafy stems, yellow
flowers, and white pappus, hag become extensively naturalized in the' east, and the follow-
ing species have appeared within our range : —

* Coarse annuals ; with runcinately or lyrately pinnatifid leaves, beset with soft spinulose

serratures; upper cauline auriculate-clasping: heads corymbose-paniculate : akenes
flat, thin-edged, oblong- obovate

S. oleraceus, L., has leaves with soft and hardly spinulose teeth ; auricles of the cauline
ones acute ; akenes striate-nerved and transversely rugulose-scabrous.

S. asper, Vill. , has teeth of the leaves longer and more prickly ; auricles of the clasp-
ing base rounded ; and akenes smooth, 3-nerved on each side.

* * Strong-rooted perennial, with deep yellow flowers, and thickish akenes.
S. arvensis, L., has stems 2 feet high and naked at the summit ; leaves as before, den-
ticulate-spin ulose, cauline partly clasping ; peduncles and involucre more or less glandular-
bristly ; heads almost twice as long (1 inch high) ; akenes oblong, about 10-ribbed and
ruguloae on the ribs.

224 LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

base not auriculate-dasping : flowers bright blue or violet-purple : akenes lanceolate-
oblong, barely 2 Hues long, striate-nervose ; the tip of short (no longer than the
breadth of the body) beak soft and usually whitish. — Mulgedium pulchellum,
Nutt. From New Mexico to California, British Columbia, and eastward.
* # Akenes thickish, oblong, with some strong ribs and nerves, contracted at the

summit into a short but manifest neck.

3. L. leucophsea, Gray. Stem 3 to 12 feet high, stout, leafy up to the
pyramidal rather crowded panicle : leaves ample, sinuately or runcinately
pinnatifid, coarsely and irregularly or doubly dentate ; upper cauline sessile
by a mostly narrowed but auriculate or partly clasping base : involucre oblong,
5 lines high : flowers bluish to yellowish or whitish : pappus sordid or fus-
cous. — Mulgedium leucophceum, DC. Across the continent from Oregon to the
mountains of Carolina and northward.

ORDER 43. LOBELIACEJE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, scattered flowers, irregular
5-lobed corolla, and the 5 stamens free from the corolla and united
into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their an-
thers. Calyx-tube adherent to the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule:
style ane.

1. Lobelia. Corolla open down to the base on one side.

2. Laurentia. Corolla with a closed tube. Capsule wholly inferior.

1. LOBELIA, L.

Calyx-tube 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube and
somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spread-
ing and 3-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or
chiefly in bracted racemes.

1. L. cardinalis, L. Stem tall, simple, 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed: raceme elongated, rather one-sided:
flowers large, deep red ; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. —
Colorado, and throughout the States eastward. The intense red of the flower
varies to rose-color and even white. Known as " Cardinal Flower."

2. L. Syphilitica, L. Stems simple, 2 to 3 feet high, leafy to the top,
somewhat hairy : leaves thin, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends,
irregularly serrate : flowers in a long spike-like raceme, light blue, rarely white :
sinuses of the calyx with deflexed auricles. — From Colorado to Dakota and
throughout the States eastward.

2. LAURENTIA, Micheli.

Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla with its tube as long as the limb,
which is like that of Lobelia. Capsule short, 2-valved at the summit. — Low
herbs, resembling small species of Lobelia, excepting the closed tube of the
corolla. Flowers blue.

CAMPANULACE.32. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 225

1 . Li. carnosilla, Benth. Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5
inches high : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, \ to £ inch
long : flowers axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled. —
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 444. Porterella carnulosa, Torr., of Hayd. Rep. 1872, 488.
Muddy borders of ponds and streams from the Californian Sierras to Utah
and Wyoming.

ORDER 44. CAUIPANULACEjE. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

Like the Lobeliacece, but the corolla regular bell-shaped, the stamens
usually distinct and the capsule (in ours) 3-celled. — Flowers generally
blue and showy.

1. Specularia. Calyx-tube more or less elongated and narrow. Corolla short and broad,

rotate when expanded. Capsule prismatic or elongated.

2. Campanula. Calyx-tube short and broad. Corolla generally bell-shaped. Capsule

mostly short.

1. SPECULARIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.

Flowers dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with undeveloped corolla,
and a 3 or 4-lobed calyx. The calyx-lobes of the later corolliferous flowers 5.
Capsule with valvular openings either near the summit or near the middle. —
Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile flowers. Corolla blue or
purplish.

1. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous: stems a
span or two high, virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base : leaves
lanceolate : capsule nearly cylindrical, ^ to f inch long, inclined to curve and
rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; the low-
est also often splitting longitudinally from the summit: seeds oblong. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xi. 82. Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado.

2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Stems 8 to 20 inches high, very leafy through-
out, hirsute or hispid on the angles : leaves round-cordate and clasping, mostly
crenate, veiny : flowers single or clustered in the axils : capsule oblong or
somewhat obconical; the 2 or 3 valvular openings at or below the middle; the
capsule not disposed to split: seeds lenticular. — From Colorado to Utah and
Oregon, also throughout the States eastward.

2. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELL-FLOWER, HAREBELL.

Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Filaments dilated at base. Capsule
opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or per-
forations. — Flowers blue or white. Ours have naked sinuses to the calyx.
# Capsule opening near or at the summit, erect: low and usually \-flowered alpine
or subalpine plants.

1. C. Uniflora, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1 to 4 inches high, from a stout
several-headed rootstock: leaves small, an inch or less long, thickish, entire or
nearly so ; the lowest spatulate or oblong, obtuse ; uppermost linear : /lowers
4 to 6 lines in length, mostly horizontal : calyx-tube nearly as long as the lobes,

15

226 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

which are from half to fully as long as the deeply campanulate bluish corolla :
capsule cylindraceous or clavate, \ inch long. — On bare alpine slopes in the
Colorado Rocky Mountains, and extending into the arctic regions.

2. C. planiflora, Engelm. Glabrous, from a few inches to a span high,
from a filiform rootstock bearing similar subterranean stolons : leaves 1 to 2
inches long, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lowest ones sometimes broader,
all more or less dentate or denticulate : flowers larger, erect : calyx-lobes several
times longer than the tube and exceeding the tube of the shallow, wide open,
reddish-purple corolla : capsule ovate or turbinate, as long as the calyx-lobes
or shorter. — Bot. Gaz, vii. 5. C. Langsdorffiana of the Rocky Mountain
Floras. C. Scheuchzeri, Gray, Fl. N. Am., as to Colorado forms. In subalpine
meadows, Colorado. The large shallow corolla is four times wider than deep.
# * Capsule opening near or at the base : taller, usually several to many-flowered,

and in lower ground: rootstocks filiform.

3. C. rotundifolia, L. Stems diffuse or erect, a foot or two long, 1 to
9-flowered, smooth : radical leaves slender-petioled, orbicular or cordate ; cauline
leaves linear : flower-buds erect : calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate : corolla bright
blue, campanulate, 4 to 1 inch long: capsule nodding. — A subarctic species,
ranging southward in the mountains to Mexico.

4. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem almost filiform, a foot or two high,
equally leafy to the top, its sharp angles rough with short retrorse bristles : so
also the midrib beneath and the margins of the lanceolate or linear sessile leaves:
flower-buds drooping : calyx-lobes triangular: corolla pale blue or whitish, deeply
cleft, the lobes 2 lines long or less: capsule erect. — Wet grassy grounds from
Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward.

ORDER 45. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so, the
stamens as many or twice as many as the 4 to 5 lobes or petals of the
corolla, free or nearly free from it, anthers 2-celled, commonly appen-
daged or opening by terminal chinks or pores, style one, ovary 3 to
10-celled.

SUBORDER I. VACCIMIE^E.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, which forms a berry crowned
with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous and epigynous. —
Shrubby or suffrutescent, with scaly buds and alternate leaves.

1. Vaccinium. Ovary 4 to 5-oelled, or by false partitions from the back of these cells 8 to

10-celled, wholly inferior : ovules numerous. Anther-cells tapering upward into a
tube.

SUBORDER IT. ERICINE^E.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous or rarely polypeta-
lous, hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees.

* Fruit fleshy, either a berry or drupe.

2. Arctost aphylog. Corolla urn-shaped. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes,

included. Drupe berry*like, 5 to 10-seeded.

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 227

* * Fruit a loculicidal capsule, 5-celled and many-seeded. (In ours the calyx becomes
fleshy in fruit, enclosing the small capsules, and hence the fruit resembles a berry.)

3. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped to cam-

panulate. Stamens 10 • filaments dilated towards the base : anthers usually awned.
Capsule deeply umbilicate.

* * * Fruit a septicidal capsule : anthers destitute of awns or appendages.

•*- Corolla gamopetalous : flowers not from scaly buds, the bracts being leaf-like or coria-
ceous : capsule globular.

4. Bryanthus. Corolla from campanulate to ovoid, 4 to 6-lobed. Stamens 8 to 10,

straight. Leaves heaih-like, alternate but crowded.

5. Kalmia. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches below the

limb. Stamens 10 : the short anthers lodged in the corolla pouches in bud, so that
in blooming the filaments are strongly recurved. Leaves alternate, opposite, or
whorled, flat.

•»- *- Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so : flowers from large scaly buds, the scales of
bracts caducous : capsule oval or oblong.

6. Ledum. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading.

Stamens 5 to 10. Leaves evergreen.

SUBORDER III. PYROLINEJE.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous, hypogynous.
Anthers erect and extrorse in bud, with an ernarginate or 2-horned
base, where each cell opens by a pore; but inverted in anthesis so that
the real base with its pores becomes apical. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
— Ours are herbs or nearly so, with broad evergreen leaves and a scape
naked or nearly so.

7. Moneses. Flowers solitary, 4 or 5-merous. Petals widely spreading, orbicular. Sta-

mens 8 or 10 : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight. Valves of the capsule
not woolly on the edges.

8. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or less

converging. Stamens 10, often declined. Style often declined or turned downward.
Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.

SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPEJ3.

Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. and III., but the plants herba-
ceous, root-parasitic, scaly, entirely destitute of green foliage.

9. Pterospora. Corolla gamopetalous, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-celled, 2-awned on the

back, opening lengthwise.

10. Monotropa. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate narrow petals. Anthers kidney-shaped, the
cells more or less confluent, opening across the top.

1. VACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY.

Ours all belong to § EUVACCINIUM, which has a corolla from ovate to
globular and more or less urn-shaped, 4 to 5-toothed, rose-color or nearly
white : anthers 2-awned on the back, included : ovary and berry 4 to 5-celled,
with no false partitions : leaves deciduous : flowers on drooping pedicels,
solitary or 2 to 4 together, developing with or soon after the leaves.

228 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

* Flowers solitary or 2 to 4 in a fascicle, from a distinct scaly bud, more com-

monly 4-merous and 8-androus : leaves entire, sessile or nearly so: limb of the
calyx deeply 4 to 5-parted: berries blackish-blue with a bloom.

1 . V. occidental©, Gray. A foot or more high, glabrous : leaves glau-
cescent, obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse
or aeutish : flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud : berry small, barely
3 lines in diameter. — Bot. Calif, i. 451. In the Uinta Mountains and west-
ward in the Sierra Nevada.

* # Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-androus: calyx

less or very slightly lobed.
-.-• Dwarf and cespitose: branches not angled.

2. V. CSespitOSUm, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high :
leaves from obovate to cuueate-obloug, thickly serrulate, bright green both
sides, reticulate-veiny (f to 1 inch long) : berry proportionally large, blue
with a bloom, sweet. — From the Colorado mountains to Alaska, and east-
ward in Labrador and the White Mountains.

Var. cuneifolium, Nutt. A span to near a foot high, bushy : leaves
spatulate-cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form to spatulate-
lanceolate and acute ; the earliest not rarely entire. — Mountains of Colorado
to California, British Columbia, and Lake Superior.

•<- •«- Low : branches sharply angled and green : leaves small.

3. V. Myrtillus, L. A foot or less high, glabrous : leaves ovate or
oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated- veiny, and with a promi-
nent narrow midrib (£ to $ inch long) : limb of calyx almost entire: corolla
globular-ovate : berries black, nodding. — From Colorado and Utah north-
ward to Alaska. Known as " Whortleberry " or " Bilberry."

Var. microphyllum, Hook. A diminutive form, 3 to 6 inches high :
leaves 2 to 4 lines long : corolla, proportionally small, a line long : berries at
first " light red." — Colorado, Utah, and in the Sierras and northward.

2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY. MANZANITA.

Shrubs with alternate leaves, and small mostly white or rose-colored flowers
variously clustered.

1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Depressed-trailing or creeping, green: leaves
coriaceous and evergreen, oblong-spatulate, retuse, an inch or less long, taper-
ing into a petiole : flowers rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long :
ovary and reddish fruit glabrous : nutlets 1 -nerved on the back. — From New
Mexico to Pennsylvania, California, and northward. Often called " Kinni-
kinnick," as well as " Bearberry."

3. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.

Shrubs or almost herbaceous ; with broad evergreen leaves, shining above,
and usually spicy-aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding
flowers in early summer.

1. G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few
inches high : leaves orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 229

teeth (| to l£ inches long) : pedicels solitary in the axils, very short: corolla
depressed-campanulate, little exceeding the calyx : apex of anthers obscurely
4-poiuted : fruit scarlet, with pine-apple flavor. — In the mountains from
Colorado and Utah to British America and westward.

4. BRYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin.

Heath-like alpine evergreens ; with much crowded linear-obtuse leaves
(^ inch or less long). In ours the flowers are racemose-clustered at the sum-
mit of the branches, the pedicels glandular and subtended by foliaceous arid
rigid bracts, and the almost smooth leaves have strongly revolute thickened
margins.

1. B. empetriformis, Gray. A span or more high: pedicels some-
what umbellate : corolla rose-color, 2 or 3 lines long, campanulate, barely
5-lobed ; the lobes much shorter than the tube : stamens included : style
either included or exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377. Mountains of W.
Wyoming, Montana, and northwestward.

5. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

Leaves evergreen and entire : the showy flowers umbellate-clustered, rose-
colored, purple or white : limb of the corolla in bud strongly 10-keeled from
the pouches upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes and
to the sinuses.

1. K. glauca, Ait. Shrub 1 or 2 feet high, glabrous, mostly glaucous,
branchlets 2-edged : leaves all opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, ob-
long or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower by the usual strong revolution
of the edges, glaucous-white beneath : flowers in spring in a simple terminal
umbel or corymb, lilac-purple, £ to § inch in diameter. — Bogs, Colorado
and northward, thence eastward across the continent. The forms extending
southward into the Colorado mountains are depauperate alpine forms a span
high and with leaves barely i inch long (var. microphylla, Hook.).

6. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA.

Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves, which are entire and more or
less resinous -dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised : flowers white, devel-
oped in early summer from terminal or sometimes lateral buds ; pedicels
recurved in fruit.

1. L. glandulosum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout : leaves oblong
or oval, or approaching lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), glabrous both sides,
pale or whitish and minutely resinous-atomiferous beneath : inflorescence often
compound and crowded : capsules oval, retuse. — From California northward
and eastward into British America, occurring in the northwestern border of
our range.

7. MONESES, Salisb.

Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted under the orifice into a
conspicuous short-tubular neck.

230 ERICACE^:. (HEATH FAMILY.)

1. M. uniflora, Gray. Herb with 1 -flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high, a
cluster of roundish and serrulate thin leaves at base, on a short stem or the
ascending summit of a filiform rootstock : corolla white or tinged with rose-
color, about § inch in diameter. — Deep moist woods, Colorado and Utah to
Oregon, Pennsylvania, and northward.

8. PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF.

Acaulescent evergreens ; with a cluster of round or roundish leaves, and
some scarious scales on the ascending summit of slender subterranean root-
stocks : scape more or less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white, greenish,
or purplish nodding flowers, in summer.

* Style straight, much narrower than the expanded depressed 5-rayed stigma:
anthers not narrowed below the openings.

1. P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, thinnish, obscurely serrulate or crenu-
late, an inch or less long : scape a span high, 7 to 15-flowered : petals white or
flesh-colored, orbicular, naked at the base, globose-connivent : stigma peltate,
large, obscurely 5-lobed : hypogynous disk none. — Mountains from New Mexico
to Oregon and northward, thence eastward across the continent.

2. P. secunda, L. Inclined to be caulescent from a branching base :
leaves thin, ovate, serrulate or crenate, 1 or 2 inches long : scape a span long,
bearing numerous flowers in a secund spike-like raceme : petals greenish white,
oblong, each with a pair of tubercles on the base, equally connivent : stigma pel-
tate, large, 5-lobed: hypogynous disk IQ-lobed. — Mountains of Colorado, Cali-
fornia, and far northward and eastward.

* # Style strongly declined or decurved and toward the apex more or less curved
upward, longer than the concave somewhat campanulate-connivent or partly
spreading petals : stigma much narrower than the truncate and usually exca-
vated apex of the style, which forms a ring or collar : anthers more or less
contracted under the terminal orifices.

3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (\ to 1 inch in diameter),
orbicular or nearli) so, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than the petiole : scape 4 to
8 inches high, 3 to 10-flowered : calyx-lobes very short and obtuse or rounded,
appressed to the greenish-white corolla : anther-cells with distinctly beaked tips.
— Mountains of Colorado, northward and eastward.

4. P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, 1| to 2£ inches long,
membranaceous, acute or merely roundish at base, longer than their petioles, pli-
cately serrulate: scape a span or more high, loosely several to many-flowered :
calyx-lobes ovate and acute, short : corolla greenish white : anther-tips hardly at
all beaked. — Mountains of New Mexico to British Columbia, the N. Atlantic
States, and Canada.

5. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves generally orbicular or broadly oval, l£ to
2 inches long, obscurely crenulate or entire, coriaceous, shining above, mostly
shorter than the slender petioles : scape a span to a foot high, several to many-
flowered, scaly-bracteate : calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually £ or
J the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. — Dry woods, from California,
New Mexico, and Georgia, northward to the arctic regions.

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 231

Var. Uliginosa, Gray. Calyx-lobes shorter, usually broadly ovate, some-
times obtuse • leaves from subcordate to obovate, generally dull : flowers rose-
colored or purple. — Cold bogs, nearly across the continent to the north.

6. P. picta, Smith. Leaves Jinn-coriaceous, dull, commonly veined or
blotched with white above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath, 1 to 2^ inches
long, from broadly ovate to spatulate or narrowly oblong, all longer than the
petiole, the margins quite entire or rarely remotely denticulate : scapes a span
or more high, 7 to 15-flowered : bracts few and short : calyx-lobes ovate, not
half the length of the greenish-white petals. — Wyoming and S. Utah to
California and northward.

9. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS.

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular urn-shaped. Stamens 10, in-
cluded. Disk none. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed.
Seeds innumerable, broadly winged from the apex.

1. P. andromedea, Nutt. A chestnut-colored or purplish herb, glandu-
lar and clammy-pubescent : simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, bearing small and
scattered lanceolate scales: raceme long and many-flowered: corolla white,
£ inch long, somewhat viscid. — Under pines and oaks from Colorado to Cali-
fornia northward, and eastward across the continent.

10. MO NOT HO PA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP.

Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Petals scale-like and fleshy,
gibbous or saccate at base. Stamens 8 to 12. Disk 8 to 12-toothed, the
teeth deflexed. Stigma funnelform, with obscurely crenate margin. Cap-
sule ovoid. — White, tawny, or reddish scaly and fleshy herbs, the clustered
stems rising from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one to several-
flowered.

* Plant inodorous, one-flowered : scales passing into an imperfect or irregular calyx

of 2 to 4 loose sepals or perhaps bracts: anthers opening at jirst by 2 transverse
chinks, at length 2,-valved ; the valves almost equal and equally spreading:
edge of the stigma naked.

1. M. uniflora, L. Smooth, a span or so high, waxy-white (blackish in
drying), rarely flesh color: flower nodding, f inch long: petals 5, rarely 6. —
Damp woods, nearly throughout the continent. "Indian Pipe."

* * Plant often scented, commonly pubescent, at least above, raccmoselt/ 3 to

several -flowered : terminal flower earliest and usually 5-merous and the lateral
3 to 4-merous: sepals less bract-like, as many as (he petals; the latter saccate
at base : anthers more remform ; the cells completely confluent into one, which
opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and spreading, the other remain-
ing erect and contracted : stigma glandular or hairy on the margin.

2. M. Hypopitys, L. A span or at length a foot high, tawny or flesh-
colored : scales and bracts entire or slightly erose : flowers less than £ inch
long ; the lateral 4-petalous and 8-audrous. — Under coniferous trees from
Oregon to Canada and Florida. ' Pine-sap."

232 PRLMULACE^J. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

ORDER 46. PBIMU1.ACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs with simple leaves and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as
many as the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla and inserted opposite
them, a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta rising from the
base, bearing several or many seeds. Style and stigma one.

* Ovary wholly free.

••- With scapes or tufted : flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary : capsule dehiscent
by valves : lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud.

•H. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelphous.

1. Dodecatheon. Corolla 5-parted, with very short tube and dilated thickened throat,

the long and narrow divisions reflexed. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla :
anthers lanceolate or linear.

•w -M- Stamens included, distinct, with short filaments and short blunt anthers : corolla
salverfonn or funnelform.

2. Primula. Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading

mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves all radical

3. Douglasia. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated

above ; lobes entire. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule 1 or 2-seeded. Leaves imbricated or
crowded on tufted stems.

4. Androsace. Corolla with tube shorter than the calyx ; the throat constricted. Ovules

and seeds numerous or few. Flowers small.
•«- ••- Leafy-stemmed : corolla (wanting in Glaux) rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions

convolute or sometimes involute in the bud : leaves entire.
•H- Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose : flowers 5-merous.

5. Steironema. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted the divisions ovate,

cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute or convolute
around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at the base of the
corolla : anthers linear and arcuate in age : sterile filaments 5, interposed between the
fertile ones. Capsule 10 to 20-seeded. Flowers nodding on slender peduncles. Leaves
opposite, without dots.

6. Glaux. Corolla none. Calyx with 5 petaloid lobes. Stamens on the base of the calyx,

alternate with its lobes : filaments slender : anthers cordate-ovate. Capsule 5-valved
at apex, few-seeded. Leafy throughout : leaves mainly opposite. Flowers solitary,
axillary, nearly sessile.

•H- +* Capsule circumscissile, globose : seeds numerous.

7. Centunculus. Corolla with a globular tube and a 4 to 5-lobed limb, shorter than the

calyx ; lobes acute. Stamens on the tube of the corolla : filaments short and subu-
late : anthers ovate or cordate.

* * Ovary connate at base with the calyx.

8. Samolus. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate. Fertile sta-

mens 5, on the tube of the corolla, with short filaments and cordate anthers. Sterile
filaments 5 in the sinuses of the corolla. Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valved at the
apex, many-seeded. Caulescent, alternate-leaved, with racemose flowers.

1. DODECATHEON, L. SHOOTING-STAR. AMERICAN
COWSLIP.

Flowers few or numerous in an umbel terminating a naked scape : corolla
from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect in fruit, enclosing the lower part of
the capsule.

PPJMULACE^. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 233

1. D. Meadia, L. Leaves crowded on a thickish crown, generally spatu-
late-oblong or oblanceolate and entire or nearly so, sometimes repand, obtuse,
below tapering into a more or less margined petiole : scape from a span to
2 feet high : flowers few to many in an umbel ; bracts of the involucre linear
or subulate, small; pedicels slender and nodding with the flowers, erect in
fruit. — Throughout the continent and exceedingly variable, especially west-
ward.

Var. alpinum, Gray. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, £ to l£ inch long,
entire, mucronate : scape 2 to 10 inches long, 1 to 4-flowered. — Syuopt. Fl. ii.
57. From the Rocky Mountains to the Sierras.

Var. frigidum, Gray. Leaves from obovate to oblong, very obtuse,
mostly entire, 1 to 2 inches long, with a slender petiole : scape a span or two
high, few to several-flowered : lobes of the calyx longer than the tube, from
broadly lanceolate to almost ovate, shorter than the capsule. — Synopt. Fl. ii.
57. Rocky Mountains, Sierras, and far northward.

Var. latilobum, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or oval, repand or undulate-
toothed, long-petioled : scape a span to a foot high, one to several-flowered :
calyx-lobes not longer than the tube, ovate or triangular-ovate, about half the
length of the capsule. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 58. Wahsatch Mountains to Wash-
ington and British Columbia.

2. PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE.

Flowers sometimes dimorphous. Perennial plants, mostly with fibrous roots
from a short crown, glabrous or nearly so.

# Flowers small ; tube of the salverfonn corolla not over 2 or 3 tines long and little
surpassing the cali/x ; throat with more or less of a callous ring or processes.

1. P. farinosa, L. More or less white mealy on the leaves, calyx, etc.,
at least when young: leaves from cuneate-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or
spatulate, denticulate, an inch or less long, tapering into a short margined
petiole : scape 3 to 9 inches high : umbel few to several-flowered, close : corolla
from flesh-color to lilac, with yelloAvish eye ; the lobes cuneate-obcordate, rather
distant at base. — From Colorado northward, thence eastward to Maine and
Labrador.

* * Flowers larger ; tube of the corolla from 3 to 6 lines long ; throat open and

unappendaged : leaves clustered on the short erect subterranean crown.

2. P. angUStifolia, Torr. Small : scape \-flowered, 1 or 2 inches high,
equalling the lanceolate-spatufate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves: involucre
of 1 or 2 minute bracts : lobes of the lilac-purple corolla obovate, emarginate
(3 or 4 lines long) ; the tube hardly exceeding the narrow teeth of the oblong
calyx. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 34. Alpine in Colorado and New Mexico.

3. P. Parryi, Gray. Large: leaves rather succulent, spatiilate-obhng or
oblanceolate, 4 to 12 inches long, often denticulate: scape a span to a foot high, 5 to
12-flowered: bracts of the involucre subulate : calyx ovoid-cam panulate, gland-
ular, commonli/ reddish; the lanceolate-subulate lobes as long as the tube:
corolla crimson-purple irith yellow eye ; the round obovate lobes (5 lines long)
emarginate or obcordate. — Amer. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiv. 257. Along alpine
brooks from Colorado to Arizona and Nevada.

234 PRIMULACE.E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

3. DOUGLASIA, Lindl.

Depressed and tufted herbs : the stems branching, persistent : the leaves
small, linear, imbricated or rosulate on the branches, or some of them scat-
tered and alternate. In ours the flowers are solitary, terminating the leafy-
shoots, and the tube of the corolla barely equals the calyx.

1. D. montana, Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose, 1 or 2 inches high, nearly
glabrous : leaves subulate, minutely somewhat ciliate, 2 lines long, somewhat
interruptedly imbricate-clustered : pedicel 1 to 2-bracteolate near the calyx :
corolla-lobes cuueate-obovate, 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. Moun-
tains about Helena, Montana, and Owl Creek Mountains, Wyoming.

4. ANDROSACE, Tourn.
Small annuals or perennials of various habit : flowers umbellate, white.

# Perennials, proliferous] 'y branched at base and cespitose : leaves rosulate-imbri-

cated at the base of the many-flowered scapes: capsule usually few-seeded.

1. A. Chamsejasme, Host. Leaves in more or less open rosulate tufts,
from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, cariuate 1 -nerved, their margins
(at least), the scape (1 to 3 inches high) and the somewhat capitate umbel
villous with many-jointed hairs : corolla white with yellowish eye. — Alpine
from Colorado and northward to the Arctic coast.

* * Annuals, acaulescent, with slender root, an open rosulate circle of leaves, and

naked scapes, bearing an involucrate umbel : capsule many-seeded.

•«- Calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, ivhitish with conspicuous green teeth, which

mostly surpass the capsule.

2. A. OCCidentaliS, Pursh. Minutely pubescent, not over 3 inches high:
radical leaves and those of the conspicuous involucre oblong-ovate or spatulate,
entire, sessile : scapes diffuse : bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong : lobes of
the calyx as long as the tube : lobes of the corolla oblong, shorter than the
calyx. — From New Mexico to the head-waters of the Missouri and eastward
to the Mississippi.

3. A. septentrionalis, L. Almost glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, narroiced at base, from irregidarly denticulate to laciniate-toothcd :
scapes erect, 2 to 10 inches high : bracts of the small involucre subulate : lobes of
the calyx mostly shorter than the tube : lobes of the corolla obovate, rather
longer than the calyx. — High alpine to much lower, from New Mexico and
Nevada to the Arctic coast.

Var. subulifera, Gray. Lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, as long as the
tube, surpassing the corolla. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 60. Mountains near Boulder
City, Colorado, and San Bernardino, California.

4_ H_ Calyx-tube hemispherical in fruit ; the short teeth barely greenish and rather
shorter than the capsule.

4. A. filiformis, TCetz. Glabrous : leaves and scapes (1 to 4 inches high)
nearly as in the preceding or more capillary : flowers less than a line and
globose capsule only a line long : calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than
the very small corolla — Mountains from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming.

PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 285

5. STEIBONBMA, Raf.

Perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles: leaves all opposite, but
mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches : flowers yellow.

1. S. ciliatum, Kaf. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly simple: leaves
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-orate, gradually acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, and
mostly with a rounded or s'ibcordate base, minutely ciliate ; the long petioles hir-
sutely ciliate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 62. Lysimachia ciliata, L. New
Mexico to British Columbia and eastward across the continent.

2. S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or panicu-
lately branched, somewhat angled : leaves lanceolate or linear, I to 2 inches long,
tapering into a short and margined ciliate petiole or attenuated base ; the radical
and sometimes lowest cauline from oblong to orbicular, small : divisions of the
corolla conspicuously erose and cuspidate-acuminate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
G2. Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. Dakota and Nebraska to Louisiana and
eastward.

Var. hybridum, Gray. Cauline leaves mostly petioled, from oblong to
broadly linear. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 62. The commoner form westward.

6. GLAUX, Tourn. SEA-MILKWORT.

Flowers dimorphous. A low and leafy fleshy perennial.

1. G. maritima, L. Glabrous and glaucous or pale, perennial by slender
running rootstocks : stems a span or less high, erect or spreading : leaves
from oval to oblong-linear, i to ^ inch long, entire, sessile: calyx-lobes oval,
purplish or white. — Salt marshes along both sea-coasts ; also in subsaline soil
in the interior west of the Mississippi.

7. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. CHAFPWBBD.

Very small glabrous annuals, with mainly alternate leaves, and solitary in-
conspicuous flowers in their axils.

1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long: leaves ovate,
obovate, or spatulate-oblong, contracted or tapering at base, all but the lowest
sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. — From Illinois to Texas and west-
ward to Oregon.

8. SAMOLUS, Tourn. BROOKWEED. WATER PIMPERNEL.

Low and glabrous herbs; with entire leaves, and small white flowers in
simple or panicled racemes.

1. S. Valerandi, L., var. Americanus, Gray. Stem erect, slender,
leafy, becoming diffusely branched : leaves obovate : racemes often panicled ;
bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender, spreading pedicels. —
Wet places, across the continent.

236 OLEACE^E. (OLTVE FAMILY.)

ORDER 47. OL.EACEJE. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with mostly opposite and
pinnate or simple leaves, usually a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx,
a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apeta-
lous ; the stamens generally 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; the ovary 2-celled, with
one or two pairs of ovules in each cell.

* Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged (a samara) : seed suspended : leaves pinnate.

1. Fraxinus. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small,

4-cleft or irregularly toothed, or entire, or wanting. Petals none, or 4 and either
separate or united in pairs at the very base. Fruit by abortion mostly 1-celled and
1-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal.

** Fruit fleshy and indehiscent (a drupe), not lobed : seed suspended or pendulous:

leaves simple.

2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-parted or

toothed, sometimes wanting. Drupe 1-seeded.

* * * Fruit a didymous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, circumscissile at or
near the middle : seeds ascending or erect : leaves mostly alternate and entire.

3. Menodora. Calyx 5 to 15-cleft, persistent ; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from

rotate to salverforrn ; limb 5 to 6-parted. Ovary emarginate, with 4 ovules in each
celL Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer coat.

1. FRAXINTJS, Tourn. ASH.

Trees, with rather light tough wood, petioled odd-pinnate leaves of 3 to 15
toothed or entire leaflets, and small flowers in crowded panicles, which in ours
are from the axils of last year's leaves. The oblong seed fills the cell of the
samara or key-fruit. Ours are apetalous and direcious, with a minute calyx
or none, and the fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the
terete body, which tapers gradually from summit to base and is more or less
margined upward by the decurrent wing.

1. F. pubescens, Lam. (RED ASH.) Tree of middle or large size:
inner face of the outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh :
young parts velvety-pubescent, commonly permanently so : leaflets 7 to 9, from
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate or
denticulate, the lower face pale or irhilish, and with the petioles more or less pubes-
cent: fruit 1-J- to 2 inches long; its body more than half the length of the
linear or spatulate wing. — From Dakota to Canada and southward; quite
rare within our range.

2. F. viridis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Small or middle-sized tree,
glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, like the last, but smaller, sometimes more sharply
serrate and bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath : fruit nearly as in
the last or with a rather more decurrent wing. — From Dakota and Canada
to Florida and Texas.

2. FORESTIERA, Poir.

Shrubs, with inconspicuous flowers, in early spring, from imbricated-scaly
axillary buds, and small dark-colored drupes. Fascicles or panicles very

APOCYNACE.E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 287

short, few-flowered ; the staminate sessile and in a sessile globular scaly glom-
erule. Branches minutely warty.

1. F. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high, glabrous : leaves
spatulate-oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-petioled, obtusely or
obsoletely serrulate, an inch long • fertile flowers in sessile fascicles : drupe ob-
tuse, short-oblong or ovoid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 63. S. Colorado to New
Mexico and Texas.

3. MENODOBA, Humb. & Bonpl.

Low shrubby or nearly herbaceous plants, with conspicuous yellow flowers
terminating the branches, or becoming lateral. In ours the corolla is nearly
rotate, with a bearded throat.

1. M. scabra, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody branching base, a span
to a foot high, flax-like, whole herbage or at least the lower part puberulent-
scabrous : leaves linear or the lower oblong, chiefly entire, 4 to 10 lines long:
flowers rather numerous : calyx-lobes 7 to 15, slender, linear or subulate : lobes
of the bright yellow corolla obovate, much longer than the tube. — Am. Jour,
ci. u. xiv. 43. W. Texas to S. Colorado and Ari/ona.

ORDER 48. APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Plants with milky or acrid juice, entire (mostly opposite) leaves, reg-
ular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute
and twisted in the bud, and the filaments distinct and inserted on the
corolla. In ours the anther-cells are produced into a sterile appendage
at base, connivent around the stigma and adherent to it by a point at
the base of the polliniferous portion ; the ovaries are 2 and united only
by the common style or stigma, in fruit becoming follicles containing
comose seeds.

1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP.

Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, the tube by means of a thickish disk adnate to
the back of the ovaries below. Corolla carnpanulate, 5-lobed, toward the
base bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the sta-
mens. Filaments very short and broad : anthers sagittate. Follicles slender,
terete. Seeds numerous, with a long coma at apex. — Pale perennial herbs,
with very tough-fibrous bark and opposite mucronate-tipped leaves : flowers
small, in terminal cymes, white or rose-color : follicles 2 to 7 inches long.

1. A. androsaemifolium, L. One to three feet high, glabrous, or
rarely soft-tomentose, branched above ; branches widely spreading : leaves ovate
or roundish, distinctly pet 'ioled: cymes loose, spreading : corolla flesh-color, open-
carnpanulate with revolute lobes ; the tube exceeding the ovate acute calyx-lobes. —
Across the continent.

2. A. cannabinum, L. Erect or ascending, glabrous or sometimes
soft-pubescent : branches ascending, leafy to the top : leaves from oval to oblong

238 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

and even lanceolate, from skort-petioled to sessile, with a rounded or obscurely cor-
date base: cymes erect, densely flowered: corolla greenish-white or slightly
flesh-color, smaller than in the former, with almost erect lobes and tube not
longer than the lanceolate cabjx-lobes. — Same range as last. Exceedingly
variable.

ORDER 49. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered)
entire leaves ; general structure of flowers and fruit as in Apocynacece ;
but differing in the connection of the anthers with the stigma, the co-
hesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, etc. A corona
(crown) , of 5 parts or lobes, between the corolla and filaments, is adnate
either to the one or the other. The tube of monadelphons filaments
is called the column. Ours all belong to the Cynanchece, which have
anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane ;
the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma j and the pol-
linia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent cell of different
anthers) to the corpuscle or gland.

* Hoods (the cucullate or hollowed nectariferous appendages of the crown) cristate- or
corniculate-appendaged within.

1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate-spreading in anthesis. Hoods basilar, inserted over

the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assurgent, little surpassing the
anthers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish
fleshy back, traversed by a salient crest which near the apex divides the cavity.
Anther-wings narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at all. Leaves com-
monly alternate.

2. Asclepias. Corolla almost always reflexed in anthesis. Hoods involute or compli-

cate, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like process from the back or toward the
base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a column which is shorter
than the anthers. Anther-wings widening down to the base, usually triangular, the
salient base being truncate or semi-hastate, or broadly rounded. Leaves opposite or
varying to alternate or verticillate.

* * Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within.

3. Acerates. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings

widened or angulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base.
Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. ASCLEPIODOEA, Gray.

Low and stout perennial herbs, often decumbent : flowers large : corolla
lobes ovate, greenish : follicles usually bearing some scattered soft-spinulose
projections, on recurved or sigmoid pedicels. Distinguished from Asclepias
by the hood bearing a crest instead of a horn. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66.

1. A. decumbens, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves from lanceolate
to linear, tapering to the apex : umbel solitary : corolla depressed-globular in
bud, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which
overtop the somewhat depressed anther-column : anther-wings salient, espe-

ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 239

cially at the broader and strongly angulate upper portion : pollinia pear-
shaped, short-caudicled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. G6. Acerates decumbens,
Decaisue. From Utah through S. Colorado and New Mexico to Texas and
Arkansas.

2. A SOLE PI AS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

Herbs, from deep and thickish perennial roots : flowers umbellate ; the
peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles: follicles soft-
echiuate, warty or naked.

§ 1. Hoods sessile, not attenuate at base; the horn or crest conspicuous: anther-
wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base.

* Corolla and hoods orange-color: follicles naked, erect on a deftexed pedicel:

leaves mostly irregularly alternate, seldom opposite: juice of stem not milky.

1. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, 1 or 2 feet high,
very leafy to the top : leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, ses-
sile or slightly petioled : umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of
the stem : hoods narrowly oblong, erect, deep bright orange, much surpassing
the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or slightly greenish-orange oblong
corolla lobes, nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate horn : follicles cinereous-
pubescent. — From S. Colorado and Arizona to Texas, thence eastward to
Florida and Canada. Known commonly as " Butterfly-weed " or " Pleurisy-
root."

# * Corolla and crown greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged : leaves

opposite or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered.
•t— Follicles echinate ivith soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to
5 inches long) and ventricose, erect on dejlexed pedicels: leaves large and broad,
short-petioled, transversely veined : stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high.

2. A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose : leaves from sub-
cordate-oval to oblong, thickish : pedicels of the many-flowered dense umbel
and the calyx densely tomentose : flowers purplish, large : corolla-lobes
ovate-oblong : hoods spreading, the dilated body and its short inflexed horn
not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate summit abruptly
produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination : column hardly
any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. —
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 218. From Nebraska and Arkansas westward across the
continent.

•*- •»- Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or

tomentulose-pubescent.

•H- Erect or ascending on dejlexed or decurved pedicels.

= Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal
peduncle : leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversely veined.

3. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Glabrous and pale or glaucous, 2 or 3 feet
high : Cleaves undulate, oblong or elliptical, 3 to 5 inches long, with rounded
or retuse apex and cordate-clasping base: peduncle 2 to 12 inches long:

240 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

umbel loosely many-flowered : corolla dull greenish-purple : column as high
as broad : hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and somewhat toothed at the
broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the falcate-subulate
incurved horn : anther-wings bicorniculate at base. — From Dakota to Texas
and eastward across the continent.

= = Umbels mostly more than one : peduncle not overtopping the leaves, some-
times none.

a. Leaves broad (from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), large: hoods broad, little

if at all overtopping the anthers : stems stout, a foot or more in height.

4. A. Jamesii, Torr. Puberulent when young, soon green and glabrous :
leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, very thick and large, orbicular or broadly oval,
often emarginate and with a mucro, subcordate at base, nearly sessile, copi-
ously transversely veined : umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many-
flowered : flowers greenish : column very short but distinct : hoods barely
equalling the anthers, broad, with a truncate entire summit, which is equalled by
the upper margin of the falciform triangular crest, the apex of which extends
into a short subulate horn partly over the top of Ike stigmatic disk. — Bot. Mex.
Bound. 162. Plains of Colorado to Arizona and Texas.

5. A. arenaria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate : stems
thickly leaved : leaves smaller, coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse
or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, dis-
tinctly petioled : umbels all lateral, rather densely many-flowered : corolla
greenish white : column nearly half the length of the anthers : hoods about as
broad as high, surpassing the anthers, truncate at base and summit, the latter
oblique and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an obtuse tooth;
horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as high as the
hood ; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the
slender termination ascending. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. On sandbanks,
S. E. Colorado to New Mexico.

b. Leaves narrow (lanceolate or linear), green, and nearly glabrous, the veins
oblique : stems branching, a span or two high : hoods obtuse : column hardly
any : follicles when young tomentose-canescent.

6. A. brachystephana, Engelm. Stems 6 to 1 0 inches high, very leafy,
cinereous-puberulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose-
tomentose : leaves from lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear,
short-petioled, very much surpassing the (3 to 8) few-flowered umbels : flowers
lurid-purplish : hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongly angulate-
toothed at the front ; the tip of the erect subulate horn exserted. — Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 163. Dry sandy soil, from Wyoming and Colorado to Arizona
and Texas.

7. A. uncialis, E. L. Greene. Stems an inch or two high: flowers like the
last, but the hoods only a little shorter than the anthers, the back rounder, and
the triangular anterior lobes or auricles not projecting, while a short fleshy process
takes the place of the subulate horn. — Bot. Gazette, v. 64. Wyoming, Colo-
rado, and New Mexico.

c. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly pubescent or puberulent : stems a foot or
more high : hoods obtuse, 2 or 3 times the length of the anthers, not tapering to

ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 241

base, entire at summit, involute-concave; the falcate or subulate horn free at
or below the middle of the horn, and incurved or inflexed over the stigmatic
disk.

8. A. OValifolia, Decaisne. Tomentulose-pubescent : stem rather slender :
leaves thinnish, from ovate or oval to ovate lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded
at base, distinctly petioled, the midrib and veins slender, the veinlets reticulated :
umbels few, loosely 10 to 18-flowered, on peduncles which seldom equal the pedi-
cels : corolla greenish-white with purplish outside : hoods oval or broadly oblong
in outline, not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into
a large acute tooth or lobe ; the horn broad and rather short : anther-wings rounded
and mostly entire — From Dakota to the Saskatchewan and N. Illinois.

9. A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulent-glabrate: stem stout: leaves thickish, ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex,
short-petioled, the stout midrib and straight veins prominent underneath : umbels
few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the pedi-
cels : corolla greenish-white and purplish : hoods elongated-oblong in outline,
entire, hastately 2-gibbous above the narrower base, a little surpassing the sickle-
shaped horn : anther-wings unappendaged at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 69.
A. ovalifolia of Fl. Colorado, 114. Colorado.

•M- -M- Follicles erect on erect pedicels : leaves usually verticillate, filiform,

glabrous.

10. A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy :
leaves mostly in whorls of 3 to 6, or some scattered, filiform-linear, with revo-
lute margins : umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer
than the pedicels: corolla greenish- white : hoods white, broadly ovate and
entire, with somewhat auriculate involute base, barely equalling the anthers,
much shorter than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. — In dry
soil, from New Mexico and Colorado to Nebraska, and eastward across the
continent.

Var. pumila, Gray. A span or more high, many -stemmed from a fasci-
cled root : leaves much crowded, filiform : peduncles seldom longer than the
pedicels. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. From New Mexico to Nebraska and
Kansas.

§ 2. Anther-wings widening to the broadly rounded base and conspicuously au~
riculate-notched just above it : hoods sessile, with a narrow wholly adnate inter-
nal crest terminating in a minute horn : pollinia short and thick, arcuate-obovate.

11. A. Stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous: stems
slender, 1 or 2 feet high, simple : leaves long and narrowly linear, with sca-
brous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib ; the upper
alternate and the lower opposite: umbels several, 10 to 15 flowered: flowers
greenish: hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave,
the base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe,
the apex 2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the
form of an intermediate tooth : interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed pro-
cesses between the bases of the anthers : follicles long-acuminate, erect on
the ascending pedicel. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. Acerates angustifolia,
Decaisne. From Colorado and N. Texas to Nebraska and W. Arkansas.

16

242 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

3. A CERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED.

Perennial herbs, resembling Asdepias, but distinguished by the total absence
of horn or crest to the hoods. Flowers small, greenish or barely tinged with
purple.

* Mass of anthers and stigma globular, not equalled by the hoods : column below

the hoods evident : leaves mainly alternate-scattered, very numerous.

1. A. auriculata, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence : stem 2 or
3 feet high, slender : leaves linear-filiform, with scabrous margins : umbels
several, lateral : column below the hoods very short : hoods oval or quadrate,
emarginately or sometimes 3-crenately truncate, the involute margins at base
appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad auricles : anther-wings
narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 1 60.
From Colorado to New Mexico and S. Texas.

* * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods,

the short insertion of which covers Hue. very short column : leaves often opposite,
mostly broader.

2. A. viridiflora, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent : stem 1 or 2 feet high :
leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse, or sometimes narrower and acute :
umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, dense, mostly lateral and subsessile: pedicels
little over twice the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish
corolla : hoods somewhat fleshy, with small auricles at base much involute and
concealed, alternated by as many short and roundish or gland-like small internal
teeth : anther-ivings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer tapering base. —
From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward across the continent.

3. A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hirsute rather than woolly : stems a span
or two high, terminated by a single pedunculate umbel: leaves frequently alter-
nate or scattered, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, with roundish base : pedi-
cels 3 or 4 times the length of the oblong lobes of t/ie greenish corolla : hoods
purplish, obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any : the alter-
nating internal teeth or lobes small and emarginate : anther-wings broadest and
obtusely angulate below the middle. — From the head- waters of the Missouri to
Wisconsin and N. Illinois.

ORDER 50. GENTIANACE2E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire
and simple leaves without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla, a one-celled ovary with two parietal
placentae, or nearly the whole ovary wall ovuliferous ; the fruit a many-
seeded capsule. Flowers cymose or simply terminal. lu all ours the
lobes of the corolla are convolute in the bud.

* Style distinct and slender, deciduous : anthers twisting in age.

1. Erythrsea. Parts of the flower 5 or 4. Corolla salverform. Anthers oblong or linear,
commonly exserted, twisting spirally in one or two turns after anthesis. Capsule
from oblong-ovate to fusiform.

GENTIANACE/E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 243

* * Style short and persistent, or none : anthers remaining straight,
•i- Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands.

2. Centiana. Calyx commonly with a membranous tube. Corolla funnelform, campanu-

late, or salverfonn ; the sinuses with or without plaits or appendages. Stamens on
the tube of the corolla. Style very short or none. Seeds very numerous, not rarely
covering the inner wall of the ovary.

3. Pleurogyne. Calyx deeply 4 to 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4 to 5-parted ; the divisions

acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the
corolla. Style none : stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Seeds extremely numer-
ous, near the two sutures.

H- +- Corolla with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adiiate scale to each
lobe : calyx 4 to 5-parted.

4. Swertia. Corolla rotate, 5- (rarely 4-) parted. Style none or very short. Capsule

ovate. Leaves sometimes alternate.

5. Frasera. Corolla rotate, 4-parted ; the lobes bearing a single or double fringed gland,

and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Stamens on the very base of the corolla:
filaments often monadelphous at base. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened.
Leaves verticillate or opposite.

1. ERYTHRJEA, Renealm. CENTAURY.

Low herbs : the flowers usually small and with hroad stigmas.

1. E. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and
pauiculately branched, usually sparsely flowered : leaves from oblong to linear,
mostly acute : flowers all on strict and slender peduncles or pedicels : lobes of
the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines long, nearly half the length
of the tube. — Bot. Calif, i. 480. Wyoming to Utah and westward to Cali-
fornia and Oregon.

2. GENTIAN A, Tourn. GENTIAN.

Herbs, with conspicuous flowers of various colors, in summer or autumn.
Herbage and roots very bitter.

§ 1 . Corolla destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses. — GEN-

TIANELLA.

* Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mosf.li/ 4-merous : corolla companulate-
fiinnelform, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned: a row of glands
between the bases of the filaments. (FRINGED GENTIANS.)

•i- flower on a naked and usually long peduncle terminating the stem or branches,
not bracteate at base : filaments naked : calyx with acutely carinate lobes, the
tube sharply angled by the decurrent keels.

1. G. crinita, Frcel. A foot or two high, often paniculate-corymbose,
leafy : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate partly
clasping base : corolla 2 inches long, sky-blue, rarely white ; its lobes cuneate-
obovate, strongly fimbriate around the summit, less so down the narrowing sides:
capsule conspicuously stipitate. — Head-waters of the Missouri to Canada,
thence southward to Georgia.

2. G. serrata, Gunner. Stern 3 to 18 inches high : leaves linear or lance-
olate-linear: corolla 1 to l£ inches long, sky-blue or rarely white; its lobes
oblong or spatulate-obovate, eroscly fimbriate or toothed around the summit and
sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare : capsule short-stipitate. — G. detonsa,

244 GENTIANACE^l. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Fries. From Nevada to Colorado, the Saskatchewan, and northward, thence
eastward to New York and Canada.

H- -»- Flower 2-bracteate under or near the calyx : filaments ciliate-bearded below
the middle : calyx hardly at all angled or carinate.

3. G. barbellata, Engelm. Stems single or in pairs from the slender
fusiform root or caudex, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves rather thick and fleshy,
obtuse, with roughish callous margins ; the radical spatulate or slender-peti-
oled ; the 2 or 3 cauline pairs spatulate-linear, or the uppermost narrowly
linear and connate at base : corolla bright blue, 1 to l£ inches long, twice the
length of the calyx ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicuously
fringed along the middle : capsule not stipitate. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii.
216. Alpine region of the Colorado mountains.

# # Flowers smaller, 4 to 5-merous : corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform
when expanded ; the lobes entire, their base mostly crowned with setaceous fila-
ments : capsule seldom stipitate.

•«- Peduncles elongated and naked from a very short stem, one-fiowered.

4. G. tenella, Rottb. An inch to a span high : leaves oblong or the
lowest spatulate : calyx deeply 5- Cor 4-) parted : corolla 2£ to 4 lines long,
double the length of the calyx, blue ; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse,
little shorter than the tube : fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. —
High alpine regions in Colorado and northward to the arctic regions.

•»- •»— Peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on a comparatively elongated

stem.

5. G. heterosepala, Engelm. A span or two high, racemosely few-
flowered : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong : calyx very unequally 5-parted ;
two of the, lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale
blue corolla (4 to 6 lines long) ; the other three linear-subulate and shorter :
seta; of the crown copious, united below into a membrane on the base of each
corolla lobe. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 215. In the mountains of New
Mexico, Colorado, and Utah.

6. G. Amarella, L. From 2 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate
to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate- spatulate : calyx 5-cleft below the
middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them longer, all
shorter than the mostly blue corolla, which is £ inch or more long.

Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted : crou-n usually of fewer and
sometimes very few setce. — G. Amarella of the Western Reports. Throughout
British America and southward along the mountains to New Mexico and
California.

Var. stricta, Watson. Stem (sometimes 2 to 4 feet high) and branches
strict, remotely leafy : leaves thickish, the cauline lanceolate-linear : flowers
numerous, commonly 4-merous, smaller: calyx less deeply clef I: corolla ichitish,
little longer than the unequal calyx ; seta; of the crown sometimes very few or even
wanting. — Bot. King's Exped. 278.

§ 2. Corolla plicate at the sinuses, the plaits more or less extended into thin-mem-
branaceous teeth or lobes: no crown nor glands. — PNEUMONANTHE.

# Dwarf: leaves small and with white cartilaginous or scarious margins : flowers

solitary and terminal : calyx narrow, 4 to 5-toolhed : corolla salverform when

GENTIAN AC E^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 245

expanded; the lobes or plaits in the sinuses broad and emarginate: anthers
cordate.

7. G. humilis, Stev. Stems single or numerous, 1 to 5 inches long,
erect or ascending : leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined ; the radical
orbicular or ovate and rosulate ; cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate-sheathing,
2 or 3 lines long : corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the
calyx ; the limb £ inch in diameter : capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted
on a long and stout stipe much beyond the flower. — Grassy banks in the moun-
tains from Colorado to Wyoming.

8. G. prostrata, Haenke. Stems weaker than in the preceding, and when
elongated the lateral ones often procumbent : leaves ovate, less erect, greener, and
less white-margined: flower 4-merous: corolla azure-blue, in fruit enclosing the
linear-oblong rather short-stipitate capsule. — Alpine regions from Colorado
northward.

* * Flowers comparatively large, mostly short-peduncled or sessile : anthers
linear or oblong: usually a pair of bracts under the flower.
•»- Dwarf, 1 to 3-flowered: cauline leaves only 2 to 4 pairs.

9. G. frigida, Haenke. Stems 1 to 5 inches high : leaves linear, varying
to lanceolate or spatulate, thickish, the pairs connate-sheathing at base : calyx-
tube obconical: corolla funnelform, l£ inches long, yellowish white or tinged
with blue, purplish-dotted ; the lobes short and broad ; the plaits entire and
broad but slightly extended at summit. — Including var. algida, Pall. Alpine
regions of Colorado, Utah, and northward.

H- H- Low: stems several from the same caudex: cauline leaves 6 to 16 pairs,
more or less connate or even sheathing at base; the uppermost involucrate
around the sessile terminal flower or 3 to 5-flowered cluster : corolla blue, 1 to
l£ inches long ; the lobes broadly ovate, and the appendages at the sinuses 2-cleft
or lacerate.

10. G. calycosa, Griseb. A span or more high : leaves ovate; the low-
est pairs usually smaller and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly
so ; the involucrate uppermost leaves somewhat exceeding the calyx of the com-
monlij solitary flower : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, or even subcordate, about the
length of the tube : corolla oblong-fun nelform, its appendages in the sinuses
triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the tip. — California and Oregon to
Montana, Wyoming, and northward.

11. G. Parryi, Engelm. A span or more high : leaves glaucescent, thick-
ish, ovate, varying to oblong-lanceolate, most of the pairs with a somewhat
sheathing base ; the involucrate uppermost 2 or 3 concealing the calyx and some-
times almost equalling the corolla of the 1 to 5 flowers: lobes of the calyx short-
linear, more or less shorter than the tube : appendages at the sinuses of the corolla
narrow, deeply 2-cleft. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 218. Alpine and subalpiue
regions of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada.

H_ ^_ -H_ Stems rather taller, man //-leaved : flowers not involucrate : the laciniate-
toothed or cleft appendages at the sinuses of the corolla sometimes almost equal-
ling the lobes.

12. G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span or more high : leaves
from oblong or lanceolate to linear : flowers from numerous and thyrsoid-
racemose to few or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear : calyx-

246 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

lobes linear or subulate, unequal and variable, the longest rarely equalling the
tube, the shorter sometimes minute : corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly
funnelform ; its lobes ovate, acutish or mucronulate-pointed, spreading. — From
the mountains of New Mexico and California to British Columbia and the
Saskatchewan.

13. G. Bigelovii, Gray. Very similar to the last, but the corolla is oblong,
with shorter lobes, and bears salient crenulate or roughened ridges which in the
hud externally border the infolded plicge : the stipe is shorter and broader and
completely Jlstulous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 87. G. affinis in part. Colorado
to Arizona.

14. G. Forwoodii, Gray. Resembling G. affinis, but the corolla decidedly
smaller (f inch long), narrow, and with shorter and rounder lobes, these little sur-
passing the plical appendages : stems 6 to 12 inches high and equably leafy to
the very top : calyx subcampanulate, with no vestige of lobes or teeth. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 86. High meadows of the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming.

3. PLEUROGYNE, Eschsch.

Small annuals of cold regions, with blue or whitish flowers, and distin-
guished by the remarkable decurrent stigmas.

1. P. rotata, Griseb. Stems 2 to 10 inches high, the smaller simple and
1-flowered; the larger either simple and racemosely several-flowered or fasti-
giately much branched : leaves linear or lanceolate, or the radical ones short
and spatulate : sepals similar to the upper leaves : lobes of the corolla bearing
at base a pair of glandular and scale-like processes. — In subalpiue regions of
Colorado and northward throughout British America.

4. SWERTIA, L.

Simple-stemmed perennials, occasionally with alternate leaves, the lower
tapering into a margined petiole : inflorescence thyrsoid : flowers blue, varying
to white.

1. S. perennis, L. A span or more high: lowest leaves oblong or
obovate-spatulate (2 to 4 inches long) ; upper cauline few and narrower, ses-
sile : inflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few to many-flowered :
sepals narrowly lanceolate : lobes of the corolla bearing at base a pair of
nectariferous pits which are crested with a fringe. — Colorado, Utah, and
northward.

5. PHASER A, Walt.

Large and stout herbs ; with single erect stem from a thick bitter root, the
broader leaves commonly nervose, inflorescence thyrsoid with copious flowers
and dark-dotted corolla.

1. P. speciosa, Dougl. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : leaves in 4's
and 6's ; the radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long ;
the upper lanceolate and at length linear : flowers very numerous in a long
leafy thyrsus : lobes of the greenish-white or barely bluish and dark-dotted
corolla oval-oblong, bearing a pair of contiguous and densely long-fringed
glands about the middle, and a distant transversely inserted and setaceously
multifid scale-like crown near the base. — In the mountains from Wyoming to
Oregon, and southward to New Mexico and California.

POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 247

ORDER 51. POL.CUIOIVIACEJG. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-
androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled
ovary and a 3-lobed style : the pod few to many-seeded, its 3 valves
usually breaking away from the central column.

1. Phlox. Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Stamens

unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla : filaments very short : anthers mostly

included. Leaves opposite and entire.
2 Gilia. Corolla from campanulate t< funnelform or salverform, with an open orifice.

Stamens equally or unequally inserted : filaments not declined, naked at base. Leaves

various.
3. Polemonium. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate. Stamens equally inserted :

filaments more or less declined and usually pilose-appendaged at base. Leaves all

alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L. PHLOX.

Catiline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the upper alternate : flowers
cyraose, showy, and variously colored. Our Rocky Mountain forms are some-
what suffrutescent, chiefly with narrow or minute and thickish-margined
leaves, and branches or peduncles mostly one- flowered.

* Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cushion-like evergreen mats or

tufts : the short leaves crowded up to the solitary and usually sessile flowers,

and also fascicled.

t- Leaves more or lesi beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs,
•M. Very short, broad ish or scale-like, soft, barely mucronate, appressed-imbricated :

plants very depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts: lobes of the corolla

entire.

1. P. bryoides, Nutt. Copiously lanate: leaves very densely appressed-
imbricated in 4 strict ranks on the loosely tufted branches, scale-like, ovate-
or triangular-lanceolate, minute (l£ lines long), with rather inflexed mar-
gins: tube of the corolla considerably longer than the calyx; its cuneate lobes
barely l£ lines long. — PI. Gamb. 153. Alpine summits in Wyoming and
northward.

2 P. muscoides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canes-
cent moss : the branches muoh tufted, very short : leaves less strictly 4-ranked
and less lanate, ovate-lanceolate : tube of the corolla not surpassing the calyx. —
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 42. Mountains at the sources of the Missouri.

** ** Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less appressed : plants forming

broad mats 2 to 4 inches high.

3. P. Hoodii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glabrate :
leaves rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated : tube of the (white ? )
corolla not exceeding the calyx • its lobes obovate, entire. — From the mountains
of S W. Wyoming northward.

248 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

4. P. canescens, Torr. & Gray. More lanate and canescent : leaves im-
bricated, soon recurved-spreading above the appressed base : tube of the white
corolla at length exceeding the calyx ; the obovate lobes entire or emarginate. —
Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 8. From Wyoming and Colorado to the mountains of New
Mexico and California.

H- H- Leaves rigid, destitute of woolly or cobwebby hairs, the margins naked or
dilate with rigid or rather soft hairs: plants either densely or loosely tufted :
the leaves mostly less crowded.

5. P. Csespitosa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly
much crowded, hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short glandular-
tipped hairs: corolla with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx. — Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 41. Mountains of Colorado, Montana, and westward. Occurs
under several dwarfed forms.

6. P. Doilglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly
glabrous : leaves acerose or narrowly linear subulate, less rigid and usually less
crowded, often spreading, their margins hirsutely ciliate next the base or naked :
flowers subsessile or short-peduncled : corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube
exceeding the calyx. — From Montana to Utah, Colorado, and westward.

Var. longifolia, Gray. A rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and
narrow less fascicled leaves. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 254. W. Nebraska to
Oregon and California.

* # Loosely tufted or many-stemmed from a merely woody-persistent base, with
linear or lanceolate spreading leaves, which are little if at all fascicled in the
axils : flowers slender-peduncled.

7. P. longifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or
many-stemmed, 3 to 8 inches high : leaves mostly narrowly linear, 1 to 2 \
inches long : calyx more or less angled by the white-membranaceous replicate
sinuses : lobes of the rose-colored or white corolla obovate- or oblong-cuneate,
entire or retuse : style long and slender. — Jour. Philad. Acad. vii. 41. From
Colorado to Montana and westward.

Var. brevifolia, Gray. A depressed or dwarf form ; with leaves 3 to
4 lines long, rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 254.

8. P. nana, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copi-
ously branching, a span or more high : leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches long, those
of the branches often alternate: flowers scattered or somewhat corymbose :
calyx not at all angled: lobes of the rose-red or white corolla ample and
broadly cuneate-obovate or roundish, entire or nearly so : style very short. —
PL.Gamb. 153. From S. Colorado to New Mexico and Texas.

2. G I L I A, Ruiz & Pav.

A large and variable genus, broken up into many ill-defined sections,
which are sometimes considered genera. Includes Collomia, Nutt., formerly
separated by its unequally inserted stamens and solitary ovules, but both
characters have failed. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261; Ibid. xvii. 223,
foot note.

POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 249

A. Stamens usually unequally inserted: leaves mostly alternate, and pinnalely
incised or divided : seed-coat usually developing spiral threads when wetted.

# Leaves sessile and entire : ovules solitary : more or less viscid-pubescent or
glandular plants.

1. G. linearis, Gray. Brandling and in age spreading, a span or two
high : flowers capitate-crowded and leafy-bracted : calyx obconical; its lobes tri-
angular-lanceolate : corolla from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223. Collomia linearis, Nutt. From Colorado and
California northward throughout British America.

2. G. gracilis, Hook. At length corymbosely much branched and
spreading, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear or the lowest oval
or obovate : flowers rather loosely cymose or scattered : calyx rounded at base ;
its lobes subulate-linear : corolla purple or violet ; its narrow tube yellowish :
the mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiracles ! — Collomia gra-
cilis, Dougl. From Arizona and New Mexico northward through Colorado to
British Columbia.

# * Cauline leaves very numerous, simply pinnately parted into narrowly linear

divisions: inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled : ovules numerous in each cell:
slightly if at all viscid plants.

3. G. longiflora, Don. Glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched : divisions
of the leaves long and slender : Jlowers somewhat corymbose on slender pedun-
cles: corolla white, strictly salverform, showy; the tube often l£ inches long,
with narrow orifice ; lobes orbicular or ovate. — Collomia longiflora, Gray. W.
Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

4. G. aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent: stems 2 to 4 feet high,
leafy, sometimes loosely branching : leaves thickish, with narrowly linear
mucronulate divisions : thyrsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted ; the flowers
sessile in small mostly short-pedunculate clusters : calyx commonly glandular :
corolla from scarlet to pinJc-red (rarely white), with narrow tube; the lobes ovate
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved. — Collomia
aggregata, Porter. From W. Nebraska to Oregon, and southward to Cali-
fornia, New Mexico, and W. Texas.

Var. attenuata, Gray. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from
the very base into a slender acurnination : calyx-lobes equally slender. — Synopt.
Fl. ii. 145. Middle Park, Colorado.

K. Stamens equally inserted : seed-coat sometimes developing spiral threads.

* Leaves either opposite or palmately divided, or both ; their divisions from nar-

rowly linear to filiform.
H- Leaves opposite : Jlowers small, in a head or dense cluster.

5. G. nudicaulis, Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at
length branching from the base : stem leafless from the cotyledons up to the
inflorescence, which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre
of several entire ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla salver-
form, white, pink, or yellow ; the tube 3 or 4 lines long and thrice the length
of the calyx: ovules 10 to 16 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 266. Sandy
plains, from Colorado to Nevada and Oregon. In spring.

I

250 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

6. G. Nllttallii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent or the leaves glabrate, more
or less woody at base : stems or branches a span to a foot high, terminated by
a dense leafy cluster of flowers : leaves 3 to 1 parted : the divisions narrowly
linear, mucronate : corolla white with a yellow more f unnelform throat ; the
tube not longer than the calyx: ovules a pair in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 267. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona and the Sierras of
California.

•»- H- Leaves all alternate and much fascicled in the axils: Jlowers showy, solitary
or Jew in a cluster at the summit of the branches.

7. G. pungens, Benth. Stems woody, tufted, very leafy : branches and
mostly erectish or little spreading leaves viscid-pubescent, puberulent, or
glabrate : leaves 3 to 7-parted, acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent : corolla
rose or white: ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — From the Upper Platte and
Columbia to Arizona and California.

Var. csespitosa, Gray. A low and dense form, imitating Phlox Doug-
lasii in growth. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267. Scott's Bluffs, AVyoming.

# * Leaves alternate and pinnately incised^ cleft, or divided (rarely entire),

occasionally some of the lowermost opposite.
*- Flowers capitate-clustered, leafy-bracted ; bracts and calyx-lobes acerose-pungent

or cuspidate.

«-«• Calyx lobes and the mostly multijid bracts rigid and acerose-pungent : leaves,
at least some of them, more than once pinnately-parted.

8. G. intertexta, Steud. Erect or widely branched, low and rather stout,
neither viscid nor glandular : stem retrorsely pubescent : leaves mainly glabrous,
with divaricate acerose-spinescent divisions sparingly divided or simple: Jlowers
densely glomerate: tube of the calyx and base of the bracts strongly ciilous
with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling the white corolla (3 or 4 lines
long) : ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — From the Rocky Mountains west-
ward to California and Oregon.

9. G. minima, Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tufts, ^ to 2 inches
high, glabrate •' leaves acicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than the
preceding : tube of the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the un-
equal lobes, which equal or exceed the white corolla (l£ lines long) : ovules 1 to
3 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 269. In very dry regions from Dakota
to Colorado and Oregon.

10. G. Breweri, Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely
spreading, an inch to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over:
Jlowers less glomerate : leaves with mostly simple acicular- subulate divisions : calyx-
lobes similar to these, narrowly subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla
(3 or 4 lines long), 3 or 4 times the length of the tube : ovules I or 2 In each
cell — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 269. From Wyoming to Utah, Nevada, and
California.

«•+ •«• Calyx-lobes and bracts cuspidate but not pungent : leaves simply pinnatifid

or entire.

11. G. Spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from
the fusiform root, a span or two high : capitate flower-clusters crowded in an
elongated virgate and spike-like thyrsus: leaves thickish, almost Jiliform, some

POLEMONTACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 251

about 3-cleft, occasionally all entire, barely mucronate : corolla-lobes shorter
than the tube : anthers subsessile in the throat : ovules 4 to 6 in each cell. —
Mountains of Colorado, to Utah and Wyoming.

Var. capitata, Gray. A dwarf form : leaves nearly all entire : thyrsus
short and capituliform : filaments as long as the anther. — Alpine region, from
the Black Hills of Dakota to Colorado.

12. G. COngesta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading, 3 to 12 inches high,
from a tufted base, bearing single terminal or few and corymbose capituliform
cymes: leaves with 3 to 7 mucronate divisions, or some of them entire: lobes of
the corolla nearly as long as the tube, which does not exceed the usually
aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes : exserted filaments at length as long as the
anthers : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — From Wyoming and Colorado to Oregon
aud California.

Var. crebrifolia, Gray. Depressed ; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long,
crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. —
Mountains of Colorado and Utah.

13. G. iberidifolia, Benth. Leaves more rigid and the lobes cuspidate-
tipped, as also the bracts : capitate cymes corymbose : filaments shorter : ovules
solitary in each cell. — North Platte, Wyoming, and Nebraska.

14. G. pumila, Nutt. About a span high: stems loosely woolly, at least
when young, leafy : leaves narrowly linear, entire or most of them 2 to 4-parted
into diverging linear lobes, mucronate : flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy-
bracted : tube of the corolla slender, about twice the length of the aristulate-tipped
calyx-lobes: filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the
lobes of the corolla : ovules about 6 in each cell. — From W. Nebraska to W.
Texas and west to the Sierra Nevada.

15. G. polydadon, Torr. About a span high: stems puberulent or
sparsely pubescent, diffuse, very few-leaved: leaves pinnatifid or incised; the lobes
short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those subtending the cymose cluster
longer than the flowers : flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy-bracted : tube
of the corolla hardly exceeding the aristulate-mucronate calyx-lobes : anthers in
the throat, on very short filaments : ovules 2 in each cell. — Bot. Mex. Bound.
147. W. Texas to Utah and Nevada.

•*- •»- Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate, never yel-
low, ovules 6 in each cell.
•w- Corolla rose-red : anthers subsessile in the throat.

16. G. Haydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, slightly glandular above, a
span or more high, effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose : radical
leaves pinnatifid ; those of the branches linear and subulate, bract-like, entire :
calyx-lobes subulate, shorter than the tube : corolla-tube £ inch long, several
times longer than the obovate lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79. On the San
Juan in S. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, Brandegee.

•w- .w Corolla bluish or white : filaments slender and much exserted.

17. G. Stenothyrsa, Gray. Stem simple, virgate, very leafy up to the
racemiform narrow thyrsus : leaves pinnately cleft into short oblong lobes : bracts
small and entire . stamens moderately exserted: corolla somewhat funnelform,
white, nearly £ inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. Uinta Mountains,
Fremont.

252 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

18. G. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to
2 feet high : inflorescence open-paniculate, often compound : leaves pinnately
parted into linear or narrowly oblong lobes; these sometimes again 1 or 2-lobed :
stamens conspicuously exserted : corolla strictly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long,
pale blue or violet, or the narrow tube white. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276.
In the mountains from S. Wyoming through Colorado to New Mexico.

-t- H- -t- Flowers scattered or somewhat crowded, occasionally yellow : ovules one

to many in each cell.

•w- Corolla very small (2 lines or less), salverform, white: leaves filiform, entire,
or sometimes 3-parted : ovules solitary in the cells : not viscid-glandular.

19. G. minutiflora, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely gland ular-puberulent
above : stem erect, a foot or two high, with many virgate and rigid slender
branches : upper leaves all reduced to minute subulate appressed bracts ; the
lower longer and some of them 3-parted : flowers terminating and also sparsely
spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long. — Wyoming (on the Upper
Platte) and Idaho.

20. G. tenerrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely
much branched; branches filiform: leaves entire : flowers loosely panicled, on
slender divergent pedicels, minute. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 277. Bear River
Valley, Utah.

•M. -M. Corolla larger (3 to 12 lines), funnelform, purplish or yellow: leaves once or
twice pinnately divided: ovules few or numerous in the cells: inscid-glandular.

21. G. inconspicua, Dougl. A span to a foot or more high, usually with
slight woolly pubescence when young, and viscid-glandular, branching from the
base : leaves mostly pinnatifid or pinnately '-parted, or the lowest bipinnatifid, with
short mucronate-cuspidate lobes; the uppermost becoming small, subulate and
entire : flowers either somewhat crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled
and some of them slender-pedicelled : corolla violet or purplish (3 to 5 lines
long), narrowly funnelform. — From Wyoming to Texas and westward.

22. G. Brandegei, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleas-
antly odoriferous, cespitose : stems a span to near a foot high, simple : leaves
all pinnate, elongated-linear in outline, the radical crowded, the cauline scat-
tered; leaflets very small and numerous, from oval to oblong-linear, some
simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate : flowers several in a short
and racemiform leafy thi/rsus: corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an inch or
less long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. On the face of cliffs in S. W. Colorado,
Brandegee.

Var. Lambornii, Gray. Corolla lurid-yellowish or greenish. — Synopt.
Fl. ii. 149. Alpine region of Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado.

3. POLEMONITJM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN. JACOB'S

LADDER.

Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-paniculate : flowers blue
or white, rarely purplish, usually showy.

* Corolla narrowly funnelform; its tube exceeding the calyx and longer than the
limb : filaments naked or nearly so and not dilated at base : leaflets very small,

POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 253

and crowded, so as seemingly to be verticillate : inflorescence capitate-congested
or spiciform.

1. P. COnfertum, Gray. A span or more high, glandular-pubescent and
viscid, musky fragrant : leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2 to 3 divided ; the
divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear : flowers densely crowded, honey-
scented : corolla deep blue, ^ to 1 inch long : ovules about 3 in each cell. —
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73. Alpine regions from Colorado to California
and northward.

Var mellitum, Gray. Usually a taller form : inflorescence more lax
and leafy, becoming spiciform or racemose : corolla pale or sometimes white,
an inch long, more narrowly funuelform. — With the type in Wyoming,
Colorado, and Utah.

* * Corolla campanulate-funnelform ; its tube not exceeding the calyx and shorter
than the ample limb: filaments usually dilated and pdose-appendaged at base:
leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent : inflorescence open.

•*- Low, about a span high from cespitose-branching and mostly thickened root-
stocks: flowering stems only 1 to 3-leaved : leaflets seldom ^ inch long.

2. P. viSGOSUm, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks,
viscid -puberulent : leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated,
ovate or roundish, at most l£ lines long : flowers in a rather close cymulose duster :
corolla blue or whitish, its lobes about the length of the included tube : filaments
not appendaged at base. — High summits towards the sources of the Platte,
Nuttall.

3. P. humile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping root-
stocks, more or less viscid-pubescent : leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to
oblong, 2 to 6 lines long : flowers rather few in the clusters : corolla blue or pur-
plish, its ampler lobes much longer than the short included tube: filaments pilose at
the dilated base : ovules 2 to 4 and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.

Var. pulchellum, Gray. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets
often nearly glabrous and naked : flowers smaller : the lobes of the corolla only
2 or 3 lines long, violet or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. —
Synopt. Fl. ii. 150. P. pulchellum, Bunge. Mountains of Colorado and the
Sierra Nevada, northward to the Arctic coast.

-t- -»- Taller, afoot or more high, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and leaf-
lets larger.

4. P. CSeruleum, L. Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent: stew mostly strict
and virgate, 1 to 3 feet high, 5 to 10-leaued : leaflets from linear-lanceolate to
oblong-ovate, 9 to 20 lines long : flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyr-
sus or panicle: corolla blue, an inch or less in diameter: st>/le and stamens
usually protruding. — From the Colorado mountains to California, and far
northward ; very much less abundant in the N. Atlantic States.

5. P. foliosiSSimum, Gray. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong-
scented : stem very leaf/ throughout: leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late: flowers con/mbose-C'/nwse, smaller: corolla commonly white or cream-color,
sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx : style and stamens not protrud-
ing — Synopt. Fl. ii. 151. P. coeruleum, var. foliosissimum, Gray. Mountains
of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and westward.

254 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

ORDER 52. HYDRO PlIYLLACC^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous
and 5-androus flowers: the ovary entire and 1 -celled with 2 parietal
(4 to many-ovuled) placentae, or rarely 2- celled : style 2-cleft or 2 sepa-
rate styles : fruit a 2-valved, 4 to many-seeded pod. Flowers chiefly
blue or white, in one-sided cymes or racemes.

* Style more or less 2-cleft : ovary 1-celled. and mostly hispid, at least at the apex,
•i- Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae.

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted. Leaves alter-

nate. Calyx with or without a small appendage at each sinus. Corolla campanulate ;
the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage opposite each lobe, with in-
folded edges, forming a nectariferous groove Filaments bearded at the middle.

2. Ellisia. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Lower and sometimes all the leaves oppo-

site. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged under the
fruit. Corolla campanulate , the internal appendages minute or obsolete.
«- -t- Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inward more or less.

3. Phacelia. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Stamens equally inserted low

down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. Leaves all, or all but the lowest,
alternate.

* * Styles 2. distinct, to the base : ovary more or less completely 2-celled, and in ours nearly

glabrous.

4. Nama. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform. Filaments and styles more or

less included ; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted. Ovules
and seeds numerous, on transverse lamelliform placentae, which approximate or cohere
in the axis of the ovary, but separate in the loculicidal dehiscence. Low herbs, with
(in ours) entire leaves.

1. HYDKOPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF.

Herbs with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and
cymose clusters of violet-blue or wbite flowers. Our species have fleshy hori-
zontal rootstocks, the calyx naked at the sinuses, leaves pinnatifid or pinnate,
and the peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole.

1. H. Occident ale, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparingly hispid, a foot
or two high : leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately parted or divided into
7 to 15 divisions ; divisions oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, mostly incised or few-
cleft, obtuse : cymes mostly dense or capitate : calyx deeply parted, its divis-
ions lanceolate: corolla violet-purple, varying to white, -J- inch long. — Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 314.

Var. Fendleri, Gray. Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid: divisions of
the leaves inclined to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, inciseli/ serrate : cyme
rather open : corolla white or nearly so. — Shady ravines, from New Mexico
to Colorado.

2. H. Virginicum, L. Stem (1 or 2 feet high) and bright green leaves
almost glabrous, or with short scattered hairs : leaves ovate in general outline,
3 to 5-parted or divided; divisions (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate or

HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 255

rhomboid -ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely incised-toothed ; the lowest
commonly 2-cleft and the terminal one often 3-lobed : peduncle usually once
or twice forked : cyme at length open : calyx 5-parted to the very base into
narrow linear and spreading hispid-ciliate divisions : corolla nearly white or
sometimes deep violet, about | inch long. — Across the continent.

2. ELLISIA, L.

Plants with tender somewhat hirsute herbage : peduncles solitary or race-
mose : corolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the stellate calyx.
In ours the leaves are once pinnately parted, and the upper mostly alternate.

1. E. Nyctelea, L. A span to a foot high, at length very diffuse:
leaves on naked or barely margined petioles ; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate,
acute, mostly 1 to 3-toothed or lobed : peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo-
site the leaves, or some of the later ones racemose and secund : calyx-lobes
acuminate, longer than the capsule : corolla rather shorter than the calyx. —
Upper Arkansas, Colorado, to the Saskatchewan, and eastward across the
continent.

3. PHACELIA, Juss.

Corolla blue, purple, or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain
species ; the tube with or without internal folds : calyx-lobes more or less
enlarging in fruit : seed-coat reticulated or pitted,

§ 1. A. pair of ovules to each placenta: seeds as many or by abortion fewer :
lobes of the campanidate corolla entire (or rarely erose-dentate) ; the tube with
10 laminate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. — EUPHACELIA.
# Leaves- all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3 to 5-parted or
divided : capsule ovate, acute : seeds densely alveolate-punctate,

1. P. Circinata, Jacq. f. Hispid and the foliage strigose, and either
green or canescent, a span to 2 feet high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate,
acute ; the lower tapering into a petiole and commonly some of them with
one or two pairs of smaller lateral leaflets : inflorescence hispid ; the dense
spikes thyrsoid-congested : corolla whitish or bluish : filaments much ex-
serted, sparingly bearded. — On dry ground, from New Mexico and Cali-
fornia to Dakota and British Columbia.

# * Leaves pinnateli/ toothed, lobed, or compound, and the lobes or divisions
toothed or incised: capsule globular or ovoid, obtuse: seeds with excavated
ventral face divided by a salient ridge.

•»- Calyx, etc. not setose-hispid.

2. P. integrifolia, Torr. A span to 2 feet high, strict, viscid-pubescent
or hirsute, very leafy : leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sessile or the lower
short-petioled with a commonly subcordate base, simply or mostly doubly cre-
nate-toothed, sometimes incised : spikes crowded, at first thyrsoid : corolla whitish
or bluish : stamens and style long exserted. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 222. Dry
soil, Colorado to Texas, Arizona, and Utah.

256 HYDROPHYLLACI^E. (WATEKLEAF FAMILY.)

3. P. glandulosa, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent and glandular, softly if at
all hirsute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves irregularly and interrupted I tj
twice pinnatifid, or below divided ; the numerous lobes small, somewhat incised,
obtuse : corolla bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube :
stamens and style moderately or conspicuously exserted. — Gravelly soil,
Colorado to Arizona and Texas.

Var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Lobes of the corolla either slightly or
conspicuously erose-denticulate. — P. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber.

•t- -t- Calyx more or less setose-hispid.

4. P. Popei, Ton*. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent and hispid with spread-
ing hairs, a span to a foot high : leaves bipiunately parted or pinnatifid ; the
divisions pinnatifid, with 5 to 9 short, obtuse lobes: calyx-lobes a little longer
than the globose capsule : corolla white, campanulate, its lobes entire : sta-
mens at length much exserted. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172. Colorado and south-
ward. Included under P. glandulosa, Nutt., in Synopt. Fl. ii. 160, but restored
in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 87.

§ 2. Ovules and seeds several (6 to 12) or more numerous on each placenta:
appendages of the mostly campanulate corolla in the form of 10 vertical salient
lamellce. — EUTOCA.

5. P. sericea, Gray. A span to a foot high from a branching caudex,
silky-pubescent or canescent, or the simple virgate stems and inflorescence
villous-hirsute, rather leafy to the top : leaves pinnately parted into linear o>-
narrow-oblong numerous and often again few-cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky-
canescent or sometimes greenish ; the lower petioled ; the uppermost simpler
and nearly sessile: short spikes crowded in a naked spike-like th//rsus: corolla
violet-blue or whitish: stamens long exserted: capsule a little longer than the
calyx. — Mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and northward.

6. P. Menziesii, Torr. A span to a foot high, at length paniculate-
branched, hispid or roughish-hirsute : leaves mostly sessile, linear or lanceolate
and entire, or some of them deeply cleft ; the lobes few or single, linear or
lanceolate, entire : spikes or spike-like racemes fhyrsoid-paniculate, at length
elongated and erect : corolla bright violet or sometimes white : stamens about
the length of the corolla : capsule shorter than the calyx. — Watson, Bot. King
Exp. 252. Montana to Utah and westward.

4. NAMA, L.

Low herbs : the corolla purple, bluish, or white. In ours the corolla is
short-funnelform and hardly exceeding the calyx, the flowers are in the forks
of the stem, and the leaves are entire.

1. N. dichotomum, Ruiz & Pav., var. angustifolium, Gray.
Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular : stem repeatedly forked
and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork : leaves narrow, linear or nearly
so : sepals narrowly linear : seeds marked with about 5 longitudinal rows of
large pits, from 4 to 6 in each row. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 284. Colorado
and New Mexico.

BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 257

ORDER 53. BORRACIN ICEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

Chiefly rough-hairy horbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetri-
cal flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens
inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed ovary (occa-
sionally undivided), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with
a single seed. — Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a re-
duced cyme, imitating a scorpioid spike or raceme.

A. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-lobed) and surmounted by the style.
1. Coldenia. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow. Corolla short-funnelform or nearly

salverform; the lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud.

Style 2-cleft or 2-partcd : ovary (in ours) laterally 4-lobed. Fruit separating at ma-

turity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer.
2 Heliotrnpium* Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or funnelform,

plaited and mostly imbricated in the bud. Anthers connivent, sometimes cohering

by pointed tips. Style entire or none : stigma peltate-annular, forming a complete

ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed tip or appendage : ovary 4-celled.

Fruit 2 or 4-lobed, separating into two 2-celled and 2-seeded carpels or more com-

monly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.

B. Ovary 4-parted from above into 1-celled 1-ovuled divisions surrounding the base of the

undivided style ; stigma terminal, not annular.
* Nutlets obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or

prolongation of it, to

•»- The more or less elevated gynobase which supports the style, not stipitate.
3. Echlnospermum. Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less over
the whole back) with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. Calyx reflcxrd or open in
fruit. Corolla white or blue ; the throat closed with prominent fornicate appeo-

4. Omphalodes. Nutlets ascending or subhorizontal, with depressed back surrounded

by a wing or margin which at maturity is reflexed, and its pectinate or spinulose teeth
when present not glochidiate (disk sometimes so), somewhat supra-basal or ventral in
attachment. Corolla rotate or very short funnelform, bright blue.

5. Krynitzkia. Nutlets erect, convex on the back and naked, wholly unappendnged

(rarely with a narrow plane border), attached by the inner side above the middle or
more or less towards the base. Corolla rotate or funnelform, white, and mostly small.

•i- ••- Nutlets sessile or obscurely stipitate on a flat or merely convex receptacle.

G. Mertensia. Corolla from tubular-funnel form or trumpet-shaped to almost campamilate,
with open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests. Stigma
entire. Nutlets attached by a small or short scar just above the base to a barely or
sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Often smooth and glabrous, with blue or
rarely white flowers, mostly bractless.

* * Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane

gynobase.

7. Myosotis. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate ; its throat contracted by trans-

verse crests ; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud. Nutlets small, smooth and
shining, thin-rrustaceous. Racemes mainly ebracteate.

8. Lithospermum. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or sometimes approaching campanu-

late, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low transverse
crests at the throat. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished and white or dull and rough.
Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts.

17

258 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

9 Onosmodium. Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly unap-
pendaged throat; the lobes erect or hardly spreading ; the sinuses more or less in-
flexed. Style filiform or capillary, very long: stigma exserted before the corolla opens.
Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished, white. Flowers all subtended
by leafy bracts.

1. COLDENIA, L.

Low herbaceous plants, canescent or hispid : with small and mostly white
flowers sessile and usually in clusters : leaves entire, petioled, veined.

1. C. Nuttallii, Hook Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently
dichotomous : leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4 lines long and on longer
petioles, with 2 or 3 pairs of strong and somewhat curving veins, and margins
somewhat revolute : flowers densely clustered in the forks and at the ends of
the naked branches : filaments inserted nearly in the throat of the pink or
whitish corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base :
nutlets marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral scar. — Dry plains, from
Wyoming to Washington Territory, and southward to Arizona and California.

2. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. HELIOTROPE.

Low herbs or undershrubs : the flowers almost always small. In ours the
corolla is large, white, and not appendaged.

# Fruit didymous, solid : anthers slightly cohering by their minutely bearded tips r

stifle long and filiform; cone of the stigma truncate and bearded with a pencil-
late tuft of strong bristles : flowers scattered.

1. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute
and hoary, much branched : leaves lanceolate or sometimes nearly ovate and
sometimes linear, short-petioled : flowers generally opposite the leaves and
terminal, short-peduncled : limb of the corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the
tube strigose-hirsute, about twice the length of the sepals. — Sandy plains,
Nebraska to W. Texas and westward.

# # Fruit 4-lobed : anthers free: style none; slignia umbrella-shaped, not sur-

mounted bif a cone: flowers in distinct unilateral scorpioid spikes

2. H. Curassavicum, L. Wholly glabrous and glaucous, diffusely
spreading, a span to a foot high : leaves succulent, oblanceolate, varying from
nearly linear to obovate : spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely
flowered : corolla white, with a yellow eye : stigma as wide as the glabrous
ovary, flat. — Along the sea-coasts, also in the interior in saline soils.

3. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm. STICKSEED.

Either pubescent or hispid : with racemose or spicate flowers, usually small,
bluish or whitish. The nutlets are troublesome burs.

# Racemes panicled, leaf y-br act eate only at base, minutely bracteate or bractless

above: pedicels recurved or defiexed in fruit: calyx-lobes shorter than the fruit,
and at length reflexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate or triangular: plants
pubescent or hirsute, but not hispid. In ours the corolla is rotate.
1. E. floribundum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or some-
times smaller : leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate ; the lowest tapering into

BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 259

margined petioles : racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather
strict : nutlets with elongated triangular back naked, merely scabrous ; and
the margin armed with a close row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often
confluent. — E. dejlexum, var. jforibtuidvm, Watson. From New Mexico and
California northward to British America.

2. E. Clliatum, Gray. A foot or more high, canescently hirsute, the hairs
on the lower part of the stem relrorse: leaves tomentose-hirsute, ciliate, sessile, lin-
ear; the lower 4 inches long and 2 lines wide ; the upper an inch long : racemes
subcori/mbose: fruit unknown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. Cynoglossum
ciliatum, Dougl. Tributaries of the Columbia and eastward to the Rocky
Mountains, Douglas.

# * Spikes leafy-bracteate : pedicels erect or merely spreading : calyx-lobes mostly
exceeding the fruit, becoming foliaceous and often unequal: scar of the nutlets
long anjd narrow : plants with rough or hispid pubescence : leaves linear, lan-
ceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate.

3. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately
branched : nutlets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate ; the mar-
gins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely
confluent at base.

Var. OCCidentale, Watson. Less strict, at length diffuse, and the tuber-
cles of the nutlets sharp instead of blunt 01 roundish. — Bot. King Exp. 246.
From Arizona and Texas northward.

Var. cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the nutlet broadened and thickened
below and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges,
forming a cup, with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only
the tips of the prickles free. — Bot. Calif, i. 530. From Nevada to Texas and
Nebraska. With the preceding form.

4. OMPHALODES, Tourn.

Ours are dwarf cespitose alpine or mountain perennials with bright blue
flowers, forming the section Eritrichium. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 263.

1. O. nana, Gray, var. aretioides, Gray. Densely cespitose in pulvinate
tufts, rising an inch or two above the surface, densely vil/ous with long soft
white hairs which are sometimes papillose-dilated at base: leaves varying from
ovate to lanceolate : flowers terminating very short densely leafy shoots, or
more racemose on developed few-leaved stems : nutlets with a pectinate-toothed
or spmulose dorsal border. — Loc. cit. Eritrichium nanum, Schrad., var. areti-
oides, Herder. E. villosum, var. aretioides, Gray. Highest alpine, Colorado,
Utah, Wyoming, and northward.

2. O. Howard!, Gray. Densely cespitose, sericeons-canescent with ap-
pressed pubescence : leaves spatulate-linear, 5 to 8 lines long, mostly crowded
on the tufted branches of the caudex ; the flowering stems 3 to 4-leaved :
cyme either dichotomous or simple racemiform, few-flowered : nutlets shining,
naked, with angulate-margined dorsal border. — Loc. cit. Echinospermum cilia-
tum, Gray, var. Howardi, Gray. Cynoglossum Howardi, Gray. Mountains of
Montana and westward to the Cascades, Howard, Canby, Tweedy.

260 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

5. KRYNITZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer.

Annual herbs or some perennials, with white and mostly small flowers.
Includes Eritrichium § Krynitzkia, and § Eueritrichium Myosotidea, Gray,
Synopt. Fl. ii. 191. — Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xx. 264.

§ 1. Nutlets more or less ovate, rugose, sometimes keeled dorsally or ventrally,
attached at the base by a very small areola either to a depressed or little ele-
vated gynobase: low and mostly diffuse or spreading annuals, sparsely or
minutely hirsute : leaves linear: Jlowers very small (a line long). — MYOSO-
TIDEA.

1. K. Califomica, Gray. Slender, more or less hirsute: stems flower-
ing from near the base : flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower accom-
panied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered : nutlets transversely rugose
and minutely scabrous or smooth ; the scar almost basal. — Loc. cit. 266.
Eritrichium Californicum, DC. Spring, or muddy ground, from Wyoming
and New Mexico to California and Oregon.

Var. subglochidiata, Gray. Slightly succulent : lower leaves inclined
to spatulate : nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid,
especially on the crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming
stouter and appearing glochidiate under a lens. — Bot. Calif, i. 526. Wyo-
ming and Colorado to California.

§ 2. Nutlets nevzr rugose, angulate or sulcate ventrally, with convex back neither
keeled nor angulate, attached from next the base to the middle or even to the
apex to the elevated gynobase : corolla small, its short tube not exceeding the
calyx ; throat either naked or with appendages not exserted : annuals, with
Jlowers scorpioid-spicate. — EUKRYNITZKIA.

* Calyx early circumscissile ; the 5-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving a

membranaceous base persistent around the fruit : nutlets ovate-acuminate,
smooth or minutely punctilulate-scabrous, attached by a narrow groove (with
transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the subulate gyno-
base : corolla with naked and open throat.

2. K. circuinscissa, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched,
an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout : narrow linear leaves (| to
£ inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of
the branches. — Loc. cit. 275. Eritrichium circumscissum, Gray. Dry plains,
Wyoming and Utah to California and Washington Territory.

* # Calyx not circumscissile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungently hispid;

the whole calyx (or short pedicel) often inclined to disarticulate at maturity,
forming a sort of bur loosely enclosing the nutlets.

•»- Sepals never very narrow, with a strong rigid rib : nutlets mostly dull : diffusely
branching rough-hispid herbs.

3. K. crassisepala, Gray. A span high, very rough-hispid : leaves
oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : persistent calyx very hispid with yellowish
or fulvous bristles ; its lobes greatly thickened below in fruit : nutlets ovate, acute,
dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and one larger and smooth or nearly so,
fixed to the conical-pyramidal gynobase from base to middle. — Loc. cit. 268.
Eritrichium crassisepalum, Torr. & Gray. From New Mexico and W. Texas
to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan.

BORUAGINACEJ3. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 261

4. K. Patterson!, Gray. About a foot high, rough-hispid : leaves nar-
rowly spatulate or linear: calyx hispid Avith pungent bristles; its lobes linear-
lanceolate, less thickened: nutlet (usually only one maturing) ovate-acuminate,
smooth, attached from base to middle to the subulate-pyramidal gynobase. — Loc.
cit. 268. At the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Patterson, Hooker
& Gray.

5. K. Fendleri, Gray. Erect, hardly a foot high, paniculately branched,
rather rigid : as in the last, but leaves linear, sepals narrowly linear, nutlets more
attenuate upwards and attached almost to the apex to the narrowly subulate gyno-
base. — Loc. cit. 268. Heretofore confounded with K. (Eritrichium) leiocarpa.
From the Saskatchewan to Colorado and New Mexico.

•i- -»- Sepals narrow, neither thickened nor with prominent rib : nutlets very smooth,
shining : erect slender herbs, somewhat hispid.

6. K Watsoni, Gray. A foot high : sepals of fruiting calyx scarcely
2 lines long, lanceolate, sparsely setose-hispid : nutlets (a line long) narrow,
subtriquetrous, about oblong-lanceolate in outline, attached almost the whole
length to the filiform-subulate gynobase. — Loc. cit. 271. Wahsatch Moun-
tains, Utah, Watson. A part of Eritrichium leiocarpum, Bot. King Exped.

§ 3. Nutlets triquetrous or three-angled, with acute lateral angles, attached to a
mostly subulate gynobase : generally biennial or perennial herbs : corolla with
throat appendages prominent or exserted. — PSEUDOKRYNITZKIA. Ours are
stout, with rather broad leaves, and flowers thyrsoid-congested.
# Fruit depressed-globose.

7. K. Jamesii, Gray. A span or two high, branched from the hard or
woody base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, becoming
even hispid in age : leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear : spikes somewhat
panicled or thyrsoid-crowded : fruiting calyx mostly closing over the fruit,
which consists of four very smooth and shining broadly triangular (£ globe)
nutlets.— Loc. cit. 278. Eritrichium Jamesii, Torr. From Texas to S. Cali-
fornia and northward to Wyoming.

* * Fruit more or less pyramidal.

-t- Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than the
lobes: a ring of 10 small scales or qlands above the base within.

8. K. virgata, Gray. Very hispid, not at all canescent: stem strict, a
foot or two high, flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile
clusters, which are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending
leaves, and forming a long virgate leafy spike : nutlets broad ovate, sparingly
papillose on the back. — Loc. cit. 279. Eritrichium glomeratum, var. virgaturn,
Porter. Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.

9. K. glomerata, Gray. Grayish-hirsute and hispid, a foot or more high :
leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense :
calyx very setose-hispid : nutlets ovate, more or less tuberculate-rugose on the
back. — Loc. cit. 279. Eritrichium glomeratum, DC. From Arizona and New
Mexico to the Saskatchewan and Washington Territory.

10. K. sericea, Gray. Barely a span high, pubescence less hispid and
generally canescent, at least the lower leaves, these spatulate : thyrsus spiciform:
pubescence and bristles of the calyx either whitish or tawny yellow : nutlets

262 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

oblong-ovate, somewhat rugose-tuberculate on the back. — Loc. cit. 279. —
Eritrichium glomeratum, var. humile, Gray. Alpine and subalpine, from Colo-
rado and Utah to Montana and Oregon.

•i- •«- Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the calyx and 2 or 3 times the
length of the lobes : fie ring inconspicuous, its glands indistinct : silky-canes-
cent, and with contracted thyrsoid inflorescence.

11. K. fulvocanescens, Gray. A span or so high, cespitose: leaves
linear-spatulate or oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower
with bright white and soft hairs ; the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate in-
florescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more hirsute hairs and some hispid
bristles: nutlets ovate, more or less papillose or tuberculate-rugose on the
back. — Loc. cit. 280. Eritrichium fulvocanescens, Gray. Mountains of Texas
and New Mexico to those of Nevada and Wyoming.

6. MERTENSIA, Roth. LUNGWORT.

Either glabrous or with some pubescence : the leaves usually broad, and
the lowermost petioled : the flowers usually showy, blue, purple, or rarely
white, paniculate-racemose or cymose. — In our species the corolla has a con-
spicuously 5-lobed limb, with small crests in the throat.

* Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers, always inserted in the throat of the

corolla : style long and capillary, generally somewhat exserted.
•t- Tube of the corolla twice or thrice the length of the limb and of the calyx.

1 . M. OblODgifolia, Don. A span or so high, smooth or nearly so :
leaves mostly oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent : flowers in a
somewhat close cluster : lobes of the calyx lanceolate or linear, mostly acute.
— From British Columbia southward, through the mountains of Montana to
Utah and Arizona.

•t- •»- Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb.

2. M. Sibirica, Don. Stems tall, I to 5 feet high ; pale and glaucescent,
glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very leafy : leaves ample, veiny ; cauline
leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliate ; (he upper with very acute or
acum'nate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (3 or 4 inches long): short
racemes panicled : calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, commonly ciliolate,
\ or £ the length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla. — From the moun-
tains of Colorado westward to the Sierra Nevada, and far northward.

3. M. paniculata, Don. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent:
size and leaves about as in the last : racemes loosely panicled : calyx-lobes
lanceolate or linear and mostlij acute, hispid-ciliate or hirsute, equalling or only
\ shorter than the tube of the purple-blue corolla. — From Nevada and Utah to
Hudson's Bay and northward.

4. M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, simple or
paniculately branched : stems a span to a foot high : leaves pale or glaucescent,
from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, 1 or 2 inches long, obtuse or barely acute :
racemes at length loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute or obtuse,
ciliate or hirsute or glabrous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue

BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 263

corolla, which is hairy near the base within. — From Dakota and Wyoming
to New Mexico.

Var. Pendleri, Gray. A commonly hirsute form, with calyx 5-cleft only
to the middle. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 52.

* * Filaments narrower than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of the

throat or about the middle of the tube : style included.

5. M. alpina, Don. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous or pu-
bescent : leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the
cauline sessile (1 or 2 inches long) : flowers in a close or at length loose
cluster : calyx-lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla :
anthers nearly sessile. — High elevations iu mountains of Colorado and Utah.

7. MYOSOTIS, L. FORGET-ME-NOT.

Low and spreading pubescent herbs, with sessile stem leaves and small blue
flowers in bractless racemes. In ours the calyx is beset with hairs, some of
them bristly and having minutely hooked tips.

1. M. sylvatica, Hoffm. Hirsute-pubescent, either green or cinereous :
leaves oblong-liuear or lanceolate ; the radical conspicuously petioled : pedicels
as long as the calyx or longer : calyx-lobes erect or slightly closing in fruit :
nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex.

Var. alpestris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high : racemes more
dense: pedicels shorter and thicker, seldom longer than the calyx. — In high
alpine regions in the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, and northward.

8. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GKOMWELL.

Herbs with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or subaxillary or leafy-
bracted flowers : stamens with very short filaments, and nutlets (in ours)
white, smooth and polished.

* Flowers rather small: corolla greenish-yellow, short; its tube hardly if at all

longer than the calyx, nearly naked at the ihroat.

1. L. pilosum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent:
stems numerous from a stout root, a foot high, mostly simple, very leafy :
leaves linear and linear-lanceolate, mostly tapering from near the base to
apex : flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus : corolla campanulate-funnel-
form, almost £ inch long, silky outside. — From British Columbia and Mon-
tana to Utah and California.

* # Flowers mostly showy : corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx ; pubescent
crests In the throat apparent. Plants with long and deep red roots (Puccoox).

•»- Corolla light yellow: later Jloral leaves reduced to bracts, not surpassing the

calyx.

2. L. multiflonim, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid : stems virgate, a
foot or two high : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short-
pedicelled, the latter spicate : corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very
short rounded lobes and tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests
or folds in the throat inconspicuous. — In the mountains from Colorado to
Arizona and Texas.

264 CONVOLVULACE^B. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

•i- •»- Corolla bright and deep yellow or orange ; the tube from ^ to twice longer
than the calyx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arch-
ing: floral leaves orfoliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx.

3. L. canescens, Lehm. More or less canescent when young : stem hir-
sute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying
to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softly silky-pubescent, greener with age but not
rough: corolla orange-yellow, and glandular ring at the base naked: flowers
nearly sessile. — From Arizona and New Mexico to the Saskatchewan, Upper
Canada, and Alabama. " Puccoon " of the Indians.

4. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid or hirsute and at length rough, a foot or two
high : leaves lanceolate or the lower linear and floral ovate-oblong : corolla
bright orange; the ring at the base within bearing 10 very hirsute lobes or teeth:
flowers mostly pedicelled. — From Colorado to Minnesota and Florida.
•»-•«-•»— Corolla bright yellow, salverform; its tube in well-developed flowers 2 to

4 times the length of the calyx ; the crests in the throat conspicuous and arching.

5. L. angUStifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the
base, a span to a foot or more high, minutely scabrous-strigose and somewhat
cinereous : leaves all linear : flowers pedicelled, leafy-brae ted, of two sorts ;
the earlier and conspicuous kind with corolla tube an inch or less in length ;
the later ones, and those of diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or
small and pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous. —
From Utah and Arizona to Texas, Wisconsin, and the Saskatchewan.

9. ONOSMODIUM, Michx.

Rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute, with leafy-bracteate flowers
crowded in scorpioid spikes or racemes ; the bracts resembling leaves : corolla
greenish-white or yellowish- green ; a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the
base of the tube within. In ours the corolla is seldom twice the length of the
calyx, and the leaves are pinnately nervose-ribbed.

1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid:
leaves ovate-lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 to 9-ribbed, generally
hairy both sides : flowers nearly sessile : corolla lobes very hairy outside. —
Colorado and eastward.

Var. molle, Gray. A foot or two high : the pubescence shorter and less
spreading or appressed : leaves mostly smaller (2 inches long), when young
softly strigose-canescent beneath. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 206. 0. molle, Michx.
From Utah to Texas, Illinois, and the Saskatchewan.

ORDER 54. CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves (or scales) and
regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals; a 5- plaited
or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-celled ovary,
with a pair of ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false
partition. In ours the ovary is entire.

CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 265

Tribe I. Plants with ordinary foliage, not parasitic.

1. Ipotnoea. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or globose stigma. Corolla

from salverform or funnelform to nearly camparmlate.

2. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex : stigmas 2, from linear-fili-

form to subulate or ovate. Corolla from funnelform to campanulate.

3. E volvulus. Styles 2, distinct or sometimes united below, each 2-cleft : stigmas linear-

filiform or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate.

Tribe II. Leaflets parasitic twining herbs, destitute of foliage and of all green color.

4. Cuscuta. Corolla imbricated in the bud, appeudaged below the stamens.

1. IPO MCE A, L. MORNING-GLORY.

Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger : limb
of corolla entire, or barely angulate or lobed.

1. I. leptophylla, Torr. Very glabrous : stems erect or ascending (2 to
4 feet high) from an immense root, with recurving slender branches : leaves
linear (2 to 4 inches long), short-petioled, acute : peduncle short, 1 or 2-flow-
ered : outer sepals shorter : corolla pink-purple, funnelform, about 3 inches
long : seeds rusty-pubescent. — Frem. Rep. 95. Plains of Nebraska and
Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico.

2. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED.

Twining or prostrate, with small or large flowers. Includes Calystegia.

* Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, very fiat : solitary flower involucellate by

a pair of persistent broad bracts, which are close to the calyx and enclose or
exceed it.

1. C. sepium, L. Glabrous or pubescent, freely twining: leaves slender-
petioled, deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 5 inches long), acute or
acuminate ; the basal lobes or auricles either entire or angulate 2 to 3-lobed :
peduncles mostly elongated : bracts cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, com-
monly acute: corolla broadly funnelform, 2 inches long, white or tinged with
rose-color. — Calystegia sepium, R. Br. From Utah to Canada and the N. At-
lantic States.

Var. Americanus, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple : bracts obtuse. —
From Oregon to Canada and Carolina.

Var. repens, Gray. Corolla from almost white to rose-color : bracts from
very obtuse to acute : herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent : sterile
and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate : leaves more narrowly
sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire.
— Synopt. Fl. ii. 215. Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray. From New
Mexico to Texas, Dakota, and eastward.

# * Stigmas Jiliform or narrowly linear : no bracts at or near the base of the

calyx.

2. C. incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or canescent with a close and short
silky pubescence : stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves
polymorphous; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate, obtuse
and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes entire or 2

266 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

to 3-toothed ; some pedate, having narrowly 2 to 3-cleft lateral lobes or divis-
ions ; some more coarsely 3 to 5-parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate-
dentate : peduncles 1 to 2-flowercd, as long as the leaf : corolla white or tinged
with rose, ^ inch long, the angles salient-acuminate. — Includes C. lobatus,
Eng. & Gray. S. Colorado and Arkansas to Texas and Arizona.

3. EVOLVULUS, L.

•
Low and small rather suffrutescent plants, with erect or diffuse or prostrate

(never twining) stems, entire leaves, one to few-flowered peduncles, and sm: 11
purple or blue almost rotate corolla. Our species has both sides of the leaves,
stems, and calyx densely silky-villous.

1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather
stout and rigid, erect or ascending, a span or so high, very leafy : dense pubes-
cence sometimes silvery-canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous : leaves from
spatulate and obtuse to linear-lanceolate and acute: pedicels very short. —
Plains and prairies, from Nebraska to Wyoming, Colorado, and southward.

4. C US CUT A, Tourn. DODDER.

Flowers 5- (rarely 4-) merous : calyx cleft or parted : corolla globular-urn-
shaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular : stamens inserted in the throat of
the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate appendages: ovary globular,
2 celled, 4-ovuled : styles (in ours) distinct and terminated by peltate-capitate
stigmas : embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled, destitute of cotyledons. —
Leafless thread-like stems yellowish or reddish in color, bearing a few minute
scales instead of leaves : flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white.

* Capsule indehiscent.
•f- Calyx gamosepalous.

•w- Ovary and capsule depressed-globose : flowers in dense or globular clusters :
corolla with a short and wide tube, in age remaining at the l>ase of the capsule :
sti/lcs mostly shorter than the ovary.

1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low: flowers scarcely
a line long : calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad : those of the corolla acu-
minate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points : scales large, deeply fringed.
— In rather dry soil, on various low plants, across the continent. The var.
pentagona, found in Colorado, has a large and angled calyx.

•w- 4-f Ovary and capsule pointed ; the latter enveloped or capped by the marces-

cent corolla : flowers in paniculate cymes.
= Acute tips of corolla-lobes inflexed or corniculate.

2. C. decora, Choisy. Stems coarse: flowers fleshy and more or less
papillose : lobes of the calyx triangular, acute : those of the broadly cam-
panulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading: scales large,
deeply fringed : capsule enveloped bj the remains of the corolla.

Var. pulcherrima, Engelm. A larger form, with coarse stems, and
conspicuous flowers l£ to 2£ lines long and wide: anthers and stigmas yellow or
deep purple. — On herbs and low shrubs in wet prairies, principally Legumi-

SOLAN ACE.E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 267

nosce and Compositce. Across the continent, principally through its southern
borders.

3. C. inflexa, Engelm. Like the last: flowers of the same structure,
hut only a line long, generally 4-merous ; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally
capping the capsule: scales reduced to a few teeth. — Open woods and dry prai-
ries, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, from Arkansas to Dakota and
eastward.

= = Obtuse lobes of the corolla spreading.

4. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high : corolla-lobes
mostly shorter than the deeply campauulate tube : scales copiously fringed :
capsule globose, umbonate. — In wet shady places from the Rocky Moun-
tains eastward, most abundant in the Atlantic States, and everywhere very
variable.

-i- -»- Calyx of 5 distinct and largely overlapping sepals, surrounded by 2 to 5 or
more similar bracts : scales of corolla large and deeply fringed : capsule
mostly one-seeded, capped by the marcescent corolla: flowers on bracteolate pedi-
cels, in loose panicles.

5. C. CUSpidata, Engelm. Stems slender : flowers l£ to 2^ lines long,
thin, membranaceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular : oblong
lobes of the corolla cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the
cylindrical tube : styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted.
— Prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, Leguminosce, etc., from Colorado to Texas and
Nebraska.

* * Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile, usually capped by the remains
of the corolla: styles capillary and lobes of the corolla acute.

6. C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers l£ to 2 lines
long, few together in umbel-like clusters, usually shorter than their pedicels :
acute calyx-lobes and lanceolate-subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its
shallow tube : scales deeply fringed and exceeding the tube. — Dry places, on
low herbs (Portulaca, etc.), from S. E. Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

ORDER 55. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers,
on bractless pedicels ; the corolla variously arranged in the bud, and
mostly plaited. Stamens mostly equal and all perfect, inserted on the
corolla. Style and stigma single.

* Fruit a berry.

•i- Anthers longer than their filaments, either eonnivent or connate into a cone or cylinder :
corolla rotate : ca*lyx mostly unchanged in fruit.

1. Solatium. Anther-cells opening at the apex by a 'pore or short slit, and sometimes

also longitudinally dehiscent.

-»- +- Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores,
dehiscent longitudinally.

2. Chamaesaracha. Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not

angled. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate. Berry globose, its summit usually more or less
naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit.

268 SOLANACE.E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

3. Physalis. Calyx becoming much enlarged and membranaceous-inflated, completely

and loosely enclosing the fruit, reticulate-veiny and 5-angled or 10-costate. Corolla
rotate or rotate-campanulate, 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed. Berry juicy. Pedicels
solitary.

* * Fruit a capsule.1

4. Nicotiana. Corolla funnelform or salverform. Filaments mostly included. Ovary

normally 2-celled, with large and thick placentae, bearing very numerous ovules and
seeds. The fruit more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal and also
usually loculicidal at summit : the valves or teeth becoming 4.

1. SOLANUM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE, etc.
Herbs of various habit : flowers cymose, mostly after the scorpioid manner.

* Fruit naked, i. e. not enclosed in the enlarged calyx : stamens all alike, and

anthers blunt.
-t- Tuberiferous perennial, pinnate-leaved.

1. S. Jamesii, Torr. A span or so in height: leaflets 5 to 9, varying
from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, smoothish ; the lowest sometimes much
smaller, but no interposed small ones: peduncle cymosely few to several-
flowered: corolla white, at length deeply 5-cleft. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227.
Mountains of Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. Very closely allied to
S. tuberosum, var. boreale, Gr., of New Mexico and southward, the S. Fendleri
of the earlier reports.

•»- •«- Annuals, simple-leaved, never prickly, but the angles of the stem sometimes

rough.

2. S. triflorum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low
and much spreading : leaves oblong, deeply pinnatifid, with wide rounded
sinuses ; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 1 or 2-toothed :
peduncles lateral, 1 to 3-Jlowered: pedicels nodding: corolla small, white, a
little longer than the 5-parted calyx : berries preen, as large as a small cherry.
— On the plains from New Mexico to the Saskatchewan, chiefly as a weed in
cultivated ground.

3. S nigrum, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger
parts pubescent : leaves mostly ovate with a cuneate base, irregularly sinuate-
toothed, repand, or sometimes entire, acute or acuminate : flowers in small pedun-
culate umbel-like lateral cymes: calyx much shorter than the corolla, which
is white or bluish : berries usually black when ripe, only as large as peas —
Found everywhere, especially in damp or shady ground, and including many
varieties.

* * Fruit enclosed by the close-fitting and horridly prickly calyx and even adher-

ing to it: stamens and especially the style much declined : anthers tapering
upwards, dissimilar ; the lowest one much longer and larger, and with an

1 The genus Datura, containing several introduced species within our range, may be
recognized by its prismatic 5-toothed calyx, funnelform corolla, and prickly mostly 4-celled
4-valved capsule. — They are rank weeds, with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers
on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. Known as "Jamestown Weed" or
" Thorn Apple." For species see p. 270, foot-note.

SOLANACE.E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 269

incurved beak : leaves 1 to 3-pinnatifid : annuals, armed with straight
prickles.

4. S. heterodoxum, Dunal. Pubescent with glandular-tipped simple
hairs, with a very few 5-rayed bristly ones on the upper face of the irregu-
larly or interruptedly bipinuatifid leaves ; their lobes roundish or obtuse
and repand : corolla violet, l£ inches or less in diameter, somewhat irregular,
5-cleft; the lobes ovate-acuminate: four anthers yellow and the large one tinged
with violet. — On the plains from Colorado to New Mexico and Texas.

5. S. rostratum, Dunal. Somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious
wholly stellate pubescence, a foot or two high : leaves nearly as in the last or
less divided, some of them only once piunatifid : corolla yellow, about an inch
in diameter, hardly irregular, the short lobes broadly ovate. — On the plains
from Nebraska to Texas and westward to the mountains.

2. CHAM^SARACHA, Gray.

Depressed plants ; with narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into
margined petioles, filiform naked pedicels, the calyx close-fitting in fruit,
almost globose.

1. C. Coronopus, Gray. Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some
short and roughish hairs, diffusely very much branched : leaves lanceolate or
linear with cuneate-attenuate base, varying from nearly entire to laciniate-
pinnatifid : peduncles elongated : calyx more or less hirsute, the hairs often

2 forked at tip : corolla yellowish : berry nearly white. — Bot. Calif, i. 540.
Withania (?) Coronopus, Torr. From S. Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

3. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY.

Herbs, with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves, and solitary or sometimes 2 or

3 drooping or nodding pedicels : the flowers white, yellow, or violet-purple :
berries greenish, red, or yellow.

* Young parts sparsely (or on stalks and calyx densely) scurf y-granuliferous,

otherwise quite glabrous: some leaves sinuate-pinnatijid : corolla Jlat-rotate.

1. P. lobata, Torr. Low and small, diffusely branched: leaves oblong-
spatulate or obovate, from repand to sinuate-pinnatifid, the base cuneatelv
tapering into a margined petiole : corolla violet, the centre with a 5 to 6-rayed
white woolly star. — On the plains, from Colorado to Arizona and Texas.

* * Notgranulose-scurfy: leaves never pinnatijid : corolla mostly rotate! y spread-

ing from a somewhat campanulate throat or base, greenish white or yellow.
•*- Annuals, glabrous or nearly so, the pubescence if any minute, and neither
viscid nor stellate: anthers violet: berry greenish yellow : stem and branches
conspicuously angular.

2. P. angulata, L. Erect, or at length declined or spreading, 2 to 4 feet
long : leaves mostly ovate-oblong and with somewhat cuneate base, coarsely
and laciniately toothed : corolla 3 to 6 lines broad, with no distinct eye :
fruiting calyx at first ovate-pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles
sharply keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate. — From
Colorado eastward to the Atlantic States.

270 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

•t- •»- Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs :
fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal and carinately 5-angled at maturity, loosely
enveloping the green or at length yellow berry : leaves ovate or cordate.

3. P. pubescens, L. Annual, a foot or two high, with at length widely
spreading branches : leaves varying from nearly entire to coarsely and obtusely
repand-toothed, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except on the midrib
and veins : corolla about -J inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow with a
purplish brown eye: anthers violet: pedicels 3 to 5 lines long: fruiting calyx
mostly pubescent and viscid. — From California to Colorado and Texas; thence
eastward to New York and Florida.

4. P. Virginiana, Mill. Perennial, a foot or so high, from slender and
deep creeping subterranean shoots, at length spreading or decumbent, pubescent
or hirsute-villous with many-jointed hairs : leaves either repandly or saliently
few-toothed or some nearly entire : corolla from £ to 1 inch in diam.eter, dull
sulphur- yellow with a brownish centre : anthers yellow: pedicels % to 1 inch long. —
P. viscosa of Gray's Manual. From Colorado eastward across the continent.
t- -H- -i- Perennials, not viscid, the pubescence more or less stellular, mostly low :

anthers almost always yellow.

5. P. Fendleri, Gray. Pruinose-puberulent ; the pubescence microscopically
minute and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandu-
lar : stems a span to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, much branched :
leaves small, from deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate to ovate-lanceolate, with abrupt
base, and from repand-undulate to coarsely sinuate-toothed : corolla ^ inch in
diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 65. S. Colorado and New Mexico.

6. P. lanceolata, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short and stiff
tapering hairs, most of which are simple, a few 2 to 3-forked, varying to nearly
glabrous : stems a span to a foot high, angled, somewhat rigid : leaves pale
green, varying from obionq-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, acute at base or tapering
into a short petiole, and from sparingly angulate-few-toothed to undulate or
entire : corolla ochroleucous with more or less dark eye, § to £ inch in diame-
ter. — P. Pennsi/lvamca, Gray Man., in part. On the plains from New Mexico,
Colorado, and Utah, eastward to Florida and Lake Winnipeg.

Var. Isevigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some
extremely short and pointed appressed rigid hairs on young parts, calyx, etc.,
or on the margin of the leaves. — From Nebraska to Texas and westward to
New Mexico and Arizona.

4. NICOTIAN A,1 Tourn. TOBACCO.

Heavy-scented and usually viscid-pubescent herbs; with mostly entire
leaves, and paniculate or racemose flowers.

1 The two introduced species of Datura may be distinguished as follows : —
D. Stramonium, L., the common Jamestown (vulgarized to "Jimson") Weed, is green
and glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high ; has sinuately and laciniately angled and toothed leaves, a
white corolla about 3 inches long, and an erect capsule thickly armed with short atout
prickles.

D. discolor, Bernh., probably from Mexico, is low and more or less cinereous-pubescent ;
has leaves like the last, but the white corolla is tinged with purple and perhaps smaller, and
the nodding globose capsule and its stout large prickles are pubescent.

SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 271

1. N. attenuata, Torr. A foot or two high: leaves all on naked and
mostly slender petioles and acute or merely obtuse at base ; the lower ovate or
oblong ; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and attenuate-acuminate to linear-
lanceolate or linear : corolla dull white or greenish, slender salverform, not en-
larged at the throat; the tube 1 to 1% inches long ; the obscurely 5-lobed limb 4 to 6
lines in diameter: filaments equally inserted low down on the tube. — In dry
ground, from Colorado to Nevada and California.

2. N. quadrivalvis, Pursh. A foot high, rather stout: leaves oblong
or the uppermost lanceolate, and the lower ovate-lanceolate, acute at both
ends, mostly sessile : flowers few : corolla white, tubular-funnel form and open-
mouthed ; the tube barely an inch long ; the 5-lobed limb l£ inches or more in diame-
ter: filaments unequally inserted in the upper part of the tube: capsule 4-celled. —
A native of Oregon, but cultivated by the Indians to the Missouri : their most
prized tobacco-plant.

ORDER 56. SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs with didynamous or diandrous stamens inserted on the
tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla : fruit a 2-celled
and usually many-seeded pod. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed.

I. Leaves prevailingly opposite, at least the lower: upper lips or lobes of the corolla ex-
ternal in the bud.— ANTIRRHINIDE.K.

* Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular ; the base of the tube gibbous or spurred on the

lower side, and the lower lip often with an intrusion (palate) at the throat : stamens
4, with 2-celled anthers : capsule opening by irregular perforations or chinks : inflo-
rescence simple and racemose.

1. L.inaria. Corolla with a spur at base and a prominent palate nearly closing the throat.

* * Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not saccate or otherwise produced at base

anteriorly : stamens 4, with usually a rudiment of the fifth present : capsule dehiscent
by valves : inflorescence normally compound.

t- Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper or posterior side of the tube : ovules and seeds
few or solitary in the cells : calyx deeply 5-cJeft : flowers solitary or umbellifurm-verti-
cillate.

2. Collinsia. Corolla deeply bilabiate ; its upper lip 2-cleft, with lobes more or less erect ;

lower larger and 3-lobed ; its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading; middle one condu-
plicate into a keel-shaped sac which encloses the 4 declined stamens and style. Ante-
rior pair of filaments inserted higher than the other : anther-cells confluent at the
apex. A gland at base of corolla represents the fifth stamen. Leaves undivided.
•»- •*- Corolla-tube not gibbous posteriorly : ovules and seeds indefinitely numerous : calyx
deeply 5-parted or of distinct sepals : inflorescence mostly thyrsoidal.

3. Scrophularia. Corolla short ; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong ; lobes 5,

unequal, 4 erect and the fifth reflexed or spreading. Sterile stamen represented by a
scale on the upper side of the corolla : anthers transverse and confidently 1-celled.

4. Pentstemon. Corolla from ventricose campanulate to elongated-tubular ; the limb

either obscurely or strongly bilabiate. Sterile stamen represented by a conspicuous
and elongated filament : anther-cells either united or confluent at apex.

«- •»-••- Corolla-tube not gibbous : ovules and seeds rather numerous : calyx not deeply
cleft : inflorescence simply spicate.

6. Chionophila. Calyx funnelform. Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and
bilabiate limb ; upper lip erect, barely 2-lobed, the sides somewhat recurved ; lower

272 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

with convex densely bearded base forming a palate, and 3-lobed. Sterile filament
small and short : anther-cells divaricate and confluent.

# * * Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or otherwise produced at base :

antheriferous stamens 2 or 4, with no rudiments of the fifth: capsule dehiscent,
many-seeded : inflorescence simple ; the pedicels solitary in the axil of bracts or leaves.
•«- Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed : corolla more or less bilabiate : stamens 4.

6. Mimulus. Corolla with either elongated or short tube ; upper lip 2-lobed, and the

lower 3-lobed ; a pair of palatine ridges running down the lower side of the throat.
Anthers generally approximate in pairs ; their cells divergent,
•i- -t- Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4 to 5-lobed : corolla bilabiate : antheriferous stamens 2.

7. Gratiola. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips of nearly equal length ; the upper

entire or lobed ; the lower 3-cleft. The posterior pair of stamens antheriferous ; the
anterior pair sterile rudiments.

H- •*- H- Calyx and corolla both 5-lobed and nearly regular : stamens 4, nearly equal : no

sterile filament.

8. Limosella. Calyx campanulate. Corolla between rotate and campanulate. Anthers

one-celled by confluence.

II. Leaves various : lower lip or lateral lobes of the corolla external in the bud.

# Corolla little if at all bilabiate ; the lobes all plane, the lateral or one of them external :

stamens 2, exserted : anther-cells contiguous at apex and often confluent : hypogynous
disk mostly conspicuous : none parasitic.

9. Synihyris. Corolla from oblong- to short-campanulate, 4-cleft, more or less irregular,

occasionally wanting. Sepals 4. Anther-cells parallel or divergent below, not conflu-
ent at apex. Capsule emarginate.

10. Veronica. Corolla (in ours) rotate with very short or hardly any tube ; its lobes 4

(sometimes 5), one usually smaller. Anther-cells more or less confluent. Capsule
compressed, from emarginate to obcordate or 2-lobed.

* * Corolla little or not at all bilabiate ; the lobes all plane, the anterior one external :

stamens 4, conspicuously didynamous, shorter than the corolla ; anther-cells distinct to
the very apex : most of them partially root parasitic ; the foliage turning black in
drying.

11. Gerardia. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform ; the throat enlarged ; limb

5-parted, and with the 2 posterior lobes ol'ten rather smaller or more united. Calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers more or less approximate in pairs.

* * * Corolla manifestly bilabiate ; the upper lip erect and concave or galeate, entire or

emarginate, rarely 2-cleft ; the lower 3-cleft, external in the bud : stamens 4 and didy-
namous, or rarely 2, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-cells distinct : some of
them partially root-parasitic.

•*- Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar ; the outer one affixed by its middle ; the other pendu-
lous from its upper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient: leaves alternate
or only the lowest opposite.

12. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorly or pos-

teriorly, or both. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally compressed, especially the
elongated and conduplicate or carinate-concave and entire upper lip ; lower lip short
and small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or somewhat saccate below the teeth ; the tube usually
enclosed in the calyx. Stamens 4, all with 2-celled anthers.

13. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft anteriorly and posteriorly

and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube ; upper lip little
longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1 to 3-saccate lower one. Sta-
mens 4 : the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting.

14. Cordylanthus. Calyx spathaceous, diphyllous, or by the absence of the anterior

division monophyllous. Corolla tubular, with lips commonly of equal length ; the
upper as in Orthocarpus; the lower 3-crenulate or entire. Stamens 4, or sometimes
the shorter pair wanting: anther-cells either ciliate or minutely bearded at base and
apex. Style hooked at tip.

SCROPHULARIACE.E. (PIGWORT FAMILY.) 273

t- -t- Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens.

15. Pedicularls. Calyx various, cleft anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly. Corolla

with cylindraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate ; upper lip compressed
laterally, fornicate or conduplicate ; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3-lobed ;
the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one smaller. Capsule compressed and
often oblique or falcate, rostrate. Leaves mainly alternate or verticillate.

16. Rhinantlms. Calyx ventricose-compressed, 4-toothed, inflated in fruit Corolla with

cylindraceous tube ; galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at apex, but
with a minute tooth on each side below it ; lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading lobes.
Capsule orbicular, compressed. Leaves opposite.

1. LIN ARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX.

Herbs : calyx 5- parted : leaves entire and mostly linear : flowers in a naked
terminal raceme.

1. L. Canadensis, Dumout. Flowering stems nearly simple, 6 to 30
inches high : leaves flat, alternate on the erect flowering stems, smaller and
oblong and mainly opposite or whorled or procumbent shoots or suckers from
the base : pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform and curved spur of the
small blue corolla. — Across the continent, in sandy soil.

2. COLLINSIA, Nutt.

Low ; with simple opposite sessile leaves, or the upper verticillate : flowers
solitary or umbelliform-verticillate : corolla often 2-colored.

1. C. parviflora, Dougl. About a span high, at length diffuse or spread-
ing: leaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper narrowed at base and entire; the
floral often in whorls of 3 to 5 : pedicels solitary or above 2 to 5 in the whorl :
calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, usually almost equalling the
blue (or partly white) corolla: gland small, capitate, short- stipitate. — From
Arizona and Utah to Washington Territory and Michigan.

3. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

Usually tall and homely herbs ; with opposite leaves and loose cymes of
small flowers in a narrow terminal thyrsus.

1. S. nodosa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: thyrsus elongated
and open : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, with a rounded or subcordate
base, sharply and often doubly serrate : rudiment of fifth stamen orbicular.

Var. Marilandica, Gray. Taller, sometimes 5 feet high : leaves larger
and thinner, acuminate, often ovate-lanceolate, seldom at all cordate, mostly
simply serrate. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 258. From Oregon and Utah eastward across
the continent.

4. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE.

Usually with simple stems or branched from the base : the leaves opposite,
rarely verticillate : inflorescence from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose,
and the flowers mostly showy.

18

274 SCKOPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

§ 1. Anther-cells soon divaricate or divergent, united and often confluent at the
apex, dehiscent for their whole length or nearly.

* Anthers densely comose with very long wool, peltately explanate in age : low and

suffruticose, with coriaceous leaves.

1. P. Menziesii, Hook. From a few inches to a foot high : leaves com-
monly ovate, obovate, or oblong, | to 1 inch long, rigidly serrulate or some
entire, glabrous or when young pubescent : inflorescence mostly glandular or
viscid-pubescent, racemose : pedicels almost all 1 -flowered: corolla violet-blue
to pink-purple, an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bila-
biate : sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly naked. — On
rocks and in the mountains, from Wyoming to California and northward.

* * Anthers glabrous (rarely villous) ; the cells dehiscent from the base towards

but not to the apex : corolla tubular, red : sterile filament mostly glabrous : herbs
glabrous and usually glaucescent : leaves all entire ; the cauline sessile or parity
clasping: thyrsus elongated, loosely -flowered.

2. P. barbatUS, Nutt. Usually tall, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves lanceolate
or the upper linear-lanceolate ; the lowest oblong or ovate : sepals ovate :
corolla strongly bilabiate, an inch long, from light pink-red to carmine ; base of
the lower lip or throat usually bearded with long and loose or sparse yellowish
hairs. — Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico.

Var. Torroyi, Gray. A tall and usually deep scarlet-red-flowered form,
with few or no hairs in the throat. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 114. From Colorado
and New Mexico to W. Texas.

Var. trichander, Gray, is like a low form of var. Torre yi, except that the
anthers are beset with long woolly hairs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. S. W.
Colorado, Brandegee.

3. P. Eatoni, Gray. A foot or two high: leaves from lanceolate to
ovate ; the upper partly clasping : peduncles very short, 1 to 3-flowered : corolla
obscurely bilabiate, an inch long, bright carmine-red ; its lobes all nearly alike.
— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 395, From the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to Ne-
vada and Arizona.

* # * Anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent

from base nearly or quite to the apex, but not confluent, not peltately explanate
after dehiscence, either glabrous, hirsute, or pilose : herbs with simple stems and
closely sessile glabrous entire cauline leaves: inflorescence never glandular-
pubescent or viscid : flowers showy : corolla blue or violet.

4. P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, minutely and
densely pruinose-pubescent : cauline leaves lanceolate or the lowest and radi-
cal spatulate : thyrsus spiciform, virgate, rather densely flowered : sepals oblong-
ovate, acute, with irregular scarious margins : corolla very obscurely bilabiate,
funnelform, £ to f inch long, with throat but little dilated : anthers hirsute :
sterile filament with dilated bearded apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. "On
the Uinta plains," Utah, Fremont.

Var. subglaber, Gray. Merely puberulent below, glabrous above : upper
leaves oblong-lanceolate : sepals conspicuously acuminate. — Syiiopt. Fl. ii. 262.
In the mountains near Fort Hall, Idaho, etc.

SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 275

5. P. strictUS, Beiith. Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glau-
cous : stem slender, 6 to 20 inches high : radical leaves from oval to spatulate ;
cauline narrowly lanceolate or linear ; floral reduced to small subulate bracts
of the elongated narrow and loose thyrsus: sepals ovate or oval, obtuse: corolla
about an inch long; the throat strongly ampliate: anthers either thickly or
sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs : sterile filament naked or with
some similar slender hairs. — Mountains of W. Wyoming to S. W. Utah.

6. P. glaber, Pursh. Glaucous or glaucescent and very glabrous : stems a
foot or two high : leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceo-
late : thyrsus elongated and many-flowered : sepals from orbicular-ovate and
merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate from a broadish base :
corolla 1 to l£ inches long, the throat ampliate: anthers from glabrous to
sparsely hirsute. — From Nebraska and Dakota to Colorado, Arizona, and
west to Oregon and California.

Var. alpinus, Gray. A span high : cauline leaves from narrowly to
broadly lanceolate : thyrsus shortened and few-flowered. — Alpine regions
from the Yellowstone to Pike's Peak.

Var. cyananthus, Gray. Usually tall: leaves all broad; the cauline
ovate or subcordate and ovate-lanceolate : thyrsus dense : sepals much acumi-
nate or narrow : anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly glabrous.
— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. P. cyananthus, Hook. Wyoming and Colorado
to the Wahsatch in Utah.

* # * * Anthers dehiscent from base to apex and confluent, glabrous, explanate

after dehiscence : herbs or rarely suffrutescent at base.

•»- Glabrous throughout even to pedicels and calyx : leaves all entire, from linear
to ovate, glaucous or pale : stems simple and erect : thyrsus virgate or con-
tracted: corolla less than an inch long.

•w- Corolla abruptly campanulate-injlated, rather strongly bilabiate.

7. P. secundiflorus, Benth. Afoot or two high, including the elongated
and racemiform strict many-Jlowered thyrsus : cauline leaves narrowly lanceo-
late ; radical spatulate : peduncles 1 to 3-flowered : sepals ovate or oblong,
with somewhat scarious but entire margins: corolla with narrow proper tube
nearly twice the length of the calyx: sterile filament glabrous or minutely
bearded at the dilated tip. — Mountains of Colorado.

8. P. Hallii, Gray. Resembling the last, but lower: leaves thickish,
linear and linear-spatulate : thyrsus short and more spiciform, 5 to 15-jlowered,
obscurely viscid : sepals broadly ovate and with widely scarious erose margins :
corolla with thickish and inconspicuous proper tube shorter than the calyx : sterile
filament short-bearded from apex downward. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71.
Mountains of Colorado, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet.

•»-«. ++ Tube of corolla gradually and moderately dilated into thefunnelform
throat ; lobes obscurely bilabiate.

9. P. aCUminatUS, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally
stout and rigid, leafy : leaves coriaceous ; radical and lowest cauline obovate or
oblong ; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or the upper cordate-clasp-
ing, these mostly acute or acuminate : thyrsus strict, interrupted, leafy below,
naked above : sepals ovate and acute or lanceolate : corolla lilac or changing

276 SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

to violet : sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip. — From the Sas-
katchewan and Upper Missouri to Oregon, New Mexico, and W. Texas.

10. P. caeruleus, Nutt. Like the last, but low: leaves all from lanceolate
to narrowly linear : thyrsus spiciform and usually dense : sepals lanceolate-
acuminate : corolla blue, varying occasionally to rose-lilac or white : sterile
filament much bearded above. — Plains of Dakota and Montana to Colorado.
H- -t- Puberulent or pubescent and above viscid or glandular : leaves from oblong

to lanceolate-linear, entire or the margins undulate : thyrsus racem[form :
corolla ample, purplish ; its tube little if any longer than the sepals, abruptly
dilated into the campanulate or broadly funnel form throat.

11. P. Jamesii, Benth. Pruinose-puberulent : leaves all narrowly or
linear-lanceolate : corolla abruptly dilated into a broadly cyathiform-campanulate
throat, a little hairy within : sterile filament moderately bearded. — Prairies, S.
Colorado to New Mexico and W. Texas.

12. P. cristatUS, Nutt. Pubescent, or above viscid-villous : leaves from
linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong : corolla more funnelform, being less ab-
ruptly dilated ; its lower lip long-villous within : sterile filament more exserted,
inordinately yellow-bearded. — From Dakota to Nevada and S. Colorado.

H_ H_ M_ Puberulent or viscid-pubescent, at least the inflorescence, or sometimes
glabrous : leaves various : corolla from 4 lines to an inch long, not abruptly
campanulate-ventricose above : sepals usually narrow or acuminate.
•»-*• Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, undivided : stems erect or ascending : thyrsus

mostly many-flowered.

= Corolla hardly at all bilabiate, funnelform, with widely spreading lobes,
whitish or tinged with purple.

13. P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves
oblong-lanceolate or narrow, entire or sparingly denticulate : thyrsus strict,
leafy below, of approximate few to several -flowered clusters : sepals densely viscid-
pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long : corolla with shorter tube, the rather ample limb
about as broad. — On the plains from Dakota to Colorado and Texas.

14. P. deustUS, Dougl. Completely glabrous, or the calyx obscurely
glandular, a span to a foot high in tufts from a woody base, rigid : leaves
coriaceous, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceolate, irregularly and rigidly
dentate or acutely serrate, or some of them entire : thyrsus virgate or more
paniculate, mostly many-flowered : corolla narrowly or broadly funnelform,
half-inch or less long. — In the interior from California to British Columbia
and eastward into Montana.

= = Corolla more plainly bilabiate ; lower lip usually somewhat bearded or
pubescent within.

is. P. confertus, Dougl., var. caeruleo-purpureus, Gray. Gla-
brous throughout, or the inflorescence and calyx viscid-pubescent or puberu-
lent, from 2 inches to 2 feet high : leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate to
somewhat linear, usually entire : thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, naked, of 2 to
5 dense verticillate flower clusters, or in the low mountain forms with capituli-
form inflorescence : pedicels very short : sepals variable, usually broad, com-
monly very scarious and erose, sometimes with a long herbaceous acumination :
corolla narrow, 4 to 6 lines long, blue-purple and violet ; lower lip conspicu-

SCROPHULAKIACE^E. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 277

ously bearded within. — Mountains of Colorado aud northward, thence west-
ward to Oregon and through the Sierra Nevada.

16. P. Watsoni, Gray. Glaucescent and glabrous throughout, or inflo-
rescence and calyx puberulent, but not viscid, a foot or more high : cauline
leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or
denticulate : contracted thyrsus rather loose : pedicels longer than the calyx :
sepals broadly ovate or orbicular, somewhat scarious-margined : corolla narrowly
funnelform, 6 to 8 lines long, violet-purple or partly white ; lower lip almost
glabrous within. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 267. P. Fremonti, var. Parryi, Gray. Moun-
tains of W. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona.

17. P. humilis, Xutt. Glabrous or viscid-pubescent above, a span or two
high : leaves glaucescent, from oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline commonly
denticulate : thyrsus strict and virgate, 2 to 4 inches long : pedicels short : sepals
ovate or lanceolate and acuminate : corolla narrowly funnelform, half-inch long,
deep-blue or partly white ; lower lip somewhat hairy within. — In the mountains
from S. Colorado to the British boundary and westward.

Var. brevifolius, Gray. A low and diffuse tufted form, with weak
stems: leaves at most half-inch long; cauline elliptical-oblong; the radical
oval or rotund : corolla light blue. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 267. In the Wahsatch
MoTintains of Utah at 9,000 or 10,000 feet elevation.

18. P. gracilis, Nutt. A foot or less high, glabrous or merely puberu-
lent up to the more or less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus: stems slender : cauline
leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, sometimes denticulate ; the radical spatulate or
oblong: cymes of the thyrsus pedunculate : sepals lanceolate, acute, marginless:
corolla tubular- funnel form or almost cylindraceous, lilac-purple or sometimes
whitish, £ to 1 inch long ; the throat open. — P. pubescens, var. gracilis, Gray.
From Colorado to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan.

19. P, glaucus, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less
glaucous : stems dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high : leaves thickish,
oblong-lanceolate or the radical oblong-ovate, entire or denticulate : thyrsus short
and compact, either simple or compound, villous-pubescent and viscid or glandular :
corolla dull lilac or violet-purple, less than an inch long, swollen above the short
tube, gibbous ; the throat widely open ; the broad lower lip sparsely villous-
bearded within. — Mountains of Wyoming, Utah, and far northward.

Var. stenosepalus, Gray. Sometimes over a foot high : thyrsus com-
paratively small and glomerate : sepals attenuate-lanceolate : corolla dull
whitish or purplish. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah.

•»-»• -w- Leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, entire: stems low-cespitose

spreading, leafy to the summit, few -flowered.
— Leaves green and mostly glabrous, i to ^ inch wide.

20. P. Harbourii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches
high, puberulent : leaves about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the upper-
most ovate, these sessile by a broad base : thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded
short-pedicelled flowers : sepals villous and somewhat viscid : corolla little
bilabiate, with rather broad cylindraceous throat and tube ; lower lip bearded
within. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. High alpine region of the Colorado
Mountains.

278 SCKOPHULARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

= = Leaves cinereous or canescent, I or 2 lines wide : flowering along the short
stems in the axils of the leaves: short peduncles 1 to 3-Jlowered.

21. P. pumilus, Nutt. Canescent ivith a dense and fine short pubescence:
stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy : leaves lanceolate
or the lower spatulate : corolla with regularly f unuelform throat, glabrous
within: sterile filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip. —
Mountains of Montana, Wyeth. »

22. P. CSBSpitOSUS, Nutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spread ing, form-
ing depressed broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate to
almost linear : peduncles mostly secuud and horizontal, but with the flower
upturned : corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow
folds sparsely villous within : sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. —
Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.

•w- -M. -M. Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate with tapering base or linear-
spatulate to filiform, entire : stems or branches racemosly several to many-
fiowered.

23. P. laricifolillS, Hook. & Arn. Glabrous: stems or tufted branches
simple from an underground woody base : leaves very slender, when dry fili-
form, much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on the filiform flower-
ing stems : short peduncles alternate : flowers few, loosely racemose : corolla
tubular-funnelform, half -inch long; the small limb obscurely bilabiate: sterile
Jilament longitudinally bearded. — Wyoming and Oregon.

24. P. ambigUUS, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often
much branched: leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender-
subulate : inflorescence loosely paniculate : peduncles slender, opposite, the
upper one-flowered : corolla rose-color and flesh-color becoming white ; the
rotately expanded limb oblique but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval ;
throat somewhat hairy : steri/e Jilament glabrous, sometimes imperfectly anther-
iferous. — Plains of E. Colorado and New Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona.

§ 2. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-sliaped ; the cells confluent at the apex, and
there dehiscent by a contimious cleft, which extends down both cells only to the
middle ; the base remaining closed and saccate. In ours the sterile Jilament is
glabrous.

* Corolla blue to purple, ventricose-funnefform, short-bilabiate, § to 1| inches long:
inflorescence, calyx, etc. glabrous.

25. P. Kingii, Watson. Hardly glaucous : stems a span or so high from
the depressed woody base, leafy to the top, erect or ascending: leaves oblanceo-
late or lanceolate-linear, mostly narrowed to the base : thyrsus strict, 1 to 5
inches long : corolla f inch long, purple. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 272. Uinta and
Wahsatch Mountains and westward.

26. P. azureus, Benth. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent : stems
erect or ascending, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate
or even broader : thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated : corolla from 1 to l£
inches long, azure-blue to violet, the base sometimes reddish ; the expanded limb
sometimes an inch in diameter.

Yar. Jaffrayanus, Gray. A low form : leaves oblong or oval, or the
upper ovate-lauceolate or ovate, very glaucous : peduncles 1 to 5-flowered :

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 279

flowers large. — Bot. Calif, ii. 567. From the Wahsatch Mountains westward
to California.

Var. ambigUUS, Gray. A rather tall form, paniculately branched and
slender, with lanceolate and linear leaves all narrowed at base, pale and glau-
cescent, and the corolla violet-blue, an inch or less long : sepals remarkably
small. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 272. P. heterophyllus, Watson. Canons of the Wah-
satch Mountains and westward.

* * Corolla scarlet-red, tubidar-funnelform, conspicuously bilabiate, an inch long.
27. P. Bridgesii, Gray. A foot or two high from a woody base, gla-
brous up to the virgate secund thyrsus, or puberulent : leaves from spatulate-
lanceolate to linear ; the floral reduced to small subulate bracts : peduncles,
pedicels, and sepals glandular-viscid : lips of the narrow corolla fully a third
the length of the tube ; the upper erect and 2-lobed ; the lower 3-parted and
its lobes recurved. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379. S. W. Colorado, Brandegee,
and westward into S. California.

5. CHIONOPHILA, Benth

A high alpine dwarf perennial, with entire leaves mostly in a radical tuft
and a dense spike of cream-colored flowers.

1. C. Jamesii, Benth. Glabrous or nearly so : leaves thickish, spatulate
or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base ; those on the scape-like
flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally alternate, linear : spike few
to many-flowered, mostly secund, bracteate : corolla over a half-inch long, dull
cream-color. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 254. Alpine regions of the
Colorado mountains.

6. MIMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Flowers usually showy and axillary, or becoming racemose by the reduction
of the upper leaves to bracts.

* Viscid or glandular-pubescent.
I- Leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or few-toothed : corolla rose-purple or yellow.

1. M. nanus, Hook. &Arn. From an inch to a span or more high : leaves
from obocate or oblong to lanceolate : calyx-teeth broadly lanceolate or triangular, a
quarter of the length of the tube : corolla | to | inch long, funnelform, with
widely spreading limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the in-
cluded or partly exserted tube : stigma peltate- funnel form : capsules with taper-
ing apex rather exceeding the calyx. — Ranging chiefly west of our limit, but
extending eastward into Wyoming.

2. M. rubellus, Gray. From 2 to 10 inches high, branched from the
base : leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear, ± to | inch long, commonly equalling
the pedicels ; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate : calyx-teeth short and ob-
tuse : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, from a third to twice the length of the calyx,
yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow varying or changing to crimson-purple ;
the throat broad and open: stigma bilamellar. — From New Mexico and Ari-
zona to Colorado and Washington Territory.

280 SCROPHULAKIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

H— •*- Leaves petioled, denticulate or serrate : corolla narrow, light yellow.

3. M. floribundUS, Dougl. About a span high, flowering from almost
the lowest axils, the lateral branches diffusely spreading: leaves ovate and the
lower subcordate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the somewhat
racemose pedicels: calyx short-campanulate, becoming ovate or oblong and
truncate in fruit ; the teeth short and triangular : corolla 3 to 6 lines long : cap-
sule globose-ovate, obtuse. — From the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to
California and Oregon.

4 M. moschatus, Dougl. More villous and viscid, musk-scented : stems
spreading and creeping, a foot or so long : leaves oblong-ovate, an inch or two
long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : calyx short-prismatic, becoming oblong-
campanulate in fruit ; the teeth broadly lanceolate and acuminate : corolla usually
§ inch long : capsule ovate, acute. — From W. Wyoming to California and Brit-
ish Columbia. Known as the " Musk Plant."

* * Neither viscid nor glandular.
+- Corolla rose-red : calyx oblong-prismatic ; the short teeth nearly equal.

5. M. Lewisii, Pursh. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high, with minute or fine
pubescence : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate : corolla 1 ^ to
2 inches long ; the roundish lobes all spreading : stamens included. — Through-
out the Sierra Nevada and extending eastward into Montana and Utah.

-i- •»- Corolla yellow : calyx campanulate, oblique at the orifice ; the posterior tooth

largest.

6. M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse and creeping, glabrate : leaves
roundish and often reniform, from denticulate to nearly entire, 4 to 12 lines
long, all but the uppermost with margined petioles : flowers all axillary and slender-
pedicelled : corolla light yellow, 4 to 6 lines long : fructiferous calyx campanu-
late, 3 lines long : seeds shining, almost smooth. — In water or wet places,
in the mountains from Arizona to Montana and eastward to Illinois and
Michigan.

7. M. luteus, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems erect ; the larger forms
2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or subcordate ; the upper
cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ; all usually
acutely dentate or denticulate ; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate : inflores-
cence chiefly racemose or terminal: corolla deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted
within, and the protuberant base of lower lip blotched with brown-purple or
copper-color, sometimes 1 to 2 inches long : calyx ventricose-campanulate,
a half-inch or less long : seeds rather dull, longitudinally striate-reticulate. —
Throughout the Rocky Mountains and westward. Immensely variable.

Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or so high : stem 1 to 4-flowered : some
leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above the middle. — Proc. Acad. Philad.
1863, 71. From the Colorado mountains and California Sierras to Alaska.

Var. depauperatus, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, 2 to
10 inches high, with leaves 3 to 6 lines long, fruiting calyx 2 or 3 lines long,
and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. — Bot. Calif, i. 567. Kocky Mountains and
westward.

SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 281

7. GR ATI OLA, L. HEDGE HYSSOP.

Soft-herbaceous and diffusely branching plants, from a creeping base,
growing in wet soil : pedicels solitary and axillary, with a pair of foliaceous
bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it.

1. G. Virginiana, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below
nearly glabrous, divergently branched from the base, a span or less high :
leaves commonly glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticu-
late-serrate, mostly narrow at base : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish
tube barely twice the length of the calyx ; lobes nearly white, the two upper
emarginate. — Across the continent.

8. LIMOSELLA, L. MUDWORT.

Small, glabrous plants, with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy
leaves at the nodes of the stolons, and short scape-like naked pedicels from
the axils, bearing a small and white or purplish flower.

1. Ii. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high: clustered leaves longer
than the pedicels, when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical
form with a spatulate or oblong blade on a distinct petiole ; this in mud rather
short, in water elongating to the length of 2 to 5 inches. — From Hudson's
Bay to S. Colorado, and westward to the Sierras.

9. SYNTHYRIS, Benth.

Leaves largely radical and petioled ; those of the simple stem or scape and
the bracts alternate : flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike
or raceme. In ours the flowers are in a dense spike terminating a stouter
leafy scape or stem.

* Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical: corolla cylindraceous, deleft to

the middle.

1. S. pinnatiflda, Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate : leaves
slender-petioled, from round-reniform to oblong in outline, from palmately to
pinnately 3 to 7-parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately
cleft or parted : scape sparingly bracteate, a span high : spike narrow : corolla
whitish. — Bot. King Exp. 227. In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah and
probably extending eastward in the mountains.

* * Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate : scape or stem leafy-bracteate.
•«- Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, and stamens inserted on its very

base.

2. S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate
except the very lanuginous inflorescence: radical leaves oval or subcordate, an
inch or so long on a longer petiole : base of scape naked : bracts and lanceolate
sepals very long-woolly-villous at margins : corolla violet-purple ; its broad upper
lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2 to 3-parted lower one small and included.
— Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiv. 251. In the alpine region of the Colorado Rocky
Mountains.

282 SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

3. S. plantaginea, Benth. A foot or less high, rather stout : tomentulose-
pubescent when young : radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse
at base, 2 to 4 inches long : scape very leafy-bracteate : spike 3 to 5 inches long :
bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate : corolla purplish ; its upper
lip little exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2 to 3-lobed lower one. —
Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods.

t- H- Corolla wanting : stamens inserted on the outside of the hypogynous disk.

4. S. rubra, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more
or less pubescent, and the spike tomentose, 2 to 5 inches long : radical leaves
ovate or obscurely cordate, 1 to 3 inches long ; the cauline similar, but small
and sessile : sepals oblong. — From Montana and N. Utah westward into
Oregon and Washington Territory.

10. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL. BROOKLINE.

Leaves opposite or verticillate or the upper alternate, as are the bracts :
flowers small, racemose, spicate, or solitary in the axils, never yellow.

# Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base: racen.es in the axils of the opposite

leaves.

•«- Capsules turgid, orbicular: seeds merely compressed: racemes commonly from
opposite axils : corolla pale blue, often pur pie -striped.

1. V. Anagallis, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glaudular-puberulent :
leaves sessile by broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the
apex, oblong-lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrate. — Across the continent,
mainly to the northward.

2. V. Americana, Schwein. Glabrous : leaves all or mostly petioled,
ovate or oblong, truncate-subcordate at base, usually obtuse : pedicels more
slender. — About the same range as the last.

•t- •»- Capsules strongly compressed contrary to the partition : seeds very flat :
racemes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils : corolla mostly pale
blue.

3. V. SCUtellata, L. Glabrous : stem slender, a span or two high :
leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate : racemes
several, filiform, flexuous : flowers scattered or filiform and widely spreading
pedicels : capsule deeply emarginate at apex and slightly at base. — Across
the northern part of the continent. ,

* * Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single

raceme : cauline leaves above passing into bracts.

4. V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or gla-
brate: leaves sessile, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire, ^ to 1 inch long:
raceme spiciform or subcapitate, dense, or interrupted below : corolla blue or
violet : capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. — Alpine regions of the Rocky
Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and White Mountains, and also far northward.

5. V. serpyllifolia, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping or
branching at base, with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high : leaves
oval or roundish, entire or crenulate, half-inch or less long ; the lower short-pet ioled ;
the upper sessile and passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform raceme : corolla

SCKOFHULAKIACE2E. (F1GWORT FAMILY.) 283

usually bluish or pale with blue stripes : capsule oblately orbicular and obcor-
date. — Throughout the continent.

# * * Low annuals: flowers in the axils of ordinary or bract-like commonly

alternate leaves, very short-pedicelled.

6. V. peregrina, L. Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandu-
lar : stem and branches erect, a span or two high : leaves thickish ; lowest
petioled and oblong or oval, dentate ; the others sessile, from oblong to
linear-spatulate ; uppermost more bractlike and entire : capsule orbicular and
slightly obcordate. — Throughout the continent. " Neckweed."

11. GERARDIA, L.

Erect and branching herbs ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost
reduced to bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Our species
belong to the section with purple or rose-colored flowers and linear or filiform
cauline leaves, the herbage blackening in drying.

1. G. aspera, Dougl. Stems and branches strict: leaves rather erect,
strongly hispidulous-scabrous, all filiform-linear: pedicels mostly equalling and
sometimes moderately exceeding the calyx, erect: calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or
triangular-lanceolate from a broad base, about half the length of the tube : anthers
obscurely if at all mucronulate at base. — On the plains within the eastern limit
of our range, and extending eastward to Wisconsin and Illinois.

2. G. tenilifolia, Vahl. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, panicu-
lately much branched, but the inflorescence racemose : leaves mostly narrowly
linear, equalling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost pedicels: calyx-
teeth very short : corolla about a half-inch long : anthers woolly, and cuspidate-
mucronate at base.

Var. macrophylla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves l£to2 inches long
and almost 2 lines wide, scabrous : pedicels ascending : calyx-teeth usually
larger : corolla little over a half-inch long. — From Colorado to W. Iowa and
W. Louisiana.

12. CAST ILL El A, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP.

Herbs with alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually
more incised and mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike : the
flowers solitary in their axils, red, purple, yellowish, or whitish ; but the
corolla almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts.

* Annuals with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender : leaves and bracts all linear-

lanceolate and entire ; the latter or at least the upper with red linear tips.

1. C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high, pubescence villous or soft-
hirsute : flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike :
calyx gibbous and broadest at base, wholly green, about equally cleft before
and behind to near the middle : corolla narrow and straight, £ to f inch long,
yellow; galea (upper lip) very much longer than the small lip, much shorter
than the tube. — Bot. Calif, i. 573. C. affinis, var. minor, Gray. In wet
ground, from Nebraska to W. Nevada and New Mexico.

284 SCKOPHULARIACE.E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

* * Perennials.

•*- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, mostly colored red, as are a part of the
bracts : corolla large, an inch or two long ; its galea about equalling the tube.

2. C. linarisefolia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high,
glabrous below, the spike somewhat pubescent or villous : leaves linear, entire,
or some of the upper sparingly laciniate, and the uppermost and bracts
3-parted : calyx over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, sometimes pale ;
the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior ; the long upper lip
acutely 4-toothed : corolla 1£ or 2 inches long; its narrow falcate galea much
exserted. — In the mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, and southward and
westward.

•«- H- Calyx about equally cleft before and behind : jloral leaves or bracts more
or less dilated and petaloid-colored (red or crimson, varying to yellowish or
whitish).

** Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose.
= Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla; the lip very short.

3. C. parviflora, Bong. A span to 2 feet high, villous-hirsute, at least
above : leaves variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or some-
times the cauline mainly entire and narrow : calyx-lobes oblong and 2-cleft at
apex or to below the middle : corolla an inch or less long ; only the upper part
of the narrow galea exserted ; the small lip not protuberant. — From Dakota and
Colorado westward and northward.

4. C. miniata, Dougl. A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict,
glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence : leaves lanceolate or linear, or
the upper ovate-lanceolate, entire : spike dense and short : bracts mostly bright
red, rarely whitish, seldom lobed : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft :
corolla over an inch long ; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube ; very short
lip protuberant and callous. — C. pallida, var. miniata, Gray. Extending south-
ward from Alaska and British Columbia along the higher mountains of
Colorado, Utah, and California. Exceedingly variable.

= = Galea decidedly shorter than tfte tube of the corolla and not over twice or
thrice the length of the lip.

5. C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so high, strict, commonly villous with
weak cobwebby hairs, at least the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or
below glabrous : leaves mainly entire ; the lower linear ; upper lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate : bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equal-
ling the corolla : calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less
2-cleft : galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base
not exserted from the calyx.

Var. sept entrion alls, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost
glabrous : bracts greenish- white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red : lip
smaller, from half to hardly a third the length of the galea. — Bot. Calif, i.
575. Mountains of Colorado and Utah, also in the White and Green Moun-
tains, and far northward.

Var. OCCid entails, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches
high : bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers
whitish : lip about half the length of the rather broad galea. — Bot. Calif.

SCKOPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285

loc. cit. High alpine region of the Colorado mountains, also in the Sierra
Nevada.

Var. Haydeni, Gray. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high : linear leaves
sometimes with one or two slender-subulate lobes : bracts merely ciliate-pubes-
cent, laciniately 3 to 5-cleft into linear lobes, bright crimson : lip not half the
length of the galea. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 297. Alpine region of the Sierra Blauca,
S. Colorado.

++ •*-». Tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent, or the stem only lanate-t omentose :
bracts, etc. conspicuously petaloid: corolla more exserted, an inch long or over ;
galea shorter than the tube.

6. C. Integra, Gray. A span to a foot high : stem rather stout, tomen-
tose: leaves cinereous-tomentulose, linear, l£ to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines
wide, entire: bracts of the short spike red or rose-color, entire or sometimes
incised: corolla l£ inches long; galea rather broad; lip strongly tri-callous,
its lobes very short. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 119. In dry ground, from Colorado
to Arizona and Texas.

-t- -i- -t- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind: corolla either slender or small,
with galea much shorter than its tube and Up comparatively long: bracts and
calyx if colored at all. yellowish: leaves or their divisions narrowly linear,
rather rigid.

•»-*• Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and
little ij at all callous below the narrow lobes: flowers yellowish or greenish
white: clefts of the calyx moderately unequal: leaves mostly 3 to 5-clefl and
the divisions sometimes again 2 to 3-cleft: bracts similar, not even their tips
colored.

7. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. A span or two high, very leafy, cinereous-
pubescent : leaves 2 or more inches long, with slender lobes, rarely entire : lobes of
the tubular calyx slender : corolla exserted, about 2 inches long : lip with linear-
lanceolate lobes ven/ much longer than the obscurely saccate base. — On the prairies
from Wisconsin and Illinois to Dakota, W. Texas, and New Mexico.

8. C. breviflora, Gray. Barely a span high, more pubescent: lower leaves
often entire and upper only 3 to 5-parted, an inch or so long: bracts of the dense
spike more dilated : lobes of the ovoid-oblong calyx lanceolate : corolla little
exserted, less than an inch long ; lip with somewhat callous or saccate keels about
the length of the oblong obtuse lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. II. xxxiii. 338.

•*-*• •»-*• Lip of corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with very short

ovate lobes.

9. C. flava, Watson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinere-
ous-puberuleut, at least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent : leaves
entire or the upper with one or two lobes : bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base ;
the upper and calyx yellowish: corolla hardly an inch long; narrow galea
little shorter than the tube. — Bot. King Exped. 230. Mountains of Wyo-
ming and E. Utah.

13. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt.

Low herbs, with mainly alternate entire or 3 to 5-parted and laciniate leaves ;
the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not rarely colored, as also

286 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

the calyx-lobes : the corolla yellow, or white with purple or rose-color, often
much surpassing the calyx.

* Corolla with lip rather obscurely saccate, and with conspicuous mostly erect Ictoes ;

the galea broadish, obtuse.

1. O. pallescens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy: leaves 3 to
5-parted into linear lobes, or the lower entire : bracts similar with dilated
base, or the upper with shorter obscurely whitish or yellowish lobes : calyx
deeply 2 cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-cleft at apex : corolla yellowish, over
a half-inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiv. 339. From the mountains of
N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon.

* * Corolla with simply saccate lip inconspicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and

moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea ; its small tip or macro usually some-
what injlexed or uncinate.

•*- Bracts strikingly different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower 3 to
5-lobed, the summit of the middle lobe purple : corolla yellow.

2. O. linearifoliUS, Benth. Strict, branching at summit, sparsely hir-
sute or hispid, especially the margins of the 3 to 5-lobed bracts : calyx half the
length of the corolla, its lobes with a pair of elongated subulate teeth : corolla
| inch long, narrow ; galea with small unciuate tip a little surpassing the lip.
— 0. tcmnfolius of the Synopt. Fl., in part. From the mountains of Mon-
tana to Oregon.

•«- •»- Bracts herbaceous, not colored, less or little different from the leaves, all
3- (rarely 5-) clejl

3. O. lllt8US, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid : stem strict, a
span to a foot high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft,
about equalling the flowers : corolla golden yellow, less than a half-inch long,
2 or 3 times the length of the calyx; tip of galea obtuse and straight. — Plains,
from N. Minnesota to Colorado and westward.

4 O. Tolmiei, Hook. & Arn. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely
branched : leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, chiefly entire : bracts of the small
and short spikes little dilated, often 3-cleft, the upper shorter than the flowers :
corolla bright yellow, half-inch long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute
tip of galea injlexed. — In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah and northward.

14. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt.

Branching annuals, with alternate and narrow leaves, either entire or 3 to
5-parted, and mostly dull-colored flowers in small terminal heads or clusters,
or more scattered along the branches : the bracts and calyx not colored.

* Calyx diphyllous: corolla '2-lipped at summit: flowers short-peduncled or sub-

sessile.

1. C. ramosus, Nutt. A span or two high, diffusely much branched,
cinereous-puberulent : leaves filiform, all but the lower usually 3 to 7-parted :
flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils : corolla dull yellow,
barely a half-inch long. — Dry regions from Wyoming to W. Nevada and
Oregon.

SCKOPHULAIIIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 287

* Calyx monophijllous ; the anterior division wanting : flowers strictly sessile in

the axil of a clasping bract or leaf.

2. C. Kingii, Watson. A foot or less high, diffusely branched, viscid-
pubescent or villous : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, mostly 3 to 5-parted into lin-
ear-filiform divisions : flowers loosely glomerate or somewhat scattered at the
summit of the slender branchlets : corolla less than an inch long, purplish. —
Bot. King Exped. 233. S. W. Colorado to Utah and Nevada.

15. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.

Leaves commonly pinnately cleft or dissected, mainly alternate : flowers in
a terminal bracteate spike, rarely in a raceme or scattered.

* Gale. a produced into a filiform porrect or soon upturned beak ; throat with a

tooth on each side ; tube of corolla nearly included in the 5-toothed calyx :
leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted; the divisions acutely serrate or
pinnatifid: spike dense and many-flowered, naked: corolla dull rose-red or
crimson-purple.

1 P. GrCBnlandica, Retz. Glabrous: spike 1 to 6 inches long: calyx-
teetli short : beak of the galea half-inch or more long, twice the length of the
rest of the corolla, decurved on the accumbent lower lip. — Wet ground, from
New Mexico to British Columbia and Hudson's Bay.

* * Galea of the short white corolla produced into a slender elongated-subulate

circmate-incarved beak, nearli/ reaching the apex of the broad lower lip: calyx
cleft in front : whole plant yiabrous.

2. P. racemosa, Dougl. A foot or so high, simple or sometimes branch-
ing, leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenu-
late, 2 to 4 inches long : flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or
spike, or the lower in remote axils and uppermost with bracts hardly surpass-
ing the 2-toothed calyx: slender beak of the galea hamate-deflexed. — From
Colorado and Utah to California and British Columbia.

* * * Galea falcate, and with a conical or thick-subulate beak, edentulate: leaves

simply pinnatifid : floiuers half-inch long.

3. P. Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence slightly pubescent :
stem a span or two high, very leafy at base : leaves linear-lanceolate in outline,
deeply pinnately parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, closely callous- serrate ;
uppermost reduced to linear bracts: spike dense, l£ to 4 inches long: corolla
ochroleucous or more yellow ; galea strongly falcate, with decurved beak, of
about the length of the width of the galea. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 250.
In the mountains from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming and Montana.

* * * * Galea falcate, arcuate, or with the apex more or less incurved., or ante-

riorly curvilinear; the beak very short and thick or commonly none: stems
simple, leafy.

M— Not alpine : leaves pinnatifid : spike short and dense : cucullate summit of the

galea incurved.

4. P. Canadensis, L. Hirsute-pubescent and glabrate, a span to a foot
high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather deeply pinuatifid ; lobes short-oblong,
obtuse, incisely and the larger doubly dentate : spike leafy bracteate : corolla

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWOilT FAMILY.)

ochroleucous or tinged or variegated with purple, less than an inch long :
tip of galea emarginate-truncate and below conspicuously cuspidate-biden-
tate. — From the Colorado mountains to Canada and Florida.

H- -»- Not alpine, tall or slender.
•H- Leaves undivided: galea bidentulate at tip.

5. P. crenulata, Benth. Villous-pubescent, at length glabrate : stems a
foot or less high: leaves oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse, l£ to 3 inches
long, closely crenate and the broad crenatures minutely crenulate : spike short
and dense : corolla whitish or purplish, £ inch long, like that of the last, but
the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous. — In the Colorado Moun-
tains.

•M- -M- Leaves all pinnately parted and the lower divided, ample ; divisions lacini-
ate-serrate or pinnatifid: spike naked: galea almost straight, cucullate at
summit.

6. P. bracteosa, Benth. Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous and
usually pedunculate spike somewhat pilose : stem 1 to 3 feet high : bracts
ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers : calyx-lobes equalling the tube : corolla
less than an inch long, pale yellow ; galea much longer and larger than the lip. —
From the mountains of Colorado and Utah to British Columbia.

7. P. procera, Gray. Puberulent: stem robust, l£ to 4 feet high: leaves
pinnately divided into lanceolate and irregularly piunatifid segments : bracts
lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, mostly longer than the flowers, serrate or denticu-
late, or the upper entire: spike 8 to 15 inches long: calyx-lobes much shorter
than the tube : corolla about 1 £ inches long, sordid yellowish and greenish-striate ;
galea hardly longer than the ample lip. — Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiv. 251. Moun-
tains of Colorado and New Mexico.

•<- H- •»- Alpine: stem Jew-leaved, a span or so high.

8. P. SCOpulomm, Gray. Glabrous, except the arachnoid-lanate dense
oblong spike : calyx-teeth triangular- subulate, entire, very much shorter than
the tube : galea of the reddish-purple (f inch long) corolla with its somewhat
produced apex obliquely truncate, edentulate or produced on each side into
an obscure triangular tooth. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 308. P. Sudetica, var. Colo-
rado Rocky Mountains, at 12,000 to 14,000 feet.

16. BHUTAN THUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.

Herbs, witb erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow subsessile flowers
in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy-bracted spike.
Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx.

1. B. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubes-
cent above : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate ;
bracts more incised and the acuminate teeth setaceous-tipped : corolla barely
half-inch long, only the tip exserted ; transverse appendages of the galea trans-
versely ovate, as broad or broader than long : seeds conspicuously winged. —
Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains southward to New Mexico and far
northward.

OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 289

ORDER 57. OROBAWCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage, with alternate scales
in place of leaves. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous as to perianth,
with didynamous stamens, solitary in the axils of bracts or scales, some-
times on scapifurm peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike.

1. APHYLLON, Mitchell. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate : calyx 5-cleft : corolla somewhat bila-
biate ; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-lobed ; lower spreading :
stamens included : style deciduous. — Brownish or whitish, low, commonly
viscid-pubescent or glandular plants; with violet-purplish or yellowish
flowers.

* Peduncles or scapes long and slender from the axils of fleshy loose scales, not

bracteolate : corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading
somewhat equally b-lobed limb, only obscurely bilabiate.

1. A. uniflomm, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean,
bearing few scapes a span higb : calt/x-lobes mostly much longer than the tube,
subulate, usually attenuate : corolla violet-tinged, the flower an inch long ; the
lobes obovate and rather large. — Damp woods ; from Newfoundland to Texas,
and westward across the continent.

2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. More pubescent and glandular : stem often
emergent and mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely
shorter : calyx-lobes broadly or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very
much shorter than the dull yellow or purplish corolla ; lobes of the latter oblong
and smaller. — From Lake Michigan to Arizona and westward across the
continent; on Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc.

Var. luteum, Gray. A very caulescent and short-peduncled form, with
sulphur-yellow corolla, and whole plant light yellow. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 312.
Wyoming, Parry. On grasses.

* * Caulescent, and the inflorescence thvrsoid or spicate : pedicels or calyx 1 to

2-bracteolate : corolla manifestly bilabiate.

3. A. multiflorum, Gray. Whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent, a
span or two high : flowers nearly sessile or the lower ones short-pedicelled :
calyx bibracteolate, almost ^-parted into linear-lanceolate lobes, fully half the
length of the ample (inch or more long] purplish corolla: anthers very woolly.
— Gravelly plains and pine woods, W. Texas to Arizona, extending into
S. Colorado.

4. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. Rather less pubescent : spikes more fre-
quently compound : calyx less deeply and somewhat unequally 5-cle/l : corolla
about half smaller ; upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehis-
cence) glabrous or nearly so. — Phelipcea Ludoviciana, Walp. From the Sas-
katchewan to Texas and westward.

19

290 VERBENACEJ3. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

ORDER 58. L/EHTTIBUL4RIACEJE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, with scapes or scapiform pedun-
cles simple and one to few-flowered, calcarate corolla always and calyx
usually bilabiate, a single pair of stamens, conflueutly one-celled anthers
contiguous under the broad stigma.

1. UTRICULARIA, L. * BLADDERWORT.

Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-Iobed ; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal : upper
lip of strongly bilabiate and more or less personate corolla erect : filaments
thick, strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. — Ours are
aquatic, with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing little
bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with
a few bristles at orifice, and yellow flowers. The scapes are leafless, emersed
from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are free swimming and mostly
rootless in deep water.

* Pedicels recurved in fruit.

1. IT. Vlllgaris, L. Stems long and rather stout, densely leafy: leaves 2
to 3-pinnateli/ divided, very bladdery : scapes a foot or less long, 5 to IG-flowered:
corolla half-inch or more broad, with sides of lips reflexed ; palate prominent :
spur conical,, porrect toward the slightly 3-iobed lower lip. — From Newfound-
land to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward across the continent.

2. U. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform steins, repeatedly dichoto-
mous, small, setaceous : scapes slender, 3 to 7 inches high, 2 to 8-floicered: corolla
pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, ringent ; palate depressed : spur very short and
obtuse. — Across the continent.

* * Pedicels erect in fruit.

3. TJ. gibba, L. Branches delicate, root-like: leaves sparse, sparingly
dissected, capillary, sparingly bladder-bearing : scape filiform, l£ to 3 inches
high, 1 to 2-flowered : corolla 3 lines broad ; the lips broad and rounded : spur
thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it. — In a
subalpine. pond in Colorado, Greene. Also in the Atlantic States.

ORDER 59. VEBBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with chiefly opposite or verticillate leaves, no stip-
ules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, mostly didynamous stamens,
single style with one or two stigmas, an undivided 2 to 4-celled ovary.
— In ours the inflorescence is simple, commonly spicate or capitate with
flowers alternate, and the leaves are simple.

1. Verbena. Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 5-toothcd. Corolla salverform ;

the limb somewhat equally or unequally 5-lobed. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets.

2. LJppia. Calyx ovoid, oblong-cam panulate or compressed and bicarinate, 2 to 4-cleft or

toothed. Limb of corolla oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed. Fruit separating into 2
nutlets.

VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 291

1. V E R B E N A, Tourn. VERVAIN.

Some mere weeds, others ornamental, and many spontaneous hybrids.
* Flowers small or comparatively so, in narrow spikes : anthers unappendaged.
-t- Bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers,

1. V. hastata, L. Tall, 3 to a feet high : pubescence short, sparse and hir-
sute or scabrous: leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, coarsely or
incisely serrate, petioled, some of the lower commonly hastate 3-lobed at base :
spikes numerous in a panicle, dense, naked at base or more or (ess peduncled :
corolla blue. — In waste grounds and along roadsides, across the continent.

2. V. stricta, Vent. Erect, rather stout, a foot or two high: pubescence
softer and denser : leaves cinereous with dense soft hirsute-viUous pubescence, thick-
ish, rugose-veiny, ovate or oblong, nearly sessile, very sharply and densely
mostly doubly serrate, rarely incised : spikes comparatively thick, dense both
in flower and fruit, canescent, mostly sessile or leaf >j -In' acted at base : corolla
blue, 4 or 5 lines long — From New Mexico to Dakota and eastward to Texas
and Ohio.

•i- H— Bracts rigid and somewhat foliaceous, exceeding the flowers.

3. V. bracteosa, Michx. Much branched from the base, diffuse or de-
cumbent, hirsute : leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed mostly
into a short margined petiole, pinnately incised or 3-cleft, and coarsely dentate :
spikes terminating the branches : lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised ;
the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid : corolla purplish or blue, very
small. — Across the continent.

* * Flowers more showy, at first depressed-capitate, becoming spicate in fruit :
anthers of the larger stamens appendaged by a gland on the connective: tube
of corolla at the upper part lined with reflexed bristly hairs.

4. V. bipinnatiflda, Nutt. A span to a foot high, hispid-hirsute, root-
ing from subterranean branches : leaves H to 4 inches long, bipinnately parted,
or ^-parted into more or less bipinnatifld divisions : bracts setaceous-attenuate,
mostly surpassing the calyx : limb of the bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4 or 5 lines
broad; lobes obcordate : commissure offthe nutlets usually retrorsely scabrous or
hispidulons. — Plains aiid prairies, from Arkansas and Texas to the mountains
of Colorado.

5. V. Aubletia, L. A foot or less high, branching and ascending from
a creeping or rooting base, soft-pubescent, hirsute, or glabrate : leaves 1 or 2
inches long, ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with truncate or broadly cuneate
base tapering into a margined petiole, incisely lobed and toothed, often more
deeply 3-cleft : bracts subulate or linear-attenuate, shorter than or equalling the
calyx: limb of the reddish-purple or lilac (or white) corolla \ or § inch broad:
commissure of the nutlets minutely white-dotted or nearly smooth. — From the
Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent.

