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$v the same Autbor.

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to the Flowers and Ferns of Great Britain.
With over a thousand illustrations in Colane
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| NT SN A el

FRONTISPIECE . | PLATE XXXIil!

et
i

°K
rHo5
stieue MANUAL.

[qO7 7"

®@PRITISH GRASS ES.//

BY
W. J. GORDON,

AUTHOR OF ‘OUR COUNTRY’S FLOWERS,” ETC.

WITH A COLOURED ILLUSTRATION OF EVERY SPECIES
AND MANY ORIGINAL DIAGRAMS. BY

J. T. GORDON.

FEB. 3 1988
LIBRARIC~

|

Sr LONDON:
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Lrp.
|
|
|

ss ——__-_ — -

FRE FACE:

nn . eee)

HE word grasses is used in this book in its strictest sense and

not as a farmer would use it as including the clovers and other
forage plants, nor in its original meaning of common herbage
as in the Bible; and consequently several grasses, popularly
so called, do not appear herein as they do not belong to the
Gramineze. The order, in which all the true grasses are grouped,
contains about 3,600 species, and of these we deal wah the
hundred or so said to be native to our islands for the usual reason
that the dates of their introduction are unknown. Some may
have arrived during the historic period, some may have
originated here, but none are confined to our area; in which
there is nothing remarkable considering the ease and frequency
with which grass seeds are distributed.

For its food plants no botanical order is of greater interest
nor has any been more written about, some of the books being
really wonderful for the labour they involved. Among the
many, for instance, to which I have been indebted in’ the
verification of the materials of this is Hanham’s, which is
illustrated by actual specimens of the plants, and the author
naively apologises for the delay in its production on account
of the difficulty in selecting 60,000 suitable examples from the

mass of his collection! Only those who have had to deal with
Vv

vi PREFACE.
a collection of their own can adequately realise the task he
set himself. And such collectors are increasing in number,
owing to the economic importance of the subject, helped by
the grasses remaining as plentiful as ever while other wild
flowers become scarcer every year. |

That the species may be quickly distinguished, a somewhat
similar plan has been adopted to that in ‘‘ Our Country’s Flowers,”
the name of the plant being found by the shortest method that
could be devised—though it may hold good for the British
group alone—the identification being confirmed by the detailed
description. Hence more attention than usual is given to the
vegetative and other external characters.

The illustrations have all been specially drawn for the work
by myson. They include a complete series of a hundred and one
coloured figures of the plants, and over eighty diagrams of the

structure of their flowers.
W. J.Gi

CHAPTER

I.

$f.

XII.

CONTENTS.

ene ee eee

-_ INTRODUCTORY

List OF BRITISH GRASSES
CuSTOMARY NAMES

BRITISH CEREALS

THE ORDER AND ITS TRIBES .

THE TRIBES AND. THEIR GENERA
THE GENERA pee THEIR SPECIES
TABULAR VIEW OF BRITISH GRASSES
THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES

INDEX TO SPECIES

INDEX TO GENERA

INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES .

vii

PAGE

II

COLOURED PLATES.

PLATES. FIGURES§
I. Cut Grass . . ; : ; : ‘ ‘ I

MILLET . : : , : : : ‘ : 2

II. FINGER GRASSES . ; ; ? a

RoOuGH BRISTLE GRASS. , ; : i 5

III. BRIsTLE GRASSES . : ee | ge

COCKSPUR ‘ : : é : ‘ : 8

IV. Hoty GRAss . : : : : J i

VERNAL GRASS 4 a ede : . ee

CANARY GRASS : ; P A : . 20 eee

K&RED GRASS «6 (4) 4%. 5 A : : ‘ ,

V. TimotTHy. ; : ? , " ‘ : : a
ALPINE CAT’S-TAIL «ae

VI. CatT’s-TAIL GRASSES ; , ; “ . 15, 198
VII. FoxtTait GRASSES . ; ; : . 18) 5. aera.

VIII. Kwappia : ; : ; ‘ : ’ MRA

HARE’S-TAIL . , é «| ea i

BEARD GRASSES . ‘ : ; ‘ 24, 25

IX. BENT GRASSES : ; ; . 26, 27, Sepa
X. Nir Grass . : ; . ‘ ; . » “ieee
MARRAM ; : ee

XI. SMALLREEDS . . "32, 33) ia

XII. Harr GRAssEs , 36, 37

XIII. Harr Grasses ; ; ’ ; : . 38, 39, 40

XIV. Oat GRASSES. ‘ : ‘ : ‘ - 41, 42, 43

viii

PLATES.

XV.

XVI.

XVIT.
XVITI.

MIX.
xx.
SRT.
AR S1t.
XXIII.
XXIV.

XXV.
XXVI.
XXVIII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXII.

-
gt

XXXII.

XXXITI.

COLOURED PLATES.

FALSE Oat GRASS .
Sort GRASSES
Doa’s TooTtH .
CorD GRASS

HARD GRASS

Mat GRASS

LYME GRASS
BARLEY GRASSES
CoucH GRASS .
WHEAT GRASS

‘Rye GRASS

FALSE BROME GRASSES.
BROME GRASSES
BROME GRASSES
FESCUE GRASSES
FESCUE GRASSES
Cock’s-FOOT— .
Doa’s-TAIL GRASSES
QUAKE GRASSES
MEADOW GRASSES .
MEADOW GRASSES .
MEADOow GRASSES .
MEapow GRASSES .
MEADOW GRASSES .
WHORL GRASS
FLYING BENT
MELIc. GRASSES _
HEATH GRASSES
KOELERIA

BLuE Moor GRASS
REED °

ix

FIGURES,

- 44

45, 46

47

48

49

50

eI

52, 53, 54, 55
56

ate ee

58, 59
60, OI

62, 63, 64, 65
. 66, 67, 68
69, 70

- 71,72, 73
- 74
75,76

77; 78
«7Q, 80, 8%
. 82, 83, 84
. 85, 86, 87
. 88, 89, 90
- OT, 92, 93
94

ee aS

96, 97

98

99

I0O

IOI

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.

et me tee

PANICLE
SPIKE
DIAGRAMMATIC SPIKELET
AGROPYRUM REPENS, Floret
¢ He Spikelet
AGROSTIS ALBA, Floret
99 3 Spikelet
AIRA CARYOPHYLLEA, Floret
“ * Spikelet
ALOPECURUS AGRESTIS, Floret
> 99 Spikelet .
ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, Floret
. - Spikelet
ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM, Floret
9» 99 Spikelet
ARUNDO PHRAGMITES, Floret
» 9 Spikelet
AVENA PRATENSIS, Floret
2 9 Spikelet .
BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM, Floret
> 2 Spikelet
BRIZA MINOR, Floret
od - Spikelet
BROMUS GIGANTEUS, Floret .
99 9 Spikelet

ILLUSTRATIONS

CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEIOS, Floret
* % Spikelet
CATABROSA AQUATICA, Floret ,
+ 9 Spikelet
CyNODON DACTYLON, Floret
* 99 Spikelet
CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS, Floret
ss be Spikelet .
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, Floret
m 99 Spikelet .
DIGRAPHIS ARUNDINACEA, Floret
ss 99 Spikelet
ELYMUS ARENARIvUS, Floret
> 99 Spikelet
Festuca ovina, Floret
* 7” Spikelet
GASTRIDIUM LENDIGERUM, Floret
> 29 Spikelet
HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS, Floret
* 29 Spikelet
HolLcus LANATUuS, Floret
2 99 Spikelet .
HORDEUM MARINUM, Floret
2 © x. Spikelet
KOELERIA CRISTATA, Floret
Sis >» Spikelet
LaGurRuUS OVATUS, Floret
” 9 Spikelet .
LEERSIA ORYZOIDES, Floret
> » Spikelet
LEPTURUS INCURVATUS, Floret
% % Spikelet .

IN TEXT. xi

xii ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.

LOLIUM PERENNE, Floret

93 > Spikelet .
MELICA UNIFLORA, Floret
se fe Spikelet
MIBORA VERNA, Floret
vs a Spikelet
MILIUM EFFUSUM, Floret
99 “A Spikelet
MOLINIA CHRULEA, Floret
B Be Spikelet
NARDUS STRICTA, Ovary and Stigma
iN e Spikelet
PANICUM VIRIDE, Floret
9» - Spikelet
PHALARIS CANARIENSIS, Floret
9 9 Spikelet
-PHLEUM PRATENSE, ‘Floret
> 9 Spikelet
Poa PRATENSIS, Floret
% 9 Spikelet
POLYPOGON LITTORALIS, Floret
> 9 Spikelet
PSAMMA ARENARIA, Floret
>» 9 opikelet
SESLERIA CZERULEA, Floret
99 > Spikelet
SPARTINA STRICTA, Floret
> 9 Spikelet

TRIODIA DECUMBENS, Floret
os se Spikelet

PAGE
59
IIo

54
Le i
45°
113
43

,

53
II5
58
116
62
118
62
119
4+
I2I
56
130,

ge

135
47
135
51
136
50 ©
137
52
138

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.
ee

We. will begin by taking a grass in bloom and arriving at its
name as quickly as wecan. Perhaps, however, our specimen
is not a grass but a sedge, and we may as well get over that
difficulty at once. The stem of a sedge is always solid and
generally triangular ; that of a grass is generally hollow, rounded,
and never three-sided. The leaves of a sedge are in three ranks ;
those of a grass are alternate in tworanks. in both, the leaves em-
brace the stem with sheaths, but 1 in grasses the sheaths are nearly
always split, while in sedges ‘they are not. Further, where the
leaf-blade joins the sheath in grasses the inner side of the sheath
is more or less prolonged into a sort of membranous edging
known as the ligule, whereas a sedge has no ligule.
| There are other distinctions we may deal with later on,
but we have enough to make sure that we have a grass and
not a sedge; for the stem is round and hollow, the leaves are
alternate in two series, the sheath is split and there is an un-
mistakable ligule.

How about the inflorescence, that is the arrangement of
the flowers on the stem? Isita spike, that is having the flowers
attached to the axis without a pedicel or stalk to each; is ita
raceme in which the pedicels are the primary branches ; or is it
a panicle in which the flowers grow on the secondary or remoter
branches ? For our present purpose we need not trouble our-
selves regarding the raceme, and we can assume that what looks
like a spike is really a spike, though closer inspection may show
it not to be strictly within the definition. Dealing with them
in this off-hand way, we shall find that there is no difficulty in

2 : INTRODUCTORY.

sorting out the inflorescences of all our British grasses into either
spikes or panicles. Let us agree then that it is a panicle, as it
undoubtedly is in the very strictest sense.

Having advanced so far we will eliminate a few exceptions
from the group. Is the sheath quadrangular and not split?
No. Then its genus is not Melica. Is the sheath white with.
red veins? No. Thenitis not Holcus. Are the leaves glaucous
above and dark green underneath ? No. Then it is not Triodia.
Is the stem solid and bent at the only node? No. Then it is
not Mohnia. Are its spikelets orbicular ?

But what is a spikelet ? That
which is often called the flower of
the grass, consisting of a pair of
bracts known as glumes, which en-
close one or more flowers, better
called florets, placed on an axis
(rachilla) one above the other
alternately, each floret being, typi-
<== cally, enclosed in another pair of
bracts of its own.

It would have saved obscurity
in many botanical descriptions of
the grasses if each of these four
bracts, the lower pair and the
upper pair, had been given a
special name. Even the old plan
of calling the upper pair glumelle
was better than the prevailing
fashion in which the higher of
the upper pair is the palea, the
next the flowering glume or fruiting glume, and the lower pair —
the glumes, with inevitable references to the upper glume and
the lower glume and a consequent doubt as to whether barren
glume or flowering glume is meant. To avoid trouble of this
‘ sort, the lower pair have in this book been spoken of as glumes
and the upper pair as palew, the lower glume being called the
outer glume, the upper the inner glume. The lower palea (that

PANICLE.

INTRODUCTORY. 3

is the flowering glume) being the outer palea and the upper of
the pair the inner palea.

The beginner finds the flowers of the grasses rather awkward
to deal with at first, as they are too small for the ordinary magnify-
ing glass and too large for the microscope. The best aid is
afforded by a dissecting microscope of low power, but a glass
answers every purpose if magnifying rather more than the usual
run of such things. Anyhow a lens of some sort is essential,
though in this particular case we can see without it that the
spikelet is not orbicular—wherefore the genus is not Briza—and
further that it has glumes, and consequently cannot be Leersia.

Without the glass, too, but better with it, we can see that
each spikelet has but one floret. And
that helps us much, for we have only to
feel the leaves whether they be smooth or
rough, and finding them smooth and broad
we know the genus to be Milium without
further ceremony. As there is only one
species of Mzlium in the British flora, the
grass must be M. effusum, the Spreading
Millet, as we might have guessed from its
height and from our meeting with it in our
walk through the woods.

Let us, however, with the aid of the
glass, open up this spikelet and compare
it with a diagram in which the typical 4
arrangement of the florets is shown. SPIKE.
Lowest of all we have the outer glume,
slightly above and opposite to it is the inner glume. Higher _
up the rachilla is the outer palea with the inner palea
opposite. Within the palee more or less we have the pistil
with the lodicules—in this case two—at the base, and round it
is the whorl of three stamens, the first placed just above
the outer palea, and often rather larger than the others,
each stamen with a longish filament carrying the double
notched anther. In one British genus, Anthoranthum, there
are only two stamens; in some genera, all foreign, there

. INTRODUCTORY.

may be only one, as in Cznna, or six, as in Seni: or even
thirty, as in Ochlandra.

The pistil contains a single ovary with a single ovule and |
carries two styles on which are the stigmas, feathery (plumose)
in form as affording a large catchment surface for the pollen
shed by the adjoining anthers or carried by the wind from
anthers of other flowers. Sometimes, as in Nardus, there is but

@2acern ne saeenmneeete ow «

ANTHER «-3~7=--+---==) Cm
STIGMA Serecs Ser Ee PE INAS Oe ia i eee LopIcuLEs.
OVARY
INNER

GLUME

Oe

an WE ~ RACHILLA,

DIAGRAM OF SPIKELET,

one style ; sometimes there are three, as in Megalachne of Juan
Fernandez ; sometimes, as in Briza, there is a rudimentary third.

Let us take another panicle. Finding that the grass is not
one of the six already mentioned (Melica, Molinia, etc,), we count
the florets in the spikelet and find that there are three or more,
and that they bear awns, these being the stiff bristles which in
cereals form the beard. If there had been only two florets, both
complete, the genus would be Aira ; if two with the lower without

INTRODUCTORY. F

any pistil, it would be Arvrhenatherum. But it has several florets.
Then if the panicle be tufted it can only be Dactylis (Cocksfoot) ;
but it is gracefully diffuse, and we can tell it by its awn. Is
the awn terminal, that is, does it start from the apex of the outer
palea? No. Then it is not Festuca. Does it start from just
below the apex, that is, is it sub-terminal? No. Then it is
not Bromus. Is it dorsal, that is, does it start from the back ?
Yes. Then it is Avena. But which species ? Are the spikelets
erect and the ligule truncate, that is, cut off short? No. Then
it is not the Yellow Oat. Are the spikelets erect and the ligule
pointed ? No; the spikelets droop, the ligule is short, and the
species is the Wild Oat, A. fatua.

Now let us take a spike. Is it digitate, that is, is it a group
of spikes, diverging like fingers ? No. Are the spikelets placed
in little cavities or notches in the stem ? Yes. Are they in ones,
twos, or threes ? Threes. Then the genus is Hordeum. If they
had been in pairs, it would have been Elymus ; if in ones, either
Nardus, Lepturus Agropyrum, or Lolium. The one style (instead
of two) distinguishes Nardus ; the axis jointed at each notch
marks off Lepturus ; the spikelets close together characterise
Agropyrum, as the spikelets with well-marked intervals between
indicate Loztu n.

Next we will have a spike in which the spikelets are not in
notches. Are ihe spikelets on one side only ? No. Then the
genus is neither Cynosurus in which the spikelets are rounded, nor
Spartina in which they are flattened. Are the spikelets alternate
in two opposite rows ? No. .Is the spike ovoid, that is, almost
globular? No. Then it is neither Phalavis nor Lagurus. Does
the spike taper from the base upwards? No. Is it fusiform,
that is, spindle-shaped, or cylindrical ? Yes, probably cylindrical.
Let us make sure. Is the ligule very long and cleft into two,
that is bifid? No. Then it is not Psamma. Is the spike
interrupted near the base. No. Then it is not Koeleria« Is
the base of the leaf auricled, that is, has it rounded ears ; and are
there only two anthers? No. Then it is not Anthoxanithum
Are the spikelets imbricated, that is do they overlap one another
like the tiles on a house ? No, Then it is not Seslevia. Is the

B

6 INTRODUCTORY.

spike silky ? No, it is bristly. Then it is not Alopecurus
(Foxtail). Are the spikelets compressed laterally or dorsally ?
Laterally. Then it is Phleum, and probably our old friend
Timothy, which we can easily ascertain by a reference to our
tabular arrangement of that genus. The spike is long and
cylindrical; the glumes are neither wedge-shaped nor tapering,
they are truncate, and with that and the thin, white ligule toothed
at the apex, Phleum pratense, otherwise Timothy, is unmistakably
indicated.

We need not identify at length every genus in the list. We
have had examples enough to show the working of the key which
it is time to give.

Spikes digitate.
Spikelets in ones. Cynodon. |
Spikelets in pairs. Panicum (as regards P. sanguinale
and P. glabrum, frequently grouped into Digitavza).

Spikes not digitate.
Spikelets in notches.
‘Spikelets in ones.
Spikelets on one side only but in 2 alternate rows.
Only one style. Nardus.
Axis jointed at each notch. Lepiurus.
Spikelets close. Agvopyrum.
Spikelets distant. Lolium.

Spikelets in pairs. Elymus.
Spikelets in threes. Hordeum.

Spikelets not in notches.
Spikelets on one side only.
Spikelets flattened. Spartina.
Spikelets not flattened. Cynosurus.

Spikelets alternate in 2 opposite rows.
Leaves channelled and blunt. Mzbora.
Leaves flat and acute. Festuca (as regards F. loliacea).

Spikelets turning to one side. Poa (as regards P.
loliacea). |

INTRODUCTORY. -

Spike ovoid, almost globular.
Spike smooth. Phalaris.
Spike with long, silky hairs. Lagurus.

Spike tapering from base.
Spikelets flattened. Polypogon.
Spikelets not flattened. Gasividium.

Spike fusiform or cylindrical.
Ligule lengthy and bifid. Psamma.
Ligule not lengthy and bifid.
Spike interrupted near base. Koeleria.
Spike regular.
Leaf base with rounded ears (anthers 2). Anthox-
anthum.
Spikelets imbricated, colour bluish. Ses/eria.
Spike silky. A pees
Spike bristly.
Spikelets compressed Ieteeatie. Phieum.
Spikelets compressed dorsaily. Panicum (as
regards P. verticillatum, P. glaucum, and P.
viride, frequently grouped into Sefaria).

Spikes compound.
Spikelets on one side only
Panicum (as regards P. crus-galli, trequently assigned to
Echinochloa).

Spikelets on both sides. Bvachypodium.

Panicles.
Glumes absent. Leersia.
Sheath quadrangular and not split. Melica.
Sheath white with red veins. Holcus.
Stem solid and bent at the only node.. Molinia.
Spikelets orbicular. Briza.
Leaves glaucous above, dark green below. Tviodia.
Spikelets with one floret.
Leaves smooth and broad. Muélium.
Leaves rough.

INTRODUCTORY.

Hairs numerous, long, silky.
Leaves broad and light green; nodes purple.
Digraphis.

Leaves narrow and green; nodes green. Cala-

magyvosits.
Hairs few and short. Agvosts.

Spikelets with 2 or more florets.
Awned.
Florets 2, both perfect. Azra.
Florets 2, lower imperfect. Avrrhenatherum.
Florets 3 or more.
Panicle tufted. Dactylis.
Panicle diffuse.
Awn dorsal. Avena. aes
Awn sub-terminal; style sub-terminal. Bromus.
Awn terminal; style terminal. Festuca.

Awnless.

Florets enveloped in silky hairs of axis. Arundo.

Glumes 6, leaf and sheath netted. AHzerochle.

Glumes 2, truncate. Catabrvosa.

Glumes 2, short, obtuse or pointed. Poa.

Glumes 2, long and lanceolate. Festuca (as regards
F. ovina and F. elatior).

Though this key has been found to work satisfactorily at
every trial, it is as well to be able to identify our grasses in a
more orthodox manner. Let us then take another specimen and
trace it to its species in the usual way.

To do this we must begin by referring to our fifth chapter,
wherein the distinctions between the thirteen tribes of grasses are
given in tabular form. Comparing our specimen with the first
analysis, we find that:

It does not belong to the Bamboos, as its stem is not
woody and its leaves are not joined to their sheaths by
a petiole, that is a leaf-stalk.

+ re RIOR ees a ie

INTRODUCTORY. 9

2. Having more than two florets in the spikelet it does not
belong to the Maydeex, Andropogonee, Zoysice,
Tristeginez, Paniceze, or Oryzee.

Not having four glumes it is not one of the Phalaridec.