2. LIPPIA, L.

In ours the flowers are capitate or in short dense spikes, subtended and
imbricated by broad bracts ; the peduncles chiefly axillary.

292 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

1. L. CUneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched, procumbent (not creeping),
minutely cauescent throughout : leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, sessile, incisely
2 to ^-toothed above the middle: peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves: bracts
rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse dilated
summit: calyx-lobes emarginate : corolla white (?). — On the plains from
Nebraska to New Mexico and Arizona.

2. L. lanceolata, Michx. Creeping extensively, some branches ascend-
ing, minutely and sparsely strigulose : leaves thinner, varying from obovate
and lanceolate-spatulate to ovate, narrowed at base mostly into a petiole, above
sharpli/ serrate: peduncles much exceeding the leaves: bracts mucronate or
pointless : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bluish-white. — From E.
Colorado and Texas to Pennsylvania and Florida.

ORDER 60. L.ABIAT.3E. (MINT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with aromatic foliage, square steins, opposite leaves,
more or less bilabiate corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a
deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, surround-
ing the base of the single style. — Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or
entire : the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla.
Style 2-lobed at apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters,
these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes.

Tribe I. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly exserted from the upper side of Hie corolla : calyx
5 to 10-nerved. — AJUGOIDE^.

1. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper lip, which

are united one on each sido with the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip ; middle
lobe much larger. Stamens exserted from the cleft : anthers confluently one-celled.

Tribe II. Stamens not declined ; the posterior pair shorter or wanting ; anthers 2-celled ;
the cells distinct or confluent, short : corolla less strongly bilabiate and the lobes flat-
ter than in succeeding tribes ; upper lip not galeate or concave.

* Corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe

broader than the others and emarginate : stamens erect, straight and distant : flowers
capitate-glomerate, and the clusters sometimes confluent-spiked.

2. Mentha. Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lobe of

corolla sometimes em.irginate.

3. Lycopus. Stamens only 2 with anthers ; the upper pair sterile rudiments, or else

wanting. Calyx 4 to 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Upper lobe of corolla
entire.

* * Corolla more or less evidently bilabiate ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, or

2-cleft in No. 5 ; the lower spreading and 3-oleft.

•*- Stamens 4, didynamous, distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor
curved : calyx 10 to 15-nerved : flowers capitate-verticillastrate, or sometimes
sparser.

4. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular; the 5 teeth equal, or the 3 upper

more or less united. Corolla with entire or barely emarginate upper lip, and 3-cleft
lower one. Stamens little unequal: anther-cells parallel.

5. Monardella. Calyx tabular, narrow ; the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla with

2-cleft upper lip. and 3-parted lower one. Stamens strongly or moderately unequal,
exserted : anther-cells often divergent or divaricate. Flowers densely capitaie-
verticillastrate.

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 293

*- 4- Stamens ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging and sometimes ascend-
ing parallel under the erect upper lip of the corolla ; anther-cells oblique or divaricate :
calyx 12 to 15-nerved.

6. Calamintlia. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, bilabiate ; the upper lip

3-toothed or 3-cleft, the lower 2-parted. Corolla with a straight tube mostly ex-
ceeding the calyx, and a commonly enlarging throat. Stamens 4, ascending parallel
under or beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs.

7. Hedeoma. Calyx from tubular to oblong, usually gibbous, more or less bilabiate

or unequally 5-toothed, mostly 13-striate, hairy or villous-bearded in the throat.
Antheriferous stamens 2, ascending parallel under the upper lip ; the posterior pair
either none or sterile.

Tribe III. Antheriferous stamens only 2, straight or commonly parallel-ascending ; the
anther with narrow cells, which are either widely separated on the upper and lower
ends of a linear or filiform connective, or the lower cell wanting or deformed, or the
two cells confluent into one linear cell : corolla bilabiate. — MONARDE^.

8. Salvia. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla with upper lip erect, straight or falcate, usually

concave : the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emarginate. Connective com-
monly linear or filiform, transverse and articulated on the short filament

9. Monarda. Calyx elongated-tubular, mostly 15-nerved, regular or nearly so, almost

equally 5-toothed. Corolla with slender tube or dilated at the throat ; the upper lip
erect, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger or
longer, retuse or emarginate. Anther-cells contiguous and divaricate, more or less
connate or confluent at their junction, so as to imitate a single linear cell.

Tribe IV. Stamens 4, both pairs fertile ; the posterior (inner or upper) pair surpassing
the anterior : corolla distinctly bilabiate : calyx usually 15-nerved ; the upper teeth
or lip commonly larger or longer. — NEPETE^C.

10. LiOpb.antb.us> Stamens divergent or distant, exserted ; the upper pair usually de-

clined ; the lower or shorter pair ascending : the anther-cells parallel or nearly so.
Corolla with tube not exceeding the oblique, 5-toothed calyx ; upper lip nearly erect,
2-lobed at the apex ; lower spreading, its broad middle lobe crenate.

11. Dracocephalum. Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate

or divergent : filaments not exserted. Calyx equal at throat, 5-toothed ; the upper
tooth very much larger than the others. Corolla with dilated throat ; upper lip some-
what concave, emarginate or 2-lobed ; lower spreading, with middle lobe large.

Tribe V. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer
and with anthers mostly 1-celled by abortion ; those of the posterior pair 2-celled :
corolla bilabiate ; but with the small lateral lobes more connected with the galeate
upper lip ; lower lip therefore of a single lobe : calyx bilabiate ; its lips entire. —

SCUTELLARINE.(E.

12. Scutellaria. Calyx gibbous, with a crest-like or hump-shaped projection on the

back, closed after the corolla falls, not inflated. Corolla with long exserted tube.
Anthers ciliate-pilose.

Tribe VI. Stamens 4 ; parallel and ascending under the concave and commonly galeate
upper lip of the bilabiate corolla ; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer : anthers
2-celled or confluently somewhat 1-celled. Calyx 5 to 10-nerved, veiny. — STACHYDE^:.

13. Physostegia. Calyx nearly regular, and equally 5-toothed ; the tube campanulate

or oblong, hardly nerved or veined, moderately inflated in fruit. Corolla gradually
inflated upward ; upper lip erect, rounded, entire ; lower somewhat spreading, 3-
parted, its roundish middle lobe emarginate. Filaments villous. Flowers simply
opposite in the spikes, one under each bract.

14. Stacbys. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5 to 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed,

sometimes the upper teeth larger. Corolla with cylindrical tube, not dilated at
throat ; upper lip erect, more or less concave, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens more or less deflexed to the sides of the throat or contorted after
anthesis : filaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs.

294 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

1. TEUCRIUM, L. GERMANDER.

Herbs: less aromatic than most genera, with leaves variously cut and
flowers spicate or solitary and axillary.

# Leaves undivided: flowers in naked terminal spikes or racemes: calyx moder-

ately 5-lobed ; two lower teeth triangular-subulate ; three upper ovate.

1. T. OCCidentale, Gray. Loosely pubescent, branched, a foot or two
high : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, sharply
serrate : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, purple, rose or cream-color : calyx villous
with viscid hairs. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 349. T. Canadense of the Western
Reports. Nebraska to New Mexico and California.

* * Leaves mullifid or incised: flowers solitary and axillary, the uppermost

leaves more or less bract-like: calyx almost 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate
equal lobes.

2. T. laciniatlim, Torr. Glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, much branched,
a span or so high : leaves pinnately 3 to 7-parted into narrow linear entire or
2 to 3-lobed or toothed divisions, rather rigid ; the floral much crowded,
3-parted: corolla 6 to 10 lines long, pale blue or lilac, with spatulate lower
lobe much surpassing the calyx. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 231. Plains of Colo-
rado to Arizona and W. Texas.

2. ME NTH A,1 Tourn. MINT.

Odorous herbs, mostly spreading by slender creeping rootstocks : flowers
small, whitish or purplish, in ours glomerate in the axils of leaves.

1. M. Canadensis, L. Villous-hairy : stem often simple : leaves varying
from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally taper-
ing into the petiole : inflorescence consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate
glomerules in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost axils flowerless : calyx
hairy ; the short teeth triangular-subulate. — Wet places, throughout the con-
tinent, chiefly towards the north. Odor of Pennyroyal.

Var. glabrata, Benth., has leaves and stem almost glabrous, the former
sometimes very short-petioled, and a sweeter scent, as of Monarda. — Same
range.

3. LYCOPUS, Tourn. WATER HOREHOUND. BUGLE-WEED.
GYPSY-WORT.

Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly aromatic ; with sharply toothed or
lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers in their axils, in sessile capi-
tate-verticillastrate glomerules, the uppermost axils flowerless.
* Stoloniferous ; long filiform runners produced from the base of the stem: calyx-
teeth mostly 4.

1. L. VirginicUS, L. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem obtusely
angled, 6 to 24 inches high : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate

1 Doubtless some of the common introduced species have become established within our

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 295

in the middle, acuminate at both ends, tapering into a short petiole : bracts very
short : calyx-teeth ovate or lanceolate-ovate, obtuse or barely acutish : sterile
stamens minute rudiments. — From British Columbia and Oregon to Florida
and Labrador.

2. I*, lucidus, Turcz. Stem strict, stout, 2 or 3 feet high, hirsute-pubes-
cent or glabrate, acutely angled above : leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate,
2 to 4 inches long, acute or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate with
triangular-subulate ascending teeth, sessile or nearly so by an obtuse or acute base,
coarsely punctate : outer bracts conspicuous, very acute : calyx-teeth attenuate-
subulate : sterile stamens clavate-tipped rudiments.

Var. Americanus, Gray. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both
sides : calyx-teeth less rigid. — Bot. Calif, i. 592. From the Saskatchewan to
Arizona and California.

* * Not stoloniferous, but rootstocks more or less creeping : calyx-teeth 5, cuspidate,

rigid.

3. L. SinuatUS, Ell. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4-angled, gla-
brous, roughish or minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate, \\ or 2
inches long, acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of
the upper merely sinuate or iucisely toothed, tapering at base mostly into a
slender petiole: rudiments of sterile stamens slender, conspicuous, with a
globular or subclavate tip. — L. Europceus, var. sinuatus, Gray. Across the
continent.

4. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL.

Erect herbs, pleasantly aromatic, branching above ; flowers small, whitish
or purplish, often purple-dotted. In ours the flowers are in small and numer-
ous glomerules which are capitate and densely fastigiate-cymose, copiously
imbricated with short appressed bracts.

1. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem somewhat pubescent: inflorescence
villous-canescent : leaves lanceolate or almost linear, nervose-veined, obtuse at
base, nearly sessile, entire : bracts ovate or lanceolate : calyx-teeth ovate-
deltoid, acute. — Within the eastern limit of our range, and extending from
thence eastward across the continent.

6. MONABDBLLA, Benth.

Flowers in terminal and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or in-
volucrate by broad often membranaceous and colored bracts : corolla from
whitish or flesh-color to rose-purple.

1 . M. odoratissima, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely tomen-
tulose, or nearly glabrous, but pale : a span to a foot high : leaves from nar-
rowly oblong to broadly lanceolate, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, or the
upper subsessile, both sides alike : bracts thin-membranaceous and colored
(whitish or purple) : calyx-teeth hirsute. — Sierra Madre Range in Colorado,
and thence westward and northward. Odor of Pennyroyal.

296 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

6. CALAMINTHA, Tourn., Moench. CALAMINT.

Our species belongs to a section with flowers verticillastrate-capitate, and
involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts.

1. C. Clinopodium, Benth. Herbaceous, hirsute : leaves ovate, obtuse,
almost entire, petioled : heads globular, many-flowered : teeth of the narrow
tubular calyx and bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple narrow
corolla. — Indigenous from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes, but in-
troduced eastward. " Basil."

7. HE DEO MA, Pers. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.

Our species belong to the section with pedicellate flowers cymulose in the
axils of the leaves, the uppermost of which are often bract-like : throat of the
calyx in fruit closed with a ring of hair. Pungently sweet-aromatic, with
small and whitish or purplish flowers.

1. H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low: leaves all similar, linear, entire,
thickish, nearly sessile, crowded, almost glabrous, but the margins somewhat
hispid-ciliate : bracts mostly equalling the calyx, rigid : calyx with teeth about
equal, bilabiate ; the lips about half the length of the oblong gibbous hispid
tube ; the teeth of the upper subulate, of the lower more aristiform or hispid,
equalling the bluish corolla. — Extending into Dakota and southward from the
plains west of the Mississippi.

2. H. Drummondi, Benth. Cinereous pubescent or puberulent, a span or
two high, copiously branched : leaves from oblong to linear, obtuse, subsessile or
narrowed into a very short petiole : subulate bracts not longer than the pedi-
cels : calyx hirsute or hispid, in age more or less curved, not plainly bilabiate ;
the subulate-setaceous teeth at length all conuivent ; the lower nearly twice the
length of the upper: corolla from little exserted to double the length of the calyx. —
From Texas to Arizona and extending northward to Colorado and Nebraska.

8. SALVIA, L. SAGE.

In ours the throat of the calyx is naked : the anterior portion of the con-
nective deflexed, linear or gradually somewhat dilated downward, closely
approximate or connate, and destitute of an anther-cell : corolla blue or pur-
plish varying to white.

1. S. azure a, Lam. Glabrous or puberulent, 1 to 5 feet high: lower
leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate ; upper narrower,
often linear, entire : inflorescence spiciform, interrupted, sometimes thyrsoidal
or paniculate-branched : calyx obscurely bilabiate : corolla deep blue, with promi-
nently exserted tube ; upper lip very concave or galeate and pubescent ; the
lower longer and much larger, sinuately 3-lobed and emarginate : style bearded
above.

Var. grandiflora, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent : denser inflorescence
and calyx tomentulose-sericeous. — S. Pitcheri, Torr. From Colorado to
Texas and Kansas.

2. S. lanceolata, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from
the base, 5 to 12 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, irregu-

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 297

larly serrate with obtuse appressed teeth or nearly entire : inflorescence vir-
gate-spiciforra, interrupted, floral bracts very small : calyx deeply bilabiate :
corolla small, 4 lines long, hardly at all exseftcd ; lower lip little prolonged:
style glabrous or nearly so. — Plains, Nebraska to Texas and Arizona.

9. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT.

Aromatic erect herbs, usually tall ; with the large verticillastrate-capitate
glomerules single, or in upper axils, and iuvolucrate by numerous sometimes
colored outer bracts and floral leaves.

# Heads solitary and terminal, or sometimes 2 or 3 as if proliferous : stamens

and style conspicuously exserted from the linear and mostly acute upper lip
of the corolla: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acutely more or less serrate.

1. M. fistulosa, L. Soft-pubescent with short hairs, or somewhat hairy,
or glabrate : stem mostly with obtuse angles: bracts whitish or rarely pur-
plish, the inner mostly hirsute-ciliate : calyx conspicuously and densely
bearded at the throat : corolla pubescent, at least on the upper lip, purple
or purplish-dotted, an inch or more long. — Nearly across the continent. A
polymorphous species.

Var. media, Gray. Corolla deep purple. — Synopt. FJ. ii. 374. Alleghauy
and Rocky Mountains.

Var. mollis, Benth. Corolla from flesh-color to lilac, glandular, and its
upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip : leaves paler, soft pubes-
cent beneath : throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard. — Extend-
ing to the Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Arizona.

* * Heads commonly in the axils of all the upper pairs of leaves, or interrupted-

spicate, fol'iose-bracteate : upper face of the floral leaves often canescent and
purple-tinged: corolla with shorter tube, more dilated throat', the upper arch-
ing seldom surpassed by the stamens : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely
serrate or denticulate.

2. M. punctata, L. Stem commonly 2 feet high : floral leaves and
bracts (either whitened or purplish or both) often slender acuminate, mostly
muticous : calyx-teeth lanceolate- or triangular-subulate, rigid, soon stellate-
spreading : corolla yellowish with copious brown-purple spots. — From Colorado
to Florida and New York.

3. M. Citriodora, Cerv. Usually rather robust, the larger forms 2 or 3
feet high : bracts narrowly oblong, colored as in the last, with spreading or
recurving and slender aristate tips: cali/x-teeth slender-oristifonn, at length
usually spreading : corolla white or pinkish, not spotted, but more or less punc-
tate. — M. aristata, Nutt. Plains of Nebraska to Texas, E. Colorado, and
Arizona.

1O. LOPH ANT HITS, Beuth.

Mostly tall and coarse herbs : with serrate petioled leaves, the lower usually
subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers in dense and sessile verticil-
lastrate glomerules, which are crowded into a terminal spike : floral leaves

298 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

reduced to short ovate and acuminate bracts : calyx-teeth more or less
colored.

1. L. anisatus, Benth. Glabrous or very minutely puberulent, 2 or 3
feet high : leaves ovate, often subcordate, canescent beneath, anisate-scented
when crushed: spike short and narrow, interrupted, sometimes leafy below
and paniculate : calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate and merely acute, tinged with
purple or violet : corolla blue. — Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Nebraska
and westward to the mountains.

2. L. urticifolius, Benth. Like the last, but leaves green both sides,
mostly crenate and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic : calyx-teeth lanceo-
late, subulate-acuminate : corolla light violet or purplish. — Western slopes of
the mountains to Oregon and California.

11. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. DRAGON-HEAD.

Herbs, peculiar for the small and included corolla.

1. D. parviflorum, Nutt. Rather stout, 6 to 20 inches high, some-
what pubescent : leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the
lower pinnatifid-incised ; the lower floral similar: flowers numerous in sessile
glomerules crowded in a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike in-
terrupted at base : bracts pectinate-laciniate and the teeth aristate : corolla
bluish, slender, hardly exceeding the calyx. — New York to British Columbia,
and southward along the mountains to New Mexico.

12. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP.

Flowers mostly blue, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or in spikes or
racemes from the reduction of the floral leaves to bracts.
* Flowers small (\ inch long), in axillary and sometimes also terminal racemes.

1. S. lateriflora, L. Glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy: leaves thin,
oblong-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at
base, slender petioled ; the lower floral ones of the terminal racemes similar :
lips of the corolla short, equal in length. — From Oregon to New Mexico and
eastward across the continent.

* * Flowers solitary in the axils of the cauline leaves, or some occasionally
imperfectly racemose, violet-blue.

2. S. resinosa, Torr. Barely a span high, branched from the base, mi-
nutely pubescent and resinous atomifcrous, somewhat viscid : leaves uniform,
oval or oblong, obtuse, mostly sessile, 5 to 10 lines long, nervose-veined : corolla
pubescent, an inch long, with slender tube and ampliate throat. — Plains of
Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado.

3. S. galericulata, L. Nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender,
1 to 3 feet high, simple or paniculately branched above : leaves ovate-lanceolate,
broadest next the subsessile subcordate base, 2 inches or less long, all but the
upper appressed-serrate : corolla puberulent, £ to § inch long ; lower lip nearly
erect and surpassing the upper. — From British Columbia to Arizona and
eastward across the continent.

PLANTAGINACE.E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 299

13. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.

Almost glabrous herbs : with lanceolate and cal lose -denticulate or serrate
leaves; the upper ones sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced
to bracts of the simple or panicled spikes. Flowers cataleptic (remaining in
whatever position they may be turned). Corolla showy rose or flesh-color,
often variegated.

1. P. parviflora, Nutt. Stems rather slender, leafy, a foot or two high :
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate : spikes short, 1 to 4 inches
long : calyx short-cam panulate, inflated-globular in fruit and with short
mostly obtuse teeth : corolla £ inch long. — Saskatchewan and Wyoming to
Oregon and British Columbia.

14. STACHYS, Tourn. WOUNDWORT.

Flowers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few or solitary
in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate inflo-
rescence. In ours the corolla is purple or rose-red, not over £ inch long ; the
tube not exceeding the calyx-teeth.

1. S. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute,
leafy : stem 1 to 3 feet high, hirsute or hispid : leaves ovate-lanceolate, cre-
nate-serrate, Ik to 3 inches long, sessile or nearly so by a broad or subcordate
base, sometimes almost velvety-tomentose beneath : clusters of the spike
mostly approximate, 6 to 10-flowered. — Across the continent.

ORDER 61. PLANT ACIIVACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Chiefly acaulescent herbs with one to several-ribbed or nerved radical
leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous flowers, and
the corolla scarious and veinless.

1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT.

Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, each subtended by a bract : corolla
salverform with a short tube, or nearly rotate : stamens 4 or sometimes 2, on
the tube of the corolla : ovary 2-celled, with one or more ovules in each cell :
capsule circumscissile toward the base : scape from the axils of the radical
leaves, mostly bearing a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish
small flowers.
* Stamens 4 : flowers all perfect : corolla remaining expanded, never closed over

the fruit.

•«- Leaves 3 to 8-nerved or ribbed, varying from glabrous to pubescent, from lanceo-
late to almost rotund.*

1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, rarely subcordate, several-ribbed:
spike commonly dense, obtuse at apex : sepals rotund-ovate or obovate ; the

1 The introduced P. lanceolata, L. , may be known by its oblong-lanceolate 3 to 5-ribbed
leaves, tapering into a slender petiole, usually much shorter than the slender and angled

300 PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

exterior one and the bract more or less carinate : capsule ovoid, very obtuse,
circurnscissile near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals.
— Introduced to the east, but also native from Lake Superior westward and
northward. " Common Plantain."

2. P. eriopoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish icool at the crown :
leaves oblanceolate to oval-obovate, fleshy-coriaceous, 3 to 1 -nerved, 3 to 5 inches
long, with a short or stout petiole : spike cylindrical, dense or sometimes
sparsely-flowered : sepals roundish-obovate, scarious except the midrib : cap-
sule ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx. — From Colorado to California and
northward to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan.

•*- •«- Leaves 1 to 3-nervedt silky-pubescent or lanate,from narrowly linear to
oblanceolate.

3. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-lanate or glabrate : leaves acute or
callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly denticulate :
scape terete, 3 to 12 inches high including the dense spike : flowers heterogo-
nous, often cleistogamous : sepals very obtuse : corolla with broad cordate
or ovate lobes : filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary and much
exserted : in the other forms included. — Dry plains, from the Mississippi
westward across the continent. Exceedingly variable, including many forms
that have been described as species. The following are the principal forms
which abound west of the Mississippi :

Var. gnaphalioides, Gray, is the commoner form, canescently villous,
the wool often floccose and deciduous : leaves from oblong-linear or spatulate-
lanceolate to nearly filiform : spike very dense. 1 to 4 inches long, varying to
capitate and few-flowered, lanate : bracts oblong or linear -lanceolate, or the
lowest deltoid-ovate, hardly longer than the calyx.

Var. spinulosa, Gray, is a canescent form with aristately prolonged and
rigid bracts.

Var. nuda, Gray, has sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate
rigid leaves, and short bracts.

Var. arista ta, Gray, is loosely villous and glabrate : leaves green : bracts
attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers.

* * Stamens 2 : flowers subdicecious or dicecio-cleistogamous : corolla in the fertile
plant remaining closed or closing over the maturing capsule and forming a
kind of beak : leaves linear orjiliform.

4. P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent : leaves about an
inch long and half a line wide : spike filiform or slender, at length sparse-
flowered, ^ to 3 inches long : capsule short-ovoid, about a line long, little
exceeding the bract and calyx. — From the Atlantic States west to Nebraska ;
also in the Great Basin and Oregon.

scape ; its spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense ; the bract and sepals broadly
ovate, brownish. — Generally in cultivated fields. "Ripple- or Bib-grass," "English
Plantain."

NYCTAGINACE.E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 301

DIVISION III. APETAL^E.

Floral envelope consisting only of a calyx (often petaloid),
or wholly wanting.

ORDER 62. NYCTAGIUTACEJE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems tumid at the
joint, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a
corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1 -celled, 1-seeded ovary,
and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the stems few, slender
and hypogyrious ; the embryo coiled around outside the mealy albumen.

* Involucre calyx-like, 3 to 5-cleft or -parted, 1 to 12-flowered : perianth tubular to funnel-
form or campanulate.

1. IM irabilis. Involucre 5-lobed, not changed in fruit. Fruit not angled nor winged, and

scarcely or not at all ribbed. Stamens usually 5.

2. Oxybaphus. Involucre 5-lobed, 1 to 5-flowered, in fruit becoming enlarged, thin and

reticulated. Fruit several-ribbed or angled. Stamens -usually 3.

3. A 1 Hernia. Involucre deeply 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Fruit with a double line of tubercles

on the back, surrounded by a rigid winged margin, toothed and inflexed. Stamens
usually 3.
* * Involucre of 5 or more distinct bracts, subtending a many-flowered head.

4. Abronla. Perianth salver-form, including the stamens and style. Fruit wing-angled.

1. MIRABILIS, L. FOUR-O'CLOCK.

Stamens as long as the perianth : filaments united at base. Stigma
capitate, granulate. Fruit globose to ovate-obloug. — Perennial herbs, with
opposite leaves nearly equal in the pairs : peduncles solitary in the axils or
paniculate: flowers nearly sessile in the involucres.

* Involucre usually b-flowered : flowers large: calyx long-tubular or funnelform :

stamens 4 to 5.

1. M. multiflora, Gray. Stout and spreading : leaves broadly ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, often somewhat cordate at base but decurrent upon the peti-
ole : involucre glabrous, campanulate, 5-cleft : flowers pale rose-color to purple,
with the tube somewhat greenish, l£ to 2 inches long, fruit marked towards
the base by ten shallow furrows and as many intermediate dark lines. — Bot.
Mex. Bound. 173. From Colorado to the Rio Grande and westward to
S. California.

# * Involucre 3-JJowered . flowers rather small: calyx broad-funnel form from a

short tube: stamens 3.

2. M. OXybaphoides, Gray. Slender, procumbent, diffuse : leaves all
deeply cordate, on rather long petioles, lowest reniform, upper ones acumi-
nate : involucre deeply 5-cleft, very viscid-glandular as well as the peduncles
in the loose panicle. — S. Colorado and southward.

302 NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUK-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

2. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl.

Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous
limb, plaited in the bud. Style filiform : stigma capitate. — Herbs, with very
large and thick perennial roots, and mostly clustered small flowers. Ours all
have pubescent fruit and involucres 3 to 5-flowered.

1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Nearly smooth: stem repeatedly forked:
leaves all petioled, varying from ovate or somewhat heart-shaped to lanceolate :
fruit rather hirsute. — From Illinois, Wisconsin, and the Upper Missouri to
Texas and New Mexico.

Var. Cervantesii, Gray. Branches and involucres viscid-pubescent or vil-
lous : leaves much thicker, cordate or subcordate at base. — Bot. Mex. Bound.
174. S. Colorado and southward.

Var. oblongifolius, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, not cordate.
— Loc. cit. Near Denver and southward.

2. O. hirsutus, Sweet. One foot high, very densely pilose, with long,
spreading, articulated hairs : leaves lanceolate, the lower short-petioled : involucre
pubescent-tomentose : fruit hirsute. — From the Saskatchewan to Colorado and
W. Texas.

3. O. angUStifolius, Sweet. One to six feet high, glabrous except the
peduncles and involucres which are pubescent : leaves linear, usually elongated,
glaucous : fruit hoar //-pubescent. — From Iowa and Minnesota to S. Idaho and
southward to W. Texas and Mexico.

3. ALLIONIA, L.

Perianth with an oblique 4 to 5-lobed limb. Fruit ovate, compressed,
smooth and convex on the inner side. — Annual or perennial herbs, with oppo-
site very unequal leaves, and axillary pedunculate flowers.

1. A. incarnata, L. Stems slender, branching, prostrate: pubescence
viscid, short or floccose : leaves ovate : lobes of the involucre concave : peri-
anth rose-colored or white. — From S. Colorado to Texas, and westward to
S. California.

4. ABRONIA, Juss.

Tube of the perianth elongated, and the limb of 5 (or 4) obcordate or emar-
ginate segments. Stamens unequal, adnate to the tube. Fruit coriaceous
or indurated, 1 to 5-winged, mostly reticulately veined, enclosing a smooth
cylindrical akene. — Often prostrate, and usually more or less viscid-pubescent,
with thick opposite unequal leaves, and elongated axillary and terminal pedun-
cles : flowers usually very fragrant and showy.

* Wings (if any] coriaceous, lateral and not completely encircling the fruit.

1 . A. fragrans, Nutt. Stems ascending : leaves oblong or ovate, truncate
or more or less cuneate at base : peduncles elongated : bracts of the involucre
large, broadly ovate, white and scarious : fruit narrowly 1 to 2-winged, not
crested. — From Iowa to Salt Lake Valley and southward to Arizona and
New Mexico.

ILLECEBRACS^S. 803

* # Wings membranous, orbicular, wholly encircling the fruit, strongly net-veined.

2. A. micrantha, Torr. Prostrate : peduncles shorter than the petioles :
flowers small and inconspicuous, reddish green, the limb scarcely 2 lines broad :
fruit orbicular with 3 thin wings, emaryinate above and below, the body rather
broad and with a light spongy exterior. — On the plains from the Saskatchewan
to the Arkansas and S. W. Colorado. Often confounded with the next, which
is of more southern range.

3. A. eydoptera, Gray. Stouter : flowers large and showy, upon elongated
peduncles : fruit with firmer and more prominently veined wing, emarginate at
neither end, the firm smooth narrow body usually 3 -nerved between the wings. —
S. Colorado to New Mexico and W. Texas.

ORDER 63. ILI^ECEBRACE^E.

An order related to both Caryophyllacete and AmarantacefBj but placed
by Bentham and Hooker with the latter. Distinguished from tbe scari-
ous-stipulate Caryophyllacece by the solitary or sometimes geminate
ovules, undivided or 2-cleft style, and one-seeded utricular or akene-like
fruit: the petals wholly wanting or reduced to mere filaments; these
and the stamens usually more perigynous.

1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Stamens 5. —
Tufted herbs, with dry and silvery stipules.

* Flowers terminal, solitary and sessile.

1. P. pulvinata, Gray. Matted-cespitose from a woody root, forming
dense cushion-like tufts : stipules broadly ovate, entire, pointless : leaves thick,
oblong, obtuse, equalling the stipules, and with them densely covering the short
stems : flowers immersed among the leaves : sepals oval, awned a little below
the apex. — Proc. Phil. Acad. 1863, 58. Alpine. Uinta Mountains, Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, and southward.

2. P. sessiliflora, Nutt. Very densely cespitose from a woody root, much
branched and crowded, branches very dense : stipules 2-cleft : leaves imbricated,
linear-subulate, the lowest erect, obtuse, the upper longer, recurved, spreading,
acute or mucronate, longer than the stipules : sepals oblong-linear, with divergent
awns rather shorter. — Colorado and northward to the headwaters of the
Missouri and the Saskatchewan.

# * Flowers in crowded dichotomous cymes.

3. P. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Very minutely scabrous-pubescent, cespi-
tose, much branched from the base : stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or
setose : leaves longer, linear-subulate, obtuse, about the length of the inter-
nodes : cymes few-flowered, with a central subsessile flower in each division :
sepals linear-oblong, with very short cusps. — Fl. i. 170. Colorado.

304 AMARANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

ORDER 64. AMARANTACE-3E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

Herbs with entire leaves destitute of stipules, small flowers which are
usually subtended by scarious bracts and have a persistent perianth of
1 to 5 more or less scarious sepals (sometimes wanting in Acnida),
hypogynous stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them or fewer,
a 1-celled ovary containing a single ovule, utricular in fruit. Flowers
perfect or unisexual, solitary or clustered, commonly 3-bracteate.

* Anthers 2-celled: flowers unisexual: leaves alternate.

1. Amarantus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 (sometimes

fewer) sepals.

2. Acnida. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.

* * Anthers 1-celled : flowers perfect : leaves opposite.

3. Cladothrix. Flowers minute, solitary or few in the axils. Filaments united at base

into a cup. Densel^ stellate-tomentose, with petiolate leaves.

4. Frrelichia. Flowers spicate. Filaments united into a tube. Hairy or woolly, with

1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

Sepals distinct or united at base. Stigmas 2 or 3, linear and sessile. Utricle
ovate, 2 to 3-beaked, circumscissile. — Annual weeds, with leaves thin and
strongly reined, decurrent upon tfye slender petiole and apiculate with a short
setaceous mucro : flowers green or purplish, in axillary or spiked clusters or
spikelets. Staminate flowers usually mingled with the more numerous pistil-
late ones.

* Sepals distinct, oblong-lanceolate, erect : flowers monoecious.

•*- Flowers in naked terminal and axillary mostly panicled spikes : sepals 5 :

stems usually stout and erect, with long-petioled leaves.

1. A. retroflGXUS, L- Roughish and more or less pubescent : dull green,
leaves large, orate to rhombic-ovate : flowers green, in thick erect or scarcely
spreading crowded spikes : bracts lanceolate, attenuate to a rigid awn. — From
Mexico to British America.

2. A. "Wrightii, Watson. Glabrous, erect and slender, reddish : leaves
small and thin, on slender petioles, oblong to narrowly lanceolate : spike erect,
narrow, and rather leafy : bracts solitary, subulate, awned as in the last. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 275. Colorado, in the Upper Arkansas Valley, and New
Mexico.

•*- •*- Flowers in very small axillary spikes or clusters : sepals 3 : stems low or
prostrate, with smaller leaves.

3. A. albus, L. Erect or ascending, diffusely branched from the base :
leaves oblong-spatulate to obovate, obtuse or retuse : bracts subulate, rigid,
pungently awned, the lateral ones very much smaller or wanting: sepals slightly
shorter than the rugose utricle: seed small, a third of a line broad. — Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 274. Throughout the United States as an introduced
weed, but doubtless indigenous within our range.

AMAEANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 305

4. A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent : spike-
lets usually contracted : bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, nearly equal :
utricle not rugose : seed nearly a line broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 273. From
Mexico to N. Nevada and Iowa. Known on the plains as " Rolling " or
"Tumble Weed."

# * Sepals (5) of the fertile flowers more or less dilated above and spreading,
distinct or united at base: flowers sometimes dioecious: perianth deciduous
with the fruit.

5. A. Torreyi, Benth. Bracts scarcely as long as the flowers: sepals
obovate-spatulate, rounded above and entire or retuse or emargiuate ; sepals
of the male flowers (which are mingled with the pistillate ones or on distinct
plants) oblong-lanceolate, acute. — Amblogyne Torreyi, Gray. Colorado, New
Mexico, and southward.

2. ACNIDA, L. WATER-HEMP.

Flowers 2 to 3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and mucronate-
tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong an-
thers; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers
with lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the ovary : stigmas 2 to 5,
bristle-awl-shaped. Fruit (in ours) a thin and membranaceous utricle, smooth
and even. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or oblong-
ovate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flowers, usually
crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes.

1. A. tuberculata, Moq. Stigmas very long, divergent, plumose-hispid.
— Montelia tamariscina, Gray. Low grounds and moist sandy shores from
Colorado to Vermont.

3. CIiADOTHRIX, Nutt.

Flowers 3-bracted ; bracts concave, hyaline. Perianth of 5 erect equal
oblong rigid-scarious sepals, somewhat pilose with verticillately branched hairs.
Anthers large,. oblong. Utricle ovate-globose, indehiscent. — Low annual, or
erect and woody at base, with small rounded entire petiolate leaves.

1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched:
leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, more or less attenuate at base, often in
threes : flowers mostly in pairs : sepals twice longer than the broader hairy-
tipped bracts. — Bot. Calif, ii. 43. Alternanthera (?) lanuginosa, Torr. From
S. California eastward through S. Colorado to Arkansas and Texas.

4. FRCELICHIA, Mcench.

Flowers 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5 cleft at the summit, below 2 to 5-
crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehis-
cent thin utricle. Tube of filaments bearing 5 oblong anthers and as many
sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Herbs with spiked, scarious-bracted flowers.

1. F. Floridana, Moq. Root annual: stem leafless above, 1 to 2 feet
high : leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath : spikelets crowded into an in-
terrupted spike : calyx very woolly. — Colorado and eastward to Illinois.

20

806 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

ORDER 65. CHENOPODIACE./E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, often succulent or scurfy, usually with simple and
alternate leaves, without stipules ; the small and sessile commonly clus-
tered flowers either naked or with herbaceous (not scarious) bracts, a
perianth of 5 or fewer usually herbaceous and persistent sepals ; stamens
as many as the sepals and opposite, distinct, with 2-celled anthers;
ovary ] -celled, an akene or utricle in fruit. Flowers perfect or unisexual.
Bracts often enclosing the fruit. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 82.

§ 1. Flowers perfect, without bracts ; the perianth persistent : seed free, mostly with

crustaceous testa.
* Seeds horizontal (sometimes vertical in Chenopodium).

1. Koctiia. Perianth 5-cleft, at length transversely winged, enclosing the fruit. Testa

membranous. Perennial, with terete leaves and axillary flowers.

2. Cycloloma. Perianth 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous mem-

branaceous wing. Annual, much-branched, with sinuate-toothed petioled leaves and
small panicled clusters of sessile flowers.

3. Chenopodium. Perianth usually 5-cleft or -parted, nearly covering the fruit. Sta-

mens 5, 1, or none. Annuals, mostly mealy or glandular, with clustered or solitary
axillary or terminal flowers. Seeds often vertical.

* * Seeds vertical.

4. Monolepis. Sepal 1, bract-like. Stamen 1. Fruit naked. Low annuals ; flowers

densely clustered in the axils.

§ 2. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate with 3 to 5-cleft perianth ; the pis-
tillate without perianth, enclosed in a pair of more or less united bracts : seed free,
vertical.

* Bracts compressed : testa mostly coriaceous.

5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate. Radi-

cle from inferior to superior.

* * Bracts obcompressed, completely united, not muricate : testa membranous.

6. Grayia. Pericarp naked, very entire, orbicular, flattened, wing-margined. Radicle

inferior. Flowers dioecious. Shrubby, frequently spinescent, nearly glabrous.

7. Suckleya. Pericarp naked, subhastate, with crested margins and 2- toothed apex.

Radicle superior. Flowers monoecious.

8. Eurotia. Pericarp conical, densely hairy, turgid, not winged, with a bifid apex. Radi-

cle inferior. Flowers dioecious. Low and shrubby, white-tomentose.

§ 3. Flowers perfect, without bracts : sepals 1 to 3, hyaline, marcescent : pericarp adhe-
rent to the vertical seed. (

9. Corispermum. Fruit compressed-elliptic, acutely margined, not muricate. Flowers

spicate. Low annual.

§ 4. Flowers mostly perfect, immersed by threes in the depressions of a close cylindrical
spike : seeds vertical : fleshy saline plants, with jointed stems and scale-like leaves.

10. Salicornia. Flower-clusters decussately opposite. Perianth saccate, becoming

spongy. Branches opposite.

§ 5. Embryo spiral (annular in all other sections) : leaves fleshy, terete : steins not articu-
lated.

11. Sarcobatus. Flowers unisexual; the staminate in aments, without perianth; the

pistillate axillary, solitary, with saccate perianth. Fruit transversely winged. Saline
shrub, somewhat spinescent.

12. Suaeda. Flowers perfect, axillary. Perianth 5-cleft or -pared. Saline herbs, or

woody at base.

CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 307

1. KOCHIA, Both.

Perianth subglobose. Stamens 5, usually exserted. Ovary depressed:
styles 2, filiform. Pericarp membranous. — Woody at the base, with scattered
linear terete leaves, and the flowers solitary or few in the axils of the virgate
leafy stems.

1. K. Americana, Watson. Branching at base: stems villous-tomen-
tose or nearly glabrous : flowers 1 to 3 in the axils, mostly with abortive
stamens : perianth densely white-tomentose ; lobes of the membranous wing
cuneate-rounded, nerved and somewhat creuulate : ovary tomentose above. —
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 93. K. prostrata of American authors. W. Wyoming
to N. W. Nevada and southward to Arizona.

2. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.

Calyx with concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit.
Stamens 5. Styles 3.

1. C. platyphyllum, Moq. More or less arachnoid-pubescent; whole
plant light green or often deep purple. — From Colorado to the head- waters of
the Missouri and eastward to the Mississippi.

3. CHE NO PODIUM, L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED.

Lobes of the perianth usually somewhat keeled or crested, becoming dry, or
rarely at length fleshy. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 4. Pericarp membranous, closely
investing the seed. — Flowers, when in clusters, in interrupted spikes or pani-
c-led. Many are introduced weeds. Includes Blitum, Tourn., and Teloxys,
Moquin.

§ 1 . Not pubescent or glandular, nor aromatic, sometimes somewhat mealy : fruit-

ing calyx dry : seed lenticular, horizontal.

* Pericarp closely persistent: leaves more or less sinuate-dentate (except in
No. 1) : seed large (f line broad).1

1. C. Olidlim, Watson. Farinose, heavy-scented: leaves rather thick,
oblong to ovate, often slightly hastate, entire : flowers rather large, in close
clusters rather loosely panided. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 96. New Mexico and
Arizona to Colorado and N. Utah.

2. C. hybridum, L. Glabrous throughout or only the inflorescence
mealy, rather stout and erect : leaves thin, somewhat triangular and heart-shaped,
taper-pointed, sinuate-angled with 2 or 3 large teeth on each side : racemes dif-
fusely and loosely panided: seed with acutish margin. — A very common weed

everywhere, but apparently indigenous within our range in the mountains
from New Mexico and Colorado to Washington Territory.

3. C. glailCUIH, L. Glaucous-mealy, low and spreading; upper surface
of the leaves smooth : leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate : flowers
clustered in axillary spikes shorter than the leaves : seed sharp-edged. — Proba-

1 C. album, L., a species introduced everywhere, is mealy and pale, sometimes green,
leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, all or only the lower more or less angulate-
toothed. It is usually known as "Pigweed " or " Lamb's Quarters."

308 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

bly indigenous in Colorado, and on the Saskatchewan ; introduced in the
Eastern States.

* # Pericarp separating readily from the seed : leaves entire or hastately lobed :

seed smaller.

4. C. Fremontii, Watson. Erect, slender, more or less mealy : leaves
broadly triangular-hastate, truncate or cuneate at base : flowers often small,
white-mealy, scattered in small clusters upon the slender open-panicled branchlets,
or sometimes more contracted. — Bot. King Exped. 287. New Mexico and
Colorado, and westward to S. California.

Var. incanum, Watson. Densely farinose, low and rather stout : Jlowers
crowded in close contracted panicles. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 94. Colorado and
New Mexico.

5. C. leptophyllum, Nutt. Densely mealy or often nearly glabrous :
leaves linear, entire : Jlowers in small dense clusters in dense or interrupted spike-
lets. — From the Sierras to Dakota and New Mexico ; also along the Atlantic
sea-coast.

Var. SUbglabrum, Watson. Nearly glabrous, loosely branched and
panicled, the clusters few-flowered and scattered on the brancldets. — Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 95. Sandhills of the Platte.

Var. Oblongifolium, Watson. Rather stout, densely mealy : leaves
oblong, often slightly hastate : flowers in dense clusters in short close spikes. —
Loc. cit. Colorado and New Mexico.

§ 2. More or less glandular-puberulent, aromatic, not mealy : seed very small, not
exceeding the dry perianth, horizontal.

6. C. cornutum, Benth. & Hook. Diffusely branched : leaves thin,
lanceolate, repand-dentate or coarsely sinuate-pinnatifid : flowers minute and
solitary, axillary and terminal upon the repeatedly dichotomous nearly naked
branches : calyx resinous-dotted. — Teloxys cornuta, Torr. From S. E. Cali-
fornia to Arizona, Colorado, and Northern Mexico.

§ 3. Glabrous : calyx becoming more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored :
seed subglobose, mostly vertical: Jlowers in crowded clusters, axillary or in
spikes.

7. C. rubrum, L. Stout, erect, branching : leaves triangular-hastate to
lanceolate, cuneate at base, sparingly sinuate-dentate, the upper narrowly lanceo-
late and entire : flower-clusters densely spicate upon the leafy branchlels : sepals
2 to 5, rather fleshy : stamens 1 or 2, or 5 in the terminal flowers. — Blitum
maritimum, Nutt. B. polymorphum, C. A. Meyer. B. rubrum, Reich. From
New Mexico northward, westward to California, and eastward.

Var. humile, Watson. Smaller, prostrate or ascending : leaves ovate to
lanceolate, often hastate, much smaller (an inch long or less), rarely toothed:
flowers in axillary or somewhat spicate clusters. — Bot. Calif, ii. 48. Colo-
rado to Nevada and Washington Territory.

8. C. capitatum, Watson. Similar, but with leaves more broadly trian-
yular, often somewhat hastate, more acutely sinuate-toothed : flower-clusters large,
in interrupted terminal naked spikes and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves :
calyx becoming fleshy in fruit, and the clusters red and berry-like. — Bot.

CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 309

Calif, ii. 48. Blitum capitatum, L. From New Mexico to Washington Ter-
ritory and the Saskatchewan, also eastward. Sometimes called " Strawberry
Elite."

4. MONOLEPIS, Schrad.

Flowers polygamous. The single sepal becoming dry in fruit. Styles 2.
Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical flattened seed. — Low
saline annuals, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small alternate petioled
fleshy leaves.

1. M. chenopodioides, Moq. Branched from the base : leaves lanceo-
late-hastate or sometimes narrowly spatulate, entire or sparingly sinuate-den-
tate, cuneate or attenuate at base ; lower petioles elongated : flower-clusters
often reddish: pericarp fleshy, becoming dry and minutely pitted. — From
Arizona to N. E. California, the Saskatchewan, and Texas.

5. ATBIPLEX, Tourn.

Staminate flowers without bracts. The erect bracts of the pistillate flowers
becoming enlarged and enclosing the fruit. Styles 2. Pericarp thin and
membranous. — Herbs or shrubs, mealy or scurfy : leaves rarely opposite :
flowers usually clustered, axillary or in simple or panicled spikes, the sexes
distinct or mingled in the clusters. — Obione, Moquin. For satisfactory
determination of the species well-matured fruiting bracts are necessary.

# Annuals, somewhat succulent and mealj : leaves triangular-hastate, large :

bracts nearly distinct, triangular or hastate, foliaceous-margined.

1. A. patllla, L. Dark green : leaves lanceolate-hastate, the lower ones
opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed, petioled, the upper lanceolate to
linear : flowers in naked and usually somewhat interrupted spikes, the lower
clusters axillary : fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, united
at base, with a broad herbaceous entire or toothed margin. — Across the con-
tinent in salt or brackish localities. Very variable, the following varieties
being the best defined within our range.

Var. hastata, Gray. The lower leaves at least broadly triangular-hastate,
entire or toothed with shallow sinuses. — Ranging southward to Central
Colorado.

Var. subspicata, Watson. A low form, usually quite scurfy : leaves
lanceolate-hastate, ^ to 1 inch long. — Ranging farther north than the last,
from the Missouri to the Saskatchewan.

* * Annuals, not succulent, mealy or scurfy : leaves smaller : bracts more or less

united, not triangular or hastate, nor greatly enlarged.
+- Bracts ovate, entire and not foliaceous nor appendaged.

2. A. Endolepis, Watson. Leaves thin, lanceolate, sessile, entire :
male flowers in short terminal and axillary spikes, lobes of the calyx with a
fleshy crest upon the back ; pistillate flowers solitary in the lower axils, ses-
sile: bracts pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 110. Upper Missouri and
head-waters of the Yellowstone.

310 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

H- H- Bracts small, ovate-oblong, truncate, usually few-toothed.

3. A. saccaria, Watson. Low (3 to 5 inches high), diffusely branched,
densely scurfy : leaves subcordate-ovate, very shortly petioled or sessile : flowers
axillary : bracts pedicelled and often deflexed, the truncate summit entire or
suberose. — Loc. cit. 112. S. Wyoming (Dr. Gray).

4. A. Wolfii, Watson. Low, branching, scurfy-canescent and reddish :
leaves linear, sessile: flowers very small, in androgynous axillary clusters:
bracts sessile, 3-toothed. — Loc. cit. Central Colorado ( Wolf).

•«-•»-•*- Bracts orbicular, tooth-crested, with an acuminate foliaceous apex.

5. A. Powellii, Watson. Erect, slender, grayish : leaves lanceolate,
entire or subdenticulate : flowers androgynous, axillary : bracts with a broad
terminal entire lobe, the margin below it gash-toothed, the sides doubly or
triply tooth-crested. — Loc. cit. S. W. Colorado and Arizona.

-t- -i- •»- -t- Bracts rhombic- orbicular, indurated, usually conspicuously appendaged
and the foliaceous margin toothed and undulate: Leaves triangular and subhas-
tate, the lower opposite.

6. A. argentea, Nutt. Diffusely branched and leafy, grayish scurfy or
nearly glabrous : leaves petioled : male spikes short and dense : bracts shortly-
pedicelled. — Obione argentea. From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and N.
E. California.

7. A. expansa, Watson. Like the last, but stouter, more divaricately
and distantly branched, with thinner leaves, sessile, and the male spikes elongated,
slender and leafless toward the apex. — Loc. cit. 116. S. Colorado and New
Mexico to S. California.

* * * Perennials, shrubby, densely appresscd-scurfy.
•*-• Bracts with a toothed margin and the sides muricate.

8. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Branching from the shrubby base : leaves
oblong-spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, entire : bracts ovate, strongly con-
vex, united, the sides more or less crested. — Loc. cit. 116. A. canescens,
Nutt. Obione canescem>, Moq. From Colorado to N. Nevada and the Sas-
katchewan.

•t- -«- Bracts with free dilated entire margins, thick and scurfy, and the sides not

muricate.

9. A. COnfertifolia, Watson. Diffusely-branched, somewhat spinescent :
leaves ovate to obovate, cuneate at base, entire : flower clusters small, axillary :
bracts cuneate-orbicular, united at base. — Loc. cit. 119. Obione confertifolia,
Torr. From S. Idaho and Wyoming to New Mexico and southward.

•«-•»-•»- Bracts connate and indurated, not scurf}) or muricate, with 4 distinct
broadly dilated wings.

10. A. canescens, James. Leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or
linear, entire : flowers mostly dioecious, in panicled spikes : the bracts form-
ing a thick and indurated body, shortly pedicellate and with a narrow bifid
apex, the broad wings somewhat decurrent upon the pedicel. — Watson, loc.
cit. 120. From N. Nevada to Colorado, New Mexico, and S. California.

CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 311

6. GRAYIA, Hook. & Am.

Calyx mostly 4-parted. Bracts with a small naked orifice at the apex, net-
veiiied. — Slightly scurfy or mealy undershrubs : leaves alternate, entire :
flowers small, in axillary clusters or terminal spikes.

1. G. polygaloid.es, Hook. & Am. Erect, 1 to 3 feet high, the branches
frequently spinescent : leaves glabrous or at first with the young branches some-
what mealy, oblanceolate or spatulate to obovate : staminate flowers in axillary
clusters ; the pistillate mostly spicate : fruiting bracts glabrous, emarginate,
white or pinkish, adherent below to the pedicel of the ovary : styles slender, at
first exserted. — On alkaline soil eastward of the Sierras from the Columbia
to Wyoming, Utah, and S. E. California.

2. G. Brandegei, Gray. Lower and unarmed, more mealy : leaves linear-
snatulate : fruiting bracts smaller, slightly mealy, retuse at base, sometimes
3-winged ; wings somewhat undulate : ovary sessile, style short, included. —
Froc. Am. Acad. xi. 101. S. W. Colorado.

7. SUCKLEYA, Gray.

An annual, with branching prostrate stems, suborbicular leaves on long
petioles, and flowers in axillary clusters.

1. S. petiolaris, Gray. Leaves acutely repand-dentate, pale green on
both sides, nearly glabrous : bracts of the sessile fruit deltoid : male flowers
tetramerous. — Obione Suckle jana, Torr. Near Denver (Meehan).

8. EUROTIA, Adamson.

Calyx 4-parted. Stamens with slender exserted filaments. Styles 2, some-
what hairy, exserted. — Stellately tomentose undershrubs : leaves entire :
flowers in small axillary and somewhat spicate clusters.

1. E. lanata, Moq. White-tomentose throughout: leaves linear to nar-
rowly lanceolate, with revolute margins : calyx-lobes hairy : fruiting bracts
lanceolate, nearly covered by four dense spreading tufts of long silvery-white
hairs, and beaked above with two short horns. — From New Mexico to Oregon
and the Saskatchewan. Known as " White Sage" or " Winter Eat."

9. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Jussieu. BUG-SEED.

Perianth usually of one sepal, erose or lacerate at the apex. Stamens 1 to
5, unequal. — Low, branching, pale green: leaves sessile, mostly narrow:
flowers spicate, solitary in the axils of reduced bracts.

1. C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat floccose- or villous-pubescent, at
least when young : leaves linear, cuspidate : spikes short and close, becoming
more or less elongated: central stamen longest, the lateral ones partly de-
veloped or wanting. — From New Mexico to the Arctic regions, and from
California to the Great Lakes.

312 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

10. SALICOBNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE.

Calyx a fleshy rhomboidal sac with an anterior opening, adherent by a nar-
row line to the rhachis. Stamens 1 or 2, exserted in flower. Styles 2 or 3,
short. — Low fleshy leafless saline plants, mostly herbaceous : spikes cylindrical.

1 . S. herbacea, L. Erect or at length spreading, green : spike very
thick and fleshy : scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely
emarginate termination of the joints of stem or elongated spike. — In salt
marshes from Colorado and Utah to the Saskatchewan and along the Atlantic
coast.

11. SARCOBATUS, Nees. GREASEWOOD.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, without bracts. Stamens 2 to 5, irregu-
larly arranged under a stipitate peltate scale ; anthers fleshy. Perianth adhe-
rent at the contracted somewhat 2-lipped apex to the base of the stigmas,
laterally margined by a narrow erect slightly 2-lobed border, which at length
becomes a broad circular horizontal membranous veined wing. Style lateral,
terminated by two thick exserted unequal stigmas. — A rigidly and divaricately
branched shrub : leaves linear.

1. S. vermiculatus, Torr. Erect and scraggy, 2 to 8 feet high, leafy;
branches with a smooth white bark : staminate spikes terminal, the persistent
scales spirally arranged, rhombic-ovate. — Common in the Great Basin, and
to the Upper Missouri, head-waters of the Platte, and southward. The com-
monest of the several shrubs called " Greasewood."

12. SUJEDA, Forskal. SEA ELITE.

Flowers minutely bracteolate. Lobes of the calyx unappendaged or more
or less strongly keeled or crested, or at length somewhat winged. Testa
shining, black, and crustaceous. — Flowers axillary along the branches, clus-
tered or solitary, sessile.

* Herbaceous annuals.

1 . S. diffusa, Watson. Erect, diffusely branching : leaves stibterete ; the
floral ones similar but shorter, usually rather distant on the branchlets : clusters
2 to 4-flowered : calif x cleft to below the middle, not carinate or appendaged. —
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 88. S. maritima of Bot. King Exped. From the Upper
Missouri to California, Mexico, and Texas.

2. S. depressa, Watson. Low and mostly decumbent, branching from the
base : leaves linear, broadest at base; the floral ones oblong- to ovate-lanceolate or
ovate, rather crowded on the branchlets : calyx cleft to the middle, one or more
of the lobes strongly carinate or crested. — Bot. King Exped. 294. From Colo-
rado to Nevada and the Saskatchewan.

Var. erecta, Watson. Erect, with very narrow leaves and narrower
bracts. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 90. S. maritima of Fl. Colorado. Same range
as the type, but extending into S. California.

* * Woody-based perennials.

3. S. Torreyana, Watson. Erect, with herbaceous leafy branches:
leaves linear, subterete, the floral ones similar : calyx rather large, deeply
cleft : seed finely tuberculate. — Loc. cit. 68. S.fruticosa of Bot. King Exped.
From N. Colorado to Nevada, S. California, and Mexico.

POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 313

ORDER 66. POL.YGOWACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate and entire leaves, or sometimes verticillate, and
stipules in the form of sheaths above the swollen joints of the stem or
none; flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a
1 -celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect seed ;
stamens mostly 4 to 9. Flowers rather small, the perianth of 3 to 6
segments, the inner ones or all usually petaloid ; fruit an akene.

* Flowers involucrate : stamens 9 : styles 3, with capitate stigmas : herbs or woody at base,
with alternate or verticillate leaves, without stipules.

1. Erlogronum. Involucre several-flowered, with 4 to 8 pointless teeth. Flowers ex-

serted. Akene mostly 3-angled. Annuals or perennials.

2. Oxytheca. Involucre few-flowered, herbaceous, with 3 to 5 straight acute or usually

awned lobes. Flowers on exserted pedicels. Akene lenticular. Bracts ternate.
Annuals.

« * Flowers without involucre : stamens 4 to 8 : styles 2 or 3 : herbs with alternate leaves
and scarious sheathing stipules ; juice usually acid, acrid or pungent.

3. Oxyria. Sepals 4, the outer smaller and spreading. Stigmas 2, tufted. Akene orbicu-

lar-winged. Leaves reniform.

4. R 11 in ex. Sepals 6, the outer spreading, the inner enlarging and appressed to the trian-

gular akene. Stigmas 3, tufted.

5. Polygonum. Sepals 4 to 6, equal, appressed to the triangular or lenticular akene.

Styles 2 or 3 : stigmas capitate.

1. ERIOGONUM, Michx.

Involucre campanulate, turbinate or oblong. Perianth 6-parted, colored,
enclosing the akene. — Herbaceous or somewhat woody, with radical or alter-
nate or verticillate leaves.

§ 1 . Involucres more or less broadly turbinate, not nerved or angled, 4 to 8-toothed

or lobed : bracts foil aceous, rarely somewhat ternate.

* Akenes membranous!?/ winged.

1. E. alatum, Torr. Loosely silky-villous throughout, or the leaves
nearly glabrous except on the margin and midrib : leaves alternate, long, ob-
lanceolate : involucres pedunculate, solitary, with 5 erect teeth : flowers a line
long, yellow, nearly glabrous, abrupt at base : akene winged the whole length.
— From Arizona and Texas to Nebraska.

* * Akenes not winged.
•*- Flowers glabrous.

2. E. Timbellatum, Ton. Tomentose: leaves glabrate above or gla-
brous, oblanceolate or spatulate : involucres deeply lobed ; lobes becoming
reflexed : umbel simple, of 2 to 10 naked rat/s, on naked (rarely l-bracted) pedun-
cles. — From Colorado to Oregon and California.

Var. monocephalum, Torr. & Gray. A reduced dwarf alpine form,
the naked or bracteate peduncle bearing a solitary involucre : leaves small.

3. E. heracleoides, Nutt. Similar, but the peduncle usually verticillate-
bracted: leaves narrower, mostly somewhat revolute or undulate: umbel 6- (1-11-)

314 POLYGON ACE^J. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

rayed, usually some or all of the rays once or twice divided. — From Colorado to
Nevada and Washington Territory.

•i— -i— Flowers not glabrous.
*+ Leafy : flowers not attenuate at base.

4. E. salsuginosum, Hook. Low, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, di- or
trichotomously divided : leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, the bracts becoming
linear : involucres divided : flowers pubescent, yellow : sepals narrow, closely
appressed to the acutely triangular glabrous akene. — From S. W. Colorado
to Utah and W. Wyoming.

•M. ++ Naked or nearly so: flowers attenuate at base.
= Bracts conspicuous: akenes glabrous or nearly so.

5. E. Jamesii, Benth. Rather slender, herbaceous, with branching cau-
dex, a foot high or less, white-tomentose : leaves and bracts oblong-oblanceolate,
the latter shortty petiolate : involucres solitary, sessile, with 5 erect teeth, on a
naked peduncle: flowers whitish, silky. — Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Var flavescens, Watson. Stouter : flowers yellow or yellowish. — Dis-
tinguished from the next by the strictly solitary sessile involucres.

6. E. flavum, Nutt. Tomentose throughout, a span high or less: leaves
oblanceolate : umbel of 3 to 9 rays, simple, on a naked peduncle: flowers yellow,
very silky. — Colorado to Washington Territory and the Saskatchewan.

7. E. CaeSpitOSlim, Nutt. Dwarf, densely matted: leaves ovate- to oblong-
spatulate, tomentose on both sides : involucres solitary on naked peduncles : flowers
yellow, pubescent. — From Wyoming to Nevada.

8. E. sphserocepliallim, Dougl. Similar, but larger and much more
diffused : leaves linear-spatulate, often revolute : peduncles with a whorl of ob-
lanceolate bracts sometimes subtending a 2 to 4-rayed umbel, the lateral rays
also bracteate : flowers yellow, pubescent. — Nevada and California to Wash-
ington Territory, and extending thence eastward into Montana.

= = Bracts small: akenes densely villous.

9. E. acaule, Nutt. Very dwarf and densely matted and tomentose:
leaves crowded, oblong : peduncles naked, \ inch high, bearing a head of I to 5
nearly sessile involucres: Jlowers pubescent. — S. W. Colorado to S. Idaho.

10. E. lachnogynum, Torr. Cespitose and densely tomentose : leaves
oblong-lanceolate : the slender naked peduncle a foot high, sparingly dichotomous
above : involucres solitary, sessile or long pedunculate : flowers densely tomen-
tose. — S. Colorado and New Mexico.

§ 2 Involucres campanulate or short-turbinate, not nerved or angled, icith 5
rounded erect teeth, pedunculate in diffuse repeatedly di- or trichotomous
panicles : bracts not foliaceous, all ternate : flowers not attenuate at base :

ovary glabrous.

* Leaves tomentose.

•»— Stems simple, leafy, naked above.

11. E. annuum, Nutt. Tall and stout : leaves narrowly oblanceolate or
oblong, attenuate to a short petiole, mostly flat : inflorescence cymose : involu-
cres densely white-tomentose : flowers white : sepals very unequal, the outer
oblong-obovate. — Colorado to Texas and Mexico.

POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 315

•t- H- Branching: leaves radical or at least the peduncles leafless.
•w- Densely wkite-tomentose.

12. E. tenellum, Torr. Tall : branches of the woody caudex short and
crowded or elongated : leaves ovate or rounded, tomentose on both sides :
inflorescence rather sparingly branched, glabrous : flowers white or pinkish :
outer sepals broadly obovate or orbicular, the inner linear-oblong. — S. Colo-
rado to Texas and Mexico.

•w. -M- Glabrous : involucres turbinate-campanulate.

13. E. cemutim, Nutt. Leaves broadly ovate, acute: pedicels dejlexed :
outer sepals oblong or broader above, refuse. — New Mexico and Colorado to
Oregon.

14. E. reniforme, Torr. Low and slender : leaves reniform or cordate-
orbicular, densely white-tomentose on both sides : bracts smooth, the margins
ciliate : pedicels long and filiform, rarely dejlexed, all iu the forks or termi-
nating the branches : flowers rose-colored, glabrous. — S. W. Colorado to S.
California.

15. E. Thomasii, Torr. Low and very slender : leaves rounded and ovate,
small : bracts minute, glabrous : pedicels as in the last : flowers yellowish, often,
reddish, slightly hispid or glabrous : outer sepals often much dilated below.
— S. W. Colorado to S. California.

# * Leaves not tomentose.
4- Leaves all radical or nearly so.

16. E. inflatum, Torr. Glabrous, diffusely branching, the stem and
internodes often inflated : leaves rounded, usually cordate and mostly undulate,
pubescent : flowers yellowish, pubescent. — S. W. Colorado to Arizona, Nevada,
and S. California.

17. E. Gordoni, Benth. A similar species, but glabrous throughout, or
the petioles slightly pubescent : flowers glabrous, light rose-color. — Colorado.

18. E. glandulOSUm, Nutt. Beset with short-stipitate glands: leaves
small, obovate, somewhat villous : involucres glabrous : flowers slightly hispid. —
Collected by Dr. Gambel in Colorado or New Mexico.

•*- •*- Leaves developed at the nodes in the axils of ordinary triangular bracts.

19. E. divaricatuin, Nutt. Low, grayish-pubescent, branching from
the base, branches terete : leaves thickish, all rounded or the upper oblong,
petiolulate : involucres very small and few-flowered : flowers whitish, mi-
nutely glandular : sepals nearly equal. — W. Wyoming to S. W. Colorado.

§ 3. Involucres c-jlindric-turbinate, more or less strongly 5 to ^-nerved, and often
becoming costate or angled, with as many short, erect teeth, sessile in heads or
clusters, or scattered in cymes or afonq virgate panicled branches : bracts ternate,
connate at base, more or less rigid : flowers not attenuate at base.

* Outer sepals broad and somewhat cordate, the inner much narrower: ovary
scabrous above.

20. E. ovalifolium, Nutt. Low, densely tomentose and cespitose, with
a short closely branched caudex : leaves round or rarely oblong : bracts very
small : involucres in a single close head : flowers rose-colored, white, or yel-
low : outer sepals oblong, becoming orbicular, the inner spatulate, often
retuse. — From Colorado to N. California and British America.

816 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

* * Sepals similar and nearly equal: akenes smooth or nearly so.

•»- Involucres capitate, heads solitary : dwarf and cespitose, alpine or subaipine,

densely white-tomentose.

21. E. pauciflonim, Nutt. Caudex short-branched : tomentose through-
out, or the linear-oblanceolate revolute leaves glabrous above : involucres broadly
turbinate, nearly glabrous, thin, with broad somewhat scarious teeth : Jlowers white,
glabrous. — Colorado.

22. E. Chrysocephalum, Gray. Caudex more diffusely brauched,
woody : tomentose throughout, the narrowly oblanceolate leaves sometimes gla-
brate above: involucres narrower and rather more Jinn, shortly toothed, somewhat
tomentose : Jlowers yellow, glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 101. Wahsatch
Mountains.

23. E. multiceps, Nees. Rather diffusely branched at base, densely
white-tomentose throughout : leaves narrowly oblanceolate : involucres rigid,
narrowly turbinate, with very short teeth : Jlowers rose-colored, pubescent. — Ne-
braska to Colorado.

•»- H- Involucres mostly solitary, in a repeatedly di- or trichotomous corymb-like

cyme.

24. E. microthectim, Nutt. Low and rather slender, woody and
diffusely much-branched, leafy below, more less white-tomentose : leaves
usually narrow, revolute, becoming glabrate above : involucres often peduncu-
late : inner sepals emarginate. — From Nebraska to New Mexico, the Sierra
Nevada, and Oregon.

Var. effusum, Torr. & Gray. With very diffuse and repeatedly divided
inflorescence. — More common eastward.

25. E. COrymbOSUm, Benth. Stouter and more rigid, usually densely
tomentose : leaves broader and less revolute : umbel stiff and broadly cymose :
involucres mostly sessile. — Including^, microthecum, var. Fendlerianum, Beiith.
Same range as last.

26. E. brevicaule, Nutt. Less woody and more shortly branched at base,
glabrous or glabrate above the white-tomentose base: leaves linear to narrowly
oblanceolate, attenuate to a very short petiole, often revolute, sometimes gla-
brate above : flowers yellow. — Idaho and Wyoming to New Mexico.

-i- H- •»- Involucre sessile and solitary upon the few strict branches of the once or
twice forked panicle.

27. E. racemosum, Nutt. White-tomentose, sparingly or not at all
branched at base, stout, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves large, ovate to oblong, on
long petioles : lower bracts somewhat foliaceous : involucres approximate,
tomentose : flowers white or rose-colored. — S. W. Colorado to Utah and
New Mexico.

2. OXYTHECA, Nutt.

Flowers, bracteoles, etc., as in Eriogonum. — Slender diffusely branched (re-
peatedly dichotomous) annuals, the slender internodes more or less covered
with small stipitate glands : leaves rosulate at the base : segments of the
glandular-pubescent perianth similar and equal.

1. O. dendroidea, Nutt. A foot high or less, the scape-like stem

POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 317

usually 1 or 2 inches high : leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute : bracts un-
equal : involucres in the forks on slender pedicels, the rest more nearly ses-
sile : flowers light rose-color. — From Wyoming to Nevada.

3. OXYRIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL.

Flowers perfect. The two inner sepals erect, appressed, and unchanged in
fruit. Stamens 6. — Perennial alpine and arctic herbs, erect, with long-
petioled round-reniform mostly radical leaves, and small obliquely truncate
sheaths : flowers small and greenish, in narrowly panicled racemes.

1. O. digyna, Campdera. Rather stout and fleshy, .3 to 18 inches high,
glabrous : flowers in scarious-bracted fascicles, on short capillary pedicels :
sepals often reddish, the outer narrower and carinate. — At high altitudes in
cold wet places among rocks throughout the northern hemisphere.

4. RUM EX, L. DOCK. SORREL.

Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious. Inner sepals somewhat colored
and becoming reticulated (valves) in fruit. Stamens 6. — Coarse perennial
herbs : stems leafy, with obliquely truncate cylindrical naked sheaths : flowers
small, fascicled or verticillate in paniculate racemes.

§ 1. Flowers perfect or polygamous: valves enlarged, often bearing a grain-like
callosity on the back : leaves never hastate^ pinnately many-veined, rarely very
acid. — DOCKS.

* Valves wholly without grains, mostly very large (3 lines long or more), entire or
denticulate : pedicels long, jointed near the base : glabrous.

1. R. venosus, Pursh. Stems erect, afoot high or less, from running
rootstocks, stout and leafy, with conspicuous dilated stipules : leaves on short
but rather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long,
only the lowest acute or somewhat cordate at base : panicle nearly sessile, short,
dense in fruit : valves entire, cordate-orbicular with a deep sinus, 9 to 12 lines in
diameter, bright rose-color. — From Colorado and Nevada to British Columbia
and the Saskatchewan.

2. R. OCCidentalis, Watson. Tall and rather slender, often 3 to 6 feet
high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lowest sometimes ovate, usually narrowing
gradually upward from the truncate somewhat cordate base, not decurrent on the
slender often elongated petiole, often a foot long or more : panicle narrow, elon-
gated, nearly leafless : valves broadly cordate, with a very shallow sinus, 3 I'mes
in diameter, often denticulate near the base. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 253.
R. longifolius of authors, not of DC. From New Mexico and Colorado to
Labrador and Alaska.

* * Valves smaller, one or more of them grain-bearing.

3. R. salicifolius, Weinman. Slender, often low, 1 to 5 feet high, usu-
ally branching and decumbent at base, glabrous: leaves narrowly or linear-
lanceolate, or the lowest oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, attenuate into a short peti-
ole, not undulate, glaucous : panicle usually open, the flowers crowded upon the
branches : valves ovate-rhomboidal to broadly deltoid, entire or denticulate, usually
with very large callosities. — Across the continent and northward to Alaska.

318 POLYGON ACE^}. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

4. R. maritimus, L. Simple or diffusely branched, the low stems erect
or procumbent, minutely pubescent : leaves linear lanceolate, usually truncate or
cordate at base, 1 to 4 inches long, mostly on short petioles, somewhat wavy-
margined : flowers in numerous dense verticils along the slender branches : valves
ovate-lanceolate, with 2 or 3 long-owned teeth on each side, all grain-bearing. —
From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent.

§ 2. Flowers dioecious or polygamous in naked panicles : valves not grain-bearing:
leaves often hastate, sparingly veined : stems erect and slender, glabrous.*

5. R. paucifolius, Nutt. Roots thickened : leaves narrowly to linear-
lanceolate, or the lowest broader, attenuate to a slender petiole, not very acid :
flowers reddish, in loose fascicles ; pedicels filiform, jointed at base : valves
enlarged in fruit, cordate-ovate, entire, twice longer than the akene. — From
Utah and Montana to the Sierra Nevada and Washington Territory.

6. POLYGONUM, L. KNOTWEED.

Flowers perfect. — Annual or perennial leafy herbs, rarely woody at base :
sheaths naked, ciliate, or foliaceous-margined : flowers small, in axillary, spi-
cate, or racemose fascicles.

§ 1. Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate with foliaceous bracts : leaves and
bracts jointed upon a very short petiole adnate to the naked 2-lobed or lacerate
sheath : perianth 5 to 6-parted, more or less herbaceous, dose-appressed to the
akene: stamens 3 to 8, the three inner filaments broad at base: styles 3 : akene
triangular. — AVICULARIA.
* Flowers in the axils of leaves or in loose virgate spikes : sepals herbaceous or

colored only on the margin.

•»- Branches leafy to the summit: sheaths short and mostly scarious, at length

lacerate.2

1. P. erectum, L. Rather stout, erect or ascending, glabrous, usually tinged
with yellow : leaves oblong or oval : flowers often yellowish, on more or less ex-
serted pedicels : sepals and stamens 5, rarely 6 : akene very broadly ovate to
lanceolate, dull and granular to nearly smooth and shining. — From Colorado to
Nevada and Oregon and the Eastern States.

2. P. minimum, Watson. Very low and slender, ascending, rarely 6 inches
high, usually more or less scabrous-puberulent : stems nearly terete, reddish:
leaves ovate to oblong, sometimes all narrowly lanceolate : flowers in all the
axils, usually small, erect on slender exserted pedicels, often tinged with rose-
color: stamens 5 to 8 : akene smooth and shining. — Bot. King Exped. 315.
P. Torreyi, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 664. From the Wahsatch and Uintas to
California and Oregon.

1 R. Acetosella, L., is the common "Sorrel" of fields and gardens, spread everywhere
from Europe. It can be distinguished from R. pauciflorus by its slender running roots, more
hastate and very acid leaves with the lobes often toothed at base, pedicels very short and
jointed at the top, and the valves not enlarged nor exceeding the small akene.

* P. aviculare, L., may be known by its prostrate or spreading habit, sessile lanceolate or
oblong leaves, dull broadly ovate akene which is minutely granular under a lens. — Intro-
duced from Europe and growing everywhere about yards and roadsides. Variously called
" Knot-grass," " Goose-grass," or " Door-weed."

POLYGON ACE^J. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 319

•«- -t- Branches slender and virgate, angled, terminating in more or less open spikes,
the narrow leaves diminishing upward and becoming bract-like.

3. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Erect or ascending, usually 2 to 4 feet
high, often branching only above, glabrous, the whole plant yellowish ; sheaths
loose, becoming lacerate to the base : leaves lanceolate to linear : flowers and
fruit as in P. erectum, the sepals more frequently 6, stamens 3 to 6, and akene
usually smooth and shining. — From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the
continent.

4. P. tenue, Michx. Erect and slender, £ to \\feet high, glabrous and
somewhat glaucous, sometimes slightly scabrous at the nodes : sheaths with a close
somewhat herbaceous base, sparingly scarious and lacerate above : leaves linear to
lanceolate, usually much reduced above : jlowers often solitary and usually dis-
tant, soon reflexed, the sepals margined with white or rose-color : stamens 8 :
akenes ovate, black and shining. — From Arizona to British Columbia and
eastward across the continent. The following varieties occur in the Rocky
Mountains : —

Var. latifolium, Engelm. With broader leaves and more numerous
flowers.

Var. microspermuni, Engelm. A low slender form, with minute flowers
and fruit.

* * Low and slender : Jlowers in short dense spikes, with imbricated bracts : sepals

colored: leaves linear.

5. P. imbricatum, Nutt. Stem 1 to 8 inches high, smooth or slightly
scabrous at the nodes, often diffusely branched : sheaths rather large, 2-parted
or lacerate above the short scarious base : bracts with sometimes a scarious
margin : flowers nearly sessile, rose-colored or white : stamens 3 or 5 : akene
minutely tuberculate-striate or smoothish. — Alpine and subalpine, from Colo-
rado to California and Oregon. It has usually been referred to P. coarctatum.

§ 2. Flowers fascicled, in usually dense spikes, with small scarious bracts: leaves
not jointed on the petiole: sheaths cylindrical and truncate, scarious, entire,
naked or ciliate-fringed or margined: perianth colored, 5-parted, appressed to
the lenticular or triangular akene : stamens 4 to 8; filaments filiform. —
PERSICARIA.

* Sheaths and bracts not ciliate nor fringed : sepals not punctate : style 2-cleft,

and akene flattened or lenticular.

6. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, smooth below, the
branches above and especially the peduncles beset with bristly -stalked glands:
leaves lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins : spikes oblong, obtuse,
erect, thick : flowers bright rose-color : stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserted. —
Colorado and eastward to the Atlantic States.

7. P. incarnatum, Ell. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous, the pedun-
cles, etc. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands : leaves rough on
the margins and midrib, elongated-lanceolate : spikes linear, nodding, becoming
slender: Jlowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color shading to white:
stamens 6 and styles 2, both included. — Colorado and eastward to the Atlantic
States.

8. P. lapathifolium, Ait., var. incanum, Koch. Lower, with shorter
and less pointed leaves, which are lanceolate, obtuse, and white-downy beneath :

320 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolate : spikes shorter, oblong and blunt. —
In the Wahsatch, on the Saskatchewan, and eastward to New York. Rare.

9. P. nodosum, Pers. Often stout, 1 to 4 feet high, branching, mostly gla-
brous, often sparingly and minutely glandular on the peduncles : leaves rather
narrowly lanceolate, cuneate at base and shortly petioled, somewhat scabrous
with short prickly hairs on the midrib and margins : spikes axillary and termi-
nal, oblong and erect or often linear and nodding : flowers white or light rose-
color: stamens 6 and styles 2, included. — Colorado and New Mexico to
Arizona, California, and Oregon.

10. P. amphibium, L. Aquatic, stout and glabrous or nearly so, not
branching above the rooting base : leaves floating, thick, smooth and shining
above, usually long-petioled, elliptical to lanceolate, cuneate or cordate at base :
sheaths leaf-bearing at about the middle : spike terminal, dense, ovate or oblong,
\ to 1 inch long, on a usually short peduncle : flowers bright rose-color : the
5 stamens and 2-clefl style exserted. — From the Sierra Nevada eastward across
the continent. In shallow water or on muddy banks the stems become erect,
the petioles shorter, and the whole plant more strigose-pubescent.

11. P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. In muddy or dry places, scabrous with
short appressed or glandular hairs, especially upon the leaves and upper part
of the simple stem : leaves thinner and longer, rather broadly lanceolate, nar-
rowly acuminate, usually rounded or cordate at base : spikes more elongated,
3 inches long, often in pairs : flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. — P. am-
phibium, var. terrestr-e, of Gray's Manual. Across the continent.

* # Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths sometimes foliaceously

margined.

12. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Closely allied to the two preceding species,
growing usually in the mud, the ascending stems rooting at the base and
very leafy, more or less rough hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts : leaves
rather narrow, on very short petioles, not punctate, adnate to the middle of the
sheath : flowers bright rose-color : sepals not glandular-dotted : stijle 2-clefl, and
akene somewhat flattened. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 294. From California and
Utah eastward through the Northern States.

13. P. Hydropiper, L. Smooth, 1 to 2 feet high, juice very acrid:
leaves punctate : spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted : flowers mostly
greenish : sepals conspicuously dotted : stamens 6 : style 2 to 3-parted : akene
dull, minutely striate, either flat or obtusely triangular. — Ranging across the
continent northward, where it is probably indigenous.

§ 3. Glabrous alpine or subalpine herbs, with thick creeping rootstocks and simple
stems : flowers in dense spike-like racemes : leaves not jointed on the petiole :
sheaths obliquely truncate, naked, as well as the scarious ovate or lanceolate
bracts: perianth colored, deeply 5-cleft, at length appressed to the triangular
akene: stamens 8, with filiform filaments: styles 3, long. — BISTORTA.

14. P. Bistorta, L. Stems a foot or two high : leaves few, the radical
ones on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute at each end, the cau-
line much reduced, mostly obtuse at base and sessile upon the sheath, the
margin often slightly revolute : flowers rose-colored to white, on slender pedi-
cels, in very dense ovate to oblong spikes and usually long-pedunculate : stamens

EL^EAGNACE^E. 321

and styles exserted : akene smooth and shining. — Throughout the northern
hemisphere ; frequent in meadows and on stream-banks in the mountains.
The leaves vary much, from cordate and oblong (var. oblong if olium, Meisn.)
to very narrow and attenuate at base (var. linear if olium, Watson).

15. P. viviparum, L. A similar species, but mostly dwarf and more
exclusively alpine : flowers smaller, nearly sessile in linear spikes 1 to 3 inches
long, at least the lower ones replaced by sessile bidblets a line long, — Same range
as the last.

§ 4. Herbs with fibrous roots, mostly twining or climbing, and with cordate or
sagittate leaves : flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in terminal or axillary
clusters : perianth green with colored margins, 5-parted, enlarging or keeled in
fruit: stamens mostly 8 : stiles or stigmas 3.1 — TINARIA.

16. P. dumetorum, L., var. scandens, Gray. Smooth, twining high
over bushes, with cordate or slightly halberd-shaped acute leaves, and flowers
in slender axillary sparingly leafy racemes : perianth long-attenuate to the
slender reflexed pedicel ; the outer sepals strongly winged upon the keel :
akene acutely triangular. — From the Atlantic States to the Upper Missouri,
Colorado, and Washington Territory.

ORDER 67. EL^EAOBTACEjE.

Shrubs, the foliage scurfy throughout with scarious silvery or brown
scales, with regular flowers perfect or dioecious, the perianth herbaceous
or colored within, its tube lined with a prominent disk bearing the
stamens, enclosing the 1-celled ovary, and becoming pulpy or spongy
without and bony within ; fruit a membranous akene, closely covered
by the drupe-like calyx-tube. Flowers solitary or variously clustered
in the axils of the branchlets.

1. Elseagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate.

2. Shepherdia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.

1. EL^IAGNUS, L.

Calyx-limb cylindric-campanulate or tubular below, parted above into
4 deciduous lobes, colored within. Disk glandulose. Stamens adnate to
the calyx and alternate with its lobes. Fruit drupe-like, with an oblong,
8-striate stone. — Leaves entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedi-
cellate.

1. E. argentea, Pursh. A stoloniferous unarmed shrub, 6 to 12 feet
high, the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales : leaves broad or
narrowly elliptic, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous : flowers numer-

1 P. Convolvulus, L., is low twin'ng or procumbent and minutely scabrous, leaves hal-
berd-cordate acuminate, flowers few in axillary fascicles or small interrupted racemes on
very short pedicels, outer sepals sharply keeled. — Introduced from Europe, very common
in the Eastern States, and found in Colorado and Montana.

21

322 LOBANTHACE^E.

ous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant, the tube broadly
oval, the limb f unnelform : fruit globose-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible. — From
Utah to the Upper Missouri and eastward to Minnesota and Canada.

2. SHEPHERD I A, Nutt. BUPFALO-BERBY.

Staminate perianth 4-parted, the lobes spreading. Stamens alternate with
as many lobes of a thick disk ; filaments free. Pistillate flowers with oblong-
tubular perianth; limb 4-cleft, erect, the throat closed by the lobes of the disk.
Fruit berry-like, with a smooth shining compressed seed.' — Flowers small
(the staminate larger), shortly pedicellate.

1. S. argentea, Nutt. Somewhat spiny shrub, 5 to 18 feet high: leaves
silvery on both sides, mostly oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base : fruit a smooth ovoid
scarlet berry, acid and edible, nearly sessile. — East of the Sierra Nevada to
the Saskatchewan, and southward in the mountains to New Mexico.

2. S. CanadensiS, Nutt. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, the branchlets, young
leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty scales : leaves elliptical or ovate,
nearly naked and green above, silvery downy as well as scurfy with rusty scales
beneath : fruit yellowish-red, insipid. — From the Columbia River eastward
across the continent, and in the mountains southward to New Mexico.

ORDER 68. LORANTHACEJE.

Evergreens, parasitic on shrubs or trees, dull yellowish-green or
brownish, with diehotomous branches and swollen joints, the opposite
thick and coriaceous e'xstipulate and entire leaves reduced to mostly con-
nate scales : flowers dioecious, of 2 to 5 sepals coherent at base : anthers
as many as the sepals and inserted upon them: ovary inferior, 1 -celled:
fruit a berry with glutinous endocarp. — Flowers small and inconspicu-
ous, greenish.

1. Phoradendron. Flowers globose, mostly 3-lobed. Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2

pores or slits : pollen-grains smooth. Berry globose, pulpy and semi-transparent.

2. Arceuthobium. Flowers mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the

pistillate 2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit ; pollen
spinulose. Berry compressed, fleshy.

1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. MISTLETOE.

Flowers immersed in the rhachis of jointed spikes. — Parasitic on branches
of various kinds of trees : spikes single or in pairs in the axils of opposite
leaves, the lowest joint sterile, the others bearing solitary or several flowers on
each side. Flowering in February or March, and maturing its fruit the next
winter.

1. P. juniperinum, Engelm. Glabrous, stout, densely branched, 6 to 9
inches high : branches terete, the ultimate branchlets quadrangular : scales
broadly triangular connate or distinct, ciliate : staminate spikes of a single

SANTALACE^. 323

6 to 8-flowered joint : pistillate spikes 2-flowered : berry whitish or light red.
— PI. Fendl. 58. On different species of Juniperus. S. W. Colorado to New
Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California.

2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb.

Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or several from the same axil. — Para-
sitic on Conifers, glabrous, with rectangular branches and connate scale-like
leaves : flowers often crowded into apparent spikes or panicles, opening in
summer or autumn and maturing their fruit in the second autumn, when the
berries suddenly and forcibly eject the glutinous seed to the distance of sev-
eral yards.

* Staminate flowers all (or nearly all) terminal on distinct peduncle-like joints,

paniculate.

1. A. Americanum, Nutt. Slender, dichotomously or verticillately
much branched, greenish yellow : staminate plants sometimes 3 or 4 inches
long, fertile plants much smaller. — On Pinus contorta. From Wyoming to
Oregon and southward to Colorado and California.

* * Staminate flowers axillary (with a terminal one) , forming simple or compound

spikes. Ours are greenish-brown, with the accessory branchlets of fruiting speci-
mens mostly leaf-bearing.

2. A. divaricatum, Engelm. Eather stout, 2 to 4 inches high, and a
line in diameter at base, olive-green or pale brownish : branches spreading,
often flexuous or recurved : staminate flowers few and scattered or in 3 to 7 '-flow-
ered spikes, with ovate acute lobes. — PI. Wheeler, 1874, 16. On Pinus edulis
and P. monophylla, from New Mexico and S. Colorado to Arizona and S. Utah.

3. A. robustum, Engelm. Stouter and not so spreading: spikes much
denser, the buds of the staminate flowers flat and appressed, and the 3-parted
flowers with shorter and broader lobes. — On Pinus ponderosa. Arizona and
northward in the Rocky Mountains.

ORDER 69. SANTALACE^E.

Herbs or shrubs, usually root-parasitic, with angled or striate branches,
entire alternate and mostly sessile leaves without stipules, and mostly
perfect flowers with 3 to 5-cleft perianth adherent to the 1 -celled 2 to 4-
ovuled ovary, which becomes an indehiscent 1 -seeded usually nut-like
fruit ; stamens 3 to 5, opposite the perianth lobes, at the edge of an
epigynous often lobed disk ; style 2 to 5-lobed.