4. Having more than one floret it does not belong to the
Agrostidee.

5. As the spikelets are not in rows it cannot be one of the
Chloridee or Hordee.

6. It must consequently belong to either the Avenee or
Festucee.

7. The glumes not being longer than the outer palea and
there being no dorsal awn, it must belong to the Festucee.

Our second key helps us to find the tribe more quickly. The
two glumes at once rule it out of three tribes. The “ more
florets than one ”’ eliminate the Agrostidez. Its panicle takes it
on to Avenez and Festucee, where again the absence of the dorsal
awn, etc., reduce it to the “ spikelets otherwise ”’ of the Festucee,
a position which is confirmed when we read the description of
the tribe. 7

In the chapter on The Tribes and their Genera (VI.) we refer
to the tabular arrangement of the Festucee, where the panicle
enables us to pass four genera and land in “ panicle diffuse, awn
of outer palea terminal, style terminal” of Festuca; and we
verify the identification by reference to the description of that
genus, and the diagram of the floret on which the parts are shown
greatly magnified and opened out. Reference in a similar way
to the seventh chapter enables us to readily recognise the species
as Festuca ovina and verify our diagnosis by the description and
the drawing of the spikelet. Sheep’s Fescue is a very small
grass, and if we can deal with its diminutive parts in this way we
shall have little difficulty with any other.

It may be asked what is a tribe ? And perhaps—though it
would seem to be hardly necessary—it should be said that an
order is frequently divided into tribes, these being merely assem-
blages of genera, the genera consisting of species, the species in

IO INTRODUCTORY.

some cases being further marked off into varieties, which some
consider valid and some do not, while others hold that several
such varieties are permanent and distinct enough in their
characters to be of specific rank. Hence there is no generally
accepted list of British grasses. Bentham, for instance, has
IOI species, Babington 127.

In this book we have followed Bentham, for the following
reason. It is much better for anyone to compare specimens with
actual plants, and the most accessible collection of our native
grasses is in one of the swing cases in the Botanical Gallery at the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington, which anyone
at any time can see without having to ask for permission. In
this, as in many other collections, the plants are arranged in
Bentham’s way, with Bentham’s descriptions affixed, and the
advantage to the beginner of following the same system with the
specimens available was too obvious to be disregarded.

In one small matter we have not followec Bentham or others,
and that is in the spelling of some of the specific names with a
capital. Throughout we have used a capital on y for genera, asis
now the custom in zoology, where the absence of the capital from
the beginning of a name proclaims at once we are dealing with
a species and not with a genus. The spelling of specific names
with a capital is merely a printer’s custom which it is time should
become as obsolete in botany as in the sister natural science.

Attempts have been made to identify our grasses by their.

vegetative characters alone, but though some can be recognised
in that way, many cannot; and owing to these exceptions the
attempt has failed in every scheme we have tried. We may
know a few grasses, but we cannot fit our knowledge into a key
that will serve for the group. We may, however, help on the
attainment of this very desirable object by making our descrip-
tions of such characters as full as possible, and that we have
done in our seventh chapter.

SS wy

CHAPTER Ii.

LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.

Plate I.
%

Plate II.
Ss.

Plate III.
6.

—e— }°: | =o

Cut Grass.
Leersia oryzoides.
Syn... Homalocenchrus oryzoides.

SPREADING MILLET.
Milium effusum.

FINGER GRASS;
Panicum sanguinale.
Syn.: Digitaria sanguinalis.
GLABROUS FINGER GRASS.
Panicum glabrum.
Syn.: Digitaria humifusa.

RouGcH BRISTLE GRASS.
Panicum verticillatum.
Syn.: Setaria verticillata.

GLaucous BRISTLE GRASS,
Panicum glaucum.,
Syn.: Setaria glauca.

GREEN BRISTLE GRASS.
Panicum viride.
Syn.: Setaria viridis.
CockKSPUR.
Panicum crus-gallt,
Syn.. Echinochloa crus-galli, =
II

LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.
Piate IV.

9. NorRTHERN HOLy GRAss.
Hierochloa borealis.

10. VERNAL GRASS.
Anthoxanthum odoratum.

11. CANARY GRASS.

Phalaris canariensis.

12. REED GRASS.
Digraphis arundinacea.
Syn.: Phalaris arundinacea.

Piate V.

13. TimotuHy.
Phleum pratense.

14. ALPINE CAT’S-TAIL.
Phleum alpmum.

Plate VI.

15. PuURPLE-STALKED CAT’S-TAIL.
Phleum boehmeri.

16. RouGcs CatT’s-TAIL.
Phleum asperum.

17. SEASIDE CAT’S-TAIL.
Phleum arenarium.

Plate VII.
18. SLENDER FOXTAIL.
Alopecurus agrestis.
19. MEADow FOXTAIL.
Alopecurus pratensis.

20. Marsu FOoXtTAIL.
Alopecurus geniculatus.

21. ALPINE FOXTAIL.
Alopecurus alpinus.

LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.
Plate VIII.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Plate IX.
26.

5 #

28.

29.

Plate X.
30.

31,

Plate XI.

32.

33.

KNAPPIA.
Mibora verna.

HARE’S-TAIL.
Lagurus ovatus.

ANNUAL BEARD Grass.
-Polypogon monspeliensis.

PERENNIAL BEARD GRASS.
Polypogon littoralis.

FIORIN.
Agrostis alba.

BENT GRASS.
Agrostis canina.

BRISTLE BENT.
Agrostis setacea.

SILKY BENT.
Agrostis spica-venti.
Syn.: Apera spica-venti.

Nit GRASS.
Gastridium lendigerum.
Syn.: Gastridium australe.

MARRAM.
Psamma arenaria.
Syn. : Ammophila arenaria.

Woop SMALLREED.
Calamagrostis epigeios.
Syn: : Arundo epigejos.
PURPLE SMALLREED.
Calamagrostis lanceolata.
Syn... Arundo calamagrostis.

13

14

LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.
Plate XI.—(continued).

34. Narrow SMALLREED.
Calamagrostis stricta.
Syn. : Arundo stricta.

35. MEAGRE SMALLREED.
Calamagrostis strigosa.
Syn.: Arundo strigosa.

Plate XII.

36. TurFTED HAIR GRASS.
Aira cespitosa,

37. Wavy HAIR GRASS.
Aira flexuosa.

Plate XIII.

88. Grey Hair GRASS.
Aira canescens.
Syn..: Weingaertneria canescens.
Corynephorus canescens.

389. Earty HAIR GRASS.
Aira praecox,

40. Hair GRass.
Aira caryophyllea.

Plate XIV.

41. WILD Oat.
Avena fatua.

42. PERENNIAL Oat.
Avena pratensis.

43. YELLOW OAT.
Avena flavescens.
Syn.: Trisetui pratense,

LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.

Plate XV.

44. Fatse Oat,
Arrhenatherum avenaceum.

45. WootrLy Sort GRASS.
Holcus lanatus.

46. Sort GRASS.
Holcus mollis.

47. Doa’s-TOOTH.
Cynodon dactylon.

Syn,: Capriola dactylon |

Plate XVI.

48. Corp GRAss.
Spartina stricta,

49. Harp GRass,
Lepturus incurvatus,

50. Mat Grass,
Nardus stricta.

51. LyME GRAss,
Elymus arenarius.

Plate XVII.

52. Woop BARLEY.
Hordeum sylvaticum.,

53. MErapow BARLEY.
Hordeum pratense.

54. - WALL BARLEY.
Hordeum murinum,

55. SQUIRREL-TAIL.
Hordeum maritimuin.

15

16 [LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.

Plate XVIII.
56. Couch.
Agropyrum repens.
Syn.: Triticum repens.
57. BEARDED WHEAT GRASS.
Agropyrum caninum.
e Syn..: Triticum caninum.
58. Rye GRASS.
Lolium perenne.
59. DaRNEL.
Lolium temulentum.

Plate XIX.
60. SLENDER FALSE BROME.
Brachypodium sylvaticum.

61. HEatTH FALSE BROME.
Brachypodium pinnatum.

Plate XX.
62. UPRIGHT BROME.
Bromus erectus.

63. Harry BRoME.
Bromus asper.
Syn.: Bromus ramosus.
64. BARREN BROME.
Bromus sterilis.

65. GREAT BROME.
Bromus maximus.

Plate XX1.

66. Compact BROME. ©
Bromus madritensis.

67. FIELD BROME,
Bromus arvensis.
Syn.: Serrafalcus arvensis.

LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.
Plate XXI.—(continued).

68. Tat Brome.
Bromus giganteus.
Syn.: Festuca gigantea.

Plate XXII.

69. SHEEP’s FESCUE.
Festuca ovina.

70. MeErapow FESCUE.
Festuca elatior.

Syn.: Festuca pratensis.

Plate XXIII.

71. REED FESCUE.
Festuca sylvatica.

72. Rat’s-TAIL FESCUE.
Festuca myurus.

73. SINGLE-GLUMED FESCUE.
Festuca uniglumis.

Plate XXIV.

74. CocK’s-FooT.
Dactylis glomerata. —

76. -€Cresrep Doc s-TAIL.
Cynosurus cristatus.

76 RouGH Doa’s-TAIL.
Cynosurus echinatus.

Plate XX¥V
77 QUAKE GRASS.
Briza media.

78. LESSER QUAKE GRASS.
Briza minor.

18 LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.

Plate XXVI.

79. Rerep MEapow Grass.
Poa aquatica.
Syn.: Glyceria aquatica.

80. Manna Croup.
Poa fluitans.
Syn.: Glyceria fluitans.

81. Sra MEapow GRASS.
Poa maritima.

Plate XXVII.
82. REFLEXED MEADOW GRASS.
Poa distans.

83. PROcUMBENT MEADOW GRASS.
Poa procumbens,

84. Harp MEApow GRASS.
Poa rigida,

Plate XXVIII.
85. DaARNEL MEADOW GRASS,
Poa loliacea.

86. ANNUAL MEADOW GRASS.
Poa annua.

87. Frtat MEADOW GRASS.
Poa compressa,

Plate XXIX.
88. SMOOTH-STALKED MEADow Grass.
Poa pratensis.

89. ROUGH-STALKED MEADOW GRass,
Poa trivialis.

90. Woop MErapow GRass,
Poa nemoralis.

LIST OF BRITISH GRASSES.

Plate XXX.

91. Wavy MEApDow GRASS.
Poa laxa.

92. ALPINE MEADOW GRASS,
Poa alpina.

93. ButBous MEAapow GRASS.
Poa bulbosa.

Plate XXXI.

94. WHORL GRASS.
Catabrosa aquatica.

95. FLriyiInc BENT,
Molinia cerulea.

Plate XXXil.

96. MounrTain MELIc,
Melica nutans,

97. Woop MELIic,
Melica unifiora.

98. HEATH GRASS,
Triodia decumbens,
Syn, : Sieglingia decumbens.

Plate XXXIIi.

99. CRESTED KOELERIA,
Koeleria cristata.

100. Briure Moor Grass,
Sesleria cerulea.

101. REED,
Arundo phragmites.

Syn.: Phragmites communis,

19

CHAPTER III.

CUSTOMARY NAMES.
= |-/<—

in the foregoing list we have given what seems to be the
English name by which each species is mostly known; but
there are many other names, some of them very local,
some in such wide use that mention should be made of them.
In some cases different species have the same name. We have
no space for a complete list, if it were possible to compile
one, but the following will be found to contain nearly all the
current names and many only rarely met with. The numbers
are as before, and include varieties.

ae 6.
Asperella Glaucous Bristle Grass
Cut Grass : Glaucous Panic
Rice Grass
7
a: Green Bristle Grass

Millet
Spreading Mille
Wood Millet

Green Panic

8.
Cockspur
3: Cockspur Panic _

Oe sas rales ace Loose Panic —

Finger Grass
Fingered Panic o:

4 Northern Holy Grass

Glabrous Finger Grass
Glabrous Panic

10.
Spring Grass

; Vernal Grass
Reflex Bristle Grass tbe
Canary Grass
Painted Lady Grass

Rough Bristle Grass

SS en cae eae aa a IO ee

Rough Panic

PLATE 1.

PL RTE RAY LATER, ep Mackay ls

PLATE

PLATE: lf.

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ee

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PLATE IV.

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~~ Lal

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PLATE V.

5

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PLATE VI:

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PLATE Vit.

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PLATE Vili.

PLATE IX.

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PLATE X.

PLATE Xl.

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PLATE XIll.

PLATE XIll.

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PLATE XIV.

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PLATE XV.

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PLATE XVI.

PLATE XVII.

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PLATE XVIII.

PLATE AIX.

ry

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en 7 ?

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PLATE XXII.

PLATE XXIV.

>
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PLATE XXVI.

PLATE XXVIII.

PLATE XXVIII.

SVE IIE IP

x
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PLATE XXX.

PLATE XXXlI.

XK 4
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QO.

CUSTOMARY NAMES. 2t

12:
Bride’s Laces
Gardener’s Garters
Painted Lady Grass
Reed Grass
Riband Grass

13.
Cat’s-tail
Meadow Phleum
Timothy

| 14.

Alpine Cat’s-tail
Alpine Phleum

ts.
Boehmer’s Phleum .
Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail

16.
File Cat’s-tail :
Rough Cat’s-tail

iF.
Sand Cat’s-tail
Seaside Cat’s-tail

ER:
Black Grass
Mousetail
Slender Foxtail

19.
Meadow Foxtail

20.

Marsh Foxtail
Orange-spiked Foxtail
Floating Foxtail
Kneed Water Grass

21.
Alpine Foxtail

p Mees, |
wae

Knappia
Mibora

23 2
Hare’s-tail

24.

Annual Beard Grass

25 .
Perennial Beard Grass

20.
Black Couch
Black Squitch
Fine Bent
Fiorin
Marsh Bent
Purple Bent

2.
Bent Grass
Brown Bent
Winter Fog
| 28.
Bristle Agrostis
Bristle Bent
Deer’s-foot
Rabbit Grass
29.
Silky Agrostis
Silky Bent
Wind Grass
30.
Nit Grass
Panic Millet

2

22 CUSTOMARY NAMES.

440
Helme
Marram
Murran
Sea Bent
Sea Matweed
Sea Reed
Spire

72.
Small Close Reed
Wood Reed
Wood Smallrecd

33:
Purple Smallreed

34.
Narrow Smallreed

35:
Meagre Smallreed

36.
Tufted Aira
Tufted Bent
Tufted Hair Grass
Turfy Hair Grass
Tussock

37:
Bog Hair Grass
Wavy Aira
Wavy Bent
Wavy Hair Grass

38.
Club Grass
Grey Aira
Grey Bent
Grey Hair Grass

|
|
{
|
\

39:
Early Aira

Early Bent
Early Hair Grass

40.
Hair Grass

Al.
Havers

Wild Oat

42. .
Narrow-leaved Perennial
Oat
Perennial Oat

43
Yellow Oat

Andes Grass
False Oat

‘French Rye

Fromental
Onion Couch
Tall Oat

45.
Woolly Soft Grass
Yorkshire Fog

46.
Creeping Soft Grass
Soft Grass
Soft Holcus
Wick

47-
Bermuda Grass
Creeping Cynodon
Dog’s-tooth

CUSTOMARY NAMES. 23

48. 58.
Cord Grass Devon Eaver
Twin-spiked Cord Grass Eaver

49. Evergreen Rye Grass
Curved Lepturu Perennial Darnel
Hard Grass Ray Grass

Red Darnel

50.
Mat Grass Rye Grass
Moor Mat Grass 59.

Small Matweed.

51.
Lyme Grass
Starr

52.

Wood Barley

53:
Meadow Barley

54.
Mouse Barley

Wall Barley
Way Bennet

55-
Sea Barley
Squirrel-tail

50.
Couch
Quitch Grass
Spear Grass
Twitch
Whickens
Wood Couch

57:
Bearded Wheat Grass
Dog’s Wheat
Fibrous Wheat Grass
Wood Couch

SE et tay tet nt eit
SL CT RC tt ttt tt ttt
a ST di isp et i i ti ti aE OD

Ce ee

Bearded Darnel
Bearded Rye
Cheat

Darnel

Neele

White Darnel

60.
Slender False Brome
Tor Grass

Ol. |
Heath False Brome

62.
Upright Brome
Upright Oat Grass

63.
Hairy Brome

64.
Barren Brome
Drank

65.

Great Brome

66.
Compact Brome

CUSTOMARY NAMES.

67,
Field Brome
Lob Grass
Taper Field Brome

68.
Tall Brome

69.
Red Fescue
Sheep’s Fescue

70.
Evergreen Grass
Meadow Fescue
Spiked Fescue
Randall Grass

‘ae
Reed Fescue

vo.
Rat’s-tail Fescue

Squirrel-tail Fescue

73:
One-glumed Fescue
Single-glumed Fescue
mes
Cock’s-foot
Orchard Grass
Rough Cock’s-foot

75:
Crested Dog’s-tail

7G.
Rough Dog’s-tail
Tough Dog’s-tail

77
Lady’s Hair
Maiden Hair

Quake Grass
Quakers
Quaking Grass
Rattle Grass
Totter Grass
Wagwant

Cow Quakes

78.
Lesser Quake Grass
Lesser Quakers

79:
Reed Meadow Grass
Reed Sweet Grass
White Lead

80.
Floating Meadow Grass
Floating Poa
Floating Sweet Grass
Manna Croup
Manna Grass

Si
Creeping Sea Meadow
Grass
Sea Meadow Grass
Sea Poa

$2.
Reflexed Meadow Gras
Reflexed Poa

$3.

Procumoent Meadow Grass

Procumbent Poa

$4.
Hard Meadow Grass
Hard Poa

CUSTOMARY NAMES.

85.
Darnel Poa
Darnel Meadow Grass
Dwarf Wheat Meadow
Grass

86.
Annual Meadow Grass
Annual Poa
Suffolk Grass

87.
Flat Meadow Grass
Flat-stemmed Meadow
Grass
Flattened Meadow Grass
Flattened Poa

88.
Blue Grass
Meadow Poa
Smooth-stalked Meadow
Grass

89.

Bird Grass

Fowl Grass

Orcheston Grass
Roughish Meadow Grass
Rough Poa
Rough-stalked Meadow

Grass

go.
Evergreen Meadow Grass
Wood Meadow Grass
Wood Poa

QI.
Wavy Meadow Grass
Wavy Poa

Q2.
Alpine Meadow Grass
Alpine Poa

93:
Bulbous Meadow Grass
Bulbous Poa

94.
Catabrose

Water Hair Grass
Water Whorl Grass
Whorl Grass

Q5-
Flying Bent
Lavender Grass
Purple Melic

90.
Mountain Melic
97.
Melic
Wood Melic

98.
Heath Grass

99.
Crested Hair Grass
Crested Koeleria

IOO
Blue Moor Grass

IOI.
Common Reed

Reed

25

CHAPTER IV.
BRITISH CEREALS.
ae

N O book on grasses would be complete without a few notes
on our cereals. None of them is included in our flora,
though all the best varieties are sports discovered away from
the fields or as individuals in an ordinary crop and undoubtedly
of British origin ; but being unknown to us except under cultiva-
tion we cannot consider them as wild. They are only four in
number, and owing to the large size of their flowers and fruit
afford us the best examples for studying the structure of the
Graminez. ‘

Unlike grasses which rarely thrive except in company and
are sown broadcast, the cereals are always distinguishable by
the uniformity of the crop; and with such a compact group we
have no difficulty in identifying them by their vegetative as
well as their floral characters.

To begin with, we can recognise them by their seeds. In
all four the grain is grooved, but in two, Oats and Rye, it is of slender
build, though some Oats are coniform and some oviform. In Oats
the grain is adherent, whereas in Rye itis free. In both it is hairy
at the apex, but in Oats it is occasionally hairy all over. In
Rye there is no epiblast, but in Oats this is always present,
though not conspicuous. Finally when we make a thin section
for the microscope we find that in Oats the starch grains are
compound, while in Rye they are simple as in Wheat and Barley
which may be distinguished from each other as follows: First by
sheir shape, Wheat being slightly compressed laterally and not
so broad as Barley ; secondly, by the Wheat grain being free,
while that of Barley is adherent ; thirdly by the epiblast being

26

a —_

BRITISH CEREALS. 27

absent in Barley and present in Wheat, though it requires looking
for.
Let us put these distinctions in another way:

Oats. Grain generally slender, deeply grooved, adherent,
hairy all over or only at apex; epiblast small and incon-
spicuous ; starch grains compound.

Rye. Grain slender, deeply grooved, compressed laterally,
free, hairy at apex ; epiblast absent ; starch grains simple.

WHEAT. Grain stout, deeply grooved, slightly compressed
laterally, free, hairy at apex; epiblast small and incon-
spicuous ; starch grains simple.

BARLEY. Grain stout, deeply grooved, adherent, hairy at
apex ; epiblast absent; starch grains simple.

When the grain germinates we have another means of identi-
fication. In Wheat and Rye the plumule will be found to emerge
close to the roots of the embryo ; in Barley and Oats it makes its
way outwards from the other end of the grain. Thus we have
two groups of two each ; and the members of each group are as
readily distinguishable, for in Wheat the roots are three in num-
ber, in Rye there are four ; in Oats there are three, in Barley five
or six.

Putting this as plainly as possible, we have:

Plumule emerging remote from roots of embryo.
Roots five or six, Barley.
Roots three, Oats.

Plumule emerging close to roots of embryo.
Roots three, Wheat.
Roots four, Rye.

But it will be asked what is the plumule ? And in answering
this we will deal with a few more points to which the germination
of the seed in its early stage calls attention.

The back of the grain is grooved, the groove facing the inner
palea when on the plant. Looking down the groove near the
base you will see a narrow scar; that is the hilum, which is the
scar left when the grain separated from the placenta. There

28 BRITISH CEREALS.

being no funiculus, or stalk, the hilum indicates the position
of the micropyle, the ovary being what is known as hemitropous,
that is half inverted. Sometimes the hilum is round, sometimes,
as in this case, it is long, but so strictly does it maintain its

shape through whole groups of ky that it has its uses in
classification.

On the opposite side, that facing the outer palea on the

plant, is the embryo. This is near the base of the grain and is
visible through the pericarp, as the outer covering is called,
coating which on the inside is the aleurone layer. The grain is as

a rule a caryopsis, that is a dry fruit, or nut, in which the seed

instead of being free, as in an achene, is joined to the outer cover-
ing, the other contents being the endosperm, or nutriment of the
€mbryo, which forms the bulk of the grain, and, when ground, is
known to us as flour. In some grasses, none of them British, the
seed is loose and in due time falls out ; and in two or three genera
of the Bambusz the fruit is a berry, which in one species, Melo-
canna bambusoides, may be from four to six inches in diameter.

Backing against the endosperm is the scutellum, through
which its absorption is effected, and in front of the scutellum are
the embryo with the plumule, or bud of embryonic leaves, by
which the plant rises above the ground, and the radicle from which
the roots come. In front of these, up against the pericarp, is,
when present, the small scale known as the epiblast. The plumule
is On a, sometimes indistinct, stem known as the epicotyl; and
the radicle is enclosed in a sheath, the coleorhiza, which the
roots burst through as soon as they begin to grow.

Some authorities consider the scutellum to be the cotyledon ;
others say that the scutellum and first sheathing leaf form the
cotyledon ; a few tell us that the epiblast represents a second

cotyledon, a rather awkward suggestion, as it might make our

plant a dicotyledon.

When growth begins the radicle gives forth the primary root
soon followed by the adventitious roots; and the plumule, by
the shortest way, as in Rye and Wheat, or by the longest, as
in Oats and Barley, emerges from the grain, and, as a pencil of
rolled leaves, known as the spear, pushes its hard point in a

he agg FT = agi

BRITISH CEREALS. | 29

spiral advance up through the soil into the air. And as soon as
the seedlings are fairly developed we can recognise them as
follows :

Leaves rolled to the right.
Ribs thirteen or fewer.
Sheath glabrous.
Embryo with three roots. Odais.
Leaves rolled to the left.
Ribs thirteen or fewer.
Sheath hairy. Leaves green.
Ligule long.
Embryo with three roots. Wheat
Sheath hairy. Leaves reddish.
Ligule short.
Embryo with four roots. ye.
Ribs eighteen or more.
Sheath glabrous.
Embryo with five or six roots. Barley.

This looks clear enough, and instead of occupying space with
further explanation we can pass on to the next stage, when the
seedlings have become sturdy young plants with their leaves
fully developed. In this state we can again recognise the growing
crop without waiting for the flowers.

Leaves auricled.
Auricle large. Jkibs eighteen to twenty-four. Barley.
Auricle medium. Ribs eleven to thirteen.
Sheath hairs short. Wheat.
Auricle small. Ribs eleven to thirteen.
Sheath hairs long and short intermixed. Rve.
Leaves not auricled. Oats.

In time the flowers begin to form on the upper portion of the
stem by what is known as monopodial division, and before the
opening of the florets identification becomes easy by the branching
of the inflorescence, the disposition of the spikelets, and the
character of the glumes. In Oats the flowers are arranged in

30 BRITISH CEREALS.

panicles, in the other three British cereals they are in spikes
but again our shortest way is to put matters into tabular form :

Panicle. Oats.
Spike.
Spikelets solitary on each notch.
Glumes awl-shaped, with one nerve. Rye.
Glumes ovate, with three or more nerves. Wheat.
Spikelets two or three on each notch. Barley.

At a further stage in the flowering we are afforded another
means of recognition, which we can again arrange in a table more
likely to be remembered than the foregoing, as we are approach-
ing what many may look upon as common knowledge—which
it certainly is not to the ordinary townsman.

Spikelets on long stalks.
Florets two to six. Oats.
Spikelets sessile or apparently so.
Spikelets solitary.
Spikelets alike in size.
Terminal spikelet absent.
Florets two or three. Rye.
Lowest spikelet smaller than the rest.
With terminal spikelet, occasionally aborted.
Florets two to five. Wheat.
Spikelets in twos or threes.
Floret one. Barley.

Sometimes, in grey, cool weather, the florets do not open at
all, and in that case the flower is necessarily self-pollinated.
When this happens with Rye the result is sterility, but with
our other three cereals this does not matter; in fact, they are
largely self-fertilised, owing to some of the pollen drifting on to
the stigma when the anthers open and scatter it about in the air.

Generally speaking the florets open before breakfast on
warm sunny mornings when the air is dry. In Wheat they only
remain open for an hour or less, and for morning after morning
for more than a week the pollination of each spike will go on.

BRITISH CEREALS. 31

The first florets to open are more than half-way up the spike,
the next those immediately above and below the first morning’s
ring, and so on until the whole spikeful have contributed their
share, and, as we have just said, in many cases fertilised themselves.
Barley keeps its florets open longer than Wheat, and opens more
at a time, so that the spike does not take so long to complete its
pollination, but in more cases than not the florets do not open at all,
and every one is fertilised from its own anthers.

When the grain ripens—and in many cases before by those
experienced in such matters—we are in a position to say to
what sub-species or variety the plant may be assigned. These
are many, except with Rye, which we only know as Winter Rye,
Summer Rye, and Midsummer Rye, according to the time of
sowing, and is so unimportant in this country that it need not
trouble us. We should note, however, that it has not been so
long under cultivation as the other three, and though it is an
annual, it is a perennial by recent descent, which the others do
not seem to be. Wheat, when sown in the autumn, does not
ripen and die until the following year, and when kept cut or
well cropped by grazing, with plenty of room to branch, remains
alive for two years or more. Butwecan hardly call it a perennial,
as the ancestral species of Rye, Secale monianum of South Eastern
Europe and Western Asia, undoubtedly is, though in its cultivated
forms—S. cereale, and the less common S. fragile of Hungary—it
has almost lost this characteristic, which is occasionally apparent
when the stubble sprouts again after being left long in the ground.

Oats cannot be so briefly dismissed. Apparently the cul-
tivated forms, one of them found in the Swiss lake dwellings
and therefore of the Stone Age, arose from the Wild Oat, Avena
fatua, but the pedigree is not convincing. Nowadays we have
two main races, the Panicled Oat, A. sativa, and the Banner or
Tartarian Oat, A. orientalis, with the panicle contracted and
one-sided. Besides these we have the Chinese Oat, A. chinensis,
belonging to the Panicled group; and A. muda, the Naked Oat ;
A. brevis, the Short Oat; and A. stvigosa, the Hairy or Bristle
Oat, belonging to the Tartarian group.

Neither the Naked Oat nor the Chinese Oat seem to have

32 BRITISH CEREALS.

been grown in these islands, but the Short Oat has been grown
here for fodder, and is still cultivated as a corn crop in the
Pyrenees where other varieties fail to ripen, and the Hairy Oat
is still in cultivation in Spain, in some parts of Northern
Germany, and in the Shetlands and Orkneys, and used to be
a common crop in Northern Scotland, where it has given place >
to more profitable kinds.

The Tartarian Oat is represented amongst us re the Black
Oat and the White Oat and the seedsmen’s strains of these varieties
with which we need not concern ourselves. The Panicled Oat
is represented by the several forms of the Potato, Sandy, Hope-
toun, and Winter Dun types; but here again a tabular scheme
will greatly help us:

Panicle spreading.
Florets four to eight. <A. chinensis (Chinese Oat).
Florets two or three. A. sativa (Common Oat).
Grain white and short. Potato type.
Grain reddish white. Sandy type. |
Grain long, pale brown. Hopetoun type.
Grain dark at base, brown in middle, paler at apex.
Winter Dun type. |
Panicle contracted and one-sided.
Florets four to six. A. nuda (Naked Oat).
Florets one or two.
Lower floret stalked, grain short. A. brevis. (Short Oat.)
Florets two or three. |
Outer palea bifid, with teeth prolonged into bristles.
A. strigosa (Bristle or Hairy Oat).
Outer palea not bristled. <A. orientalis (Tartarian or
Banner Oat).
Grain white, straw tall and rigid. White Oat.
Grain black, straw medium. Black Oat.

Barley and Wheat were cultivated in Switzerland before the
Bronze Age, a quantity of both, carbonised at the burning of the
lake city, having been found at Robenhausen, and bushels of
both at Wangen. In these ancient stores two species of Barley

BRITISH CEREALS. 33

were recognisable, Hordeum hexastichon, tound also in the oldest
Egyptian monuments, not known wild and now cultivated only
in Southern Europe, and H. distichon, which is derivable from
H. spontaneum, now found native within the area enclosed by
the Red Sea, the Caucasus, and the Caspian, the only differences
being the non-articulate axis and the shorter awns. Four-rowed
Barley, otherwise Bigg or Bere, H. vulgare (or, perhaps more
frequently H. sativum vulgare), seems to be a further development
of H. distichon, and comparatively recent, though prehistoric.
One of its varieties, ripening within three months of its sowing,
H. pallidum, is confined to the north of Europe and Asia; another,
H. cerulescens, to Southern Europe and Northern Africa; and
another group of its varieties is formed of the naked barleys of
the Himalaya. |

The following table gives the main distinctions :

All spikelets fertile. Lateral grains twisted.
Lateral spikelets in four straight rows. A. hexastichon
(Six-rowed Barley).

Lateral spikelets in two irregular overlapping rows. H. vul-
gave (Four-rowed Barley).
Grain adherent. Common Barley.
Spikes pale yellow. H. pailidum
Spikes grey. H. cerulescens.
Grain free. :
Awn simple. 4H. celeste (Siberian or Naked Barley).
Awn three-pronged. H. wtifurcatum (Nepal or
Himalayan Barley).

Lateral spikelets barren. None of the grains twisted
H. distichon (Two-rowed Barley).

Awns long and divergent. H. zeocrtton (Fan, Battledore, or
Peacock Barley).

Awns not divergent.
Grain bare. H. nudum.
Glumes of middle spikelet very narrow. H., dejictens.
Glumes of middle spikelet very broad. H. macrolepis.

34 BRITISH CEREALS.

Glumes medium. | :
Spikelets erect. Grain notched across base. Rachis
stout, hairs long and numerous. WH. evectum.
(Goldthorpe type).
Spikelets nodding. Grain not notched across, but
sloped at base. A. nuians.

Rachilla short and stout with short woolly sear |

Chevalier type.
Rachilla long and slender, with long upright hairs.
Nottingham type.

Cultivated Wheat is quite as old as the Stone Age, and its —

origin is very doubtful, but Hackel divides the genus Tviticum into
two sections, Agilobs and Sitopyros, and through two of the
twelve species of the former, 4. ovata and 4. triuncialis, obtains
the transitions into the latter, which is made up entirely of our
cultivated Wheats. Of these there are three main types,
which are generally given specific rank—Tviticum monococcum,
LI. polonicum, and T. sativum. s

One-grained Wheat, T. monococcum, better known as Small
Spelt, grows apparently wild on the hills of Thessaly, and ranges
from Achaia to Mesopotamia. Thriving in stony places and
giving good meal, though mostly used as mush and fodder, it
is cultivated in the mountainous districts of Spain, France, and
Eastern Europe. It was grown in the Stone Age at Aggtelek in
Hungary, and also by the Swiss lake dwellers. A specimen was
discovered in a brick of the pyramid of Dashur, showing that it
was known to the Egyptians—to say nothing of the wall paintings
—and it was also found by Schliemann among the ruins of Hissar-
lik, which he considered to be Troy. It is infertile when crossed
with T. sativum, so that there are some real grounds for giving it
a species to itself.

Polish Wheat, T, polonicum, when crossed with T. emeniall
is satisfactorily fertile, and seems to be merely a cultivated
variety. It is grown in Spain, where, notwithstanding its name,
it apparently originated, in Italy, in Eastern Europe, and in
Abyssinia. From its slender grain it has been called Giant
Rye, and it is readily recognisable by its almost solid straw and

x
;
t
4

BRITISH CEREALS. 35

the great size of its glumes, which are frequently an inch in length |
enclosing all the four florets of the spikelet, two of which are
generally sterile.

Both these Wheats are of little importance compared with
T. sativum, in which the glumes are shorter than the palez.
Its culture is of great antiquity. Two of its varieties, Dwarf
Wheat, T. compactum, and Starch Wheat, T. dicoccum, were
stored in the Swiss lake dwellings. Grains of the main species
have been found in the Egyptian pyramids, and T. spelta was
the chief cereal of Egypt and Greece.

To be clear as to the distinctions between the species or
varieties (they are all really varieties), let us put them into
tabular form :

Terminal spikelet aborted. 7. monococcum (One-grained
Wheat).
Terminal spikelet developed.
Glumes not shorter than outer palea. T. polonicum (Polish
Wheat). |
Glumes shorter than outer palea. T. sativum.
Rachis brittle.
Spikes loose; glumes broadly truncate; keel obtuse. T.
spelta (Spelt Wheat).
Spikes dense ; glumes tapering ; keel acute. T. dicoccum
(Two-grained Spelt).
Rachis tough. T. tenax.
Glumes keeled throughout.
Grain pointed and compressed. T. durum (Hard
Wheat).
Grain obtuse and not compressed.
Spike simple. T. turgidum (Rivet Wheat).
Spike compound. Tf. compositum. (Egyptian
Wheat).
Glumes keeled at apex, rounded at base.
Plant dwarfed. Spikes quadrangular. T. con aera
(Dwarf Wheat).
Plant not dwarfed. Spikes slightly compressed. T,
vulgave (Common Wheat).

36 BRITISH CEREALS.

It will be seen we divide the varieties of T. sativum into
those in which the rachis breaks off at the notches when thrashed
and those in which it doesnot. The former includes only T. spelta,
grown as a crop in Northern Spain and hardly anywhere else,
and T. dicoccum, cultivated in Southern Europe from Spain to

Servia. Both these, like IT. monococcum, differ from the others,

in the grain, though free, not falling out of the ear during the
thrashing. 7 |

Hard Wheat is the flinty variety yielding the very glutinous
flour which is made up into macaroni, vermicelli, etc., as being
better adapted for such strong pastes than any other, and pro-
bably was the cause of their tubular shape. It is almost con-
fined to the Mediterranean region, and is the principal grain of
Spain and Northern Afriea. It has a solid straw and long,
bristly awns, these awns in some of its varieties being jet-black.

Rivet Wheat is another Mediterranean species, but unlike
the foregoing the flour is much more starchy than glutinous.
It grows tall, with thick quadrangular spikes, and broad velvety
leaves, and in this country is grown only on a few clay lands in
the south, though for some reason Hackel and other Germans
call it English Wheat. Egyptian or Miracle Wheat, T. com-
positum, often described as a variety, has the spikes branched.

Dwarf Wheat, T. compactum, is the Hedgehog Wheat of the
lake dwellers, a very old-established variety still cultivated in
certain parts of Germany, in Turkestan, and elsewhere. Short
and sturdy, it survives a good deal of rough treatment by the
weather and otherwise. It was at one time grown a little in
England, but was abandoned for something more profitable. In
fact, of all these Wheats, with a few exceptions not worth men-
tioning, the only one seen in our fields is 7. vulgare, beardless and
bearded, in its hundreds of agricultural strains.

The genera of Oats and Barley, Avena and Hordeum, are
represented in Britain by other species. Those of Rye and
Wheat are not otherwise represented ; in position they follow
Agropyrum, the systematic sequence being 4 gropyrum, Haynaldia,
Secale, Triticum, Heteranthelium, Hordeum.

~~
——— a

CHAPTER V

THE ORDER AND ITS TRIBES.

Sea i ene

HE grasses have a botanical order to themselves, Gramineae,
which is one of the two orders—Cyperacee being the
other—forming the Glumiflore, the most important and most
widely distributed group—cohort or series, or whatever it may |

be called—into which the monocotyledonous plants have been

divided.
The Glumiflore are defined by Rendle as follows :
“Flowers, small, naked or with a perianth represented
by scales or hair-like structures, enclosed in scale-like bracts,
and forming large, compound, indefinite inflorescences,
Stamens usually in one whorl of three; pistil of a single
ovary, bearing one to three styles and enclosing a single
ovule. Cross-pollinated by aid of wind, or seli-pollinated.
Fruit usually a caryopsis or nut; seed containing a well-
developed embryo and a large quantity of endosperm.
“Annual or perennial herbs, or, in some tropical genera
and species, shrubby or arborescent. Stem slender, with
elongated internodes and alternate linear parallel-veined
leaves, divided into sheath and blade, often with a mem-
branous outgrowth, or ligule, at the line of union.”
Keeping clear of theories which do not concern us, we can
define the Gramineze as plants in which the flowers are as a rule
hermaphrodite, though rarely unisexual, placed generally above
a chafi-like bract (the outer palea) and an opposite bract (the
inner palea), and having at their base a pair of small scales
(lodicules), one or both of which are, exceptionally, absent :
stamens usually in a whorl of three (rarely two), sometimes in

_ two alternating whorls, and in rare cases decreased to one or

37 D

~— oe oe
a 4 Be
Fe ‘
.
2
t

38 THE ORDER AND ITS TRIBES.

increased to many ; carpel single; ovary one-celled, usually with
two, rarely with one or three, lateral stigmas; ovule solitary,
with micropyle pointing downwards: fruit usually a caryopsis ;
embryo outside the endosperm in front at its base, small
and straight with a shield-like development of the cotyledon

towards the endosperm; radicle and plumule well-developed.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, mostly perennial, with jointed
stems ; leaves distichous, consisting of a sheath and blade with,
generally, a ligule at the junction.

Hackel, whose classification is the best we have, divides the
grasses into thirteen tribes, to which the following will be found
a useful key. It is not quite the same as his, but good enough
for practical purposes, and saves us from the repetition of details
we shall have to deal with a page or so further on.

Stem woody.

Leaf often joined to sheath by a petiole. BAMBUSZ.
Stem not woody.

Leaf not joined to sheath by a petiole.

Spikelets with one or two florets (lower floret when present
imperfect) falling entire at maturity. Jachilla not
produced beyond the florets. Internodes between
glumes or florets, when present, not distinct.

Florets not laterally compressed.
Palez hyaline (that is glassy) ; lower glume the larger.
Spikelets male or female. MAYDEZ.
Spikelets perfect or male and perfect.
ANDROPOGONEZ.
Palee not hyaline.
Paleee membranous.
Lower glume the larger. ZOYSIEZ.
Lower glume the smaller. TRISTEGINEZ.
Palee not membranous. PANICEZ.
Florets laterally compressed. ORYZE.

Spikelets with one or many florets. Those with one floret
frequently with rachilla produced beyond it; rachilla
generally jointed above glumes so that these remain

THE ORDER AND ITS TRIBES. 39

after the fall of the pales. Internodes between glumes
or florets distinct. |
Glumes four. Florets one or three. PHALARIDEZ.
Glumes two (rarely more).
Spikelets with one floret. AGROSTIDEZ.
Spikelets with two or more florets.
Spikelets in panicles or racemes.

Glumes generally longer than outer palea, usually
with a bent dorsal awn. AVENE.

Glumes generally shorter than outer _ palea,
usually unawned or with a straight terminal
awn. FESTUCEZ.

Spikelets in double rows, the spike one-sided,

CHLORIDEZ.
Spikelets in opposite rows, spike two-sided.
HORDE.

Looking down this arrangement we notice at once that five
of the tribes—Bambuse, Maydez, Andropogonez, Zoysiee, and
Tristeginee—are not British and need not concern us; and that
by viewing the table from a purely British point of view we can
simplify matters much further. And so we can; the following
being the key with which we have worked through our native
genera : *

Glumes 4. PHALARIDEZ.
Glumes 3. PANICEZ#
Glumes 0. ORYZEZ..
Glumes 2.
Florets one. AGROSTIDEZ.
Florets more than one
Spikes.
Spikelets in two rows on one side. CHLORIDEZ.
Spikelets in two opposite rows in notches. HORDEZ:.
Spikelets in two opposite rows turning to one side.
FESTUCEZ: (as regards Poa loliacea).

40 THE ORDER AND ITS TRIBES.

Panicles,
Spikelets with a terminally awned male floret above
an awnless perfect floret, or with all the outer
palez dorsally awned, and the rachilla hairless or
having short hairs. AVENEZ:.
Spikelets otherwise. FESTUCEZ.

These are our eight British tribes, and we can get our best
description of them by re-assembling Hackel’s key with additions.

PANICE#. Spikelets in spikes, racemes or panicles, axis
usually continuous. One-floret ; occasionally two florets, lower
floret, when present, male or very rarely perfect, in the axil of the
third glume. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire or together
with certain joints of the rachis at maturity. Jachilla not
produced beyond the florets. Internodes between the different
glumes or flowers not measurable. Spikelets not flattened
laterally, but usually somewhat dorsally compressed or else
perfectly round. Palez of the perfect floret firmer in texture
than the glumes, and unawned. Glumes, one, two, or three,
rarely awned. Seed unfurrowed, embryo nearly half as large
as fruit. Starch grains simple, polyhedral to roundish. Hilum
punctiform. ;

Represented in Britain by only one genus, Panicum 3-8.