1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

The campanulate or urn-shaped perianth with a 5-lobed persistent limb.
Disk with a free lobed margin. Stamens included : anthers attached by tufts
of hairs to the base of the calyx-lobes. — Low herbaceous smooth perennials,
with subterranean rootstocks : leaves glaucous, the lowest scale-like : flowers
greenish white, in small terminal or axillary umbellate clusters.

324 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPUKGE FAMILY.)

1. C. limbellata, Nutt. Stems leafy, 6 to 15 inches high : leaves oblong :
umbels few-flowered, corymbosely clustered at the summit of the stem : flowers
on slender pedicels, the white oblong erect or slightly spreading lobes about
equalling the green tube, which is continued conspicuously above the ovary :
fruit globular, 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — In the Sierra Nevada of California
northward to Washington Territory and eastward across the continent.

2. C. pallida, A. DC. Differing from the last in its narrower more glau-
cous and acuter leaves, which are linear to narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the
main stem oblong), all acute or somewhat cuspidate : fruit ovoid, larger (3 to 4
lines long), sessile or on short stout pedicels. — New Mexico and Colorado to
Oregon.

ORDER 70. EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

Herbs (ours), with milky acrid juice, monoecious or dioecious com-
moiily apetalous and often naked flowers, a free and usually 3-celled
ovary with (in ours) one pendulous ovule in each cell, and maturing into
a 3-celled elastically dehiscent capsule with crustaceous seeds. Stamens
one to many. Styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as the cells of
the ovary. Leaves mostly alternate and simple, often stipulate.

* Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a perianth, without an involucre.
••- Stamens erect in the bud.

1. Tragia. Petals none. Calyx 3 to 8-parted. Flowers in racemes, terminal or opposite

the leaves, pistillate at the base. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 3-parted.

2. Argytliamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Flowers in axillary spicate clusters, pistillate

below. Stamens 5 to 15 in 1 to 3 whorls. Styles bifid,
•i- -t- Stamens incurved in the bud.

3. Croton. Flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Erect and gray-scurfy.

* * Flowers all without perianth, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre.

4. Euphorbia. Pistillate flower solitary, soon exserted : the staminate numerous, each

of a single stamen.

1. TRAGIA, Plumier.

Staminate calyx 8 to 5-parted. Filaments short : anther-cells united. Pis-
tillate calyx 3 to 8-parted, persistent. Pod 3-lobed, bristly, separating into
three 2-valved carpels. — Erect or climbing plants, pubescent or hispid, some-
times stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate leaves : the sterile flowers
above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts.

1. T. nepetaefolia, Muller, var. ramosa, Muller. Hirsute, erect, much
branched, 6 to 8 inches high : stem slender, at length flagelliform-elongated,
weak and somewhat turning : leaves triangular-ovate from a cordate base or
oftener lanceolate, gradually acuminate. — Colorado and southward.

2. ARGYTHAMNIA, P.Browne.

Calyx valvate in the staminate flowers, imbricate in the pistillate. Petals
alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the lobes of the glandular disk.

EUPHORHIACE.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 325

Filaments united into a central column. Seeds subglobose, roughened or
reticulated, not carunculate. — Erect herbs or undershrubs, with purplish
juice : leaves alternate, usually stipulate, entire (in ours).

1. A. humilis, Mull. Stem about one foot high, much branched, silky
or strigose-pubescent, branches spreading : leaves narrowed at the base, spatu-
late or obovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, sparingly pubescent :
raceme much shorter than the leaves, on very short peduncles. — S. Colorado
and southward.

3. CROTON, L.

Staminate calyx 4 to 6-parted. Petals often present, but small or rudi-
mentary, alternating with the glands of a central disk. Stamens 5 to
many, on a hairy receptacle. Pistillate calyx usually 5-parted, but the petals
mostly obsolete. Seeds smooth and shining, carunculate. — Herbs or shrubs,
scurfy or stellately hairy or sometimes glandular : leaves alternate, entire or
repand.

1. C. Texensis, MiilL Covered with a close canescent stellate pubes-
cence, dichotomously branched or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves lance-
ovate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate : dioecious ; racemes of staminate flowers
short : ovary stellate-tomentose ; styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted.
— S. Colorado and southward.

4. EUPHORBIA, L.

Flowers monoecious, included in 4 to 5-lobed involucres, the lobes usually
alternating with as many fleshy glands which are rounded or often petaloid-
margincd or crescent-shaped. — Mostly herbs : leaves opposite or alternate or
the upper ones verticillate : involucres terminal or in the forks, the sterile
flowers lining the base and each from the axil of a little bract, the fertile
flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long
pedicel.

A. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or rose-colored, entire or

toothed margins or appendages.

§ 1. Leaves all similar, opposite, on short petioles, small, oblique at base, furnished
with awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed stipules : stems much branched,
spreading or usually procumbent : involucres solitary in the forks of the branches
or in terminal or lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands.

* Seeds smooth and even : leaves entire, glabrous.

1. E. petaloidea, Engelm. Glabrous : stems procumbent or ascending :
leaves attenuate to the scarcely oblique base, oblong-linear or linear, retuse or
emarginate : involucres solitary, campanulate, lobes hairy beneath the glands
within, the broadly campanulate appendages conspicuous; peduncles longer
than petioles : seeds reddish, with rounded angles. — From Colorado to Ne-
braska and eastward to the Mississippi.

2. E. flagelliformis, Engelm. Distinguished from the last by the
smaller involucre bearing very small and almost naked glands, often less than

326 EUPHOEBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

four in number; the more numerous stamens (often 25) with much smaller
anthers ; and by the smaller, more angular and more pointed, grayish
seeds.— Brandegee, Fl. S. W. Colorado, 243. S. W. Colorado to the Rio
Grande.

* * Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled, or pitted,
-t- Leaves entire.

3. E. la.tcl, Engelm. Canescent with appressed pubescence : stems from a
woody rootstock, spreading, short, rigid; lower internodes longer than the
leaves, uppermost very short : leaves triangular-ovate, abruptly attenuate at
base, or oblong with revolute margins ; stipules triangular-lanceolate : involucre
axillary, solitary, campanulate, hairy, lobes elongated ; glands ovate with a very
narrow lobulate appendage : capsule hirsute : seed oblong, transversely wrinkled.
— S. E. Colorado and southward.

4. E. Fendleri, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, from a slender rootstock:
stems delicately filiform, erect or decumbent : leaves ovate from a rounded
base ; stipules subulate, often laciniate at base : involucres terminal, solitary,
turbinate, slightly bearded in the throat, lobes short; glands transversely
oblong with a very narrow obsolete appendage: seed ovate, 1-angled, irregu-
larly punctate. — S. Colorado and southward.

5. E. revoluta, Engelm. Glabrous: stem erect, filiform, naked below,
much branched above the middle : leaves narrowly linear, revolute on the
margins, attenuated below ; stipules subulate, entire : involucres very small,
uppermost in the forks of the branches and terminal, short-campanulate ; glands
purple, with a whitish or reddish oblong appendage : capsule glabrous : seed
oblong, sharply 4-angled, sparingly and irregularly rugose. — Colorado and
southward.

•t— •»— Leaves serrate or serrulate : flowers in lateral leafy clusters.

6. E. Stictospora, Engelm. Prostrate and pubescent: leaves rounded,
subcordate, sharply serrate: racemes crowded, with very small and slender
long-peduncled involucres : capsule sharp angled, pubescent : seeds slender,
sharply ^-angled, rugose-dotted. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 187. Abundant in New
Mexico and extending into S. Colorado.

7. E. Serpyllifolia, Pers. Prostrate-spreading and glabrous : leaves
obovate-oblong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the
apex: glands of the involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages:
seeds acutely ^-angled, slightly cross-wrinkled and often pitted. — From Cali-
fornia and the Columbia River to the Saskatchewan, Iowa, and Texas.

8. E. glyptosperma, Eugelm. Erect-spreading and glabrous : leaves
linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base (semicordate), sharply serru-
late : glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages :
seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles. — From Illinois
and Wisconsin to Colorado and the Columbia River.

9. E. maculata, L. Prostrate and puberulent or hairy: leaves oblong-
linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upwards, usually with a brown-red spot in
the centre : glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate
(usually red) appendages : seeds ovate, sharply ^-angled and with about 4 shal-
low grooves across the concave sides. — Colorado, and common eastward.

EUPHOEBIACE^E. (SPUUGE FAMILY.) 327

§ 2. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, equal at base, with stipular glands : stems
dichotomously branched, erect : cymes terminal, involucres with 5 glands : seeds
tuberculate.

10. E. hexagona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy: stem a foot or more high;
branches striate-angled : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire : involucre hairy with-
out and within : glands with a green ovate-triangular appendage twice their
length: capsule smooth: seeds ovate. — From Texas and Colorado to the
Upper Missouri.

§ 3. Uppermost or floral leaves with conspicuous white petal-like margins, whorled
or opposite, the others scattered, equal at base, entire and sessile: involucres
5-lobed, collected in an umbel-like inflorescence.

11. E. marginata, Pursh. Stem stout (2 to 3 feet high), erect, hairy :
leaves ovate or oblong : umbel with 3 dichotomous rays : glands of the
involucre with broad white appendages. — From Colorado to Kansas and
Nebraska. Cultivated and run wild in the Eastern States.

15 . Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages.

§ 4. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4 to 5-lobed, with few cup-shaped glands :
seed without a caruncle: leaves dentate, all but the lowest opposite, and
stipules glandular.

12. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy : leaves ovate, lanceo-
late, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed, upper ones often paler at the base :
involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or more short-
stalked glands : seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — S. Colorado ( Bran-
degee) and eastward to Illinois and Pennsylvania.

§ 5. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelliferous inflorescence,
4 or 5-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands : seeds
mostly carunculate : glabrous, with entire or serrulate scattered (except the
uppermost) leaves and no stipules.

13. E. Obtusata, Pursh. Erect : leaves oblong-spatulate, minutely serru-
late, smooth, obtuse; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones ovate, dilated j
umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2 : involucre with naked
lobes and small stipitate glands : styles distinct and longer than the ovary, erectf
2-clef t to the middle : pod beset with long warts : seeds smooth and even. —
S. Colorado, arid from Illinois to Virginia.

14. E. dictyosperma, Fisch. & Meyer. Erect : leaves oblong- or ovate-
spatulate, smooth, obtuse and obtusely serrate ; upper ones cordate at base :
umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked : involucre with nearly naked
lobes and small almost sessile glands : styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or
recurved : pod warty : seeds delicately reticulated. — From California and Ore-
gon to Texas, Kentucky, and Nebraska.

15. E. montana, Engelm. Very glabrous and glaucous: stems leafy
and ascending : leaves rather thick, entire, ovate, obtuse; floral ones orbiculate,
triangular : umbels repeatedly dichotomous : involucre roughish within, with
oblong-linear velvety lobes, and truncate, very shortly 2-horned glands : styles
very short, bifid: pod smooth: seeds superficially pitted. — From the Upper
Platte to New Mexico, Arizona, and southward.

328 CEBATOPHYLLACE^E. (HORN WORT FAMILY.)

ORDER 71. CAL.LITRICHACEJE. (WATER-STARWORTS.)

Small slender aquatic herbs, with opposite entire leaves, no stipules
and monoecious axillary flowers without perianth, but sometimes with
2 bracts; stamen 1, with slender filament and heart-shaped 4-celled
anther; ovary 4-celled, with 2 styles; fruit 4-lobed, flattened and
emarginate. Flowers mostly solitary, sometimes a male and female in
the same axil

1. CALLITRICHE, L.

Characters given under the order.

1. C. verna, L. Amphibious, with elongated stems and floating rosulate
obovate often emarginate leaves, the submerged ones from sputulate to linear: bracts
often exceeding the fruit, rarely wanting : styles erect or spreading, deciduous :
fruit orbicular or obcordate or elliptical, of connate carpels. — From California
and Oregon to Montana and Wyoming, and eastward across the continent.

2. C. autumn alls, I*. Submersed, with numerous uniform linear one-nerved
leaves, truncate or retuse at the apex: flowers without bracts: styles reflexed,
caducous : fruit round, deeply notched, the margins thin or at length winged.
— From California northward, and thence eastward across the continent.

ORDER 72. EKATOPHYL.L ACE.33. (HORNWORT FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axil-
lary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an
8 to 12-cleft involucre in place of a caly the fertile a simple 1 -celled
ovary.

1. CEBATOPHYLLUM, L.

Sterile flowers of 12 to 24 stamens, with sessile anthers. Fruit an ache-
nium, beaked with a slender persistent style. — Submersed plants, in ponds
or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked threadlike
divisions.

1. C. demersum, L. Stems very slender, a foot or two long: leaves
in numerous whorls of 6 to 8 : akene elliptical, shortly stipitate, with a short
spine or tubercle on each side near the base. — California and northward,
thence eastward across the continent.

ORDER 73. URTICACE^E.

Plants generally with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious, or rarely
perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the 1 -celled
ovary which forms a 1 -seeded fruit; stamens as many as the lobes of
the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer.

URTICACE.E. 329

SUBORDER I. ULMACE^E. (ELM FAMILY.)

Flowers perfect or monceciously polygamous. Filaments straight or
moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara
or drupe. — Trees, with alternate leaves.

1. Ulmus. Flowers sometimes perfect. Ovary 2-ovuled. Fruit a samara. Anthers

extrorse.

2. Celtis. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-ovuled. Fruit a drupe. Anthers introrse.

SUBORDER II. UBTICEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments wrinkled and inflexed in
the bud. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always l-celled and 1-seeded,
becoming an akene. — Herbs with a tough fibrous bark and opposite or
alternate leaves.

* Calyx iii the fertile flowers of 2 to 5 separate or nearly separate sepals : plant beset with

stinging bristles.

3. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Akene straight and erect, enclosed

by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.

4. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the

two exterior being minute. Akene very oblique and bent down, nearly naked. Stigma
long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate.

* * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the akene. Plant wholly

destitute of stinging bristles.

5. Farietaria. Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted.

Leaves alternate.

SUBORDER III. CANNABINE.E. (HEMP FAMILY.)

Flowers dioecious; the sterile racemed or panicled; the fertile in clus-
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary
l-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a glandular akene. — Herbs with opposite
lobed leaves and a fibrous inner bark.

6. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit.

Anthers erect. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed.

1. ULMUS, L. ELM.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 to 9-cleft. Stamens 4 to 9, with long slender filaments.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit winged all around. — Flowers polygamous, purplish or
yellowish, in lateral clusters, preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-
veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at
base.

1. U. Americana, (L.) Willcl. Buds and brarichlets glabrous : branches
not corky : leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often
doubly serrate, soft pubescent beneath or soon glabrous, smooth above or
nearly so : flowers on slender drooping peduncles which are jointed above the
middle, in close fascicles : fruit glabrous except the margins, its sharp points

330 URTICACE^E.

incurved and closing the notch. — In the Atlantic States, and extending within
our boundary through Minnesota. Known as " American" or " White Elm."

2. CELT IS, Tourn. HACKBERRY.

Calyx 5 to 6-parted. Stamens 5 to 6. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit globular.
— Leaves pointed, petioled : flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary
or in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves ; the lower usually staminate
only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base "of the branches of the
season.

1. C. occidentalis, L. Leaves reticulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and
ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so or
only towards the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually soft-
pubescent beneath, at least when young : fruit reddish or yellowish, becoming
dark purple. — From Colorado to Wisconsin and eastward. A small or mid-
dle-sized tree with the aspect of an elm.

3. URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE.

Flowers clustered, the clusters mostly in racemes, spikes, or loose heads.
Stamens in the fertile flowers inserted around the cup-shaped rudiment of a
pistil. — Flowers greenish. Ours are perennials with flower clusters in pani-
cles or pauicled spikes.1

1. U. gracilis, Ait. Sparingly bristly, slender: leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, 3 to 5-uerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost
glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly : spikes slender and loosely
panicled. — Colorado and northward, thence eastward across the continent.

2. U. Breweri, Watson. Tall and stout, grayish with a short somewhat
hispid pubescence, or nearly glabrous, and with scattered bristles : leaves thin,
finely pubescent, soon glabrate or roughish above, ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
rounded or slightly cordate at base, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles : Jlowers
in short open panicles scarcely exceeding the petioles. — Proc. Amer. Acad. x. 348.
Ranging from S. California to S. Colorado and Texas.

3. U. holosericea, Nutt. Tall and stout, more or less bristly, finely and
densely tomentose especially on the lower side of the leaves : leaves thick, oblong-
to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, on short stout petioles: staminate Jlowers
in loose slender diffuse panicles nearly equalling the leaves ; pistillate panicles /
denser and shorter. — U. dioica, var. occidentalis, Watson, Bot. King Exped.
Abundant in the Wahsatch and westward throughout California.

4. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. WOOD-NETTLE.

Flowers clustered in loose cymes ; the upper widely spreading and chiefly
or entirely fertile; the lower mostly sterile. — Herbs with large alternate ser-
rate leaves, and axillary stipules.

1 U. dioica, L., is very bristly and stinging, with leaves ovate, heart-shaped, very deeply
serrate, downy underneath, and the spikes much branched. — Introduced into Colorado and
elsewhere from the East, where it has come from Europe.

CUPUL1FERJS. (OAK FAMILY.) 331

1. L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-
veined, long-petioled ; stipule single, 2-cleft. — Throughout the Atlantic
States, and coming within our borders at the northwest.

5. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELLITORY.

The staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers intermixed in the same invo-
lucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters. — Diffuse or tufted herbs, with entire
3-ribbed leaves and no stipules.

1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, simple or sparingly branched,
minutely downy : leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque
dots : flowers shorter than the leaves of the involucre. — From Colorado to
Nevada and eastward across the continent.

6. HUMULUS, L. HOP.

Sterile flowers with 5 sepals and 5 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short
spikes with leafy imbricated bracts, each 2-flowered. Akene invested with the
enlarged scale-like calyx. — Twining rough perennials, with stems almost
prickly downwards, mostly opposite heart-shaped and palmately 3 to 7-lobed
leaves.

1. H. Lupulus, L. Leaves commonly longer than the petioles: the
fruiting calyx, akeiie, etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, giving the
bitterness and aroma of the hop. — In the mountains from New Mexico to
British America and eastward across the continent.

ORDER 74. CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight- veined leaves,
deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers, both kinds of flowers in
catkins, or the fertile solitary, clustered, or spiked, the 1 -celled, 1 -seeded
nut with, or without an involucre.

Tribe I. Both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 under each bract, and no involucre

to the naked often winged small nut. — BETULE.E.

1 Bet ul a. Stamens 2, with bifurcate filaments and separate anther-cells. Bracts 3-lobed,
becoming coriaceous and caducous. Nutlet broadly winged.

2. Alnus. Stamens 4 : anther-cells contiguous. Bracts entire, becoming woody, per-

sistent. Nutlet not winged.

Tribe II. Sterile flowers destitute of a true calyx, consisting of several stamens included
under and more or less adnate to a bract : filaments short ; anthers 1-celled. Fertile
flowers in a scaly bud or catkin, two under each fertile bract, each with one or more
bractlets, which form a foliaceous involucre to the nut. — COBYLE^.

3. Corylus. Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside. Invo-

lucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut.

Tribe III. Sterile flowers with a distinct 4 to 7-lobed calyx, including 3 to 20 stamens :
filaments exserted ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers one or few enclosed in a cupule
consisting of bracts variously consolidated. — QUERCINE^E.

4. Quercus. Sterile flowers in slender catkins. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire;

nut hard and terete.

832 CUPULIFER^I. (OAK FAMILY.)

1. BE TIT LA, Tourn. BIRCH.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each shield-shaped scale or bract of
the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 2 two-parted fila-
ments. Fertile flowers without bractlets or calyx. — Outer bark usually
separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves often
spicy-aromatic.

1. B. OCCidentalis, Hook. Becoming 10 or 20 feet high, with close dark-
colored bark (at length light brown) ; branches more or less resinous-dotted
at the extremities : leaves thin, broadly ovate, acute, truncate or rounded or
somewhat cuneate at base, with short glandular-tipped serraturcs and often ob-
scurely lobed, somewhat resinous above, smooth or slightly appressed-villous
beneath : the divaricately 3-lobed bracts pubescent ciliate : icings of the nutlet as
broad as the body or broader. — From California to Washington Territory and
the Saskatchewan, and in the Kocky Mountains to New Mexico. Sometimes
called " Black Birch."

2. B. glandulosa, Michx. A low bush, 4 to 6 feet high or less, the dark-
colored branches usually more or less resinous-glandular : leaves small, obovate
to oblong-obovate, mostly cuneate at base, rounded and crenate above, smooth
and often resinous-coated : the deeply 3-lobed bracts slightly ciliate : seed orbicu-
lar-winged. — From California to Sitka, and eastward through British America
to the Atlantic, and southward in the mountains to New Mexico.

2. A L NITS, Tourn. ALDER.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 4 or 5 under each short-stalked shield-shaped
scale, consisting each of a 3 to 5-parted calyx and as many stamens, with the
filaments short and simple. Fertile flowers with a calyx of 4 little scales
adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin.
§ 1. Flowers developed in spring with the leaves; the sterile from catkins which

have remained naked over winter ; while the fertile have been enclosed in a

scaly bud: fruit with a conspicuous thin wing.

1. A. viridis, DC. Shrub 3 to 8 feet high : leaves round-oval, ovate, or
slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy underneath, ser-
rate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often cut-toothed :
fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid. — Mountains of Colorado and
northward into British America, and thence eastward to N. New York and
New England.

§ 2. Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clus-
tered catkins which (both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and have
remained naked over winter : fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous
margin.

2. A. incana, Willd. Shrub or small tree 8 to 20 feet high : leaves
broadly oval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely
toothed, whitened and mostly downy underneath : fruit orbicular. — From
Colorado northward and thence eastward.

Var. virescens, Watson. Leaves acutely double-toothed, light green and
glabrous on both sides or sparingly pubescent : nutlets round-obovate, thinly

CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.)' 333

margined. — Bot. Calif, ii. 81. Ranges eastward with the species, but extends
westward to the S. Sierra Nevada and Oregon.

3. CORYLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins. — Shrubs with doubly-
toothed leaves, flowering in early spring : sterile catkins single or fascicled
from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating
early leafy shoots.

1. C. rostrata, Ait. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high: leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed: involucre of united bracts, much
prolonged above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. —
From Colorado to Washington Territory, thence northward and eastward to
the Alleghanies.

4. QUEBCUS, L. OAK.

Sterile flowers in naked catkins. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat
clustered. — Flowers greenish or yellowish : sterile catkins single or often
several from the same lateral scaly bud : flowering in the spring and shed-
ding the nuts in the fall. — Our two species are " White Oaks," being annual-
fruited and having sweet kernels.

1. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pin-
natifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or nearly parted, downy or pale beneath ; the
lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire : cup deep,
conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick-pointed scales, the upper ones awned,
so as usually to make a mossy fringed border : acorn half immersed in or entirely
enclosed by the cup. — Throughout the Atlantic States and coming within our
range at its northeastern limit. North of the Missouri River a low scrubby
form is found, which has been called var. depressa, Engelm., having also
smaller leaves and much smaller acorns than the species.

2. Q. undulata, Torr. Leaves from lyrate to nearly entire, always
downy below : the sweet and edible acorns oval, oblong, or sometimes elon-
gated : the subhemispherical, sessile, short- or sometimes long-peduncled cup
varies from scaly to very knobby. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 248, t. 4 ; Engelm.
in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 382, 392. An exceedingly variable species,
embracing, as now understood, all the Rocky Mountain forms. These forms
can be arranged in two groups as follows : —

* Leaves larger, strongly lobed, darker green, and decidedly deciduous : calyx-
lobes narrower, ciliate: acorns often thicker and shorter. — From W. Texas
through Colorado to Utah and Arizona.

Var. Gambelii, Engelm. The large leaf with broader emarginate or
even lobed divisions. — Q. Gambelii, Nutt.

Var. Gunnisoni, Engelm. Lobes of the leaf narrow and entire. — Q.
alba, var. Gunnisoni, Torr.

Var. breviloba, Engelm. Leaves sinuate or broad- and short-lobed. —
Q. obtusiloba, var. bi'eviloba, Torr.

Var. Jamesii, Engelm. Like var. Gunnisoni, but the smaller and more
rigid leaves with acute lobes.

334 SALICINE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

* * Leaves smaller, paler, more rigid, mostly spinous-dentate, and (at least south-
ward) more or less persistent : calyx-lobes broader and woolly : acorns often
slender and longer. — Ranging farther north and east than the other
group.

Var. Wrightii, Engelm. Leaves small (an inch long or less), sinuate-
dentate, the teeth very rigid and pungent. — The Q. Emori/i of Fl. Colorado,
with which Arizona species it has been constantly confounded.

Var. grandifolia, Engelm. Leaves very large (3 to 5 inches long),
nearly entire or undulate : peduncles very long. — Upon the Upper Arkansas
(Brandegee) and Arizona.

ORDER 75. SALICINEJG. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one
under each bract, entirely destitute of floral envelopes ; the fruit a
1 -celled and 2-valved pod, with numerous seeds furnished with long
silky down. — Leaves alternate, undivided.

1. Salix. Bracts entire. Flowers with small glands ; disks none. Stamens few. Stigmas

short. Buds with a single scale.

2. Populus. Bracts lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. Stamens

numerous. Stigmas elongated. Buds scaly.

1. SALIX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER. (By M. S. BEBB, Esq.)

Aments preceding or accompanying the leaves. Filaments filiform, free
or more or less connate. Ovary and capsule more or less conical. — Trees,
shrubs, or undershrubs, mostly confined to the neighborhood of water : leaves
mostly long and pointed, feather-veined.

§ 1. Aments on short lateral leafy branchlets: scales yellowish, falling before the
capsules mature : filaments hairy below : shrubs and small trees of the low-
lands.

# Stamens 3 to 5 : capsules glabrous : leaves lanceolate, serrate.

1. S. amygdaloides, Anders. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
2 to 4 inches long, £ to 1 inch wide, attenuate-cuspidate, paler or glaucous
beneath, closely and sharply serrate; petioles slender eglandular ; stipules
minute and very early deciduous : staminate aments elongated, slendcrlij-cylin-
drical, 2 to 3 inches long, subflexuose, the flowers somewhat remotely and
subverticillately arranged on the slender rhachis ; fertile becoming very loose in
fruit, 3 to 4 inches long : scales in male aments ovate, villons with crisp hairs, in
the female narrower, smoother, and fugaceous : capsules lanceolate, on slender
pedicels; style very short or obsolete, stigmas notched. — A small tree, grow-
ing on the banks of streams, from New York and Missouri west to Oregon.
The nearly allied S. nigra, so common between the Gulf of Mexico and the
Great Lakes, has not been found within our limits.

2. S. lasiandra, Benth., var. Fendleriana, Bebb. Leaves lanceolate,
tapering to a very long attenuate point, coriaceous, scarcely paler beneath.

SALICINE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 335

closely glandular-serrate ; stipules small, roundish ; petioles glandular at the
tip : starninate aments densely flowered, oblong-cylindrical, 1 to 2 inches long*
obtuse ; fertile rather shorter, erect or spreading, in fruit thick; scales dentate,
hairy at base, in the female ament almost glabrous : stamens 5 or more : cap-
sules tapering from an ovate base : style short ; stigmas bifid. — Banks of
mountain streams, frequent. Scarcely distinguished from S- lucida of the
Eastern States by the narrower and less glossy leaves.

# * Stamens 2 : capsules tomentose or glabrous : leaves linear, remotely mucro-

nate-dentate.

3. S. longifolia, Muhl. Leaves varying from linear to lanceolate, long
acuminate, tapering at base, sessile or nearly so, 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 6 lines
(usually 2 to 3 lines) wide, margin remotely denticulate with projecting teeth
or sometimes entire ; stipules very early deciduous : aments linear-cylindrical,
often clustered at the extremity of the branchlets : scales villous, dentate,
subdeciduous : capsules oblong-conical, obtuse, shortly pedicelled, tomentose
or glabrous : stigmas large, sessile. — From Maine and Maryland across the
continent to Oregon and California. Exceedingly variable in foliage, flowers,
and fruit. A shrub (within our limits) rooting extensively in alluvial deposits
and forming dense clumps.

§ 2. Aments lateral or terminal with or without bracts: scales persistent, usually

darker at the tip : stamens 2 ,• filaments glabrous.

# Capsules glabrous.

4. S. COrdata, Muhl. Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, glabrous (usually more or less silky when young) ; those
of vigorous barren shoots broadly-lanceolate, rounded or subcordate at base,
3 to 4 inches long, 1 to l£ inches wide, rigid, paler and reticulate-veined be-
neath, coarsely serrate, conspicuous stipules ovate or reniform ; those of
depauperate growths linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed at both ends, 2 inches
long by j inch wide, very finely and closely serrate, scarcely paler beneath,
stipules minute : aments more or less bracted, cylindrical, 1 to 3 inches long
in fruit : scales dark at the tip, clothed with long white hairs : capsule lanceo-
late, glabrous, green or reddish, long pedicelled : style medium ; stigmas
notched.

Var. Mackenziaua, Hook. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, narrowed at
base, subentire ; stipules small : aments shortly peduncled ; pedicels long and
slender, much exceeding the small, sparsely villous tawny scale.

Var. vestita, Anders. Recent twigs tomentose ; young leaves silky :
aments thick, closely sessile, preceding the leaves : scales clothed with long
silky hairs.

Northern States clear across the continent and northward to the Arctic
coast. The var. vestita, growing on the banks of the Missouri and Yellow-
stone Rivers, L. F. Ward, known as " Diamond Willow " from the peculiar
arrest of wood- growth at the base of the atrophied twigs, is said to afford
very durable timber. It is altogether incredible, however, that any form of
S. cordata ever attains tree-like size.

5. S. Novse-Anglise, Anders. Leaves obovate-oblong or oval, somewhat
obtuse, closely crenate, green and glabrous both sides, young drying black, adult
rigid, striate-nerved, shining ; stipules small or none : aments short, oval-oblong,

33ft SALICINE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

at first wrapped in the leaves of the short peduncle : scales obovate-roundish,
apex black, villous with white hairs : capsules conic-rostrate glabrous, green
or reddish, short-pedicelled : style medium ; stigmas thick, entire, erect.

Var. pseudo-myrsinites. Small shrub 1 to 3 feet high, divaricately
branched: leaves l£ inches long, £ inch wide, short petioled, membranaceous :
prominently nerved aments leafy-bracted, l£ inches long.

Var. pseudo-COrdata, Anders. By no means a tall shrub, branches
upright: leaves oval-oblong, l£ inches long, % inch wide, scarcely narrower
below the middle, roundish at base, apex produced, rather acute, margin
minutely serrulate : aments about an inch long.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Montana (valley of Nevada Creek,
Canby), and northward to the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie Rivers.

6. S. irrorata, Anders. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long, \ inch
or less wide, very smooth, somewhat coriaceous, bright green and shining above
except the yellowish midrib, paler or often intensely glaucous beneath, remotely
undulate-serrate ; petioles ^ inch long ; buds large, roundish ; stipules evanescent :
aments all appearing before the leaves, an inch long, crowded on the branches,
sessile, scarcely bracted, very densely flowered ; males oblong, golden-yellow ;
females erect or spreading, at length 1 to l£ inches long : scales dark, obtuse,
villous: capsules ovate-conical, smooth, green, scarcely pedicelled : style
medium ; stigmas very short, entire or bifid. — Shrub 6 to 8 feet high, with
upright branches. One-year-old twigs often covered with a beautiful glaucous
bloom, which is easily rubbed off; not present on vigorous young shoots.
Mountains near Golden, Greene; Manitou, Brandegee, Jones; Empire City,
Engelmann. Only the very young leaves (an inch long) accompanying the
flowers and fruit of Fendler's No. 812 were known to Professor Andersson.

7. S. monticola, Bebb. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the eadiest obovate,
acute, 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to If inches wide, glabrous, rigid and glaucous
beneath or thin and pale beneath, unevenly crenate or serrulate ; stipules large,
semicordate, acute ; buds large, ovate and beaked at the tip : aments thick, densely
flowered, sessile ; males closely so ; females with a few broad bracts at base,
when in flower about an inch long, lengthening in fruit to 1^ or 2 inches : scales
oval, obtuse, clothed wtih long yellowish-white silky hairs: capsules ovate-
conical, glabrous, sessile or nearly so : style elongated ; stigmas erect, bifid
or entire. — Marshy places along streams, mountains of Colorado : Golden,
Greene; Georgetown, Patterson; Empire City, Engelmann. Also collected in
fragmentary specimens, mostly old fruiting aments, by Hall and many other
subsequent explorers: probably common. A densely cespitose shrub, 8 to 12
feet high, stem 1 to 2 inches in diameter. The broad, irregularly-toothed
leaves (especially when rigid and glaucous beneath) bear a remarkable resem-
blance to those of & discolor ; a resemblance heightened by the conspicuous
stipules on vigorous shoots ; but the aments are very different. Allied to the
foregoing and more nearly representing the European S. daphnoides, S. irro-
rata being the equivalent as it were of S. acutifolia.

# * Capsules tomentose (rarely glabrate in 12 and 13).
•t- Pedicels slender, style obsolete or none.

8. S. flavescens, Nutt. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute or the
lower obtuse, wedge-shaped at base, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 1£ inches wide,

SALICINEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 337

downy but very soon glabrate and dull green above, glaucous and rufous
pubescent beneath or often when young clothed with a lustrous silky tomen-
tum ; margin entire or irregularly subserrate ; stipules small, denticulate,
f ugaceous : aments oblong, densely flowered, appearing before the leaves, the
males closely sessile, an inch long, the females on distinct peduncles, rarely
with leafy bracts, in fruit 2 inches long or more : scales blackish, obovate, very
silky : capsules white-tomentose, 3 to 4 lines long, tapering into a long beak,
the slender pedicels about equalling the scales: styles obsolete; stigmas long,
entire or deeply parted, the linear lobes inflexed. — A shrub, 4 to 5 feet high,
alt. 6,500 feet. The geographical equivalent of the Eastern S. discolor, and
represented on the western coast by the form known as S. Scouleriana.

9. S. rostrata, Richardson. Leaves varying from obovate to lanceolate,
1 to 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, thin at first, becoming rigid, serrate or
nearly entire, downy or smooth above, glaucous, reticulate-veined and tomen-
tose beneath ; stipules usually small and deciduous : aments bracteate, appear-
ing with the leaves ; male sessile, rather short, densely flowered ; female becoming
very loose in fruit: capsules tomentose, tapering from near the base into a very
long slender beak; pedicels thread-like, conspicuously exceeding the pale, rosy-
tipped, linear, thinly-villous scales : style scarcely any ; lobes of the stigma
entire or deeply parted. — Does not spread from the root, forming a clump,
but has rather the habit of a small bushy tree. A reduced form, divaricately
much branched and the slender twigs thickly set with small, oblanceolate,
mostly entire leaves, is common in the mountains. New England to Van-
couver Island and northward to the Saskatchewan.

S. MACROCARPA, Nutt. (S. Geyeriana, And.), collected by Geyer on the
Cosur d'Alene River in Northern Idaho, is likely to occur within our limits.
•*- •»- Pedicels short or none.
-M. Styles distinct.

10. S. Chlorophylla, Anders. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-obovate, quite
entire, bright green above, glaucous beneath ; stipules none : aments short, closely
sessile, naked at base, cylindrical, remarkably compact : scales very dark : cap-
sules sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, densely ashy-tomentose, style elongated,
entire; stigmas entire. — A straggling bush, l£ to 6 feet high, at 11,000 feet
alt. One-year-old twigs shining chestnut, sometimes covered with a glaucous
bloom : buds large, dark-colored : young leaves often silky. Cascade, Wahsatch
and Rocky Mountains ; northward to the Saskatchewan.

11. S. Candida, Willd. Leaves narrowli/ lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 2 to 4
inches long, ^ to f inch wide, acute or the lowest obtuse, tapering at base
into a short petiole, upper surface downy, becoming nearly glabrous when old,
under surface covered with a dense snow-white tomentum ; margin obscurely crenu-
late, revolute: aments subsessile, erect, cylindrical, when in flower about an
inch long, anthers red, when in fruit lengthening to 1^ or 2 inches: scales
obovate, clothed with long white hairs : capsule ovate-conic, densely white-
woolly ; pedicel about twice the length of the elongated, dark-colored nectary :
style elongated, dark red; stigmas short, spreading, notched. — Bogs, foot-
hills of the Rocky Mountains ; rare. Near Cutbank Creek, Montana, Canby ;
Colorado, Hall. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high : young shoots white-woolly, older
shining red.

22

338 SALICINE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

12. S. glauca, L., var. villosa, Anders. Leaves oblanceolate, acute,
attenuate at base, entire, 2 to 4 inches long, varying from soft villous to
scarcely pilose when young, at length glabrate and rigid, more or less glau-
cous beneath ; stipules lanceolate : aments short-peduncled, cylindrical, the
fertile w/ien mature sometimes very large, 2 to 3 inches long : scales oblong-
obovate, rather acute, brownish : capsules lanceolate-acuminate, tomentose, at
length subglabrate : pedicels equalling the nectary : style produced, entire or
deeply bifid ; stigmas entire or bifid. — A diffuse shrub, 3 to 7 feet high, with
short and stout branches, differing from typical S. glauca only in the less
woolly and more pointed capsules and the usually entire styles. Low meadows,
foot-hills of the mountains.

13. S. desertorum, Richards. Leaves elliptical-oblanceolate, rigid, more
or less whitish-tomentose beneath, the yellow midrib prominent : aments very
short, subglobose or oblong, densely flowered : scales pale rose-color, densely white-
villous : capsules ovate-conical, white-woolly, sessile : style short ; stigmas bifid.

Var. ? Wolfii. Leaves at length smooth, scarcely paler beneath, with a
tendency to blacken in drying : scales very dark, sparingly villous : capsules
reddish, glabrate: style entire; stigmas notched. — S. Wolfii, Bebb, Bot.
Wheeler Exped. 241.

A low, 1 to 2 feet high, scraggy shrub, growing in clumps on alpine slopes
far above the timber line. The leaves scarcely exceed an inch in length by
2 or 3 lines in width, the small, roundish compact aments very numerous, less
than half an inch long, on short peduncles which are invested with two or
three narrow leaf-like bracts often exceeding the anient in length. This is
the typical form, Drummond, n. 657 ; Hall $• Harbour, n. 523. Toward the
fcot-hills occur " varieties which have a very different aspect, with much larger,
more woolly leaves, and longer and looser catkins," (Hooker,) presenting a
manifest transition into S. glauca-villosa.

14. S. arctica, R. Br., var. petraea, Anders. Leaves obovate, obtuse or
lanceolate and tapering somewhat equally to the base and apex, an inch long,
£ to £ inch wide, entire, green on both sides, slightly paler and prominently
nerved beneath : aments terminal, erect, at length thick and densely flowered,
1 to 2 inches long : scales dark, thinly pilose : capsules ovate-conical, 2 to 3
lines long, tomentose, subsessile, the nectary rather exceeding the base of the
capsule : style elongated, slender, entire ; stigmas bifid, divaricate. — Far
above the timber line in little patches among the rocks, frequently blooming
close to snow-banks. A very small creeping shrub, the half-buried hori-
zontal branches sending up short few leaved twigs, which, with the conspicu-
ous aments, rise only 2 to 3 inches above the surface. Colorado, California,
and northward in other forms to the limit of vegetation.

-w. *+ Styles none : alpine shrubs with orbicular, reticulate-veined leaves.

15. S. vestita, Pursh. Leaves elliptical or oblong-ovate, obtuse, rounded
at base, 1 to 2 inches long, obscurely crenulate, strongly reticulate on both
surfaces, green above, glaucous beneath, and beautifully clothed with silky
hairs, especially along the prominent midrib and excurrent veins; petioles
short, about the length of the large, obtuse buds : aments on short villous
peduncles opposite the last of 2 or 3 leaves on the branch, elongate-cylindrical,

SALICINE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 339

densely flowered, the males more slender : scales short, broad-ovate, silky :
capsules ovate-conical, sessile, tomentose : style none, lobes of the stigmas
bifid. — A procumbent shrub rising 2 to 3 feet above the rocks or boulders
over which it spreads, making a dense mass 4 to 10 feet in diameter. Old
Marias Pass, Montana, alt. 6 to 8,000 feet, Sargent Sf Canby. Also in Canada
and Labrador.

16. S. reticulata, L. Leaves obovate or elliptic, £ to 1 inch long,
rounded at base or mostly subattenuate into a long and slender petiole, quite
entire, glabrous, green above, glaucous beneath, strongly reticulated, stipules
none : aments $ to 1 inch long on slender peduncles at the ends of the short
branches, opposite to the last leaf : scales obovate, purplish or yellow : capsule
ovate, tomentose, sessile, nectary " a laciniate cup surrounding the base of the
capsule " : style very short or none ; stigmas 2-cleft, brown, spreading. — A
dwarf shrub of high alpine regions, with tortuous, buried stems, the leafy
tips and flowers rising a few inches above the surface. Rocky Mountains
and northward to the Arctic coast. Our plant is smaller than the European
type, with narrower and thinner leaves, less wrinkled above and fewer-flowered
aments. Extreme forms, in which the leaves are scarcely more than 2 to 3
lines in length and the aments reduced to 5 to 7 flowers, are designated var.
nivalis, Hook. sp.

2. POPULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. COTTONWOOD. ASPEN.

Trees with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves,
and mostly angular branches : buds scaly, covered with a resinous varnish :
catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves.

1. P. tremuloides, Michx. Tree 20 to 50 feet high, with smooth green-
ish-white bark; branches not angled : leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a short
sharp point, and small somewhat regular leeth, smooth on both sides, with downy
margins : scales cut into 3 to 4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. —
From California eastward across the continent, and northward to the Arctic
Ocean ; in the Rocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico. The " Quak-
ing Asp." The petiole is long, slender, and laterally compressed.

2. P. aUglllata, Ait. A large tree, 80 feet high or upward ; branches
acutely angular or winged: leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-
serrate, or with obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Extending from the Atlantic
States into our northeastern border, and abundant along the Platte. " Cot-
ton wood."

3. P. balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray. A tall tree ; branches
round: leaves more or less heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-
veined beneath ; petioles commonly hairy : scales dilated, slightly hairy : the
large buds varnished with copious fragrant resinous matter. — From Colo-
rado northward and eastward to Lake Superior and New England. Com-
monly called " Cottonwood."

4. P. angUStifolia, James. Branches terete, glabrous: leaves ovate-
lanceolate, attenuate at base, acute, glabrous, crenate-serrate. — P. balsamifera,
var. angustifolia, Watson. From New Mexico and Colorado to California
and Washington Territory.

340 OECHIDACE^. (OKCHIS FAMILY.)

SUBCLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGE-
NOUS PLANTS.

Embryo with one cotyledon. Leaves mostly parallel-veined,
alternate, entire, and sheathing at base. Flowers usually in
threes.

ORDER 76. ORCHID ACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Herbs, distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous
perianth aduate to a 1 -celled ovary, with very numerous minute ovules
on 3 parietal placentae, and with one or two gynandrous stamens, the
pollen cohering in masses. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3
outer, or sepals, mostly petal-like and resembling the 3 inner: one
of the inner set is variously modified into what is called a labeUum or
Up, the other two alone being called petals. Before the lip, in the axis
of the flower, is the column, composed of a single stamen (more in
Cypripediuni) variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick
fleshy stigma; the anther 2-celled, each cell containing one or more
masses of pollen, pollinia. Stigma a broad glutinous surface (except
in Cypripedlum) . — Perennials, often tuberous, sometimes parasitic,
with leaves mostly alternate. Flowers showy and singular in shape,
arranged for cross -fertilization by means of insects.

Tribe I. Anther one, terminal and resting like a lid upon the column, deciduous ;
pollen-masses '4, smooth and waxy : leafless, except perhaps a single radical leaf :
flowers pedicellate.

1. Calypso. Scape 1-flowered, from a solid bulb. Lip saccate. Column broadly-winged.

Pollen-masses sessile on a large square membranaceous gland.

2. Corallorhiza. Flowers racemose, spurred or gibbous at base. Roots branched, coral-

line. Lip expanded or concave, crested. Column semiterete. Pollen-masses sessile
on a short oblong gland.

3. Aplectrum. Flowers racemose, not spurred nor gibbous. Lip expanded, deeply

3-lobed. Column nearly terete. Pollen-masses in distinct pairs, without glands.
Rootstocks bearing a solid bulb and a single large green leaf.

Tribe II. Anther one, connate with the column and persistent upon its face just above
the stigma; pollen-masses 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each mass
attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland : stems mostly leafy and flowers spicate
or racemose.

4. Habenaria. Flowers numerous, white or greenish. Lip flat, spurred. Glands

exposed.

Tribe III. Anther one, erect and sessile or nearly so upon the top of the column and
more or less covering and declinate upon the back of the stigma, persistent; pollen-
masses 2 or 4, of loosely cohering granules, becoming attached by their upper ends to a
viscid gland on the beak of the stigma : without spurs.

5. Spirant lies. Perianth oblique upon the ovary, the sepals and petals connivent : lip

oblong, embracing the column, with 2 callosities at base. Flowers 1 to 3-ranked in a
twisted spike. Stems leafy below.

OKCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 341

G. Goodyera. Like the last, but lip saccate, entire, without callosities and free from
the column. Leaves all radical, white-reticulated.

7. lastera. Perianth spreading. Lip flat, 2-lobed. Stem low, with a pair of broad ses-

sile leaves in the middle.

8. Epipactis. Perianth spreading and ovary rec-.urved. Lip somewhat jointed in the

middle, concave and auriculate at base, dilated above. Stem leafy, stout.

Tribe IV. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy appendage
above the terminal stigma ; pollen pulpy-granular.

9. Cypripedium. Perianth spreading. Lip an inflated sac. Stems leafy, bearing one

or a few showy flowers.

1. CALYPSO, Salisb.

Petals and sepals ascending, similar and nearly equal ; lip with two shcrt
spurs below the apex. Column petaloid, oval and concave. Lower pair of
pollen-masses smaller, compressed. — A low herb, in bogs, with showy flowers,
a scaly-sheathed stem, and a single radical broad thin leaf.

1. C. borealis, Salisb. Stem 3 to 6 inches high, with 2 or 3 membrana-
ceous brownish green sheaths, and a linear acuminate bract at the summit :
the radical leaf broadly ovate or slightly cordate : flower drooping : sepals
and petals light rose-color ; lip usually longer, brownish-pink mottled with pur-
ple, the edge margined at the apex and bifid or entire, about equalling the
tooth-like spurs and with a tuft of yellow hairs at base. — From Colorado to
Oregon and British America ; thence eastward to the North Atlantic States.

2. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT.

Petals and sepals ascending, similar and nearly equal, but the lateral sepals
oblique at base and either decurrent in a short spur adnate to the side of the
ovary, or forming a projecting gibbosity above it. Column narrowly mar-
gined, broader at base, somewhat incurved. — Without green herbage, the
solitary scape with 2 to 4 membranaceous sheaths, and bearing a simple raceme
of brownish, yellowish, or purple flowers : pedicels reflexed in fruit.

* Spur present : lip 3-lobed : flowers small, yellowish-green or whitish, often tinged
or mottled with purple.

1. C. multiflora, Nutt. Scape a foot or two high, many-flowered :
sepals and petals 3-nerved ; spur manifest, but wholly adnate to the ovary ; lip
nearl}/ sessile, 3-Iobed by a deep deft on each side, the middle one rounded or
emarginate, with undulate or denticulate margin : capsule 6 to 9 lines long,
narrowed to a short rather stout pedicel. — Across the continent in north tem-
perate latitudes, and in the Rocky Mountains southward to the Wahsatch and
Colorado.

2. C. innata, R. Br. Scape slender, 4 to 10 inches high, 3 to 15-flowered :
sepals and petals l-nerved ; spur very short ; lip somewhat 3-lobed by a lateral
deft, abruptly attenuate to the base ; column stout, constricted in the middle : cap-
sule 2 to 4 lines long, abruptly narrowed to a short very slender pedicel. — From
Colorado to Washington Territory, and thence eastward to Canada and the
Atlantic States, and northward to the Arctic regions.

342 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

* * Spur none, the lateral sepals and base of the column strongly gibbous over the

top of the ovary : lip entire : Jlowers larger, purple and veined, not spotted.
3. C. striata, Lindl. Scape stout, a foot or two high, many-flowered :
flowers often 6 or 7 lines long ; lip fleshy, somewhat narrowed below, reflexed
above the base and bearing the prominent laminae upon the arch. — C. Macrcei,
Gray, Manual, 510. From Washington Territory and Oregon eastward to
the Great Lakes.

3. APLECTRTJM, Torr. PUTTY-ROOT.

Lip 3-ridged. Column nearly straight, not broader at base. Scape lateral
from a thick globose solid bulb upon a slender horizontal rootstock, the bulb
bearing at summit a large petioled plaited leaf. Flowers rather large, soon
deflexed.

1. A. hiemale, Torr. Scape with 3 or 4 greenish sheaths: the radical
leaf ovate-oblong to broadly oblanceolate, 4 to 8 inches long, many-nerved,
continuing through the winter : sepals and petals greenish-brown, 5-nerved ;
lip whitish or somewhat spotted, attenuate into a distinct claw : ovary attenu-
ate into a slender pedicel. — Along our eastern border and eastward to the
Atlantic ; found also in Oregon.

4. HABENARIA, Willd.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, convergent or the lower sepals spreading.
Lip without ridges or callosities. Column very short. Anther-cells parallel
or divergent at base. — Stems from fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots : flowers
greenish or white, not showy in our species.

# Stems slender, bracteate, with 2 or 3 leaves at base: sepals \-nerved: spur

longer than the lip.

1. H. Unalaschensis, Watson. Spike of flowers elongated and rather
open : leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear : bracts ovate, not exceeding the
ovary : sepals, petals, and lip about a line long, the narrow or somewhat cla-
vate spur scarcely or sometimes nearly twice longer. — H. fcetida, Watson,
Bot. King Exped. 341. In the Wahsatch, Uinta, and Teton Mountains, and
along the Pacific coast to Unalaska.

* # Sepals 3-nerved : spur not longer than the entire lip.
•»- Stem leaf i/.

2. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Leaves lanceolate, erect : spike dense : flowers
greenish ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading from
the base: glands orbicular: stalk of the pollen- masses very slender and weak.
— Colorado and northward, thence across the continent.

3. H. dilatata, Gray. Like the last, but more slender and with narrower
commonly linear leaves : flowers white ; Up lanceolate from a rhomboid 'al-dilated
base, its base with the bases of other petals and sepals erect-connivent : glands
approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long as the pollen-
mass and its short flat stalk together. — From Colorado northward and
eastward.

OKCHIDACE^:. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) ,343

•i- •*- Scape or stem naked above, one-leaved at the base.

4. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong : upper
sepal very broad and rotmded : lip deflexed, about the length of the tapering
and curving spur : anther-cells arcuate and widely separated. — Colorado and
northward, thence eastward across the continent.

5. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES

Dilated summit of the lip spreading and undulate. Column very short,
oblique, terminating in a stout terete stipe. — Flowers small, white.

1. S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Glabrous, rather stout, 4 to 18 inches
high : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear : spike dense, 3-ranked, conspicuously
bracteate, 1 to 4 inches long : perianth curved ; lip recurved, contracted below
the rounded wavy-crenulate summit ; callosities smooth, often obscure. —
From Colorado northward and ranging across the continent.

6. GOODYERA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.

Scapes few-bracteate : leaves thickish, rosulate at the base, petioled : root
stock creeping, with fibrous fleshy rootlets.

1. G. Menziesii, Lindl. Scape and inflorescence pubescent: leaves
smooth, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, reticulated with light greenish
markings : spike many-flowered, rather dense, secund : perianth white, puberu-
lent : column short and straight : gland and bifid beak very narrow and elon-
gated.— From Colorado northward, thence eastward along the northern
Vorder to W. New York ; also in the Pacific States.

7. LISTER A, R. Br. TWATBLADE.

Sepals and petals similar : lip free, longer than the sepals. Column free
and naked. — Stems from fibrous and creeping roots : flowers small, in a loose
raceme.

1. L. COnvallarioides, Nutt. Stem slender, 3 inches to a foot high,
naked excepting one or two sheaths at base and the pair of orbicular or ovate
lea ves just below the raceme : inflorescence pubescent : sepals and petals linear;
lip oblonrf-ovate and cuneate, with a small tooth on each side near the base. —
From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent.

2. Ii. cordata, R. Br. Leaves smaller, triangular-ovate and somewhat cor-
date : flowers minute, on short pedicels in a smooth raceme : sepals ovate ; lip
linear. — Same range as last.

8. EPIPACTIS, Haller.

Sepals and petals nearly equal: lip narrowly constricted in the middle.
Column short, erect. — Stem from creeping rootstocks : flowers few and pedi-
celled, with conspicuous bracts divergent, and the ovaries at right angles to
the stem.

1. E. gigantea, Dongl. One to four feet high, nearly smooth : leaves
from ovate below to narrowly lanceolate above, somewhat scabrous on the

344 IRIDACE.E. (IRIS FAMILY.)

veins beneath : raceme pubescent : flowers greenish, strongly veined with
purple : saccate base of the lip with erect wing-like margins, strongly nerved,
and the nerves callous-tuberculate near the base. — W. Texas and S. W. Colo-
rado to California and Washington Territory.

9. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER.

Lateral sepals often united into one under the lip : sac-like lip with the in-
curved margin auricled near the base. — Leaves large and many-nerved,
plaited, sheathing at the base. In ours the stem is 1 to 3-flowered, the lip is
slipper-shaped and mucli inflated, and the sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals
are brownish, pointed, and longer than the lip.

1. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate: lip flattish
from above, bright yellow, fragrant : sterile stamen triangular : leaves oval,

pointed. — Colorado and eastward.

2. C. pubescens, Willd. Stem pubescent: sepals elongated-lanceolate:
Up flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above, pale yellow, scentless :
leaves broadly oval, acute. — Colorado and eastward.

ORDER 77. IRIDACEJE. (IRIS FAMILY.)

Perennial herbs, with equitant sheathing 2-runked linear leaves, and
perfect triandrous regular flowers, the six divisions of the superior
perianth petal-like; stamens on the base of the sepals, with extrorse
anthers; ovary 3-celled, becoming a 3-lobed or triangular pod with few
or many seeds. — Flowers showy, few or solitary. Style 3-cleft at the
apex.

1. Iris. Outer segments of the flower recurved, the inner erect. Branches of the style

petaloid, opposite the anthers. Filaments distinct. Rootstocks creeping. Seeds
flattened.

2. Sisyriiichium. Segments similar, spreading. Stigmas filiform, alternate with the

anthers. Filaments connate. Roots fibrous. Seeds globular.

1. IBIS, Tourn. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. FLAG.

Perianth tube prolonged above the ovary. Stamens beneath the arching,
petal-like branches of the style. Base of the style connate with the perianth
tube ; the divisions stigmatic at the thin apex, above which is a broad 2-parted
crest, which is decurrent on the inner side to the base of the style. — Stems
from usually thickened rootstocks : flowers large and showy, solitary or few
in a forked corymb.

1. I. Missouriensis, Nutt Stems rather slender, naked or with 1 or

2 leaves, £ to 2 feet high, usually 2-flowered : leaves mostly shorter than the
stem : bracts dilated and scarious : flowers pale blue ; sepals and petals 2 or

3 inches long, with narrow claws : seeds obovate, acute at base. — I. Tol-
mieana, Herbert. I. tenax ? of Fl. Colorado. From Montana and Colorado
westward to the Sierra Nevada, being probably the only species of the Great
Basin.

LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 345

2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Perianth G-parted. Capsule membranaceous, subglobose. — Stems simple
or branched, usually geniculate and winged, with linear-lanceolate or grass-like
radical leaves, and fugacious flowers on slender pedicels, clustered within
2 sheathing herbaceous bracts, with a scarious bractlet subtending each
pedicel.

1. S. anceps, L. Scape broadly winged, and the outer leaf of the very
unequal spathe longer than the flowers. — S. Bermudiana, var. anceps, of
Gray's Manual. In the Atlantic States, but extending westward to the
Wahsatch and Uintas (Watson).

2. S. mucronatum, Michx. Scape slender and narrowly winged : leaves
very narrow, those of the spathe sharp-pointed and unequal, one of them
usually longer than the flowers. — S. Bermudiana, var. mucronatum, of Gray's
Manual. Same range as last, but extending farther westward.

ORDER 78. AM

Like Liliacecs, but ovary inferior. Differs from Iridacece in having
six stamens and leaves not equitant.

1. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth persistent, spreading; the 3 outer divisions a little herbaceous
outside. Pod crowned with the withered or closed perianth. Seeds globular.
— Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender few-
flowered scapes, from a solid bulb.

1. H. juncea, Smith. Sparingly hairy: scapes 1 to 3, filiform, 1 or
2-flowered, 4 to 9 inches long : bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous
pedicels : the three exterior divisions of the perianth greenish and hairy with-
out : seeds black, minutely fitted. — Colorado (Brandegee).

ORDER 79. LILIACEJS. (LILY FAMILY.)

Terrestrial plants, mostly herbaceous, with perfect flowers, a regular
corolla-like 6-cleft or divided perianth, stamens opposite the segments,
ovary 3-celled and superior becoming a few or many-seeded 3-celled
capsule or berry. — Stems chiefly from tunicated or scaly bulbs, or
conns, or rhizomes. — Watson's Revision, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 213.

I. Flowers with scarious bracts, a persistent perianth with segments one to several-nerved,
perigynous staraeus with introrse anthers, and an undivided and mostly persistent
style.
* Inflorescence umbellate upon a naked scape from a bulb or conn ; sessile upon a short

rootstock in Leucocrinum.

•*- Bracts (usually 2) broad and spathaceous : capsule more or less deeply lobed : perianth
cleft nearly to the base : bulb mostly tunicated.

346 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.)

1. Allium. Flowers deep rose-color to white. Base of the style enclosed between the

lobes of the capsule and jointed upon the short axis. Filaments usually dilated at
base. Leaves one to several. Taste and odor strongly alliaceous.

2. Nothoscordum. Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule somewhat lobed,

with the style obscurely jointed on the summit. Filaments filiform. Leaves several.
Bulb not alliaceous.

•»- t- Bracts several, not spathaceous, distinct : capsule not lobed : perianth funnel-form :
scape from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm.

3. Brodlaea* Flowers blue. Stamens 6, in two rows, with naked filaments. Capsule

ovate to oblong.

4. Androstephium. Flowers pale lilac. Stamens 6, in one row ; the filaments united

to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate with the anthers. Capsule
subglobose-triquetrous ,

IK t- -»- Acaulescent : bracts elongated linear: capsule triangular-obovate : perianth salver-
form, with linear tube : flowers on subterranean pedicels, from a short rootstock.
6. Levicocriiium. Flowers white, very fragrant. Style slender and elongated, dilated
at the summit. Leaves narrowly linear, surrounded at base by scarious bracts.

* * Inflorescence racemose or paniculate.

•«- Flowers racemose on a naked scape from a tunicated bulb : fruit an ovate or oblong

capsule.

6. Camassia. Flowers blue (or white), slightly gibbous ; segments 8 to 7-nerved, spread-

ing. Base of the style persistent. Raceme open. Leaves linear, flat.
•»•• •»- Flowers racemose, racemose-panicled, or in axillary fascicles, on leafy simple stems
from creeping rootstocks : fruit a globose berry.

7. Polygonatum. Flowers white or greenish, gamophyllous, 6-lobed at the summit, in

axillary pedunculate fascicles (or solitary). Stamens on the tube. Style slender,
deciduous.

8. Stnilacina. Flowers white, with distinct perianth-segments, in a racemose panicle or

simple raceme. Stamens at the.base. Style short, thick, persistent.
«»-••- +» Flowers racemose-paniculate upon a stout leafy or leafy bracteate stem from a stout
caudex or thick rootstock ; anthers sagittate : fruit a berry or capsule : leaves nu-
merous and crowded, linear, thick and more or less rigid, spinescent at apex.

9. Yucca. Perianth campanulate, white or whitish, segments distinct. Filaments cla-

vate. Style stout and persistent. Usually with stout woody caudex.

II. Flower bracts none or foliaceous, a deciduous perianth with net-veined segments,
hypogynous stamens with extrorse anthers, deciduous styles united at least at base,
and the fruit a loculicidal (except Calochortus) capsule or a berry.
* Stems from a bulb or coated corm : fruit a many-seeded capsule : seeds horizontal or

ascending.

•+- Perianth-segments similar, naked : style long,
w- Bulb scaly : stem simple, strict, leafy : anthers versatile.

10 T,ilhim. Perianth-segments oblanceolate, with a linear nectariferous groove, usually
spotted. Style undivided.

11. Frltillaria. Perianth-segments broader and concave, often mottled ; nectary a shal-

low pit Styles united to the middle or throughout.
•M- ++ Stem simple, low or dwarf, from a corm or tunicated bulb : anthers basifixed.

12. Erythronium. Perianth-segments oblanceolate, strongly revolute, callous-toothed

each side of the grooved nectary. Styles usually distinct above. Stem lax, 2-leaved.

13. Lloydia. Perianth small, spreading, white with purplish veins and base. Style un-

divided. Stem leafy, usually 1-flowered. Alpine.

•K •»- Outer perianth-segments smaller, somewhat sepal-like ; the inner broad and usually
bearded : stigmas sessile.

14. Calochortus. Stem usually branched, from a coated corm. Anthers basifixed.

Capsule usually septicidal.

LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 347

# * Stems from a short or creeping rootstock : fruit a reddish lobed berry : seeds

pendulous.

15. Streptopus. Flowers apparently axillary, greenish-white or purplish. Anthers

sagittate, cuspidate, on short deltoid on subulate filaments. Leaves clasping.

16. Prosartes. Flowers in fascicles (1 to 6-flowered) terminating the branches, white or

greenish. Anthers oblong, obtuse, on slender filaments. Leaves with reticulated
veinlets.

III. Like the last, but perianth persistent with nerved segments, styles distinct, and cap-
sule septicidal (loculicidal in Xerophyllum).

* Flowers usually polygamous : anthers 1-celled, peltate on opening : steins leafy : leaves

not rigid nor equitant.

17. Veratrum« Stem tall and stout, from a thick rootstock. Inflorescence paniculate,

pubescent. Leaves broad, strongly nerved and plicate.

18. Zygadenus. Stem from a coated bulb. Inflorescence a raceme or subpaniculate,

glabrous ; perianth-segments glandular at base. Leaves linear.

* * Flowers dioecious, on naked pedicels, in a simple elongated raceme : stem very leafy :

leaves thin, oblanceolate.

13. Cluuunelirium. Flowers white : segments narrowly linear-spatulate, equalling the
stamens, which are shorter and abortive in the pistillate flowers. Seeds margined,
and winged at each end.

* * * Flowers perfect, on bracteolate pedicels, in a simple raceme : anthers 2-celled, in-

trorse : seeds numerous : stem leafy : leaves equitant

20. Tofieldia. Flowers involucrate with 3 scarious united bractlets. Styles short.

Seeds appendaged.

* * # * Flowers perfect, on naked pedicels, in a simple dense raceme: styles reflexed:

seeds few : stem very leafy : leaves very narrow, rigid and rough-edged.

21. Xeropliyllum. Flowers white, on long pedicels ; segments 5 to 7-nerved. Seeds

not appendaged.

1. ALLIUM, L. ONION.

Perianth-segments 1 -nerved, usually somewhat spreading. Ovules 2 at the
base of each cell. Capsule often crested. Seeds obovoid and wrinkled.

§ 1. Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a more or less persistent rhi-

zorne: spathe mostly 2-valved: leaves several, linear: scape terete.

* Leaves terete, hollow.

1. A. Schcenoprasum, L. Scape stout: umbel subcapitate: flowers
rose-color ; segments 4 or 5 lines long, acuminate : stamens included : capsule
not crested. — From Canada and the Great Lakes to the Wind River Moun-
tains of Wyoming, Oregon, and Alaska.

# * Leaves flat or channelled.

2. A. cernuum, Roth. Scape slender, | to 2 feet high, from a bulb:
leaves 1 to 4 lines wide : umbel open, nodding : flowers numerous, on very slender
pedicels, rose-colored or white ; segments 2 or 3 lines long, broad and acutish :
stamens and style exserted : capsule crested. — From New Mexico to Oregon,
British Columbia, and the Alleghany Mountains.

3. A. brevistylum, Watson. Scape 1 to 1 £ feet high, from a stout rhi-
zome : leaves 2 to 4 lines wide : spathe 1-valved : umbel erect, few-flowered;
pedicels 6 to 12 lines long: flowers deep rose-color; segments 4 to 5 lines long,
narrow, long-acuminate, nearly twice longer than the stamens and style : capsule
not crested. — Bot. King Exped. v. 350. N. W. Wyoming to S. Utah.

348 LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.)

§ 2. Bulbs mostly solitary, globose to ovate, not rhizomatous : leaves narrowly

linear, flat or channelled:- scape terete or nearly so.

* Bulb-coats more or less fibrous : leaves several.

t- Capsule not crested : spathe usually 3-valved.

4. A. Canadense, Kalm. Bulb-coats somewhat fibrous : scape a foot or
more high : umbel mostly bulbiferous : flowers on slender pedicels (6 to 10 lines
long), white or pinkish; segments narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or some-
what exceeding the stamens. — Along our eastern border and eastward to the
Atlantic States.

5. A. mutabile, Michx. Like the last : bulbs densely and coarsely fibrous-
coated : scape a foot or two high : umbel rarely or never bulbiferous : flowers
white to rose-color ; segments thin and lax in fruit, ovate to narrowly lanceolate,
obtusish or acute, a third longer than the stamens. — A. reticulatum, var. y, Watson,
Bot. King Exped. v. 486. From New Mexico and S. Colorado eastward to the
Atlantic States.

6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Bulb usually smaller, very fibrous : scape low
(4 to 6 inches high) : pedicels shorter (4 to 6 lines long) and usually stouter:
perianth-segments usually broader, acute or acuminate, rose-colored or white,
rather rigid in fruit. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 227. A. mutabile, var. ft, Watson.
From Kansas and Colorado southward.

H- H- Capsule crested: spathe usually 2-valved.

7. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3 to 8 inches high : pedicels usually
short (2 to 6 lines long) ; otherwise closely resembling A. mutabile. — From
New Mexico and Colorado to the Saskatchewan.

* # Bulb-coats not fibrous : some of the outer membranous coats in most species
marked by a peculiar reticulate venation: leaves several (2 to 4): spathe
2-valved.

4- Ovary not crested or obscurely so : scapes low.

8. A. Brandegei, Watson. Bulbs small, the reticulation of the coats hori-
zontally oblong : leaves 2, exceeding the angular scape : pedicels slender, equal,
about 4 lines long : flowers rose-colored ; the segments broadly lanceolate, acute,
nearly twice longer than the stamens, not serrulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
380. Elk Mountains, Colorado (Brandegee).

9. A. acuminatum, Hook. Outer bulb-coats with a distinct coarse quad-
rate to hexagonal reticulation: pedicels 6 to 12 lines long: flowers deep rose-
color; segments lanceolate, with acuminate recurved tips, rigid in fruit, a third
longer than the stamens, the inner ones undulate-serrulate. — From S. W. Colo-
rado to the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, N. California and Washington
Territory.

H_ .!_ Ovary conspicuously ^-crested: perianth-segments not serrulate, mostly rose-
colored.

10. A. stellatum, Fraser. Outer bulb-coats reddish, with a very close
linear longitudinal reticulation : scape 6 to 1 8 inches high : pedicel 4 to 9 lines
long : perianth-segments broad, acute : stamens and style exserted. — From Wyo-
ming to the Saskatchewan.

11. A. bisceptrum, Watson. Bulbs light-colored ; reticulation indistinct :
scapes lower, frequently in pairs : perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,

LILIACE^J. (LILY FAMILY.) 349

slightly exceeding the stamens: the alternate filaments with a broad deltoid adnate
base. — Bot. King Exped. v. 351, pi. 37. In the Wahsatch Mountains and
westward to the Sierra Nevada.

# # * Bulb-coats not fibrous: leaf solitary, narrowly linear or filiform, equalling
or somewhat exceeding the low scape (1 to 3 inches): capsule prominently
^-crested: stamens and style included.

12. A. Nevadense, Watson. Bulb-coats light-colored, with evident
close very much distorted reticulation : spathe-valves acuminate : leaf flat :
pedicels half-inch long : perianth white or pinkish ; segments lanceolate, little
exceeding the stamens and style. — Bot. King Exped. v. 351, pi. 38. From
the Wahsatch Mountains to the Sierra Nevada.

§ 3. Bulbs ovate, not rhizomatous, the membranous coats mostly without reticula-
tion : leaves 2, broadly linear, fiat and falcate, thick : scape stout, much com-
pressed and 2-winged, low and mostly shorter than the leaves.

13. A. Tolmiei, Baker. Scape 2 to 4 inches high: spathe 2-valved:
flowers light rose-color with a darker midvein; segments lanceolate, acute,
gibbous at base, a half longer than the stamens : ovary very obscurely crested.
— A. tribracteatum, Watson in Bot. King Exped. v. 353, in part. From the
Wahsatch Mountains to S. Idaho.

2. NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth.

Like Allium. Capsule oblong-obovate ; cells several-ovuled. Bracts 2.
Bulb tunicated.

1. N. striatum, Kunth. Bulb small, often bulbiferous at base : leaves a
line or two broad : scape a foot high or often much less : flowers few, on slen-
der pedicels : capsule 2 lines long. — Allium striatum, Jacq. From New Mexico
to Nebraska and eastward to Virginia and Florida.

3. BRODI^A, Smith.

Scape erect, with linear leaves : flowers on jointed pedicels : brown-coated
corms small, ^ to £ inch in diameter or less. In ours the perianth is broadly
tubular and the flowers subcapitate.

1 . B. Douglasii, Watson. Scape smooth, a foot or two high, erect and
usually stout : leaves carinate : perianth-tube subsaccate, about equalling the
lobes : anthers oblong ; the lower on the throat opposite the outer segments,
the upper on the inner segments, on a short free filament which forms below
u prominent wing within the tube. — Bot. Calif, ii. 154. Milla grandifiora,
Baker. " Blue Gammas." From W. Wyoming and the Wahsatch to Oregon
and Washington Territory.

4. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Torr.

Perianth 6-cleft, the cylindric tube nearly equalling or shorter than the
lobes. — Scape bearing a few-flowered umbel with uu jointed pedicels : leaves
narrowly linear, channelled.

350 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.)

1. A. violaceum, Torr. Scape 2 to 6 inches high : flowers 8 to 12 lines
long or more, usually exceeding the stout pedicels ; tube nearly as long as the
limb ; crown scarcely shorter than the limb, the lobes exceeding the anthers.
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 218. W. Kansas to Texas.

5. LEUCOCRINUM, Nutt.

Stamens 6 : filaments inserted below the throat. — Blooming in early spring,
the pure white and very fragrant flowers appearing just above the ground.

1. L. montanum, Nutt. Leaves several, rather thick : flowers 4 to 8,
the very slender tube an inch or two long : capsule truncate, with 4 to 6 seeds
in each cell. — From Colorado to N. California.

6. CAMASSIA, Lindl. CAMASS.

Stamens 6, on the base of the perianth, shorter than the segments. Style
slightly trifid at the apex. — Flowers in a simple raceme, with narrow scarious
bracts ; pedicels jointed at the summit.

1. C. esculenta, Lindl. Scape stout, a foot or two high : pedicels rather
stout, mostly shorter than the usually dark-blue flowers : perianth-segments
scarcely exceeding the style, a little longer than the stamens. — From the
Wahsatch Mountains, northward and westward. The bulb largely collected
for food by the Indians, and called " Green Gammas."

7. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Ovules 1 to 3 pairs in each cell. Berry blue or black ; cells 1 to 2-seeded. —
Stem somewhat curved : leaves sessile : bracts caducous, minute.

1. P. giganteum, Dietr. Glabrous throughout: stem 2 to 7 feet high:
leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, usually clasping by a broad base : pedicels
jointed below the base of the flower. — From the Upper Missouri and New
Mexico to New England and Virginia.

8. SMILACINA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Stamens 6 : filaments subulate. Stigma 3-lobed at the summit : ovules
2 in each cell. — Stems simple, leafy, from running rootstocks : leaves mostly
sessile, oblong or lanceolate : pedicels jointed at the summit.

* Flowers in a terminal racemose panicle : stamens exserted : berry reddish.

1. S. amplexicaulis, Nutt. More or less pubescent : stem 1 to 3 feet
high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, mostly sessile and clasping at base : style
nearly equalling the ovarv- — S. racemosa, var. amplexicaulis, Watson, Bot.
King Exped. v. 345. From New Mexico to Wyoming and westward to Cali-
fornia and British Columbia.

* * Flowers in a simple few-floicered open raceme : stamens included : berry

blue-black.

2. S. Stellata, Desf. Glabrous or pubescent : stem a foot high or less :
leaves lanceolate, acutish, sessile and closely clasping, usually ascending and

LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 351

folded: raceme about an inch long. — From New Mexico to Oregon and
Labrador.

3. S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Rootstock slender : stem a foot or two high :
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, usually flat and spreading, somewhat
puberulent : raceme larger and pedicels longer (2 to 7 lines). — Watson in
Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 245. From the Wahsatch to California and British
Columbia. Usually referred to S. stellata.

9. YUCCA, L. SPANISH BAYONET.

Segments of perianth ovate-lanceolate, many-nerved. Stigmas emarginate
and more or less connate into a stigmatic tube. Fruit incompletely 6-celled.
Flowers usually solitary and nodding. — In ours the caudex is short or none.

# Fruit baccate, pendulous : seeds thick, rugose, not margined, with lobed or

ruminated albumen.

1. Y. baccata, Torr. Leaves coarsely filamentose on the margin, very
thick and rigid, l£ to 3 feet long by an inch or two wide, channelled or con-
cave, rough especially on the back, tipped by a very stout brown spine:
panicle pedunculate: perianth-segments narrow, 2£ to 3 inches long: fruit
oval or cylindric, dark purple, often long-beaked. — S. Colorado and W.
Texas to S. California and Northern Mexico.

* # Fruit capsular, erect: seeds thin, smooth, broadly margined, with entire

albumen.

2. Y. angUStifolia, Pursh. Leaves filamentose on the margin, very
stiff and pointed, usually 1 to 3 feet long by 3 to 6 lines wide, smooth : ra-
ceme usually simple, nearly sessile, 1 to 4 feet long : flowers greenish- white
or tinged with brown ; segments broadly ovate, an inch or two long : fruit
6-sided. — From New Mexico to Dakota.

10. L ILIUM, L. LILY.

Stems leafy, simple : leaves narrow, sessile, whorled or scattered, net-
veiued : flowers large and showy, in ours usually solitary and erect.

1. L. Philadelphicum, L. Bulb small, of thick fleshy jointed scales:
leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered : perianth-segments reddish-
orange, coarsely spotted on the lower half, acute, spreading, abruptly nar-
rowed to the claw. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward to
N. Carolina and Canada.

11. PRITILLABIA, L.

Stems erect, simple, leafy: flowers often nodding and much smaller than
in Lilium.

1 . F. atropurpurea, Nutt. Bulb of numerous thick scales : stem 8 to
15 inches high or more, \ to 6-flowered : leaves 6 to 20, scattered or somewhat
verticillate : flowers dull purple with more or less of yellowish green : styles dis-
tinct above ; stigmas linear : capsule acutely angled, broadly obovate. — From
Wyoming to the Sierra Nevada.

352 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.)

2. F. pudica, Spreng. Bulb of numerous very small rounded scales :
stem 3 to 8 inches high, I to 6-flowered : leaves 3 to 8, scattered or somewhat
verticillate : flowers usually solitary, nodding, yellow or orange and tinged with
purple: styles connate and stigma shortly 3-lobed: capsule oblong to subglobose. —
Prom Utah and Montana to the Sierra Nevada and British Columbia.

12. ERYTHRONITJM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

Stem bearing near the base a pair of closely approximate flat dilated net-
veined leaves : flowers showy, solitary or few in a naked raceme.

1. E. grandiflorum, Fursh. Leaves not mottled, opposite: flowers
1 to 6, yellow or cream-colored, with a more or less orange base, 1 or 2 inches
long : capsule narrowly oblong.

Var. minor, Morren. Flowers smaller, an inch long, bright yellow. —
Colorado and Utah.

13. LLOYD I A, Salisb.

The bulb upon an oblique rhizome, covered by the persistent scarious bases
of the nearly filiform leaves.

1. L. serotina, Keichenb. Stem 2 to 6 inches high, equalling the leaves :
flowers erect ; perianth-segments oblanceolate, obtuse, obscurely pitted at
base, capsule obovate, obtusely angled : seeds chestnut-colored. — Mountains
of Colorado and northward throughout the alpine and arctic regions of the
northern hemisphere.

14. CALOCHORTUS, Pursh.

Stems usually flexuous and branching : leaves few, linear-lanceolate, radical
and cauline, the latter alternate and clasping, all with many nerves and trans-
verse veinlets : flowers few, showy. In ours the flowers are open-cam panu-
late, white or lilac, with densely hairy glands, and the capsule narrowly oblong
with thick obtusely angled lobes.

1. C. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, bulbiferous at base, Avith
a single narrow canline leaf (sometimes 2 or 3), umbellately 1 to 5-flowered :
sepals often with a dark or hairy spot : petals an inch or two long, white
tinged with greenish yellow or lilac, with a purplish spot or band above the yellow
base, and hairy around the circular or oblong gland : anthers obtuse. — Pacif . R.
Rep. ii. 124. From New Mexico and Colorado to Dakota and California.

2. C. Gunnisoni, Watson. Like the last, but with acuminate anthers
and a broad transverse gland: petals light lilac, yellowish green below the middle,
banded and fined with purple. — Bot. King Exped. v. 348. Mountains from
Wyoming to New Mexico.

15. STREPTOPUS, Michx.

Stems rather stout, with forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper-
pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small flowers on slender
peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle.

LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 353

1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Stem 2 to 3 feet high : leaves very smooth,
glaucous underneath : anthers tapering to a slender point : stigma entire,
truncate. — Across the continent in northern latitudes and ranging south to
New Mexico.

16. PROSARTES, D.Don.

Low and pubescent, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate
and membrauaceous leaves, and drooping flowers. In ours the stigma is
3-cleft.

1. P. trachycarpa, Watson. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute
or rarely acuminate : perianth-segments whitish, slightly spreading, acute :
fruit broadly obovate, obtuse and rather deeply lobed, papillose. — Bot. King
Exped. v. 344. Colorado to Utah and the Saskatchewan.

17. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORE.

The pubescent panicle mostly staminate below, with green or greenish
bracts. In ours the leaves are broad-elliptical and sheathing, the ovary gla-
brous, and the capsule many-seeded.

1. V. Calif ornicum, Duraud. Stem 2 to 7 feet high: upper leaves
lanceolate, but rarely acuminate : branches of the sometimes compound
panicle ascending : perianth-segments obtuse, whitish with greener base,
often denticulate above. — V. album, Watson. From Colorado and Wyoming
to N. California and Oregon.

18. ZYGADENUS, Michx.

Stem from a coated bulb crowning a short rhizome, with narrowly linear
obscurely nerved leaves mostly near the base : otherwise as Veratrum. In
ours the gland covers more or less of the base of the perianth-segments.
* Flowers rather large, mostly perfect.

1. Z. elegans, Pursh. Stem £ to 3 feet high : leaves glaucous, 2 to 6
lines broad : raceme often few-flowered : bracts ovate-lanceolate, usually pur-
plish: perianth adnate at base; segments broad, greenish, the inner abruptly
contracted to a broad claw ; gland obcordate. — Z, glaucus, Nutt. From New
Mexico to Oregon and Canada.

2. Z. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem stout, 2 feet high: leaves 3 to 8 lines
broad : raceme rather densely flowered, with narrow membranous bracts: perianth
free from the ovary ; segments not clawed, with an ill-defined gland at base. —

Manual, 525. From Colorado to Texas.

# * Flowers smaller, polygamous.

3. Z. venenOSUS, Watson. Stem slender, $ to 2 feet high : leaves 2 or
3 lines broad, scabrous, the cauline not sheathing : raceme simple, short :
perianth-segments triangular-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish, all ab-
ruptly contracted to a short glandular claw ; gland extending slightly above
the claw with a well-defined irregular margin: seeds 1| to 2£ lines long. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 279. From the Wahsatch to California and British
Columbia. Known as " Death-Camass " or " Hogs' Potato."

23

354 SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

4. Z. paniculatus, Watson. Very similar : usually stout : leaves 3 to
8 lines broad, usually all sheathing : raceme compound: perianth-segments del-
toid, acute or acuminate ; gland less definitely margined, often reaching nearly
to the middle of the blade : seeds 3 to 5 lines long. — Bot. King Exped. v.
344. From the Wahsatch Mountains to California and the Saskatchewan.

19. CHAM^LIRIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT.

Stem wand-like, from a thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by
a long spiked raceme of small bractless flowers : fertile plant more leafy than
the staminate.

1. C. Carolinianum, Willd. Stem 1 to 4 feet high: lower leaves
spatulate-oblanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long, the cauline narrower. — C. luteum,
Gray, Manual, 527. Coming into our eastern limit in W. Nebraska and
extending eastward.

20. TOFIELDIA, Huds. FALSE ASPHODEL.

Mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at base, bear-
ing small flowers in a close raceme : leaves linear, grass-like. Ours has stem
and inflorescence pubescent, and pedicels fascicled.

1. T. glutinosa, Willd. Glutinous-pubescent: stem slender, £ to 1J feet
high : raceme short : pedicels bearing the scarcely lobed involucre near the
flower : capsule shortly beaked : seeds minute, with brownish testa, and a
contorted tail at each end. — From Wyoming to Oregon and northward, also
eastward to Canada and N. Carolina.

21. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx.

Stem from a bulbous base, bearing a compact raceme of showy white flowers,
thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like
bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft.

1. X. Douglasii, Watson. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves often 2 or 3
feet long: pedicels £ to l£ inches long: flower-segments 2^ lines long, exceed-
ing the stamens: capsule cordate-ovate, 6-valved, the abruptly acute cells
separating and then dehiscing. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 284. X. tenax of the
Hayden Reports. Headwaters of the Yellowstone and westward to Oregon.

ORDER 80. SMIILACEyE. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

Shrubby or rarely herbaceous plants, climbing or supported by a pair
of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves ;
with dioecious small flowers ; regular perianth of 6 similar deciduous
sepals, free from the ovary j as many stamens as sepals j with, introrse
1 -celled anthers; ovary with 3 cells and as many elongated spreading
sessile stigmas.

COMMELYNACE.E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 355

1. SMI LAX, Tourn. GREEN BRIER.

Characters of the order : flowers in umbels.

1. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem armed with scattered prickles, as well as
the terete branches : branchlets more or less 4-angular : leaves ovate or round-
ovate, slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed : berries blue-black, with
a bloom. — Colorado and eastward.

ORDER 81. COMUIEliYNACBjE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often
branching leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular
llowers, with the perianth free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary, and having
a distinct calyx and corolla, of 3 persistent sepals and as many ephe-
meral or deciduous (in ours blue) petals. Style one, stigma undivided.
Pod 3 to several-seeded. — Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, parallel-
veined, flat, sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often forming a kind
of spathe.

1. Commelyna. Flowers irregular. Three stamens fertile and three sterile and smaller :

filaments naked.

2. Tradescantia. Flowers regular. Stamens all fertile : filaments bearded.

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. DAT-FLOWER.

Sepals somewhat colored, unequal; the 2 lateral partly united by their
contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded, on long claws, the odd
one smaller. Sterile stamens with imperfect cross-shaped anthers. — Stems
branching, often procumbent and rooting at the joints : floral leaf heart-
shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming a spathe enclosing
the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved on their
pedicels before and afterwards.

1. C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting towards
the base : leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate : spathes peduncled, conduplicate,
round-heart-shaped when expanded, in fruit somewhat hood-like. — E. Colo-
rado and eastward to New York.

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT.

Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. — Stems mostly upright,
nearly simple, leafy : leaves keeled : flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters,
terminal (in ours) : floral leaves nearly like the others.

1. T. Virginica, L. Leaves lance-linear, elongated, tapering from the
sheathing base to the point, ciliate : umbels sessile, clustered, usually involu-
crate by 2 leaves, many-flowered. — From New Mexico northward and east-
ward across the continent.

356 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

ORDER 82. JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and
hypogynous persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or
rarely 3 stamens, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an
ovary 1 or 3-celled. — Plants with liliaceous flowers and sedge-like
appearance and texture.

1. ILuzula. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Plant often hairy.

2. Juiicus. Pod 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentas not reaching the axis, many-seeded.

Plant never hairy.

1. LUZULA, DC. WOOD-RUSH.

Pod with one seed to each parietal placenta. Generally in dry ground, with
usually flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked-crowded or umbelled
flowers.

* Pedicels \-Jlowered, in a loose compound cyme.

1. L. spadicea, DC. Glabrous or slightly villous: stems 6 to 18 inches
high or more: inflorescence lax and nodding, much exceeding the usually
small involucral bracts: perianth straw-color or more or less tinged with
brown ; segments slightly shorter than the acute apiculate capsule : anthers
much exceeding the filaments : seed oblong, brownish, not appendaged, —
Ranging from the Arctic Ocean southward into California, Colorado, and the
N. Atlantic States; chiefly the following varieties:

Var. parviflora, Meyer. Inflorescence often 3 to 6 inches long, with
elongated unequal drooping branches and slender pedicels : flowers smaller :
anthers about equalling the filaments.

Var. melanocarpa, Meyer. Similar, but capsule dark brown. — L. par-
viflora, var. melanocarpa, Gray, Manual.

Var. subcongesta, Watson. Like the others, but the pedicels short and
more or less fascicled at the ends of the branches of the cyme. — Bot. Calif,
ii. 202.

* # Flowers spicate: spikes erect, mostly pedunculate in a cymose umbel.

2. L. comosa, Meyer. Villous: stem 6 to 15 inches high, leafy : thefolia-
ceous bract usually exceeding the inflorescence: peduncles 2 to 12, unequal, the
longer 1 to 3 inches long: spikes simple, usually oblong, loosely Jlowered: peri-
anth pale or somewhat tinged with brown, equalling the capsule : anthers
small, equalling the filaments : seed dark, ivith a white conical appendage some-
times half as long as the seed. — The type, together with the following varie-
ties, ranges from the Rocky Mountains westward and northward.

Var. macrantha, Watson. Perianth longer, much exceeding the capsule:
anthers equalling or twice longer than the filaments : seed larger, the appendage
always short. — Bot. Calif, ii. 203.

Var. SUbsessilis, Watson. Spikes solitary or few, nearly sessile, loose ;
perianth-segments lax and scarious. — Bot. Calif, loc. cit.

3. L. campestris, DC. Similar to the preceding type, but usually less
villous: bracts short: spikes dense, short, and ovate: perianth-segments often

(RUSH FAMILY.) 357

dark-brown. — Rather rare in California, Colorado, etc., but common in the
Atlantic States.