OryzEa. Spikelets with one floret, which falls from the
pedicel entire or together with certain joints of the rachis at
maturity. Rachilla not produced beyond the florets. Inter-
nodes between the different glumes or florets not measurable.
Spikelets laterally compressed. Florets enclosed by palez, inner
palea usually with a single nerve. Glumes two or more, very
rarely numerous. Stamens, one, two, three, or frequently six,
Stigmas elongated. Fruit with a small embryo. Starch grains
compound. Hilum linear.

- Represented in Britain by only one genus, Leersia 1

PHALARIDE&. Spikelets with one floret or with one perfect
and one or two male florets. Rachilla frequently produced
beyond the florets, and generally articulated above the glumes,

ne ln. tite -_
’
.

THE ORDER AND ITS TRIBES. 41

so that they remain after the fall of the palee. Glumes four,
unequal, third and fourth occasionally very small or one of
them rudimentary. Palez laterally compressed, nerves one or
none, awnless. Spikelets upon pedicels in panicles, spike-like
panicles or racemes without notches on the main axis. Stigmas
usually projecting from the point of the spikelet. Seed un-
furrowed, embryo small. Starch grains compound.

Represented in Britain by four genera, Phalavis 11, Digraphis
12, Anthoxanthum 10, Hierochloe 9.

AGROSTIDE®. Spikelets with one floret ; rachilla sometimes
produced beyond the palea and generally articulated above the
glumes, so that they remain after the fall of the palee. Glumes
two (very exceptionally none), often unequal, usually at least as
long as the outer palea. Palea with two nerves. Spikelets upon
pedicels in panicles, spike-like panicles or racemes, without
notches on the main axis. Seed unfurrowed, embryo small ;
starch grains compound.

Represented in Britain by ten genera, Milium 2, Phleum
13-17, Alopecurus 18-21, Mibora 22, Polypagon 24, 25, Agrostis
26-29, Gasiridium 30, Calamagrostis 32-35, Psamma_ 31,
Lagurus 23.

AVENE. Spikelets with two or more florets (exceptionally
with one); rachilla frequently produced beyond the florets and
generally articulated above the glumes, which often remain after
the fall of the palee. Distinct internodes between the florets.
Spikelets in panicles, rarely in spikes. Florets all perfect or
one of them male. Outer palea generally shorter than glumes
and awned on the back; awn bent, rarely nearly straight ;
inner palea with two keels. Style short or absent; stigmas
feathery, protruding above the base or middle of the spikelet.
Seed usually furrowed ; embryo small; starch grains compound.

Represented in Britain by four genera, Holcus 45, 46, Atra
36-40, Avena 41-43, Avrhenatherum to.

FestucE&. Spikelets with two or more florets (rarely with
one), usually perfect; rachilla frequently produced beyond the

42 THE ORDER AND ITS TRIBES.

florets and generally articulated above the glumes, which often
remain after the fall of the palee. Distinct internodes between
the florets. Spikelets in panicles or apparent spikes. Glumes
generally shorter than inner palea ; inner palea awnless or with
from one to many awns, which are usually terminal, rarely
dorsal, and straight, though occasionally geniculate. Inner
palea with two keels. Embryo, as a rule, small; starch Sane
mostly compound.

Represented in Britain by ‘uted genera, Seslevia 100,
Arundo 101, Triodia 98, Molinia 95, Koeleria 99, Catabrosa 94,
Melica 96,97, Briza 77, 78, Dactylis 74, Cynosurus 75, 76, Poa
79-93, Festuca 69-73, Bromus 62-68, Brachypodium 60, 61.

CHLORIDE&. Spikelets with one or more florets, in two series
upon one side of the continuous rachis; outer palea deciduous
with the fruit, the glumes rarely falling with them. Inner
palea with two nerves. Styles distinct; stigmas projecting
from the sides, occasionally from just below the apex. Seed free,
unfurrowed ; starch grains generally compound. i

Represented in Britain by two genera, Cynodon 47, Spartina 48.

HoRDE#, Spikelets sessile on notches of the rachis, in two
or more rows, forming an equilateral or (rarely) unilateral spike.
Florets one or more, uppermost floret pee when there are
more than one.

Represented in Britain by six genera, Nardus 50, Lolium 58, 59,

Lepturus 49, Agropyrum 56, 57, Hordeum 52-55, Elymus 51.

CHAPTER VI.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

=|. |=

AGROSTIDE#.

- Panicles.

Florets hairy at base; leaves rough,

Hairs few and short. Agrostis, 26-29.
Hairs numerous, long and silky. Calamagrostis, 32-35.

Florets not hairy at base ; leaves smooth and broad. Milium, 2.

Spikes.

Spikelets alternate in two opposite rows.
Spike ovoid, almost globular. Lagurus, 23.

Spike tapering from base.

Miubora, 22.

Spikelets compressed. Polypogon, 24, 25.
Spikelets not compressed. Gastridium, 30.

Spike fusiform or cylindrical.

Ligule lengthy and bifid. Psamma, 31.

Ligule not lengthy and bifid.
Spike bristly. Phleum, 13-17.
Spike silky. Alopecurus,

18-21.

MILIUM. Spikelets cylindrical,
stalked, awnless. Glumes two, nearly
equal, membranous, enclosing floret,
tumid, ovate, pointed. Outer palea
smaller, ovate, convex, permanent,
finally indurated, enclosing the seed.
Lodicules two, ovate, obtuse; sta-
mens three, filiform, short, ovary
roundish ; styles two; stigmas tufted.

43

Floret.

Milium effusum.
For Spikelet see p. 114.

AA THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

Panicle diffuse ; leaves reversed at base so that the upper side
is really the under side.

Species. M. effusum, 2.

PHLEUM. Panicle spike-like. Glumes oblong, linear-lanceolate, :
compressed, nearly equal, pointed or awned. Palez shorter, con-
cealed within the glumes, awnless and very thin ; sometimes a
minute awn on the back of outer palea,
ora bristle at base of inner palea. Inner
palea with two ribs. Lodicules ovate,
concave, acute. Stamens three ; anthers
oblong ; filaments capillary, longer than
glumes. Stylestwo; stigmas feathery
with short branches, protruding from
apex Of spikelet. Grain roundish, envel-
oped by palee but not united to them.

Species. P. pratense, 13
P. alpinum, 14.
P, boehmerz, 1 re
P, asperum, 16.

Phileum pratense.
Floret.
For Spikelet see p. 12 P. avenarium, 17.

ALOPECURUS. Glumes equal, ovate-lanceolate, concave, com-
pressed, connate at base, awnless. Outer
palea thin, ovate-lanceolate, concave, with
a slight, bent, dorsal awn and _ fringed
on keel. Inner palea often absent. No
lodicules. Stamens three; filaments flat-
tened at base; anthers forked at each
end. Ovary roundish; styles capillary,
united at base ; stigmas with short branches
protruding from apex of spikelet; grain
loose or not enclosed. |

Species. A. agrestis, 18.
A. pratensis, 19.
A. geniculatus, 20.

Alopecurus agrestis,
. Floret. |
A. alpinus, 21, For Spikelet see p. 73.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 45

Mrsora. Spike simple and slender. Glumes equal or nearly
so, erect, oblong, abrupt, keeled, awnless. Outer palea rather
shorter than glumes, very thin,
white, hairy. Inner palea absent
or little more than a tuft of
hair. Stamens three, filaments
capillary, twice as long as outer
palea. Ovary ovate; stigmas
long, slender, downy, with short
branches, protruding from apex
of spikelet. Grain elliptical, en-
closed in glumes but not united

to them. Leaves short and
setaceous. Mibora verna.
Species. M. verna, 22. Floret. For Spikelet see p. 113.

Potypocon. Panicle spike-like. Glumes nearly equal,
narrow, straight, concave, bifid, with long slender awns.
Outer palea about half as long
as glumes, thin, broadish, notched
at apex, awned. Inner palea notched
at apex, thin, transparent, narrow,
awnless. Lodicules oblong. Stamens
three; filaments capillary, as long
as outer palea ; anthers’ oblong.
Ovary ovate ; styles two, wide
apart ; stigmas pectinately branched,
usually protruding from sides of
spikelets. Grain ovate, enveloped by
palee.

Polypogon littoralis. Species. P. monspeliensis, 24.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 135. P. Hitoralis. 2 F
. 4 "5 5 .

AGRosTis. Panicle variable but more or less diffuse. Spike-
lets small. Outer glumes persistent, longer than paleze, equal,
narrow, pointed, awnless. Outer palea thin, membranous or

é 4
ee ore,
ea
" =
Lean sr ee a Ae

46 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

hyaline, generally with a dorsal awn.
Inner palea short and small, or absent.
Stamens three. Stigmas pectinately
branched, usually protruding from sides
of spikelets. Grain enveloped by ‘palez.

Species. A.alba, 26.
A. canina, 27
A. setacea, 28,

pee aes, A. spica-venti, 20.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 67.

GASTRIDIUM. Panicle dense, spike-like,
spikelets narrow and shining. Rachilla
extending beyond palez. Glumes persistent,
unequal, swollen at base, acute, smooth,
shining. Outer palea a third as long as
glumes, thin. Stamens three. Stigmas
pectinately branched, usually protruding
from sides of spikelets. Grain enveloped by
palee.

Species. G. lendigerum, 30.

Gastridium lendigerum.
loret.
For Spikelet see p. ror,

CALAMAGROSTIS.—Panicle variable. Rachilla extending be.
yond palee. Glumes persistent, nearly equal, keeled. Outer
palea thin, membranous, narrow, —
short, awned. Stamens three.
Stigmas pectinately branched
and usually protruding from
sides of spikelets. Grain en-
veloped in palex. Broader |
leaves twisted to the left.

Species. C. epigetos, 32.
C. lanceolata, 33
C. stricta, 34.

Calamagrostis epigeios.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 89. C. stvigosa, 35.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 47

PsAMMA. Panicle spike-like, nar-

row, cylindrical.
large. Rachilla
palee. Glumes

Paleze chartaceous.
somewhat indurated, awnless. Inner
palea with two ribs. Stamens three.
Stigmas pectinately branched, usually
protruding from sides of spikelet.

extending beyond
persistent, stiff.

Spikelets rather

Outer palea thin,

Grain enveloped in palee.

E : Psamma arenaria.
Species. P. arenaria, 31. Floret. For Spikelet see p. 135.

LaGcurus, Panicle spike-like or capitate. Spikelets very
hairy. Glumes persistent, long, narrow, spreading, bearing

Lagurus ovatus.
Floret.
For Spikelet see p. 107.

AVENEZE.

plumose hairs. Outer palea firm, shorter
than glumes, with two awns forking from its
apex and a long dorsal awn. Inner palea
shorter than outer, with two ribs, a pair
of awns at its apex, smaller than those
of the outer palea. Lodicules lanceolate,
blunt, tumid at base. Stamens three;
filaments capillary, anthers oblong, pen-
dulous, notched at each end. Ovary ob-
long; styles short. Stigmas long, pecti-
nately branched and _ protruding from
sides of spikelet. Grain enveloped in
palez.

Species. L. ovatus, 23.

Florets three or more. Avena, 41-43.

Florets two.

Both florets perfect. Azra, 36-40.
Upper floret perfect. Avrhenatherum, io.
Lower floret perfect. Holcus, 45, 46.

48 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

Hotcus. Inflorescence a panicle. Spikelets falling entire.
Florets two, upper floret male, awned; lower floret perfect,
awnless. Glumes erect, beardless, ovate, compressed, keeled,
enclosing florets, one of which is
stalked. Outer palea pointed, that
of male floret with a dorsal awn. |
Inner palea smaller, awnless, apex
entire. Lodicules single, bifid,
membranous. Stamens three. Ovary
ovate. Style short or absent. Stig-
mas oblong and feathery, protrud-
ing above the base or middle of
the floret. Grain ovate, attached to
the indurated palee. Broader leaves
twisted to the left.

Species. ff. lanatus, 45.

Holcus lanatus.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 103. fT. mollis, 46.

Atra. Panicles loose. Spikelets small. Florets two, nearly
sessile. Glumes equal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, thin, mem-
branous, persistent. Outer palea like glumes in height and
texture, bifid at apex, rounded on back, awn dorsal and short.
Inner palea two-nerved. Stamens
three; filaments long and capil-
lary; anthers oblong, forked at
each end. Ovary glabrous. Styles
bristle shaped, spreading. Stigmas
feathery, protruding above the
base or middle of the spikelet.

Species. A. cespitosa, 30.

A. flexuosa, 37.
A, canescens, 38. =
A. praecox, 39. Aira caryophyllea.

Floret. For Spikelet see p. 72. :
A. caryophyllea, 40. :

pound.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 77.

Species. A. /fatua, 41.
A. pratensis, 42.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 49

AvENA. Panicles loose. Spikelets with two or more florets.
Rachilla extending beyond upper floret. Glumes unequal, mem-
branous, lanceolate, acute, ventricose, loose, persistent, awnless.
Outer palea slightly smaller, with
lateral veins, ending in two points,
awned ; awn dorsal, kneed, twisted.
Lodicules two. Stamens three ;
filaments thin, capillary.
hairy at apex. Stigmas protruding
above the base or middle of the
spikelet. Grain fusiform, deeply
grooved, hairy at apex, enclosed
by the palee. Starch grains com-

Ovary

. Avena pratensis.
A. flavescens, 43. Floret. For Spikelet see p. 80.

ARRHENATHERUM. Spikelets upright. Florets two, upper
perfect, lower male and awned. Rachilla prolonged beyond upper

floret. Glumes unequal, membranous,
persistent. Outer palea of upper
floret awned from the point or awn-
less. Outer palea of lower floret

awned from below the middle, awn

long, bent, and twisted. Inner palez
herbaceous, ending in two _ points.
Lodicules two. Stamens __ three.
Ovary hairy at apex. Stigmas pro-
truding above the base or middle
of the spikelet. Grain oblong, not
grooved, hairy at apex, enclosed by
the palez .

Species. A. avenaceum, 44.

_—s

50 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

CHLORIDE.

Spikes digitate ; spikelets small. Cynodon, 47 |
Spikes upright ; spikelets large. Spartina, 48. |

CyNoDoN. Spikes’ digitate,
radially divergent. Spikelets
small, in two series, on one side
of the spike, awnless. Florets one.
Glumes nearly equal, narrow,
patent, persistent. Outer palea
longer and broader than glumes,
ciliate on keel, compressed, em-
bracing inner palea. Stamens
three. Styles long, distinct. Stig-
mas feathery, protruding from
sides of spikelets.

Cynodon dactylon.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 91, Species. C. dactylon, 47.

SPARTINA. Spikes two or more, usually upright. Spikelets
generally awnless, large, compressed, falling entire. Florets
one, sessile. Glumes boat-shaped,
compressed, converging, very un-
equal; outer glume broad and
striated, inner glume lanceolate.
Outer palea nearly as long as
longer glume, linear, compressed,
narrowing to a point at apex.
Inner palea about as long. Lodi-
cules none. Stamens three; fila-
ments slender, antherslong. Ovary
narrow and pointed. Styles thin,
longer than filaments, united half
way up. Stigma short, feathery.
Grain compressed.

Spartina stricta. |
Species. S. stvicla, 48. Floret. For Spikelet see p. 137.

(THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 51
FESTUCEZ.

Spikes.
Simple.
Spikelets on one side. Cynosurus, 75, 76.
Spikelets imbricated ; bract at base. Seslevia, too.
Spike interrupted near base. SKoeleria, 99.
Compound.
Spikelets on both sides. Bvachypodium, 60, 61.

Panicles.
Spikelets orbicular. Briza, 77, 78.
Sheath quadrangular. Melica, 96, 97.
Stem solid. Molinia, 95.
Leaves glaucous above, dark green below. Tviodia, 98.
Florets enveloped in silky hairs of axis. Avundo, 101.
Panicle tufted. Dactylis, 74.
Panicle diffuse.
Awned.,
Awn of outer palea sub-terminal, style sub-terminal.
Bromus, 62-68.
Awn of outer palea terminal; style terminal.. Fes/uca,
69-73.
Awnless,
Glumes truncate, panicle whorled. Catabrosa, 94.
Glumes short or pointed. |
Poa, 79-93.
Glumes long and _ lanceo-
late. estuca, 69, 70
(as regards F. ovina and
F. elatior).

SESLERIA. Panicle dense and
spike-like or capitate. Spikelets im-
bricate, sessile, persistent. Florets
few, Glumes nearly equal, ovate-
lanceolate, concave, acute, keeled,
membranous. Outer palea_ erect,

Sesleria carulea,
acute, entire or toothed, awnless or Pioret. For Spikelet see p. 136

§2 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

with one awn. Inner palea folded, two-ribbed, cleft. Stamens

three; filaments capillary, long; anthers pendulous, oblong.
Styles two, varying in length, sometimes united. Stigmas long,
cylindrical, feathery, protruding at or near apex of floret, with
short hairs on all sides. Grain ovate, smooth.

Species. S.c@rulea, 100.

ARUNDO. Panicle large and
crowded, more or less drooping. Spike-
lets long and narrow with many
florets. Lowermost floret male, the
others perfect. Rachilla with long
hairs. Glumes unequal, oblong,
pointed. Outer palea membranous
or hyaline, nerves three, long, pointed,
awnless or with a small terminal

of same length as glumes. Stigmas
long and narrow, protruding from
the middle section of the floret.
Numerous long, silky, silvery hairs from base of floret. Leaves
flat and broad.

Arundo phragnuies.
Floret For Spikelet see p. 78.

Species. A. phragmites, 101.

Triopta. Panicle open. Spikelets
alike. Florets three or more. Glumes
nearly equal. Outer palea coriaceous
or chartaceous, with three teeth and
parallel veins which do not join to
form an awn, middle tooth pointed.
Stamens three. Styles terminal.
Stigmas plumose, protruding from
sides of outer palea. Grain free.

Triodia decumbens. /
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 138.

Species. J. decumbens, 98.

%
2
»
}

awn. Inner palea as long as outer, —

= ota cg

Se ee 2 ee ee ee ee

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 53

Mo.inia. Panicle branches in a
spiral. Spikelets alike, small, conical.
Florets two, three, or four. Rachilla
articulated. Glumes unequal, with-
out lateral ribs, pointed. Outer palea
with three nerves, awnless. Inner
palea small with a bristle at its base.
Palez indurated on seed. Stamens
three. Stigmas plumose, protruding
from sides of outer palea.

Molinia carulea. Species. M. ce@rulea, 95.
Floret, For Spikelet see p. 115.

KOELERIA. Panicle spike-like,
branches distichous. Spikelets alike,
compressed. Florets two to five, shin-
ing. Glumes unequal, inner glume
with two or three ribs. Outer palea
entire, keeled, pointed or with a
straight sub-terminal bristle, three-
nerved. Stamens three. Stigmas plu-
mose, protruding from sides of outer
palea.

Koeleria cristata.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 107.

Species. Ix. cristata, 99.

CATABROSA. Panicle diffuse, bran-
ches long and slender. Spikelets all
similar, small. Florets two, rounded
on back, distant. Glumes _ broad,
short, blunt at the apex or indented,
unequal, awnless. Outer glume with
one vein ; inner with two short lateral
veins. Outer palea membranous, with
three veins ending in teeth. Stamens
three. Stigmas plumose, protruding

Catabrosa aquatica. from sides of outer palea.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. gr. Species. C aquatica, 04.

54 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

Metica. Paniclenarrow. Spikelets few and large, containing
one or more florets and a club-shaped
glume enclosing one or more rudimen-
tary florets. Glumes ovate, concave,
thin, nearly equal, with lateral ribs.
Outer palea ovate, concave ; inner palea
ovate, flat. Lodicules single, fleshy,
horizontal. Ovary turbinate. Stigmas
long, feathery. Stamens three, fila-
ments capillary, thickened at base;
anthers oblong. Styles two, bristle-
shaped, spreading. Palee hardening on
grain, which is ovate and grooved.

Melhca unifiora.
Species. M. nutans, 96. , sale |

M. uniflora, 97. For Spikelet see p. 112.

Briza, Panicle loose. Spikelets purplish or pale green,
ovate or triangular, broad, short, distichous, pendulous.
Florets three to eight, densely imbricate. Outer glumes nearly
equal, longer or shorter than the lowermost floret, broad,
blunt, membranous, margin scarious, concave, ribs five, or
more. Outer palea blunt, cartilaginous, boat-shaped, cordate
at base, rounded on back, with-
out lateral projections, veins separate
throughout. Inner palea much |
shorter than outer palea, very small, |
flat and roundish. Lodicules two,
narrow, notched. Stamens. three,
filaments capillary, anthers oblong. |
Ovary roundish. Styles two.
Stigmas feathery. Grain very flat, |
dorsally compressed and adherent to |
palez.

Species. B. media, 77

Briza minor.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 83.

B. minor, 78

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 55

DacTYLIs. Panicle one - sided.
Spikelets in clusters. Florets three
to five, concave on [inner side.
Glumes unequal, pointed, keeled,
convex, herbaceous. Outer palea
compressed, keeled, keel fringed, apex
continued asashort awn. Lodicules
lanceolate, tumid at base. Stamens
three; filaments longer than outer
palea, slender. Styles spreading.
Stigmas feathery. Grain oblong,
naked, grooved, free.

Dactylis glomerata.
Species. D. glomevata, 74- Floret. For Spikelet see p. 94.

CynosurRus. Panicle spike-like or capitate, one-sided. Spike-
lets of two forms in sessile clusters. Each spikelet with a comb-
like bract at base. Barren spikelets
with awned or pointed glumes; fer-
tile spikelets with two or three florets.
Glumes two, nearly equal, keeled.
Outer palea long, concave, with
terminal bristle. Inner palea flat,
awnless. Lodicules ovate, acute,
swollen at base. Stamens three;
filaments capillary; anthers oblong,
pointed. Stylesreflexed, hairy. Stig-
mas plumose, protruding from sides.
Grain oblong, closely covered with
palez.

Cynosurus cristatus. Species. C. crisiaius, 75.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 92. C. echinatus, 76

Poa. Panicle simple or compound; branches in whorls of
one to five. Spikelets not imbricated or clustered, Rachilla
often hairy. Florets many, awnless. Glumes -rather unequal,
ovate, pointed, mostly keeled, awnless, herbaceous. or

56 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

Poa praiensis.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 130.

Species. P.
t a
re

. distans, 82.

. procumbens, 83.

. vigida, 84.

. loliacea, 85.

. annua, 80.

. compressa, 87

. pratensis, 88.

. trivialts, 89.

. nemoralts, 9O.

ava, 01.

. alpina, 92.

. bulbosa, 93.

FESTUCA.
more.

Spikelets lanceolate, roughish.
Glumes erect, unequal, herbaceous, keeled. Outer palea

membranous. Outer palea_ ovate,
concave, lateral nerves arched, con-
verging above, more or less. keeled,
compressed, rather longer than glumes,
membranous at margin. Lodicules
acute or torn, swollen at base. Sta-
mens three. Ovary roundish. Styles
two, rising at or near the apex of
the ovary, reflexed, hairy. Stigmas

plumose. Grain oblong, pointed,
compressed on each side. Hilum
punctiform.

aquatica, 79.
fluzians, 80.
maritima, 81:

Florets two or

rough, chartaceous to membranous, lanceolate, rounded on the
back, five nerves, laterals arched and converging, pointed or

awned, often keeled above.

Inner palea minutely ciliate. Lodi-

cules either two, ovate-lanceolate, acute, or one, concave, notched,

horizontal.

Stamens three; filaments capillary, shorter than

outer palea; anthers, like stigmas, protruding when in flower.

i

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 37

Ovary turbinate, glabrous, some-
times rather downy. Styles two,
terminal, short, almost wanting,
reflexed. Stigmas downy. Grain
long, slender, sharply pointed at
both ends, usually grooved on inner
side, adherent to palea. Hilum linear.
Broader leaves twisted to the left.

Species. FF. ovina, 69.

F’, elatior, 70.

F, sylvatica, 71.

F. myurus, 72. Festuca ovina.

F. uniglumts, 73. Floret. For Spikelet see p. 97.

Bromus. Panicle branches in whorls. Spikelets usually
large, neither imbricated nor clustered. Florets many. Glumes
unequal, herbaceous, ovate, pointed, awnless, outer with one
vein, inner with three to five veins, inner the smaller. Outer
palea like outer glume in shape and size, concave, obtuse, cleft
at apex with a straight awn rising just below it. Inner palea
lanceolate, small, awnless, nerved, nerves hairy. Lodicules ovate,
acute, swollen at base. Stigmas three, sessile on anterior
side. Ovary hairy, lobed at apex.
Styles two, short, reflexed, hairy,
placed on the side of the ovary below
the apex. Stigmas simple. Grain
oblong, convex on one side, grooved
on the other, adherent to palez
starch grains simple, roundish.

Species. JB. erectus, 62.

. asper, 63.

. Stevilis, 64.

. maximus, 65.

. madritensis, 66.
. arvensis, 67.

. giganieus, 68.

Bromus giganteus.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 88.

Bownandb

58 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.
°
BRACHYPODIUM. Inflorescence really a simple raceme, but

appearing like a compound spike. Florets many, almost cylin-
drical, shortly stalked or sub-sessile, edgeways to rachis. Glumes
opposite, unequal, awnless. Outer
palea rounded on the back, usually
awned from apex, margin entire,
nerves seven to nine, laterals arched
and converging. Inner palea pec-
tinately fringed on ribs. Stamens
three, Stigmas two, inserted at or
near apex of ovary. Style very
short. Grain adherent to palez;
starch grains simple and roundish.

Ribs, onlviticnin. species. 2B. a barre: 60.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 81. B. pinnatum, 61.

HORDE.

Style one. Navrdus, 50.
Styles two.
Spikelets in threes. Hordeum, 52-55.
Spikelets in pairs. Elymus, 51.
Spikelets in ones. |
Axis jointed ateach notch. Lepturus, 49.
Axis not jointed at each notch.
Spikelets close, Lolium, 58, 59.
Spikelets distant. Agropyrum, 56, 57.

Narpus. Spike slender, unilateral. Spike-
lets sessile in the notches of the continuous
wiry stem; not opening in flower; both
series close together. Florets one. Glumes
only one, small, indistinct, grown to the stem.
Outer palea narrow, pointed or awned, em-
_ bracing inner palea, which is smaller. No
lodicules. Stamens three; filaments slender,

Nardus stricta.
shorter than the glume; anthers oblong. ovary and stigma.
Style single, slender, long, downy. Stigma For Spikelet see p, 116.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 59

simple, protruding, with anthers, from apex of floret. Starch
grains compound. Leaves erect, rigid, subulate.

Species. N. stricta, 50.

Lotium. Spike symmetrical. Spikelets solitary. Terminal
spikelets with two empty glumes. Rachis notched, not jointed ;
spikelets placed singly on each notch, and pressed close into
the angle. Florets many. Glumes with their backs turned to
notches in the rachis. Outer palea
lanceolate, narrow, pointed, as long
as the glume. Lodicules ovate,
obtuse, swollen at base. Stamens
three, filaments short. Stigmas
two. Grain enclosed in palee and
falling only when they open, ob-
long, convex beneath, and broad,
with a shallow groove above.
Starch grains compound.

Species. L. perenne, 58.

Lolium perenne.
L. temulentum, 59. Floret. For Spikelet see p. 110

LEPTURUS. Spike symmetrical, slender, jointed, the joints
breaking off with the adjoining
spikelet at maturity. Spikelets
alternate, solitary, sessile, with
the sides turned towards the
notches. Rachilla prolonged and
naked. Florets, one or _ two.
Glumes two, hard, thin, ribbed.
Two opposite empty glumes in
the terminal spikelet. Outer
palea very thin, awnless. Stamens
three. Stigmas two. Starch grains
compound. 7

Lepturus incurvatus.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 109. Species. Lb: tincurvatus, 49.

60 THE: TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA,

AGROPYRUM. Spike stout. Spikelets solitary, quite sessile,
with their sides turned towards the notches, more or less com-
pressed. Rachis articulate or continuous. Florets three or
more. Glumes opposite, equal, bluntish, concave. Outer palea
coriaceous, rounded on the back
or slightly keeled, awnless or awned,
with callus limited by a furrow at
the base. Inner palea minutely
ciliate on the ribs. Lodicules two,
swollen at the base. Stamens three,
filaments capillary ; anthers oblong,
cleft at each end, pendulous.
Ovary turbinate. Styles two, slen-
der, reflexed. Stigmas feathery.
Grain ovate, oblong, blunt at both
ends, hairy at apex, convex on
| outer side, grooved on inner, falling
off at maturity with the palee and callus adherent to it.
Starch grains simple. Broader leaves twisted to the right.

Agropyrum repens.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 65.

Species. A. vepens, 56. A. caninum, 57.

HorDEUM. Spike stoutish. Spikelets in threes, in each
notch of the stem, stem jointed and breaking at the notches.
Florets one or with a rudiment of
a second. Glumes narrow, usually
subulate, pointed and ending in a
bristly awn. Outer palea with five
nerves ending in a_ strong. awn.
Stamens three. Ovary turbinate.
Styles two, villous, reflexed. Stigmas
feathery. Grain oblong, swelling,
angular and pointed at each end,
apex hairy, marked with a_longi-
tudinal groove, adherent to outer
palea. Starch grains simple.

: : , Hordeum murinum.
Species. H. sylvaticum, 52. Florets ' ot Spiteetatiactiie aang

1. pratense, 53. H.murinum, 54. H.maritimum, 55.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 61

Etymus. Spike stoutish. Spikelets sessile, containing more
than one floret. Terminal spikelet with two glumes on the same
side, one of them frequently aborted. Lateral spikelets in groups
of from two to six, all fertile. Glumes narrow, awnless, and with-
out bristles. Outer palea pointed,
awnless or awned, oblong or lan-
ceolate, with five nerves, not
keeled. Inner palea fringed. Lodi-
| cules two, oblong, pointed, fringed.
Stamens three; filaments slender,
very short; anthers oblong, more
deeply notched at base than at
apex. Ovary turbinate. Styles
two, short. Stigmas feathery. Grain
adherent to palee.

Species. E. arenarius, SI. Elymus arenartus.
30m Floret. For Spikelet see p. 96.

ORYZE:

LrErsIA. Panicle loose. Spikelets laterally compressed.
Florets one. Glumes absent or represented by rudiments.
Outer palea awnless, concave, keeled, generally fringed. Inner

: palea narrower than outer but
of same length. Lodicules lanceo-
late, acute. Stamens one, two,
three or six; filaments. short ;
anthers oblong. Ovary ovate,
compressed. Styles two, capillary,
short. Stigmas feathery, protrud-
ing near base of floret. Grain
obovate, compressed, enclosed in
palee but not adherent. Starch
grains compound.

Leersta oryzoides. , :
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 108. Species. L. oryzordes, 1.

62 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.
PANICEE.

Panicum. Panicle compact or spike-like, or more or less
spreading. Spikelets dorsally compressed, small, naked, or
awned. Florets one, or only one perfect with an inferior rudi-
ment or barren floret. Glumes generally three, the lowest
minute, the second larger and empty, the third often containing
a male floret. Pale awnless or with short awns. Outer palea
concave, indurated, with no lateral appendages or pits at base»
embracing with its margins the inner palea, which is likewise
indurated and glossy and of similar
shape, but flatter, with two slight
ribs. Lodicules minute, inflated.
Stamens three. Ovary roundish.
Stigmas two. Grain enclosed Sd
palee, flattened on one side.

Species. P. sanguinale, 3.
P. glabrum, 4.
P. verticillatum, 5.
P. glaucum, 6.
P. wiride, 7,
P. crus-gash, 8.

Panicum viride.
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 118.

PHALARIDES.

Florets one.
Spike. Phalaris, 11.
Panicle. Digraphis, 12.
Florets three.
Spike ; middle floret perfect.
Anthoxanthum, 10.
Panicle; uppermost floret
perfect. Huerochioe, 9.

PHALARIS. Spike ovoid or cylin-
drical, Spikelets imbricated. Florets
one. Glumes four, unequal, the
third and fourth reduced to scales,

Phalaris canariensts.
the first and second nearly equal, Floret. For Spikelet see p. IIQ.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA. 63

concave, keel winged, the two pressed closely together. Outer
palea coriaceous and shining, lanceolate, acute, concealed within
the closed glumes. Inner palea oblong, concave, acute. Lodicules
lanceolate, transparent, pointed, inflated at base. Stamens
three ; filaments capillary; anthers oblong, notched at each
end. Ovary ovate. Styles two, slender. Stigmas hairy.

Species. PP. canariensis, 11.

DIGRAPHIS. Panicle interrupted.
Florets one. Glumes four, unequal,
third and fourth reduced to hairy
scales, first and second nearly
equal, boat-shaped, keel without
wings. Outer palea coriaceous and
glossy, lanceolate, acute, concealed
within the closed glumes. Inner
palea oblong, concave, acute.
Lodicules lanceolate, transparent,
pointed ; inflated at base. Stamens Digraphis arundinacea.
three ; filaments capillary; anthers Fire: For Spikelet see p. 95.
oblong, notched at each end. Ovary ovate. Styles two, slender.
Stigmas hairy.

Species. D. arundinacea, 12.

ANTHOXANTHUM, Panicle short, spike-like, narrow. Spike-
lets narrow and stalked. Florets
one. Glumes four ; first and second
unequal, herbaceous; third and
fourth narrower, hairy, one awned
on the back, the other awned on
the base. Outer palea short; inner
palea like a scale. Lodicules none.
Stamens two. Styles long. Stig-
mas filiform. Grain not grooved,
pointed at both ends and adher-
ent to palez. |

Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Floret. For Spikelet see p. 76. Species. A. odovatum, 10

64 THE TRIBES AND THEIR GENERA.

HIEROCHLOE. Panicle more or less spreading. Syikkenad
glossy. Florets three, uppermost perfect, others male only.
Glumes four, nearly equal. Outer glumes ovate, acute, keeled ;
inner ovate; all membranous,
awnless or with short awns.
Stamens three in the male florets, |
two only in the perfect floret;
anthers linear, pendulous, notched
at both ends. Ovary present only
in uppermost floret, small ovate.
Styles near together. Stigmas
long, linear, downy. Grain ovate,
pointed, small, not adherent to
outer palea.

Hierochloe borealis. Species. H. borealis,
Floret. For Spikelet see p. 102.

CHAPTER VII.

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

ea... —_—SF
+= |-- [=

“HESE are arranged alphabetically for ease in reference ;
the systematic order has been given in the preceding
chapter. The numbers are those previously adopted

AcropyruM. Plate xviii. HORDE.

56. vepens 36 in. Coucu Grass, Root creeping; awn of
: outer palea short or absent; leaves
generally smooth below.

57.caninum 24 1n. BEARDED WHEAT. GRASS. Root not
creeping ; awn of outer palea long ; leaves
generally rough below. |

56 A, repens. Fields in the Northern Hemisphere. Flowers in
June and July. Root perennial; rootstock long, yellow, smooth,
extensively creeping and branching,
with sheathing rudimentary leaves at
the joints. Stems numerous, erect or
ascending, stiff, leafy below, round
and striated above. Leaves rolled in
bud, narrow, tapering, thin, rougn
above and on edges, occasionally
glabrous, auricled, spreading horizon-
tally generally in one direction, ribs
low and hairy. Sheath close ribbed,
shorter than leaves ; ligule short, apex
finely toothed. Spike erect, flat,
rather close; rachis angular and

! Agropyrum repens.
bristly on the angles. Spikelets sSpikelet. For Floret see p. 60.

65

66 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

elliptical in two opposite rows; florets four or more. Glumes
pointed or slightly awned, edges next to rachis, ribs five or more:
Outer palea shorter than glumes, ribs fewer and not so pro-
minent, smooth, generally pointed, occasionally awned; inner
palea awnless, with two green marginal ribs.

Varieties—

A. barbatum. Glumes awlshaped or awned, palee long
awned.

A.obiusum. Glumes obtuse ; palex obtuse and pointed.

A. pungens. Rachis nearly smooth; leaves involute >

, ribs rough ; stem erect. _

A.acutum. Rachis nearly smooth, leaves involute; ribs
rough; stem prostrate.

A.junceum. Glume with nine or more slender ribs, thickly
haired above, spikes articulate, spikelets
obtuse and awnless. Leaves involute.

This is a common species, too common in cultivated soil

owing to its extensively spreading roots. It is eaten by cats and
dogs as an emetic, is much liked by pigs, and, in famines, its
flour has been made into bread. Left to itself it is about a foot
high, but it will clamber up in a hedge until it reaches three
feet or perhaps more, where it can generally be recognised by its
habit of turning its leaves to one side. In poor pastures, when
young, it is not a bad fodder grass, and its variety, A. junceum,
is of some use as a sandbinder, but it is by no means popular
amongst farmers, owing to the trouble given by its runners.

57. A.caninum. An inhabitant of damp, shady woods in
the Northern Hemisphere. June and July. Root perennial, not
creeping, fibres downy and stout. Stems tufted, slender, striated,
smooth, leafy; nodes numerous, Leaves auricled, tapering,
thin, flat, rough on both sides, occasionally glabrous, almost
upright. Sheaths shorter than leaves, lower sheaths hairy ;
ligule very small. Spike close, seldom quite erect ; rachis angular
and bristly, Spikelets in two rows, oval, alternate above, fre-
quently in pairs below, florets five or fewer. Glumes, edges next
to rachis, nearly equal, thin, hairy, ribs three, awned. Outer

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 67

palea longer than glumes, smooth, rough at apex, ribs five, a
long, rough, slender awn projecting from apex; inner palea
fringed, and having two green marginal ribs.

As the term “ node’’ has not been defined so far as we have
gone, it should be said that by it the joint itself is meant. In
some books the interval between joint and joint is also called a
joint. To avoid this the joints are herein called nodes—the
correct term—and the intervals internodes. There are really
two kinds of nodes, those of the stem itself and those of the sheath,
but in these descriptions the distinction is immaterial. -

AGcrostTis. Plate ix. AGROSTIDEZ.

Awnless.
26. alba 24 in. Fiorin. Leaves rolled or flat.
Awned. :

27. Canina 12 in. Bent. Radical leaves setiform ; panicle
branches long ; awn from below middle of
keel.

28. setacea 24 in. BRISTLE BENT. Radical leaves setiform ;
panicle branches short; awn from base
of keel.

29. spica-venit 36 in. SILKY BENT. Leaves all flat; panicle
branches long; awn from above middle
of keel.

20. A.alba. Pastures and fields ; ranging almost everywhere
north and south of the Tropics, even
within the Arctic circle. July and
August, Root perennial, creeping, reach-
ing a foot in depth. Stem frequently
procumbent at first rooting from lower
nodes, then erect, smooth, striated ;
nodes smooth. Leaves flat or rolled,
short, rather broad, thin, ribbed, ridges
prominent, rough. Sheaths rough,

’ Agrostis alba.
striated, colourless; ligule longer than spielet. For Floret see p. 46.

68 : THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

broad, white, thin, hairy on back, edges toothed, apex pointed.
Panicle spreading but compact after flowering, branches half-
whorled. Spikelets erect, small, numerous, with one floret.
Glumes thin, transparent, nearly equal, outer the longer, narrow,
not ribbed, bristles along keel. Outer palea thin, ovate, notched,
not ribbed, white with tuft of hairs at base; inner palea half as

long as outer palea, notched at apex, transparent. i

Varieties—
A. stolonifeva 24 in. Ligule long ; panicle contracted. ©
A.vulgavis 24 in. Ligule short ; panicle spreading.
A. pumila 4 in. Ligule short and obtuse ; panicle inclined.

This is mainly known by its variety A. stolonifera, a good
fodder grass for moist lands on which it thrives even when floating
in water. Its manner of growth has been compared to that of
the strawberry, and when it flourishes its roots spread like couch
and go five feet deep, though they are of little use to it when
drought comes. It is most nutritious when it ripens, and of no
use for hay unless haymaking is late. Its long, yellow, grooved
seed is small—Sinclair says there are 81,805,680 to the bushel,
and that the bushel weighs a quarter of a hundred-weight—and
the seedlings grow thickly, thirteen of them to the square inch.

27. A.canina. Pastures and fields, ranging throughout the
Northern Hemisphere between the Tropics and the Arctic circle.
June and July. Root perennial, creeping, with trailing leafy shoots,
fibres downy. Stem frequently procumbent at first,rooting at nodes,
then erect, smooth, slender; nodessmooth. Leaves of stem narrow,
tapering, and toothed, ridges prominent ; radical leaves setiform,
that is bristle-shaped, in tufts. Sheaths striated, smooth, colour-
less ; ligule longer than broad, white, thin, hairy on back, edges
toothed, apex acute. Panicle spreading only in flower ; branches
long, angular, rough, slender, brown. Spikelets numerous and
pointed. Glumes unequal, long, and pointed, the outer the
larger, with a toothed keel. Outer palea ribbed, punctate,
toothed at apex, hairy at base, with a jointed incurved awn from
below the middle of the keel; inner palea minute or absent.

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 69

This is of no value as an agricultural grass. There is a variety
known as A. fascicularis, the shoots of which with leaves in tufts
run along over the rest of the herbage in autumn, and are left
alone by the cattle who eat the grasses around. It is common
on poor light soils that have been long under pasture. Another
variety, A. capillaris, grows in detached patches on heaths and
moors.

28. A.setacea. Heaths, ranging through Western Europe,
south of the Thames, July and August. Root perennial, tufted,
fibres long, woody and downy. Stem erect, slender, striated,
frequently rough; nodes three in number. Radical leaves like
bristles, stem leaves prominently ridged, rough, narrow, glaucous,
Sheaths long, striated, rough, uppermost longer than leaf, colour-
less ; ligule rather short. Panicle close or spreading in short,
slender half-whorled branches, rough and angular. Spikelets
pointed, small, purple. Glumes nearly equal, outer the longer,
lanceolate, toothed on keel. Outer palea shorter than glumes,
ribbed, edges folded, toothed at apex, hairy at base, long awn
from base and a short awn from each tooth of the apex ; inner
palea minute, with a tuft of hairs at base. Anthers purple and
prominent. ,

29. A.spica-venti. Sandy fields, maritime counties of
England from Yorkshire to Hampshire, its range being from
Southern Europe and Temperate Asia to the Arctic Circle. July
and August. Root annual, fibres thick and whorled. Stems
erect, unbranched, slender, leafy; nodes near base, Leaves flat,
ribbed, ridges prominent, narrow, pointed, rough beneath, spread-
ing. Sheaths long, smooth, ribbed, colourless; ligule long,
tapering, jagged. Panicle compound, spreading, one-sided, silky ;
branches alternate, angular and rough. Spikelets minute,
glittering. Glumes unequal, outer the larger, narrow, pointed.
Outer palea lanceolate, 3-ribbed, punctate, hairy at base, notched
at apex, near which rises a very long straight awn ; inner palea
narrow, a tuft of hair on each side, notched at apex, awnless.