4. L. spicata, Desv. Leaves carinate and folded: flowers in a solitary
and compound dense nodding spike : seed not appendaged, — An alpine species
in the mountains of Colorado, and in similar situations northward and east-
ward.

2. JUNG US, L. RUSH. BOG-RUSH.

Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals. — Generally in wet soil or
water, with pithy or hollow simple stems, and panicled or clustered small
greenish or brownish flowers.

* Scape naked, the basal sheath also leafless, or rarely bearing terete leaves simi-

lar to the scape : flowers in sessile apparently lateral panicles : stamens 6 in
ours. — TRUE JUNCI.

•i- Floivers many ; panicle more or less compound : sheaths leafless.

1. J. Balticus, Deth. Rather stout: sepals nearly equal and similar, or
the inner more obtuse: capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, beaked: seeds smaller,
narrower, and longer apiculate than in the eastern form. — Ranging across
the continent. Known as " Wire grass."

2. J. filiformis, L. Very slender : panicle almost simple : sepals exceed-
ing the broadly ovate obtuse short-pointed greenish capsule. — From Colorado to
the Saskatchewan and eastward across the continent.

•+- •»- Flowers few; panicle scarcely ever compound : sheaths often leaf-bearing:
seeds caudate : low and alpine.

3. J. Drummondii, E. Meyer. Stems 1 to l£ feet high, terete and fili-
form : sheaths bristle-pointed : spathe more or less exceeding the simple 1 to
3-flowered panicle : capsule ovate-oblong, triangular, refuse : seeds ovate. —
Mountains of Colorado to California and northward.

4. J. Hallii, Engelm. Stems 6 to 12 inches high, terete and filiform,
much longer than the terete bristleform leaves : spathe scarcely exceeding the
close subsimple 2 to 5-flowered panicle : sepals white-margined : capsule ovate,
angled, refuse : seeds oblong-linear. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 446. Colorado.

5. J. Parryi, Engelm. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, setaceous, longer than
the sulcate subterete leaves : spathe exceeding the 1 to 3-flowered panicle :
outer sepals bristle-pointed : capsule prismatic, pointed : seeds oblong. — Loc. cit.
Mountains of Colorado to California and northward.

* # Stems naked or leafy : leaves flat, or semi-terete and channelled, never

knotted: panicle or head evidently terminal: stamens 6 in ours. — GRASSY-
LEAVED JUNCI.

•i— Alpine: seeds caudate: leaves flstulous : flowers in small heads.

6. J. triglumis, L. Leaves roundish, channelled and 2 to 3-tubular
below, flattened upward : sheaths auricled at top : head equalling the membra-
nous spathe : capsule elliptical, acute. — Mountains of Colorado and northward
to the Arctic coast.

7. J. castaneus, Sm. Stem leafy : leaves terete, deeply channelled at
base : heads somewhat in pairs sessile or peduncled, shorter than the rather large
spathe : capsule oval-triangular and rather long mucronate. — Mountains of Colo-
rado northward to British America and thence across the continent.

358 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

•t- •»- Flowers solitary, panicled.
•»-«. Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below.

8. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Leaves slightly channelled at base : panicle light-
colored, loose, few-flowered : capsule ovate, retuse : seeds conspicuously caudate
al both ends. — Loc. cit. From Colorado to Michigan and the Saskatchewan.

9. J. tenuis, Willd. Leaves fiat: perianth-segments pale: sepals ex-
ceeding the ovoid retuse green capsule: seeds white-pointed at both ends, —
Everywhere throughout the United States.

Var. congestus, Engelm. Panicle contracted and somewhat capitate:
perianth and capsule darker. — Loc. cit. 450. Colorado and California.
+•*• -W- Stems branched, diffused, leafy.

10. J. bufonius, L. Low and slender : panicle spreading, mostly with
one-sided dichotomous branches : the 3 outer sepals much longer than the
inner and than the oblong obtuse pod : seeds elliptical, obtuse. — Common
everywhere.

4- -i- -i- Flowers capitate : seeds not caudate.

11. J. longistylis, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, leafy : leaves
flat, grass-like : heads few in a contracted panicle, or rarely single : flowers
greenish with brown lines : sepals equal, a little shorter or equalling the
ovate, obtuse, mucronate or rostrate, chestnut-colored capsule : seeds oblan-
ceolate or obovate, pointed. — From New Mexico to the Saskatchewan and
Washington Territory.

* # # Stem leafy: leaves knotted by internal cross-partitions: panicle terminal,

with the flowers in heads. — KNOTTY-LEAVED JDNCI.

•»- Leaves terete or slightly compressed.

++ Seeds barely pointed : stamens 6.

12. J. alpinus, Vill., var. insignis, Fries. Stem 9 to 18 inches high:
panicle erect, elongated, greenish or light-brown; heads Jew-flowered : sepals
obtuse : capsules light-brown, obtuse, mucronate, 3-celled : seeds spindle-shaped.
— From Colorado northward, also eastward to New York.

13. J. nodosus, L., var megacephalus, Torr. Stem stout, 1 to 3 feet
high, with thick leaves : panicle pale green ; heads many-flowered : sepals awl-
pointed: capsules slender, triangular, toper-pointed, one-celled: seeds obovate,
abruptly mucronate. — From New Mexico to California and New York.

•*-»• •»-*• Seeds caudate : stamens 3.

14. J. Canadensis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, bearing 2 or 3 leaves :
heads few to many-flowered : outer sepals the shorter : capsule triangular-
prismatic, one-celled, mostly exsert and short-pointed.

Var. coarctatus, Engelm. Stem slender, bearing fewer deep-brown 3 to
5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle : sepals much shorter
than the pod. — Gray's Manual, 544. Yellowstone Park ; also eastward from
Wisconsin to New England.

H— H- Leaves compressed and equitant, ensiform : stem compressed and usually

acutely edged.

15. J. Mertensianus, Meyer. Stems weak, from slender matted root-
stocks, 6 to 18 inches high, not 2-edqed : leaves very narrow, the sheaths with
ligules: heads solitary, densely many-flowered, dark brown: capsule obovate,
obtuse. — From Colorado to California and Alaska.

TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 359

16. J. xiphioides, Meyer. Stems from a thick creeping rootstock, 2 to
4 feet high, 2-edged: leaves usually broad, the sheaths without ligules : heads
numerous, brownish, few to many-flowered, in a compound panicle : capsule
oblong, acute.

Var. montanus, Engelm. Lower and leaves narrower: heads few,
usually many-flowered. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 481. From New Mexico
to Washington Territory and the Saskatchewan.

ORDER 83. TYPHACE^. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and
monoecious flowers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral
envelopes. Ovary tapering into a style. Fruit nut-like, 1 or 2-seeded.

1. Typha. Flowers in a long very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem.

2. Sparganium. Flowers in separate dense spherical leafy-braotcd heads, which are

scattered along the summit of the stem.

1. TYPHA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL FLAG.

Upper part of the spike consisting of stamens only, intermixed with long
hairs ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded by club-
shaped bristles. Nutlets minute*, very long-stalked. — Leaves long, sheathing
the base of the simple jointless stems.

1. T. latifolia, L. Leaves flat: staminate and pistillate parts of the
spike approximate. — Across the continent.

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED.

The upper heads consisting of stamens only, with minute scales irregularly
interposed ; the lower larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur-
rounded by 3 to 6 scales. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped. — Stems
simple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves.

* Erect, with branched inflorescence of numerous heads: pistil as long as the

truncate scales: nuts sessile, wedge-shaped, angular: leaves mostly fiat and
merely keeled, the base triangular with concave sides.

1. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Stems stout, 2 to 4 feet high : fruit many-
angled when ripe, with a broad and depressed summit abruptly tipped in the
centre. — From Nevada northward and eastward across the continent.

* # Erect or rarely floating, with simple or branched inflorescence of numerous

heads: pistil with conspicuous style longer than the spatulate denticulate
scales : nuts attenuated at both ends, with a stalked base, nearly terete : leaves
floating or triangular with flat sides in the lower half.

2. S. simplex, Hudson. Erect, 9 to 15 inches high, slender: inflores-
cence simple, the lower heads supra-axillary, sessile or peduncled : fruit more
or less contracted in the middle. — Across the continent. Exceedingly vari-
able, the following varieties coming within our range :

360 LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

Var. androcladum, Engelm. Stouter and taller : inflorescence branched
below ; branches bearing numerous sterile heads : fruit larger, not contracted,
long-tapering at both ends. — Gray's Manual, 481.

Var. angustifolium, Engelm. Leaves floating : inflorescence simple :
fruit smaller, short-stiped, contracted in the middle. — Loc. cit.

* * * Usually floating, with very slender stems and delicate always flat and
narrow leaves : inflorescence simple, of few small heads : scales oval or obovate,
denticulate : nuts oval, with a very short stipe and short point.
3. S. minimum, Bauhin, Fries. Fertile heads solitary or two, axillary,
sessile, or the lower one peduncled : nuts somewhat triangular, contracted
below : stems when out of the water only 5 to 6 inches high. — Uinta Moun-
tains, and northward, thence eastward to New England.

ORDER 84. UEUINACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct
stem and foliage, being merely a disk -like frond producing one or few
monoecious flowers from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hang-
ing roots from underneath ; fruit a utricle, and seed large.

1. L.emna. Frond 1 to 5-nerved, witR a single rootlet.

2. Speirodela. Froud 7 to 11-nerved, with several rootlets.

1. LEMNA, Linn. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT.

Flowers marginal, bracteate, diandrous. Anther-cells bilocellate by a trans-
verse partition, dehiscing transversely. Seeds 1 to 6. — Rootlet destitute of
vascular tissue.

1. L. trisulca, L. Fronds thin, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base
into a slender stalk, very obscurely 3-nerved, usually several series of offshoots
remaining connected: seeds ovate. — From New Mexico to Oregon, the Sas-
katchewan, and eastward through most of North America.

2. L. minor, L. fronds rather thick, round- to elliptic-obovate, sessile, very
obscurely 3-nerved, the offshoots soon separating : seeds oblong-obovate. —
Abundant everywhere, closely covering the surface of stagnant pools.

2. SPEIBODELA, Schleiden.

Like Lemna, but anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and dehiscent
longitudinally, and ovary 2-celled. — Rootlets with axile vascular tissues.

1. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Fronds round-obovate, purple beneath: roots
clustered, usually 3 to 5. — Lemna polyrrhiza, L. Nevada, Montana, Wyoming,
and eastward throughout the continent. Very rarely seen in flower or fruit.

NAIADACEJE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 861

ORDER 85. ALJSMACEJE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Marsh herbs, with scape-like steins, sheathing leaves, and perfect or
monoecious flowers not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and
corolla; sepals and petals each 3, distinct; ovaries numerous, distinct,
becoming akenes in fruit. — Roots fibrous; leaves radical, petiolate,
strongly nerved with transverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without
blade; flowers in a loose raceme or panicle.

1. Alisma. Flowers perfect. Carpels verticillate, obovate-oblong, flattened.

2. Sagittaria. Flowers mono3cious or dioecious. Carpels capitate, flattened and mem-

branously winged.

1. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN.

Petals small. Stamens 6, rarely more. Ovaries on a disk-like receptacle.
Akenes in a crowded whorl, somewhat channelled on the back, obtuse. —
Herbs in shallow water or mud, with small flowers in a verticillately branched
panicle.

1. A. PlantagO, L., var. Americanum, Gray. Leaves long-petioled,
ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the
base, 3 to 9-nerved : carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular
whorl in fruit. — From the base of the mountains eastward across the conti-
nent ; also from California to Washington Territory.

2. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD.

Staminate flowers above. Petals usually conspicuous. Stamens numerous,
rarely few. Ovaries crowded in globose heads. Akenes abruptly beaked by
the very short style. — Stoloniferous herbs with milky juice, broadly sheathing
leaves often without a blade, and mostly simple stems bearing one to few whorls
of flowers usually in threes.

1. S. variabilis, Engelm. Rootstock tuberiferous : scape £ to 2 feet
high or more, angled : leaves very variable, ovate-sagittate, or more or less
narrowed, or even linear, acute, the similar lobes more or less divergent, acu-
minate : petals white, rounded, exceeding the sepals : fruiting heads nearly
half an inch in diameter : akenes obovate, with a conspicuous acute horizontal
beak at the upper angle. — From the mountains eastward across the conti-
nent ; also from Nevada and California to British Columbia.

ORDER 86. NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and
leafy (naked and scape-like in Triglochiri), leaves sheathing at base or
stipulate, and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spathaceous, with or
without perianth ; ovaries 1-celled, 1-ovuled.

362 NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

* Immersed aquatics with flat leaves : ovaries 4, distinct. — NAIADEJE.

1. Zanichellia. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Stamen 1, with slender filament. Fertile

flowers solitary, with a cup-shaped membranous spathe or perianth. Ovaries nearly
sessile, becoming more or less stipitate : stigmas peltate. Leaves opposite.

2. Potamogeton. Flowers perfect, with herbaceous 4-sepaled perianth, in a peduncled

spike. Anthers 4, sessile. Ovaries sessile : stigma sessile, unilateral. Leaves mostly
alternate.

* * Marsh plants with terete bladeless leaves : flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with
herbaceous 6-lobed perianth : carpels more or less united, separating at maturity. —

JUNCAGINE^E.

3. Triglocliin. Ovaries 3 to 6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bract-

less, in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape.

4. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate in

a, loose raceme upon a leafy stem.

1. ZANICHELLIA, Micheli. HORNED PONDWEED.

Flowers sessile or nearly so. Male flowers of a single naked stamen. Fertile
flowers usually in the same axils. Fruit an obliquely oblong beaked nutlet.
— Very slender and branching, with very narrow and filiform leaves, not
sheathing and with small stipules.

1. Z. palustris, L. Stems 2 inches to 2 feet long or more, leafy : leaves
£ to 3 inches long : fruit somewhat incurved, often more or less toothed on the
back. — From New Mexico and S. Colorado northward, and in both the Pacific
and Atlantic States. In fresh-water ponds and slow streams.

2. POTAMOGETOW, Tourn. PONDWEED.

The four stamens opposite the perianth segments. Fruit somewhat com-
pressed, ovate, drupe-like, with a crustaceous nutlet within. — Slender, jointed
and branching, in fresh or brackish water, with linear or dilated leaves, and
scarious stipules : spikes enclosed in the bud, at length long-exserted.1
* Floating leaves more or less coriaceous, with a dilated petioled blade, different
in form from the thinner submerged ones; stipules free: spikes cylindrical,
mostly dense, not interrupted.
H- Submerged leaves reduced to narrow! >/ grass-like orjiliform sessile phyllodia.

1. P. natans, L. Stem rather stout, simple or sparingly branched:
floating leaves thick, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, acutish, slightly cordate at
base, 21 to 29-nerved, mostly shorter than the petiole ; stipules long and con-
spicuous; upper submerged leaves with a small lanceolate blade, the lower
(formed early or late in the season) reduced to phyllodia: peduncle stout,
bearing an emersed spike : fruit turgid, obliquely obovate, acute : nutlet with
a small deep pit on each side. — Across the continent, in ponds and ditches.
In deeper or flowing water, the plant becomes more slender and often sub-
merged.

•<- •*- Submerged leaves lanceolate, rarely oi:al or linear.

2. P. rufescens, Schrad. Floating leaves (often wanting) rather thin,
11 to 17 '-nerved, narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acutish, attenuate into

1 Mature fruit is necessary for positive determination.

NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) £63

a very broad short petiole; submerged leaves as large as the floating ones, sessile
or nearly so, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute : spikes rather slender,
on stout often elongated peduncles . fruit round-obovate, acutely margined, beaked
by the rather long style: nutlet pitted on each side. — In Colorado and Montana,
and common in the Atlantic States ; also collected sparingly in California. In
streams or ponds.

3. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem rather slender, branching: floating
leaves thickish, 1 1 to 23-nerved, long elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, acute or
acutish, rather abruptly narrowed into a petiole usually longer than the blade ;
submerged leaves thinner and longer, mostly linear-lanceolate, more attenuate at
base, the lower sessile : spikes on stout peduncles : fruit obliquely obovate, cari-
nate, acute: nutlet somewhat 3-keeled, the sides scarcely impressed. — Am. Jour.
Sci. ii. vi. 226. From Mexico to the Atlantic States; also in the Pacific
States. Usually in streams.

4. P. amplifolillS, Tuckerman. Stems often stout, simple : floating leaves
(sometimes wanting) 30 to 5Q-nerved, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute,
mostly rounded or slightly cordate at base, on stout petioles about equalling the
b'ade; submerged leaves often very large, mostl y falcate and somewhat undulate,
acute, attenuate to a usually short petiole : spike thick, on a very stout peduncle :
fruit large, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak : sides of the nutlet not pitted. —
Am. Jour. Sci. loc. cit. 225. — From New Mexico to the Atlantic States ;
also in California and Oregon. In ponds and streams.

5. P. gramineus, L. Stems very slender, branching : floating leaves
rather thin, 9 to 15-nerved, small, oblong-elliptic, acutish, rounded or cuneate at
base, on slender petioles mostly equalling or exceeding the blade ; submerged leaves
linear-lanceolate, variable in length, more commonly short, acute or acuminate,
narrowed at base : spikes rather loose, on stout often elongated peduncles : fruit
round-obovate, acute, scarcely keeled. — From the Yellowstone eastward; also in
Nevada and California. In still or flowing water.

# * Leaves all submerged and uniform, thin and dilated (lanceolate to oval), nu-
merous, mostly sessile : spikes dense, on stout peduncles.

6. P. lucens, L. Stem stout, branching : leaves usually large (2 to 6 inches
long), oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, often undu-
late-serrate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or subsessile; stipules large:
peduncles often elongated : fruit acute, slightly keeled. — From New Mexico
to California ; also eastward to Florida and New England.

7. P. perfoliatUS, L. Stem more slender, flexuous, branching: leaves
broadly cordate to cordate-lanceolate, \ to l£ inches long, obtuse or acute, clasp-
ing at base ; stipules small : spikes somewhat compound, on mostly short pe-
duncles : fruit obtusely keeled, beaked by the short slender style.

Var. (?) lanceolatus, Robbins. Leaves longer (2 to 4 inches or more),
and more lanceolate, acuminate, undulate: peduncles thickened upward: fruit
nearly orbicular. — Gray's Manual, 488.

* * * Leaves all submerged and uniform, narrowly linear or setaceous, sessile.
H- Stipules free from the narrow base of the leaf.

8. P. pusillus, L. Stem filiform : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, rarely a line
wide, often nearly setaceous, 1 to 5-nerved, biglandular at base : spikes capi-
tate, or elongated, or interrupted, on slender flattened peduncles.

364 NAIAD ACEyE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

Var. vulgaris, Fries. Leaves 3-nerved, often obtuse, revolute and hence
subulate. — From the Uintas to the N. Atlantic States and Canada.

•H- -i— Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf: spikes interrupted.

9. P. pectinatUS, L. Stem filiform, repeatedly branched : leaves very
narrowly linear, 2 to 6 inches long, rarely over ^ line broad, often setaceous,
l-nerved, acute : peduncles elongated, slender : fruit in often dense verticils, large
(2 lines long), obliquely obovate, obtusely keeled. — From the Rocky Mountains
eastward across the continent ; also in the Pacific States.

10. P. marinus, L. Resembling narrow-leaved forms of the last, low
and very leafy : peduncles much elongated : fruit much smaller (a line long) and
thinner, round obovate, not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with the broad
sessile stigma.

Var. (?) OCCidentalis, Robbins. Often taller and less leafy: peduncles
usually rather short : spikes interrupted. — Bot. King Exped. 339. Colorado,
Utah, Montana, and westward.

11. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem rather stout, often branched and
flexuous : leaves numerous, distichous, the close sheaths nearly covering the stem,
linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long by 2 lines broad, many-nerved, acuminate,
ciliate-serrulate : spikes usually several, on rather stout pedicels : fruit obiong-
obovate, nearly 2 lines long, keeled with a broadish wing, acutely beaked. —
Gray's Manual, 490. From Oregon to the Yellowstone, and common in the
N. Atlantic States.

3. TRIGLOCHIN, L. ARROW-GRASS.

Stamens 3 or 6 : anthers nearly sessile. Ovary with sessile stigmas and
solitary ovules, separating at maturity from the central axis into as many dis-
tinct pods. — Herb with fibrous roots.

1. T. maritimum, L. Rather stout, a span to 2 or 3 feet high : leaves
shorter than the scape, a line or two broad : raceme usually crowded, 4 to 12
inches long : flowers a line broad : fruit obtuse at base, 6-carpelled, 1-| to 2£ lines
long, and about equalling the pedicels. — In saline places across the continent.

2. T. palustre, L. Slender, | to l£ feet high: leaves less than a line
broad : flowers smaller : fruit attenuate at base, 3-carpelled, 2^ to 4 lines long,
exceeding the pedicels, separating from below upward. — From the Rocky
Mountains eastward across the continent.

4. SCHEUCHZERIA, L.

Stamens 6 : anthers on slender exserted filaments. Ovary of 3 nearly dis-
tinct carpels, becoming divergent coriaceous sub-globose pods : stigmas fiat
and sessile. — Herb with a creeping jointed scariously sheathed rootstock.

1. S. palustris, L. Stems a span high or less : leaves exceeding them,
pitted at the tip : raceme 4 to 6-flowered, with sheathing bracts, the upper
ones small. — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent; also
in California and Washington Territory.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 365

ORDER 87. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems,
closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of
each of the glume-like imbricated bracts, destitute of any perianth, or
with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place, the 1 -celled ovary in
fruit forming an akene. Style 2 or 3-cleft. Stem leaves when present
3-ranked.

* Flowers all perfect : spikelets few to many-flowered, solitary or spicate, the spikes capi-

tate or umbellate : only 1 or 2 of the lower scales usually empty. — SCIRPINE.E.
••- Spikelets more or less flattened, the scales being in 2 ranks : inflorescence involu-
crate. — CYPERE^E.
!• Cyperus. Perianth (bristles, etc.) none. Style slender, deciduous. Spikelets spicate

or clustered. Stamens 1 to 3.

••- •«- Spikelets many -flowered, not flattened, the scales imbricated all around. — SCIRPEJE.
•H- Style not dilated at base.

2. Scirpus. Spikelets solitary or clustered or in a compound umbel, the stem often

leafy at base and inflorescence involucrate. Style deciduous or only the base per-
sistent. Barbed bristles present at the base of the akene or wanting. Stamens
mostly 3.

3. Eriophorum. Like the last, but the numerous naked bristles long-exserted and silky

in fruit. Spikelets few. Stamens 1 to 3.

4. Hemicarpha. Like Scirpus, but without bristles and with a minute hyaline bractlet

between each flower and the rhachis. Spikelets solitary or few in a sessile apparently
lateral cluster. Stamen 1.

•H. -H- Style enlarged at base.

5. Eleocharis. Spikelet solitary, terminal upon a leafless bractless stem. Base of the

style persistent. Bristles usually present. Stamens 3.

6. Fimbristylis. Spikelets in an involucrate umbel Stem leafy at base. Style usually

wholly deciduous. Bristles none. Stamens 1 to 3.

* * Flowers monoecious ; the staminate and pistillate in the same spike, which is terminal

(in ours) : akene naked, without bristles. — SCLERINE^E.

7. Kobresia. Spikelets sessile in a terminal spike, with a glume-like bract under each

spikelet. Stem leafy at base. Base of the style persistent. Stamens 3.

* * * Flowers monoecious, in the same or distinct spikelets, or dioecious : akene enclosed

in an inflated sac-like persistent perigynium. — CARICINE^E.

8. Carex. Spikelets solitary, spicate or paniculate. Hypogynous bristles or scales wholly

wanting or a single short bristle at the base of the ovary.

1. CYPERUS, L. GALINGALE.

Scales concave or keeled, often decurrent upon the rhachis. Akene lenticu-
lar or triangular, not beaked, usually smooth. — With mostly triangular and
nearly naked simple stems, sheathed at base by the nearly radical leaves :
inflorescence subtended by a mostly conspicuous leafy involucre, usually irregu-
larly umbellate with unequal rays, the spikelets in spikes solitary or clustered
upon the rays, the central spike or cluster always sessile, and the whole often
contracted into a single more or less dense head. Ours all belong to EUCY-
PERUS, in which the style is 3-cleft and akene triangular, the spikelets many-
flowered, with carinate scales, and with the rhachis naked or nearly so.

366 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* Stamen 1 : spikes short and small, collected in globular heads, ovate or linear-
oblong, compactly many-Jlowered : low annuals, with a 2 to 3-leaved involucre.

1. C. aristatus, Rottb. Spikes oblong becoming linear, 7 to 1 3-flowered,
in 1 to 5 ovate heads : scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point :
akene obovate, obtuse. — C. inflexus, Muhl. Said to be sweet-scented in
drying. Across the continent.

* # Stamens 3 : spikes loosely or somewhat remotely 6 to 12-flowered, flatfish and

greenish, several crowded together in one sessile or in a few peduncled heads or
dense clusters : scales convex on the back, many-nerved, a little longer than the
sharply triangular akene : perennials, with hard clustered corms or bulb-like
tubers at the base of the stems.

2. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Stem rough on the angles, 1 to 2 feet high :
leaves linear: umbel simple, 4 to 8-rayed : spikes crowded along the Upper
part of the mostly elongated rays, erect : scales awl-pointed : joints of the axis
narrowly-winged. — In dry sandy places in Colorado ; also from Lake Ontario
northwestward.

3. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Stem slender, wiry, often reclined: leaves linear:
spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile dense head, or in 1 to 7 additional
looser heads on spreading rays of an irregular umbel : joints of the axis naked :
scales blunt, greenish. — In dry soil, and coming into our range from W.
Kansas.

2. SCIRPUS, L. BULRUSH or CLUB-RUSH.

Hypogynous bristles 3 to 6, barbed or ciliate, or wanting. Style 2 to 3-cleft.
Akene lenticular or more or less triangular, obovoid. — Tufted plants, with
creeping rootstocks, the stem sheathed or leafy at base, and the spikelets in
an apparently lateral cluster, or compound umbel-like panicle, or solitary.

* Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exserted after flower-

ing, barbed downwards or smooth.
•»- Spike solitary, few-flowered, small, often flatfish : akene triangular, smooth.

1. S. CSBSpitOSllS, L. Stems terete, filiform, in compact turfy tufts,
densely sheathed at the base, the upper sheath bearing a very short awl-
shaped leaf : scales of the ovoid spike rust-colored : involucral bract a rigid-
pointed scale, resembling the lowest proper scale of the spike : bristles 6,
smooth, longer than the abruptly short-pointed akene. — Mountains of Colo-
rado (Hall and Harbour) • also from the mountains of New England and
N. Carolina northwestward.

4_ ^_ Spikes clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved

involucre, which resembles the naked stem, seeming to be a continuation of it.

•w. Stem sharply triangular, stout : sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing :

spikes rust i/ brown, closely sessile in one cluster.

2. S. pungens, Vahl. Stem sharply 3-angled throughout, 1 to 4 feet high,
with concave sides: leaves I to 3 elongated : spikes 1 to 6, capitate, usually long
overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf : scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft
at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes : anthers tipped with
an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage. — Borders of ponds and streams
from California into Mexico, and northward ; common in the Atlantic States.

CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 367

3. S. Olneyi, Gray. Stem 3-w ing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, 2 to
7 feet high, the upper sheath bearing a short triangular leaf or none: spikes
6 to 12, closely capitate, overtopped by the short involucral leaf: scales orbicu-
lar, smooth, mucronate-pointed : anthers with a very short and blunt minutely
bearded tip. — PL Lindh. 30. Across the southern part of the continent and
northward along the Atlantic seaboard.

•w- •»-*• Stem terete, very tall and stout, naked : sheaths at the base bearing a short
and imperfect leaf or none: spikes rusty or chestnut-brown, numerous and
clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal rays of which
mostly surpass the involucral leaf: scales with a salitnt midrib extending into
a mucronate point.

4. S. lacustris, L. Stem 3 to 9 feet high, scales ciliate : akene pale and
dull, obovate with a narrowed base, usually overtopped by the 4 to 6 slender
downwardly barbed bristles. — S. validus, Vahl. Common in fresh-water
ponds throughout the Atlantic States, and extending westward to the moun-
tains.

Var. OGCidentalis, Watson. Scales often pubescent, especially on the
midvein, usually pale with fine brown lines : bristles not exserted : akene
broadly obovate, terminating abruptly in a rather short beak. — Bot. Calif,
ii. 218. From Texas and Colorado to British Columbia and the Pacific
coast. Known as " Tule."

H- -i- -i- Spikes clustered in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-
panicled clusters, many-flowered, terete : involucre of mostly several obvious
and flat leaves: stems tall, triangular, leafy.

•*-«. Spikes large : midrib of the scales extended beyond the mostly lacerate or 2-cleft

apex into a distinct awn.

6. S. maritimus, L. Leaves flat, linear, as long as the stout stem (1 to
3 feet high), those of the involucre 1 to 4, very unequal : spikes few to several
in a sessile cluster, often also with 1 to 4 unequal rays : awns of the scale soon
recurved : akene obovate-orlncular, compressed, fiat on one side, convex or obtuse-
angled on the other, minutely pointed, shining, longer than the bristles. — In salt
marshes everywhere across the continent.

6. S. fluviatilis, Gray. Stem stouter and taller : leaves flat, broadly
linear, the upper and those of the very long involucre much exceeding the
compound umbel: rays 5 to 9, elongated, recurved-spreading : scales less lacerate
and their awns less recurved : akene obovate, sharply and exactly triangular,
conspicuously pointed, dull, scarcely equalling the bristles. — Borders of lakes
and streams from W. Vermont to Illinois and Wisconsin, and extending into
our range at its northeastern border.

•M. •«• Spikes very numerous, small : scales mucronate-pointed or blunt : umbel-like
cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound : stem tall and very leafy :
bristles very slender and often more or less tortuous and naked below.

7. S. sylvaticus, L. Spikes lead-colored, 3 to 10 in a cluster at the end
of the mostly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle : scales
bluntish: bristles 6 and downwardly barbed throughout: akene angled on the
back, short-poiated : style 3-cleft.

368 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Var. digynus, Boeck. Style 2-cleft, akene not at all angled on the back,
stamens 2, and bristles 4. — S. microcarpus, Presl, of Gray's Manual. From
California to Colorado and across the continent northward. The type is
rarely collected in New England.

8. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Very similar to the last: panicle more con-
tracted, the smaller spikelets crowded in denser and larger clusters: scales
narrower and narrow/,!/ acuminate : bristles scarcely barbed below the middle :
style 3-cleft : akene oblong-obovate, more acuminate, slightly angled on the back.
— In wet meadows and bogs from Colorado to California and Oregon, and
eastward to New England.

# * Bristles capillary, naked, not barbed, elongating, becoming tortuous and
entangled, much longer than the triangular akene.

9. S. lineatUS, Michx. Stem triangular, leafy, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves
linear, flat : umbels terminal and sometimes axillary, loose, drooping, the
terminal with a 1 to 3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long slender
rays : spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on filiform drooping pedicels :
bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the green-keeled and pointed scales :
akene sharp- pointed. — From New England to Wisconsin and southward,
coming into our range from W. Kansas.

3. ERIOPHORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS.

Distinguished from Scirpus chiefly by very numerous naked silky bristles
which become loug-exserted in fruit. Style very slender and elongated,
3-cleft. Akene acutely triangular. — Perennials with creeping rootstocks.

1. E. gracile, Koch. Stem very slender, 1 or 2 feet high: leaves slender,
channelled-triangular : involucre of I to 3 brownish scales: spikelets 2 to 5 on
short tomentose-scabrous slightly nodding rays : akene linear-oblong, broadest
above. — Cold bogs across the continent in the northern tier of States.

2. E. polystachyum, L. Stouter : leaves linear, fiat or barely chan-
nelled below: involucre more conspicuous, 2 or 3-leaved: spikelets more numerous
and larger, upon longer nodding usually smooth rays : akene broader, obovate. —
From Colorado northward, and thence eastward across the continent ; also in
Oregon.

4. HEMICARPHA, Nees.

Distinguished from Scirpus chiefly by the minute hyaline bractlet between
the flower and the axis. Style 2-cleft. — Low setaceous annuals, with flattened
stems, somewhat leafy at base.

1. H. SUbsquarrosa, Nees. Stems numerous, tufted, 1 to 6 inches high,
brown-sheathed at base, with 1 or 2 very short filiform leaves : principal invo-
lucral bract continuous with the stem, the others much smaller or none :
scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point. — From California to New
Mexico and Colorado and eastward through the Atlantic States.

5. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. SPIKE-RDSH.

Scales closely imbricated all around the rhachis. Perianth of 3 to 9 short
retrorsely barbed bristles, rarely none. Style usually 3-cleft, the conical or

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 369

flattened tuberculate base persistent and mostly jointed upon the summit of
the turgid-triangular or lenticular akeue. — Stems tufted, from matted or
creeping rootstocks, terete or angular, the base covered with closely appressed
sheaths : lower scale of the spikelet sometimes enlarged and bract-like.

* Spike small and few -flowered, the scales somewhat distichous or only 3-ranked :

sti/le 3-cleft and akene triangular,
-i- Tubercle contracted at its junction with the akene.

t. E. acicularis, R. Br. Stems with fibrous roots and very slender run-
ning rootstocks, usually setaceous, 1 to 8 inches high : spike 3 to 9-flowered :
scales acutish, more or less deeply tinged with brown : bristles 3 or 4, often
wanting: akene oblong-obovate, obscurely triangular and faintly ribbed on
the sides ; tubercle broad, short and blunt. — On sandy or muddy stream-
banks across the continent.

4- -i- Tubercle continuous with the akene and not contracted at base.

2. E. pauciflora, Watson. Stems from slender running rootstocks, 3 to
8 inches high, striate : spike ovate-oblong: scales acute, dark brown: bristles
3 to 6, usually equalling the akene : akene oblong-obovate, obtusely triangular ;
tubercle rather stout, pyramidal, nearly a third as long as the akene. — Bot.
Calif, ii. 221. Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightfoot, Gray's Manual, 560. From
Colorado and Wyoming to the N. Atlantic States ; also in California.

* * Spike terete, man;]- flowered : tubercle somewhat contracted at its junction with

the akene : style 2-cleft and akene lenticular.

3. E. palustris, B. Br. Stems usually slender, terete, striate, \ to 4 feet
high: spike oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute, 3 to 12 lines long: scales obtuse or
the upper acutish, thin, brown with white margin and greenish keel : bristles 4,
about equalling the akene : akene obovate, turgid, smooth ; tubercle broad-deltoid,
acutish or acute, rarely acuminate. — Throughout the continent, and in most
parts of the Old World.

4. E. olivacea, Torr. Stems very slender and spreading, 1 to 6 inches
high : spike ovate or oblong-ovate, 1 to 3 lines long : scales obtuse, rather loosely
imbricated, purple with a green midrib : bristles 6 or 8, longer than the akene :
akene and tubercle as in the last. — Colorado, Montana, and Oregon ; also on
the Great Lakes and the Atlantic coast.

5. E. COmpressa, Sulliv. Stem flat, striate, 1 to 2 feet high : spike ovate-
oblong, at length lanceolate, 4 to 7 lines long : scales acute, dark purple with
broad white pellucid margins: bristles 1 to 4 (or none), very slender and fragile,
shorter than or equalling the akene : akene obovate-pear-shaped, compressed ; tuber-
cle small, conical, pointed. — Gray's Manual, 558.

6. FIMBBISTYLIS, Vahl.

Scales closely imbricated around the rhachis. Styles 2 to 3-cleft, often flat-
tened and ciliate, somewhat dilated at base. Akene lenticular or triangular,
usually attenuate at base or substipitate. — In ours the style is 2-cleft and the
akene lenticular.

1. F. spadicea, Vahl. Stems 1 to 2£ feet high, from a perennial root,
rigid, as are theflliform convolute-channelled leaves : spikes ovate-oblong, becom-

24

370 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

ing cylindrical : stamens 2 or 3 : akerw very minutely striate and obscurely reticu-
luted. — Colorado to Indian Territory and Texas; also along the Atlantic
coast.

7. KOBRESIA, Wffld. »

Lowest glume enclosing an ovary with a long trifid style ; the next one, or
rarely the next two, enclosing 3 stamens ; often a rudimentary glume or awn
terminating the rhachis ; occasionally but one glume to a spikelet. — Peren-
nial herbs with filiform leaves, radical or sheathing the stems at base.

1. K. scirpina, Willd. Stems cespitose, 5 to 12 inches high, striate-
augled : leaves shorter than the stem : spikelets few, small, and brown, in a
somewhat clavate spike one inch long. — Elyna spicata, Schrad. South Park,
Colorado (Hall fr Harbour).

8. CAREX, L. SEDGE. (By L. H. BAILEY, JR.)

Flowers in spikes, imperfect, the staminate and pistillate in different parts
of the same spike (spike androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same culm
(plant monoxious), or rarely on entirely distinct plants (plants dioecious).
Staminate flower composed of 3 stamens borne beneath a bract or scale.
Pistillate flower composed of a single pistil bearing 2 or 3 exserted styles,
forming in fruit a lenticular or triangular acheuium which is enclosed in a
more or less inflated sac (perigynium) borne in the axil of a scale. — Perennial
grass-like herbs with 3-ranked leaves, mostly triangular culms, and spikes in the
axils or exserted from the sheaths of leaf-like or scale-like bracts. Theoreti-
cally each flower is entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and borne on a branch
which springs from the axil of a scarious bract (the scale of the following
descriptions), the enclosing perigynium of the fertile flowers answering to one
(or two) connate bractlet. The term fruit as applied to the perigynium and
its contents is a misnomer. In the subgenus Vignea of the present elabora-
tion the spikelets or spiculae of authors are called spikes, which they truly are,
and they are conglomerated into heads. The genus is an exceedingly critical
one and its study should not be attempted with unripe or imperfect specimens.

Artificial Key.

T. Spike one, terminal, strictly simple, staminate at the top, or in dioecious plants (5 & 46)

all staminate or all pistillate.
Stigmas three.
Perigynium spindle-shaped or lanceolate,

Green 1

Dark brown or purple 2, 3

Perigynium short, mostly ovate or elliptic,
Perfectly smooth.
Perigynia 1 to 3, conspicuously spreading, or remote from the staminate portion,

Obovate, obtuse 10

Elliptic, sharply beaked 16

Perigynia several, continuous with the staminate portion.

Scales leaf-like 11

Scales short, ciliate 46

Scales short, entire,

CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 371

Very broad, covering the perigynium.

Leaves short, stiff, involute j5

Leaves ordinary j4

Narrower, shorter than perigynium . : » 17

Scabrous or hairy.

Perigynia 1 to 4, scabrous above , '• 4

Perigynia several to many, hairy . . . . 5

Stigmas two . . .....•«.:. 52, 53

II. Spikes all aggregated into a round or ovoid unintermpted head, stigmas two.

Spikes densely packed, the individual ones scarcely discernible.

Head black ' . . . . . 50 var. nigra.

Head tawny or brown,

Subtended by 1 or 2 long leafy bracts 80

Naked or nearly so.
Perigynium nearly orbicular, dark .......... 70

Perigynium ovate or lanceolate.

Spikes staminate at base . ... . • , ' 78, 79

Spikes staminate at top.

Perigynium rough-angled . . 58, 59

Perigynium smooth . . . . . '. . . . . 60, 61, 62

Head green ...... 58

Spikes simply aggregated, the individual ones readily recognized.

Spikes nearly linear, light colored . ..,..• 71

Spikes oval or ovoid.
Perigynium wing-margined,

Broadly ovate or oval 84, 87

Lanceolate. 82, 83, 85

Perigynium wingless,

Nerved, beak longer than the body 64

Nerved, beak short 57

Nerveless.

Heads small globular 62

Heads oblong -.'... 76

III. Some or all the spikes distinct

Terminal spike staminate above (staminate flowers inconspicuous), spikes often all approxi-
mated into an interrupted head or panicle, stigmas always two.

Spikes conspicuously panicled 65, 64 (sometimes).

Spikes not panicled.
Perigynium strongly nerved.

Culm flat . 63

Culm broadly 3-angled -.« . . 64

Culm nearly terete , . . . 57

Perigynium nerveless or nearly so.

Spikes 1 to 3-flowered, scattered ; perigynium erect ; plants delicate . . 54

Spikes 5 to many-flowered ; perigynixun divaricate or reflexed.

Spikes all distinct . . . »• . 55

Upper spikes aggregated 66

Spikes 5 to 12-flowered ; perigynium nearly upright .... .59

Terminal spike staminate below.
Stigmas two.
Spikes very dark.

Scales long and sharp . . 49

Scales ordinary • r 50, 51

Spikes tawny or whitish.
Perigynium lanceolate.
Thin and scale-like . .......... , . .81,82,83

372 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

More or less thick and rounded.

Heads fulvous 85

Heads silvery or silvery-tawny 72, 73, 74

Perigynium ovate, wing-margined 86, 87

Perigynium ovate, not margined . • \ • 75, 76, 77

Perigynium broadly obovate, nearly pointless 22

Stigmas three.

Pistillate spikes nodding 25

Pistillate spikes erect . ... 23, 24

Intermediate spikes of the silvery or tawny interrupted head staminate, stigmas two.

Perigynium short and broad, dark-colored 68

Perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, straw-colored . ... . . 67, 69

Perigynium long-lanceolate, silvery -green . . . • , . • » . . 72
Terminal spike or spikes entirely staminate.
Stigmas two.
Perigynium strongly nerved.

Plant stout . . . . . . . . 40

Plant very slender 45 var. juncella.

Perigynium nerveless or nearly so.
Bracts all leaf-like,

Scales ciliate at top 41

Scales not ciliate . . • • 42

Bracts not conspicuously leafy.
Spikes rounded or ovaL

Staminate spike short-stalked 35, 45 var. 2

Staminate spike sessile 47, 50

Spikes oblong or long-cylindrical.

Perigynium ovate, green or brown-purple 43, 44, 45

Perigynium obovate, yellow or whitish 20

Stigmas three.
Perigynium hairy.
Pistillate spikes few-flowered, almost globular, mostly sessile.

Scales eiliate 5

Scales not ciliate.

Spikes greenish ; culrns slender 7, 8

Spikes greenish or whitish ; culms very short 8, 9

Spikes colored 6

Pistillate spikes few-flowered, linear ; plant delicate 12

Pistillate spikes several to many-flowered, oblong or cylindrical.

Perigynium conspicuously nerved , ... 32

Perigynium nerveless or nearly so.

Plant hairy throughout 13

Plant smooth 30

Perigynium smooth.
Pistillate spikes pendulous or nodding.

Beak slender, longer than body of perigynium ; spikes greenish-white . 29

Body of perigynium as long or longer than beak.

Spikes small, 6 or less-flowered ; plant delicate 27

Spikes nearly globular, pendulous, very dark 48

Spikes very loosely-flowered, long-linear 26

Spikes thick and long ; perigynium inflated,

Greenish straw-colored, slender-beaked, conspicuously more than 10-nerved 34
Straw-colored or often purplish,

More or less ascending 36, 37

Conspicuously squarrose 38, 39

Spikes all erect,

Short-oblong or round, densely-flowered, approximate.
Beak short, bifid 31

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 378

Beak short, stout, truncate .18

Beak longer than body 29

Spikes cylindrical.

Perigynium beakless 19

Perigynium nearly beakless, the point bent 21

Perigynium conspicuously beaked,

Lanceolate, flattened 28

Greenish, very turgid below, large 33

Brown and hard, with spreading setaceous teeth . ; . 32 var.

Thin, inflated, straw-colored or purple,

More or less ascending . , . . . . , . . . 36, 37
Conspicuously squarrose ...,.,.„. 38, 39

SUBGENUS I. Eucarex. Staminate flowers forming one or more ter-
minal linear or club-shaped spikes which are often pistillate at base or apex,
or occasionally having a few pistillate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowers
usually in distinct and normally simple mostly peduncled spikes which are
seldom aggregated into heads. Cross-section of the perigynium circular or
obtusely angular in outline. Style commonly 3-parted and the achenium
trigonous or triquetrous. — Passing into the following subgenus through the
members of the last section.

§ 1. Spike single (in our species), androgynous, male at the top, the rhachis con-
spicuously jointed: perigynium lanceolate or spindle-shaped, longer than the
scale, deflexed at maturity : stigmas very rarely two. — DEFLEXOCARP^E.
Low and mostly slender species.

* Perigynium green, linear-lanceolate, sessile, several times longer than the scale. —

PAUCIFLOR^E, Tuckm.

1. C. microglochin, Wahl. Culms rigid from a creeping base, 2 to
8 inches high : leaves few and narrow, shorter than the culm : staminate
flowers very few : perigynia 4 to 6, the orifice closed by a conspicuous pro-
jecting racheola which springs from the inside beneath the achenium : scales
deciduous. — Uncinia microglochin, Ledeb. Colorado, probably from high
mountains (Hall $* Harbour, 607) ; also in subarctic America. (Eu.)

C. PAUCIFLORA, Lightf., distinguished by the orifice of the perigynium
being closed with the stiff persistent style, occurs in British America and
may be expected northward.

# # Perigynium brown, spindle-shaped or narrowly ovate, stipitate, little longer

than the scale. — PUBLIC ARES, Tuckm.

2. C. Pyrenaica, Wahl. Culm 2 to 8 inches high, slender: spike dense,
oblong, brown or purple, the fertile flowers erect until full maturity : leaves
narrow, mostly involute- filiform, shorter than the culms: staminate flowers few,
occupying $ or less the length of the spike : perigynium few-nerved or nerveless,
usually shining at maturity. — High mountains of Colorado, Utah, and north-
ward. (Eu.)

3. C. nigricans, C. A. Meyer. Stouter: leaves nearly fiat, a line or more
broad : staminate Jlowers usualli/ conspicuous and occupying about half the spike:
perigynium somewhat ventricose, dull : otherwise as in the last, with which it
grows. — Evidently the more common species. (Asia.)

374 CYPEKACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

§ 2. Spikes one or more: staminate spike always single, usually distinct, sessile
or nearly so, sometimes androgynous with all the pistillate Jlowers borne at its
base : pistillate spikes, if any, small and globular, mostly sessile, more or less
approximate : bracts short or none, sheathless : perigynium ovate or globular,
hirsute (thin and scabrous in No. 4), tightly surrounding the achenium, usually
bearing a beak half its length: pistillate scales acute (except in Nos. 4 and 5) :
stigmas rarely 2. — SPIOERIDIOPHOR^E, Drejer. Low species in dry places,
the leaves all radical. No. 5 is dioecious.

* Spike one, androgynous. — Fi LI POLICE, Tuckm.

4. C. filifolia, Nutt. Cespitose : culms slender, obtusely angled and
smooth, 3 to 12 inches high, when full grown longer than the filiform rigid
leaves, their bases surrounded by dry brown leafless sheaths which at length
break up into fibres : spike £ to 1 inch long, ferruginous or whitish, bractless,
the staminate portion sometimes nearly free from the pistillate portion : peri-
gynium broadly triangular-obovoid, thin, few-nerved or nerveless, scabrous or
slightly hairy above, abruptly contracted into a short, stout, white-hyaline entire
beak, about the length or shorter than the very broad hyaline-margined clasping
scale: perigynium containing a short serrate racheola, Avhence the name
Uncinia breviseta, Torr. — Dry plains and mountains from Colorado westward
and northward.

Var. valida, Olney. Culm very stout, a foot high, rigid, sharply angled,
much longer than the loncj-pointed broader leaves: spike longer, often subtended by
a hispid bract: perigynium more glabrous. — C.fllifolia, var., Boott in Gray's
Rocky Mountain Plants, 77. Colorado.

5. C. SCirpoidea, Michx. Creeping: culms in flower short, elongating
(6 to 16 inches high) in fruit and exceeding the broad and flat leaves, more or
less scabrous on the angles at least above, the basal sheaths not splitting into
fibres : spike ferruginous, linear or club-shaped, % to 2 inches long, occasion-
ally with 1 or 2 accessory spikes at base : perigynium ovate or obovate, hairy,
lightly nerved, about the length (or a little longer) of the ciliate more or less obtuse
scale: scales on the staminate plant hyaline-margined, not ciliate. — C. Worrn-
skioldiana, Hornem. High mountains, Colorado and Utah, northward and
westward. (Asia, Norway.)

* * Spikes two to several, the lower occasionally peduncled or sometimes radical:
perigynium contracted below, usually bearing two prominent ribs, the very short
or often prolonged beak slightly 2-toothed. — MONTANA, Fries (in part).

•»- Culms upright, as long or longer than the leaves: spikes closely flowered, mostly
aggregated at the top of the culm.

6. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Extensively creeping: culms few, slender,
4 to 10 inches high : staminate spike conspicuous, $ to 1 inch long, often club-
shaped, sessile or shortly peduncled, sometimes pistillate at the top : pistillate
spikes 1 to 4, the lower one very rarely an inch remote, the upper ones bract-
less, the lower sometimes subtended by a short and subulate broivn bract: peri-
gynium globose or roundish-obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short or often
long beak, usually shorter than the acute or cuspidate broivn or rarely ivhitish
scale. — C. leucorum, Willd., is a form with long beaks. Dry sandy plains
about Denver (E. L. Greene], Ute Pass, Col. (T. C. Porter) ; Fort Pierre,

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 375

Dak., and probably generally distributed northward. A variable species;
spikes usually brown or dark purple, sometimes whitish, the pistillate varying
in size from an inch long to very small and almost abortive. A form with
rigid leaves, a single whitish pistillate spike with large perigynia and borne
at the base of the staminate spike, has considerable resemblance to forms of
C. filifolia. Radical spikes sometimes occur.

7. C. Emmonsii, Dew. Densely cespitose : culms many, very slender,
about equalling the narrow soft leaves: staminate spike very small, 1 to 4 lines
long, often nearly concealed by the pistillate spikes, which are 2 to 5, small, 3 to
9-flowered, green, the lower usually short-bracted, very closely aggregated at the
top of the culm, occasionally 1 or 2 of the lower a little remote or rarely on a
radical peduncle : perigynium small, narrowly oval or ovate and more or less
3-sided, with a conspicuous more or less toothed beak. — C. Novce-Anglice,
var. Emmonsii, Carey. Indian Territory (Geo. D. Butler) and southward.
Readily distinguished by its closely aggregated green spikes.

4_ .«_ Culms mostly shorter than the leaves : spikes looser flowered and more scat-
tered, often radical.

8. C. NOVSB- Anglic®, Schw., var. Rossii, Bailey. Culms few, 3 to 6 inches
high, nearly or about the length of the narrow and straight leaves : pistillate spikes
few, 1 to 4-flowered, linear and upright, light colored : perigynia loosely alternate

on a zigzag rhachis, ovoid, the flattened mostly cut-toothed beak either longer
or shorter than the body. — C. Rossii, Boott. Frequent from New Mexico
(Fendfer, 889) to the mountains of Colorado and Utah; also in British
Columbia. The species occurs in Washington Territory and northward and
eastward in British America. It is distinguished by a weaker habit, and
darker colored and more aggregated spikes.

9. C. umbellata, Schk. Rootstock stout, mostly horizontal: culms many,
mostly very short and crowded and concealed among the leaves, sometimes 3 to 4
inches long: leaves many, generally short, stiff and curved, sometimes weak and
straggling and 6 inches long : staminate spike £ inch or less long, not usually dis-
tinct and conspicuous : pistillate spike usually crowded among the bases of the leaves,
sometimes one or more of them exserted and clustered with the staminate
spike : perigynium globose-elliptic, more or less flattened, produced into a
flattened toothed beak as long as the body. — Indian Territory ; and common
eastward.

Var. brevirostris, Boott. Beak much shorter and minutely tootbed, the
perigynium rounder or somewhat 3-sided. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico,
and near Golden City, Colorado (E. L. Greene) ; also in California and British
America.

§3. Spikes androgynous, staminate above: pistillate flowers few, often remote,
usually on a more or less zigzag rhachis: scales prolonged and leaf-like (scari-
ous and often short in No. 10) : perigynium smooth, or slightly hispid above,
mostly tightly enclosing the achenium, the beak, if any, straight. — PHYLLO-
STACHYs,1 Carey.

1 A peculiar section, including one Caucasian and five American species which fall into
two well-marked groups. The section is connected with the Montana through the Brao-
tentce, and with the Old World Depauperates, and through that group with the Laxiflorce, by
C. Geyeri.

376 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* Culms all as long or nearly as long as the leaves : staminate flowers conspicuous :
pistillate flowers very few and large: leak very short. — PHYLLOSTACHY^E,
Bailey.

10. C. Gey eri, Boott. Stoloniferous : culms very slender, angled, rough,
about a foot high, about the length of the flat rough-edged leaves : staminate
portion of the spike usually appearing distinct, £ to 1 inch long : pistillate
flowers 1 or 2, large, erect with the rhachis : perigynium triangular-obovoid,
3 lines long, the conspicuous angles obtuse, one-nerved on the two inner sides,
very smooth, with a very short entire erose and hyaline beak : scales thin and
brown, acute, 2 to 4 times the length of the perigynium. — Mountains of
Colorado, Utah, and Montana. Hitherto confounded with C. multicaulis,
Bailey, a Califomian and Oregon species with numerous prolonged stiff terete
and smooth culms.

* * Culms mostly much shorter than the leaves: staminate flowers inconspicuous:

perigynium small, the beak produced to half its length (or more) : scales very
green and much dilated, often concealing the perigynia, and readily mistaken
for bracts. — BRACTOIUE^E, Bailey.

11. C. Backii, Boott. Cespitose: culms 1 to 7 inches high, sharply an-
gled : leaves lax and smooth : staminate portion of the spike about 3-flowered :
pistillate flowers 2 to 4, aggregated, more or less spreading : perigynium glo-
bose-ovate, inconspicuously nerved, smooth or very slightly scabrous above :
lower scales longer than the culm. — Dry and rocky hills, Colorado (Hall and
Harbour), and British America.

§ 4. Staminate and pistillate spikes distinct : staminate spike single, more or less
peduncled: pistillate spikes more or less elongated and peduncled, loosely alter-
nate-flowered (except in C. Richardsoni and No. 13) : bracts always sheathed
(except in No. 13), the sheaths sometimes membranaceous and leafless: peri-
gynium 3-angfed or globular, tightly enclosing the achenium, faintly nerved or
nerveless, more or less hairy in the less evolved species, smooth and the short
beak curved in the Laxiflorce. — DACTYLOSTACHY.®, Drejer (in part).
Mostly low or undersized species, with a loose habit, growing in dry or
grassy places.

* Sheaths membranaceous or hyaline, either not prolonged into a bract or the bract

very short and not foliaceous : perigynium more or less 3-angled, hairy in our

species and the beak straight. — DIGITATE, Fries.

C. RICHARDSONI, R. Br., connecting this section with § 2, is distinguished
from C. Pennsylvania, which it strongly resembles, by its peduncled spikes
and dark purple leafless sheaths. It occurs in the Eastern States, British
America, and California, and may be expected in Montana.

12. C. COncinna, R. Br. Stoloniferous: culms slender, 2 to 6 inches
high, longer than the sharp-pointed leaves: staminate spike small, shortly
stalked, its scales obtuse, rarely bearing 1 or 2 pistillate flowers at the top :
pistillate spikes 2 to 5, short, rather loosely 2 to S-floicered, at least the lower
ones distinctly peduncled (the peduncles often included in the sheaths), all ap-
proximate or aggregated: sheaths very short, each usually bearing an awn-like
bract of its oicn length : perigynium ovate, strigose-hairy, with a short erose beak,
longer than the obtuse hyaline-margined scale. — Cottonwood Lake, Wahsatch

CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 377

Mountains, 9,000 feet altitude ; and high northward. A delicate and pretty
species. The terminal spike is rarely all pistillate.

# * Sheathless: bracts green or foliaceous: perigynium triquetrous. — TRI-

QUETR^E.

13. C. pubescens, Muhl. Whole plant soft hairy: culms slender, 1 to 2
feet high : leaves flat and soft : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, oblong and rather tightly
flowered, i to f inch long, scattered near the top of the culm, the lowest shortly
peduncled and subtended by a leafy sheatkless bract from 1 to 3 inches long;
perigynium ovate, boldly triquetrous, very hairy, contracted into a slender nearly
entire beak over half as long as the body : scale broad belong white and thin on the
margins, abruptly contracted into a rough awn inhich equals or exceeds the peri-
gynium. — Missouri River below Fort Pierre (Hayden). A species of doubtful
affinity, placed here provisionally.

§ 5. Spike one (in our species), small, the pistillate flowers few: perigynium
smooth (sometimes minutely dentate on the angles), Jinn or horny, mostly shin-
ing or glossy, lightly nerved or nerveless, bearing a short beak: scales obtuse
with hyaline margins: stigmas 3. (The mature perigyuium of No. 15 is
unknown ) — LAMPROCHL^N^:, Drejer. Small plants, with creeping root-
stocks. Our species all fall under the group Rupestres, Tuckm.

14. C. rupestris, All. Cespitose and somewhat stoloniferous : culms ob-
tusely angled, erect, 1 to 4 inches high, usually a little longer than the long-
pointed and mostly channelled leaves ; spike linear or clavate (£ to 1 inch long) :
perigynium upright, plano-convex, obovate or elliptic, firm in texture, dull, very
lightly nerved, abruptly contracted into a short and stout truncate beak, hidden by
the amplectant and very broad dark scale — C. Drummondiana, Dew. Sierra
Blanca, Col. (Hooker $• Gray), and Hall fr Harbour No. 273, according to
Wm. Boott; British America and high northward. (Eu.)

15. C. Lyoni, Boott. Rootstocks somewhat creeping or perhaps strictly
cespitose : culms short, 1 to 6 (usually 2 or 3) inches high, rigid, mostly shorter
than the very rigid, bristle-like glaucous leaves, surrounded at the base by a mass
of brown leafless sheaths: spike linear; the staminate flowers 3 to 6 ; the
pistillate 7 to 9 : perigynium ovate-lanceolate, pallid, finely few-nerved ; the
beak hyaline, minutely and obliquely toothed, about the length or a little
shorter than the obtuse and hyaline -margined srtile. — Twin Lakes (John
Wolfe) and Berthoud Pass (Vasey), Colorado; also in British America.
Known only from immature specimens. Its stiff and bristle-like leaves and
culms are its best known characters.

16. C. Obtusata, Lilj. Very extensively creeping by long and slender brown-
ish rootstocks: culms 2 to 7 inches high, longer than the flat and long-pointed
leaves : spike at maturity ovate or narrowly ovoid, half -inch or less long, the pistil-
late flowers 4 to 10: perigynium at first pa'e, brownish at the top, when mature
spreading and becoming brown or dark brown-purple, glossy, very horny in texture,
turgid-ovate, stipitate, contracted into a stout obliquely cut and conspicuously white-
hyaline beak, longer and broader than the membranaceous, acute, and often de
ciduous scale : achenium short and broadly triangular. — C. spicata, Schk
C. affinis, R. Br. C. obesa, All., var. monostachya, Boeckeler. South Park,
Colorado, to Montana, westward and northward. (Eu.)

378 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

§ 6. Spikes 2 or more (1 in No. 17), more or less pedunded : staminate spike one
in our species : pistillate spikes mostly compactly flowered and cylindrical,
erect : bracts leafy, sheathing or sheathless : perigynium firm in texture, smooth
(except in No. 24, and in young specimens of No. 23), slightly inflated, very
shortly and stoutly beaked or sometimes beakless, conspicuously nerved (except
in No. 22). — BRACHYRHYNCELE. Slender, not very leafy species.

* Spike one, staminate above : perigynium beakless. — POLYTRICHOIDE^E,

Tuckm. Including one very slender species of doubtful affinity, interme-
diate between the Pallescentes and the Elongatce.

17. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Cespitose : culms many, almost capillary,
usually longer than the very narrow leaves : staminate flowers very few : peri-
gynia 2 to 8, alternate and appressed, green, triangular below, flattened to-
wards the top, blunt or emarginate at the apex, much longer than the ovate
acute scale : stigmas rarely 2. — Low ground, Colorado and northward.

* * Staminate spike in our species sessile or short-stalked : pistillate spikes short

(occasionally an inch long in No. 19): perigynium obtuse or short beaked,
straight at the apex, longer than the white or tawny acute scale. — PALLES-
CENTES, Fries.

18. C. Torreyi, Tuckm. Culms 8 to 16 inches high, sharply angled,
longer than the hairy leaves: pistillate spikes 1 to 3, roundish, approximate,
almost sessile : perigynium round-obovate, sunken at the lop, very abruptly tipped
with a short stout hyaline- margined beak : bracts short, about the length of the
culm, sheathless. — Clear Creek Canon, near Golden City, Colorado (Rev. E. L.
Greene) ; also in British America; rare.

19. C. grisea, Wahl. Culms lax, 8 to 20 inches high : leaves smooth, lax,
and fiat. (3 lines wide in typical forms, often much narrower) : pistillate spikes
3 to 6, rather loosely fiowered and cylindrical, or sometimes reduced to 2 or 3
fiowers, remote, all more or less pedunded : bracts wide and leaf-like, surpassing
the culm: perigynium large, turgid-oblong, green, finely many-nerved, jinelt/ punc-
tate with shining glands, beakless or very nearly so : scale rough-awned. — S. Utah
(Dr. E. Palmer) and southeastward; Nebraska (Hayden). This species bears
little general resemblance to the preceding.

* # * Staminate spike usually long-peduncled : pistillate spikes scattered, all

(at least the lower) on exserted stalks: bracts shorter than the culm (longer in
No. 20), sheathing : perigynium glaucous-green before maturity, becoming pale
or yellow, the apex oblique or bent and short-beaked (or nearly beakless in I
No. 20). — PANICE^, Tuckm.

20. C. aurea, Nutt. Stoloniferous : culm 1 to 12 inches high, slender,
sharply angled, longer or shorter than the fiat and narrow glaucous leaves :
bracts leaf-like, the lower much exceeding the culm : spikes 3 to 6, the staminate
often nearly sessile, the pistillate loosely fiowered, the lower remote, often on radi-
cal peduncles : scales colored on the margins, ovate, shorter than the turgid,
globose or pear-shaped, bright yellow or straw-colored and wholly obtuse or slightly
pointed perigynium : stigmas commonly 2. — Common throughout on moist
grassy hillsides and low mountains. A delicate and pretty species, readily
distinguished when mature by its bright colored, often almost fleshy peri-
gynia. The staminate spike is occasionally pistillate at the apex. The apex
of the perigynium is often slightly excurved as in the true Panicece.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 379

21. C. tetanica, Schk. Creeping: culms strict, slender, 6 to 20 inches
high, sharply angled, longer than the pale or bluish leaves : staminate spike long-
pedunded: pistillate spikes 1 to 4, usually all pedunded, slender, cylindrical,
varying from compactly to loosely flowered, attenuated at the base : perigynium
tapering at each end, more or less 3-angled, scarcely inflated, with a very short
bent point, longer than the nearly obtuse or shortly cuspidate scale. — Indian Ter-
ritory and northward ; also in British America. Distinguished from its east-
ern allies, C. panicea and C. Meadii (the latter of which may occur within our
limits), by its more slender spikes, which are loosely flowered at the base, and
its less inflated perigynium.

* * * * Terminal spike stalked, pistillate at the top: pistillate spikes oblong or

cylindrical, densely flowered, erect : bracts sheathless or nearly so, leaf-like :
perigynium ovate orobovate, straight, nearly or quite beakless. — VIRESCENTES,
Kunth.

22. C. Shortiana, Dew. Culms leafy, 1 to 2£ feet high : leaves long,
flat, rather wide, smooth or very nearly so: pistillate spikes 3 to 6, evenly cylindri-
cal, £ to 2 inches long, the lower long pedunded, all sparingly staminate at the
base: perigynium broadly and shortly obovate, nerveless, minutely pointed, squar-
rose, somewhat longer than the rather obtuse 'scale. — Indian Territory ( Geo. D.
Butler) ; Nebraska (Hayden).

23. C. triceps, Michx. Cespitose: culms slender, 8 to 18 inches high,
shorter or longer than the soft, narrow, flat and hairy (rarely nearly smooth
eastward) leaves: spikes 1 to 3, approximate and nearly sessile, globular, ovoid,
or short cylindrical, thick (£ inch or less long) : perigynium sparsely hairy
when young, smooth when mature, ovate or broadly obovoid, turgid and conspicu-
ously many-nerved when ripe, pointless and nearly entire or tipped with a very
short and slightly 2-toothed beak, about the length of the acute or awn-pointed scale.
— C. hirsuta, Willd. C. Smithii, T. C. Porter. Indian Territory (Geo. D.
Butler) and southward.

24. C. virescens, Muhl. Cespitose : culms many, very slender, 8 inches to
3 feet high, often much attenuated, about the length of the narrow and fat
long-pointed, hairy leaves : spikes green, oblong or narrowly cylindrical, J to 2
inches long, rarely nearly globose in attenuated specimens, short-stalked and
ascending : perigynium ovate or oval, thickly hairy at maturity, strongly few-nerved,
beakless, mostly longer than the acute whitish scale. — Indian Territory ( Geo. D.
Butler).

§ 7. Staminate spike mostly solitary and pedunded (sometimes sessile in No. 26),
the upper part usually pistillate in the Gracillimo?. : pistillate spikes several or
many, more or less loosely flowered, all or the lower on filiform weak or nodding
peduncles: bracts foliaceous and sheathing : perigynium thin and membrana-
ceous, usually slender or oblong, tapering gradually into a distinct or long
minutely toothed straight beak, smooth and shining (in No. 23 usually hairy on
the angles and not lucid), mostly light-colored, somewhat inflated. Scales
thin, white, tawny, or brown. — HYMENOCHL^EN^;, Drejer. Mostly slender
and open-flowered lax-growing species.

* Terminal spike usually pistillate above : pistillate spikes narrow, long-cylindri-

cal, rather compactly flowered, the lower on long-exserted or nodding peduncles :

380 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

perigynium ovate-oblong, many-nerved, turgid, green at maturity. — GRACIL-
LIM.E, Carey.

25. C. Davisii, Schw. and Torr. Culm leafy, lax, 1 to 2 feet high:
leaves wide and flat, pale, more or less hairy : pistillate spikes about three,
usually an inch or more long and two or three lines broad : perigynium large
and turgid, prominently 12 to 15-nerved, gradually narrowed into a short and
stout slightly 2-toothed beak, about the length of the pale awned scale. —
C. Torreyana, Dew. Moist grassy places, Indian Territory ( Geo. D. Butler)
and northward.

* # Terminal spike all staminate : pistillate spikes in our species very narrow and

slender and long-exserted and nodding, loosely flowered : perigynium small,
not inflated. — DEBILES, Carey.

26. C. arctata, Boott. Slender, 1 to 2 feet high : culm leaves short (2 to
4 inches) and broad ; radical leaves mostly short and spreading, all smooth :
pistillate spikes long-linear, 1 to 3 inches long and a line wide, all nodding at
maturity, very loosely flowered towards the base : perigynium small, some-
what 3-angled, prominently about 2 or 3-nerved, pointed, rather longer than
the acute, white scale. — Along the Missouri at Fort Pierre (Dewey).

* * * Terminal spike all staminate: pistillate spikes oblong, club-shaped or cy-

lindrical (very small in No. 27), less drooping: perigynium few-nerved or
nerveless, tawny or whitish. — FLEXILES, Tuckm.

27. C. capillaris, L. Usually densely cespitose : culms very slender, vary-
ing from an inch to 15 inches (var. elongata, Olney) in height, much longer than
the numerous very narrow radical leaves: pistillate spikes 1 to 4, loosely 3 to 10-
flowered, long-exserted and nodding, the lower often very remote : perigynium
small, ovate or ovate-oblong, contracted into a nearlij entire beak of about half its
length, about the length or longer than the white or tawny hyaline scale. — High
mountains from Colorado westward and northward. A delicate species, vari-
able in size and in the length and shape of the pistillate scales. (Eu.)

28. C. frigida, All. Stoloniferous : culm slender, 1 to 1| feet high, much
longer than the short and rather broad many-nerved, lax radical leaves: bracts
conspicuously and loosely sheathing, the lower more or less leaf-like, the upper
setaceous : pistillate spikes ferruginous, nearly or quite an inch long, the lower
club-shaped and long-exserted, the upper more or less cylindrical and often sessile
or nearly so and approximate: perigijnium lanceolate, slightly inflated, flattened,
at first wholly or partly green, at length becoming more or less ferruginous,
obscurely nerved, hairy on the angles, tapering and 2-toothed, longer than the
acute dark-brown scale. — Cottonwood Lake, Utah (Sereno Watson); also in
Oregon. (Eu.) — (See Addendum.)

29. C. longirostris, Torr., var. minor, Boott. Cespitose : culm rather
strong, 6 to 8 inches high, obtusely angled, rather longer than the flat and
soft leaves: pistillate spikes 2 to 3, greenish-white, short (^ inch long), thick,
nearly erect: perigynium large, 2-nerved, green and shining, produced into a
slender ivhite-tipped toothed beak of half or more its length : scale white, acute
or cuspidate, about the length of the perigyninm. — Colorado (Hall $* Har-
bour).— The species, differing in its much greater size, longer and at length
long-pendulous spikes, and very long-beaked perigynium, occurs near the
boundary in British America.

CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 381

§ 8. Staminate spikes one or more : pistillate spikes two to several, stout, erect,
mostly shortly peduncled, somewhat squarrose or comose in appearance : peri-
gynium thick in texture, hairy, more or less spreading, distinctly and stoutly
straight-beaked, the teeth short: scales prominent. — LASIOCARP^E, Fries.
Stout, mostly tall species, in wet or grassy places. Our species falls
under the group Lanuginosce, Carey.

30. C. filiformis, L., var. latifolia, Beklr. Stoloniferous : culms 1 to
2| feet high, strong : leaves flat 1 to 2 lines broad, about the length or longer
than the culm: staminate spikes 1 to 3, the lower small and aggregated at the
base of the terminal one : pistillate spikes 1 to 4, remote, sessile or nearly so,
or the lower peduncled, f to 2 inches long, often loosely flowered at the base :
bracts leaf -like, usually much exceeding the culm, the upper sheathless : peri-
gynium ovate or shortly ovoid, abruptly contracted into a very short, erect,
divergently and very shortly toothed beak : scales ovate, purple, acute or cus-
pidate, shorter or longer than the turgid and densely hairy perigynium. —
C. lanuginosa, Michx. C. pellita, Muhl. Throughout, in wet and swampy
places.

Var. sematorhyncha, W. Boott, is a form with purple beaks : scarcely
distinct from the last variety. — C. cematorhyncha, Desv. Jordan Valley,
Utah (Sereno Watson}.

The species may be expected in Montana. It is distinguished by its filiform
and involute leaves.

§ 9. Staminate spike mostly single : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, short, oblong or globu-
lar, sessile or nearly so, erect, compactly flowered, in our species approximate
at the top of the culm and subtended by long and leafy bracts : perigynium
smooth, nerved, conspicuously beaked, not prominently toothed. — SPIROSTA-
CHYJE, Drejer. Rather slender species.

31. C. flava, L. Culm slender, 4 to 18 inches high, smooth, longer than
the narrow stem leaves : bracts much longer than the culm, leaf-like, very
shortly sheathed : staminate spike short, mostly sessile : perigynium shining,
yellowish, reflexed at maturity, twice the length of the scale. — Meadows
and wet places, Hudson's Bay Creek, Montana ( W. M. Canby), and north-
ward. (Eu.)

§ 10. Staminate spikes two or more, long-stalked : pistillate spikes 2 to several,
usually all ped uncled, long and heavy, loosely flowered, erect or nodding: peri-
gynium large, thick in texture, strongly nerved, hairy or smooth, produced into
a long beak ivhich terminates in very conspicuous awl-like erect or spreading
teeth. — ECHINOSTACHY^E, Drejer. Coarse species.

32. C. trichocarpa, Muhl., var. aristata, Bailey. Culms very stout,
sharply angled : sheaths and under side of the leaves sparsely hairy : stami-
nate spikes 3 to 8, usually considerably separated ; the scales very long, loose
and pointed : pistillate spikes 2 to 3 inches long, 5 lines or more broad,
upright, scattered, loosely flowered at the base: perigynium very strongly
nerved, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, terminated by very conspicuous divaricate,
smooth and slender teeth (which are l£ to 2 lines long), usually longer than
the rough-awned scale. — C. aristata, R. Br. C. mirata, Dew. Bogs and
creeks, Utah ( Watson, L. F. Ward) ; to British America.

332 CYPERACE^J. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Var. JDeweyi, Bailey. Usually more slender than the last, the leaves
and sheaths smooth : pistillate spikes 1 to 2 inches long and £ inch or
less broad : perigynium very smooth, usually somewhat polished, rather
coriaceous, the nerves not conspicuous, the teeth mostly short : scale usually
not conspicuously awned. — C. Iceviconica, Dew. Big Sioux and Yellow-
stone Rivers (Hayden), Bismarck, Dakota (A. B. Seymour). These varieties
pass by all gradations into the species, which may occur within our eastern
limits.

§ 11. Sterile and fertile spikes one to several or many: fertile spikes mostly large
and compactly flowered : perigynium much inflated (cross- sect ion nearly twice
or much more than twice the width of the mature achenium), membranaceous,
smooth, conspicuously nerved (or nearly nerveless in No. 35), tapering into a
toothed beak as long as the body or longer. — PHYSOCARP^E, Drejer. Mostly
large and stout species, to be regarded as the most developed of the genus.
No. 35 is the least developed of the section, and in some forms it appears
to ally itself with other and very dissimilar sections.

* Staminate spike solitary, stalked: pistillate spikes sessile or nearly so, short and

thick, at maturity green or greenish-tawny, usually turning dark-colored in dry-
ing : perigynium large, very turgid at the base, gradually lengthened into a long-
conical slenderly toothed beak which much exceeds the scale. — LUPULIN^E,
Tuckm.

33. C. lupulina, Muhl. Tall and leafy (2 to 3 feet high) : fertile spikes
2 to 4, several to many-flowered, heavy, turgid-oblong or cylindrical, approxi-
mate or the lower remote and on more or less exserted stalks, becoming nearly
straw-colored at full maturity: bracts wide, long and leaf-like, the lower
sheathing : perigynium upright. — Indian Territory and southward in wet
places.

C. INTUMESCEXS, Rudge, distinguished by its few-flowered and aggregated
sessile, greener spikes, sheathless bracts, and more spreading perigynia, has a
similar range as the last, but has not yet been found within our limits. It
also occurs in British America.

# # Staminate spikes commonli/ more than one : pistillate spikes usually long and

densely cylindrical (short in No. 35 and occasionally in No. 38) : perigynium
smooth and shining, long-beaked, at maturity yellow or straw-colored, or occa-
sionally partly reddish purple. — VESICARI.E, Tuckm.

-i- Staminate spike one: pistillate spikes comose, cylindrical and drooping or
spreading : bracts sheathless or nearly so : beaks long.

34. C. hystricina, Muhl. Plant rather slender, pale, 12 to 18 inches
high : spikes 2 to 4, narrow (f to 2 inches long and £ inch and less wide), nod-
ding or the upper one nearly erect or spreading, decidedly comose in appear-
ance: perigynium 15-nerved, not prominently inflated, prolonged into a very
slender and setaceously toothed beak, the lobes of which are spreading : scales
awn-like, shorter than the perigynium. — C. Cooleyi and C. Thurberi, Dew.
Wet places, New Mexico and northeastward to Nebraska. Distinguished
from C. tentaculata, Muhl., which may occur within our southeastern bor-
der, by its smaller, more comose and more nodding spikes, and by its smaller

CYPERACEJ3. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 383

or more nerved (10-nerved in that species) perigynia. C. hystricina affords a
transition to the Echinostachyce.

C. SQOARKOSA, L., occurs at Fayetteville, N. W. Arkansas (F. L. Harvey).
It is at once distinguished by its exceedingly densely flowered short, upright
spikes, the terminal one being androgynous. It is one of the Squarrosce,
Carey.

4- •»- Staminate spike one, rarely two : pistillate spikes short, erect, more or less
purplish : beaks short : stigmas usually two.

35. C. saxatilis, L. Stoloniferous : culm 4 to 12 inches high, sharply
angled, about the length of, or a little longer than, the narrow and sharp-
pointed leaves : pistillate spikes one to three, the upper sessile or nearly so,
the lower mostly more or less ped uncled, all dark purple or at maturity becom-
ing brown : bracts narrow, long-pointed, shorter or a very little longer than
the culm : perigynium ovate-oblong or elliptic, nerveless or very inconspicu-
ously nerved at the apex, rather abruptly contracted into a very short nearly
entire beak, mostly longer than the more or less obtuse membrauaceous scale.
— (7. pulla, Gooden. C. vesiain'a, var. alpigena, Fries. Rocky mountains
of British America and northward, and no doubt on our higher moun-
tains. (Eu.)

Var. Grahami, Hook. £ Arn. Stouter, 12 to 20 inches high : perigyuium
lighter colored, often nearly straw-colored, prominently few-nerved, the beak
longer and more conspicuously toothed. — C. Grahami, Boott. C. vesicaria,
var. dichroa, Anderss. C. saxatilis, var. major, Gluey. High mountains of
Colorado, Utah, and northward. (Eu.)

•*- -t— -t- Staminate spikes two or more: pistillate spikes normally long, spreading
or drooping : stigmas three.

•*-«• Perigynium conspicuously turgid, ascending at maturity.

36. C. vesicaria, L. Stoloniferous : culms stout, I to 2^ feet high, sca-
brous, shorter than the upper leaves : leaves flat, 2 to 3 lines broad : pistillate
spikes 2 to 4, thick (4 to 8 lines in diameter), the upper sessile, the lower on weak
or nodding peduncles : perigynium ovate-lanceolate, one third or less as broad as
long, gradually tapering into a slender beak, 12 or more nerved, longer than the
inconspicuous scale. — Uinta Mountains, Utah? (No. 1270 King's Survey, an
immature specimen), California, and Oregon. (Eu.)

37. C. monile, Tuckm. Culms usually more slender and leaves a little nar-
rower: spikes more slender: perigi/niutn subglobose, much inflated towards the
base, one half or more as broad as long, abruptly short-beaked, 10 or less nerved:
otherwise as in the last. — C. Vaseyi, Dew. Colorado ( Vasej).

•w +* Perigynium not conspicuously turgid, squarrose at maturity, and the spikes
comose in appearance.

38. C. Utriculata, Boott. Somewhat Stoloniferous: culm very stout (1 to
3 feet high), acutely angled above, very thick and spongy at the base: leaves
broad (2 to 6 lines), carinate at the base, much exceeding the culm, conspicu-
ously nodulose-reticulated: pistillate spikes 2 to 6, more or less remote, the upper
sessile, the lower often on weak peduncles an inch or two long, long-cylindri-
cal or terete (1 to 7 inches long], thick and compactly flowered (sometimes

384 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

loosely -flowered at the base), often staminate at the top: perigynium ellipsoid
or globose-ovoid, usually gradually tapering into a short beak, broader and com-
monly longer than the very acute or rough-awned scale. — Var. MINOR, Sart-
well, is a form smaller in all its parts, with spikes an inch or so long. —
Common in swamps from Colorado and Utah northward. Too near the
next.

39. C. ampullacea, Good. Culm rather slender, obtusely angled, not con-
spicuously thickened at the base : leaves narrow (f to 2 lines broad), canaliculate,
finely and inconspicuously nodulose below, gradually tapering into very long points:
spikes fewer, narrower and shorter, more approximate, the lower seldom much ex-
serted : perigynium subglobose or globose-elliptic, in typical forms shortly and
abruptly beaked, longer than the normally muticous scale. — In similar situa-
tions with the last, but evidently less common, from Colorado and Utah
northward. (Eu.)

§ 12. Staminate spikes one or more, long: pistillate spikes one to several, brown,
purple, or greenish, commonly approximate, sessile or peduncled, oblong or linear,
mostly elongated: perigynium not inflated, biconvex, minutely beaked or beak-
less, smooth: stigmas 2. — MICRORHYNCH.E, Drejer. Paludose and alpine
species of upright habit, often growing in tufts or tussocks. Our species
fall under the group Acutce, Fries.

* Perigynium strongly nerved.

40. C. Jamesii, Torr. Stoloniferous : culm 1 to 2 feet high, rough on
the sharp angles, longer than the glaucous, long-pointed leaves : staminate
spikes 1 to 4, usually one, large, occasionally bearing a few pistillate flowers
at the top : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, erect, the upper sessile or nearly so, the
lower more or less peduucled, broadly cylindrical, often inclining to club-
shaped ; lower bract often leaf -like : perigynium oval or obovate, ascending,
abruptly contracted into a short, toothed (rarely nearly entire) beak, green-
ish, about the length of, or a little longer than, the obtuse or abruptly cuspi-
date scale, and twice as broad. — Colorado, Utah, and southward. Spikes
sometimes purplish.

Var. Nebraskensis, Bailey. Culm stouter, smooth or nearly so, about
the length of the leaves : pistillate spikes mostly short, narrowly cylindrical
or terete : perigynium squarrose or spreading, usually rusty brown, a little
shorter than the gradually pointed, narrower scale. — C. Nebraskensis, Dew.
With the species and eastward.

* * Perigynium slightly nerved or nerveless.

•i- Robust species (mostly) : bracts leaf-like, usually exceeding the
culm.

41. C. laciniata, Boott. Culm very sharply angled, 2 to 3 feet high, rough
on the angles, at least above : leaves very long : pistillate spikes 3 to 6, dark
brown, 1 to 3 inches long, cylindrical and closely flowered, remote, the upper
sessile, the lower nodding or spreading on exserted peduncles and loosely
flowered at the base : perigijnium oval or elliptic, sometimes nearly circular, con-
tracted into a short, toothed beak, usually toothed on the angles above (the teeth
deciduous with age), faintly several nerved, about the length of the narrow pale-

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 385

ribbed, dilate, (laciniate) scale. — Provost River, N. Utah (Sereno Watson,- an
ambiguous specimen). The leaves usually dry, stiff and hard. The lowest
hract is often very much prolonged.

42. C. aquatiliS, Wahl. Stoloniferous : culm obtusely angled, 2 to 3 feet
high, smooth, leafy : leaves fiat, pale, scarcely longer than the culm : pistillate
spikes 2 to 4, erect, thick and compactly fiowered throughout or more commonly
inclining to club-shaped with a gradually attenuated base, the upper sessile, the
lower more or less peduncled and often loug-exserted : perigynium broadly
elliptic or obovate, rarely circular, nerveless, tipped with a minute and entire point,
green or light-colored, wider and either longer or shorter than the green or purple-
margined acutish scale. — Wyoming ( W. Boott) ; probably generally distrib-
uted. A large species in wet places, readily distinguished from the next by
its stout and leafy smooth culms, wide and amplectant bracts, and thick
spikes. (Eu.)

Var. sphagnophila, Anders. Slender, 8 to 16 inches high: leaves very
narrow, long-pointed : spikes slender, very loosely Jlowered and long-attenuated
below, the lower peduncles slender and Jlexuose : perigynium about the width of
or a little wider than the dark purple scale. — C. aquatilis, var. minor, Boott.
C. borealis, Lange. C. personata, Olney. Twin Lakes, Colorado (John Wolfe) ;
also in British America. (Eu.)

C. LENTICULARIS, Michx., may be expected northward. It may be dis-
tinguished from C. aquatilis by its smaller size, narrower spikes the terminal
one of which is pistillate at the top, and the nerved perigyuium.

-«- H- Low or tall and slender species: bracts mostly short and narrow, often
setaceous (rarely long in Nos. 42 an d 43).

*+ Culms slender and tall (2 feet or more high) : leaves with more or less revolute
margins when dry.

43. C. Stricta, Lam. Densely cespitose, forming high tussocks in wet places :
culms 2 to 5 feet high, sharply angled, rough, leafy only at the base, longer than
the narrow and long-pointed carinate leaves, when full grown surrounded below
by the conspicuous reticulated fibrous remains of the older sheaths : pistillate
spikes 2 to 4, erect or spreading, sessile or the lower shortly peduncled and
sometimes loosely flowered at the base, linear, often male at the top; lower
spike or two often subtended by a narrow bract barely as long as the culm :
perigynium oval or ovate, green or light-colored, nerveless or nearly so, the point
entire or slightly emarginate, little broader and longer or shorter than the purple'
margined ascending acute or acutish scale. — C. Virginiana, Smith. C. acuta,
Muhl., etc. C. angustata, Boott. C. xerocarpa, S. H. Wright. Colorado
(Brandegee, Vasey).

44. C. aperta, Boott, var. divaricata, Bailey. Differs from the last in
its smoother culm, hi the absence of reticulated fibrous sheaths, and in the broader
perigi/nium which is subtended by <m acute spreading scale of more than its own
length: bracts sometimes leaf-like. — Colorado (Vasey). Differs from the
typical Eastern C. aperta, which may be expected in our region, in its greater
size, wider leaves, and looser habit, larger perigynia, and more conspicuously
divaricate, darker scales.

25

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

•»-*• -w- Culms 3 to 18 inches high: leaves more or less involute when dry.

45. C. Vlllgaris, Fries. Stoloniferous, not tufted, bluish in appearance:
culms mostly stout, sharply angled, smooth except near the top, longer than
the narrow leaves : staminate spikes 1 to 3, usually 2 : pistillate spikes 2 to 4,
usually about an inch long, stout, densely flowered (or the lower rarely loosely
flowered at the base), erect, sessile or the lower shortly ped uncled, green and
black in appearance, with a bract nearly or quite as long as the culm : bracts
usually bearing minute purple auricles at the top of the sheath : perigynium
appressed, oval, ovate or round-ovate, finely striate towards the base, bright
green above the middle, the distinct beak entire or emarginate, longer and
broader than the obtuse, black, green-nerved appressed scale. — Twin Lakes,
Colorado (John Wolfe : these specimens were named C, turfosa, Fries, in the
Preliminary Report of Wheeler's Survey, but they lack the yellowish-purple
spikes and rough-angled perigynia of that Scandinavian plant).

A perplexingly variable species, distinguished from Nos. 43 and 44 by its
lower, stiffer, less cespitose habit, and thicker, oblong, conspicuously green
and black spikes, and more nerved perigynia, rather than by any positive
descriptive characters. Scandinavian caricographers state that reticulated
basal sheaths never occur in any of the forms of this species. The auricles at
the base of the bracts are often inconspicuous, and they are sometimes present
in C. stricta and others of the Acutce. The type of the species is common in
the Eastern United States, in Europe, and in Asia. In our region the follow-
ing varieties appear to be clearly made out : —

Vur. juncella, Fries. Cespitose and very slender: leaves narrow, longer
than the culm : spikes linear, often much attenuated at the base : perigynium
elliptic or broader, distinctly nerved and beaked, longer than the obtuse
black-margined scale. — C. Kelloggii, W. Boott. Wahsatch Mountains, Utah
( Watson, M. E. Jones). Different from all other forms of C. vulgar is in its
slender and lax habit. It much resembles the type in the green and black of
its spikes. (Eu.)