Variety—
A.tnterrupia 36 in. Panicle not spreading, spikelets crowded,
F

70 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

Aika. Plates xii. and xiii, AVENE.

36. cespitosa 42 in. TurTED Hair Grass. Panicle spreading ;
ligule long and pointed; leaves rough
downwards; awn hardly longer than
palea. 3

37. flexuosa 12.in Wavy Harr Grass. Panicle spreading —
and wavy; ligule short and truncate.

38. canescens 10in. GREY Harr Grass. Panicle close; awn
club-shaped. |

39. precox 6 in. Earty Harr Grass. Panicle close ; ligule
long, sheathing, and torn. ,

40. cavyophyllea 12in. HaAiR Grass. Panicle spreading; ligule
ong and pointed ; sheaths rough upwards ;
awn twice as long as palea. .

36. A.cesptiosa. Pastures and shady wet places, ranging
through the Temperate and mountainous regions of the Northern
Hemisphere. July and August. Root perennial, fibrous, densely
tufted. Stem decumbent, then erect, leafy, rough. Leaves linear,
striped white and green when held to light, rigid, cartilaginous ;
ribs dark green, thick and prominent, each with a line of hairs
along its edge; blades rough downwards, margins rough, apex
acute. Sheaths ribbed, uppermost longer than leaf; ligule long,
acute, and torn. Panicle pyramidal, large, diffuse, glossy ;
branches rough and slender. Spikelets numerous, erect, small,
silvery ; two florets. Glumes nearly equal, upper glume ribbed,
lower not ribbed, keels rather rough. Outer palea shorter than
glumes, lanceolate, apex toothed, five ribs, base hairy, awned from
middle; awn slightly longer than palea; inner palea narrow,
shorter than outer palea.

This tufted Hair Grass is found almost everywhere, but most
frequently in clayey moist places. It is recognisable by its
light, large, open panicle, rough, hard leaves and its habit of
growing in tussocks, which, however, is not indulged in by its
variety, A.lutescens. It is not an easy weed to get rid of, as
when the tussock is destroyed a plentiful growth of young shoots

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 71

will rise from the ring of roots around, and the only effectual
way is to turn the ground and drain off the water. In many
works it appears under the name of Deschampsia cespitosa.

Variety—

A. alpina 24 in. Leaves short, glumes large, awn from
middle.

37. <A. flexuosa. Heaths and hilly pastures throughout the
Northern Hemisphere and also in South America. June and
July. Root perennial, fibres whitish and woolly in sand. Stems
in loose tufts, compressed, slender, smooth, leafless above ; nodes
three. Radical leaves tufted, bristle-shaped, channelled or
folded, nearly smooth ; stem leaves narrow and rough. Sheaths
long, close, rough near tips, uppermost longer than leaf; ligule
prominent, short, cleft. Panicle loose, flexuose, angular, roughish,
reddish. Spikelets glossy, florets two, red and white. Glumes
nearly equal, pointed, lanceolate, rib not reaching apex, edges
membranous, base purple. Outer palea equal in length to
elumes, hairy at base, four teeth at apex, four ribs, awned from
near base, awn bent and twisted ; inner palea as long as outer
palea, thin, pointed, edges fringed. 7

Varieties—
A.montana 24 in. Glumes large and purple.

A. setacea 24 in. Stem leaves bristle-shaped.

38. <A.canescens. Sandy fields of East Anglia and the
Channel Islands, ranging through Europe and Northern Asia.
July and August. Stem slender, erect, often geniculate at
base, leafy below, with several nodes. Leaves tufted, bristle-
shaped, with short, rigid, grey hairs, glaucous. Sheaths ribbed,
rough, uppermost embracing base of panicle; ligule lanceolate,
decurrent. Paniclerather dense, spreading only during flowering,
branches short, purplish. Spikelets numerous, crowded, small,
variegated, purple, white and green, floretstwo. Glumes unequal,
lanceolate, pointed, keel toothed. Outer palea shorter than
glumes, acute, thin, smooth, keeled, hairy at base, bifid, awned,
awn inserted at a little above the base, long, jointed, lower half

»

72 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

twisted, upper half straight and club-shaped ; inner palea shorter
than outer, thin, cleft at apex. Anthers short and dark purple.

39. A. precox. Sandy and hilly pastures of Europe and
Western Asia. May and June. Root annual, fibres filiform.
Stem erect, frequently geniculate below, tumid at nodes, angular
above. Radical leaves none, stem leaves bristle-shaped, short,
neatly erect, pale green. Sheaths angular, smooth, tumid,
ribbed, uppermost longer than leaf ; ligule large, lanceolate, sheath-
ing, torn or notched. Panicle spike-like, erect, narrow, branches
angular, short and waved. Spikelets few, crowded, ovate,
glabrous, hairy at base, florets two, silvery grey. Glumes equal,
ovate, embracing palez, compressed, not rounded at base, awnless.
Outer palea lanceolate, concave, awned on back near base, awn
twice as long as palea, twisted and slightly kneed ; inner palea
shorter than outer, margins inflexed, apex bifid.

40. A. caryophyllea. Sandy pastures and heaths, Europe and
Western Asia. June and July. Root annual, small and fibrous.
Stem erect, smooth, slender, leafy, ribbed ; nodes smooth. Radical
leaves none ; stem leaves few, bristle-shaped, involute channelled,
pale green. Sheath angular,
striated, rough upwards; ligule
prominent, long and_ pointed.
Panicle loose and spreading, branch-
ing in threes, rather wavy, pur-
plish. Spikelets crowded, small,
tumid, rounded at base; florets
two, hairy at base, purple, green,
and white. Glumes equal, longer
than florets, embracing palee,
lanceolate, ribbed, jagged at apex,
keel toothed. Outer palea smaller

a ERT ee. than glumes, acute, toothed at

Spikelet. For Floret see p. 48. ; :
apex, hairy at base, ribless,
awned ; awn jointed, long, and rough, rising from below middle
and protruding beyond glumes; inner palea almost as long
as outer, flat, toothed at apex.

3

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 73

ALopecurus. Plate vii. AGROSTIDEZ.

18. agrestis 24 in. SLENDER FoxTalL. Spike _ tapering ;
stem rough.

19. pratensis 24 in. MEADOW FoxTAIL. Spike fusiform ; stem
smooth and straight ; awn twice as long
as palea.

20. geniculaius 12in. MARSH Foxtaiv. Spike fusiform ; stem
smooth and kneed.

21. alpinus 18 in. ALPINE FoxTaIL. Spike cylindrical ;
stem smooth and straight ; awn about as
long as palea.

18. A.agrestis. Pastures; Europe and Russian Asia.
April to October. Root annual, fibrous, small. Stem leafy,
bare above, rather rough. Leaves acute, flat, striated, roug
above, ribs prominent, rounded
or acute below. Sheaths rough,
tumid, uppermost longer than leaf ;
ligule lanceolate, downy. Spike
erect, slender, tapering, purplish.
Spikelets few, glabrous, one floret.
Glumes nearly equal, united to
middle, acute, ribs prominent, base
hairy, keel downy, awnless, white
and green. Outer palea ovate,
half as long as awn and with two
green ribs ; inner palea absent.

Slender Foxtail, otherwise Black Wrrgccvase dy. Snape

j . Spikelet. For Floret see p. 44.
Bent, is of no agricultural value,
but a troublesome weed among cereals, particularly pre-
valent on poor soils. It is avoided by cattle, though its seed is
eaten by pheasants, partridges, and smaller birds.

19. A. pratensis. Pastures, thriving on clay; Europe and
Central and Northern Asia. April to June. Root perennial,
reaching fourteen inches in depth, fibrous, creeping, prostrate

74 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

stolons rooting at intervals. Stem erect, smooth, striated ;
nodes smooth. Leaves rolled in bud, bases of radical leaves
purplish, stem leaves dark green, roughish; ribs of upper sur-
face prominent and flat. Sheaths smooth, longer than leaf,
uppermost twice as long as leaf, rather loose; underground
sheaths purplish ; ligule thick, shorter than broad, blunt, hairy
on back. Spike silvery grey, dense and fusiform, apex pointed,
base obtuse. Spikelets flat, elliptical, crowded, overlapping,
numerous, with one floret. Glumes equal, acute, slightly joined
at base, hairy on keel, awnless. Outer palea smaller than glumes,
two green ribs on each side, awned from middle of back, awn
silky, bent, very long; inner palea generally absent, and when
present sometimes awned. Anthers long and rosy.

Meadow Foxtail is the only valuable agricultural grass of the
genus. It possesses quality, quantity, and earliness, and is
most productive on clay and loamy soils. In many pastures it
is the principal grass, its herbage being so abundant in proportion
to its stalk. It is good as pasture and as hay, and yields an
excellent aftermath. It does well in wet meadows, thrives under
irrigation, perishes when there is no drainage, and though hardly
touched by frost, rots at the roots when beaten down by much
rain. As ripening diminishes its bulk it is cut when in flower.
The seed, greyish brown, darker on one side, is very light.
Sinclair found that a bushel of it weighed only 12 pounds, and
calculated that there were 3,724,380 seeds to each bushel. Nearly —
two-thirds of the grain is eaten by insects, and to save this it is
generally collected early in the year. It was one of the first seeds
to be sown for pasture purposes by the British farmer.

20. A. geniculatus. Ditches, pools and swampy places in
Europe and Temperate Asia. June to September. Root peren-
nial, fibres long. Stem decumbent, then erect, bent at nodes,
striated, smooth, leafy, branched, occasionally bulbous; nodes

- smooth. Leaves broad, flat, roughish, pointed, ribs prominent

and acute. Sheaths long, smooth, and slightly tumid ; ligule thin
and oblong. Spike fusiform, dense, purplish, under two inches
in length. Spikelets ovate, compressed, numerous, with one

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. » 75

floret. Glumes equal, blunt, joined at base, ovate, keel fringed.
Outer palea shorter than glumes, with two green ribs, notched,
half as long as the awn which projects from near the base;
inner palea absent. Anthers large, thick, orange.

Varieties—
A. fulvus Awn short.
A.bulbosus Stems bulbous at base.

21. A.alpinus. Scottish mountains; a plant of the Arctic
regions, unknown in Scandinavia, but found in Southern Chile,
Root perennial, somewhat creeping, with many long fibres, root-
stock oblique. Stem bending at the lowest node, then erect,
leafy, smooth. Madical leaves linear, stem leaves two in
number, broad and short, smooth, ridged, edges rough. Sheaths
long, smooth, loose, pale red; ligule short and obtuse. Spike
ovoid, about half as long as broad, and less than an inch in
length. Spikelets erect, numerous, imbricated, having one floret.
Glumes equal, joined at base, three ribs, clothed with soft white
hairs, awn slightly protruding. Outer palea ovate, acute, folded,
keeled, with a green rib on each side and frequently awned ; inner
palea absent.

ANTHOXANTHUM. Plate iv. PHALARIDEZ.

10. odovatum 18 in. VERNAL GRass. Four glumes and only
two stamens.

Pastures; ranging throughout Europe and Asia, north of
the Himalaya. Aprilto July. Root perennial, shallow, fibrous,
tufted, not creeping. Stems numerous, bending at the widely
separated nodes, smooth and slender. Leaves few, flat, rolled in
bud, short, tapering from near the point, ribs bearded. Sheaths
hairy, smooth, ribbed; ligule thick, broad and hairy. Spike
oblong, compact, slightly expanding as the seed ripens. Spikelets
clustered, lanceolate, with one perfect middle floret and two outer
and larger barren florets. Glumes four, unequal, brown tipped
with white, hairy, outer of upper pair half as long as inner, with a
single dorsal rib and awned, awn twisted and bent ; inner of upper

70 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

pair with three ribs and awned, awn twisted and straight, margins
turned in, enclosing the floret. Outer palea of barren florets
awned from base, inner awned from,
the back. Palee of middle floret
glabrous, shorter than those of the
barren florets, equal in length but the
outer larger and deeper than the
inner. Stamens two. :

Variety—

A. puelit. Slender, stems numer-
ous, branching from
base ; awn long.

Vernal Grass is a hardy perennial
coming into flower in April and grow-
ing till late in the autumn. It hasa
strong scent of new-mown hay, and though cut for hay is really
worth more as pasture. The aftermath is more valuable than
the first crop. It does better with other grasses than by
itself, thriving in deep, moist soils and marshy places, becoming
reed-like where the conditions are suitable. It does well under
the shade of trees and will live in thin soils which no other
grass will endure; and it is said to discourage the growth of
moss. All fertilisers are wasted on it. Sinclair calculated that
there are 37,156,680 of its brown, glossy, ungrooved seeds to —
the bushel, which weighs 49 pounds, and that its young
plants grow five to the square inch. In woods its anthers
are said to be always purple, in meadows yellow, but there
are evidently exceptions. Its name, the yellow-flowerced, is fully
justified, for as a rule the inflorescence is noticeably yellower
than that of most of our grasses. Its reputation as a profitable
grass is very different to what it used to be, and in seed mixtures
now sold for laying pastures it iseither represented by an
insignificant quantity or omitted altogether. The anthers,

Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Spikelet. For Floret see p. 63.

“unlike those of many grasses, open for a time above the

stigmas, thus insuring self-fertilisation, and then sink below
hem.

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 77

ARRHENATHERUM. Plate xv. AVENEZ..
44. avenaceum 42 in. FatsE Oat. Spikelets large ; florets two ;
lower floret male.

Fields and shady waysides throughout Europe and Western
Asia. June and July. Root perennial, loosely tufted, rootstock
extensively creeping, deeply penetrating, with two swollen joints,
one frequently resembling a bulb. Stem erect, smooth, brittle ;
nodes generally smooth. Leaves dark green, acute, keeled, thin,
dry, drooping, ribs on upper surface, low and flat, fourth and
fifth stronger than the others. Sheath keeled, smooth;
ligule conspicuous, obtuse, jagged, hairy on back. Panicle loose,
narrow, half-whorled, branches all one way, spreading only while
florets are open. Spikelets with two
florets, large, laterally compressed,
hairy at base, upper floret perfect,
lower floret barren. Glumes pale
green, unequal, outer glume the
shorter, smooth, pointed, thin. Outer
palea of lower floret acute, rough,
ribbed, midrib with awn rising from
above the base, twice as long as the
spikelet, bent and twisted at the apex
of the palea. Outer palea of upper
floret with awn from the point, small
or absent. Anthers large, pendulous,
and purple.

The False Oat is a rather un-
certain perennial of rapid growth,
recognisable by the large spikelets and the disclosing of the violet
palee by the wide, gaping, yellowish green glumes. Though
not much liked by horses it is a good hay and pasture grass,
yielding a satisfactory aftermath, and valuable when cut in
flower in warm, dry weather. It has to be mixed with other
species to thrive, and though somewhat indifferent to climate or
soil, is at its best in a warm region in good, light, medium ground.
The pale-brown seed is best sown in autumn, and has to be
sown more deeply than that of any other grass.

Arrhenatherum_avenaceum,

Spikelet. For Floret, see p. 49.

78 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

AruNDo. Plate xxxili. FESTUCEZ.
‘Ior. phragmites 10 ft. REED. Panicle brown and silky.

Banks of streams; range world-wide. July and August in
the Northern Hemisphere. Root perennial, stoloniferous, ex-
tensively creeping. Stem simple or branched, geniculate or
straight, leafy ; nodes numerous and smooth. Leaves lanceolate,
somewhat unilateral, firm, flat, transversely wrinkled, points
frequently split, keeled at base. Sheaths round, overlapping,
shorter than leaves, deeply split; ligule a tuft of erect hairs.
Panicle erect, diffuse, branches alternate, fasciculate, compound,
lower branches with long, white, silky hairs, rachis angular.
Spikelets numerous, imbricated, linear-
lanceolate, florets three or six, hairy,
awnless. Glumes unequal, inner twice
as long as outer, concave, acute,
ribbed, keeled. Outer palea lanceo-
late, thrice as long as inner palea,
pointed, smooth, edges involute, ribs
three ; inner palea short, linear, flat,
fringed towards apex, margins invol-
ute and purplish. |

The Reed with its chocolate florets
is familiar to all, growing where no
other useful plant will grow, flourishing in mud with perhaps
a foot of water over its roots, and averaging perhaps six
feet in height, though occasionally reaching as much as twelve.
In the fens it grows in extensive patches known as reed-ronds, and
similar tracts occur in many parts of Europe, notably on the
Danube, where, as elsewhere, they form happy hunting grounds
for the ornithologist

Arundo phragmites.

Spikelet. For Floret see p. 52.

Avena. Plate xiv. AVENEZ.

41. fatua 36 in. WiLD Oat. Spikelets drooping; ligule
short.

42. pratensis 18 in. PERENNIAL OaT. Spikelets erect ; ligule
pointed.

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 9

43. flavescens 24 in. YELLOW Oat. Spikelets erect; ligule
truncate. ;

41. A. fatua Cornfields everywhere. June and _ “July.
_ Root annual, small, thickened at base, whorled, fibres downy.
Stem erect, striated, smooth, glossy. Leaves linear, thin, broad,
flaccid, basal margin not rough upwards, ribs low and flat,
third, fourth, and fifth the strongest, apex acute. Sheaths thin,
keeled, edges frequently filamentous ; ligule short, obtuse, hairy
on back. Panicle loose, large, at first unilateral then spreading,
much branched, branches alternate, thickened towards apex, nod-
ding. Spikelets loose, drooping or pendulous, florets many, with
fulvous hairs at base. Glumes equal, thin, acute, ribs eight, each
with a double line of scabrous points. Outer palea thick, ovate,
bifid at apex, dark brown, with yellow hairs at base, ribs less than
eight, back rounded and bristly, with an awn below the middle
twice as long as glumes, jointed, twisted at lower end and then
bent and straightened ; inner palea shorter than outer, ovate-
lanceolate, ribbed along margin.

Variety—

A. strigosa 30in. Glumes large, hairy on lower half ; apex

bifid and pointed.

This plant affords a noteworthy instance of the limitations
of popular metaphor. Sowing wild oats is a phrase that does not
appeal to the botanist, for wild oats are very beautiful, and from
the wild oats by persistent collection and sowing came the edible
and profitable species, A. sativa, the food of horses and men.
Further, one of our writers on grasses, Miss Plues, recommends
wild oats for a lady’s bouquet! The grain of the oat, like that
of all the genus, has compound starch grains, thereby distinguish-
ing it, microscopically, from that of our other cereals

42. <A.pratensis Chalk meadows and other dry pastures
of Europe and Russian Asia. July and August. Roots
perennial, tufted and slightly creeping, fibrous, downy. Stem
erect, simple, rigid, striated, roughish. Leaves mostly radical,
stiff, linear, thick, short, narrow, edges rough, hooded at apex.

80 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

Sheaths stiff and elastic; ligule
lanceolate and pointed. Panicle
compact, not spreading in bloom,
erect, long; branches rough, slen-
der. Spikelets few, large, oval,
upper ones nearly sessile, florets
from three to six. Glumes un-
equal, outer the smaller, acute,
three - ribbed, keeled, purple at
base. Outer palea acute, rough on
keel, hairy at base, cleft at apex, a
peli lle long awn rising from centre of keel,
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 49. stout and twisted below, then stiff
and rough above, purplish and tipped with white; inner palea
lightly fringed.

Varieties—

A. pubescens Leaves and sheaths downy ; leaf-shoot flat.
A.planicularis Stems and sheaths flattened. |

43. <A. flavescens. Meadows and pastures, mainly in lime-
stone districts, throughout Europe and Temperate Asia. Juneand
July. Root perennial, creeping, somewhat stoloniferous, loosely
tufted. Stem erect, curved at base, leafy, smooth; nodes downy.
Leaves rolled in bud, linear, flat, flaccid, with twenty or more ribs,
low and acute, a single row of hairs along each rib, pale green.
Lower sheaths hairy, upper sheaths nearly smooth, no keel ;
ligule truncate, short, conspicuous, hairy on back. Panicle
spreading when in bloom, much branched. Spikelets numerous,
erect, small, florets three or four, golden and glossy. Rachilla
with long, white hairs. Glumes unequal, acute, keeled, rough,
larger with three ribs, smaller with one rib. Outer palea hairy at
base, bifid and awned at apex, with five ribs, a short, slender,
bent and twisted awn rising from centre of back; inner palea
short, notched, narrow, edges inflexed.

The yellow oat is not without agricultural value for sheep and
cattle. It does well on dry soils that are not too tenacious, marls
and chalky pastures being the best. The first crop is poor, but

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 81

the aftermath is profitable. It thrives among Meadow Barley,
Crested Dog’s-tail, and Vernal Grass, particularly where there is
no shelter, but is a failure when tried by itself. The seed is pale
brownish yellow, very small and light, difficult to obtain pure,
and germinates badly except when sown in autumn.

BRACHYPODIUM. Plate xix. FESTUCEZ.

60. sylvaticum 24 in. SLENDER FALSE BROME. Spikelets
generally drooping; leaves flaccid and
drooping ; ligule longer than broad.