Var. hyperborea, Boott. Culms and leaves as in the species : staminate
spike one : pistillate spikes 3 to 5, slender, lax, loosely flowered at the base,
the lower peduncled and often remote, black-purple or fuscous-purple : peri-
gynium narrow, mostly elliptic, almost pointless, entire at the orifice, very
faintly nerved towards the base, shorter or rarely a little longer than the acute
or acutish dark purple scale. — C. hyperborea, Drejer. C. limula, Fries.
C. Bigelovii, Torr. C. Washingtoniana, Dew. C. rigida, var. Bigelovit,
Tuckm. Alpine regions, Colorado, northward and westward. (Eu.)

Var. alpina, Boott. Leaves broad (2 lines) and flat: staminate spikes
sometimes 2, usually 1 : pistillate spikes 3 to 5, short and thick (3 to 9 lines
long), erect, approximate or the lowest sometimes remote and shortly pedun-
cled, dark purple : auricles very prominent : perigynium obovate or nearl}--
circular, nerveless, shortly beaked, pale below, usually more or less purple
above, commonly shorter than the very dark, acute scale. — C. rigida, Gooden.
C. saxatilis of Scand. authors, not L. With the last. (Eu.)

§ 13. Staminate spike one, short, either pistillate above or not conspicuous (except
in No. 46): pistillate spikes none to several, short and thick, mostly dark-
colored, commonly aggregated (often only approximate) sometimes staminate at

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 387

the base : perigynium biconvex or very obtusely 3-angJed, with a very short entire
or emarginate beak, or beakless : stigmas 2 or 3. — MELANOSTACHYJE, Tuckm.
Mostly mountain or boreal species, distinguished by the aggregated spikes
and inconspicuous or androgynous terminal spike and nigrescent color. To
be regarded as probably the least evolved section of the genus, connecting
the two subgenera.

* Terminal spike all staminate (in No. 46 often with a few pistillate flowers at

base or apex, or rarely all pistillate and dioecious), cylindrical: pistillate spikes
approximate, erect: stigmas usually 3. — STYLOS^.

46. C. Parryana, Dew. Stoloniferous : culms rigid, 2 to 16 inches high,
stout, obtusely angled, smooth or nearly so, granulated, longer than the rigid, long-
pointed, narrow leaves : terminal spike usually largest, about an inch long, brown,
with I to 5 small, globular, oblong, or cylindrical erect spikes near its base (or
sometimes entirely solitary!), the lower usually subtended by a narrow bract
shorter than the culm and often more or less remote and shortly peduncled :
perigynium obovate or triangular-obovoid, somewhat plano-convex, scabrous above,
lightly nerved especially on the outer side, very abruptly short-beaked, the orifice
entire or erose-ht/aline, shorter and about the width of the very obtuse, brown, white-
nerved, hyaline-margined, sometimes minutely apiculate and ciliate scale. — C. arc-
tica, Dew. C. Hallii, Oluey. South Park, Colorado, and northward in the
mountains : rare. Named for Capt. Parry, the Arctic explorer. The mono-
stachyous specimens resemble No. 5, from which they are readily distinguished
by the hairless perigynia.

47. C. Raynoldsii, Dew. Stoloniferous : culms 13 inches to 3| feet high,
sharply angled, longer than the fiat, glaucous leaves : staminate spike sessile,
about half an inch long: pistillate spikes 3 to 6, short and thick (4 lines wide),
not commonly more than twice as long as broad (and usually less), sessile or short
peduncled, aggregated, or the lowest an inch or two remote and exserted : lower
bract about the length of the culm, bearing conspicuous purple auricles : perigy-
nium large, obovoid, 3-angled, prominently nerved, green or light-colored, abruptly
narrowed into a nearly entire purple beak, somewhat spreading, when mature much
longer and broader than the acute black scale. — C. LyaUii, Boott. Mountains,
Utah to Wyoming.

* # Terminal spike staminate: pistillate spikes ovoid or oblong and drooping:

stigmas 3. — LIMOS^J, Tuckm.

48. C. Magellanica, Lam. Loosely tufted: culms I to 2 feet high,
smooth, about the length of or shorter than the leaves : pistillate spikes 2 to 4,
rather loosely flowered, on peduncles of about their own length, sometimes
with a few staminate flowers at their base or apex, the lowest with a bract
which exceeds the culm : perigynium nearly orbicular, granular, whitish,
entire at the orifice, few-nerved, about half as long as the long-pointed brown-
purple scale. — C. irrigua, Smith. Uinta Mountains, Utah. (Ku.)

* * * Terminal spike club-shaped, staminate below: lateral spikes occasionally

bearing a few staminate fiowers at base. — ATRAT^E, Kunth.

•t- Scales, especially of the terminal spike, narrow and acuminate, very acute or

awncd, much longer than the perigynia.

49. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Stoloniferous : culm 1 to 2 feet high, sharply
angled, rough above, about the length of the firm, narrow leaves : pistillate

388 CYPEKACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

spikes 2 to 5, erect, sessile, or the lowest very shortly peduncled, distinct,
usually more or less remote, glaucous-purple : perigynium elliptic, glaucous,
nerved, rough-granular, contracted into a short emarginate or entire beak. —
Bogs throughout, but evidently nowhere common. The terminal spike is
rarely all staminate. The lower leaf sheaths are purple and at length fibril-
lose. (Eu.)

-i- 4- Scales broad, not conspicuously acute.

50. C. atrata, L. Cespitose : culm 6 inches to 2 feet high, sharply angled,
smooth or roughish, longer than the long-pointed leaves: bracts about equal-
ling the culm, mostly with conspicuous auricles : spikes 2 to 4, densely flow-
ered, clavate or oblong, thick, £ to l£ inches long, black or dark brown,
approximate or often aggregated, all more or less peduncled, at first upright or
spreading, at length usually drooping and often exserted, and the top of the culm
appearing as if bent over : perigynium broadly ovate or orbicular, nerveless, bearing
a short notched beak, commonly a little broader and about the length or a little
shorter than the black or dark brown obtuse or acutish scale. — Varies much : the
spikes are sometimes more or less erect at maturity, the upper spike is rarely
all staminate, and the upper scales are often acuminate but never awued.
High mountains, Colorado and Utah and northward. (Eu.)

Var. nigra, Boott. Spikes short, about as broad as long, densely aggregated
and capitate, sessile, erect : midnerve of the scale generally projecting into a short
cusp: perigynium usually scabrous. — C. nigra, All. With the last. (Eu.)

Var. ovata, Boott. Eesembling the drooping or open forms of the spe-
cies, but the spikes more slender, the ivhitish or green perigynium conspicuously
broader and mostly longer than the brown scale, giving to the graceful spikes a
conspicuous light and dark appearance. — C. ovata, Iludge. Colorado, Utah,
and southward.

Var. erecta, W. Boott. Like the last, but the spikes erect, short, sessile or
nearly so, and the staminate scales narrow. — Nevada and westward ; probably
in our region.

51. C. alpina, Swartz. Culms very slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, smooth,
longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 2 to 4, small (| inch and less long),
mostly compactly flowered, black or black and green, closely aggregated, erect and
capitate, the lowest very short-stalked and usually subtended by a green bract:
perigynium ovate or elliptic, obscurely nerved or nerveless, with a short slightly
notched beak, green or fuscous, commonly a little longer than the ovate, black,
nearly obtuse scale. — C. Vahlii, Schk. High mountains, South Park, Colo-
rado, and northward. A delicate species, distinguished from erect forms of
the preceding species by its slender naked culm, and small, nearly globular
spikes.

SUBGENUS II. Vignea. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne
at the base or apex of the pistillate spikes. Pistillate flowers in short,
sessile spikes (spike single in Nos. 52 and 53), which are commonly more or
less aggregated into heads, or even panic-led. Cross-section of the perigynium
plano-convex in outline. Styles two and achenium lenticular. — The spikes,
and especially the terminal one, usually have contracted bases when the stami-
nate flowers are borne below, and empty scales at the top when the staminate
flowers are borne above.

CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 389

§ 14. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the pistillate spikes ; or in the Are-
nance spikes often wholly staminale and the plants occasionally dicecious.

ACROARRHEN.E, Anderss.

* Spike one and simple : plants very small. — NARDIN^E, Tuckm.

52. C. nardina, Fries. Densely cespitose : culms £ to 5 inches high, rigid,
about the length of the very numerous, setaceous, rigid or stiffly recurved leaves :
spike 1 to 4 lines long, compactly flowered : perigynium oval or elliptic, obscurely
nerved, abruptly very short beaked, erect, when mature usually about the length
of the broad and obtuse brown scale. — Upper Marais Pass ( W. M. Canby), and
high northward. Resembles the tristigmatous No. 14, with which it should
perhaps be associated. (Eu.)

53. C. gynocrates, Wormsk. Creeping : culms 3 to 8 inches high, longer
than the rigid, erect or spreading leaves : spike 2 to 6 lines long, loosely flow-
ered (perigynium sometimes but one, C. monosperma, Macoun) : perigynium
ovate, prominently nerved, gradually and conspicuously beaked, spreading at ma-
turity, longer than the acute scale. — South Park, Colorado (John Wolfe), and
in British America. (Eu.)

# # Spikes green when mature, aggregated or remote, never in compound heads.

(Here may be sought forms of No. 59.) — MUHLENBERGIAN^E, Tuckm.

4- Spikes few-flowered, distinct, often remote.

54. C. tenella, Schk. Tufted and stoloniferous : culms very slender,
almost capillary, 6 to 16 inches high, about the length of the narrow, loose
leaves: spikes scattered, 1 to ^-flowered : perigynium shortly oval, rounded on the
outside, finely nerved, abruptly and minutely beaked, longer than the very thin
scale. — C. disperma, Dew. C. gracilis, Carey. Swamps throughout.

55. C. rosea, Schk., var. retroflexa, Torr. Tufted: culms slender,
smooth, longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 3 to 8-flowered, mostly approxi-
mate, the lower distinct but not remote, stellate in appearance when mature : peri-
gynium sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth throughout, flnely nerved and spongy-
thickened at the base on the inner side, gradually tapering into a toothed beak, at
maturity widely spreading or reflexed, a little longer than the very acute scale. —
C. retroflexa, Muhl. Dry banks and copses, Indian Territory and southward.
The species which probably occurs within our limits is distinguished by its
more scattered spikes, shorter scales, and scabrous upper angles of the peri-
gynium. From its allies, the species and its variety are distinguished by
their small and stellate spikes.

H- •«- Spikes several to many-flowered, aggregated into a globular or oblong

head.

56. C. Cephalophora, Muhl. Cespitose : culms rather stout, rough, rather
longer than the narrow leaves : spikes 3 to 6, small, very densely aggregated,
the head subtended by a setaceous, rarely leafy bract : perigynium broadly orate,
rather abruptly short-beaked, obscurely nerved on the outer side, rough above,
mostly longer than the acute or cuspidate scale. — Indian Territory and south-
westward.

57. C. Muhlenbergii, Schk. Culm stiff, 1 to 2 feet high, very sharply
angled, rough, usually a little longer than the narrow and long-pointed leaves :

390 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

spikes 6 to 10, aggregated into an oblong more or less interrupted heavy head, each
one subtended by a short setaceous bract : perigynium large, broadly ovate or orbicu-
lar-ovate, very conspicuously nerved, about the length of the rough-awned scale. —
Sterile soil "on the Missouri below Fort Pierre" (Prof. Dewey).

58. C. cephaloidea, Boott. Distinguished from the last by its broad and
long flat leaves (about £ inch wide), wing-margined entirely nerveless perigynium,
and somewhat tawny heads. — Fort Pierre, Dakota, and southward.

* # * Spikes tawny or brown, somewhat chaffy in appearance, closely aggregated
or densely capitate: perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, not conspicuously
nerved. — FCETID.E, Tuckm.

•H- Perigynium conspicuously rough on the angles above.

59. C. muricata, L. One to two feet high, erect, the culm scabrous :
spikes 3 to 12-flowered, approximate into a loosely interrupted head, the lower
distinct, the pointed perigynia and scales conspicuous : perigynium green or
greenish, stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nerveless or nearly so, gradually
beaked, spreading, about the length of the acute brown scale. — Banks, Colo-
rado, Utah, and southward. (Eu.)

Var. confixa, Bailey. Culms very slender, usually prolonged (1 to 2£
feet high) : spikes 5 to 10-flowered, brown and green or tawny, aggregated
into a rather loose continuous oval or oblong naked head (which is \ to 1 inch
long): perigynium usually narrower than in the species. — C. Hoodii of
authors, not Boott. Wahsatch Mountains, Utah ( Watson, 1228); N. W.
Wyoming (Parry 281); also in British America, Oregon, and California.
Distinguished from No. 58 by its smaller size, weak culm, narrow leaves, nar-
row perigynium, and rounder, smaller head. Much like C. Hoodii, Boott,
which is distinguished by its stiffer culm, much heavier, more compact, and
browner heads, which are made up of more numerous-flowered, more chaffy,
and much longer more or less pointed spikes, and more upright perigynia
which are mostly concealed beneath the scales. That species occurs in Cali-
fornia and Oregon.

Var. gracilis, Boott. Slender : head more interrupted than in the spe-
cies, almost linear, more fuscous, each spike subtended by a pointed or awned
bract: perigynium erect, shorter than the very acute or cuspidate scale. —
C. Hookeriana, Dew. With the species, and northward and eastward.

H- H- Perigynium smooth or slightly scabrous.

60. C. fOBtida, All. Creeping: culm 5 to 16 inches high, rather stout,
scabrous, longer than the long-pointed leaves : spikes very densely aggregated into
a globose or ovoid brown head: perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, toothed
at the apex, about the length of the acute or mucronate brown scale. — Mountains,
Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. (Eu.)

61. C. incurva, Lightf. ? Extensively creeping : culm stiff and short (£ to
6 inches long), smooth, usually curved, about the length of the narrow and stiff
'curved leaves : spikes 2 to 5, crowded into a short-ovoid or globular brown or
tawny head (which is only ^ to f inch long) : perigynium large and turgid,
stipitate, broadly ovate, conical above, purple towards the top, faintly many nerved
on one side at least, narrowed into a short and stout entire beak, not covered by the
acute, thin scale. — Rocky Mountains of British America. Immature speci-

CYPEBACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 391

mens from an alpine ridge near Middle Park ( C. C. Parry) and from near
Mt. Gray (H. N. Patterson), Colorado, are probably to be referred here. The
specimens are peculiar for their upright habit, large and dark heads, and very
broad, inflated perigynia.

62. C. Stenophylla, Wahl. Stolonfferous : culms stiff, 1 to 6 inches high
from a mass of fibrillose sheaths, usually longer than the stiff involute filiform
leaves: spikes 3 to 6, short (2 to 4 lines long), nearly globose, loosely conglomer-
ated into a small subglobose or shortly oblong head, each spike subtended by a
scarious mucronate bract of less than its own length : perigynium ovate, brown,
nerved, gradually contracted into a short, blunt, entire beak, tightly enclosing the
acheniurn, at maturity longer than the hyaline, brown, acutish scale. — Dry hills
and mountains, New Mexico, Colorado, eastward and northward; also in
Iowa. (Eu.)

C. TERETIUSCULA, Gooden., distinguished by small chestnut-colored spikes
disposed in an appressed or loose nearly simple panicle, will probably be found
in Montana.

# # * * Spikes yellow or tawny when mature (in No. 63 often green), aggregated

into more or less compound heads or panicles: perigynium many-nerved, stipi-
tate, tapering from a spongy base into a more or less conspicuous beak. — VUL-
PINE, Kunth.

•»- Beak shorter than the body of the perigynium.

63. C. COnjuncta, Boott. Culms flat, about the length of the broad and
lax leaves : spikes 6 to many, loosely disposed into a long and interrupted
head, the lower branches of which are sometimes compound : perigynium ovate,
rough on the angles above, the base cordate on the outer side and conspicu-
ously white-thickened, broader and a little longer than the acute scale. —
C. vulpina, Carey, etc., not L. Fort Pierre, Dakota (Dewey) : rare. Eeadily
distinguished by its flat culm.

•»- •»- Beak twice or more the length of the body.

64. C. Stipata, Muhl. Cespitose : culms thick and spongy, 1 to 2 feet high,
very sharply 3-angled, almost winged, about the length of the broad light green
canaliculate rough-edged leaves: spikes 10 to 20, loosely aggregated into an
oblong or pyramidal head (1 to 3 inches long), which is somewhat branching or
occasionally nearly simple at the base : perigynium lanceolate, finely nerved, the
rough beak about twice the length of the rounded base, the whole about twice (or a
little more) as long as the scale. — Pastures and wet places throughout.

65. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttl. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, stout, sharply angled,
leafy and glaucous: leaves 4 to 9 lines wide, glaucous: spikes very numerous,
disposed in a large panicle which is 4 to 9 inches long with the lower branches con-
spicuous and usually long: perigynium peculiarly corky-thickened and truncate at
the base, conspicuously few-nerved, the rough and slender beak thrice or more the
length of the body, the whole three or four times the length of the inconspicuous
scale. — Indian Territory and southward. A conspicuous species with much
the aspect of Panicum crus-galli.

* * # * # Spikes yellow or tawny, aggregated into a long, appressed, compound

or rarely simple head: perigynium small, ovate, few-nerved or nerveless,

392 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

scarcely longer or shorter than the rough-pointed scale, — MULTIFLOR^J,
Kunth.

66. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Culms stiff, sharply angled, often scabrous,
about the length of the narrow leaves : spikes 8 to 20, forming an interrupted
brown or greenish-tawny head an inch or two long and composed of 6 to 10
crowded clusters, one or more of the lower spikes subtended by a short and
setaceous or rarely somewhat leafy bract : perigynium diverging at maturitv,
more or less rough on the angles. — C. multiflora, Dew. C. setacea, Dew.
Colorado ( Vasey), Nebraska (Hat/den). A widely variable species, running
into a multitude of forms, of which only the following has decisive char-
acters.

Var platycarpa, Gay. Culms mostly rather longer than the leaves;
lower sheaths transversely striate opposite the leaves : spikes more scattered,
forming a very narrow head, the upper aggregated, the lower distinct and
oblong (| inch or less long) and very densely flowered and spreading with a
truncate top : perigynium larger, orbicular-ovate, winged, nearly green, spread-
ing at nearly right angles to the rhachis. — Indian Territory and probably
southwestward.

****** Staminate flowers variously situated, usually some of the intermedi-
ate or terminal spikes all staminate, or the plant entirely dioecious: spikes
aggregated in more or less chaffy heads, straw-colored or brown. (The student
may seek here No. 72, which has the intermediate spikes staminate, but
which is distinguished from all members of this group by its few, erect,
and long-lanceolate perigynia.) — ARENARIJE, Tuckm.

•«- Spikes short : scales ovate, not awned or conspicuouslj acute.

67. C. siccata, Dew. Extensively creeping : culm erect (1 to 2 feet high),
sharply angled, rough, mostly longer than the rather narrow leaves : spikes 4
to 12, simple, alternate, ferruginous, longer than the scale-like bracts, the middle
ones or sometimes the lower ones all staminate, loosely aggregated into an oblong or
cylindrical head (which is £ to 2 inches long) : perigynium green, nerved, the
margins slightly incurved, ovate below, contracted into a rough and slightly toothed
beak which is longer than the body, the whole longer than the hyaline-margined
acute scale. — Dry places, Colorado and northward. The forms with the lower
spikes all masculine resemble those species of the next section with a single
terminal spike which is prolonged and staminate at the base.

68. C. marcida, Boott. Culm erect, 1 to 2 feet high, sharply angled,
scabrous, longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 4 to 15, ferruginous or dark
brown, the lower usually somewhat compound, staminate at the apex or nearly dioe-
cious, spreading and imbricated into an oblong-conical or broadly cylindrical head:
perigynium brown, becoming very dark at maturity, nerved, ovate or orbicular-ovate,
with incurved and serrate margins, contracted into a beak shorter than the body,
about the length of , or a little shorter than, the acute or cuspidate scale. — Sandy
meadows and mountains throughout.

69. C. disticha, Hudson. Extensively creeping : culm stout, 1 to 3J feet
high, sharply angled, rough above, mostly longer than the leaves: spikes 10
to 25, globose or ovoid, compactly flowered, ferruginous or straw-colored, usually
all simple, the middle or terminal ones staminate, loosely aggregated (the two or
three lowest sometimes distinct) into a cylindrical or oblong thick and heavy

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 393

head (1 to 3 inches long and 3 to 9 lines wide) which is sometimes sub-
tended by a bract of its own length: perigynium tawny, ovate, promi-
nently nerved, scarcely wing-margined, rough above, shortly beaked (the orifice
nearly entire), bearing a conspicuous fissure on the outer side, commonly
longer than the acute brown scale. — Dry places, Utah, Colorado, and north-
ward. (Eu.)

70. C. Gay ana, Desv. Creeping: culms slender (1 to 2 feet high), longer
than the leaves : spikes 4 to 15, globose or loosely ovoid, dark brown, simple,
nearly dioecious (rarely staminate at the top), rather loosely aggregated into a
small ovoid head (8 lines to one inch long) : perigynium triangular-obovoid, about
as wide as long (sometimes wider), gibbous below, rough on the top, squarely
contracted into a very short nearly entire beak, obscurely nerved below, brown and
shining at maturity, shorter than the acute chaffy scale. — Colorado and south-
ward.

•«— •*— Spikes mostly nearly linear or narrowly oblong, chajfy : the scales long,
attenuated or owned : heads pale.

71. C. Douglasii, Boott. Creeping : culm 6 to 12 inches high, obtusely
angled and mostly smooth, longer or shorter than the long-pointed leaves :
spikes usually many, simple or compound, pale and chaffy, dioecious or nearly
so, densely aggregated into a conspicuous and heavy head an inch or two
long and often an inch wide, which is sometimes subtended by a setaceous
bract of nearly its own length : perigynium ovate-lanceolate, nerved, pro-
duced into a slender toothed beak, much shorter and entirely concealed by
the long, acute, scarious scale : stamens and stigmas long and conspicuous. —
C. Fendleriana, Bckler. Var. MINOR, Olney, includes small forms 2 to 6
inches high, with smaller spikes not closely aggregated. Common, especially
in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and southward. Mature perigyuia of this
species are rarely seen.

Var. brunnea, Oluey. Usually taller than the species and more slender
(12 to 20 inches high) : leaves equalling or exceeding the culm : spikes fewer
(3 to 8), the lower distinct, borne in an oblong fuscous head : lower bract
short-awned. — Nevada and westward ; probably in our region.

§ 15. Spikes staminate at the base. (No. 77 is sometimes dioecious, No. 72
has the central spikes stamiuate or is rarely dioecious, and No. 78 some-
times has spikes staminate at the top.) — HYPARRHEN.E, Anderss.

* Spikes silvery green or tawny when mature, distinct, mostly small : perigynium
not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly jiat on the inner
surface. — ELONGATE, Tuckm.

•»- Perigynium nearly linear or ovate-lanceolate, in loose spikes.

72. C. bromoides, Schk. Cespitose : culms usually very slender, 1 to 2
feet high, longer than the narrow and grass-like leaves : spikes 4 to 8, becoming
tawny with age, erect, loosely aggregated into a narrow and lax head about an inch
long, the middle ones usually staminate, or some rarely staminate at top or bottom
(or dioecious), mostly much longer than the inconspicuous scarious bracts:
perigynium linear-lanceolate, contracted below, strongly nerved, erect, attenuated
into a long rough beak which has a fissure on its outer side, the whole longer than

394 CYPEKACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

the lanceolate and acute scale. — Wet places, Canon City (Brandegee) and
Middle Park (Parry), Colorado.

73. C. Deweyana, Schw. Cespitose : culms weak and slender, 1 to 3
feet high, longer than the flaccid and flat leaves : spikes 3 to 6, silvery green,
erect, 4 to 8-floWered, the two or three upper ones approximate, the lower more or
less remote, the lowest subtended by a setaceous bract of more than its own length,
all uniformly staminate at the base : perigynium oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, very thin in texture, spongy at the base, nerveless or very nearly so, nearly
erect, prolonged into a long and rough toothed beak, little longer than the very acute
or owned white scale. — Moist copses throughout.

Var. Bolanderi, W. Boott (C. Bolanderi, Olney), with stouter culms,
5 to 10 spikes which are mostly 10 to 30-flowered, nerved perigynium, and
mostly hispid-awned scales, may be found westward. It occurs in California
and Oregon.

74. C. elongata, L. Cespitose: culms very slender, 1^ to 2£ feet high,
sharply and roughly angled, about the length of the numerous rough-edged leaves :
spikes 8 to 12, oblong, loosely 8 to 30-flowered, somewhat spreading, loosely ap-
proximated into an interrupted head, tawny or brown, longer than the almost
obsolete bracts : perigynium ovate-lanceolate, firm in texture, strongly many-nerved
on both sides, spreading, mostly excurved when mature, narrowed into a nearly
smooth rather obtuse point, longer than the obtuse or obtusish broad and white-
margined scale. — " Uinta Mountains, shore of a small subalpine lake near the
head of Bear River." (Olney in Bot. King Exped.) Readily distinguished by
its rusty spikes and spreading strongly nerved perigynia. (Eu.)

H- •«- Perigynium ovate or nearly so, not sharp-margined, firm in texture, erect in
closely fiowered and rounded spikes.

75. C. canescens, L. Culms slender, 1 to 2 feet high, often weak,
rough, about the length or a little longer than the leaves : spikes 3 to 10, pale
or glaucous, scattered or remote (the upper usually approximate), small and
densely 10 to 20- /lowered, obovoid or ellipsoid, mostly conspicuously narrowed at
the base with staminate flowers : perigynium small, short-ovate or oval, whitish and
granular, mostly obscurely nerved, abruptly and minutely beaked, rather longer
than the acutish scale. — C. curia, Gooden. Colorado and northward ; not
common. (Eu.)

Var. alpicola, Wahl. Usually more slender : spikes smaller (3 to 9-flow-
ered), usually tawny or brown : perigynium somewhat spreading. — C. vitilis, Fries.
C. canescens, var. vitilis, Carey. Colorado, Utah, and northward. Including
a variety of weak, few-flowered forms, and passing by numerous gradations
into the species. (Eu.)

Var. dubia, Bailey. Culm stiff (a foot high), longer than the long -pointed
leaves: spikes 3 to 6, all approximated at the top of the culm, oblong, 10 to 20-
fiowered, light tawny : perigynium gradually narrowed into a beak half as long as
the body or more, minutely rough on the angles above, nerved, about the length of or
a little longer than the scale. — Bear River Canon, Utah ( Watson, 1231'). An
imperfectly known variety, much resembling the European C. helvola, Blytt,
from which it differs in its narrower scales, and in the nerved and rough-
angled perigynium.

CYPERACE2E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 395

76. C. lagopina, Wahl. Cespitose: culms 4 to 10 inches high, erect,
rather longer than the leaves : spikes usually 3, often 5 or 6, subglobose or ovoid,
reddish-brown, compactly flowered, contiguous or the lowest a little remote, all
small, longer than the scale-like bracts : perigynium small, obovate or elliptical,
usually colored above, thick in texture, nerved, tapering towards the base, often
curved, rather abruptly short-beaked, the beak with a closed fissure on the outer
side, longer than the ovate, broad, brown, hyaline-margined acute scale. — Uinta
Mountains, Utah ( Watson). A small alpine species, distinguished by its heads
of few dark-colored spikes, its narrow leaves, and cespitose habit. (Eu.)

•<-••-•<- Perigynium ovate, sharp-margined, firm, often thickened at the base,
spreading, in open and at maturity stellate spikes.

77. C. echinata, Murr. Cespitose: culms sharply angled, smooth or
rough, slender and erect (6 inches to 2 feet high), usually longer than the
narrow, pale leaves: spikes small, about 8 to 15-flowered, scattered, globular,
the upper one conspicuously contracted below with staminate flowers, or
rarely all the spikes staminate or all pistillate (C. sterilis, Willd.) : perigynium
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a sharp-edged, rough,
toothed beak, nerved, spreading or reflexed, about the length of or longer
than the acute scale. — C. stellulata, Gooden. Var. MICROCARPA, Bcklr.
(C. scirpoides, Schk.,"^. stellulata, var. scirpoides, Carey) includes small and
fewer-flowered forms. Twin Lakes, Colorado (John Wolfe) ; also in Arizona
and British America. (Eu.)

# # Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded: perigynium with
a more or less thin or winged margin which is mostly incurved at maturity,
rendering the perigynium concave inside. — OVALES, Kunth.

•t- Spikes aggregated into a more or less dense head.

78. C. Bonplandii, Kunth, var. angUStifolia, Boott. Stokniferous :
culm slender and nearly naked (a foot or more high), longer than the grass-like
leaves: spikes 3 to 6, small and chaffy, crowded into a small capitate dark brown
head which is a half-inch or less long: bracts scale-like, often setaceously
pointed, sometimes inconspicuous, never longer than the head : perigynium
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat colored, narrowed into a serrate beak about as
long as the body, nerved, narrowly winged, about the length of the acutish scale or a
little longer and about as wide. — C. Bonplandii, var. minor, Oluey. Mountains
of Colorado and Utah. The species, which is South American, evidently occurs
in California, and the C. tenuirostris, Gluey in herb , collected in Wyoming by
C. C. Parry, may be the same. It is lower and stiff er in habit than the variety
with larger heads (which are lighter colored) and a greenish perigynium.
Forms of this species appear to unite it with the next, but in general they
may be distinguished by the narrowly winged perigynium.

79. C. festiva, Dew. Cespitose: culms usually slender, 6 inches to 2£
feet high, longer than the flat stem-leaves: spikes 6 to 15, roundish, small, densely
aggregated (occasionally somewhat loosely) into a fulvous dark brown or green
and brown ovoid head (which is £ to 1 inch in diameter) : bract usually incon-
spicuous, sometimes as long as the head, narrow: perigynium varying from
broad-ovate at base to long-lanceolate, greenish, conspicuously winged (half its width
or more being consumed in the thin margins), narrowed gradually into a

396 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

rough beak about as long as the body, nerved or almost nerveless, longer and
broader than the acute or somewhat obtuse brown scale. — On grassy mountain-
sides and alpine summits throughout. A variable and widely distributed
species. Through its looser forms it approaches No. 84. (N. Eu.)

Var. Haydeniana, W. Boott. Low (4 to 8 inches high) : head very dense
and dark : perigijnium tawny : bracts cuspidate. — C. Haydeniana, Olney. Uinta
Mountains, Eastern Utah (Hat/den).

80. C. athrostachya, Olney. Differs from the last in the presence of
elongated bracts which are expanded and strongly nerved at the base, the two or
three lower much exceeding the mostly paler head : lowest spike rarely distinct. —
Colorado ( Vasey) and Upper Flathead River Valley, Montana ( W. M.
Canby.)

•H- -i- Spikes mostly separated, or if aggregated the individual spikes well de-
fined.

++ Perigynium thin and scale-like, with little distinction between the margin and
the body, mostly greenish.

81. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Culm stout and leafy, 1$ to 3 feet high,
sharply angled, rough above: sheaths of the leaves dilated: spike 7 to 15 or
more, mostly large, compactly flowered, mostly obovoid, not pointed, disposed in a
loose and heavy long greenish or straw-colored head : bracts filiform or none :
perigynium erect, lanceolate, nearly nerveless, with narrow serrate margins, longer
than the similarly colored scale. — New Mexico, near Santa Fe (Fendler), and
probably northward.

82. C. cristata, Schw. Differs from the last in its smaller size, fewer,
smaller, more densely Jlowered and more aggregated spikes which are globular :
perigynium smaller, spreading at right angles or even reflexed, giving a character-
istic cristate appearance to the spikes. — C. lagopodioides, var. cristata, Carey.
Laramie hills, E. Wyoming (Hayden), and eastward.

Var. mirabilis, Boott, is a form with long and lax culms, broader, ovate
perigynium with the points loosely conspicuous, and the spikes looser Jlowered. —
C. mirabilis, Dew. C. lagopodioides, var. mirabilis, Olney. Nebraska (Dewey),
and probably common along our eastern borders. Transition to C. straminea,
from which it is distinguished by its lax culms and leaves, aggregated and
rounded spikes which are green or greenish, and much narrower and thinner
perigynia.

83. C. SCOparia, Schk. Culms rather stiff, about as long as the very
narrow and long-pointed leaves : spikes 4 to 8, generally aggregated into a close
head, club-shaped or ovate, pointed, straw-colored when mature: perigynium
elliptic-lanceolate, straw-colored: runs into No. 81. — C. lagopodioides, var.
scoparia, Bcklr. Colorado (Herb. Olney), and probably throughout the conti-
nent to the east.

•H- ••-*. Perigynium thickened in the middle, with conspicuous wing-margins which
are more or less incurved, mostly tawny or brown.

84. C. leporina, L. Cespitose : culms erect, 6 to 1 6 inches high, scabrous
above, mostly longer than the leaves : spikes 3 to 6, erect, ovoid, all contiguous
into an oblong dark brown head: lower bracts often green and as long as the
head, but usually all scale-like : perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broadly

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 397

winged, nerved, rough on the margins, contracted into a beak scarcely as long as
the body, the whole not longer than the thin-margined scale. — Colorado, Utah, and
northward. (Eu.)

85. C. Liddoni, Boott. Culm erect or nearly so: spikes 3 to 6, obovoid or
oblong, pointed, erect, chaffy at the base, conspicuously fulvous in color, contiguous,
or loosely aggregated into an oblong head (about an inch long) : perigynium large
and conspicuous, greenish or tawny, firm in texture, lanceolate (4 to 6 lines long),
thrice as long as the elliptic brown achenium, few-nerved when mature, rough on
the narrowly winged and incurved margins, very gradually beaked, about the
length of the acute and thin-margined scale. — C. adusta, var. congesta, W. Boott.
Mostly at high altitudes, South Park, Colorado ( John Wolfe), and Montana
(F. L. Scribner) ; said to occur in Arizona.

86. C. adusta, Boott, var. minor, Boott. Culm very slender towards
the top, weak and nodding at maturity, erect when young: leaves narrow,
very long-pointed : spikes all silvery brown, long-attenuated at the base, the lower
rather remote: perigynium thin and papery, ovate-lanceolate, nearly nerveless.
— C. pratensis, Drejer. South Park, Colorado ( John Wolfe) ; also in British
America.

87. C. Straminea, Schk. Culms erect, 1 to 2 feet high, mostly stiff, much
longer than the erect long-pointed stem-leaves: spikes 3 to 8, all distinct, ovoid or
globose, tawny or straw-colored, mostly approximate at the top of the culm :
perigynium orbicular or ovate-orbicular, often cordate at base, few-nerved, thin, very
ividely -winged, spreading, abruptly contracted into a smooth or nearly smooth beak
which is not longer than, the body, much wider and usually longer than the acute
scale. — C. festucacea, Schk. Vars. festucacea and aperta, Boott. Dry banks,
New Mexico (Fendler), Uintas, Northern Utah ( Watson), Colorado ( Vasey),
Bitter-Root Valley, Western Montana ( Watson), and eastward ; also in British
America.

Var. tenera, Boott. Top of the culm slender and somewhat nodding: spikes
more tawny. — C. tenera, Dew. Indian Territory ( Geo. D. Butler).

ORDER 88. GRAUIINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alter-
nate 2-ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite
the blade; the hypogynous flowers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes
or bracts ; the outer pair (glumes proper) subtending the spikelet of
one or several flowers ; the inner pair (flowering glume and palet) en-
closing each particular flower, which is usually furnished with 2 or
3 minute hypogynous scales. Stamens 1 to 6, mostly 3 : anthers
versatile. Styles 2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or plumose. Ovary
1 -celled, 1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain in fruit. — Eoots fibrous.
Sheaths of the leaves more or less extended above the base of the
blade into a scarious appendage (ligule). See Vasey's Descriptive Cata-
logue of U. S. Grasses.

898 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

SERIES I. Spikelets articulated with the pedicel below the glumes, and consisting of one
fertile terminal flower, and usually an inferior one which is male or sterile. — PANI-

CACEJE.

Tribe I. Fertile spikelets perfect, rarely by abortion unisexual, spicate or paniculate :
outer glumes usually two, rarely one or none ; flowering glume indurated in fruit, or at
least more rigid than the outer ones, awnless. — PANICE^E.

* Branches of the simple panicle spike-like, or variously branched, not produced beyond

the spikelets.

1. Paspalum. Spikelets in one or two rows along one side of the solitary, subdigitate, or

scattered flattened spikes. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones membranous,
equal, or sometimes the outer one smaller or disappearing : the flowering glume more
or less concave, becoming indurated, embracing the shorter palet, which is of the
same texture.

2. Beckmaimia. Spikelets subsessile, crowded in two rows upon the short simple or

compound branches of a long narrow panicle. Glumes 3, sub-coriaceous, obovate or
boat-shape, compressed and inflated, empty : the flowering glume lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, of thinner texture.

3. Panicum. Spikelets spicate or paniculate. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones

empty and one of them smaller (often very small) than the other : fertile glume with
its palets usually coriaceous in texture and obtuse or obtusish.

4. Setaria. Spikelets in a cylindrical spike, or sometimes an interrupted panicle ; several

bristles below the articulation of the spikelets, which are persistent after the fall of
the spikelets. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones empty and membranous, as is
also the lower flowering one : the flowering glume, with its palets, indurated and
striate.

* * Spikelets surrounded by or intermixed with abortive branches of the panicle, forming

a bristly involucre, which is deciduous with the spikdet.

5. Cenchrus. Spikelets enclosed 1 to 3 together in a coriaceous, spiny involucre or bur ;

these arranged in an oblong or cylindrical panicle.

* * * Spikes one to many on a common peduncle, rhachis produced beyond the uppermost

spikelet.

6. Spartina. Spikelets one-flowered, much flattened, sessile along one side of the long

triangular rhachis, or in racemose spikes. Outer glumes strongly compressed, with a
rigid keel, unequal, awnless : flowering glume membranaceous, compressed, carinate :
palet nearly equalling its glume, 2-keeled.

Tribe II. Spikelets usually perfect, or some of them imperfect, articulated in fascicles
with the rhachis of the simple spike : flowering glumes membranaceous ; generally
the outer or empty ones smaller and hyaline. — ZOYSIE^E.

7. Hilaria. Inflorescence in terminal spikes. Spikelets in small clusters of three, closely

sessile at the joints of the rhachis ; the central spikelet containing a single fertile
flower, either female or perfect : the lateral spikelets each with 2 or 3 male flowers.

Tribe III. Spikelets arranged along the rhachis of the spike or the branches of the
panicle generally in twos, or the terminal one in threes. Flowering glume hyaline,
smaller than the empty ones, often bearded. — ANDROPOGONE^;.

8. Amlropngon. Inflorescence in simple or paniculate spikes. Spikelets in pairs in

the alternate notches of the rhachis, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicelled and
sterile.

9. Chrysopogon. Inflorescence loosely paniculate. Fertile spikelets one-flowered, ses-

sile between two pedicellate sterile spikelets at the end of the slender branches of
the panicle, with sometimes 1 to 3 pairs of spikelets on the branch below the termi-
nal three,

SERIES II. Spikelets usually not articulated with the pedicel below the glumes ; the
rhachis continuous above the persistent lower glumes, and disarticulating with the
flowers or persisting ; consisting rarely of a single flower, or of one perfect and one or

GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY). 399

two inferior imperfect ones, or of from two to many flowers, the upper ones or some
of them imperfect. The rhachis sometimes produced beyond the upper flower as a
stipe-like pedicel or as an imperfect flower. — POACE.*:.

Tribe IV. Spikelet one to three-flowered, perfect flower solitary and terminal : glumes

one-nerved or keeled (sometimes three-nerved in Phalaris). — PHALARIDE.E.

* Rhachis articulated above the outer glumes.

10. Phalaris. Spikelets one-flowered, compressed, on the densely flowered branches of

a panicle (in ours). Outer glumes acute, boat-shaped, becoming coriaceous or carti-
laginous ; within these the flower consisting of two glumes, sometimes called palets,
enclosing stamens and pistil ; below the flower one or two small scales or bristles.

11. Hierochloa. Spikelets 3-flowered, in an open panicle : terminal flower perfect, but

with only 2 stamens ; the two lower flowers male only, each with 3 stamens. Two
outer glumes thin and scarious, acutely keeled ; glumes of the male flowers thicker,
sometimes short-awned, each enclosing a narrow, thin, bifid, two-keeled palet ; the
upper or peifect flower has a one-nerved glume in place of a palet.
* * Rhachis articulated below the spikelet.

12. Alopecurus. Spikelets one-flowered, crowded in a cylindrical spike. Outer glumes

strongly compressed, boat-shaped, keeled, nearly equal, frequently united at base ;
flowering glume shorter, keeled, with a slender dorsal awn, frequently more or less
united below by the opposite margins and enclosing the stamens and styles.

Tribe V. Spikelet perfect, one-flowered ; rhachis often prolonged beyond the flower as a
bristle or stipe. — AGROSTIDK^E.

* Spikelets paniculate : rhachis not produced beyond the flower : beard of the flowering

glume terminal.

13. Aristida. Spikelets in a spicate or open branching panicle, generally on filiform

pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed : flowering glume narrow,
rolled around the flower, terminating with a trifid awn, or apparently 3-awned : palet
small and thin, enclosed in the flowering glume.

14. Stipa. Spikelets terete. Outer glumes membranaceous, keeled: flowering glume

narrow, coriaceous, rigid, involute, with a simple twisted awn from the apex : palet
small and thin.

15. Oryzopsis. Resembling Stipa, but the flowering glume shorter and broader, often

oblique at top, and the awn usually short, slender and very deciduous.
10. Mublenbergia. Spikelets small, articulated above the glumes. Outer glumes vari-
able in size, from minute to nearly as large as the flowering glume, sometimes bristle-
pointed, keeled, persistent, thin : flowering glume 3 to 5-rierved, rigid or thinnish,
mucronate or awned, sometimes with a long capillary awn from the apex between the
short teeth, frequently pubescent below : palet about as long as the flowering glume
and of the same texture.

* * Spikelets in a dense spike-like cylindrical panicle : rhachis produced beyond the flower

in a bristle, or naked : flowering glumes awnless, or produced in 1 to 3 straight bristles.
17. Phleum. Outer glumes one-nerved, mucronate or short-awned : flowering glume
membranaceous, shorter and broader than the outer glumes, truncate and toothed at
the apex : palet hyaline, narrow.

* * * Spikelets small, loosely spicate or variously paniculate : rhachis not produced beyond

the flower: glumes awnless and beardless.

13. Sporobolus. Spikelets rarely 2-flowered. Outer glumes unequal, the lower one
shorter, 1 to 3-nerved : flowering glume mostly longer : palet about equalling the
flowering glume and of the same texture, 2-nerved.

* * * * Spikelets small, variously paniculate: flowering glume usually with a more or

less twisted dorsal awn, rarely mucronate or awnless.

•t- No bristle standing opposite the palet.

19. Agrostis. Outer glumes nearly equal or the lower rather longer, 1-nerved, awnless :
flowering glume shorter and wider, hyaline, 3 to 6-nerved, awnless, or sometimes

400 GKAMINE^E. (GBASS FAMILY.)

with dorsal awn : palet shorter than flowering glume, often reduced to a small scale
or wanting. Stamens 3.

20. China. Spikelets much flattened, in an open spreading panicle. Outer glumes

strongly keeled, hispid on the keel, the upper somewhat longer : flowering glume
stalked above the outer glumes and about the same length, 3-nerved, short-awned on
the back near the apex : palet nearly as long as its glume, one-nerved. Stamen one.

21. Ammophila. Outer glumes large, nearly equal, rigid, thick, keeled, 5-nerved :

flowering glume similar in texture, about equal in length, sometimes mucronate :
palet as long as its glume, of similar texture, 2-keeled and sulcate between the keels.
Hairs at the base of the flower usually scanty and short.

1- •«- A glabrous or hairy bristle standing opposite the palet.

22. Deyeuxia. Outer glumes about equal, keeled, awnless : flowering glume usually

with a ring of hairs surrounding its base, entire or 2 to 4-toothed, usually with a
dorsal awn : palet narrow, 2-nerved and 2-keeled.

Tribe VI. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, often paniculate: flowering glumes commonly
with a dorsal or terminal geniculate awn : rhaehis more or less produced beyond the
flowers. — AVENE^E.

23. Deschampgia. Spikelets 2-flowered, mostly in a loose panicle with slender branches.

Rhachis hairy and produced into a hairy bristle, which rarely bears an empty glume.
Outer glumes acute, keeled, with scarious margins: flowering glumes obtuse or
toothed, with a fine dorsal awn below the middle : palet prominently 2-nerved, often
2-toothed.

24. Trisetum. Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, in a dense or open panicle. Ehachis usually

hairy and produced into a bristle at the base of the upper flower. Outer glumes
unequal, keeled, with scarious margins : flowering glumes of similar texture, keeled,
2-toothed at apex, the teeth sometimes prolonged into bristle-like points, the middle
nerve furnished with an awn attached above the middle, which is usually twisted at
the base and bent in the middle : palet hyaline, narrow, 2-nerved, 2-toothed.

25. Avena. Spikelets unusually large, 2 to 5-flowered, the uppermost generally imperfect,

in a loose panicle. Rhaehis hairy below the flowers. Outer glumes nearly equal,
lanceolate, scarious : flowering glumes firmer, shortly bifid, with a long dorsal twisted
awn below the apex : palet as in last.

26. Daiilhoiiia. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, in a panicle or simple raceme. Rhaehis

hairy and produced beyond the flowers in a stipe or imperfect flower. Outer glumes
narrow, keeled, usually as long as the spikelet : flowering glumes convex on the back,
7 to 9-nerved, with two terminal teeth or lobes, and with a flattish twisted and bent
awn between the teeth : palet broad, 2-keeled, obtuse or 2-pointed.

Tribe VII. Spikelets one to many-flowered, sessile and secund in two rows along the

rhaehis of one-sided spikes. — CHLORIDES.

* One fertile flower in each spikelet.

27. Scbedonnardns. Spikelets one-flowered, solitary at each joint of the slender tri-

angular rhaehis of the paniculate spikes, and partly immersed in an excavation ; the
spikes alternate and distant. Outer glumes acuminate, unequal, the* longer equalling
the flowering glume, which is linear-acuminate and thickish at the keel

28. Bouteloua. Spikes numerous in a racemose panicle ; spikelets densely crowded, each

consisting of one perfect flower, and a stalked pedicel bearing empty glumes and 1 to
3 stiff awns. Outer glumes unequal, acute, keeled : flowering glume broader, usually
thicker, with 3 to 5 lobes, teeth, or awns.

* * Two to many fertile flowers in each spikelet.

29. Bucbloe. Spikelets dioecious, or rarely monoecious, heteromorphous. — Male plant.

Spikelets 2 to 3-flowered in 2 or 3 short spikes at the summit of the culm, 5 or 6
closely approximated in each spike. Outer glumes unequal, 1-nerved, the lower one
half as long as the flower above it, the upper shorter : flowering glumes and palets of
equal length, membranaceous, the former 3-nerved, the latter 2-nerved. — Female
plant. Spikelets closely approximated in short capitate spikes, which are mostly

GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 401

near the ground and partly enclosed in the bract-like sheaths of the upper leaves, one-
flowered, all the upper glumes indurated and cohering at their bases with the thick-
ened rhachis, the lower glume of the lowest spikelet lanceolate with an herbaceous tip,
or 2 to 3-cleft, thickened and adnate to the upper glume, the lower glumes of the other
spikelets free, much smaller, membranaceous, one-nerved : flowering glume shorter,
3-nerved, tricuspidate.

Tribe VIII. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, variously paniculate or rarely racemose:
flowering glumes awnless or terminated by one to many awns. — FESTUCACE^E.

* Glumes 1 to 3-nerved, or rarely many-nerved, 3-toothed, 3-divided, or 3-awned : rhachis

glabrous or short pilose.

30. Triodia. Spikelets in a strict spicate or open spreading panicle, some of the upper

flowers male or imperfect. Outer glumes keeled, awnless : flowering glumes imbri-
cated, rounded on the back, at least below, hairy or smooth, 3-uerved, either mucro-
nate, 3-toothed, or 3-lobed at the apex, or obscurely erose : palet broad, prominently
2-keeled.

31. Diplachne. Spikelets narrow, sessile or nearly so, distant on the long slender

branches of the panicle, usually in two rows. Outer glumes keeled, awnless : flower-
ing glumes 1 to 3-nerved, with a thin shortly 2-lobed apex, the keel produced into a
short point or awn between the lobes : palet thin, prominently 2-nerved.

32. Triplasis. Panicle simple and scanty, partly included in the leaf-sheath. Spikelets

remotely 2 to 5-flowered. Outer glumes much shorter than the flowers, 1-nerved :
flowering glumes 2-lobed or 2-cleft, 3-nerved, strongly fringed on the nerves, the mid-
nerve extended into an awn between the lobes : palet shorter, 2-keeled, long ciliate on
the keels.

* * Tall grasses with a many-flowered panicle : flowering glumes 3-toothed, or 1 to 3-awned :

rhachis or the flowering glumes long pilose.

33. Phragmites. Flowers rather distant, silky, villous at the base and with a conspicu-

ous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect but the lowest flower of the spikelet, which is
male and glabrous. Outer glumes narrow, unequal, glabrous, keeled : flowering
glumes slender, awl-pointed : palets much shorter, 2-keeled, pubescent on the
keels.

* * * Spikelets capitate : flowering glumes 3 to 5-nerved.

34. Munroa. Spikelets 2 or 3 together in small sessile leafy heads or clusters terminating

the numerous fasciculate and lateral branches, and at the nodes, each about 3-flow-
ered, the upper flower imperfect. Outer glumes shorter than the flowers, 1-nerved :
flowering glumes larger, rather rigid, 3-nerved, entire or 2-toothed, the central nerve
excurrent in a mucro or short awn.

* * * * Spikelets variously paniculate : flowering glumes mostly 3-nerved, rarely 1-nerved.

35. Kceleria. Spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, compressed, numerous in a dense spike-like cy-

lindrical or interrupted panicle. Outer glumes unequal, keeled, lanceolate, about as
long as the spikelet : flowering glumes similar, rarely mucronate, the upper one usually
smaller and imperfect.

36. Eatonia. Spikelets usually 2-flowered and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, nu-

merous in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Outer glumes unequal ; the
lower narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved ; the upper broadly obovate. shorter than the
spikelet, not keeled, 3-nerved : flowering glumes oblong, obtuse, chartaceous.

37. Catabrosa. Spikelets 2 to 3-flowered, in a loose panicle. Outer glumes unequal,

shorter than the flowers ; the lower short and narrow ; the upper obovate, 3-nerved,
erosely-dentate at the apex : flowering glumes obtuse, prominently 3-nerved.

38. Eragrostis. Spikelets usually many-flowered, pedicellate or sessile in a loose and

spreading or narrow and clustered panicle. Outer glumes unequal and rather shorter
than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved : flowering glumes obtuse or acute, unawned,
3-nerved, with prominent keel and the lateral nerves sometimes very faint.

26

402 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

***** Flowering glumes 3 to 5 or many-nerved, more or less involute, the upper two or
more empty or imperfect.

39. Melica. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, usually convolute around each other, the upper

1 to 3 smaller and imperfect Outer glumes awnless, the lower 3 to 5-nerved, the
upper sometimes 7 to 9-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing within the scarious mar-
gin: flowering glumes thicker, rounded or flattish on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, the
lateral nerves vanishing below the apex, the central one sometimes ending in a point
or awn ; palets ciliate on keels and apex.

****** Flowering glumes 5 to many-nerved, the upper one empty, style short, stigmas
plumose : leaves generally narrow, without transverse veins.

40. Distichlis. Spikelets dioecious, many-flowered, compressed, crowded in a dense spi-

cate or capitate or rather open panicle. Outer glumes herbaceous, narrow, keeled :
flowering glumes rigidly membranaceous or subcoriaceous, keeled : keels of the palet
narrowly winged.

41. Poa. Spikelets somewhat compressed, usually 2 to 5-flowered, in a narrow or loose

and spreading panicle, the rhachis between the flowers glabrous or hairy, the flowers
generally perfect, occasionally dioecious. Outer glumes keeled, 1 to 3-nerved, not
awned : flowering glumes 5 to 7-nerved, the intermediate nerves frequently obscure,
often with a few loose or webby hairs at the base.

42. Graphephorum. Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, rather terete, in a narrow or loose pani-

cle. Outer glumes nearly equalling the rather remote flowers, keeled, 3 to 5-nerved:
flowering glumes rounded on the back or obscurely keeled, faintly or strongly nerved ;
a tuft of villous hairs at the base of each flower.

43. Glyceria. Spikelets several to many-flowered, terete or flattish, in a narrow or diffuse

panicle, the rhachis smooth and readily disarticulating between the flowers. Outer
glumes unequal, 1 to 3-nerved : flowering glumes obtuse, more or less denticulate at
the apex, rounded (never keeled) on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, the nerves separate and
all vanishing before reaching the apex.

44. Festuca. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, variously panicled, pedicellate, rhachis not

hairy. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 1-nerved, and the upper 3-nerved, narrow
and keeled : flowering glumes narrow, rounded on the back, more or less distinctly
3 to 5-nerved, acute or tapering into a straight awn.

45. Broinus. Spikelets 5 to many-flowered, in a dense or lax or diffuse panicle, subterete

or compressed, the rhachis between the flowers glabrous. Outer glumes more or less
unequal, acute, awnless or short mucronate, 1 to 9-nerved : flowering glumes rounded
on the back or compressed and keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, acute, or awned from below the
mostly 2-cleft apex.

Tribe IX. Spikelets one to many-flowered, sessile on the teeth or excavations of the rha-
chis of the simple stout spike. — HORDEACE.E.
* Spikelets solitary at the nodes, 3 to many-flowered, rarely 2-flowered.

46. Agropyrum. Spikelets compressed, alternately sessile on the continuous or slightly

notched rhachis. Outer glumes nearly equal and opposite, 1 to 3-nerved, scarcely
keeled, tapering to a point or awned : flowering glumes similar, rounded on the back,
3 to 7-nerved, pointed or awned from the apex : the two prominent nerves of the
upper palet almost marginal and scabrous ciliate.

* * Spikelets two to many at each joint of the rhachis.

47. Hordeum. Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment of a second flower,

in a dense spike, in clusters of 2 or 3 ; central spikelet of each cluster perfect and
sessile, the lateral ones short-stalked and imperfect or abortive. Outer glumes side
by side, two to each spikelet or 6 at each joint, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-
form : flowering glume herbaceous, shorter, oblong or lanceolate, rounded on the back,
not keeled, 5-nerved, acute or long-awned.

48. Elymus. Spikelets 2 to 4 at each joint, sessile, 1 to 6-flowered. Outer glumes two for

each spikelet, nearly side by side in its front, forming a kind of involucre for the clus-
ter, narrow, rigid, 1 to 3-nerved, acuminate or awned : flowering glumes herbaceous,
oblong or lanceolate, rounded on the back, not keeled, acute or awned.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 403

1. PASPALUM, L.

Ours are perennials, with very obtuse orbicular spikelets and a narrow wing-
less rhachis.

1. P. setaceum, Michx. Stems ascending or decumbent (1 to 2 feet
long), slender : leaves and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs : spikes
very slender (2 to 4 inches long), mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles
or included: spikelets narrowly 2-rowed. — Colorado (Hall fr Harbour), and
very common eastward.

2. BECKMANNIA, Host.

A coarse perennial aquatic, with flat scabrous leaves and glabrous sheaths.

1- B. eruC36formis, Host. Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves 4 to 8
inches long ; ligules elongated : panicle 4 to 12 inches long, erect, strict, secund,
the short crowded branchlets densely flowered from the base : spikelets nearly
orbicular, the upper rudimentary floret minute, stipitate. — Widely distributed
west of the Mississippi.

3. PA NIC TIM, L. PANIC GRASS.

Panicle sometimes with the inflorescence crowded upon one side of a narrow
rhachis. Grasses of various habits, from low and almost prostrate to stout
and several feet high.

* Spikelets disposed in diffuse and spreading panicles, scattered, awnless.1
•*- Spikelets pointed.

1. P. capillare, L. Sheaths and usually the leaves very hairy: panicle
half the length of the stem, very open, its long slender branches solitary or
in pairs, divaricate when old ; spikelets ovoid to narrowly oblong, scattered,
on long pedicels : sterile flower neutral and of a single glume, twice the length
of the acute 1-nerved lower glume ; upper glume 5-nerved, pointed, nearly a
half longer than the somewhat obtuse perfect flower. — An abundant grass
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, mostly in sandy soil. Known as " Old- Witch
Grass."

2. P. Virgatum, L. Taller (3 to 5 feet high) and glabrous : leaves ver>,
long, flat : branches of the compound loose and large panicle at length spread-
ing or drooping; spikelets ovate, scattered, usually purplish: sterile flower
staminate and of a flowering glume and a single palet ; lower glume more than
half the length of the upper. —About Denver, and common in the Eastern
States.

3. P. amarum, Ell. Like the last, but much smaller, with stems sheathed
to the top, leaves involute, gfa,ucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the
contracted panicle. — Canon City (Brandegee), and in sandy soil along the
Atlantic coast.

1 P. sanguinale, L., an introduced species, has spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicelled, crowded on one side of four or more simple flattened branches digitately clustered
at the top of the stem; the lower glume very minute, the upper half the length of the
flower. — Appearing late in the season, and known as CRAB GRASS or FINGER GRASS.

404 GRAMINE^l. (GKASS FAMILY.)

•»- •»- Spikelets obtuse.

4. P. SCOparium, Lam. Stem geniculate at the lower nodes and at
length branched and reclining : leaves lanceolate, mostly erect and somewhat
rigid, hairy beneath and fringed with spreading hairs at base : panicle nearly
simple, with slender hairy branches; spikelets few, large, tumid, obovate, usually
hairy : upper glume ^-nerved, twice or three times the length of the lower one :
flowering glume with a transverse fold or furrow near the base, — P. pauciflorum,
Ell. ? of Gray's Manual. Colorado, Oregon, and eastward to New England.

5. P. dichotomum, L. Stem erect and simple, or late in the season
decumbent and variously branched : lower leaves usually ovate, the upper linear-
lanceolate, smooth or hairy or velvety : terminal panicle open, ovoid, those of
the branches short and often included in the sheaths; spikelets oblong-obovate,
smooth or hairy : upper glume 5 to 7-nerved, three times the length of the
lower one. — Found everywhere, and exceedingly variable.

* * Spikelets crowded in 3 or 4 rows or irregularly on the one-sided spike-like
branches of the panicle.1

4. SETAE, I A, Beauv. BRISTLY EOXTAIL GRASS.

Annuals, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves. Closely related to Panicum,
but easily distinguished by the bristly appearance of the spike.2

1. S. setosa, Beauv., var. caudata, Vasey. Stem flattened below,
leafy: leaves and sheaths retrorsely scabrous, hairy at the mouth of the
sheath, upper leaves involute-pointed : spikes cylindrical, 4 to 6 inches long,
often nodding, usually much interrupted below, pale green : bristles up-
wardly serrulate : perfect flowers ovate, acute, finely punctate. — Grasses
U. S. 13. S. caudata, R. & S. S. W. Colorado (Brandegee) to Arizona, New
Mexico, and Texas.

6. CENCHRTJS, L. BUR GRASS. HEDGEHOG GRASS.

Annual. A troublesome grass, in sandy localities, the spiny heads being
deciduous and parting readily from the stem.

I. C. tribuloides, L. Stems branching and ascending: leaves flat:
panicle of 8 to 20 spherical heads : involucre prickly all over with spreading
and barbed short spines, more or less downy. — Found everywhere, especially
on the margins of lakes and rivers.

1 P. Crus-cialli, L. , very widely introduced, possibly indigenous somewhere on the conti-
nent, has stems from an inch or two to five feet high, leaves lanceolate and rough on the
margins, panicle mostly dense and pyramidal, often tinged with purple, outer glumes rough
upon the nerves and abruptly pointed, glume of sterile flower awl-pointed or short-awned,
but mostly with a rough awn an inch long or more. —Known as BARN- YARD GRASS.

2 The following species, all of which have bristles in clusters and roughened or barbed
upwards, are very commonly introduced : —

S. glaiica, Beauv., known by its dense tawny j'ellow cylindrical spike (2 to 4 inches long),
6 to 11 bristles in a cluster, and perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — FOXTAIL.

S. viridis, Beauv., has a green more or less compound nearly cylindrical spike, few bris-
tles, and perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. —GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE GRASS.

S. Italicn,, Knnth, has thick compound yellowish or purplish nodding spikes (6 to 9
inches lonpr) and 2 or 3 bristles in a cluster. — Sometimes cultivated under the name of
MILLET, or BENGAL GBASS.

(GRASS FAMILY.) 405

6. SPAETINA, Schreber. CORD or MARSH GRASS.

Perennials, With simple and rigid reed-like stems, from extensively creeping
scaly rootstocks, very smooth sheaths, and long tough leaves.

1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. Stems 2 to 6 feet high: leaves 2 to 4 feet
long, tapering to a long slender involute point : spikes 5 to 20, scattered and
spreading, at least at maturity, the pedicels and common axis strongly hispid on
the angles : lower glume very narrow ; the upper broad, spinulose-hispid on the
keel and tapering to a rough awn : the flowering glumes very rough on the
midrib which terminates just Below its tip. — Across the continent along
the borders of lakes and rivers, especially common in the Atlantic States.

2. S. gracilis, Trin. Stems more slender, 1 to 3 feet high, exceeding the
spreading distichous rough and rigid leaves : spikes 4 to 10, mostly sessile, closely
appressed to the nearli/ smooth rhachis .' outer glumes very unequal, the lower
acuminate, the upper acute, they and the flowering glume ciliate and hispid
upon the keel. — Steud, Gram. 214. In saline soils from Oregon to Texas,
also in Florida.

7. HILARIA, HBK.

Creeping plants, with spikelets so closely sessile as to require some care in
their separation.

1. H. Jamesii, Benth. Stems 1 to l£ feet high, hairy at the nodes:
leaves glaucous, rigid, scabrous, mostly convolute, the upper ones short and
pungent; sheaths scabrous, hairy at the throat; ligule laciniate : spike 2 to 3
inches long, erect : outer glumes of the perfect spikelet ciliate, cleft nearly
to the middle, the lobes 1-nerved on the inner margin with 3 to 5 interme-
diate bristles, the central one longer : flowering glume 3-nerved, bifid : palet
2-nerved, slightly bifid : lower glume of the sterile spikelets slightly 2-cleft,
awned above the middle; upper glume emarginate, cuspidate — Pleuraphis
Jamesii, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 148. From Texas and New Mexico to
S. Colorado and Nevada.

8. ANDROPOGON, L. BEARD GRASS.

Coarse, mostly rigid perennials, with lateral or terminal spikes commonly
clustered or digitate, the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often the
sterile and staminate flowers also.

1. A. furcatUS, Muhl. Tall, 3 to 4 feet high, the naked summit of the
stem terminated by 2 to 5 rigid digitate spikes: spikelets approximated, ap-
pressed : hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the rhachis, and on the
stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and rather sparse : awn
of fertile flower long and bent. — In dry sterile soil from Colorado to Texas,
and very common in the Atlantic States.

2. A. SCOpariuS, Michx. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, with numerous paniculate
branches : spikes single, scattered, mostly peduncled, very loose, often purplish,
silky with lax dull white silky hairs shorter than the Jlowers : awn of fertile
flower twice as long as the flower, twisted or bent. — In S. Colorado and
common eastward.

406 GR AMINES. (GKASS FAMILY.)

3. A. saccharoides, Swz. Stems slender, I to 3 feet high : spikes in
pairs (or fours) on short mostly vxserted and loosely paniculate peduncles, densely
flowered, very silky with long bright white hairs : fertile flower monandrous,
with a capillary awn. — A. argenteus, DC. Probably including also (at least
in S. Colorado) A. Jamesii, Torr. Colorado and southward.

9. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. INDIAN GRASS. WOOD GRASS.

A tall simple perennial, with glaucous linear-lanceolate leaves and yellow-
ish or russet-brown and shining spikelets.

1. C. niltans, Benth. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, terete : panicle narrowly
oblong; the perfect spikelets at length drooping, clothed, especially towards
the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ;
sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-
hairy pedicel. — Sorghum nutans, Gray. Southern Colorado, and common in
the Atlantic States.

10. P HAL ARTS, L. CANARY GRASS.

Ours is a perennial, with broad flat leaves, branched panicle, and glumes
not winged on the back.1

1. P. arundinacea, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, reed-like : outer glumes
open at flowering, 3-nerved, thrice the length of the fertile flower : rudimen-
tary flowers reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel. — Wet grounds and
river banks across the continent, especially northward.

11. H I E R O C H L O A, Gmelin. HOLY GRASS. VANILLA GRASS.

Perennials with flat leaves, the dried plants giving off a pleasant vanilla-
like odor.

1. H. borealis, R. & S. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with short lanceolate
leaves : panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal ; spikelets chestnut-color :
staminate flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins ; the flowering glume
mucronate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip : fertile flower hairy-fringed
at the tip. — From California to Colorado and far northward, thence eastward
through the northern border States and Canada to Labrador.

12. AL OPE CUR US, L. FOXTAIL GRASS.

Perennials, with the flower clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft
dense spike, whence the name.

1. A. alpinus, Sm. Stem erect, smooth, 6 inches to a foot high: upper
leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath : outer glumes rather acute, 3-ribbed,
covered on the back with long dense white hairs : flowering glume about
equalling the outer ones, the awn exserted more than half its length, slightly bent
but not twisted. — English Fl. i. 81. High mountains of Colorado and north-
ward.

1 It is probable that P. Canariensis, L., is sparingly naturalized within our range, the
seed being a favorite food of cage-birds. It may be known by its very dense spike-like
panicle and wing-keeled outer glumes.

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 407

2. A. aristulatUS, Michx. Stem ascending from a decumbent base, 1 to 2
feet high : leaves glaucous : spike about 2 inches long, slender and very pale
green : outer glumes obtuse, the flowering one slightly exceeding them, its awn
attached just below the middle and barely exceeding it. — A. geniculatus, var.
aristulatus, Torr. From Colorado to California and Oregon, and eastward
across the continent.

13. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

Stems generally branching; leaves narrow, often involute; spikelets in
simple or panicled racemes or spikes ; grain linear. All grow in sterile, dry
soil.

# Awns unequal, the middle one longer than the lateral ones.

1. A. basiramea, Engelm. Stems erect, 6 to 15 inches high, slender,
much branched at the base, and with short floriferous branches enclosed in the
upper leaf sheaths : leaves flat, becoming involute towards the apex, sparsely
hairy on the margins below: panicle 1^ to 3 inches long, erect, rather lax, its
base sheathed by the upper leaf : glumes linear, unequal, 1-nerved, with a
short bristle-like point: flowering glume nearly terete, spotted with black,
with a short, acute hairy callus : middle awn about 6 lines long, the lateral
ones 4 lines long, spirally twisted below (when mature). — Bot. Gazette, ix.
76. Minnesota, W. Upham, and ranging through the prairie region of the
Northwest.

* # Awns about equal in length.

2. A. purpurea, Nutt. Stem simple, erect, slender, 6 to 15 inches high:
sheaths scabrous, exceeding the internodes, pilose at the throat: panicle slen-
der, 3 to 6 inches long, loosely few-flowered : outer glumes purplish, unequal,
bifid and shortly awned : flower densely short-pilose at the pointed base, sca-
brous above : awns 1 to 2 lines long, not exceeding the flower, scabrous. — Steud.
Gram. 134. From Colorado to Texas and westward to the Great Basin.

Var. longiseta, Vasey. With very long awns. — A. longiseta, Steud.
Colorado and southward to New Mexico and Texas.

3. A. oligantha, Michx. Stems tufted, bearing a loosely few-lowered
raceme : leaves short : outer glumes nearly equal, the lower ones 3 to 5-nerved,
nearly an inch long; awns capillary, 1^ to 3 inches long, much exceeding the
slender flower. — Colorado and southward, thence eastward to Illinois, Vir-
ginia, and the Southern States.

14. STIPA, L. FEATHER GRASS.

Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose panicle of early decidu-
ous florets. Some of the species are called " Bunch Grass." The flower has
a hardened, often sharp-pointed and bearded pedicel or stipe at its base, the
callus.

* Awn for a part of its length distinctly plumose with silky hairs.

1. S. Mongolica, Turcz. Slender, a foot high, with filiform leaves and
a loose few-flowered panicle : glumes membranous, obtuse, about 2 lines long,
not quite equal, purplish : flowering glume scarcely shorter, hairy : the bent
awn 6 lines in length. — Mountains of Colorado.

408 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

2. S. pennata, L., var. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber. — Easily distin-
guished by the awns, which are 6 inches or more long, twisted for l£ to 2 inches
below, the upper part flat and beautifully plumose-pennated. — Gram. Mex.
Bound, ined. Extending into S. W. Colorado from New Mexico and Texas.

# * Awn not plumose, often strongly pubescent.
•t- Panicle loose, open.

3. S. KichardSOnii, Link. Stem l£ to 2 feet high, slender: panicle 4 to
5 inches long, with slender few-flowered branches ; callus short and blunt : outer
glumes pointless, nearly equal, about equalling the pubescent flowering glume ;
awn 6 to 8 lines long. — Mountains of Montana, Scribner, and northward ;
Manitoba and north shore of Lake Superior, Macoun ; also in Maine.

4. S. COmata, Trin. & Rupr. Stems 1 to 4 feet high, stout, mostly scabrous :
leaves roughened, the radical 4 or £ the length of the stem: panicle included
at base by the upper sheath, 8 to 12 inches long ; callus pointed: outer glumes
nearly equal, with a long subulate point: flowering glume pubescent with coarse
hairs: awn 4 to 6 inches long, scabrous especially above, shining, variously
curled and twisted. — Watson, Bot. King Exped. 380. From the Upper
Missouri to California, New Mexico, and Nebraska.

•»- -i- Panicle narrow, contracted.

5. S. Spartea, Trin. Stems 1 £ to 3 feet high, rather stout : callus pun-
gently pointed, villous-bearded (when mature) : glumes lanceolate, slender subu-
late-pointed, greenish, longer than the palets which are linear and pubescent
below. — From Colorado to the Upper Missouri, thence eastward to Illinois
and Michigan.

6. S. viridula, Trin. Stems l£ to 5 feet high, with numerous withered
sheaths at base: panicle 6 to 18 inches long; callus very short: glumes ovate,
bristle-pointed, sometimes tinged with purple : lower palet with short scattered
hairs which form a rather irregular crown, and with 2 very minute hyaline teeth :
awn 1 to l£ inches long, usually twice bent, pubescent below and scabrous
above. — Watson, Bot. King Exped. 380. From Colorado to California,
Oregon, the Upper Missouri, and British America.

15. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE.

Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle. Spikelets
rather large.

1. O. micrantha, Thurber. Leaves linear-setaceous, involute : branches
of the panicle in pairs, many-flowered ; spikelets shining, florets smooth, a little
shorter than the linear acutish glumes : awn about thrice longer than the glumes :
anthers naked at apex. — Steud. Glum. 122. Colorado and southward.

2. O. cuspidata, Benth. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, rather rigid and some-
\vhat scabrous: leaves narrow, involute, elongated (2 to 18 inches): panicle
frequently included at base, dichotomousli/ branched ; the spikelets solitary upon
capillary peduncles : outer glumes more or less purple, pubescent, attenuate-
rostrate : flowering glumes rigid, densely covered with long white silky hairs : the
stout nearly straight awn mostly longer : palet rigid : anthers bearded at apex.
— Eriocoma cuspidata, Nutt. From the Sierras eastward to Missouri and
Texas.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 409

16. MTJHLENBEKGIA, Schreb. DROP-SEED GRASS.

The grain is lance-oblong and drops enclosed in the palets.

* Panicles contracted or glomerate,
•«- Flowering glumes barely mucronate or sharp-pointed.

1. M. Mexicana, Trin. Stems ascending, much branched, 2 to 3 feet
high : leaves short and narrow : panicles lateral and terminal, often included
at the base, the branches densely spiked-clustered, linear : outer glumes awn-
less, sharp-pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute
flowering glume. — Wyoming and eastward, where it is very common.

•i- -i— Flowering glume bristle-awned from the tip.

2. M. Wrightii, Vasey ined. Stems erect, 9 inches to a foot high or
more: leaves involute, rather rigid and pungently pointed, scabrous, pale;
sheaths much shorter than the internodes : panicle spike-like, I to 3 inches long, the
two or three lowest clusters of spikelets somewhat distant : the glumes and
palets scabrous, especially on the midribs ; lower glume the shorter, J to ^ the
length of the flowering glume, mucronate pointed ; upper glume longer, l-nerved
and short-awned : Jlowering glume l-nerved, tipped bj a stout rough awn about
% the length of the palet. — Colorado and New Mexico.

3. M. gracilis, Trin. Stems erect, rigid, clothed below with withered
sheaths, 6 inches to 2 feet high : leaves filiform, convolute, scabrous, with the
whole plant pale ; sheaths longer than the internodes : panicle 3 to 6 inches long,
often bronzed or blackish, very narrow, the erect rays mostly solitary : lower
glume a little the shorter, more or less acute ; the upper half the length of
the floret, 3-nerved, obtuse, erose at apex or with several teeth, some of them with
short awns : flowering glume with a short-bearded minute callus, pubescent,
often thickly marked with blackish-green spots, terminated by a slender rough-
ish awn 4 to 9 lines long. — Colorado and southward, thence westward into
California.

Var. breviaristata, Vasey. Cespitose, low, often growing in ring-like
patches : leaves very short and rigid : panicle short, 2 or 3 inches long, very
close : aivn about the length of the Jlowering glume. — Rothrock, in Wheeler's Rep.
vi. 284. Colorado and eastward.

4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray, var. setiglumis, Watson. Stems a
foot high, nearly erect : panicle contracted into a glomerate spike ; the branches
solitary and densely flowered, mostly to the base : outer glumes attenuate into
a scabrous bristle : flowering glume with its awn about twice longer. — Bot. King
Exped. v. 378. Colorado and Nevada. .

5. M. comata, Benth. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, smooth except at the nodes
where they are retrorsely pubescent : leaves flat, roughish on both sides ; lower
sheaths equalling the internodes, the upper somewhat shorter: panicle 3 to
4 inches long, pale green, lead-colored or purplish, either narrow throughout
or lobed below, the lower rays 2 or 3 together, the upper solitary, all very
densely many-flowered : outer glumes narrow, very acute, the lower a little the
longer, serrulate on the keel : floret with an oblique callus bearing hairs as long as
the floret: Jlowering glume 3-nerved, with a long (3 to 4 lines) , Jlexuose, rough, often
purplish awn. — Vaseya comata, Thurb. From Nebraska to Colorado, Nevada,
and California.

410 GBAMINE^I. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* * Panicle loose and open.

6. M. pungens, Thurb. Stems erect, from I to l£ feet high : leaves very
pale green, hard and rigid, terminated by a hardened point: panicle very open,
its solitary rays fasciculately branched just above the base into long 1-flowered
divisions : outer glumes half as long as the floret, pointed by a distinct bristle :
flowering glume acute, the awn a line long or less : palet with 2 setose teeth, which,
nearly equalling the awn, give the appearance of an undeveloped Aristida. —
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, 78. From S. California to Arizona, Colorado, and
Nebraska.

7. M. gracillima, Torr. Cespitose,^/a6rous.- stem simple, 6 to 12 inches
high : leaves very narrow, involute, short, mostly in radical tufts : panicle 5 to
6 inches long, pyramidal, capillary ; branches sub-solitary, widely spreading :
spikelets lanceolate, mostly purplish : outer glumes acute, scarcely twice shorter
than the palets : Jlowering glume glabrous, 3-nerved, minutely bifid, with a straight
awn of equal length: callus naked. — Whipple, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 155. Colorado
and southward.

8. M, Texana, Thurb. Stems geniculalely decumbent, branching : panicle
few-flowered, rays solitary or in pairs, naked below, at last widely spreading .
outer glumes shorter than the Jloret, 1 -nerved, setaceously mucronate: Jlowering
glume and palet pilose, the former terminated by an awn thrice its length and
equalled or exceeded by the latter : callus conspicuous, glabrous. — Gram.
Mex. Bound, ined. From Colorado to Arizona and Texas.

9. M. debilis, Trin. Stems 3 to 18 inches high, ascending from a genicu-
late base, branching from the lower nodes: leaves mostly fiat, acuminate, puberu-
lent on both surfaces, and with the whole plant purple tinged or dark purple
throughout: panicle 2 to 6 inches long, the few mostly solitary rays spreading,
distant, a little longer than the interspaces, included below by the upper
sheath ; floret very early deciduous : outer glumes £ to | its length, equal or
the lower slightly shorter, the upper or both eroded at the obtuse or truncate apex:
Jlowering glume scabrous throughout, terminated by a slender awn 1 to 1^ inches long.
— S. California to Northern Mexico and extending into S. Colorado and
eastward.

17. PHLEUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. TIMOTHY.

Perennials, with spikes very dense and harsh.1

1 . P. alpinum, L. Culms 1 to 2 feet high : sheaths of the upper leaves
very loose or inflated, the lower ones close ; ligule short : spike ovoid or ob-
long, rarely more than an inch long, usually purplish : outer glumes strongly
fringed on the back, bearing an awn about their own length. — In alpine
regions throughout N. America, Europe, and Asia.

18. S P O R O B O L U S, R. Rr. DROP-SEED GRASS. RUSH GRASS.

Stems wiry or rigid. Leaves usually involute and bearded at the throat,
their sheaths often enclosing the panicles. Includes Vilfa, Beauv.

1 P. pratense, L., the cultivated ''Timothy" and frequently naturalized, can be distin-
guished from P. alpinum by it« close sheaths, long ligule, much longer spike (1 to 6 inches),
and glumes with scarious margins and green keel, which is ciliate with stiff hairs and pro-
longed into a rigid rough awn shorter than itself.

GRAMINE^E. (GKASS FAMILY.) 411

* Seed adherent to the pericarp : panicle spiked or contracted. — VILFA.

1. S. CUSpldatUS, Torr. Root perennial: stems and leaves very narrow,
the latter awl-shaped: panicle exserted, very simple and narrow: outer glumes
very acute : flowering glume cuspidate. — Vdfa cuspidata, Torr. Colorado
and northward ; eastward through northern latitudes to Canada and Maine.

2. S. depauperatus, Torr. Stems tufted, very slender, 3 inches to 2 feet
long, often much branched : leaves very minutely scabrous on the upper surface :
panicle ^ to 2 inches long, very narrow, of few solitary distant erect rays, which
are branched and flower-bearing nearly to the base : outer glumes obtuse, nearly
equal: flowering glume and palet nearly equal, the former obscurely 3-nerved,
often with a minute mucro. — Vilfa depauperata, Torr. Varying greatly with
the locality. From W. Texas and Mexico to the Saskatchewan, Oregon, and
California.

3. S. Wolfii, Vasey. Stems erect, 1 to l£ inches high, very slender, branched
at the base : leaves mostly radical, short, strongly nerved : spifces simple, few-
flowered, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones partly enclosed in the loose
sheaths ; flowers alternate, pointed : outer glumes membranaceous, obtuse : flow-
ering glume and palet nearly equal in length. — Vilfa minima, Vasey, Bot.
Wheeler Exped. 283. About T\yiu Lakes, Colorado.

4. S. tricholepis, Torr. Stems erect, simple, terete, 9 to 18 inches high,
tufted: leaves glabrous: branches of the oblong rather dense panicle alternate;
pedicels longer than the spikelets : outer glumes nearly equal, acutish, % shorter
than the nearly equal pilose flowering glume and palet: flowering glume
3-nerved. — Vilfa tricholepis, Torr. Colorado and southward.

* * Seed free from the pericarp : panicle generally open.
•*- Outer glumes very unequal.

5. S. cryptandrus, Gr. Sterns 2 or 3 feet high, usually geniculate and
branched below : leaves flat, acuminate, scabrous especially above ; sheaths
strongly bearded at throat: panicle narrowly pi/ramidal, more or less enclosed
by the upper sheath, 4 to 8 inches long, its rays mostly in pa.\rs,Jloiver-bearing
to the base : spikelets lead-colored, short-pedicelled : outer glumes somewhat
acute. — Vilfa cryptandra, Trin. From Texas and New Mexico to Colorado
and Oregon, and eastward to New England.

6. S. airoidas, Torr. Stems forming large tufts, clothed below by the
dead sheaths, 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat rigid, smooth : leaves very pale, con-
volute and tapering to a filiform apex ; sheaths with a few long hairs at the
throat: panicle broadly pyramidal, soon exserted, 6 to 12 inches long, its rays
solitary or in pairs, naked below: spikelets brownish, on rather long pedicels:
outer glumes rather obtuse. — Marcy's Rep. 300. Vilfa airoides, Steud.
California to Nebraska and southward to New Mexico and Texas.

H_ H_ Outer glumes nearly equal.

7. S. ramulosus, Kunth. Stems tufted, 3 to 8 inches high, very slender
and branched below : leaves flat or involute, scabrous on the margins : panicle very
long for the size of the plant, constituting f of its height, the capillar if few-flowered
mostly solitary rays rather distant and spreading, the secondary branches 1 to
^.-flowered : spikelets less than \ line long: outer glumes mostly ciliate-f ringed on
the margin. — Vilfa ramulosa, HBK. From Colorado to Texas, New Mexico,
and California.

412 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

8. S. asperifolius, Thurb. Stems 6 to 15 inches long, branched, de-
cumbent at base and forming broad matted tufts : leaves flat, scabrous, espe-
cially on the margins and upper surface : panicle included at base, 3 to 5 inches
long, pyramidal or ovoid in outline, the scabrous rays solitary or in pairs, bearing
3 to ^-flowered capillary branches : spikelets less than a line long : outer glumes
minutely scabrous. — Bot. Calif, ii. 269. Vilfa asperifolia, N. & M. From
Nebraska to Texas, Mexico, California, and Oregon.

19. AGROSTIS, Linn. BENT GRASS.

Mostly perennials, with slender low culms which form dense tufts. Ours
are strictly one-flowered.

# Palet present.

1. A. alba, L. Stems varying from a few inches to 2 feet high, sometimes
decumbent at base : leaves flat, short, smooth or roughened ; ligule short and trun-
cate or long and acute : panicle slender, usually spreading when in flower and more
or less contracted afterwards, green, purplish, or brownish : flowering glume
very thin, 3 or 5-nerved, rarely with a short awn : palet $ to \ the length of the
flowering glume. — Includes A. vulgaris, With. Found in all cultivated regions.
A. vulgaris differs from A. alba principally in the ligule of the former being
short and truncate and that of the latter elongated and acute, hence they are
both here included under the older name of A. alba. The form vulgaris is
often called " Red-top."

2. A. exarata, Trin. Stem erect, 1 or 2 feet high or more, at length
naked for some distance below the panicle: leaves mostly erect and flat,
the radical 2 to 4 and those of the stem 6 inches long or more, roughish or very
rough ; ligule obtuse, more or less decurrent : panicle erect, rather narrow, dense
to very dense and crowded, pale greenish, rarely tinged with purple : flowering
glume J to ^ shorter than the outer glume, 4 to 5-nerved, and marked on the
back by a longitudinal furrow, sometimes awned above the middle : palet usu-
ally shorter than the ovary, sometimes longer. — Common west of the Mississippi
and exceedingly variable, so much so that many forms described as distinct
species must be included under it.

* * Palet entirely wanting or very minute.
H- Spikelets awnless or short-owned.

3. A. perennans, Tuckm. Stems slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves flat:
panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green ; the branches short, divided and
Jlower-bear ing from or below the middle. — In Montana and Wyoming, and very
common eastward. Called " Thin Grass."

4. A. SCabra, Willd. Stems very slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves short
and narrow, the lower soon involute : panicle very loose and divergent, purplish,
the long capillary branches flower-bearing at and near the apex. — Common
throughout the whole continent. Called " Hair Grass " or " Fly-away Grass."

H- •*- Spikelets awned.

5. A. canina, L. Stems £ to 2 feet high : root-leaves involute bristle-
form, those of the stem flat and broader : panicle 2 to 6 inches long, spread-
ing, the unequal rays in clusters of five below, in pairs or solitary above,
roughened, branching above the middle : spikelets purple or brownish :

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 413

flowering glume exsertly awned on the back at or below the middle. —
Found everywhere, and very variable, the mountain forms especially bearing
many names. Known as "Brown Bent Grass."

20. CINNA, L. WOOD REED GRASS.

A perennial grass, with simple and upright somewhat reed-like stems, 2 to
7 feet high, bearing an ample compound terminal panicle, its branches in
fours or fives ; the broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves with conspicuous
ligules.

1. C. arundinacea, L., var. pendula, Gray. Stem smooth, with

conspicuous brownish nodes : leaves rough on both sides and margins : pani-
cle 8 to 12 inches long, drooping at apex, the capillary rays clustered, distant,
flexuose, very unequal, the longer flower-bearing above the middle, very sca-
brous. — California and northward, thence eastward through Montana to the
northern border States.

21. AMMOPHILA, Host.

Perennials, with stout stems from thick running rootstocks. This is repre-
sented in Gray's Manual by the Calamovilfa and Ammophila sections of
Calamagrostis.

1. A. longifolia, Benth. Stems 1 to 4 feet high: leaves rigid, elon-
gated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-like point : branches
of the pyramidal panicle smooth : the copious hairs more than half the
length of the naked flowering glume and palet. — Calamagrostis longifolia,
Hook. From Colorado northward, thence eastward to Michigan and Illinois.

22. DEYEUXIA, Clarion. REED BENT GRASS.

Perennials with running rootstocks and mostly tall erect and rigid stems.
This genus includes all the species of Calamagrostis in the section Deyeuxia.
* Panicle loose and open.

1. D. Canadensis, Beauv. Stems tall, erect, smooth, 3 to 5 feet high:
leaves about a foot long, flat, minutely scabrous : panicle 4 to 6 inches long,
oblong, the common axis and rays scabrous: spikelets l£ to If lines long:
outer glumes lanceolate, acute : flowering glume nearly as long, surrounded by
copious white hairs, and awned on the back from near the middle with a very
delicate bristle not muck stouter than the hairs, and usually barely equalling
or rarely slightly exceeding the palet. — Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv.
From New Mexico northward and across the continent.

2. D. Langsdorffii, Trin. Closely resembling the last, but distin-
guished by its longer spikelets (2 to 3 lines), attenuate-acuminate outer glumes,
which are often cinereously strigose-pubescent, and its stouter and usually
exserted awn.

* * Panicle narrow, the erect branches appressed after Jlowering.

3. D. Lapponica, Trin. Stem about a foot high : radical leaves nearly
as long ; stem leaves much shorter and divergent, all convolute, rigid and strongly

414 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.)

striate, rough above and on the margins: panicle an inch or two long, very
dense : outer glumes ovate, acute : flowering glume acute, lacerate-fringed,
with numerous delicate basal hairs longer than in the next; awn very slightly
exceeding the glume, attached just above the base, straight. — Calamagrostis Lap-
ponica, Trin. Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and northward to Alaska.