61. pinnatum 24 in. HEATH FaALsE BromE. Spikelets generally
| erect; leaves firm and erect; ligule
broader than long.

_ 60. B. sylvaticum, Shady thickets and woods of Europe and
Central Asia. June and July. Root perennial, fibrous, tufted.
Stem slender, tapering, unbranched, leafy, arching ; nodes four,
hairy. Leaves reversed and tapering at base, flat, broadly linear,
pointed, ribbed, hairy, rough, flaccid. Sheaths close, ribbed,
hairs deflexed, uppermost shorter than leaf; liguie longer than
broad, triangular, apex toothed.
Spike loose, drooping; rachis wavy,
not notched. Spikelet nearly sessile,
an inch in length, cylindrical, slender,
alternate, more or less’ unilateral,
distant ; florets eight or more. Glumes
unequal, ribbed, lanceolate, downy,
shorter than palez, pointed or awned,
edges next to rachis. Outer palea
ribbed, hairy, narrow, apex awned,
awn longer than palea; inner palea
blunt, fringed, overlapping two sta-
mens and the ovary, and leaving the
third stamen free.

The inflorescence of Brachy-
podium, spike-like though it appears,

Brachypodium sylvaticum.

Spikelet. For Floret see p. 58.

82 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

is really a simple raceme with very short pedicels. The two
British species, B. sylvaticum with nodding racemes, and B.
pinnatum with upright racemes, are of very wide distribution.
B. sylvaticum attains a considerable height, clambering among
bushes, flourishing in the shade, but when not helped in this way
out in the open, and particularly in stony places near the sea, it is
much shorter. It is of solitary growth, and remains green during
the winter. Cattle, sheep, and horses do not touch it, but deer
seem to have no objection to it—when they can get little else.

Its leaves are reversed at the base, so that the upper side is.
really the under side.

61. B. pinnatum. Heaths in the chalky districts of Europe,
and in Central Asia. July and August. Root perennial, scaly,
slightly creeping. Stem erect, rigid, unbranched, smooth, leafy ;
nodes four, hairy. Leaves tapering at base, lanceolate, pointed,
ascending, hairy, ribs low, midrib prominent. Sheaths glossy,
smooth, lower with drooping hairs ; ligule short, blunt, hairy.
Spike erect, smooth, alternate. Spikelet nearly sessile, erect,
florets seven or more ; rachis rough, smoothly grooved. Glumes
unequal, oval, ribbed, awned, edges next to rachis. Outer palea
broad, longer than outer glume, ribs five, awn short; inner
palea shorter than outer, upper half with two green ribs,
edges inflexed.

Briza. Plate xxv. FESTUCEZ.

77. media I5 in. QUAKE GRass. Stem smooth; ligule
short.
78. minor I2 in. LESSER QUAKE GRASS. Stem rough ;

ligule long.

77. B.media Downs and _ pastures, ranging through
Europe and Russian Asia. June and July. Root perennial,
fibres thick and branched, slightly creeping. Stem erect, round,
slender, smooth, striated, glossy. Leaves erect, linear, flat, acute,
roughish above, margins rough. Sheaths ribbed, long, but shorter

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 83

than internodes, uppermost longest; ligule short, sheathing,
truncate. Panicle erect, triangular, wide spreading, branches
filiform, long, distant, paired. Spikelets ovoid, smooth, glossy,
pendulous, florets about seven, imbricated, sessile, green and
purple. Glumes nearly equal, glabrous, concave, blunt, slightly
keeled, outer with three ribs, inner with five ribs. Outer palea
smooth, broad, blunt, ribbed, concave, border membranous ;
inner palea membranous, a green rib on each side.

Quake Grass is interesting as possessing the rudiment of
a posterior style. It is best appreciated as an ornament, but
its nutritive qualities are considerable, and it is freely eaten
by horses, cows, and sheep. Poor, tenacious ground suits it
best, and it thrives as a sort of advance guard on rocky, shallow
soil, where its graceful, pendulous spikelets are frequently the
only flowers. It was from the drooping, balancing habit of
the inflorescence that its name, Briza, was given toit. It has
an easily recognisable seed, ovoid and dark brown.

78. B.minoy. Fields and wastes in the south of England and
Ireland ; ranging through Southern and Western Europe. May
and June. Root annual, small, tufted, fibres compressed. Stem
erect, striated, rough to the touch; nodes five. Leaves erect,
short, broad, REO. elabrous, margins and keel rough, sheath-
ing. Sheaths open, striated, smooth,
uppermost rather longer than leaf ;
ligule long, thin, white, decur-
rent, embracing stem. Panicle
widely spreading, roundish, bran-
ches filiform, distant, and paired.
Spikelets ovoid, smooth, pendulous,
florets five or more. Glumes nearly
equal, concave, blunt, outer with
three ribs, inner with five ribs.
Outer palea smaller than glumes,
deep, concave, lobed, rough, three-
ribbed ; inner palea thin, flat, con-

Briza minor. 3
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 54. cealed in outer palea.

84 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

Bromus. Plates xx. and xxi. FESTUCE®.
Panicle erect or inclined—

6 5. maximus 30in. GREAT BRomeE. Florets lanceolate, rachis
downy ; florets with conical point at base.

67. arvensis 15 in. Firtp Brome. Florets oblong and turgid,
rachis rough, lower branches whorled.

62. evecius 30 in. UPRIGHT Brome. Florets lanceolate,
rachis rough, lower branches in threes.

66. madrvitensis 12 in. Compact Brome. Florets lanceolate ;
rachis rough, lower branches in pairs.
Panicle drooping. |

63. asper 72 in. HAIRY Brome. Awn shorter than floret
and straight, sheath rough. :

64. sterilis 30 in. BARREN Brome. Awn longer than floret
and straight, sheath pubescent.

68. giganteus 48 in. TALL Brome. Awn longer than floret,
waved and twisted, sheath glabrous.

62. B.evectus. Sandy fields and chalky soils of Temperate
and Southern Europe. July and August. Root perennial, tufted,
black, slightly creeping, fibres long and branching. Stems several,
erect, rigid, striated; nodes downy. Leaves folded in bud at
base, linear, fringed on edges, upper leaves broader, hairs erect,
dark green. Sheaths almost entire, long, ribbed, hairs ascending ;
ligule very short, truncate, torn. Panicle erect; branches dis-
tant, half-whorled, nearly upright; rachis rough. Spikelets
linear, lanceolate, erect, compressed, florets four or more, remote,
uppermost often imperfect, generally purple. Outer glume the
larger, membranous, lanceolate, pointed, keeled, glabrous ;
inner glume with three ribs. Outer palea with five ribs, second
and fourth indistinct, lanceolate, cleft, keel toothed, flat above,
incurved below, awned from below apex ; inner palea flat, awnless,
a green rib on each side, edges inflexed. Anthers orange, large,
fringed,

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 85

Variety—
B. villosus. Outer palea hairy.

The Upright Brome yields a fair amount of hay on chalky
soils, but the greyish green radical leaves being long make it
appear to give more herbage than is really the case. Its leaves
come late, but the flowers are early. Cattle do not like it owing
to its roughness. Its near ally, the introduced B. inermis, is a
much more profitable grass, especially in dry climates,

63. B. asper. Woods and shady lanes, ranging through
Europe and Northern Asia. July and August. Root annual or
perennial, fibres thick and spreading. Stem tall, erect, smooth
above, leafy ; nodes numerous, rather hairy. Leaves taper-
ing from base, auricled, constricted in middle, flat, thick,
pointed, ribbed, hairs long and _ spreading, upper leaves
narrow, deep green, keel white; lower leaves drooping.
Sheaths almost entire, ribbed, rough, hairs long and deflexed,
keel, a white line; ligule short and blunt. Panicle drooping,
large, loose, rough, branches in pairs, a scale at their base. Spike-
lets an inch long, obliquely pendulous, compressed, florets four
or more, purple. Glumes unequal, outer the shorter, with one
rib, inner with three ribs, dorsal rib toothed, margins hairy.
Outer palea longer than glumes, margins hairy, ribs five to seven,
awned from just below bifid apex ; inner palea shorter than outer,
glabrous, keel fringed, margins inflexed. Stigmas not terminal.

64. B. sierilis. Sandy fields and waste places, ranging
through Europe and Russian Asia. June to August. Root
annual or biennial, small, creeping, fibres capillary. Stem
erect from a curved or geniculate base, rough, striated, rooting
from lower nodes, leafy above. Leaves linear, flat, spreading,
ribbed, flaccid, downy, edges hairy. Sheaths almost entire,
ribbed, angular, hairs deflexed, uppermost as long as leaf ; ligule
square and torn. Panicle nearly simple, loose, drooping, lower
branches long and in pairs. Spikelets an inch or more long,
lanceolate, rough, pendulous, florets six or more, purplish brown,
Outer glume ribless, keel toothed on upper half; inner glume
the larger, angular, ribs three, Outer palea slightly incurved,

G

86 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES,

longer than glumes, glabrous, ribs seven, rough on back and
awned ; inner palea shorter than outer with two green. fringed
marginal ribs. Styles lateral and short.

This handsome but useless grass is very local in fields, and
consequently gives little trouble as a weed. It is heavy in crop
owing to the large size of the panicle, but nearly all the nutritive
value is in the stems and leaves when it flowers, and disappears
from them as the seed ripens. |

65. B.maximus. A Mediterranean species established in
Jersey. June and July. Root annual, fibrous. Stem erect
from a curved or geniculate base, leafy, downy; nodes four.
Leaves flat, pointed, downy, margins rough. Sheaths almost
entire, small, lower downy, upper ribbed; ligule prominent,
square, torn. Panicle inclined, slightly branched, branches and
rachis downy. Spikelets (including awns) three inches in length,
florets eight, distant, rounded, with a sharp conical point at
base. Glumes lanceolate, pointed, inner the larger. Outer
palea larger than glumes, lanceolate, rough, bristles deflexed,
ribs seven, with a very long awn from the bifid apex ; inner palea
shorter than outer, thin ; fringed on folds. Stamens frequently
only two in number.

66. B.madritensits. Rocks and walls and other dry places ;
ranging through Southern and Western Europe. June and
July. Root annual, small, fibrous, Stem erect, geniculate,
slender, stiff, smooth, striated, leafy ; nodes three or thereabouts.
Leaves flat, linear, pointed, hairy or downy on both sides. Sheaths
ribbed, smooth, slightly keeled, split half-way, uppermost downy ;
ligule prominent, short and blunt. Panicle small, erect, rather
close, tufted; rachis rough. Spikelets erect, linear-lanceolate,
lower in pairs, peduncles short, florets about eight, purplish.
Glumes unequal, inner the larger, three-ribbed, midrib toothed at
apex. Outer palea longer than glumes, ribs seven, two lateral
ribs close together, edged with thick hairs, cleft at apex,
awn as long as palea; inner shorter than outer palea, linear-
lanceolate,

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 87

Varieties—
B. diandrus. Panicle erect; palee nearly equal.
B. rigidus. Panicle compact ; rachis downy.

67. B.arvensis. Ranging, mostly on clay soils, through
Europe and Central Asia. June to August. Root annual or
biennial, fibrous. Stems several, rooting from the lower nodes
erect, slender, hard, striated, leafy ; nodes four, hairy, covered by
sheaths. Leaves narrow, flat, downy, ribbed, edges rough.
Sheaths almost entire, keeled, hairs deflexed, shorter than leaves,
uppermost small; ligule conspicuous, torn. Panicle erect, then
drooping, spreading, rough, half-whorled. Spikelets lanceolate,
glossy, drooping, florets seven or more, purple and white. Outer
glume the smaller, five-ribbed; inner three-ribbed and often
slightly awned. Outer palea short, ovate, turgid, cleft at apex,
awn as long as glumes; inner palea shorter than outer palea,
thin, white. Anthers yellow.

Varieties—

B. secalinus. Panicle loose, drooping, slightly com-
pound. |

B. vacemosus. Panicle long, erect, simple, plant glabrous.

B. commutatus. Panicle loose, slightly drooping, plant
glabrous ; stem with five -joints.

B. mollis. Panicle close, erect, plant downy, leaves
rolled in bud

B. mulitflorus. Florets numerous, glumes broad.

The Field Brome has been formed into a genus or sub-genus
of its own, of which its varieties form its species ; but as we are
following Bentham in our list we have to leave it as he left it.
This new genus Serrafalcus, or as Hackel has it, sub-genus,
Zeobromus, may be shortly described as consisting of annuals
with ovate or lanceolate spikelets, narrower above ; outer glume
with three to five ribs, inner with five to seven ; outer palea with
seven to nine, without keel and occasionally awnless; inner

88 THE:-GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

palea stiffly fringed with hairs. All the varieties are useful for
hay. 8B. mollis is common on poor soils, as owing to its shallow
root it can do with little food. It used to be sown amongst clover,
being recommended for its early growth and large seeds, but is
out of favour now. Its seed ripens before the hay harvest,
and as it attains a fair size before the autumn, and stands frost
well, it ranks as an early grass and is very difficult to get rid of.
The grain of B. secalinus has been ground to flout with awkward
results, owing to its being narcotic.

68. B. giganteus. Woods and shady waysides, ranging through
Europe and Central Asia. June to August. Root perennial, loosely
tufted, fibres long and downy. Stems numerous, erect, smooth,
glossy, striated, stout, leafy ; nodes tumid and purple. Leaves
flat, narrow, tapering, constricted in middle, flaccid, rough,
shining below, ribbed, keeled, eared
at base, base purple. Sheaths long,
striated, smooth, gaping slightly at —
apex, uppermost longer than leaf;
ligule short, broad, truncate, high on
one side. Panicle large, drooping,
branches distant ; rachis rough at
its angles. Spikelets ovate, smooth,
drooping, florets three or more, com-
pressed. Outer glume green on back,
single-ribbed ; inner glume the larger,
lanceolate, pointed, ribs three, edges
white. Outer palea ovate-lanceolate,
incurved, smooth, base bristly, keel
nearly smooth, awn more than twice
as long as palea; inner palea nearly
equal to outer and slightly ciliated on the ribs. Styles terminal,
ovary, glossy.

Variety—

Bromus giganteus,
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 57.

B.triflora. Panicle small and erect ; florets three.
This grass is now generally placed in Bromus, but it is
almost as well known under its older name of I’estuca gigantea.

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 89

CALAMAGROSTIS. Plate xi. AGROSTIDEZ.

32. epigeios 48 in. WooD SMALLREED. Panicle close, hairs
longer than palez.

33. lanceolata 48 in. PURPLE SMALLREED. Panicle loose,
ligule decurrent.

34. stricta 36 in. NARROW SMALLREED. Panicle close,
airs shorter than palez, spikelets small,
glumes broad.

35. stvigosa 24 in. MEAGRE SMALLREED. Panicle close,
hairs shorter than palez, spikelets large,
glumes acuminate.

32. C. epigetcos. Marshy woods and shady places ; chiefly
in the South of England, ranging through Europe and Temperate
Asia up to the Arctic Circle. June and July. Root perennial,
rootstock slender, creeping, fibres few and whitish. Stem rough,
just below the panicle, slender; nodes smooth. Radical leaves
short, stem leaves long, ribbon-
like, rough on keel and _ edges,
narrow, glaucous below. Sheaths
long, close, tapering, often invo-
lute ; ligule lanceolate, torn, smooth
on both sides. Panicle often nine
inches in length, slender, lobed,
spreading when in flower, branches
half-whorled, rough, and purplish.
Spikelets clustered unilaterally,
pointed, nodding, brownish, glossy ;
one floret. Glumesnearly equal, narrow, tapering, points rough,
keel rough. Outer palea shorter than glumes, white, hairy at
base, notched at apex, awn straight, rising from middle of the
back ; inner palea small, thin, pointed.

Calamagrostis epigeios.
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 46.

33. C.lanceolata. Ditches, hedges, and marshy thickets in
England, ranging through Central Europe and Russian Asia.
June and July. Root perennial, creeping slightly, fibres woolly.
Stem smooth, leafy, slender; nodes widely apart. Leaves

90 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

narrow, flat, pointed, flaccid, ribs unequal, light green below.
Sheaths close, long, striated, uppermost longer than leaf; ligule
lanceolate, torn, decurrent. Panicle loose, much branched,
spreading when in flower. Spikelets erect, scattered, numerous ; —
one floret. Glumes nearly equal, acute, lanceolate, keel toothed,
bronzed. Outer palea shorter than glumes, thin, white, ribbed,
cleft at apex, having a short rough awn from angle of cleft ; inner
palea thin, transparent, notched at apex.

34. C. sivicta. Bogs (rare), ranging through the Northern
regions of the Northern Hemisphere. June and July. Root
perennial, creeping. Stem erect, slender, leafy; nodes smooth.
Leaves rigid, narrow, pointed, rough above, two or three on a
stem. Sheaths smooth, striated ; ligule short, slightly notched.
Panicle narrow, compact, spreading only when in flower, branches
half-whorled, purple. Spikelets crowded, numerous, purplish
brown, one floret, hairs longer than florets. Glumes nearly
equal, thin, ovate, rough on back. Outer palea as long as glumes,
ovate, notched, hairy at base, awned from below middle of back ;
inner palea shorter than outer, with a tuft of hairs and a bristle at
its base.

Variety—

C.lapponica Hairs shorter than florets.

35. C.strigosa. North of Scotland; an Arctic and northerly
species, in many ways resembling No. 34, but more slender in
habit. Panicle close ; spikelets large ; glumes lanceolate, folding
into a long point; outer palea shorter than glumes, jagged at
apex, an awn rising from below middle of back; inner palea
slender.

CaTABROSA. Plate xxxi. FESTUCEZ.
94. aquatica 36 in. WHoRL Grass. Panicle whorled.

Pools and slow running streams ; ranging through the Northern
Hemisphere. May and June. Root perennial, extensively creep-
ing, fibres long, white, glossy, frequently floating. Stem pro-

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. gl

cumbent or floating, then ascending, stout, smooth. Leaves flat,
lanceolate, flaccid, folded in bud, rounded at base, blunt or bifid
at apex, ribless with median lines, keeled, lower ones floating.
Sheaths flat, smooth, striated, loose,
ligule short, rounded or torn. Panicle
erect, branches in threes or fives,
unequal, half-whorled, spreading, an-
gular. Spikelets numerous, pendulous,
small, florets two or more. Glumes
unequal, broad, truncate, thin, inner
glume the larger, ribs three, purplish.
Outer palea large, obtuse, notched at
apex, ribs three; inner palea small,
with two ribs, and enclosing stamens.
Varieties—

Catabrosa aquatica,
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 53.

C. littovalis. Leaves and sheaths small, only one floret.
C. minor. Under four inches in height; only one
floret.

Cynopon. Plate xv. CHLORIDEZ..

47.dactylon 8 in. Doc’s-tootH. Spikes digitate.

Sandy shores of south of England, a native of warm climates.
July and September. Root perennial, tough, widely creeping,
fibres smooth. Stem at first creep- |
ing, then erect, maited, geniculate,
leafy ; nodes smooth, all near the
base. Leaves flat, involute, taper-
ing, ribbed, rigid, blunt, hairy.
Sheaths long, smooth, covering
all the nodes; ligule a hairy tuft.
Spikes purple, digitate, divergent,
under two inches in length, and
from three to five in number. ap ;
Spikelets awnless, unilateral, alter- gtd Je
nate, with one floret. Glumes Ciidniton Fonte
nearly equal, open, lanceolate, Spikelet. For Floret see p. 5o.

92 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

acute, keel with teeth on upper part. Outer palea longer and
broader than glume, compressed, glossy, smooth on _ sides,
roughish on edges, ciliate on keel; inner palea long, narrow,
edges rough.

_ There are four species of Cynodon, three of which are Australian,
The fourth is this cosmopolitan Dog’s-tooth, rare amongst us, but
so much appreciated in India that the Hindoos celebrate its
virtues in their writings. It is the Durba of Bengal, the Hariali
of the Deccan, one of the commonest of Indian grasses, and the
best for fattening and milk-producing powers. Its young leaves
are eaten by the natives and its roots made into a cooling drink.
Its turfing qualities are considerable owing to its rooting stolons
and close growth, and it is much used for lawns. Inthe northern
United States, under the name of Bermuda Grass, itis thought as
highly of as in India, for although it grows best on sandy soils
and has delicate leaves, it is not injured by protracted drought.

CYNOSURUS. Plate xxiv. FESTUCEZ.

75.cvistatus 24 in. CRESTED Doa’s-TaiL. Spike semi-cylin-
‘drical ; glumes pointed.

76. echinatus 10in. RoucH Doa’s-tatt. Spike pyriform ;
glumes awned. |

75. C.cristatus. Hilly pastures;
ranging through Europe and West-
ern Asia. July and August. Root
perennial, tufted, occasionally
stoloniferous, reaching nine inches
in depth. Stems several, tufted,
erect, smooth, wiry ; nodes several.
Base of radical leaves yellow,
leaves folded in bud, then with over-
lapping edges, thin, narrow, flat,
pointed, ribs prominent on upper
surface, glossy below, bright
green. Sheaths yellowish white

Cynosurus crisialus.
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 55. near base, smooth, striated ; ligule

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 93

short and auricled. Spike erect, stiff, unilateral; rachis wiry,
angular. Spikelets ovate, flat, alternate, unilateral, with pectinate
involucre of empty glumes, florets many. Rachilla flat at apex.
Glumes unequal, shorter than palea, linear, keel rough, pointed.
Outer palea opaque, ovate-lanceolate, rounded on back, keeled
on upper half, five-ribbed, yellowish, pointed, point curving to
one side; inner palea transparent, edges lightly fringed. An-
thers purple.