4. D. Stricta, Trin. Stem taller : leaves mostly setaceously involute, erect,
scabrous on both sides : panicle at first included at base, at length exserted, 2 to
5 inches long, narrow, somewhat lobed, interrupted below : outer glumes ovate-
oblong, acute, rough upon the keel and minutely scabrous all over : flowering
glume bearing the straight awn at or below the middle and slightly exceeding it;
the hairs at the base about two thirds the length. — Calamagrostis stricta, Trin.
From the mountains of Colorado to California, and eastward along the north-
ern border to Vermont and Canada.

5. D. Sylvatica, DC. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, clothed at base by crowded
dead sheaths : radical leaves reaching nearly to the panicle ; stem leaves
gradually becoming shorter, all attenuate-pointed, more or less scabrous and
involute : panicle enclosed at base when young, spike-like, 3 or 4 inches long,
very dense ; rays mostly in fives, appressed and like the rhachis very rough :
outer glumes ovate-lanceolate, very acute : flowering glume acute, 4-toothed,
grooved on the back, its awn attached very near the base, twisted and rough
below, bent at the middle, and exserted more than half the length of the glumes ;
hairs unequal, the longest at the sides about £ as long as the glume. — Calama-
grostis sylvatica, T)C. Mountains of Colorado, thence northward and west-
ward.

23. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. HAIR GRASS.

Perennials, formerly included under Aim as a subgenus. The flowering
glume is delicately 3 to 5-nerved, and the grain is free.

* Outer glumes barely equalling and mostly shorter than the florets.

1. D. flexuosa, Beauv. Stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high, nearly naked
above the small tufts of involute bristle-form root-leaves (1 to 6 inches long) :
panicle small and spreading, its branches capillary : awn longer than the glume,
at length bent and twisted. — Aira flexuosa, L. Mountains of S. W. Colorado
(Brandegee) and northward; common in the Atlantic States.

2. D. CSBSpitOSa, Beauv. Stem tufted, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves flat and
linear: panicle 6 inches long, pyramidal or oblong : awn straight, barely equal-
ling the glume. — Aira ccespitosa, L. Across the continent and northward to
Alaska. Very variable, especially the mountain forms. The dwarf moun-
tain plant, 6 or 8 inches high, with a tuft of short setaceous leaves, is var.

arctica.

* # Outer glumes longer than the florets.

3. D. danthonioides, Munro. Stem slender, from a few inches to
2 feet high: leaves very narrow: panicle very loose and open: outer glumes
linear-lanceolate : flowering glume with hairs at base J as long, shining below ;
awn inserted just below the middle, about 3 times its length, light brown,
twisted below and geniculate near the middle. — Aira danthonioides, Trin.
From Texas to Colorado, California, and Oregon.

GRAMINE^J. (GRASS FAMILY.) 415

4. D. latifolia, Hook. Stem 1 to 2 feet high : lower haves 2 or 3 inches
long, about 3 lines wide, flat and smooth : panicle with a few slender rays,
which are densely flowered above : outer glumes ovate-lanceolate : flowering
glume with silky hairs ^ as long or more; aivn stout, attached fust above the
middle, somewhat divergent, Exceeding the flowering glume hnt included by
the outer ones. — Aira latifolia, Hook. In the Northern Rocky Mountains,
and westward into Oregon and Washington Territory.

24. TRISETUM, Pers.

Perennials, resembling the next genus and by some made a section under
it. Ours have a dense and spike-like panicle, and a smooth ovary.

1. T. subspicatum, Beauv. Stems tufted, 4 inches to 2 feet high,
smooth or downy : leaves flat and smooth, or with the loose sheaths pubes-
cent : panicle 2 to 6 inches long, dense and oblong-ovate, or elongated and
several times interrupted below : lower glume shorter, the upper about equal-
ling the florets, both ciliate on the keel : flowering glume with a divergent
awn about its own length. — In the mountains from Colorado to California
and northward ; eastward along the northern border to New England.

Var. molle, Gray. Stem and foliage minutely soft downy. — Man. 641.
Same range.

25. A VENA, L. OAT.

The grain is oblong-linear, grooved on one side, hairy throughout or at the
tip only, free but closely invested by the palet.

1. A. striata, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, slender, 1 to
2 feet high : leaves narrow : panicle simple, loose, with spikelets on capillary
pedicels: lower glume 1 -nerved; the upper 3-nerved : flowers short-bearded
at base ; the soon bent or divergent awn inserted just below the tapering very
sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip of the palet. — Colorado (Hall Sf Harbour), and
in the mountains of New York and New England.

26. DA NTH ONI A, DC. WILD OAT GRASS.

Ours are perennials, with narrow leaves, hairy sheaths, and a small simple
panicle or raceme.

1. D. Calif ornica, Bolaud. Stems sometimes decumbent at base,
from | to 3 feet high : leaves, especially the lower, convolute and setaceously
pointed, with sheaths bearded at the throat : panicle mostly a simple raceme :
outer glumes mostly purplish with scarious margins, pointed, the upper 5 to
7-nerved : flowering glume broad, its teeth about half its own length, with mar-
ginal tufts of long silky hairs at. or below the middle ; awn about equalling the
glume. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 182.

Var. unispicata, Thurber. Stems 6 inches high or less, from dense tufts
of somewhat hairy leaves, the sheaths of which are densely villous with white spread-
ing hairs, arising in small clusters from white minute papilla : spilcelet solitary
and terminal (rarely 2 or 3).— Bot. Calif ii. 294. Both forms occur in the
Rocky Mountains, the Wahsatch, and westward to California and Oregon.

416 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

2. D. sericea, Nutt. Stems not tufted, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves narrow,
with sheaths silky-hairy at the throat: panicle narrow, the lower rays some-
times 2 to 3-flowered and spreading : outer glumes acuminate, much exceed-
ing the florets : flowering glumes with very long teeth, and villous with long silky
hairs all over or only below and on the margins. — jSray, Man. 640. Colorado to
California ; also eastward in the Atlantic States.

27. SCHEDONNARDUS, Steud.

Low and branching, often procumbent, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves
and slender spikes.

1. S. TexamiS, Steud. Stems £ to 2 feet high, leafy below, naked and
curved above : panicle of 3 to 10 recurved secund distant spikes, 3-angled
and rough : outer glumes suddenly narrowing to awn-like points : flowering
glume but partly covered by the outer ones. — Lepturus paniculatus, Nutt.
From Illinois to Texas, Colorado, and California.

28. BOUTELOUA, Lag. GRAMA GRASS.

Very slender grasses, often geniculate at base, with short leaves less than
a line broad, and ligule a hairy fringe. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii.
178.

§ 1. Spikes two or more, linear or oblong, more or less falcate, the usually very
numerous spikelets pectinately crowded on one side of the rhachis: terminal
empty glume usually 3-awned.

# Lower glumes villous.

1. B. hiTSUta, Lag. Tufted, 8 to 20 inches high: leaves flat, lance-
linear, papillose hairy or glabrous : spikes 1 to 4, oblong-linear, very dense :
upper glume hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands : flowering
glume pubescent, 3-cleft : sterile glume and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns
longer than the glumes and fertile flower. — Colorado to Mexico, and east-
ward to Texas and Illinois.

2. B. oligOStachya, Torr. Glabrous, 6 to 18 inches high: leaves very
narrow : spikes 1 to 5, oblong-linear, very dense : glumes sparingly soft-hairy :
pedicel of the sterile glume copiously villous-tufted at the summit ; the 3 awns
equalling the larger glume. — Gray, Man. 621. From the Saskatchewan to
Texas, Mexico, and S. California.

* * Lower glumes glabrous.

3. B. polystachya, Torr. Stems 3 to 15 inches long: leaves scabrous:
spikes 3 to 6 or more, narrowly linear, dense, the scabrous rhachis hispid-
ciliate: flowering and sterile glumes 3-awned, with usually broad lobes be-
tween the awns. — Pacif. R. Rep. v. 366. From S. Colorado to S. California,
Mexico, and Texas.

4. B. eriopoda, Torr. Spikes more loose and slender : flowering and sterile
glumes \-awned, bearded at base: peduncle villous. — S. Colorado (Brandegee)
to New Mexico and W. Texas.

GRAM1NE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 417

§ 2. Spikes numerous, usually short, straight, not pectinate, in a long and virgate

one-sided spike or raceme : terminal empty glume rudimentary.
5. B. racemosa, Lag. Stems tufted, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves narrow :
spikes £ inch long or shorter, nearly sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose
general spike (8 to 15 inches long) : sterile glume reduced to a single small
awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the flower. — B. curtipendula, Torr-
From Colorado and Arizona to Texas and northeastward.

29. BITCH LOB, Engelm. BUFFALO GRASS.

A densely tufted grass, forming broad mats and spreading by stolons:
stems of the female plant much shorter than those of the male. The two
forms, at first described as different genera, were shown to be related by Dr.
Engelmaun.

1. B. dactyloides, Engelm. Flowering stems of the male plant 4 to
6 inches long, glabrous or slightly hairy : leaves 2 to 4 inches long : spikelets
alternate in 2 rows, uppermost abortive, bristle-form : stems of the female
plant much shorter than the leaves, l£ to 2 inches high. — Trans. St. Louis
Acad. i. 432. On the elevated plains from British America to Texas and
New Mexico. One of the many " Buffalo Grasses," but probably one of the
most widely distributed and valuable grasses of the plains.

30. TRIODIA, R.Br.

Stems tufted : leaves very narrow and taper-pointed ; sheaths bearded
at the throat : panicle simple or compound ; spikelets often racemose,
purplish.

1. T. EQUtica, Benth. Stem rigid, erect, very simple, a foot high : leaves
convolute-filiform, 3 to 6 inches long: panicle much exserted, racemose, with
short appressed branches ; spikelets 5 to 8 -flowered : outer glumes rather acute,
scarcely half the length of the florets : flowering glume awnless, entire or bifid,
long-ciliate on the margin and back. — Tricuspis mutica, Torr. Bot. Whipple,
156. From Texas to Arizona, and extending into S. Colorado.

2. T. pulchella, HBK. Stems crowded, wiry, 2 to 6 inches high, fas-
ciculately branched above : leaves setaceously convolute, rigid, scabrous ; radical
leaves crowded, an inch long ; upper leaves shorter, the uppermost even appear-
ing like large awned glumes: panicle of about 3 spikelets, 6 to T -flowered :
outer glumes white, acuminate or subulate-pointed, the upper slightly exceeding
the lower and the florets : flowering glume white, densely silky-villous to near
the middle, deeply bifid, with a strong awn slightly exceeding the obtuse lobes.
— Tricuspis pulchella, Torr. Pacif. B. Rep. iv. 156. From W. Texas to
S. Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and S. California.

3. T. acuminata, Benth. Stems simple, 6 inches or more high, usually
with but a single node, which bears a very short leaf : radical leaves an inch
or two long ; those of the stem shorter : panicle dense, ovoid, 1 to 2 inches
long, with a few erect branches; spikelets 8 to \Z-flowered: outer glumes
acuminate, the upper subaristate : flowering glume scarcely bifid, with a central
seta 1 its length, densely silky below, with a conspicuously silky tuft near the

27

418 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

base. — Tricuspis acuminata, Munro. From Texas to Arizona, and extending
into S. Colorado.

31. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. SLENDER GRASS.

Ours are annuals, with flat leaves and geniculate-decumbent and branching
stems.

1. D. fascicularis, Beauv. Smooth : leaves longer than the stems, the
upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like raceme, which is com-
posed of many strict spikes: spikelets short-pedicelled, 7 to 11 -flowered:
flowering glume hairy-margined towards the base, with two small lateral teeth
as well as the short awn. — Leptochloa fascicularis, Gray, Man. 623. From
New England across the continent.

32. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. SVND GRASS.

A tufted grass, with numerous bearded joints, and short involute-awl-
shaped leaves.

1. T. purpurea, Chap. Stems ascending, 6 to 12 inches high : panicles
very simple, of few spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary
ones included in the commonly hairy sheaths : awn much shorter than its
glume, seldom exceeding the eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes. — Tri-
cuspis purpurea, Gray. Colorado (Hall $r Harbour) ; about the Great Lakes
and along the Atlantic coast.

33. PHRAGMITES, Trin. REED.

Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves and a large terminal
panicle, the silky hairs of the rhachis becoming very conspicuous as the seed
ripens.

1. P. COmmunis, Trin. Stems 5 to 12 feet high : panicle loose, nod-
ding ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered ; flowers equalling the wool. — Found every-
where along the margins of streams and ponds. Looks like Broom-Corn at a
distance.

34. MUNRO A, Torr.

Creeping annuals, very much branched from the base, with fasciculate
branches.

1. M. squarrosa, Torr. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, flat, 1 to 2 lines wide,
somewhat pungent, scabrous on the margin : spikelets mostly 3 : glumes al-
most unilateral, linear-lanceolate, keeled. — Bot. Whipple, 158. On the plains.

36. KCELERIA, Pers,

Tufted grasses, with simple upright stems : the sheaths often downy.

1. K. cristata, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at
the base : spikelets 2 to 4-flowered : flowering glume acute or mucronate :
leaves flat, the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — From California and Oregon
eastward to Pennsylvania.

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 419

36. EATONIA, Raf.

Perennial, slender grasses, with simple and tufted stems, and often sparsely
downy sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or purplish) spikelets.

1. E. Obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat inter-
rupted, rarely slender : spikelets crowded on the short erect branches : upper
glume rounded-obovate, truncate-obtuse, rough on the back. — Manual, 626.
Across the continent, occurring most abundantly in the southern part of our
range.

37. CATABROSA, Beauv.

Glabrous creeping aquatics, with flat leaves, elongated membranous ligules,
and diffusely branched panicles with semi-verticillate branches : flowers jointed
at base and deciduous.

1. C. aquatica, Beauv. Stems 4 inches to 2 feet high, rather stout, as-
cending : leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, scabrous on the margin :
panicle uniform, branchlets numerous, divided : flowers light-brown : glumes
purplish. — In the Rocky Mountains.

38. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.

Stems often branching : leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or
throat of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs.1

1. E. Purshii, Schrad. Sparingly branched at the decumbent base, then
erect, ^ to 2 feet high : leaves narrow, flat and soft : panicle elongated, the
branches widely spreading, very loose ; spikelets 5 to 1 8-flowered, oblong-lan-
ceolate, at length linear, mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels :
glumes ovate and acute, the flowering glume 3-nerved. — From Nevada,
Colorado, and New Mexico eastward to New Jersey.

39. ME LIC A, L. MELIC GRASS.

Perennials with soft and flat leaves : panicle simple or sparingly branched ;
the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided. Ours belong to § EUMELICA, in
which the spikelets are 4 to 8 lines long, with 2 to 8 perfect florets; flowering
glume apparently many-nerved below (at least when dry), with a broad scari-
ous margin above. — Scribner, Proc. Philad. Acad., 1885, p. 40.
# Stems not bulbous at base.

1. M. Porteri, Scribner. Panicle narrow, the slender branches erect, or
the lower slightly divergent, the pedicels flexuose or recurved, densely pubes-
cent : empty glumes very unequal and decidedly shorter than the 3 to 5-flow-
ered spikelets. — Rusby's Arizona Plants. M. miitica, var. parviflora, Porter.

1 E. poceoides, Beauv. , var. megastachya, Gray, is a very common introduced species, and
may be recognized by its large, short-pedieelled, densely-flowered (10 to 50), flat, lead-colored
spikelets, which become linear and whitish when old, forming a narrow crowded panicle ;
its diffusely spreading habit, and its mostly glabrous sheaths. It is said to emit an unpleas-
ant odor.

E. pilosa, Beauv., is another introduced species, like E. Purshii in general habic; but may
be distinguished by its spikeleta about equalling their pedicels, its obtuse glumes, and the
1 -nerved flowering glume.

420 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.)

M. stricta of Brandegee's Fl. S. W. Colorado. From Colorado to Arizona,
New Mexico, and Texas.

* * Stems usually bulbous at base.
•+- Second glume decidedly shorter than the third.

2. M. Spectabile, Scribner. Panicle nodding, loosely few-flowered, the
slender branches erect spreading : terminal floret acute : flowering glume
very broadly acuminate, obtuse or notched at the tip. — Proc. Philad. Acad.,
1885, p. 45. M. bulbosa of Bot. King Exped., and Fl. Colorado. This differs
from M. bulbosa, Geyer, in its usually taller and more slender stems, more
open and nodding panicle, more slender and flexuose pedicels, shorter empty
glumes, and broader flowering glumes which taper abruptly to a rounded
and usually two-lobed summit. In the mountains, from Colorado and Utah
to Montana and Idaho.

•*- •*- Second glume as long as the third.

3. M. Californica, Scribner. Panicle erect, densely many-Jlowered,
branched below, spicate above ; spikelets about 4 lines long, with about three perfect
florets, the rudimentary one obtuse. — Loc. cit. p. 46. M. bulbosa of Bot. Cali-
fornia. From the Upper Yellowstone ( T. C. Porter), where the stem may
lack the bulbous character, to California.

4. M. bulbosa, Geyer. Stems singly or densely tufted, usually about

2 feet high, simple : sheaths and upper surface of the leaves scabrous : pani-
cle erect, the branches ^pressed, few-flowered ; spikelets 5 to 6 lines long, with
5 to 8 perfect flowers, the terminal floret acute. — From Utah and Montana to
Oregon and Washington Territory.

40. DISTICHLIS, Raf. SPIKE GRASS.

Perennials with widely creeping rootstocks and short stems clothed to the
top with crowded sheaths : leaves rigid, mostly involute : pistillate spikelets
much more rigid than the staminate.

1. D. maritima, Raf. Stems 6 to 18 inches high, sometimes branched
below : leaves about 4 inches long, usually distichously spreading, long-acumi-
nate : spike oblong, 1 to 3 inches long; spikelets 5 to 12-flowered. — Journ.
Phys. Ixxxix. 104. Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook. & Am.

Var. stricta, Thurber. Leaves setaceously-con volute : panicle loose ;
spikelets few, erect, often an inch long, 10 to 20-flowered. — Bot. Calif, ii.
306. From Mexico northward throughout the Rocky Mountains, and west-
ward to California.

41. POA, L. MEADOW GRASS.

Stems tufted from mostly perennial roots : leaves smooth, usually flat and

soft.

§ 1. Flowering glume rounded on the back, obtuse.

1. P. Californica, Munro. Densely tufted perennial, its somewhat rigid
stems 4 inches to 2 feet high : radical leaves about half as long as the stem, mostly
flat ; stem-leaves short, the uppermost often reduced to a mucro : panicle 2 or

3 inches long, narrow or linear, or with the rays spreading; spikelets 3 to

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 421

7-flowered : outer glumes acute, rough on the back : flowering glume with a
broadly scarious irregularly erose apex, the lower half of the middle and marginal
nerves usually silky-pubescent. — P. andina, Nutt., not of Trin. From California
to Wyoming, Colorado, and southward.

2. P. tenuifolia, Nutt. Stems very slender, densely tufted, 1 to 2 feet
high, the foliage glabrous or scabrous : radical tufts 3 or 4 inches high, of ex-
ceedingly narrowly linear mucronate-pointed leaves ; stem-leaves scarcely wider :
panicle 2 to 6 inches long, the erect rarely spreading distant rays mostly in
threes ; spikelets mostly 3-flowered : outer glumes very acute, rouo-h on the
midnerve : flowering glume narrowly lanceolate, often erose at the apex, puberu-
lent or with a few scattered hairs near the base. — From Colorado to California
and Oregon. One of the most valuable of the " Bunch Grasses."

§ 2. Flowering glume compressed -keeled, acute.

* Low and spreading, or tufted alpine species, flaccid or rigid.

+- Root annual: branches of the short panicle single or in pairs.

3. P. annua, L. Stems (3 to 6 inches high) flattened, geniculate below,
weak: leaves bright green, short, obtuse, sometimes wavy: panicle often
1 -sided ; spikelets very short-pedicelled, 3 to 7-flowered. — Everywhere in cul-
tivated and waste grounds, generally introduced, but probably indigenous on
our southern border in Arizona, New Mexico, W. Texas, etc.

•*- •<- Stems geniculate-ascending from a running rootstock, rigid, very much flat-
tened: panicle simple and contracted.

4. P. compressa, L. Pale, as if glaucous : leaves short : panicle dense
aud narrow, somewhat 1-sided, the short branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets
almost sessile, 3 to 10-flowered, flat. — Indigenous within our range at the
northeast, and common eastward in sterile soil. Known as " Wire Grass."

H- -t- •«- Low mountain or alpine species, erect in perennial tufts.
•*-»- Leaves broadly linear, short and flat, short-pointed; ligule elongated.

5. P. alpina, L. Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, even to the
branches of the panicle : stems rather stout, 6 to 18 inches high : stem-leaves
l£ to 2 inches long, l£ to 3 lines wide : panicle short and broad; spikelets
broadly ovate, 3 to 9-flowered. — Frequent in the mountains and extending
northward and eastward. Extremely variable, some of the numerous forms
being described as varieties.

•w- -I-*- Leaves narrowly linear or setaceous.

6. P. laxa, Hoenke. Soft and smooth as in the last : stems slender, 3 to
10 inches high: leaves narrowly linear; ligule elongated: panicle somewhat
raceme-like, narrow, often 1-sided and nodding; spikelets 2 to 4-flowered. —
In the Rocky Mountains and eastward in the mountains of New York and
New England.

7. P. CSBSia, Smith. More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle :
stems 6 to 20 inches high : leaves short, soon involute; ligule short: branches
of the panicle 2 to 5 together, very scabrous ; spikelets 2 to 5-flowered : outer
glumes ovate lanceolate and taper-pointed. — In the Rocky Mountains and
eastward.

Var. strictior, Gray, is 6 to 12 inches high, with a contracted grayish-
purple panicle of smaller flowers. — Same range as the type.

422 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

# # Tall perennials (1 to 3 feet), with open oblong or pyramidal panicles, the

rather short and rough branches mostly in Jives, sometimes in twos or threes.

8. I*, pratensis, L. Stems with running rootstocks, and with the sheaths
smooth : leaves dark green, the radical very long, those of the stem short,
scabrous on the margins ; ligule short and blunt : panicle pyramidal ; spikelets
3 to 5-flowered, somewhat crowded and almost sessile : outer glumes acuminate,
scabrous on the keel : flowering glume distinctly 5-nerved, silky-hairy on the
margins and keel. — Across the continent, and one of the most valuable of
pasture and meadow grasses. Known variously as "June Grass," "Green
Meadow-Grass," "Spear Grass," and " Kentucky Blue-Grass "

9. P. serotina, Ehrh. Stems tufted, without distinct running root-
stocks : leaves narrowly linear, soft and smooth ; ligule elongated, acute : pan-
icle 6 to 10 inches long, at length somewhat nodding at apex, often purplish ;
spikelets 2 to 4-flowered, all short-pedicelled : outer glumes narrow: flowering
glume very obscurely nerved. — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the
continent. Quite variable, some Rocky Mountain forms having been described
as varieties. Known as " False Red-top " and " Fowl Meadow-Grass."

10. P. flexuosa, Muhl., var. occiden tails, Vasey. Stems erect, rather
stout, tufted : sheaths mostly smooth ; leaves broadly linear, 3 to 5 inches
long, gradually tapering to a point, rather scabrous : panicle more diffuse, 4 to
8 inches long; its branches mostly in twos or threes (sometimes fives), long and
capillary, smooth or scabrous, diverging, flower-bearing mostly for the upper
third : spikelets 4 to 6-flowered : outer glumes acute, thin, slightly hispid on
the keel : flowering glume distinctly 3 to 5 nerved, slightly pubescent, rather more
so on the keel and margins. — Bot. Wheeler Exped. 290. Includes P. flexu-
osa (?) of Bot. King Exped. Colorado and Utah.

* * * Perennials not so tall (1 to 2 feet) : branches of the panicle solitary or

in pairs.

11. P. Eatoni, Watson. Allied to the last: stems smooth: sheaths and
leaves scabrous ; leaves mostly radical and narrowly linear, 3 to 6 inches long,
the cauline few and very short : panicle loose and spreading, with short
(an inch long or less) branches; spikelets 4 to ^-flowered, purplish : outer glumes
acutish : flowering glume very villous on back and margins, obtuse and keeled.
— Bot. King Exped. 386. In the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Nevada, and
S. W. Wyoming.

12. P. arctica, R- Br. Stems erect, slender, very smooth, as are the
sheaths and leaves: leaves about two on the stem, narrowly linear, 2 to 3 inches
long: panicle 4 to 5 inches long, with longer (lower 2 to 3 inches) capillary
branches, which are spreading or reflexed with age : spikelets mostlij 3-flowered :
outer glumes broadly ovate, rather acute, purple-margined : flowering glume
obscurely 3 to 5-nerved, acute, smooth, except, pubescent on the keel and lateral
nerves. — In the mountains of Colorado and far northward.

42. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv.

Perennial and northern or alpine grasses, with linear flat leaves, their
sheaths closed at the base, and spikelets in a loose panicle.

1. G. flexuosum, Thurber. Stem 3 feet high, smooth: leaves 1% feet
long, setaceous-acuminate : panicle loosely flowered ; branches scattered ; spike-

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 423

lets ovate, 3 to ^-flowered, much shorter than the pedicels: outer glumes
1-nerved, acute, half shorter than the spikelet: flowering glume keeled, 3-nerved
(lateral nerves prominent), scabrous-pubescent, erose-denticulate at apex, mucro-
nate, villous at base. — Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863, 78. Plains of Colorado and
adjacent regions.

2. G. melicoides, Beauv. Stem not so tall, 1 to 2 feet high, smooth
above : leaves somewhat scabrous, the lower 4 to 6 inches long, the upper short:
panicle loosely flowered, open ; spikelets lanceolate, 2 to ^-flowered, with the
rhachis unilaterally bearded between the flowers : outer glumes quite unequal,
acuminate, equalling the spikelet: flowering glume convex, scarcely keeled,
faintly nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. — From N. E. Utah and Wyoming
northward ; found also at isolated stations, as in Michigan and Maine.

3. G. Wolfli, Vasey. Closely resembling the last ; but the panicle close,
almost spicate ; the spikelets 2-flowered with a rudiment of a third : outer
glumes not so unequal : flowering glume obscurely 5-nerved, slightly split or
2-toothed at apex, bearing near the point a straight oppressed awn equalling or a
little exceeding the glume. — Bot. Wheeler Exped. 294, as Trisetum Wolfli.
Colorado.

43. G L Y C E R I A, R. Br. MANNA GRASS.

Perennial, smooth marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or rootstocks.

* Flowering glume faintlj 5-nerved, truncate, erose-toothed or subacute : stigmas

with simple hairs.

1. G. distans, Wahl. Stems tufted, ^ to 2 feet high : leaves short and
narrow, mostly convolute and glaucous : panicle very variable, erect, narrow
and one-sided, its rays in fires or fewer; spikelets 3 to 12-flowered: outer
glumes from narrow and acute to broad and obtuse, 3- nerved or the lower
1-nerved : flowering glume oblong-linear, minutely pubescent at base, with
broadly scarious apex. — Atropis distans, Griseb. Includes G. airoides, Thurb.
Poa airoides, Nutt. From New Mexico to Nebraska and westward to the
coast; also on the Atlantic coast. This species is very variable, and has
been referred to so many genera that its synonymy is quite perplexing.

* * Flowering glume prominently 5 to 1-nerved, truncate-obtuse: stigmas with

much branched hairs.

2. G. nervata, Trin. Stems 2 to 4 feet high : leaves variable, some-
times 12 to 15 inches long, usually roughish above, as are the closed sheaths:
panicle 4 to 8 inches long, its flexuose capillary branches in twos or threes, and soon
diffusely spreading and pendulous ; spikelets 1 or 2 lines long, 5 to 7-flowered,
sometimes purplish : flower iny glume 1-nerved, fine scabrous, strongly convex
near the apex. — In moist meadows and along water-courses, across the con-
tinent.

3. G. aquatica, Smith. Stems stout, erect, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves
large, 1 to 2 feet long : panicle ample, 8 to 1 5 inches long, much branched, the
numerous branches ascending, spreading with age : spikelets 2 or 3 lines long,
5 to 9-flowered, usually purplish : flowering glume 7 -nerved, entire. — In wet
grounds, from Colorado to California and Oregon, thence eastward across the
continent. Called " Reed Meadow-Grass. "

424 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.)

4. G. pauciflora, Presl. Stems 1 to 3£ feet high from a creeping root:
leaves 3 to 12 inches long, scabrous on the margins; sheaths split: panicle 6 to
8 inches long, loose, its capillary branches in threes below, in pairs above,
flower-bearing from near the middle ; spikelets 2 to 2^ lines long, 4 to 6-flow-
ered : flowering glume 5-nerved, scabrous, its scarious tip serrulate or toothed,
more or less purplish. — From Colorado and Utah northward and westward.

44. PESTUCA, L. FESCUE GRASS.

Includes both slender-stemmed annuals and perennials, the flowers, and
often the leaves, being rather dry and harsh.

* Annuals or biennials with setaceous leaves : panicle contracted or spike-like.

1. F. tenella, Willd. Stems often filiform, 6 to 18 inches high : the erect
leaves 1 to 3 inches long ; sheaths sometimes pubescent : panicle 2 to 3 inches
long, simple, often secund ; spikelets, including awns, 4 or 5 lines long, 7 to
\3-Jlowered: outer glumes subulate, very acute, the lower at least half the
length of the upper : flowering glume involute, rough, 2 lines long exclusive
of its awn, which is mostly shorter than the palet and often very short. — Across
the continent.

2. F. microstachys, Nntt. Stems 4 to 15 inches high, the filiform
leaves, sheaths, etc. smooth to strongly pubescent : panicle 1 to 5 inches long,
simple and racemose or spike-like ; spikelets 1 to 5-jloicered, on short thickened
pedicels, from scabrous to smooth : outer glumes acute, the upper little ex-
ceeding or twice as long as the lower : flowering glume 2 or 3 lines long,
with an awn 3 to 5 lines in length: palet with 2 long setose teeth. — From
N. E. Utah to Nevada and westward all along the coast.

* * Perennials : the mostly short-owned spikelets in loose, or more or less open

panicles.

3. F. OVina, L. Stems 6 inches to 2 feet high, glaucous : leaves all seta-
ceous or the upper flat ; ligule 2-lobed and auriculate: panicle short, more or
less compound, somewhat one-sided, the branches mostly solitary ; spikelets 3 to
8-flowered : flowering glume about 3 lines long, ternate, mucronate or ivith an
aivn less than half its own length. — Mountains of Colorado and California and
northward, thence eastward across the continent.

Var. duriuscula, Gray. Taller, less densely tufted : stem-leaves often
flat and sheaths pubescent : panicle more open and spikelets larger. — Same
range as the type.

Var. rubra, Gray. Less tufted, with running rootstocks : leaves some-
times flat, and with the spikelets often reddish or purplish. — High alpine
form in the Colorado Mountains and far northward.

Var. brevifolia, Watson. Stems 4 to 8 inches high : leaves all seta-
ceous and sheaths glabrous; uppermost leaves often very short and the
sheaths rather loose : panicle racemose and nearly simple, 1 to 2 inches long ;
spikelets 1 to 4-flowered, the florets terete and twice the length of the awn. —
Bot. King Exped. 389. Same range as the last.

4. F. SCabrella, Ton*. Stems 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, crowded below with
leafless sheaths, and twice longer than the numerous scabrous radical leaves :
stem-leaves rarely more than 2, long-pointed ; sheaths scabrous or rough-pubes-

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 425

cent ; ligule a ciliate fringe : panicle 3 to. 6 inches long, the lower rays distant t'n
pairs ; spikelet 4 to 6-flowered : flowering glurne 5-nerved, rough, with a narrow
scarious margin, pointed) or with an awn a line long or less. — F. Thurberi, Vasey.
Melica Hallii, Vasey, is an alpine form. In the Rocky Mountains and
westward. One of the most valuable of the numerous " Bunch Grasses."

45. B ROM US, L. BROME GRASS.

Coarse grasses, with large spikelets at length drooping, on pedicels thick-
ened at the apex. Our indigenous species are perennials.

* Flowering glume convex or keeled on the back: flowers imbricated over one
another before expansion : lower glume 3 to 5-nerved, the upper 3 to 9-nerved.1

1. B. Kalmii, Gray, var. Porteri. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth:
sheaths and leaves minutely scabrous : panicle 6 inches long, compound, branches
minutely downy ; spikelets an inch long, canescent with short oppressed silki/
hairs, 7 to 9-flowered : outer glumes each 3-nerved, obtuse : flowering glume
7 '-nerved; its awn l£ lines long . — Colorado, at Twin Lakes (Porter), Buffalo
Peaks, and Sierra Madre Range (Coulter).

2. B. breviaristatUS, Thurb. Stem 2 to 3 feet high: leaves broadly lin-
ear, a little hairy ; sheaths hairy to vitlose-tomentose, sometimes even naked :
panicle elongated, 3 to 8 inches long, nearly simple, loose ; spikelets about
an inch long, lanceolate, compressed and sharply 2-edged, minutely scabrous, 6 to
8-flowered : outer glumes acute, lower about 5-nerved, upper 9-nerved : flowering
glume acutely keeled, 9-nerved, with an awn 1 to 2 lines long. — Ceratochloa bre-
viaristata, Hook. From Colorado northward to Montana and Washington
Territory.

* # Flowering glume somewhat convex, but keeled on the back: flowers soon sepa-

rating from each other: lower glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nei~ved, or with an
obscure additional pair.

3. B. ciliatus, L. Tall, 3 to 5 feet high, with the large leaves smooth
or somewhat hairy ; sheaths often hairy or densely downy near the top : pani-
cle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length drooping ; spikelets
7 to 12-flowered : flowering glume tipped with an awn £ to f its length,
7-nerved, silky with appressed hairs near the margins, smooth or smoothish
on the back. — Across the continent and far northward.

46. AGROPYRUM, Beauv.

Perennials, with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ranked spikes ; thus differ-
ing from Triticum (Wheat), although formerly included under that genus.

* Multiplying by long jointed creeping rootstocks: awn, when present, not longer

than the flowering glume.

1 . A. repens, Beauv. Stems 1 to 3 feet high : leaves flat or convolute
and with sheaths very variable, from smooth to scabrous or pubescent : spike-

1 The too common " Cheat" or "Chess," B. secalinus, L., belongs to this section. It is
an annual, with spreading panicle, oblong-ovate tnrgid smooth spikelets of 8 to 10 rather
distant flowers, flowering glume short-awned or awnless, and nearly glabrous sheaths. —
Introduced wherever grain is cultivated.

426 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

lets 4 to 8-flowered, in an erect mostly rigid spike : glumes 5 to 7-ncrved,
obtuse or notched, with a rigid short point or awn of variable length : flowering
glume similar, but nerved only above, with an awn nearly its own length or
awnless. — Triticum repens, L. Immensely variable ; its many perplexing
forms yielding numerous but confusing varieties. Across the continent, and
known by a great variety of names, such as " Couch," " Quack," and " Quitch
Grass," "Blue-joint," "Bunch Grass," "Lagoon Grass," etc.

# # No running rootstock : flowering glume and sometimes the outer glumes long-

awned.

2. A. caninum, Reich. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, geniculate below : leaves
flat or loosely convolute, pubescent above and like the sheaths smooth below : spike
more or less nodding, at least not strict ; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered : outer glumes
5 to 7-nerved, with long awns or merely acuminate: flowering glume 5-nerved
near the tip, with mostly spreading awns twice as long. — Triticum caninum, L.
T. cegilopoides, Gray, not Turcz. From California to Colorado and Nevada,
eastward to New England. Extremely variable.

3. A. Scribneri, Vasey. Stems densely tufted, geniculate and usually
prostrate, 1 to \\feet high: leaves very short (1 to l£ inches long), smooth, rigid,
sometimes glaucous : outer glumes 3 to 5-nerved, extended into a long hispid
point : flowering glume with a strong, spreading or recurved hispid awn at
least twice as long: otherwise as in the last. — Torr. Bull. x. 128. Possibly
only a variety of the last. In the Sierras (Pringle), and Montana (Scribner).
High on the mountains, in crevices and among loose rocks.

4. A. Violaceum, Beauv. Stems slender, 1 to 2 feet high, and with the
short mostly convolutely-setaceous leaves and sheaths usually smooth: spike 1 to 3
inches long, slender, strict and rigid ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, usually purple-
tinged : outer glumes with 5 strong rough nerves, short-pointed or short-awned:
flowering glume strongly 5-nerved and rough above, with an awn from half to
fully as long. — Triticum violaceum, Hornem. Rocky Mountains and Sierra
Nevada; also mountains of New York and New England.

5. A. StrigOSUm, Beauv. Stems slender, 1 to 2 feet high, very densely
tufted, with setaceous radical leaves half as tall, glaucous throughout ; stem-leaves
3, all narrowly setaceously-convolute, strigose-pubescent on the upper surface,
below and with the sheaths smooth or pubescent : spike 2 to 6 inches long, very
slender ; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered : outer glumes strongly 3 to 5-nerved, some-
what acute : flowering glume 5-nerved near the apex and bearing a longer strong
rough divergent awn. — Triticum strigosum, Less. T. cegilopoides, Turcz. In
the mountains of Colorado, Montana, and westward.

47. HOBDEUM, L. BARLEY.

Rather low grasses, with flowers in spikes and more or less prominent
bristle-form glumes.

1. H. nodosum, L. Stems £ to 3 feet high, often geniculate below:
leaves flat or convolute, varying from nearly smooth to hairy : spike 1 to 3
inches long, narrow and readily separating into joints; the lateral neutral
spikelets merely awn-pointed: glumes all setaceous: perfect floret 8 lines long in-
cluding the awn. — H. pratense, Huds. H. pusillum, Nutt. From California

GBAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 427

and Oregon eastward into the Mississippi Valley; introduced on the Atlantic

coast.

2. H. jubatum, L. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, usually smooth throughout,
the margins of the leaves sometimes scabrous : spike very pale green or straw-
color, shining, sometimes purplish, 2 to 4 inches long, broader, the very slender
rhachis readily separating; lateral floret short-awned: glumes vert) long and
capillary : perfect floret 3 lines long, with an awn 2 inches long, longer than the
glumes and spreading. — Common westward and northward, extending east-
ward through the Northern States. Known as " Squirrel-tail Grass."

48. ELYMUS, L. LYME GRASS. WILD RYE.

* Outer glumes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the spikelet: flowering glume

merely cuspidate.

1. E. COndensatus, Presl. Stems 2 to 6 feet high or more, with ample
mostly flat leaves, smooth except on the margins: spike 5 to 15 inches long,
dense or interrupted, simple or frequently made up of fascicled short few-
flowered branches ; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered : flowering glume 5-nerved above,
mucronate-pointed or somewhat 3-toothed. — From Colorado and Nevada to
California and Oregon.

* * Outer glumes acuminate-pointed or aivned: flowering glume with an awn longer

than itself.

2. E. Sibiricus, L. Stems 2 to 3 feet high : leaves mostly ample, often
6 lines broad, glabrous or partly scabrous : spike virgate, 2 to 8 inches long,
often somewhat nodding above ; spikelets in pairs, 3 to several-flowered :
glumes linear-lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, pointed or short-awned: flowering glume
5-nerved and rough above, with an awn about 1^ times its own length. — From
California and Oregon to Lake Superior.

3. E. Canadensis, L. Like the last, but stouter and taller: leaves
rougher, sometimes glaucous : spikes stouter, somewhat loose and more nod-
ding above : outer glumes subulate, 3 or perhaps 4-nerved, tapering into an awn
shorter than itself: flowering glume rough-hairy, with a longer usually spreading
awn. — Across the continent.

* * * Outer glumes very long, usually 2-parted to the base, the divisions un-

equally 2-cleft and long-awned : flowering glumes long-awned and 2-toothed,
or 3-awned.

4. E. Sitanion, Schult. Stems densely tufted, J to 2 feet high: leaves
and sheaths from smooth and glaucous to roughly hirsute ; leaves setaceously
pungent at apex, the upper one an inch or two long, its sheath often loose and
including the base of the spike : spike 1 to G inches long ; spikelets 1 to
5-flowered : awns of the outer glumes 1 to 3 inches long : flowering glume
3 lines long, its central awn equalling those of the glumes. — From Minnesota
to Texas and westward across the continent. Exceedingly variable, so much
so that the collector is apt to discover at least a " new variety " in almost every
locality.

428 GNETACE^I.

CLASS II. GYMNOSPEK1VLE.

Ovules naked upon the surface of a scale or bract, or
within a more or less open perianth. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious. Cotyledons two or often several in a whorl.

ORDER 89. GNETACE.E.

Shrubs or small trees, mostly with jointed opposite or fascicled
branches and foliaceous or scale-like opposite (or ternate) exstipulate
leaves, the flowers mostly dioecious, with decussate persistent bracts;
the staminate in aments, with solitary or monadelphous stamens within
a membranous bifid calyx-like perianth, the anther- cells dehiscent by a
pore or chink at the apex ; fertile flowers of an erect sessile ovule termi-
nated by an exserted style-like process, included within a perianth which
becomes hardened and often thickened in fruit.

1. EPHEDRA, Tourn.

Inflorescence axillary : the 3 to 8 filaments united into a clavate stamineal
column. — Shrubs with numerous Equisetum-like branches, the leaves reduced
to sheathing scales, persistent or deciduous.

1. E. Nevadensis, Watson. Erect, 2 feet high or more ; branches oppo-
site: scales sheathing, 2-lobed, with short blunt lobes or more or less elon-
gated tips : bracts opposite and evidently connate : staminate aments sessile or
shortly pedunculate, ovate, of 4 to 6 pairs of bracts : fertile aments pedun-
culate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 298. E. antisyphilitica of Bot. King Exped.
and other reports. From California and Nevada to Utah and the Rio
Grande.

2. E. trifurca, Torr. Erect, with spinosely tipped ternate branches and
conspicuous persistent sheathing acuminate scales becoming white and shreddy:
bracts in threes : staminate perianth cuneate-oblong, included : fertile aments
of numerous whorls of entire bracts. — S. W. Colorado (Brandegee), New
Mexico, and Arizona.

ORDER 90. CONIFERS. (PiNE FAMILY.)

Resinous and mostly evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl- or needle-
shaped or scale-like mostly rigid leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioe-
cious flowers ; male flowers reduced to stamens only, which are indefinite
in number upon a central axis ; fertile aments of few or many scales,
becoming in fruit a dry cone or berry-like j ovules two or more; at or on
the base of each scale.

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 429

» Scales of the fertile aments few, decussately opposite, becoming drape-like in fruit with
bony seeds : leaves opposite or in threes, usually scale-like : flowers dioecious : leaf-
buds not scaly.

1. Juniperus. Ovules in pairs or solitary at the base of the fleshy (4 to 6, or 3 to 9)

scales. Seeds 1 to 5 or more. Berry globose, reddish, blue, or blackish, ripening
the second year.

* * Scales of the fertile aments numerous, spirally imbricated, becoming a dry eorian eous
cone in fruit : male flowers also spirally arranged : leaves scattered or fascicled, from
linear to needle-shaped : flowers monoecious : leaf-buds scaly. — ABIETJNE^S.
•«- Cones maturing the first year, their bracts remaining membranous : leaves solitary,

mostly entire.
•H- Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised.

2. Abies. Leaves sessile, leaving circular scars. Cones erect, their scales deciduous

from the axis. Seeds with resin-vesicles.

3. Pseudotsuga. Leaves petioled, the scars transversely oval. Cones pendulous, their

scales persistent on the axis. Seeds without resin-vesicles.

•H- -H- Branchlets rough from the prominent persistent leaf-bases : cones pendulous, their
scales persistent on the axis.

4. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, with two lateral ducts. Seeds without

resin-vesicles.
••- «- Cones maturing the second year, their bracts becoming corky and thickened : leaves

in bundles of 2 to 5, their base surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales usually

serrulate.
6. Pinus. Resin-ducts inconstant in number and variously placed.

1. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

The small solitary aments axillary, or terminal upon short lateral branch-
lets : in staminate flowers the anther-cells are 4 to 8 under each shield-shaped
scale : cotyledons mostly 2. — Low shrubs or trees, with mostly thin shreddy
bark.

* Aments axillary: leaves ternate, free and jointed at base, linear- subulate,

pungent, channelled and white-glaucous above, not glandular-pitted. — Oxr-

CEDRUS.

1. J. communis, L. With spreading or pendulous branches: leaves
rigid, more or less spreading, 5 to 9 lines long : fruit dark blue, 3 lines in
diameter or more, 1 to 3-seeded.

Var. alpina, Gaud. Low and decumbent or prostrate : leaves shorter,
2 to 4 lines long, and less spreading. — The species is found in the moun-
tains from New Mexico and northward throughout British America, while
the variety has a range not quite so extensive.

* * Aments terminal: leaves ternate (or opposite), of two forms, mostly adnate

and scale-like, closely appressed and crowded upon the branches and often
glandular-pitted, occasionally more distant, free and subulate. — SABINA.
Ours belong to the group with bluish-black pulpy berries.

-t- Leaves fringed on the edges.

2 J. OCCidentalis, Hook. A shrub or small tree, with shreddy bark
and pale reddish-yellow wood : leaves closely appressed, obtuse or acutish :
berries 4 to 5 lines in diameter, with one or more seeds. — Northwest of our
range.

430 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.)

Var. monosperma, Eng. Often with eccentric layers of wood, of
scraggy growth, with short branchlets at right angles : leaves as often in
twos as in threes : berries smaller, often copper-colored, with mostly one
(sometimes 2 or more) grooved seed. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iii. 590.
From the Pike's Peak region of Colorado to W. Texas, Arizona, and
California.

•»- •*- Leaves entire or nearly so, and opposite.

3. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. A prostrate shrub with
appressed or slightly squarrose acute leaves in pairs, margin slightly or indis-
tinctly denticulate : berries on short recurved peduncles, 3 to 4 lines in diameter,
with 1 or 2, rarely 3 rough seeds. — From British Columbia and the Pacific
Coast to the Yellowstone River, the Great Lakes, and eastward to Maine and
Hudson's Bay.

4. J. Virginiana, L. The largest of our Junipers, sometimes becoming a
tree 60 to 90 feet high, commonly of pyramidal form, sometimes with rounded
spreading top, with shreddy bark and red and aromatic heartwood : branch-
lets slender, 4-angled, with obtuse or acutish leaves having entire margins :
berries on straight peduncles, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, with 1 or 2 angled mostly
grooved seeds. — Our widest spread species, with almost a continental distri-
bution, the region from Arizona to Utah, California, and Oregon alone being
excepted.

2. ABIES, Link. FIR.

Trees of pyramidal form and rapid growth, but with brittle and easily decay-
ing wood : leaves on the horizontal branchlets appearing 2-ranked by a twist
near the base, in ours bearing stomata on both sides, with two longitudinal
resin-ducts.

1. A. COncolor, Lindl. A large tree 80 to 150 feet high with a diameter
of 2 to 4 feet and a rough grayish bark: leaves mostly obtuse, pale green, with
the two resin-ducts close to the epidermis of the lower surface : cones oblong-cylin-
drical, 3 to 5 inches long and 1 to If inches in diameter, pale green or some-
times dull purplish; scales 12 to 15 lines wide, nearly twice wider than high. —
Has been mostly called A. grandis, which is much taller and has a more
northwestern range. A. amabilis (?) Watson, Bot. King Exped. Pinus con-
color, Eng. From Arizona and S. Colorado to Utah and California. Known
as " White Fir" on account of its gray bark.

2. A. SUbalpina, Eng. Not so tall, 60 to 80 feet hi^h, with very pale
and thin, smooth, or only in very old trees cracked, and ashy-gray bark: leaves
dark green above, sharp-pointed, with the two resin-ducts about equidistant from
upper and lower surface: cones oblong-cylindrical, 2^ to 3 inches long and 1 to
1 J inches in diameter, purplish brown ; scales nearly orbicular or sometimes
quadrangular, 6 to 10 lines long and broad. — Am. Nat. x. 555. A. grandis, in
part, of the Rocky Mountain botanists. On the higher mountains and near
to timber line, from Colorado northwestward to Oregon.

3. PSEUDOTSITGA, Carr. DOUGLAS SPRUCE.

A very large tree, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often at last more
spreading : leaves somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at the base, with stomata

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 431

only on the lower surface, close to the epidermis of which are the two lateral
resin-ducts.

1. P. Douglasii, Carr. A large tree, 150 to over 300 feet high, 6 to
15 feet in diameter, with very thick brown deeply fissured bark : leaves flat,
linear, 8 to 12 lines or more long: cones 2 to 4 inches long, subcylindrical ;
bracts more or less exsert and spreading or reflexed, giving a fringed ap-
pearance to the cones : seeds triangular, on the upper side convex and red-
dish brown, on the lower flat and white, 3 lines long. — Abies Douglasti,
Lindl. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and those of California, reaching
its greatest proportions in Oregon.

4. PICE A, Link. SPRUCE.

Tall pyramidal trees, with white soft tough timber : leaves spirally ar-
ranged around the branchlets, or somewhat 2-ranked.

1. P. Engelmanni, Eng. A tail pyramidal tree, 60 to 100 feet high,
with horizontal branches ; bark thin, scaly, reddish or purplish-brown ; branchlels
pubescent: leaves 6 to 15 lines long: fertile aments 9 to 10 lines long, dark pur-
ple: cone solitary, ovate-cylindric, about 2 lines long, reddish brown; scales
obovate-rhombic, subtruncate or emarginate, erose. — Abies Engelmanni, Parry.
In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and Oregon, forming exten-
sive forests.

2. P. pungens, Eng. Of strictly conical growth, with spreading
brandies ; bark thick, smooth, and gray, in older trees becoming very thick,
hard and ridged; branchlets smooth and shining: leaves 6 to 12 lines long,
more pungent: fertile aments 15 to 20 lines long, with pale shining rounded scales:
cones abundant, solitary or clustered, cylindrical, drooping, 2| to 5 inches long,
light brown ; scales oval or subrhombic, more or less elongated above, undulate
and retuse. — The form in the Rocky Mountains heretofore called Abies Men-
ziesii, which latter has a much more northwestward range and now bears the
name Picea Sitchensis, Carr. Commonly called " Balsam."

5. PIN US, Tourn., Link. PINE.

Trees, usually not so large as in the preceding genera, nor often of such
pyramidal habit, with wood of the greatest value : primary leaves (only on
seedlings and young shoots) flat, subulate and serrulate ; the secondary in bun-
dles, needle-shaped, terete, semiterete, or triangular, depending on the number
in a bundle.

§ 1. Scales slightly if at all thickened at the end and wholly destitute of prickle
or point : leaves in fives, with resin-ducts close to the epidermis, their sheaths
loose and deciduous : cones subterminal. — STROBUS. In ours the leaves are
entire or nearly so, and the cones subsessile.

1. P. flexilis, James. A tree about 60 feet high and 3 to 5 feet thick,
with furrowed gray bark: leaves l£ to 2 inches long: cones oval to subcylin-
dric, 3 to 5 inches long, light brown, with somewhat squarrose scales. —
Long's Exped. ii. 27. In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and
westward.

432 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.)

Var. albicaulis, Eng. A tree 40 or 50 feet high, becoming low and
shrubby at the highest elevations, with very pale bark ; cones oval or subglo-
bose, l£ to 3 inches long, l£ to 2£ inches thick, purple brown; scales much
thicker and somewhat pointed. — Bot. Calif, ii 124. P. albicaulis, Eug. On
alpine peaks in Montana, extending from the mountainous regions of Cali-
fornia to British Columbia.

§ 2. The woody scales thickened at the end, and usually spiny-tipped (sometimes
blunt-pointed). — PINASTER.

# Resin-ducts close to the epidermis : leaves with entire margins and loose decidu-

ous sheaths.

2. P. edulis, Eng. A low round-topped tree, branched from the base or
near it, 10 to 15 feet high: leaves mostly in pairs (rarely in threes), I to 1^
inches long, rigid, curved or straightish, spreading: cones sessile, subgfobose,

2 inches long ; tips of scales thick, truncate, raised-pyramidal but without aicns
or prickles : seeds brown, wingless, edible. — From S.Colorado and southward.
The " Pinon " or " Nut Pine " of the Indians. Westward it is replaced by
P. monophylla, Torr. & Frem.

3. P. Balfburiana, Jeffrey. A medium-sized tree, seldom over 50 feet
high and sometimes 5 feet in diameter, of regular pyramidal growth: bark red-
brown, deeply fissured: leaves in Jives, 1 to Ij inches long, rigid, curved,
crowded and appressed to the stem : cones pendulous from the slender branchlets,
subcylindrical, 3% to 5 inches long, dark purple ; tips of scales thick, ivith short
deciduous prickles : seeds pale, mottled, and winged. — West of our range.

Var. aristata, Eng. Tree 50 to 100 feet high : cones ovate, with thinner
scales, and with shorter recurved or slender awn-like prickles ': seeds smaller and
wings shorter. — Bot. Calif, ii. 125. P. aristata, Eng. From Colorado through
Nevada and Arizona to California.

* * Resin-ducts within the cellular tissue: leaves serrulate and with persistent

sheaths : cones subterminal.

4. P. ponderosa, Dougl. One of the largest pines (200 to 300 feet high
and 12 to 15 feet thick), with very thick red-brown bark, deeply furrowed and
split in large plates: leaves in threes, 5 to 11 inches long: cones oval, 3 to 5
inches long, 1£ to 2 inches thick, of a rich brown color, sessile or nearly so, often

3 to 5 together ; tip of scales with a stout straight or incurved prickle : seeds dark
brown, 4 lines long; wings 10 to 12 lines long, widest above the middle. — The
most magnificent and widely spread Western pine. Known as the " Yellow
Pine." The following form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains.

Var. SCOpulorum, Eng. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) : leaves 3
to 6 inches long, often in pairs : cones smaller, 2 or 3 inches long, grayish brown,
with stout prickles: seeds 2£ to 3$ lines long. — Bot. Calif, ii. 126. Most of the
P. ponderosa of the Rocky Mountains is of this variety.

5. P. contorta, Dougl. A low tree, 5 to 15 or rarely 25 feet high and
6 inches in diameter, with a rounded or depressed top and thin smoothish bark:
leaves in pairs, 1 to l£ inches long: cones clustered, oval or subcylindric, very
oblique ; tip of scales with strong knobs and delicate prickles : seeds black, grooved,
2 lines long ; wings 6 lines long, widest above the base and tapering upward. — A
Pacific Coast species from California to Alaska.

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 433

Var. Murrayana, Eng. Much taller and straighter, 80 to 120 feet high
and 4 to 6 feet in diameter, with a conical head and thin scaly light grayish-
brown bark : leaves 1 to 3 inches long, f t o 1 line wide, light green : cones very
rarely lateral, less ohlique- wings of seeds longer. — Bot. Calif, ii. 126.
P. Murrai/ana, Murr. P. cw'orta, var. i.atifolia, Eng. In the mountains of
Colorado and Utah, and extending northward and westward.

434 ISOET^E. (QUILLWORT FAMILY.)

SERIES !'.

PTERIDOPHYTA (VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS), or
FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES.

PLANTS destitute of proper flowers, that is, having no sta-
mens and pistils, and not producing seeds. A distinct axis
containing fibro-vascular bundles, as does the foliage when
there is any. Sexual reproduction by means of antheridia
and archegonia, one or both of which is formed on a prothal-
lus which is developed from the non -sexual spore and upon
which the conspicuous but non-sexual plant is produced.

CLASS I. LYCOPODINEvE.

Plants with a solid, dichotomously branched, leafy stem,
the leaves imbricated and often giving to the lower forms a
moss-like appearance, but may be distinguished from moss
leaves by their midrib. Sporangia in the axils of simple
leaves or bracts.

SUBCLASS I. HETEROSPOMLE.

Producing spores of two kinds, the larger (macrospores)
producing a prothallus with archegonia, the smaller (micro-
spores) producing a prothallus (rudimentary) with sperm-cells.
Leaves with ligules.

ORDER 91. ISOET^E. (QUILLWORT FAMILY.)

Mostly aquatic plants, with a short solid conn-like stem (trunK) and
elongated grass-like leaves, the bases of which are expanded and have
thin stipule-like infolded margins (the velum), which enclose large
simple ovoid thin- walled sporangia; the outer ones containing large
spherical trivittate macrospores; those of the inner leaves filled with
very minute grayish triangular microspores.

SELAGINELL^E. 435

1. ISOETES, L. QUILLWORT.

Characters those of the order. For an elaboration of the genus see Engel-
mann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 358. Our species (as reported at present)
belong to the group with bilobed trunks, are all submerged, with quadrangu-
lar leaves and an incomplete velum.

1. I. lacustris, L. Leaves stout, rather rigid, acute but scarcely tapering
dark or olive-green, 10 to 25 in number, 2 to 6 inches long, with no stomata:
sporangium orbicular to broadly elliptical, not spotted, with a rather narrow
velum ; macrospores 0.50 to 0.80 mm.1 in diameter, marked all over with distinct
or somewhat confluent crests; microspores smooth, 0.035 to 0.046 mm. in the longer
diameter. — Generally distributed throughout Northern America and New
England.

Var. paupercula, Eng. Leaves fewer (10 to 18), thinner, shorter (2 to
3 inches): spores smaller; macrospores 0.50 to 0.66 mm. in diameter; mi-
crospores somewhat granulated, 0026 to 0.036 mm. long. — Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iv. 377. Grand Lake, Middle Park, Colorado (Engelmann), and near
Mt. Shasta, California (Pringle}.

2. I. echinospora, Durieu, var. Braunii, Engelm. Leaves soft and
tapering, green or reddish green, erect or spreading, 13 to 15 in number, 3 to
6 inches long, generally with a few stomata towards the tip : sporangium as in
the last, but spotted and generally \ or even £ covered by a broad velum ;
macrospores 0.40 to 0.50 mm. thick, covered with broad retuse spinules, sometimes
somewhat confluent and then dentate or incised at tip ; microspores 0.026 to
0.030 mm. long, smooth. — Gray, Manual, 676. Lake at the head of Bear River,
Uinta Mountains ( Watson). The most common species eastward, but re-
ported only from the one station within our range. Apparently replaced
with us by the following.

3. I. Bolanderi, Engelm. Leaves erect, soft, bright green, tapering to a
fine point, 5 to 25 in number, 2 to 4^ inches long, generally not many stomata :
sporangium broadly oblong, mostly without spots, with a narrow velum ; macro-
spores 0.30 to 0.40 mm. thick, marked with minute low tubercles or warts ; micro-
spores 0.026 to 0.031 mm. long, generally spinulose, rarely smooth. — Am. Nat.
viii. 214. In ponds and shallow lakes in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada
of California, and Cascades.

ORDER 92. §ELAGINELL,£B.

Moss-like plants with slender branching stems and small leaves ar-
ranged in 4 or several ranks : sporangia minute, subglobose ; some
containing usually 4 globose macrospores ; others (smaller and more
abundant) filled with numerous microspores.

1. SELAGINELLA, Beauvois.

Characters those of the order. In ours the leaves are all alike arranged in
many ranks, those of the fruiting spikes 4-ranked.

i The millimeter is very nearly half a lino.

436 KHIZOCAKPE.E. (PEPPERWORT FAMILY.)

1. S. rupestris, Spring. Stems prostrate or ascending, rather rigid,
2 to 12 inches long, vaguely or subpinnately branching: leaves glaucescent,
closely imbricated and appressed, lanceolate, scarcely a line long, convex and
grooved on the back, bristle-tipped and ciliate : spikes strongly quadrangular :
macrosporangia abundant, intermixed with the slightly smaller and more
numerous microsporangia. — On dry rocks, especially in the mountains.

SUBCLASS II. ISOSPOEE^.
Producing but one kind of spore. Leaves without ligules.

ORDER 93. L,yCGPODIACE^E. (CLus-Moss FAMILY.)

Moss-like plants, with small leaves imhricated in 4 to many rows
on the pinnately or dichotornously branching steins, and (in ours) with
reniform 1 -celled sporangia in the axils of bracts formiug stalked or
sessile spikes.

1. LY CO PODIUM, L., Spring. CLUB-MOSS. GROUND-PINE.

Characters those of the order. In ours the leaves (bracts) of the spike are
yellowish, ovate or heart-shaped, very different from the other leaves.

1 . L. annotinum, L. Stems prostrate and creeping, 1 to 4 feet long ;
the ascending branches similar, dichotomous, 4 to 6 inches high : leaves in
several ranks, equal, spreading, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, serrulate, 2 to
4 lines long : spikes solitary at the ends of leafy branches. — From Colorado
to Washington Territory, eastward and northward across the continent.

CLASS II FILICIN^E.

Plants with a solid stem, which (in ours) is horizontal
and usually underground, bearing broadly expanded mostly
long-petioled leaves (fronds), with prominent midrib and
veins. Prothallus monoecious.

ORDER 94. KH1ZOCABPEJE. (PEPPERWORT FAMILY.)

Aquatic plants, with a horizontal stern floating upon the water or
running through the mud at the bottom of shallow water : leaves eir-
cinately developed, simple or quadrifid: spores of two kinds: the fruits
(conceptacles) borne on peduncles (in fact petioles), or sessile beneath
the stem.

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E. (ADDElTs-TONGUE FAMILY.) 437

1. Marsilia. Conceptacles somewhat crustaeeous, several-celled, containing both macro-

spores and microspores, solitary and peduncled. Leaves peltately quadrifoliolate,
with elongated petioles.

2. Azolla. Conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, one-celled, containing either macro-

sporangia with solitary macrospores or microsporangia with numerous microspores,
in pairs beneath the pinnately branched stems. Leaves minute, imbricated, and
2-lobed, apparently distichous.

1. MARSILIA, L.

Conceptacles ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of 2 vertical valves and
several transverse compartments in each valve ; their peduncles rising either
from the petiole or the rhizome. — Plants with slender creeping rootstocks,
growing in the mud under shallow water, with the leaves floating, or some-
times terrestrial.

1. M. vestita, Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy,
entire, 2 to 7 lines long and broad ; petioles 1 to 4 inches long : peduncles
free from the petiole : sporocarps short-peduncled, about 2 lines long, very
hairy when young. — From Texas to Oregon and California. In Yellowstone
Park (Coulter).

2. AZOLLA, Lam.

Small moss-like floating plants, the pinnately branched stems covered with
minute imbricated leaves and emitting rootlets on the under side: the
paired Conceptacles either both containing macrospores, or one of each kind ;
smaller Conceptacles acorn-shaped, containing a single macrospore ; larger
Conceptacles globose, and having a basal placenta which produces many pedi-
celled sporangia containing masses of microspores.

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Plant 4 to 12 lines broad, much branched:
leaves with ovate lobes, inferior lobe reddish, superior one green with a red-
dish border: macrospores with a minutely granulate surface: masses of
microspores glochidiate. — Floating on quiet waters, from Oregon to Arizona
and eastward to the Atlantic.

ORDER 95. OPHIOGL-OSSACE^E. (ADDERS-TONGUE
FAMILY.)

Leafy plants; the leaves (fronds) simple or branched, erect in
vernation : spores of one kind, borne in special spikes or panicles
in sporangia (without an elastic ring), which are formed by groups
of cells in the interior of the fruiting segments of the frond : prothallus
underground, destitute of chlorophyll.

1. BOTBYCHIUM, Swartz. GRAPE-FERN. MOONWORT.

Fronds with a posterior pinnatifid or compound sterile segment and an
anterior panicled fertile segment, the separate sporangia in a double row on
the branches of the panicle : bud enclosed in the base of the stalk.

438 FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.)

* Base of the stalk which encloses the bud closed on all sides : sterile division

more or less fleshy, the cells of the epidermis straiglrt.

H— Sterile division usually placed at or above the middle of the plant : frond

never hairy.

1. B. Lunaria, L. Plant 4 to 10 inches high, very fleshy : sterile division
sessile near the middle of the plant, oblong or ovate, once pinnatifid ; pinnae or
lobes semilunar from a broadly cuneate base, the sides concave, the outer
margin crenate or even incised. — From Colorado (Parry) and New England
northward.

2. B. lanceolatum, Angstr. Plant 2 to 10 inches high, scarcely fleshy :
sterile division high up on the plant, sessile, deltoid, once or twice pinnatifid
with oblique oblong-lanceolate acute segments. — From Colorado (Brandegee) to
New England and in the far North.

•*- •<- Sterile division placed low down on the plant.

3. B. Simplex, Hitchcock. Plant smooth, fleshy, 2 to 6 inches high:
sterile division short-pet ioled, varying from simple and round ish-obovate and 2 to
3 lines long, to triangular-ovate and deeply 3 to 7-lobed, or even to fully ternate
with incised divisions ; segments broadly obovate-cuneate or somewhat lunate :
fertile division 1 to 2-pinnate. — Yellowstone Park (Parry) and California;
eastward from Lake Superior to New England. Exceedingly variable, the
true form thought to be most nearly represented by

Var. compositum, Milde. A low alpine form with the sterile segment
an inch or less long, ternate, or composed of 3 ovate incised segments.

4. B. tematum, Swartz. Plant sparsely hairy, fleshy, 4 to 12 inches
high : sterile division long-petioled from near the base of the plant, broadly
deltoid, ternate and variously decompound; ultimate segments from roundish-
reniform and subentire to ovate-lanceolate and doubly incised : fertile division
2 to 4-pinnate. — Throughout North America. Exceedingly variable, with
many described varieties and synonyms.

* * Base of stalk which encloses the bud open along one side : sterile division

membranaceous, the cells of the epidermis flexuous.

5. B. Virginianum, Swartz. Plant sparsely hairy, 8 to 24 inches high :
sterile divisions sessile near the middle of the plant, broadly triangular, ternate ;
primary pinnae short-stalked, 1 to 3 times pinnatifid ; secondary pinnae ovate-
lanceolate ; ultimate segments toothed at the ends : fertile division 2 to 4-pin-
nate. — From Washington Territory to Colorado (Brandegee) and Texas, and
eastward across the continent.

ORDER 96. FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.)

Leafy plants ; the leaves (fronds) often much branched, circinate in
vernation, rising from a rootstock : spores of one kind, borne on the
under surface or margins of the leaves in sporangia (with an elastic
ring), which are developed from a single epidermal cell (hence modified
trichomes) : prothallus above ground, green. — The sporangia are usu-

FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) 439

ally collected in little masses (fruit-dots or son), which are often covered
by a scale (indusium), which is produced by a cellular outgrowth from
the frond, or by a general involucre funned from the infolded margin of
the frond. — Eaton, Ferns of North America.

Tribe I. Sori round or oblong, placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without
indusium. Stalk articulated to the rootstock. Veins free or reticulated. — POLYPODIES.

1. Polypodium. Character of the tribe.

Tribe II. Sori more or less elongated, without indusium, on the back of the frond or its
divisions, and usually following the veins, or only at the tips of the latter. Fronds often
scaly or tomentose, or covered beneath with colored powder. — GKAMMITIDE^E.

2. Notholaena. Sori but little elongated, often of very few sporangia, placed below the

tips of the veins near the margin of the lobes of the frond.

Tribe III. Sori close to the margin of the frond or its divisions, sometimes extending
down the veins, covered (at least when young) by an involucre opening inward and
either consisting of the margin or produced from it. — PTERIDEJE.

3. Cheilanthes. Sori minute, at the ends of the unconnected veins, covered by a usually

interrupted involucre. — Small ferns, often woolly, chaffy, or pulverulent.

4. Pellaea. Sori near the ends of the veins, often confluent. Involucre membranaceous,

continuous round the pinnules. Sterile and fertile fronds much alike and smooth ;
the stalk dark -colored.

5. Cryptogramme. Sori extending down the free veins. Involucre very broad, at

length flattened out and exposing the now confluent sori. Sterile and fertile fronds
unlike, smooth ; the stalk light-colored.

6. Pteris. Sporangia borne on a continuous vein-like marginal receptacle, which connects

the ends of the veins. Involucre continuous round the pinnules. Stalk light-
colored.

7. Adiantnm. Sporangia borne at the ends of the veins, on the under side of the re-

flexed margin of the frond. Midvein of the pinnules mostly eccentric or dissipated
into forking veinlets. Stalk dark-colored.

Tribe IV. Sori more or less elongated, borne on veins oblique to the midvein, covered by
a usually flattened indusium, which is attached to the fertile veinlet by one edge and
free at the other. — ASPLENIE^E.

8. Asplenium. Sori on the upper side of the fertile veinlet, less commonly on both sides

of it. Veins free.

Tribe V. Sori round or roundish, on the back or sometimes at the tip of the fertile vein-
lets, naked or with an indusium. Stalk not articulated to the rootstock. — ASPIDIE^E.
9. Phegopteris* Sori dot-like, minute, borne on the back of the fruiting veinlets ; indu-
sium none.

10. Aspidium. Sori round, borne on the back or at the apex of the veinlets ; indusium

orbicular or round-reniform. — Mostly large ferns.

11. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, delicate, fixed across the back of the veinlet by a

broad base, usually turned back by the ripening sporangia. — Delicate ferns with
small fronds.

12. Woodsia. Indusium placed beneath the sorus, and partly or wholly enclosing it,

divided into irregular lobes or into a delicate fringe. — Fronds small.

1. POLYPODIUM, L. POLYPODY.

In ours the veins are uniformly free.

1. P. vulgar e, L. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, 2 to 10 inches long,
ovate-oblong to oblong-linear, pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse or acute

440 FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.)

segments, the lowest ones rarely diminished : veins branched into 3 or 4 vein-
lets, the lowest ones on the upper side of the vein bearing at their thickened
ends the subglobose sori midway between the midrib and the margin of the
segments. — From the Rocky Mountains eastward to the Atlantic ; also
westward.

2. NOTHOLJSNA, E. Brown.

In ours the fronds are 3 to 5-pinnate, and covered beneath with a white or
yellow powder, the primary and secondary pinnae distinctly stalked, and the
ultimate pinnules very small, oval or 2 to 3-lobed.

1. N. Fendleri, Kunze. Frond 2 to 5 inches long, broadly deltoid-ovate,
4 to 5-pinnate ; rhachis and all its branches flexuous and zigzag, the piniise
alternate ; ultimate pinnules 1 to 2 lines long. — From Colorado to Arizona
and Texas. In clefts of exposed rocks.

N. DEALBATA, Kunze, reported near the eastern and southern limits of our
range, very likely occurs within it. It is closely allied to N. Fendleri, but
may be distinguished by its smaller fronds, which are triangular ovate and
3 or 4-pinnate, straight rhachis and branches, mostly opposite pinnae, and
ultimate pinnules hardly a line long.

3. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. LIP-FERN.

Small ferns, with 2 to 4-pinnate fronds, and the under surface either smooth
or variously covered with hair, wool, scales, or waxy powder. Ours belong to
the section in which the involucres are continuous around the greater part of
the margin of the very minute and bead-like ultimate segments, and the
lower surface of the fronds tomentose or scaly.

* Fronds tomentose beneath, but not scaly.

1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Fronds 2 to 4 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, tri-
piunate or bipinnate with pinnatifid pinnules ; ultimate segments less than a
line long ; upper surface scantily tomentose, the lower surface matted with jointed
woolly hairs; involucres herbaceous, very narrow. — From Arizona and Colorado
to British America and eastward to Wisconsin and Illinois. Grows in dense
tufts on dry exposed rocks.

2. C. Eatoni, Baker. Stalks with narrow scales as well as hairs : fronds
4 to 9 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, above woolly-pubescent, beneath matted-tomen-
tose and partly scaly, tripinnate ; ultimate segments £ line long, rounded obo-
vate ; margin continuously recurved, the edge membranaceous. — Colorado and
Arizona to Texas.

* * Fronds very scaly beneath, tomentum scanty or none.

3. C. Fendleri, Hook. Rootstock slender; its scales loose and nerve-
less: frond 3 to 6 inches long, tripinnate; ultimate pinnules rounded and
entire or obovate and 2 to 3-lobed, covered beneath with broadly ovate, acumi-
nate scales, which are sometimes sparingly ciliate at base. — From Colorado
to Arizona and Texas. In crevices of rocks.

FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) 441

4. PELL .S3 A, Link. CLIFF-BRAKE.

Allied to Cheilanthes, from which it differs chiefly iu the continuous invo-
lucre and smooth fronds (without tomentum or scales).

* Fronds herbaceous or sub-coriaceous ; veins clearly visible ; involucre broad and

usually covering the sporangia till they are fully ripe.

1. P. Breweri, Eaton. Rootstock short, densely covered with narrow ful-
vous chaff': fronds membranaceous, 2 to 6 inches long, simply pinnate with
mostly unequally 2-lobed pinnae. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 555. From Colorado to
Utah and California. In clefts of rocks.

2. P. gracilis, Hook. Rootstock very slender, creeping, nearly naked:
fronds very delicate, 2 to 4 inches long, oblong-ovate, pinnate with a few once
or twice pinnatijid pinnce ; segments oblong or obovate ; involucres broad and
delicate. — From Colorado northward, eastward through British America, and
southward again into Iowa, Pennsylvania, etc. Crevices of damp and shaded
limestone rocks.

* # Fronds subcoriaceous or coriaceous; veins rather obscure; involucre con-

spicuous.
•i- Pinnules obtuse, at least not mucronate: fronds 1 to 2-pinnate.

3. P. atropurpurea, Fee. Frond 6 to 12 inches long, evergreen, nearly
smooth, ovate-lanceolate, usually bipinnate below, simpler upwards; pinnules
oval to linear-oblong, ^ to 2 inches long. — From Arizona and Alabama
northward to British America and Canada. Crevices of shaded limestone
rocks.

H- •*— Pinnules decidedly acute or mucronate.

4. P. Wrightiana, Hook. Fronds 4 to 8 inches long, lanceolate to tri-
angular-ovate, bipinnate; pinna? longer than broad, having 3 to 13 oval or
oblong-oval pinnules, fertile ones with the margins rolled in to the midvein. —
From Colorado and Arizona to W. Texas. Mostly in exposed rocky places,
especially in canons.

5. P. densa, Hook. Fronds l£ to 2 inches long, ovate, closely tripinnate ;
ultimate segments linear, 3 to 6 lines long, sessile, sterile ones serrated. — In
California and Oregon; also at Jackson's Lake, Wyoming (Coulter). Clefts
of rocks.

5. CRYPTOGRAMME, R. Brown. ROCK-BRAKE.

Fronds rather small, and smooth, 2 to 4-pinnate, the fertile ones taller than
the sterile: stalks stramineous and tufted on a short rootstock.

1. C. acrostichoides, H. Br. Fronds 2 to 4 inches long, chartaceous,
ovate, closely 2 to 4-pinnate; pinnules ovate or obovate, adnate-decurrent,
those of the fertile fronds narrower and longer, the involucres very broad : sori
extending far down the veinlets. — Allosorns acrostichoides, Spreng. From
California, Colorado, and Lake Superior, northward to Arctic America. In
dense patches among rocks.

442 FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.)

6. PTERIS, L. BRACKEN.

In ours the rootstock is cord-like, and the fronds scattered, ternate, with
decompound divisions.

1. P. aquilina, L. Frond often very large, subcoriaceous, broadly tri-
angular, primary divisions stalked ; pinnae mostly pinnately lobed with several
to many rather short obtuse lobes, and with a sometimes very long subentire
apex. — Common everywhere, being the most widely distributed of ferns.

7. AD I ANT UM, L. MAIDENHAIR.

Stalk mostly blackened or very dark purplish-brown and commonly highly
polished.

1 - A. Capillus-Veneris, L. Fronds pyramidal, with the rhachis continuous
to the terminal pinnule, 9 to 18 inches long, often pendent, ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, 2 to 3-pinnate at base ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, | to 1 inch long,
deeply and irregularly incised, smooth; involucres lunulate or transversely
oblong. — From S. California to Utah, Arizona, Texas, and eastward to Vir-
ginia and Florida. In moist rocky places, especially about springs and along
water-courses.

2. A. pedatum, L. Frond often afoot broad; stalk forked at the top, the
branches recurved, and bearing several pinnate divisions on the upper side ; pri-
mary divisions 6 to 14, bearing numerous oblong or triangular-oblong pinnules,
which have the lower margin entire and the upper more or less lobed ; involucres
oblong-lunate or transversely linear. — Across the continent and far north-
ward, but apparently unreported as yet from our immediate range. In rich
moist woods, especially among rocks.

8. ASPLENIUM, L. SPLEENWORT.

Fronds varying from simple to highly decompound.

* Indusium straight or nearly so, attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely

double.

H— Fronds once pinnate, the pinna; numerous and sometimes toothed but not again
divided, somewhat rigid: rhachis dark and often polished.

1. A. TrichomaneS, L. Fronds usually 4 to 6 inches long, narrowly linear,
pinnate ; pinnae subsessile, roundish-oval or oval-oblong from an obtusely cuneate
or truncate base, entire or crenulate, rarely incised, falling separately from the
persistent rhachis. -7- Common throughout the United States and northward
into British America. Crevices of shaded rocks.

2. A. ebeneum, Ait. Fronds 9 to 18 inches high, linear-oblanceolate, pin-
nate; pinnae 6 to 18 lines long, firmly membranaceous, mostly alternate, sessile,
spreading, oblong or oblong-linear, somewhat auricled, crenately serrate or incised :
sori near the midvein. — Greenhorn Mountains, Colorado (Greene), Indian Ter-
ritory, and eastward to Canada and Florida.

FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) 443

•«- t- Fronds more than once pinnate or pinnatijid.

3. A. septentrionale, Hoffm. Fronds 3 to 6 inches high, subcoria-
ceous, the stalk alternately forked ; branches widening into a few (2 to 5) very
narrowly cuneate and acuminate entire or sparingly toothed segments : veins
closely parallel and forking : sori elongated, 1 to 3 to a segment. — Colorado
and New Mexico. In crevices of rocks.

* * Indusia variously curved, often crossing the fertile veinlet and continued a
short distance down the oilier side of it.

4. A. Filix-fcemina, Bernh. Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, softly membra-
naceous, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 3-piiinate ; pinnules adnate to the secondary
rhachis, ovate to elongated-lanceolate, variously toothed or incised : indusia
lacerate-ciliate. — Common almost everywhere.

9. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee.

Sori on the back of the veins below their attenuated apices. Differs from
Aspidium only in having no imlusium. In our species the fronds are trian-
gular, ternate, the primary divisions stalked, and the rhachis is not winged.

1. P. Dryopteris, Fee. Fronds smooth and thin, 4 to 10 inches wide and
long; lateral divisions divergent; all triangular and pinnate, the pinna? pin-
natifid into oblong, obtuse, entire or even pinuately lobed segments; lowest
inferior pinna of the lateral divisions equal to the second pinna of the middle di-
vision. — From the mountains of Colorado to Oregon, eastward through the
Northern United States, and far northward. Open rocky woods.

2. P. calcarea, Fee. Fronds minntelij glandular and somewhat rigid, 4 to
8 inches wide and lonjj ; lateral divisions ascending ; all triangular and pinnate,
the pinnse pinnatifid into oblong obtuse or even pinnately-lobed segments;
lowest inferior pinna of the lateral divisions equal to the third pinna of the middle
division. — Collected in Minnesota (Miss Cathcart), but, according to Professor
Eaton, to be expected from Lake Superior to Idaho.

10. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD FERX. WOOD FERN.

The round indusia attached to the middle of the sorus by a short central
stalk, or roundish-reniform and attached at the base of the sinus.

* Indusium roundish-reniform or orbicular with a narrow sinus: in ours the fronds

are larger, subcoriaceous or nearly so.

1. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, broadly oblong-
lanceolate, somewhat narrowed and twice pinnate towards the base ; pinnae
lanceolate-acuminate from a broad base ; pinnules or segments oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse or acute, toothed or incised, not glandular but sometimes
slightly chaffy beneath, the upper confluent : sori near the midvein, commonly
only on the lower half of each segment : stalks very chaffy with large scales.
— Occurs generally throughout the continent, in several varieties. In Colo-
rado and Dakota the following form has been found : —

444 FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.)

Var. incisum, Mett. Differs from the type in the rhachis with scanty
chaff ; the pinnules or segments rather distant, lanceolate, tapering to a sub-
acute point, and incised on the margin with serrated lobules. — Eaton, Ferns
N. Am. i. 312.

A. SPINULOSUM, Swartz, a very widely distributed and variable species,
is probably to be found within our range to the north and east. It has fronds
1 to 3 feet long, ovate to ovate-oblong, fully twice pinnate and but little nar-
rowed at base; pinnae short-stalked, the lowest ones triangular-lanceolate,
upper ones gradually narrower ; pinnules oblong, pinnate or pinnately incised
with spinulose-serrate lobes : indusium either smooth or glandular.

# # Indusium orbicular and entire, fixed by the depressed centre to the middle of

the sorus : pinnae, and pinnules often auricled on the upper side of the base.
2. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Fronds simply pinnate, 6 to 18 inches long
(stalks only 1 to 3 inches), linear-lanceolate ; pinnae broadly lanceolate, falcr.te,
sharply spinulose-serrate, tbe lower ones symmetrically triangular and shorter,
the upper ones strongly auricled. — In the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Mon-
tana, northward to British Columbia, and eastward to the Great Lakes.

11. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi.

Tufted ferns, with slender and delicate twice or thrice pinnate fronds, and
cut-toothed lobes.

1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Fronds 6 to 12 inches long, broadly lanceolate,
usually bipinnate ; pinnae oblong-ovate, pointed ; pinnules ovate or oblong,
variously toothed or incised. — Throughout North America. Usually in crev-
ices of shaded rocks and among stones.

12. WOOD SI A, R. Brown.

Small tufted ferns growing on exposed rocks. Ours have the stalks not
articulated, and the fronds glandular-pubescent or smooth, not chaffy.

1. "W. scopulina, Eaton. Fronds 4 to 8 inches long, puberulent beneath
with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands, oblong-ovate, pinnate with deeply
pinnatifid pinnae, the lobes oblong-ovate and crenulate : indusia deeplij clrft
into narrow segments terminating in jointed hairs. — From Colorado westward to
California and Oregon, and eastward to Dakota and Minnesota. In dense
masses on rocks and in crevices.

2. W. Oregana, Eaton. Very similar, but with smooth fronds, the fertile
taller than the sterile : the indusium reduced to a few moniliform hairs. — From
Arizona and Colorado to British Columbia and Lake Superior. Habits like
the last.

EQUISETACE.E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 445

CLASS III. EQUISETIN^E.

Plants with a hollow, elongated, grooved or striate, and
jointed stem, bearing at each node a whorl of narrow united
leaves which form a close sheath. The branches, arising from
the axils of these leaves, are therefore in whorls.

ORDER 97. EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)

Stems arising from subterranean rootstocks. Sterile leaves resem-
bling a toothed sheath at the joints; the fertile ones shield-shaped,
bearing sporangia on the under side, and forming a terminal spike or
cone.

1. EQUISETUM, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING RUSH.

Stems simple or branched, the joints having closed ends : leaves of the
fruiting cone 5 to 7-angled, and sporangia hood-like : spores round, furnished
with two slender filaments attached by the middle and clavate at the free
ends : prothallus above ground, green, usually dioecious.

* Stems of two kinds; the fertile (in spring) soft, pale, or brownish; the sterile

appearing later, herbaceous and very different; neither surviving the winter:
stomata scattered.

1. E. arvense, L. Fertile stems 4 to 10 inches high, with loose and
usually distant about 8 to 12-toothed sheaths, remaining simple and soon perish-
ing: sterile stems slender, at length 1 to 2 feet high, 10 to 14-furrowed, pro-
ducing long and simple or sparingly branched 4:-angular branches; their teeth 4.
— Across the continent, but more common eastward ; also far northward.
The "Common Horsetail."

2. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also fertile stems producing sim-
ple straight 3- angled branches : sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short
teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed : stems more slender and branches shorter
than in the last. — Colorado to Michigan and northward.

* * Stems all alike, evergreen, mostly unbranched: fruit produced in summer:

stomata in regular rows,

•i- Stems tall and stout (l£ to 6 feet high), mostly simple, evenly 15 to 40-grooved:
sheaths appressed.

3. E. Isevigatum, Braun. Stenis l£ to 4 feet high, sometimes with
numerous branches ; the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or minutely roughish with
minute tubercles : sheaths elongated, with a narrow black limb and about 22
linear-awl-shaped caducous teeth, \-keeled below. — From Colorado to Oregon,
and eastward to Illinois and Louisiana.

446 EQUISETACE^:. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)

4. E. robustum, Braun. Stems 3 to 6 feet high ; the ridges narrow, rough
with one line of tubercles: sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base,
rarely with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keeled teeth with ovate-awl-
shaped points. — From British America to Mexico, and extending eastward to
Louisiana and Ohio.

5. E. hiemale, L. Stems l£ to 4 feet high ; the ridges roughened by two
more or less distinct lines of tubercles: sheaths elongated, with a black girdle
above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17 to 26) narrowly linear teeth,
l-keeled at the base and with awl-shaped deciduous points. — In Utah and Wyo-
ming, to British America and the Atlantic States. The " Scouring Rush," or
'* Shave Grass."

H- H- Stems slender, in tujls, 5 to 10 grooved, sheaths looser.

6. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending, 6 to 18 inches long,
usually simple from a branched base, 5 to 1 Q-grooi'ed : sheaths green variegated
with black above; the 5 to 10 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Clear
Creek, Colorado ( Coulter), Utah, and Wyoming ; also in the Atlantic States
and northward.

7. E. SCirpoides, Miclix. Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform, 3 to 6
inches \\ig\\, flexuous and curving, mostlt/ G-grooved, with acute ridges: sheaths
3-toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent. — Utah and Wyoming ;
also in the North Atlantic States and northward.

INDEX.

Abies 420, 430

Arabis

15,19

Bilberry 227

Abronia 301, 302

Aralia

121, 122

Bindweed 265

Abutilon 41, 42

Araliaceaj

121

Birch 332

Acer 48, 49

Arceuthobium

322,323

Biscutella 16, 27

Acerates 238, 242

Archangelica

114, 118

Bitter Cress 18

Achillea 139, 198

Archemora

114, 121

Bitter- weed 181

Acnida 304, 305

Arctium

140, 212

Blackberry 79

Aconite 11

Arctostaphylos

22*5, 228

Black Snakeroot 114

Aconitum 2, 11

Arenaria

31,34

Bladder-pod 25

Actzea 2, 11

A r gem one

13

Bladderwort 290

Actinella 138, 105
Adder's-Tongue Family 437

Argythamnia
Aristida

324
399, 407

Bladderwort Family 290
Blazing Star 144

Adiantum 439, 442

Arnica

140, 205

Blueberry 227

Adoxa 123

Aromatic Wintergreen 228

Blue Cammas 340

Agrimonia 76, 87

Arrow grass

364

Blue eyed Grass 345

Agrimony 87

Arrow-head

361

Blue Grass 422

A^ropyrum 402, 425

Artemisia

139, 199

Blue-joint 426

Agrostis 399, 412

Aruncus

75,78

Bog-Rush 357

Aider 332

AsclepiaJaceaa

238

Boneset 142

Alfllaria 45

Asclepias

238, 239

Borrage Family 257

Alisma 361

Asclepiodora

238

Borraginaceae 257

Alismacese 361

Ash

236

Botrychium 437

Allionia 301,302

Aspen

339

Bottle Grasa 404

Allium 346, 317

Aspidium

430, 443

Bouteloua 400, 416

Alnus 331, 332

Asplenium

430, 442

Box-Elder 49

Alopecurus 399, 40G

Aster

132, 158

Boykinia 90, 92

Alum-root 94

Asteroiileae

130, 131

Bracken 442

Amarantacese 304

Astragalus

51,60

Brickellia 131, 143

Amarantli 301

A triplex

306, 300

Bristly Foxtail Grass 404

Amaranth Family 304

Avena

400,415

Brodisea 346, 349

Amarantus 304

Avens

81

Brome Grasa 425

Amarylliilaceso 345

Awlwort

25

Bromus 402, 425

Ambrosia 13i, 180

Azolla

437

Brookline 282

Amelanchier* 76, 88

Brookweed 235

American Cowslip 232
American Laurel 220

Baccharis
Bahia

132, 175
137, 192

Broom-Rape Family 289
Bryanthua 227, 229

American Pennyroyal 293

Balsam

431

BuchloS 400, 417

Ammannia KiO

Balsamorrhiza

135, 184

Buckthorn 46

Ammophila 400, 413

Baneberry

11

Buckthorn Family 46

Amorpha 50, 51, 59

Barbarea

16,23

Buckwheat Family 313

Ampelopsis 48

Barberry

12

Buffalo Berry 322

Anacardiacea5 49

Barben-y Family

12

Buffalo Grass 417

Anaphalis 133. 177

Barley

426

Bugle- weed 294

Andropogon 3 '8, 405

Barn-yard Grass

404

Bug-seed 311

And rosace 232, 234

Basil

295

Bulrush 366

Androstephiuro 346, 340

Bastard Toad-Flax

32:5

Bunch Grass 426

Anemone 2, 3

Bearberry

228

Bupleurum 113, 116

Angelica 114, 118

Beard Grass

405

Burdock 212

Angiospermae 1

Beard-tongue

273

Bur Grass 404

Antennaria 132, 175

Bwkmannia

398, 403

Bur-Marigold 180

Anthemideae 130, 138

Bedstraw

127

Burnet 87

Anthemis 139, 198

Bell-flower

225

Bur-reed

Apetalje 301

Bengal Grass

404

Butter-bur 203

Aphyllon 28 )

Bent Grass

412 Buttercup

A plectrum 340, 312

Berberidaceaa

12 Butterfly-weed 239

Aplopappus 131, 116

Berberia

12

Apoeynaceaa 237

Berula

113, 115

Cactaceae 109

Apocynum 237

Betula

3.31, 332

Cactus Family 109

Apple 89

Bidens

133, 189

Caesalpineae

Aquilegia 2, 9

Bigelovia

131, 149

Calamiut 295

448

INDEX.

Calamintha

293, 295

Clover

54

Dicotyledons

1

Calaudrinia

37

Club-Moss

436

Diplachue

401, 418

Callirrhoe

41

Club-Moss Family

436

Distichlis

402. 420

Callitrichaceae

328

Club Rush

806

Dock

317

Calochortus

346, 352

Cnicus

140, 212

Dodder

265

Caltha

2,9

Cockle

32

Dodecatheon

232

Calypso

340, 341

Cockle-bur

182

Dogbane

237

Calyptridium
Camass

37,39
350

Coldenia
Coleogyne

257, 258
75,80

Dogbane Family
Dog Fennel

237
198

Camassia

346, 350

Collinsia

271, 273

Dog's-tooth Violet

352

Campanula

225

Columbine

9

Dogwood

122

Carnpanulaceaa
Campanula Family

225
225

Comandra
Cornmelyna

323

355

Dogwood Family
Door-weed

122

318

Canary Grass

406

Commelynaceaa

355

Dougiasia

232, 234

Cancer-root

289

Compass Plant

178

Douglas Spruce

430

Cannabinacese

329'

Composite

129

Draba

15, 16

Caper Family

27

Composite Family

129

Dracocephal urn

293, 298

Capparidaceae

27

Coneflower

182

Dragon-head

Caprifoliaceaa

123

Coniferae

428

Drop-seed Grass

409, 410

Capsella

16,25

Convolvulaceaa

264

Dry as

75,81

Cardamine

15,18

Convolvulus

265

Duck's-meat

360

Cardinal Flower

224

Convolvulus Family

264

Duckweed

360

Carex

365, 370

Conyza

132, 174

Duckweed Family

360

Carpet-weed

112

Corallorhiza

340, 341

Dysodia

138, 197

Carum

113, 115

Coral-root

341

Caryopbyllaceaa

31

Cord Grass

405

Eatonia

401,419

Cashew Family

49

Cordy Ian thus

272, 286

Echinacea

135, 182

Cassia

51,73

Coreopsis

136, 189

Echinocactus

109, no

Castilleia

272, 283

Corispermum

306, 311

Echinocystis

108

Catabrosa

401, 419

Cornaceae

122

Echinospermum

257, 258

Catchfly

31

Cornel

122

ElEengnaceae

321

Cat's-tail Grass

410

Corn us

122

Elaeagnus

321

Cat-tail Family

359

Corydalis

13,14

Eiatinaceae

39

Cat-tail Flag

359

Cory 1 us

331, 838

Elatine

40

Caulanthus

15,21

Cotton Grass

368

Elder

124

Ceanothus

46,47

Cottonwood

339

Eleocharis

365, 368

Celastraceaa

46

Couch Grass

426

Ellisia

254, 255

Celtis

329, 330

Cowania

75,81

Elm

329

Cenchrus

395, 404

Cowbane

121

Elm Family

329

Centaury

243

Cow Parsnip

121

Elymus

402, 427

Centunculus

232, 2:35

Crab Grass

403

Enchanter's Nightsl

lade 106

Cerastium

31,33

Cranesbill

44

Endogens

340

Ceratophyllaceaa

Cras^ulaceae

98

Ephedra

428

Cercocarpus

75,80

Crataegus

76,88

Epilobium

101

Cereus

109, 110

Creosote-bush

43

Epipactis

341, 343

Chaenactis

138, 194

Crepis

141, 218

Equisetaceao

445

ChafFweed

Croton

324, 325

Equisetinae

445

Chamaebatiaria "

75,78

Crowfoot

6

Equisetum

445

Chamaelirium

347, 354

Crowfoot Family

2

Eragrostis

401, 419

Chamaerhodos

76,86

Cruciferae

15

Ericaceae

226

Chamaesaracha

267, 269

Cryptogramme

439, 441

EricinejB

226

Cheat

425

Cucurbita

108

Erigeron

132, 108

Cheilanthes

439, 440

Cucurbitaceae

108

Eriogonum

313

Chenopodiaceao

316

Cudweed

177

Eriophorum

365, 368

Chenopodium

306, 307

Cupuliferae

331

Eriophylluin

137 1!»2

Cherry

76

Currant

96

Erodium

44

Chess

425

Cuscuta

265, 266

Erysinium

15,22

Chick weed

33

Cycloloma

306, 307

Erythraea

242, 243

Chionophila

271, 279

Cymopterus

114, 118

Erythronium

346, 352

Chrysanthemum

139, 199

Cyperaceae

365

Eupatoriaceae

129, 130

Chrysopogon

395, 406

Cy penis

365

Eupatorium

130, 142

Chrysopsis

131, 145

Cypripedium

341, 344

Euphorbia

324, 325

Chrysosplenium

90,94

Cystopteris

439, 444

Euphorbiacea9

324

Cichoriaceui

130, 140

Eurotia

306, 311

Cicuta

113, 116

Dalea

51,57

Evax

132, 175

Cinna

400, 413 Dandelion

222

Evening Primrose

103

Circaea

101, 106 Danthonia

400, 415

Evening Primrose Family 100

Cladothrix

304, 305

Datura

268

Everlasting

175, 177

Clarkia

101,105

Daucus

121

Everlasting Pea

72

Claytonia

37,38

Day-Flower

355

Evolvulus

265, 266

Cleavers

127

Death Camass

353

Clematis

2

Delphinium

2, 10

Fallugia

75,81

Cleome

27

Deschampsia

400, 414 False Asphodel

354

'Cleomella

27,28

Devil's-Bit

3o4 ! False Dragon-Head

299

Cliff Brake

441

Deyeuxia

400, 413 False Hellebore

353

Cliff Rose

81

Dicentra

13, 14 False Indigo

59

Clot-bur

182

Dicoria

134, 180 False Mallow

41

INDEX.

449

False Red-top
False Solomon's Seal

422 ! Goodyera
350 Gooseberry

341, 343

Hosackia
Humulus

50,56
329, 331

Fntsia
F ,-ather Grass
Fendlera
Ferns
Ferula

121, 122
407
90, 93
438
114, 121

Goosetbot
Goosetbot Family
Goose-grass
Gourd Family
Grama Grass

307
306
318
108
416

Hydrophyllaceae
Hydrophyllum
Hymenatheruni
llymenopappus
Ilypericaceae

254
254
138, 197
137, 193
40

Fescue Grass

424 Gramineae

3i)7

Hypericum

40

Festuca

402, 424 Grape

48

llypoxys

345

Fetid Marigold

197 j Grape Fern

437

Ficoideae

112 Graphephorum

402, 422

Illecebraceae

303

Fig wort

273

Grass Family

397

Indian Currant

125

Figwort Family

271 Grass of Parnassus

95

Indian Grass

406

Filices

438 Gratiola

272, 281

Indian Hemp

23;

Filicinae

436

Grayia

306, 311

Indian Mallow

42

Fimbristylis

365, 369

Greasewood

312

Indian Pipe

231

Finger Grass

403 | Greek Valerian

2J2 Inuloideaf

130

Fir

430 ] Green Brier

355 1 lonidium

28, 30

Five finger

83 Green Caimnas

35;) | Ipomoaa

265

Flag

344

Green Foxtail

404

Iridaceae

344

Flavoria

138, 197

Green Meadow-Grass

422

Iris

344

Flax

42

Green Milkweed

242 Iris Family

344

Flax Family

42

Grindelia

131, 145 Iron-weed

141

Fleabane

168

Gromwell

2G3

Isoetae

434

Flower-do- Luce

344

Ground Cherry

269

Isoetes

435

Flowering Plants

1

Ground Pine

436

Iva

134, 179

Forestiera

236

Groundsel

206

Ivesia

76,86

Forget-me-not

263

Gum Plant

145

Four-o'clock

301

Gutierrezia

131,144

Jacob's Ladder

252

Four-o'clock Family

301 ! Gymnolomia

136, 185

Jamesia

90,95

Fowl Meadow-Grass

422 ; Gymnospermae

428

Jamestown Weed

268

Foxtail

404 Gypsy- wort

294

Jerusalem Artichoke

187

Foxtail Grass

4<)6

Joe-Pye Weed

142

Fragaria

75,82

Ilabenaria

340, 342

Juncaceae

356

Frankenia

31

Hackborry

330

Juncus

356, 357

Frankeniaceae

31

Hair Grass

412. 414

June-berry

89

Franseria

131, 181

Ha'.orageae

' 99

June Grass

422

Frasera

243, 246

Haploesthes

133, 204

Juniper

429

Fraxiuus

23!

Harebell

225

Juniperus

429

Fringed Gentians

2^3

Hawkweed

216

Fritillaria

346, 351

Hazel-nut

333

Kalmia

227,229

Froelichia

304, 305

Heath Family

226

Kel loggia

126

Fumariaceae

13

Hedeoma

293, 296

Kinnikihnick

228

Fumitory Family

13

Hedgehog Grass

404

Knot weed

318

HerJge Hyssop

281

Kobresia

365, 370

Gaillardia

138, 197

Heilge Mustard

23

Kochia

306, 307

Galingile

365

Hedysarum

51,72

Koeleria

401, 418

Galiuin

126, 127

Helenioideae

130, 137

Krigia

140, 215

G imopetalae

123

Helenium

138, 196

Krynitzkia

257, 260

Gaultheria

227, 228

Helianthella

136, 187

Kuhnia

131, 143

Gaura

101, 106

Heliantboideae

130, 133

Gayophytmn

101, 103

Helianthus

136, 185

Labiatae

292

Gentian

243

Heliopsis

135, 182

Labrador Tea

229

Gentiana

243

Heliotrope

258

Lactnca

141, 223

Gentianaceae

242

Heliotropium

257, 258

Lady's Tresses

343

Gentiauella

243

Hemicarpha

365, 368

Lady's Slipper

344

Gentian Family

242

Hemp Family

329

Lagoon Grass

426

Geraniaceae

43

Heracleum

114, 121

l^iportea

329,330

Geranium

44

Heucbera

90,94

Larkspur

10

Geranium Family

43

Hieracium

140, 216

Larrea

43

Goran lia

272, 283

Hierochloa

399, 406

Lathyrns

51,72

Germander

294

Hilaria

398, 405 Lauren tia

224

Gen in

75,81

Hippuris

99 Layia

136, 191

Gilia

247, 248

Hott'manseggia

51, 73

Lead Plant

59

Ginseng Family

121

Hogs' Potato

353

Ledum

227,229

Glasswort

312

Holodiscus

75,78

Leguminosae

50

Glaux

232, 233

Holy Grass

406

Lemna

360

Globe-flower

9

Honeysuckle

125

Lemnaceae

360

Glyceria
Glycosma
Glycyrrhiza
Gnaphalium

402, 423
113, 117
51, 59
133, 177

Honeysuckle Family
Hop
Hop-tree
Hordeum

123
331
45
402, 426

Lentibulariacese
Lepachys
Lepidium
Lettuce

290
135,183
16,26
223

Gnetaceae

428

Horned Pondwer'd

362

Leucocampyx

138, 198

Goafs-Beard

78

Horn wort Family

328

Leucocrinum

346, &50

Golden Aster

145

Horse Mint

297

Lrwisia

37, 39

Golden-rod

152

Horsetail

445

Liatris

131, 144

Golden Saxifrage

94 Horsetail Family

445

Ligusticum

114, 117

29

450

INDEX.

LiliacesD

345

Mint

294

Oxybaphus

301, 302

Lilium

346,351

Mint Family

292

Oxytenia

134, 180

Lily

351

Mirabilis

301

Oxytbeca

313, 316

Lily Family

345

Mistletoe

322

Oxytropis

51,69

Limosella

272,281 Mitella

90, 93

Oxyria

313, 317

Linacese

42

Mitre-wort

93

Linaria

271, 273

Mock Orange

95

Pachystima

46

Linnaea

123, 124

Mollugo

112

Painted Cup

283

Linum

42

Monarda

293, 297

Panic Grass

403

Lip Fern

440

Monardella

292, 295

Panicum

398, 403

Lippia

290, 291

Moneses

227, 25s9

Papaver

13

Liquorice

59

Monkey -flower

279

Papaveraceae

13

Listera

341, 343

Monkshood

11

Papilionaceae

50

Lithospermum

257, 263

Monocotyledons

340

Parietaria

329, 331

Lloydia

346, 352

Monolepis

306, 309

Parnassia

90,95

Loasaceae

106

Monotropa

227, 231

Paronychia

303

Lobelia

224

Monotropeae

227

Parrya

15,19

Lobeliaceae

224

Moouwort

437

Parsley Family

112

Lobelia Family

224 1 Morning-Glory

265

Parthenice

133, 179

Locust

59 Moschatel

123

Parthenium

133, 179

Lonicera
Loosestrife

123, 125 Mountain Mahogany
100 Mountain Mint

80
295

Paspaluui
Pear

398, 403
89

Loosestrife Family

100 Mountain Rice

408

Pearlwort

36

Lophanthus

293, 297

Mountain Sorrel

317

Pectis

138, 198

Loranthaceas

322

Mouse-ear Chick weed

33

Pedicularis

273, 287

Louse wort

287

Mouse-tail

5

Pellsea

439, 441

Lovage

117

Mudwort

281

Pellitory

331

Lungwort

262

Muulenbergia

399,409

Pennycress

26

Lupine

52

Munroa

401, 418

Pentstemon

271, 273

Lupinus

50,52

Musenium

113, 114

Peppergrass

26

Luzula

356

Musk Plant

280

I'epperwort Family

436

Lychnis

31,32

Mustard Family

15

Peraphyllum

76,89

Lycopodiaceaa

436

Myosotis

257, 263

Pericome

137, If (2

Lycopodineae

434

Myosurus

2,5

Petalostemon

51,58

Lycopodium

436

Myriophyllum

99

Petasites

13!), 203

Lycopus

292, 294

Peteria

51, 59

Lygodesmia

141, 220

Naiadaceae

361

Peucedanum

114, 119

Lyme Grass

427

Nam a

254, 257

Phaselia

254, 255

Lythraceae

100

Nasturtium

16,24

Phacnogamia

1

Lythrum

100

Negundo

48,49

Phalaris

399, 406

Nettle

330

Phegopteris

439, 443

Madder Family

126

Nettle Family

329

Philadelphus

90,95

Madia

136, 191

New Jersey Tea

47

Phleum

399, 410

Maidenhair

442

Nicotiana

268, 270

Phlox

247

Malacothrix

140, 216

Nightshade

268

Phoradendron

322

Mallow Family
Malvaceae

40
40

Nightshade Family
Nine-Bark

267

78

Phragmites
Physalis

401, 418

268, 269

Malvastrum

41

Notholama

439, 440

Physaria

16, 26

Mamillaria

109

Nothoscordum

346, 349

Physocarpus

75,78

Manna Grass

423

Nuphar

12

Physostegia

293, 298

Manzanita

228

Nut Pine

432

Picea

429, 431

Maple
Mark's- tail

49
99

Nyctaginaceaa
Nymphaeaceae

301
12

Pigweed
Pin-clover

307
45

Marsh Grass

405

Pine

431

Marsh Marigold
Marsilia

9
437

Oak

Oak Family

333

331

Pine-drops
Pine Family

231

428

Matricaria

139, 199

Oat

415

Pine-sap

231

Mayweed

198

(Enothera

101, 103

Pin-grass

45

Meadow Grass

420

Oleaceae

236

Pink Family

31

Meadow Parsnip

117

Olive Family

236

Pinon

432

Meadow Rue

5

Omphalodes

257, 259

Pi 11 us

429, 431

Meadow Sweet

77

Onagraceae

100

Plantaginaceas

299

Melampodium

133, 178

Onion

347

Plantago

299

Melica

402, 419

Onosmodium

257, 264

Plantain

299

Melic Grass

'419

Ophioglossacese

437

Plantain Family

299

Menodora

236, 237

Opuntia

109, 111

Pleurisy-root

239

Mentha

292, 294

Orchidaceae

340

Pleurogyne

243, 246

Mentzelia

'107

Orchis Family

340

Plum

76

Mertensia

257, 262

Orobanchaceae

289

Pneumonanthe

244

Microseris

140, 216

Orogenia

113, 115

Poa

402, 420

Milkweed

239

Orpine Family

98

Polanisia

27

Milkweed Family
Milk wort

238
30

Orthocarpus
Oryzopsis

272, 285
399, 408

Polemoniacese
Polemonium

247
247, 252

Milkwort Family

30

Osier

344

Polemonium Family

247

Millet

404

Osmorrhiza

113, 116

Polygala

20

Mimoseae

51

Oxalis

44,45

Polygalaceae

30

Mimulus

272, 279

Ox-eye Daisy

199

Polygoiiaceae

313

INDEX.

451

Polygonatum
Polygonum

346, 350 I Rosaceae
313, 318 Rose

74 ' Smelowskia
87 i Sinilaceae

16,24

354

Polypetalae
Polypodium

1

439

Rose Family
Rosin-weed

74 ! Smilacina
178 Smilax

346,350
355

Polypody

439

Rubiaceae

126

Smilax Family

354

Polypteris

137, 19i

Rubus

75,79

Sneeze-weed

196

Polytaenia

114, 121

Rudbeckia

133, 182

Snowberry

Pondweed
Pondweed Family

362
381

Rue Family
Rumex

45
313, 317

Soapberry Family
Solanaceae

48
267

Poplar

339

Rush

357

Solan urn

267, 208

Poppy
Poppy Family

13 Rush Family
13 Rush Grass

356

410

Solidago
Solomon's Seal

132, 152
3(30

Populus

334, 339

Rutaceae

45

Sonchus

141, 223

Portulaca

37

Sophora

50, 52

Portulacaceae

37

Sage

296

Sorrel

317

Potamogeton

332

Sage brush

199

Sow Thistle

223

Potentilla

75, 83

Sai^ina

31,36

Spanish Bayonet

351

Poterium

76,87

Sagittaria

361

Spanish Needles

190

Prairie Clover

58

Salicineae

334

Sparganiuin

359

Prenanthes

141, 220

Salicornia

306, 312

Spartina

398, 405

Prickly Poppy

13

Salix

334

Spatter-Dock

12

Primula

232, 233

Salmon-berry

79

Spear Grass

422

Primulaceae

232

Salvia

293,296

Specularia

225

Primrose *""

~233

Sambucus

123, 124

Speedwell

282

Primrose Family

232

Samolus

232, 235

Speirodela

360

Prosartes

347, 353

Samphire

312

Sphaeralcea

41,42

Prunus

74,76

Sand Grass

418

Spiderwort

355

Pseudotsuga
Psoralea

429, 430
50,56

Sandwort
Sanicle

34
114

Spiderwort Family
Spike Grass

355
420

Ptelea

45

Sanicula

113, 114

Spikenard

122

Pceridophyta

434

Santalaceae

323

Spike Rush

368

Pteris

432, 442

Sapindaceae

48

Spiraea

75,77

Pterospora

227, 231

Sarcobatus

306,312

Spiranthes

340,343

Puccoon

263

Saxifraga

90

Spleen wort

442

Pulse Family

50

Saxifragaceae

89

Sporobolus

399, 410

Pumpkin

108

Saxifrage

90

Spraguea

87, H9

Purshia

75,80

Saxifrage Family

89

Spring Beauty

3-J

Purslane

37

Schedonnardus

400, 416

Spruce

431

Purslane Family

37

Scheuchzeria

362, 364

Spurge Family

324

Putty-root

342

Schrankia

51,74

Squirrel-tail Grass

427

Pycnanthemum

292, 295

Scirpus

365, 366

Stachys

293, 299

Pyrola

227, 230

Scrophularia

271, 273

Staff- tree Family

46

Pyrolineae

227

Scrophulariaceae

271

Stanleya

15,22

Pyrrhopappus
Pyrus

141, 223

76,80

Scouring Rush
Scutellaria

445
293, 298

Star-grass
Starwort

. 345

158

Sea Blite

312

Steironema

232, 235

Quack Grass

426

Sea Milkwort

235

Stellaria

31,33

Quaking Asp

339

Sea Purslane

112

Stenosiphon

101, 105

Quercus

331, 333

Sedge

370

Stephanomeria

140, 215

Quill wort

435

Sed.^e Family

365

Stickseed

258

Quillwort Family

434

Sedum

98

Stick-tight

189

Quitch Grass

426

Selaginella

435

Stipa

399,407

Selaginellaj

435 St. John's-wort

40

Ragweed

180

Senecio

140, 206

St. John's-wort Family 40

RanunculaceaB

2

Seneciouideae

130, 139 Stonecrop

98

Rinunculus

2,6

Senna

73

Storksbill

44

Raspberry

79

Sensitive Briar

74

Strawberry

82

Rattlesnake Plantain

343

Service-berry

89 Strawberry Blite

309

Rattle-weed

60

Sesuvium

112 i Streptanthus

15,20

Ray less Golden-rod

149

Setaria

398, 404 Streptopus

347, 352

Red-top

412

Shave Grass

446 Suaeda

306, 312

Reed

418

Shepherdia

321, 322 Subularia

16,25

Reed Bent-Grass

413

Shepherd's Purse

25 ; Suckleya

306, 311

Reed Meadow-Grass

423

Shield Fern

443 i Sumach

49

Rhamnaceae

46

Shin -leaf

230

Sunflower

185

Rhamnus

46

Shooting-Star

232

Sweet Cicely

116

Rliinanthus

273, 288

Shrubbv Trefoil

45 Sweet Coltsfoot

203

Rhizocarpeaa
Rhus

436
49

Sibbaldia
Sidalcea

75, 81 Swertia
41 Symphoricarpos

243, 246
123, 125

Kibes

90,96

Silene

31

Synthyria

272, 281

Ribwort

299

Silkweed

239

Syriuga

95

Riddellia

137, 191

Silphium

133, 178

Robinia
Rock Brake

61,59
441

Sisymbriinn
Sisyrinchium

16,23 Talinum
344, 345 Tanacetuni

37
139, 199

inn

Rock Cress

19

Sium

113, 116

Tansy

199

Roman Wormwood

181

Skullcap

298 . Taraxacum

141,222

TO

Rosa

76,87

Slender Grass

418 Tare

71

452

INDEX.

Tarweed 191

Urticacese 328

Water-wort 40

Telliuia 90, 93

Urticew 329

Water-wort Family 39

Tetradymia 139, 204

Utricularia 290

White Fir 430

Teucrium 292, 294

White Sage 311

Thalictrum 2, 6

Vaccinieee 226

Whiteweed 199

Tiia.iniio.snia 45

Vaccinium 226, 227

Whitlow-Grass 16

Thaspium 114, 117

Valeriaua 128

Whitlow-wort 303

Thelesperma 130, 190

Valerianaceae 128

Whortleberry 228

Thelypodium 15, 21

Valerian Family 128

Wild Balsam-Apple 108

Thermopsis 50, 52

Vanilla Grass 406

Wild Oat Grass 415

Thimbleberry 80
Thin Grass 412

Venus's Looking-glass 225
Veratrum 347, 353

Wild Rye 427
Willow 334

Thistle 212

Verbena 2CO, 291

Willow Family 334

Thlaspi 16, 2(5

Verbeuacese 290

Willow-Herb 101

Thorn 88

Verbesina 136, 188

Wind flower 3

Thorn Apple 268

Vernonia 130, 141

Winged Pigweed 307

Thorough-wax 116

Vernoniaceae 129, 130

Winter Cress 23

1 horoughwort 142

Veronica 272, 282

Winter Fat 311

Tiarella 90, 93

Vervain 291

Wintergreen 230

Tickseed 189

Vervain Family 290

Wire Grass 357

Tillsea 98

Vesicaria 16, 25

Wolf-berry 125

Timothy 410

Vetch 72

Wolfsbane 11

Toad-Flax 273

Viburnum 123, 124

Woodbine 125

Tobacco 270

Vicia 61, 72

Wood Fern 443

Tofieldia 347, 354

Vine Family 48

Wood Grass 406

Townsendia 132, 156

Viola 28

Wood Nettle 330

Tradescantia 355

Violaoeze 28

Wood Reed Grass 413

Tragia 324

Violet 28

Wood Rush 356

Tribulus 43

Violet Family 28

Woodsia 439, 444

Tritblium 50, 54

Virginia Creeper 48

Wormwood 199

Triglochin 362, 364

Virgin's-Bower 2

Woundwort 299

Triodiii 401, 417

Vitacese 48

Wjethia 135184

Triplasis 401, 418

Vitis 48

Triple-awned Grass 407

Xanthium 134, 182

Trist-tum 400, 415

Water-Cress 24

Xerophyllum 347, 354

Trollius 2, 9

Water Hemlock 116

Trumpet Weed 142

Water Hemp 305

Yamp 115

Tubuliflorae 129

Water Horehound 294

Yarrow l!«

Tule 367

Waterleaf 254

Yellow Pine 432

Tumble-weed 305

Waterleaf Family 254

Yellow Pond-Lily 12

T way blade 343

Water-Lily Family 12

Yellow Rattle 288

Twin-flower 124

Water-Milfoil 99

Yucca 346, 351

Typha 359

Water-Milfoil Family 99

Typhaceae 359

Water Parsnip 116

Zanichellia 362

Water Pimpernel 235

Zauschneria 101

Ulmaeeae 329

Water-Plantain 361

Zinnia 135, 182

Ulmus 329

Water-Plantain Family 361

Z} gadenus 347, 353

Umbelliferae 112

Water-Starworts 328

Zygophyllaceae 43

Urtica 329, 330

ADDENDUM.

On page 380, after C. frigida, All., insert : —

28 a. C. misandra, R. Br. Slender, 3 to 8 inches high : leaves many,
narrow, 1 to 3 inches long : sheaths purplish, leafless, usually tipped by a short
setaceous bract : terminal spike pistillate above : spikes all ovate (£ inch or
less long), dull brown, hanging on slender peduncles from a half-inch to an
inch long : perigynium lanceolate, rough or serrate on the two margins, the
lower half occupied by the nearly flat 3-ribbed obovate akene, longer than the
obtuse brown scale. — C. fuliginosa, St. & Hoppe. In dense sod on Gray's
Peak, Colorado (//. N. Patterson, 1885); also in Arctic America. (Eu.)
C. misandra is the more recent name, but Sternberg and Hoppe applied the
name C. fuliginosa to this species, thinking it to be the C. fuliginosa of
Schkuhr, which is C. frigida, All. The species was first distinguished by
Robert Brown.

GLOSSARY

DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING

PLANTS.

A, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a

negative, or the absence of something; as, apetalous, without petals;

aphyllous, leafless, &c. If the word begins with a vowel, the prefix is

arc, as, arcantherous, destitute of anther.
Abnormal : contrary to the usual or the natural structure.
Abortive: imperfectly formed, or rudimentary.
Abrupt : suddenly terminating ; as, for instance,
Abruptly pinnate : pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end.
Acaulescent (acaulis) : apparently stemless ; the proper stem, bearing the

leaves and flowers, being very short or subterranean.
Accessory: something additional; as Accessory buds.
Accrescent : growing larger after flowering, as the calyx of Physalis.
Accumbent: lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when

they lie with their edges against the radicle.
Acerose: needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines.
Achenium (plural achenia) : a one-seeded, seed-like fruit.
Achlamydeous (flower) : without floral envelopes.
Acicular: needle-shaped; more slender than acerose.
Acorn : the nut of the Oak.

Acotijledonous : destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves.
Acrtigenous: growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses.
Acrocjens, or Acrogenous Plants: the higher Cryptogamous plants, such as

Ferns, &c.

Aculeate: armed with prickles, i e. aculei ; as the Rose and Brier.
Aculeolate : armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly.
Acuminate : taper-pointed.

Acute: merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle.
Adelphous (stamens): joined in a fraternity (adelphia) : see monadelphous

and diadelphous.

Adherent: sticking to, or, more commonly, growing fast to another body.
Adnate: growing fast to; it means born adherent. The anther is adnate

when fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation.
Adpressed, or appressed : brought into contact, but not united.

1

GLOSSARY.

Adscendent, ascendent, or ascending : rising gradually upwards.

Adsurgent, or assurgent : same as ascending.

Adventitious : out of the proper or usual place.

Adventive: applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly spontaneous

in a country, but hardly to be called naturalized.
^Equilateral: equal-sided; opposed to oblique.
^Estivation: the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud.
Air-cells, or Air-passages: spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems.
Ake'nium, or akene. See achenium.

A/a (plural a/ce) : a wing; the side-petals of a papilionaceous corolla.
Albescent : whitish, or turning white.
Albumen of the seed : nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, but

not within it.

Albuminous (seeds) : furnished with albumen.
Alpine : belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests.
Alternate (leaves) : one after another. Petals are alternate with the sepals,

or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals between

them.

Alveolate: honeycomb-like, as the receptacle of the Cotton-Thistle.
Ament: a catkin. Amentaceous: catkin-like, or catkin-bearing.
Amorphous: shapeless ; without any definite form.
Amphitropous (ovules or seeds) : half inverted, the micropyle and chalaza

being at opposite ends, and the hilum about half way betwe.en.
Amplectant: embracing. Amplexicaul (leaves): clasping the stem by the

base.

Ampulldceous : swelling out like a bottle or bladder.

Andntherous: without anthers. Andnthous: destitute of flowers ; flowerless.
Anastomosing: forming a net-work (anastomosis), as the veins of leaves.
Andtropous : (ovules or seeds): inverted, the micropyle and chalaza being

at opposite ends, and the hilum near the micropyle.
Ancipital (anceps) ; two-edged.

Androecium: a name for the stamens taken together.
Andrdg i/nous : having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster

or inflorescence.
Angiospermce, Angiospe'rmous Plants : with their seeds formed in an ovary or

pericarp.
Annual (plant) : flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed,

and then dying.

Annular : in the form of a ring, or forming a circle.
Annulate : marked by rings ; or furnished with an
Annulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns.
Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external : — while

the posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the

Pea, &c. the keel is anterior, and the standard posterior.
Anther: the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen.
Antherfferous : anther-bearing.

Anthesis: the period or the act of the expansion of a flower.
Anthocdrpous (fruits) : same as multiple fruits.
Antrdrse: directed upwards or forwards.

2

GLOSSARY.

Apetalous : destitute of petals.

Aphyllous : destitute of leaves, at least of foliage.

Apical : belonging to the apex or point.

Apiculate : pointletted ; tipped with a short and abrupt point.

Apocarpous (pistils) : when the several pistils of the same flower are sep-
arate.

Appendage: any superadded part.

Appendiculate : provided with appendages.

Appressed: where branches are close pressed to the stem, or leaves to the
branch, &c.

Aquatic : living or growing in water ; applied to plants whether growing
under water, or with all but the base raised out of it.

Arachnoid : cobwebby ; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres.

Arboreous, Arborescent : tree-like, in size or form.

Arcuate : bent or curved like a bow.

Areolate : marked out into little spaces or areolce.

Arillate (seeds) : furnished with an

Aril or Aril/us: a fleshy growth forming a false coat or appendage to a
seed.

Anstate : awned, i. e furnished with an arista, like the beard of Barley, &c.

Anstulate: diminutive of the last; short-awned.

Arrow-shaped or Arrow-headed : same as sagittate.

Articulated: jointed ; furnished with joints or articulations, where it separates
or inclines to do so.

Ascending (seeds or ovules), directed obliquely upward.

Assurgent: same as ascending,

Auriculate: furnished with auricles or ear-like appendages.

Awl-shaped : sharp-pointed from a broader base.

Awn: the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c. ; or any similar bristle-like
appendage.

Awned : furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip.

Axil: the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem.

Axile: belonging to the axis ; &c.

Axillary (buds, &c.) : occurring in an axil.

Axis: the central line of any body ; the organ round which others are at-
tached ; the root and stem.

Baccate: berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (in Latin bacca).

Barbate: bearded; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs.

Barbed : furnished with a barb or double hook ; as the apex of the bristle on
the fruit of Kchinospermum (Stickseed), &c.

Bdrbellate: said of the bristles of the pappus of some Composite (species of
Liatris, &c.), when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when dentic-
ulate, but shorter than when plumose.

Barbellulate : diminutive of barbellate.

Bark : the covering of a stem outside of the wood.

Basal: belonging or attached to the

Base : that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its support.

Beaked: ending in a prolonged narrow tip.

3

GLOSSARY.

Bearded: see barbate. Beard is sometimes used popularly for awn, more
commonly for long or stiff hairs of any sort.

Bell-shaped : of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell.

Berry : a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape.

Bi- (or Bis), in compound words : twice ; as

Biart iculate : twice jointed, or two-jointed; separating into two pieces.

Biaurtculate : having two ears.

Bicallose: having two callosities or harder spots.

Bicdrinate: two-keeled, as the upper palea of Grasses.

Bictpital (Biceps) : two-headed ; dividing into two parts at the top or
bottom.

Bicdnjugate : twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice.

Bide'ntate: having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate).

Biennial: of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one season,
flowering and dying the next.

Bifid : two-cleft to about the middle.

Bifo'liolate : a compound leaf of two leaflets.

Bifurcate : twice forked ; or, more commonly, forked into two branches.

Bilabiate : two-lipped, as the corolla of sage, &c.

Bildmellate: of two plates (lamella), as the stigma of Mimulus.

Bildbed : the same as two-lobed.

Bildcular : two-celled ; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, most Saxi-
frages, &c.

Binate : in couples, two together.

Bipartite : the Latin form of two-parted.

Bipinnate (leaf) : twice pinnate.

Bipinndtifid : twice pinnatifid, that is, pinnatifid with the lobes again
pinnatifid.

Biplicate : twice folded together.

Bise"rial, or Bise'riate : occupying two rows, one within the other.

Biserrate : doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf, &c. are themselves
serrate.

Biternate : twice ternate ; i. e. principal divisions 3, each bearing 3 leaflets,
&c.

Bladdery : thin and inflated.

Blade of a leaf : its expanded portion.

Boat-shaped : concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small boat.

Bract (Latin, bractea). Bracts, in general, are the leaves of an inflorescence,
more or less different from ordinary leaves. Specially, the bract is the
small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel pro-
ceeds ; and a

Bractlet (bracteola) is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk.

Bristles: stiff, sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appear-
ance.

Bristli/ : beset with bristles.

Bud: a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state.

Bud-scales : the modified leaves of the bud.

Bulb : a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean.

Bulbiferous : bearing or producing bulbs.
4

GLOSSARY.

Bulbose, or bulbous : bulb-like in shape, &c.

Bulblets : small bulbs, borne above ground, as on the stems of the bulb-
bearing Lily.

Bulb-scales : the modified leaves of bulbs.
Bullate : appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble).

Caducous : dropping off very early, compared with other parts ; as the calyx

in the Poppy family, falling when the flower opens.
Ccespitose, or Ce'spitose : growing in turf-like patches or tufts, like most

sedges, &c.
Cdlcarate : furnished with a spur (calcar), as the flower of Larkspur and

Violet.
Calculate or Cdlceiform : slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's

Slipper.

Cdllose : hardened ; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots.
Calculate : furnished with an outer accessory calyx (calyculus) or set of

bracts looking like a calyx.

Ca/yptriform : shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher.
Calyx: the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower.
Campdnulate : bell-shaped.
Campyltftropous : curved ovules and seeds, the chalaza and hilum being near

together, and the micropyle at the other end of the curved axis.
Canaliculate: channelled, or with a deep longitudinal groove.
Cdncellate: latticed, resembling lattice-work.
Canescent : grayish-white ; hoary, usually because the surface is covered

with fine white hairs. Inc.anous is whiter still.
Capilldceoiis, Capillary: hair-like in shape; as fine as hair or slender

bristles.
Capitate : having a globular apex, like the head on a pin ; as the stigma of

Cherry ; or forming a head, like the flower-cluster of Button-bush.
Capiteliate : diminutive of capitate.
Capitulum (a little head) : a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessile

flowers.

Capreolate : bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril).
Capsule: a pod, any dry dehiscent seed-vessel.
Cdpsular : relating to, or like a capsule.
Carina : a keel ; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, which

are combined to form a body shaped somewhat like the keel (or ratiier

the prow) of a vessel.
Cdnnate ; keeled; furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower

side.

Cartipsis, or Carytipsis: the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, &c.
Corneous : flesh-colored ; pale red.
Cdrnose : fleshy in texture.
Carpel, or Carpidium: a simple pistil, or one of the parts or leaves of which

a compound pistil is composed.
Cdrpellary: pertaining to a carpel.

Carpophore: the stalk or support of a fruit or pistil within the flower.
Cartilaginous, or Cartilagineous : firm and tough, like cartilage, in texture.

5

GLOSSARY.

Caruncle : an excrescence at the scar of some seeds ; as those of Polygala.

Carunculate : furnished with a caruncle.

Caryophijlldceous : pink-like : applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed petals.

Catkin: a scaly deciduous spike of flowers, an ament.

Caudate : tailed, or tail pointed.

Caudex : a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms ; an upright rootstock.

Caulescent : having an obvious stem.

Caulicle: a little stem, or rudimentary stem.

Cauline: of or belonging to a stem (caulis, in Latin).

Cell (diminutive Cellule) : the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c., one of the

elements or vesicles of which plants are composed.
Centrifugal (inflorescence) : produced or expanding in succession from the

centre outwards. The radicle is centrifugal, when it points away from

the centre of the fruit.
Centripetal : the opposite of centrifugal.
Cereal : belonging to corn, or corn-plants.
Cernuous: nodding; the summit more or less inclining.
Chaff: small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Composite;

the glumes, &c. of Grasses.

Chaffy : furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.
C/ialdza : that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together.
Channelled: hollowed out like a gutter; same as canaliculate.
Character : a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c.

which distinguish it from all others.
Chartdceous : of the texture of paper or parchment.

Chlorophyll : the green grains in the ceils of the leaf, and of other parts ex-
posed to the light, which give to herbage its green color.
Ciliate : beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles,

like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name.
Cinfreous, or Ctnerdceous : ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes.
Circinate: rolled inwards from the top, like a crosier, as the shoots of

Ferns.
Circumscissile, or Circumcissile : divided by a circular line round the sides, as

the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c.
Circumscription : the general outline of a thing.
Cirrhiferous, or Cirrhose : furnished with a tendril (Latin, cirrhus); as the

Grape-vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as

the leaf -stalks of Virgin's-bower.
C/dthrate : latticed ; same as cancellate.

Cldcate : club-shaped ; slender below and thickened upwards.
Claw: the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks.
Climbing : ris'ng by clinging to other objects.
Club-shaped : see clavate.

Clustered: leaves, flowers, &c. aggregated or collected into a bunch.
Clypeate : buckler-shaped.
Coalescent : growing together.
Coarctate : contracted or brought close together.

Cobwebby : same as arachnoid ; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.
Cdccus (plural cocci) : anciently a berry ; now mostly used to denote the
6

GLOSSARY.

carpels of a dry fruit which are separable from each other, as of Eu-
phorbia.

Cochledriform : spoon-shaped.

Cdchleate : coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.

Coherent, in Botany, is usually the same as connate.

Collum or Collar: the neck or line of junction between the stem and the
root.

Columella: the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often at-
tached, as in Geranium, or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea
and Rhododendron.

Column : the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united
into one body, as in the Orchis family.

Columnar : shaped like a column or pillar.

Coma : a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair).

Ctfinose : tufted ; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed.

Commissure: the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbellif-
era, such as Parsnip, Caraway, &c.

Common: used as " general," in contradistinction to " partial" ; e. g. " com-
mon involucre."

Complanate : flattened.

Complete (flower), with the four floral organs.

Complicate : folded upon itself.

Compressed : flattened on two opposite sides.

Conduplicate: folded upon itself lengthwise, as are the leaves of Magnolia in
the bud.

Cone : the fruit of the Pine family.

Confluent : blended together : or the sa,me as coherent.

Confirmed : similar to another tiling it is associated with or compared to ; or
closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.

Congested, Conglomerate : crowded together.

Conjugate : coupled ; in single pairs.

Connate : united or grown together from the first.

Connective, Connectiuum : the part of the anther connecting its two cells.

Connwent : converging, or brought close together.

Continuous: the reverse of interrupted or articulated.

Contorted : twisted together. Contorted aestivation : same as convolute.

Contracted : either narrowed or shortened.

Contrary: turned in an opposite direction to another organ or part with
which it is compared.

Cdnvolute : rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation. In
estivation, same as contorted.

Cordate : heart-shaped.

Coriaceous : resembling leather in texture.

Corky : of the texture of cork. Corky layer of bark.

Corm, Cormus : a solid bulb, like that of Crocus.

Corneous : of the consistence or appearance of horn, as the albumen of the
seed of the Date, Coffee, &c.

Corniculate : furnished with a small horn or spur.

Cordlla : the leaves of the flower within the calyx.

7

GLOSSARY.

Corolldceous, Coralline : like or belonging to a corolla.

Cortina: a coronet or crown ; an appendage at the top of the claw of some

petals, as Silene and Soapwort, or of the tube of the corolla of Hound's-

Tongue, &c.

Cortfnate : crowned ; furnished with a crown.
Cortical: belonging to the bark (cortex).
Corymb : a sort of flat or convex flower-cluster.
Corymbose : approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way ;

arranged in corymbs.

Costa : a rib ; the midrib of a leaf, &c. Costate : ribbed.
Cotyledons : the first leaves of the embryo.
Crateriform : goblet-shaped ; broadly cup-shaped.
Creeping (stems) : growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting.
Cremocarp : a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae.
Crenate, or Crenelled : the edge scalloped into rounded teeth.
Crested, or Cristate : bearing any elevated appendage like a crest.
Cribrose : pierced like a sieve with small apertures.
Crown : see corona.

Crowning: borne on the apex of anything.
Cruciate, or Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the four spreading petals of the

Mustard, and all the flowers of that family.
Crustaceous: hard, and brittle in texture ; crust-like.
Cryptdgamous, or Cryptogamic : relating to Cryptogamia.
CucuRate: hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or a

hood (cucidlus), as the spathe of Indian Turnip.
Culm : a straw ; the stem of Grasses and Sedges.
Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped.
Cup-shaped: same as cyathiform, or near it.
Cupule : a little cup ; the cup to the acorn of the Oak.
Cupnlate : provided with a cupule.
Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp and stiff point.

Cut : same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep division.
Cuticle : the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle.
Cydthiform : in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.
Cycle : one complete turn of a spire, or a circle.
Cyclical: rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.
Cylindraceous : approaching to the
Cylindrical form ; as that of stems, &c., which are round, and gradually if at

all tapering.

Cymbceform, or Ci/mbiform : same as boat-shaped.
Cyme: a somewhat flat-topped cluster of centrifugal inflorescence.
Cymose : furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.

Deca- (in composition of words of Greek derivation) : ten ; as
Decdgynous : with 10 pistils or styles. Decandrous: with 10 stamens.
Deciduous: falling off, or subject to fall, said of leaves which fall in autumn,

and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.
Declined : turned to one side, or downwards.
Decompound : several times compounded or divided.
8

GLOSSARY.

Decumbent : reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise.
Decurrent (leaves) : prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion.
Decussate: arranged in pairs which successively cross each other.
Definite: when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.
Deflexed': bent downwards.
Dehiscence: the mode in which an anther or a pod regularly bursts or splits

open.

Dehiscent : opening by regular dehiscence.

Deliquescent : branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches.
Deltoid : of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital A.
Demerged: growing below the surface of water.
Dendroid, Dendritic : tree-like in form or appearance.
Dentate: toothed (from the Latin dens, a tooth).
Denticulate : furnished with denticulations, or very small teeth : diminutive

of the last.

Depauperate (impoverished or starved) : below the natural size.
Depressed: flattened, or as if pressed down from above; flattened vertically.
Descending: tending gradually downwards.
Dextrorse : turned to the right hand.
Di- (in Greek compounds) : two, as

Diddelphous (stamens) : united by their filaments in two sets.
Didndrous: having two stamens.
Diaphanous: transparent or translucent.
Dichlamydeous (flower) : having both calyx and corolla.
Dich6tomous : two-forked.

Diclinous : having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another.
Dictfccous (fruit) : splitting into two cocci, or closed carpels.
Dicotyledonous (embryo) : having a pair of cotyledons.
Didt/mous: twin.
Didynamous (stamens) : having four stamens in two pairs, one pair shorter

than the other.

Diffuse: spreading widely and irregularly.
Dijitate (fingered) : where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on

the apex of the petiole.

Diyynous (flower) : having two pistils or styles.
Dimerous: made up of two parts, or its organs in twos.
Dimidiate : halved ; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed,

or a stamen has only one lobe or cell.
Dimorphous : of two forms.
Dioecious, or Dioicous: where the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers

on different plants.

Dipetahus: of two petals. Diphyllous: two-leaved. Dipterous: two-winged.
Disciform or Disk-shaped: flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.
Disk: the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like

the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin ; a fleshy

expansion of the receptacle of a flower.
Dissected: cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.
Dissepiments: the partitions of an ovary or a fruit.
Distichous : two-ranked.

9

GLOSSARY.

Distinct: uncombined with each other.

Divaricate: straddling; very widely divergent.

Divided (leaves, &c.) : cut into divisions extending about to the base or the

midrib.

Dodeca- (in Greek compounds) : twelve; as
Dodecdrj ijnous : with twelve pistils or styles.
Dodecandrous : with twelve stamens.
Dolabriform: axe-shaped.

Dorsal: pertaining to the back (dorsum) of an organ.
Double Flowers, so called : where the petals are multiplied unduly.
Downy : clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.
Drupe: a stone-fruit.

Drupaceous : like or pertaining to a drupe.
Dwarf: remarkably low in stature.
E-, or Ex-, at the beginning of compound words, means destitute of ; as

ecostate, without a rib or midrib ; exalbuminous, without albumen, &c.
Eared : see auriculate.
Ebrdcteate : destitute of bracts.
Echinate : armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinulate : a diminutive

of it.

Edentate : toothless.
Eglandulose : destitute of glands.
Ellipsoidal : approaching an elliptical figure.
Elliptical : oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded.
Emdrginate : notched at the summit.

Embryo: the rudimentary undeveloped plantlet in a seed.
Emersed : raised out of water.
iZndocarp : the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit.
Endosperm : another name for the albumen of a seed.
Ensiform : sword-shaped ; as the leaves of Iris.

Entire : the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even.
Ephemeral : lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c.
Epi-t in composition : upon ; as
Epicarp : the outermost layer of a fruit.
Epidermal : relating to the Epidermis, or the skin of a plant.
Epiqceous : growing on the earth, or close to the ground.
Epfyynous : upon the ovary.
Epiptfalous : borne on the petals or the corolla.
Epiphyllous : borne on a leaf.

Epiphyte : a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it.
Episperm : the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.
Equal: same as regular; or of the same number or length, as the case may

be, of the body it is compared with.
Equally pinnate : same as abruptly pinnate.
fiquitant (riding straddle).
Erose: eroded, as if gnawed.
Erdstrate : not beaked.
Estivation : see (estivation.

Etiolated: blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.
10

GLOSSARY.

Evergreen: holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or
longer.

Exalbuminous (seed) : destitute of albumen.

Excurrent: running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a
leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree.

Explanate : spread or flattened out.

Exserted: protruding out of.

Exstipulate: destitute of stipules.

Extra-axillary : said of a branch or bud a little out of the axil.

Extrdrse: turned outwards ; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the fila-
ment on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side.

Falcate: scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.

Farinaceous: mealy in texture. Farinose: covered with a mealy powder.

Fdsciate: banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.

Fascicle: a close cluster.

Fascicled, Fasciculated: growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Pine
and Larch.

Fastiy/'ate: close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar.

Faveolate, Fdvose : honeycombed ; same as alveolate.

Feather-veined : where the veins of a leaf spring from along the sides of a
midrib.

Female (flowers) : with pistils and no stamens.

Fene'strate : pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.

Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous : resembling iron-rust ; red-grayish.

Fertile : fruit-bearing, or capable of producing fruit ; also said of anthers
when they produce good pollen.

Fertilization: the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed.

Fiddle-shaped : obovate with a deep recess on each side.

Filament: the stalk of a stamen; also any slender thread-shaped appen-
dage.

Filame'ntose, or Filamentous : bearing or formed of slender threads.

Filiform : thread-shaped ; long, slender, and cylindrical.

Finibfiate : fringed; furnished with fringes (fimbrUe).

Fislular or Fistulose: hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion.

Flabelliform or Flabellate: fan-shaped; broad, rounded at the summit, and
narrowed at the base.

Flagellate, or Flage'lliform: long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a
whip ; or like the runners (flagellat] of the Strawberry.

Flavescent : yellowish, or turning yellow.

Fleshy : composed of firm pulp or flesh.

Flexuose, or Flexuous: bending gently in opposite directions, in a zigzag
way.

Floating: swimming on the surface of water.

F/dccose : composed, or bearing tufts, of woolly or long and soft hairs.

Flora (the goddess of flowers) : the plants of a country or district, taken to-
gether, or a work systematically describing them.

Floral: relating to the blossom.

Floral Envelopes : the leaves of the flower.

11

GLOSSARY.

Floret : a diminutive flower ; one of the flowers of a head (or of the so-called

compound flower) of Compositse.

Flower: the whole organs of reproduction of Phaenogamous plants.
Flower-bud : an unopened flower.

Folidceous: belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium}.
Ftfliose : leafy ; abounding in leaves.
Fdliolate: relating to or bearing leaflets (foliola).
Follicle : a simple pod, opening down the inner suture.
Follfcular : resembling or belonging to a follicle.
Foramen : a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule.

Fornix : little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comf rey.
Ftirnicate : over-arched, or arching over.
Foveate: deeply pitted. Fove'olate: diminutive of foveate.
Free : not united with any other parts of a different sort.
Fringed : the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c.
Frond: what answers to leaves in Ferns ; the stem and leaves fused into

one body, as in Duckweed and many Liverworts, &c.
Frtfndose : frond-bearing ; like a frond : or sometimes used for leafy.
Fructification : the state of fruiting.

Fruit : the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with.
Frutescent: somewhat shrubby ; becoming a shrub (frutex).
Fruticulose: like a small shrub. Fruticose.- shrubby.
Fugacious : soon falling off or perishing.
Fulvous : tawny ; dull yellow with gray.
Funfculus : the stalk of a seed or ovule.
Funnel-form, or Funnel-shaped: expanding gradually upwards, like a funnel

or tunnel.
Furcate: forked.

Furfurdceous : covered with bran-like fine scurf.
Furrowed : marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.
Fuscous : deep gray-brown.
Fusiform : spindle-shaped.

Gdleate : shaped like a helmet (galea) ; as the upper sepal of the Monkshood,

and the upper lip of the corolla of Dead-Nettie.

Gamopetalous : of united petals ; same as monopetaJous, and a better word.
Gamophyllous : formed of united leaves. Gamosepalous : formed of united

Geminate : twin ; in pairs ; as the flowers cf Linnsea.
Gemma : a bud.

Gemmation : the state of budding, or the arrangement of parts in the bud.
GeniculaU: bent abruptly, like a knee (genu), as many stems.
Genus : a kind ; a rank above species.

Germ : a growing point ; a young bud ; sometimes the same as embryo.
Germination : the development of a plantlet from the seed.
Gibbous : more tumid at one place or on one side than the other.
Glabrate: becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous.
Glabrous : smooth, i. e. having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence.
Gladiate : sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris.
12

GLOSSARY.

Glands: small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other pro-
ducts : they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange,
Prickly Ash, &c. ; sometimes on the surface as small projections ; some-
times raised on hairs or bristles (glandular hairs, $*c.), as in the Sweet-
brier and Sundew. The name is also given to any small swellings, &c.,
whether they secrete anything or not.

Glandular, Glandulose : furnished with glands, or gland-like.

Glans ( Gland) : the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits.

Glaucescent : slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.

Glaucous : covered with a bloom, viz. with a fine white powder that rubs off
like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf.

Globose: spherical in form, or nearly so. Gldbular: nearly globose.

Glochidiate (hairs or bristles) ; barbed ; tipped with barbs, or with a double
hooked point.

Gldmerate : closely aggregated into a dense cluster.

Gldmerule : a dense head like cluster.

Glumaceous : glume-like, or glume bearing.

Glume: Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particularly,
the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet.

Granular: composed of grains. Granule: a small grain.

Grumous or Grumose : formed of coarse clustered grains.

Guttate : spotted, as if by drops of something colored.

Gyrnnocdrpous : naked-fruited.

Gymnospermous : naked-seeded.

Gyndndrous : with stamens borne on, i. e. united with, the pistil.

Gyncecium : a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether.

Gynobase ; a particular receptacle or support of the pistils, or of the carpels
of a compound ovary, as in Geranium.

Gynophore : a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, as in the Cleome
Family.

Habit : the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth.

Habitat : the situation in which a plant grows in a wild state.

Hairs : hair-like projections or appendages of the surface of plants.

Hairy: beset with hairs, especially longish ones.

Halberd-shaped or Halberd-headed : see hastate.

Halved : when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away.

Hamate or Hamose: hooked ; the end of a slender body bent round.

Hdmulose : bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last.

Hastate or Hasti/e : shaped like a halberd ; furnished with a spreading lobe
on each side at the base.

Heart-shaped : of the shape of a heart as commonly painted.

Helicoid: coiled like a helix or snail-shell.

Helmet : the upper sepal of Monkshood in this shape.

Herni- (in compounds from the Greek) : half ; e. g. Hemispherical, &c.

Hemicarp : half-fruit, or one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant.

Herbaceous : of the texture of common herbage ; not woody.

Hermaphrodite (flower) : having both stamens and pistils in the same blos-
som ; same as perfect.

13

GLOSSARY.

Heterdgamous : bearing two or more sorts of flowers as to their stamens and

pistils ; as in Aster, Daisy, and Coreopsis.
Heteromdrphous : of two or more shapes.
Hexagonal : six-angled.

Hilum : the scar of the seed ; its place of attachment.
Hirsute : hairy with stiffish or beard-like hairs.

Hispid: bristly : beset with stiff hairs. Hispidulous is a diminutive of it.
Hoary : grayish-white; see canescent, &c.
Homo'gamous : a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind, as in Eupa-

torium.

Homogeneous : uniform in nature ; all of one kind.
Hood : same as helmet or galea. Hooded : hood-shaped ; see cucullate.
Hooked: same as hamate.

Horn : a spur or some similar appendage. Horny : of the texture of horn.
Humifuse: spread over the surface of the ground.
Hyaline : transparent, or partly so.
Hybrid: a cross-breed between two allied species.
Hypocrateriform : salver-shaped.
Hypogoean: produced under ground.
Hyptigynous: inserted under the pistil.

Imbricate, Imbricated, Imbricative: overlapping one another, like tiles or
shingles on a roof, as the scales of the involucre of Zinnia, &c., or the
bud-scales of Horsechestnut and Hickory. In aestivation, where some
leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by others.

Immarginate : destitute of a rim or border.

Immersed: growing wholly under water.

Impari-pinnate : pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex.

Imperfect /lowers : wanting either stamens or pistils.

Inequilateral : unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia.

Incanous: hoary with white pubescence.

Incised: cut rather deeply and irregularly.

Included: enclosed; when the part in question does not project beyond
another.

Incomplete Flower : wanting calyx or corolla.

Incrassated: thickened.

Incumbent: leaning or resting upon : the cotyledons are incumbent when the
back of one of them lies against the radicle ; the anthers are incum-
bent when turned or looking inwards.

Incurved: gradually curving inwards.

Indefinite: not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12).

Indehiscent: not splitting open ; i. e. not dehiscent.

Indigenous: native to the country.

Induplicate: with the edges turned inwards.

Indusium : the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern.

Inferior: growing below some other organ.

Inflated: turgid and bladdery.

Inflexed : bent inwards.

Inflorescence : the arrangement of flowers on the stem.
14

GLOSSARY.

Infra-axillary : situated beneath the axil.

Infundibuliform or Infundibular : funnel-shaped.

Innate (anther) : attached by its base to the very apex of the filament.

Insertion: the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its sup-
port.

Internode: the part of a stem between two nodes.

Interruptedly pinnate: pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger
ones, as in Water Avens.

Intrafollaceous (stipules, &c.) : placed between the leaf or petiole and the
stem.

Introrse : turned or facing inwards, i. e. towards the axis of the flower.

Inverse or Inverted : where the apex is in the direction opposite to that of
the organ it is compared with.

fnvolucel: a partial or small involucre.

Inrolucellate : furnished with an involucel.

Involucrate: furnished with an involucre.

Involucre : a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head.

Involute, in vernation : rolled inwards from the edges.

Jointed : separate or separable at one or more places into pieces.

Keel: a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two ante-
rior petals of a papilionaceous corolla.
Keeled : furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.
Kidney-shaped: resembling the outline of a kidney.

Labellum: the odd petal in the Orchis Family.

Labiate: same as bilabiate or two-lipped.

Lacmiate: slashed ; cut into deep narrow lobes (called lacinice).

Lactescent: producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c.

Lcevigater smooth as if polished.

Lamellar or Lamellate: consisting of flat plates (lamellae).

Lamina : a plate or blade : the blade of a leaf, &c.

Lanate: woolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs.

Lanceolate : lance-shaped.

Lanuginons : cottony or woolly.

Latent buds : concealed or undeveloped buds.

Lateral: belonging to the side.

Latex: the milky juice, &c. of plants.

Lax: loose in texture, or sparse ; the opposite of crowded.

Leaflet : one of the divisions or blades of a compound k-af.

Leaf-like: same as foliaceoits.

Leather >/ : of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous.

Legume : a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea, the

fruit of the Tea Family (Leguminous), of whatever shape.
Lenticular: lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides.
Lepidote : leprous ; covered with scurfy scales.
Ligneous, or Liynose : woody in texture.
Ligulate : furnished with a ligule.

15

GLOSSARY.

Ligule : the strap-shaped corolla in many Composite, the little membranous

appendage at the summit of the leaf -sheaths of most Grasses.
Limb,; the blade of a leaf petal, &c.
Linear : narrow and flat, the margins parallel.
Lingulate, Linguiform : tongue-shaped.
Lip : the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, the odd and peculiar

petal in the Orchis Family.

Lobe: any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c.
Locellus (plural locelli) : a small cell, or compartment of a cell, of an ovary

or anther.

Ldcular : relating to the cell or compartment (loculus) of an ovary, &c.
Loculicidal (dehiscence) : splitting down through the middle of the back of

each cell.

Lament: a pod which separates transversely into joints.
Lorate : thong-shaped.

Lunate: crescent-shaped. Lunulate: diminutive of lunate.
Lyrate: lyre-shaped ; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulatc outline, the

end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in Winter

Cress and Radish.

Maculate : spotted or blotched.

Male (flowers) : having stamens but no pistil.

Marcescent: withering without falling off.

Marginal: belonging to the edge or margin.

Marginate: margined, with an edge different from the rest.

Masked : see personate.

Median : belonging to the middle.

Medullary : belonging to, or of the nature of pith (medulla) ; pithy.

Membranaceous or Membranous : of the texture of membrane ; thin and more

or less translucent.

Mericarp : one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant.
Mesocarp: the m'ddle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable into

three layers

Micropyle : the orifice of the ovule or seed.
Midrib : the middle or main rib of a leaf.
Mitriform : mitre-shaped ; in the form of a peaked cap.
Monadelphous : stamens united by their filaments into one set.
Mondndrous (flower) : having only one stamen.

Momfiform : necklace-shaped ; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals.
Monochlamydeous : having only one floral envelope, i. e. calyx but no corolla,

as Anemone and Castor-oil Plant.
Monocotyle-donous (embryo) : with only one cotyledon.
Moncecious, or Monoicous (flower) : having stamens or pistils only.
Mondgt/nous (flower) : having only one pistil, or one style.
Monoptialous (flower) : with the corolla of one piece.
Monophyllous : one leaved, or of one piece.
Monosepalous : a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one

body.
16

GLOSSAEY.

Monospermous : one-seeded.

Monstrosity : an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form.

Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt short point (macro).

Mucrtinulate : tipped with a minute abrupt point ; a diminutive of the last.

Midti-, in composition : many ; as

Multangular: many-angled. Mu/ticipital : many-headed, &c.

Multifarious ; in many rows or ranks. Multifid: many-cleft.

Multilticular : many -celled. Multiserial : in many rows.

Mdricate : beset with short and hard points.

Mdrifonn : wall-like ; resembling courses of bricks in a wall.

Muticous : pointless ; beardless ; unarmed.

Ndpiform : turnip-shaped.

Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country, but growing perfectly wild
and propagating freely by seed.

Namcular : boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses.

Necklace-shaped : looking like a string of beads ; see moniliform.

Nectar : the honey, &c. secreted by glands, or by any part of the corolla.

Nectariferous : honey-bearing ; or having a nectary.

Nectary : old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual
shape, especially whc'n honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped petals
of Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals
of Monkshood.

Needle-shaped: long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines.

Nerve: a name for the ribs or veins of leaves, when simple and parallel.

Nerved : furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins.

Netted-veined : furnished with branching veins forming network.

Nodding (in Latin form, Nutant) : bending so that the summit hangs down-
ward.

Node : a knot ; the " joints " of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair
of leaves springs.

Ndlose: knotty or knobby. Ntidulose: furnished with little knobs or knots.

Normal: according to rule; the pattern or natural way according to some
law.

Nut : a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit ; as a chestnut, butternut,
acorn.

Nutlet : a little nut ; or the stone of a drupe.

Ob- (meaning over against) : when prefixed to words, signifies inversion ; as,

Obcompressed : flattened the opposite of the usual way.

Obcdrdale : heart-shaped with the broad and notched end at the apex instead

of the base.

Obldnceolate ; lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards.
Oblique: applied to leaves, &c. means unequal-sided.
Oblona: from two to four times as long as broad, and more or less elliptical

in outline.

Obduate : inversely ovate, the broad end upward.
Obtuse : blunt, or round at the end.
Obverse : same as inverse.

17

GLOSSARY.

Obvolute (in the bud) : when the margins of one leaf alternately overlap

those of the opposite one.
Cchreate: furnished with ochrece (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths;

as in Polygon urn.

Ochroleucous : yellowish-white ; dull cream-color.
Offset: short branches next the ground which take root.
One-ribbed, One-nerved, &c. : furnished with only a single rib, &c., &c.
Opaque, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining.
Operculate: furnished with a lid or cover (operculum), as the capsules of

Mosses.
Opposite : said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem

from each other (i.e. in pairs). Stamens are opposite the petals, &c.

when they stand before them.

Orbfcular, Orbiculnte: circular in outline or nearly so.
Organ : any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c.
Ortfuttropous (ovule or seed) : straight, the chalaza and hilum being at one

end, the micropyle at the other.
Osseous: of a bony texture.
Oval: broadly elliptical.

Ovary : that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds.
Ovate: shaped like an egg witli the broader end downwards, or, in plane sur-
faces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise.
Ovoid : ovate or oval in a solid form.
(Jvule: the body which is destined to become a seed.

Palea (plural palece) : chaff; the inner husks of Grasses ; the chaff or bracts
on the receptacle of many Composite, as Coreopsis, and Sunflower.

Paleaceous: furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.

Palmate: when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex
of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers.

Palmately (veined, lobed, &c.) : in a palmate manner.

Panicle: an open cluster; like a raceme, but more or less compound.

Panicled, Paniculate: arranged in panicles, or like a panicle.

Papery : of about the consistence of letter-paper.

Papilionaceous: butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of the
Pea and the Locust-tree.

Papilla (plural papillce) : little nipple-shaped protuberances.

Papillate, Papillose: covered with papilla?.

Pappus: thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle,
and other Composite, represents the calyx; so the scales, teeth, chaff,
as well as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in this fam-
ily, are called the pappus.

Parallel-veined, or nerved (leaves).

Parenchyma : soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves.

Parietal (placentae, &c.): attached to the walls (parieles) of the ovary or
pericarp.

Parted : separated or cleft into parts almost to the base.

Partial involucre, same as an involuccl: partial petiole, a division of a main
18

GLOSSARY.

leaf-stalk or the stalk of a leaflet : partial peduncle, a branch of a ped-
uncle : partial umbel, an umbellet.

Patent : spreading ; open. Patulous : moderately spreading.

Panel-, in composition: few; as pauciflorous, few-floweied, &c.

Pear-shaped : solid obovate, the sliape of a pear.

Pectinate: pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions,
like the teeth of a comb.

Pedate : like a bird's foot ; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divis-
ions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c.

Pedately cleft, lobcd, &c. : cut in a pedate way.

Pedicel: the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster.

Police/late, Pe'dicelled : furnished with a pedicel.

Peduncle : a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower-cluster.

Peduncled, Pedunculate : furnished with a peduncle.

Peltate : shield-shaped : said of a leaf, whatever its sliape, when the petiole
is attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin.

Pendent: hanging. Pendulous: somewhat hanging or drooping.

Penicillate : tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil ; as the
stigmas of some Grasses.

Pepo : a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber.

Perennial : lasting from year to year.

Perfect (flower) : having both stamens and pistils.

Perforate : passing through the leaf, in appearance.

Perforate : pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as
an Orange-leaf.

Perianth: the leaves of the flower generally, especially when we cannot
readily distinguish them into calyx and corolla.

Pericarp : the ripened ovary ; the walls of the fruit.

Perigynium : bodies around the pistil ; applied to the closed cup or bottle-
shaped body which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles,
little scales, &c. of the flowers of some other Oyperaceae.

Perlgi/nous : the petals and stamens borne on the calyx.

Persistent : remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as
the leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, &c. of such flowers as remain
during the growth of the fruit.

Personate : masked ; a bilabiate corolla with a projection, or palate in the
throat, as of the Snapdragon.

Petal : a leaf of the corolla.

Peta/oid : petal-like; resembling or colored like petals.

Petiole : a footstalk of a leaf ; a leaf-stalk.

Petioled, Petiofate : furnished with a petiole.

Petiolnlate : said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leaf-stalk.

Phcendjamous, or Phanerdyamo'ts : plants bearing flowers and producing
seeds ; same s Flowering Plants.

Piliferons : bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilum), or beset with hairs.

Pilose: hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs.

Pinna : a primary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnato leaf.

Pinnule: a secondary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate
leaf.

19

GLOSSARY.

Pinnate (leaf) : when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common

petiole.

Pinndtifid : same as pinnately cleft.
Pistil : the seed-bearing organ of the flower.
Pith : the cellular centre of an exogenous stem.

Pitted : having small depressions or pits on the surface, as many seeds.
Placenta : the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached.
Plane: flat, outspread.
Plumose : feathery ; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus) is

beset with hairs along its sides, like the plumes or the beard on a

feather.
Plumule : the little bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the

cotyledons.

Pod : specially a legume, also applied to any sort of capsule.
Pointless: destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro,aum, acumination, &c.
Pollen : the fertilizing powder of the anther.
Pollen-mass : applied to the pollen when the grains all cohere into a mass,

as in Milkweed and Orchis.
Poll/- (in compound words of Greek origin) : same as multi- in those of Latin

origin, viz. many ; as
Polyadelphous: having the stamens united by their filaments into several

bundles.

Polt/dndrous : with numerous (more than 20) stamens (inserted on the recep-
tacle).

Poli/cotijledonous : ha. ing many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines.
Polygamous : having some perfect and some separated flowers, on the same

or on different individuals, as the lied Maple.
Polygonal: many-angled.
Polygynous : with many pistils or styles.
Polymorphous: of several or varying forms.
Polypetalous : when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or

many).

Pome : the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits.
Porous : full of holes or pores.

Pouch: the silicic or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse.
Prcemdrse : ending abruptly, as if bitten off.

Prickles: sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose.
Prickly : bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.
Prismatic: prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat or

hollowed sides.

Process: any projection from the surface or edge of a body.
Procumbent: trailing on the ground.
Produced: extended or projecting, as the upper sepal of a Larkspur is

produced above into a spur.
Proliferous (literally, bearing offspring) : where a new branch rises from an

older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another, as in Filago

Germanica, &c.

Prostrate : lying flat on the ground.

Prwnose, Pruinate: frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost.
20

GLOSSARY.

Pubtfrulent : covered with fine and short, almost imperceptible down.
Pubescent : hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or pubescence.
Pulverulent, or Pulveraceous: dusted; covered with fine powder, or what

looks like such.

Pulvinate : cushioned, or shaped like a cushion.
Punctate : dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such (as the

leaves of St. John's-wort and the Orange), or with minute projecting

dots.

Pungent: very hard, and sharp-pointed ; prickly-pointed.
Pyramidal : shaped like a pyramid.
Pyxis, Pi/ocidium : a pod opening round horizontally by a lid.

Quadri-, in words of Latin origin : four ; as
QuadrdngiUar : four-angled. Quadrifuliate : four-leaved.
Quadrifid: four-cleft.

Raceme : a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the

sides of a general peduncle.
Racemose : bearing racemes, or raceme-like.
Rachls : see rhackis.
Radial: belonging to the ray.
Radiate, or Radiant : furnished with ray-flowers.
Radical : belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.
Rddic.ant : rooting, taking root on or above the ground, like the stems of

Trumpet-Creeper and Poison-Ivy.
Radicle : the stem-part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the

root.

Rameal: belonging to a branch. Ramose: full of branches (rami).
Rdmulose : full of branchlets (ramuli).
Raphe : see rhaphe,
Raij : the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis), or cluster (as of

Hydrangea), when different from the rest, especially when ligulate, and

diverging (like rays or sunbeams) ; the branches of an umbel, which

diverge from a centre.
Receptacle: the axis or support of a flower; the common axis or support of

a head of flowers.

Reclined : turned or curved downwards ; nearly recumbent.
Recurved : curved outwards or backwards.

Reduplicate (in aestivation) : valvate with the margins turned outwards.
Re/fexed: bent outwards or backwards.

Refracted : bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.
Rcaular : all the parts similar.
Reniform: kidney-shaped.
Repdnd: wavy-margined.

Repent : creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.
Replum: the persistent frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and

Cress), after the valves fall away.

Reproduction: organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit.
Resupinate: inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.

21

GLOSSARY.

Reticulated : the veins forming network.

Retroflexed : bent backwards; same as reflexed.

Refuse : blunted; the apex not only obtuse, but somewhat indented.

Revolute : rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves.

Rhachis (the backbone) : the axis of a spike, or other body.

Rhaphe: the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous
ovule or seed.

Rhdphides : crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants.

Rhizdma : a rootstock.

Rhombic: in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal : approaching that shape.

Rib: the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces, of the framework of
a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body.

Rmgent : grinning ; gaping open.

Rootlets: small roots, or root-branches.

Rootstock : root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground.

Rosaceous : arranged like the petals of a rose.

Rostellate: bearing a small beak (rostelhim).

Rostrate: bearing a beak (rostrum) or a prolonged appendage.

Rdsulate: in a regular cluster of spreading leaves, resembling a full or dou-
ble rose, as the leaves of Houseleek, &c.

Rotate: wheel-shaped.

Rotund: rounded or roundish in outline.

Rudimentary : imperfectly developed, or in an early state of develop-
ment.

Rugose : wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles.

Ruminated (albumen) : penetrated with irregular channels or portions filled
with softer matter, as a nutmeg.

Runcinatc: coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards
the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.

Runner: a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints,
as of a Strawberry.

Sac: any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.

Sagittate : arrowhead-si inped.

Salver-shaped, or Salver-form : with a border spreading at right angles to a

slender tube, as the corolla of Phlox.

Samara: a wing-fruit, or key, as of Maple, Ash, and Elm.
Sdmaroid : like a samara or kev -fruit.
Sap: the juices of plants generally. Ascending or crude sap. Elaborated

sap, that which has been digested or assimilated by the plant.
Sdrcocarp: the fleshy part of a stone-fruit.
Sarmentdceous : bearing long and flexible twigs (sarments), either spreading

or procumbent.
Saw-toothed: see serrate.
Scabrous : rough or harsh to the touch.

Scaldriform : with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder.
Scales: of buds, of bulbs, &c.

Scaly: furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture.
Scandcnt : climbing.
22

GLOSSARY.

Scape : a peduncle rising from the ground, or near it, as of the stemless

Violets, the Bloodroot, &c.
Scdpiform : scape-like.

Scdrious, or Scariose: thin, dry, and membranous.

ScOrpioid, or Scorpioidal : curved or circinate at the end, like the tail of a
scorpion, as the inflorescence of Heliotrope.

Scrobfculate : pitted; excavated into shallow pits.

Scurf, Scurjiness: minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goose-
foot, Buffalo-berry, &c.

Scutate: buckler-shaped.

Scute/ late, or Scute liform : saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.

Secund: one-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c. are all turned to one
side.

Segment: a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.

Segregate : separated from each other.

Semi- (in compound words of Latin origin) : half; as

Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane. Semi-cordate: half-heart-
shaped. Semilunar: like a half-moon. Semi-ovate: half-ovate, &c.

Sepal: a leaf or division of the calyx.

Sepaloid : sepal-like.

Separated Flowers: those having stamens or pistils only.

Septate: divided by partitions (septa).

Septicidal: where a pod in dehiscence splits through the partitions, dividing
each into two layers.

Septtfragal : where the valves of a pod in dehiscence break away from the
partitions.

Septum (plural septa) : a partition, as of a pod, &c.

Serial or Seriate: in rows; as biserial, in two rows, &c.

Sericeous: silky ; clothed with satiny pubescence.

Serotinous: happening late in the season.

Serrate, or Serrated: the margin cut into teeth (serratures) pointing forwards.

Serrulate : same as the last, but with fine teeth.

Sessile : sitting ; without any stalk, as a leaf destitute of petiole, or an anther
destitute of filament.

Seta: a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.

Setaceous : bristle-like. Setlform : bristle-shaped.

Setigerous ; bearing bristles. Setose : beset with bristles or bristly hairs.

Sheath : the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are

Sheathing: wrapped round the stem.

Shield-shaped : same as scutate, or as peltate.

Siymoid : curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek siytna.

Silicle: a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family.

Sil&ulose: bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.

Siliqne : a longer pod of the Cress Family.

Sil/quose: bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques.

Silky : glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs.

Silver)/: shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence.

Simple : of one piece ; opposed to compound.

Sinistrorse: turned to the left.

23

GLOSSARY.

Sinuate: strongly wavy; with the margin alternately bowed inwards and

outwards.
Sinus: a recess or bay ; the re-entering angle or space between two lobes or

projections.

Soboltferous : bearing shoots from near the ground.
Solitary : single ; not associated with others.
Sorus (plural sort) : the proper name of a fruit-dot of Ferns.
Spadix: a fleshy spike of flowers.
Spathaceoas: resembling or furnished with a
Spathe: a bract which inwraps an inflorescence.
Spdtulate, or Spathulate: shaped like a spatula.
Spicate: belonging to or disposed in a spike.
Spidform: in shape resembling a spike.

Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile.
Spikelet: a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.
Spine : a thorn.

Spindle-shaped : tapering to each end, like a radish.
Spinescent: tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.
Spinose, or Spiniferous : thorny.

Sporangia, or Spdrocar/>s : spore-cases of Ferns, Mosses, &c.
/Spore: a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in

them taking the place of a seed.
Spur: any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur, as that

of Larkspur.

Squamate, Squamose, or Squamaccons: furnished with scales (squamw).
Squamellate, or Squdmulose: furnished with little scales (squamellce or squamu-

fo).

Squdmiform : shaped like a scale.
Squat-rose: where scales, leaves, or any appendages, are spreading widely

from the axis on which they are thickly set.
Squdrrulose : diminutive of squarrose : slightly squarrose.
Stalk: the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.
Stain/note: furnished with stamens. Stamineal: relating to the stamens.
Staminddittm : an abortive stamen, or other body resembling a sterile

stamen.

Standard: the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Station : the particular place, or kind of situation, in which a plant natu-
rally occurs.
Stellate, Stellular : starry or starlike ; where several similar parts spread

out from a common centre, like a star.
Stemless : destitute or apparently destitute of stem.
Sterile: barren or imperfect.

Stigma: the part of the pistil which receives the pollen.
Stigmdtic, or Sli<jmatose: belonging to the stigma.
Stipe (Latin stipes) : the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any; the stem of

a Mushroom.

Stipel: a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.
Stipe/late : furnished with stipels, as the Bean and some other Leguminous

plants.
24

GLOSSARY.

Stfpitate : f urnislied with a stipe, as the pistil of Clcoine.

Stipulate : furnished with stipules.

Stipules : the appendages on each side of the base of certain leaves.

Stolons : trailing or reclined and rooting shoots.

Stoloniferous : producing stolons.

Stomate (Latin stoma, plural stomata) : the breatliing-pores of leaves, &c.

Strap-shaped : long, flat, and narrow.

Striate, or Striated : marked with slender longitudinal grooves or channels

(Latin striae].

Strict: close and narrow; straight and narrow.

StrigCttose, Strv/ose: beset with stout and appressed, scale-like or rigid bristles.
Strobi/dceous : relating to, or resembling a
Strobile : a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the Hop

and of the Pine.

Strophiole : same as caruncle. Strophiolate : furnished with a strophiole.
Struma: a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.
Stifle: a part of the pistil which bears the stigma.
Stylopddium : an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style,

found in Umbelliferous and some other plants.
Sub-, as a prefix ; about, nearly, somewhat ; as sabcordate, slightly cordate :

subserrate, slightly serrate : subaxillary, just beneath the axil, &c., &c.
Suberose: corky or cork-like in texture.
Subulate: awl-shaped ; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp

point.

Succulent: juicy or pulpy.
Suckers : shoots from subterranean branches.
Suffrutescent : slightly shrubby or woody at the base only.
Sulcate: grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.
Supe'rvolute : plaited and convolute in bud.
Supra-axillary : borne above the axil, as some buds:
Surculose : producing suckers, or shoots resembling them.
Suspended: hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very

summit of the cell which contains them.

Suture : the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together.
Sword-shaped : vertical leaves with acute parallel edges, tapering above to a

point ; as those of Iris.

S i/mmetrical Flower: similar in the number of parts of each set.
Syndntherous, or S ynaenexious : where stamens are united by their anthers.
Syncdrpous (fruit or pistil) : composed of several carpels consolidated into

Taper-pointed: same as acuminate.

Tap-root : a root with a stout tapering bofy .

Tawny : dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.

Tendri : a thread-shaped body used for climbing; it is either a branch, as in

Virginia Creeper, or a part of a leaf, as in Pea and Vetch.
Terete : long and round ; same as cylindrical, only it may taper.
Terminal: borne at. or belonging to, the extremity or summit.
Ternate: in threes ; Ternateli) : in a ternate way.

25

GLOSSAEY.

Testa : the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed.

Tetra- (in words of Greek composition) : four; as,

Tetracdccous : of four cocci or carpels.

Tetradynamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter than

the other four, as in Mustard.

Tetragonal: four-angled. Tetrdyynous : with four pistils or styles.
Tetrdmerous : with its parts or sets in fours.
Tet -androus : with four stamens.
Theca : a case ; the cells or lobes of the anther.
Thorn : see spine.
Thread-shaped: slender and round, or roundish like a thread; as the filament

of stamens generally.

Throat: the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the bor-
der and the tube join, and a little below.
Thyrse, or Thyrsus : a compact and pyramidal panicle.
Tdmentose : clothed with matted woolly hairs (tomentum).
Tongue-shaped: long, flat, but thickish, and blunt.
Toothed: furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin

used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point

forwards.

Top-shaped: shaped like a top, or a cone with its apex downwards.
Tdrose, T6rulose: knobby ; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.
Torus: the receptacle of the flower.
Tri-, in composition : three ; as

Triadelphous : stamens united by their filaments into three bundles.
Tridndrous: where the flower has three stamens.

Trichdtomous : three-forked. Tricdccous : of three cocci or roundish carpels.
Tricolor: having three colors. Tricdstate: having three ribs.
Tricuspidate : three-pointed. Tridentate: three-toothed.
Triennial: lasting for three years.
Trijld: three-cleft.

Trifoliate: three-leaved. Trifdliolate : of three leaflets.
Triforcate: three forked. Trigonous: three-angled, or triangular.
Trifjijnous: with three pistils or styles. Trijugate: in three pairs (jugi).
Tn'ldbed, or Trilobate : three-lobed.
Trildr.ular : three-celled.

Trimerous : with its parts in threes, as Trillium.
Trinervate : three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.
Triozcious : where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different

individuals ; as in Red Maple.

Triphyllous : three-leaved ; composed of three pieces.
Triptnnate: thrice p'nnate ; Tripinndtifid : thrice pinnately cleft.
Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c. : where a midrib branches into three near

the base of the leaf, as in Sunflower.
Triquetrous : sharply three-angled ; and especially with the sides concave, like

a bayonet.

Trise'riaf, or Triseriate: in three rows, under each other.
Tristichous: in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.
Trisulcate : three-grooved.
26

GLOSSARY.

Tritcrnate : three times ternate.

Trumpet-shaped : tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the corolla

of Trumpet-Creeper.
Truncate: as if cut off at the top.

Trunk: the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.
Tuber: a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with

eyes (buds) on the sides ; as a potato.
Tubercle : a small excrescence.

Tuberded, or Tuberculate: bearing excrescences or pimples.
Tuberous: resembling a tuber. Tuberiferous : bearing tubers.
Tubular : hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe.
Tumid: swollen; somewhat inflated.
Tunicate : coated ; invested with layers, as an onion.
Turbinate: top-shaped. Turgid: thick as if swollen.
Turnip-shaped : broader than high, abruptly narrowed below.
Twin : in pairs (see geminate).

Twining: ascending by coiling round a support, like the Hop.
Typical : well expressing the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.

Umbel : the umbrella-like form of inflorescence.

Umbellate : in umbels. Umbelliferous : bearing umbels.

tfmbellet: a secondary or partial umbel.

Umbilicate : depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple.

Umbonate: bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss

(umbo).

Unarmed: destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.
Uncinate: hook-shaped ; hooked over at the end.
Under-shrub : partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.
tJndulate: wavy, or wavy-margined.

Unequally pinnate : pinnate with an odd number of leaflets.
Unguiculate : fnrnished with a claw (unguis) ; i. e. a narrow base, as the

petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks,

where the claw is very long.
Uni-t in compound words : one ; as
Unijlorons : one-flowered. Uniftiliate: one-leaved.
Unifoliolate : of one leaflet. Unijugate : of one pair.
Unildbiate: one-lipped. Unilateral: one-sided.
Unil6cular : one-celled.
Uniouulate : having only one ovule.
Uniserial: in one horizontal row.

Unisexual : having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed.
ffnwalved: a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.
Urceolate : urn-shaped.

Utricle: a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot.
Utricular : like a small bladder.

Vdginate: sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina).

Valve: one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any simi-
lar body, splits.

27

GLOSSARY.

Valvate, Valvular: opening by valves. Valvate in aestivation.

Vascular : containing vessels, or consisting of vessels, such as ducts.

Vaulted: arched; same as fornicate.

Veins: the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c.

Veined, Veiny : furnished with evident veins. Veinless: destitute of veins.

Veinlets : the smaller ramifications of veins.

Velutinous: velvety to the touch.

Venation : the veining of leaves, &c.

Venose: veiny ; furnished with conspicuous veins.

Ventral : belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which

looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal ;

as the

Ventricose: inflated or swelled out on one side.
Vermicular: shaped like worms.
Vernation : the arrangement of the leaves in the bud.
Verrucose : warty ; beset with little projections like warts.
Versatile : attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, as the

anthers of the Lily and Evening Primrose.
Vertex : same as the apex.

Vertical : upright ; perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.
Verticil: a whorl. Verticillate : whorled.
Vesicle : a little bladder. Vesicular : bladdery.
Vexillary, Vexillar: relating to the
Vexillum : the standard of a papilionaceous flower.
Villose: shaggy witli long and soft hairs (villositi/).

Vimineous : producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.
Vine: any trailing or climbing stem ; as a Grape-vine.
Virescent, Vir /descent: greenish ; turning green.
Virgate: wand-shaped, as a long, straight, and slender twig.
Viscous, Viscid: having a glutinous surface.
Vitta (plural vittce) : the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferse.
Vdfuble : twining, as the stem of Hops and Beans

Wavy: the surface or margin alternately convex and concave.
Waxy: resembling beeswax in texture or appearance.

Wedge-shaped: broad above, and tapering by straight lines to a narrow base.
Wheel-shaped: see rotate.

Whorl, Whorled : when leaves, &c. are arranged in a circle round the stem.
Wing: any membranous expansion. Wings of papilionaceous flowers.
Winged: furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm.
Woolly : clothed with long and entangled soft hairs ; as the leaves of Mullein.
28

THE END.

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PLAIT ANALYSIS.

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