‘The sheep that feed on Dog’s-tail seldom have foot-rot. It
is a good, but rather late, grazing grass, forming a dense turf
and satisfactory feed. When in flower it is a favourite with
cattle, sheep, and deer, but is valueless when the seed is ripe, and,
owing also to its wiry stems, not suitable for hay. Though it
thrives most on dry loams it is healthy everywhere ; on light,
chalky or gravelly ground it is used for giving a good “sole”
to the pasture ; and thanks to its deep roots it retains its vigour
and vitality when other species wither in the drought.

76. C.echinatus. Channel Islands ; ranging through Southern
and Western Europe. June to August. Root annual, fibrous,
downy. Stem ascending, striated, smooth, leafy, internodes short ;
nodes small. Leaves lanceolate, flaccid, ovate at base, flat, pro-
minently ridged, pointed, rough on both sides. Sheaths rather
tumid, furrowed ; ligule lanceolate, auricled. Spike erect, simple,
pyriform; rachis wiry, angular. Spikelets ovate, alternate, uni-
lateral, with pectinate involucre of empty glumes; florets two
to five. Glumes nearly equal, thin, keels rough, awned. Outer
palea ovate-lanceolate, five-ribbed, awned, awn as long as palea ;
inner palea lightly fringed.

This species, which is fairly common on the Sandwich
meadows, is most useful to the farmer when it dies to prepare the
soil for a better grass. |

Dactyuis. Plate xxiv. FESTUCEZ.

74. glomevaia 36 in. CocKk’s-root. Panicle with few branches

, spikelets densely clustered. |

Fields, pastures, orchards, and waste places throughout Europe
and Central Asia. June to August. Root perennial, fibrous,

94 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

prominently tufted, fan-shaped, attaining twenty inches in depth.
Stem erect, stout, hard. Leaves thick, broad, flat, shoot flat,
folded in bud, tapering at outer end, keel prominent, ribless,
without median lines, edges rough, shining below, apex acute,
bluish green. Sheaths flat, rough downwards with acute edges,
almost entire; ligule obtuse, torn, white, longer than broad.
Panicle short, erect, spreading horizontally below when in flower,
close, pointed above, alternately branched, branches tubercled
at base; rachis rough. Spikelets ovoid, compressed, densely-
clustered ; florets three to five. Glumes unequal, shorter than
florets, lanceolate. Keels hairy above and ending in a point.
Outer palea long, toothed at apex, five-ribbed, keel hairy, awn
curved ; inner palea membranous, fringed at base, bifid at apex.

This is another of our native
grasses disregarded by our farmers
until the seed was exported here
from America, in this case Virginia.
It thrives best in moist places, even
under trees where it suffers no damage
from the shade or drippings, though
it cannot stand shrubs. A coarse
and hardy grass with a tall strong
stem, growing in dense tufts, it is
thus most nutritious in its youth, and
gives better pasture than it does hay.
Sturdy and healthy it is found every-
where, though noticeably dwarfish on
limy land. In thin soils the fibrous roots have not hold enough
to prevent them being drawn out of the ground by the cattle,
to whom the plentiful foliage affords such an excellent grip;
and it also suffers by being trodden on, especially in dry weather.
Sinclair found that the yellowish fusiform seeds weighed 21
pounds to the bushel of 9,517,860 of them. It is the only repre-
sentative of its genus. Its name of orchard-grass is due to its
doing so well under trees, and its generic name, Daciylis, comes
from the rounded, finger-tip shape of its inflorescence which
is most apparent in woodland specimens:

Dactylis gloinerata,
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 55-

2. 2 ss

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 95

DicRAPHIS. Plate iv. PHALARIDEZ.

12. avundinacea 48 in. REED GRass. Panicle rosy or purple.

Sandy watersides, ranging throughout the Northern Hemi-
sphere. July and August. Root perennial, tufted, with strong
horizontal shoots becoming vertical. Stem erect, round, purplish
at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate, rather broad, flat, ribbed,
keeled, rough. Sheaths with edges overlapping, slightly tumid ;
ligule membranous, blunt, and decurrent. Panicle erect, branched,
spreading, lobed, branches angular. Spikelets crowded, numer-
ous, leaning to one side, greenish. Glumes four, lower pair
not winged, nearly equal, keeled, rough, awnless. Outer palea
ovate - lanceolate, smooth, glossy,
ribless, awnless, fringed with long
hairs, closely adherent to grain ;
inner palea shorter than outer.
Stigmas filiform, protruding from
apex of spikelet. Grain long and
dark grey.

The broad leaves and reedy
stems are of some nutritive value,
but, except when young, too coarse
for cattle. In places it is cut and
yields a good aftermath. In other 7
places it is sown in marsh-land for Digraphis arundinacea.
the purpose of drying it, and effects Spikelet. For Floret see p. 63.
this purpose so well that in four or five years it has converted
a swampy waste into a fertile meadow. It does better on
tenacious clay than on rich sandy loam. The striped variety is
the Canary Grass of the garden.

ELtymus. Plate xvi. HORDEZ..

51. avenavius 48 in. Lyme Grass. Two spikelets in each
notch ; leaves broad.

Sandy shores of the Northern Hemisphere. July and August.

Root perennial, widely creeping, strong. Stem erect from

roundish tufts, reedy, striated at base. Leaves broad, long,

96 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

rigid, concave, base auricled, point rolled and spiny, ribs
prominent, uniform and flat, glaucous above. Sheaths long,
loose, furrowed, smooth ; ligule small, short, truncate, toothed.
Spike erect, close, glaucous; rachis not winged. Spikelets in
pairs, florets three or four, uppermost male, placed in alternate
notches. Glumes nearly equal, narrow, lanceolate, downy, stiff,
pointed, ribs three ; outer and inner glume on the same side of
the spikelet. Outer palea mucronate, shorter than glumes,
oe broad, velvety, ribs five; inner
palea bifid, with two green mar-
ginal ribs. Anthers with a deeper
notch at the base than at the apex.
Grain adherent.

This well-known sand-binder
of solitary growth is fairly common
on our shores, where it is used for
the same purposes as the Marram.
Its rigid stems and leaves hold
z the sand as it blows, and thus

Elymus: arenarius. are buried in it for some little
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 61. depth, and the interlacing fibres
of its extensive roots rapidly
convert a shifting dune into a barrier that defies the further
advance of the sea. In Holland it is carefully cultivated, though
once it establishes itself it is hardy enough and _ fairly prolific.
Sinclair called it ‘‘the sugar-cane of Britain,” owing to the
saccharine matter it produces, which amounts to more than a
third of its weight, mainly in its stems.

Festuca. Plates xxii. and xxiii. FESTUCEZ.
69. ovina 15 in. SHEEP’s FescuE. Inner glume three-
ribbed ; awns absent or shorter than
glumes ; leaves awl-shaped.

70. elatior 6o in. Meapow Ferscur. Inner glume three-
ribbed; awns absent or shorter than
glumes ; leaves flat, sheath smooth. ©

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 97

pe sylvatica 42 in. Rerp Ferscur. Inner glume ribless;
awns absent or shorter than glumes;
leaves flat ; sheath rough.

72. myurus 15 in. Rat’s-TAIL Fescue. Inner glume with
one rib ; awn at least as long as glume.

73. uniglumis 12 in. SINGLE-GLUMED FeEscuE. Inner glume
absent or rudimentary.

69. F.ovina. Dry pastures and hilly fields ; ranging round
the Northern Hemisphere and also found in Australasia. June
and July. Root perennial, creeping or tufted, reaching ten inches
or more in depth, fibrous, blackish. Stems densely tufted, wiry,
erect, rough above, smooth below. Leaves auricled, chiefly
radical, tufted, ascending, subulate, that is awl-shaped, folded in
bud, upper leaf rough below, bluish
green. Sheath smooth, thickened at
apex; ligule auricled, concealed in
base of blade. Panicle small, narrow,
erect, branching on one side. Spike-
lets upright, small, florets four to six.
Glumes shorter than palezx, slightly
unequal, acute, inner with three ribs,
outer with one rib. Outer palea
small, narrow, rounded on_ back,
pointed, ribs five ; inner palea bifid at
apex, with green hairy ribs.

Festuca ovina.
Varieties— Spikelet. For Floret see p. 57.

F. duriuscula Rootstock branching horizontally. Stem
two feet high, smooth above; radical
leaves awl-shaped, stem leaves flat and
channelled ; upper leaf smooth below.

F. capillata. Leaves very long ; florets awnless.

F. rubra. Stoloniferous; lower sheaths red and
hairy.

98 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

F, ovaria. Not tufted.

_#F. glauca. Glaucous; leaves rigid, frequently re-
curved.

Ff, vivipara. Leaves growing from glumes

This grass is the favourite food of South Down and Highland
sheep, as Agrostis setacea is that of the sheep of Dartmoor. With
its slender stems, tiny panicles, and short, filiform herbage, it is the
best grass for lawns if it can be persuaded to establish itself.
It is a pasture grass, useless for hay, the smallest species used in
agriculture, thriving on poor, light soils, deep in root, and dying
off rapidly when manured. In the mountains of the north it is
frequently asexual, becoming viviparous instead. The seed is
oblong, flattish, dark golden brown, about three times as long
as broad. Hard Fescue (Ff. duvtuscula) has a longer seed, not
golden brown. It is more frequently sown, owing to its yielding
taller herbage ; in fact its leaves are sometimes higher than its
panicles. The name is derived from the hardness of the panicle
when ripe. In dry seasons it becomes creeping. Red Fescue
(Ff. rubva) is always creeping, and is an excellent pasture grass on
poor dry soils, such as railway embankments.

70. F.elatior. Pastures and swampy ground; ranging
through Europe and Temperate Asia. July and August. Root
perennial, creeping, tufted, reaching twenty inches in depth.
Stems numerous, erect, smooth, furrowed ; nodes five, blackish.
Base of radical leaves round and red, stem leaves auricled, flat,
lanceolate, rather broad, ridges prominent, basal margins rough,
veins white when held to light, deep green. Sheaths round,
smooth ; ligule short, not auricled. Panicle variable, leaning to
one side; rachis triangular, rough. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate,
florets five or more. Glumes unequal, occasionally awned, inner
with three ribs, outer keeled. Outer palea long, broad, rough,
five-ribbed, awns inconspicuous or absent; inner palea large,
acute, edged with a green rib,

a ae

SS LE OP oe OP a

-
—
-

PIES

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 99

Varieties—

F. loliacea. Panicle spike-like, spikelets almost sessile,
alternate, solitary, ligule decurrent ;
outer palea longer than outer glume.

F. pratensis. Panicle close, slightly branched; leaves
rolled in bud, auricled; sheaths pink
below ground, root not creeping.

F. arundinacea. Panicle spreading; leaves broad.

This is one of the most variable as well as most valuable of
grasses, the varieties all changing into one another under different
conditions. The true F. elatzoy seems to be F. arundinacea, the seed

of which is distinguishable by its large size, pointed shape, and

roughness on the back, owing to the spines with which the three
nerves are armed, which spines are absent in F. pratensis. In
Germany F-. elatior is known as F. pratensis ; and in this country
all the varieties except F. loliacea seem to be similarly named.
Whatever be its name, Meadow Fescue is a valuable agricultural
grass on rich and moist lands, yielding a large quantity of hay
when cut in flower and good aftermath when grazed. Cattle like its
succulent herbage, which is in its prime after the second year.
The seed of the most profitable variety is fusiform, rather flat,
slightly grooved, and four times as long as broad.

71. F.sylvaitca. Upland woods and shady, wet places ;
ranging through Central Europe, rare in Britain. July and
August. Root perennial, creeping, tufted, fibrous. Stem slender,
smooth, somewhat inclining, leafy, scaly at base. Leaves all
flat, reversed at base, broad, long, pointed, ribbed, rough on both
sides, margins rough, bright green, upper leaf small. Sheaths
close, rough, leafless at base; ligule not auricled, short, blunt,
notched or torn. Panicle drooping, unilateral, branches in
pairs ; rachis angular. Spikelets long and cylindrical, numerous,
alternate, inclining to one side, florets three or more. Glumes
unequal, very narrow, pointed, ribbed, keeled, the larger awned,
both ribless. Outer palea pointed, rough, three ribs, dorsal rib
toothed throughout ; inner palea with fringed edges.

—————“rcCUCUe rl errr lr

100 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

72. F.myurus. Waste places, rocks, tops of walls and
other dry situations; ranging through Central and Southern
Europe. June and July. Root annual, tufted, fibrous. Stems
numerous, erect, slender, smooth ; nodes three, smooth. Leaves
of a richer dark green than any other grass, narrow, involute,
ribs acute and hairy. Sheaths loose, smooth, striated, uppermost
reaching panicle; ligule auricled, short and abrupt. Panicle
three inches long, slender, feathery, curving or erect; rachis
rough, branches short, rough, and angular. Spikelets with five
florets, narrow, upright, unilateral, longer than glumes. Glumes
very unequal, smooth, keeled, larger three-ribbed and three times
the size of the smaller, which has only one rib. Outer palea
lanceolate, pointed, as long as the larger glume, with a rough,
slender awn as long as itself ; inner palea thin, lanceolate, toothed
at apex.

Varieties—
F’. bromoides. Panicle long and slender.
F., ambigua. Panicle close and feathery.
fF. scturotdes. Upper sheath not reaching panicle.

73. F.uniglumis. Sandy shores, ranging from the Mediter-
ranean through Western Europe, not found in Scotland. June
and July. Root annual, fibrous. Stems several, spreading,
geniculate at base, leafy. Leaves linear, narrow, convolute,
rigid, hairy above, smooth below. Sheaths loose, smooth,
striated, uppermost not reaching panicle ; ligule auricled, short,
membranous, torn. Panicle unilateral, short, close. Spikelets
with four or more florets, crowded, pedicels erect, short, and
thickened at apex. Glumes very unequal, the outer the larger,
keeled, long awned ; inner glume absent or sufficiently minute to
justify the specific name. Outer palea short, three-ribbed, awn
longer than palea; inner palea shorter than outer, trifid at
apex, with two green lateral ribs. In Britain this is a littoral
species, but on the Continent it is not confined to the shore.

lets erect, crowded, numerous, one

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. IOI

GASTRIDIUM. Plate x. AGROSTIDEZ.
30. lendigerum 18 in. Nir Grass. Spike pale green and silvery.

Waysides, fields, and woods, ranging through the Medi-
terranean and Western Europe, but somewhat local. June to
October. Root annual, tufted,
fibres whitish. Stem erect, smooth,
leafy, glossy; nodes three, con-
cealed by sheaths. Leaves flat,
acute, rough on ribs and edges,
pale green. Sheaths rather tumid,
uppermost longer than leaf; ligule
oblong, white, torn. Spike fusi-
form, branches half-whorled in
threes or fours, pale green. Spike-

floret. Inner glume the larger, Re venues woe
lanceolate, pointed, smooth, tumid en
at base, shining, keel green and toothed. Outer palea one-third
as long as outer glume, jagged at apex, five ribs; inner palea
shorter than outer, notched at apex, awned. Anthers purple.

HIEROCHLOE. Plate iv. PHALARIDEZ..

9. borealis 18 in. NORTHERN Hoty Grass. Only two
stamens in the one perfect floret, but
three in each of the two imperfect florets
below it.

Scotland, but ranging throughout the north of the Northern
Hemisphere. May and June. Root perennial, creeping widely.
Stem erect, round and smooth. Leaves tapering at base, lanceo-
late, flat and netted, rough above. Sheath short and netted ;
ligule membranous, rounded. Panicle spreading, drooping
above, purplish. Spikelets ovate, brown, glossy, terminal floret

perfect, others male only. Glumes four, nearly equal, broad,
H

102 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

pointed, smooth. Outer palea as
long as glumes, five-ribbed, hairy,
keel rough; inner palea of upper-
most floret with one keel, inner
palea of lower florets with two
keels. Two stamens in uppermost
floret, three stamens in the other
florets ; filaments long.

This sweet- scented grass,
though common in Northern Scan-
dinavia, is found in these islands

Meech’ Cnr in a wild state only in Scotland,
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 64. where -it is very rare. |

Hotcus. Plate xv. AVENEZ.

45. lanatus 24 in. WOOLLY SoFT GRASS. Awn from outer
palea curved like a hook.

46. mollis 24 in. Sorr Grass. Awn from outer palea
straight and long.

45. H.lanatus. Meadows, Europe and Russian Asia.
July and August. Root perennial, prominently tufted, not
creeping. Stems several, erect, leafy, woolly, with four nodes;
nodes without a ring of hairs; shoot with one row of leaves.
Leaves rolled in bud, flat, broad, thin, soft, finely ribbed above,
keel prominent below, woolly, greyish. Sheaths white with red
veins, woolly, tumid, uppermost longer than leaf; ligule short,
oblong and hairy. Panicle spreading when in bloom, dense,
branches in pairs unequal in length, purplish. Spikelets with
two florets, upper male only, lower perfect, pendulous. Glumes
unequal, dotted or downy, inner glume the broader and slightly
awned. Outer palea shorter than glumes, blunt at apex, hairy
at base, glossy ; outer palea of upper floret with awn curved like
a fish-hook under the outer glume, and rough for a third of its
length from the apex ; inner palea nearly as long as outer palea,

_ obtuse, edges hairy.

able grasses. In New Zealand it is

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 103

The soft and downy Yorkshire
Fog is not so purple and rosy in
the shade as it is in the sun, and
always has a greyish look. It used
to be thought much more of than
it is now. It grows tallest in
woodland clearings, is productive
and easy of cultivation, yields seed
in profusion, flowers late, ripens
quickly, does best in light flinty
soils, is difficult to get rid of,
and apt to crowd out more valu-

Holcus lanatus.

Spikelet. For Floret see p. 48.

sown for producing herbage earlier than any other species.

46. H.mollis. Meadows of Europe and Russian Asia.
July and August. Root perennial, deep, creeping widely, not
tufted. Stem erect, slender, downy; nodes four, bearded ; shoot
with two rows of leaves. Leaves flat, linear, flaccid, rather
broad, pointed, downy on both sides, dull green. Sheaths white
with red veins, nearly smooth, uppermost longer than leaf;
ligule short, oblong and hairy. Panicle spreading when in flower,
erect, branches in pairs. Spikelets with two florets, upper barren,
lower perfect, mostly erect. Glumes unequal, acute, hairy, inner
glume the broader and longer, ribs three, outer glume not ribbed,
Outer palea half as long as glumes on lower floret, having three

hairs at the base, in upper floret having a long stalk with six or

more hairs at base and a long straight awn rising from near the
apex, rough for more than half its length from its point ; inner
palea nearly as long as outer palea, blunt, edges fringed.

The Soft Grass has more pointed spikelets and a slenderer
habit than the other British representative of the genus. It is
the couch grass of light soils, the roots going five feet down, and
is very late in reaching maturity. There are eight species of
Holcus altogether, one of which is native of Cape Colony, the
others being mainly European and North African, especially the
western part.

104 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

Horpgum. Plate xvii. HORDEZ.

Outer floret perfect ; middle floret barren.

52. syluaticum 36 in. Woop BarLey. Spikes and leaves of
similar green.
Outer floret barren ; middle floret perfect.

53. pratense 24 in, Meapow Bar.ey. Bright green; outer
glumes of all spikelets rough ; inner palea
lanceolate.

54.murinum 12in. WALL BarLey. Dull green; outer
glumes of middle spikelet ciliated.

55.maritimum 9 in, SQUIRREL-TAIL. Glaucous ; outer glumes
of all spikelets rough ; inner palea semi-
ovate.

52. H.sylvaticum. A woodland species, thriving in shade,
ranging throughout Europe, but not found in Scotland. July and
August. Root perennial, fibrous, loosely tufted. Stems erect
from a curved base, striated, smooth or nearly so ; nodes rather
hairy. Leaves lanceolate, many ribbed, flat, rough, pointed,
auricled at base, slightly notched. Sheaths ribbed, clothed with
long deflexed hairs; ligule short and slightly notched. Spike
erect, fusiform, dense, green; rachis. furrowed and angular,
notched alternately. Spikelets clustered in threes in each notch,
middle one with one floret generally barren, outer one with
one perfect and occasionally one imperfect floret. Glumes of
perfect florets awl-shaped, not ciliated, equal, broad, long, three-
ribbed, fringed and awned. Outer palea shorter than glumes,
five-ribbed, hairy at base, ending in a straight awn, twice as long
as palea, rising from below the terminal notch ; inner palea two-
ribbed, with a bristle at its base.

53. H.pyvatense. Moist pastures in the Northern Hemi-
sphere, but in Britain not further north than Berwick. Root
perennial, small, fibrous, occasionally bulbous in barren ground.
Stem slightly ascending at base, occasionally decumbent, then

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 105

erect, slender, smooth. Leaves auricled, few, linear, flat, acute,
toothed at edge, bright green. Sheaths long, close, striated,
hairs deflexed ; ligule small, short, truncate. Spike parallel
sided, long, compressed ; rachis notched alternately. Spikelets
clustered in threes in each notch, middle one with one floret
fertile and sessile, outer ones each with one floret imperfect and
stalked. Glumes equal, bristle-shaped, rough, awned. Outer
palea of fertile floret lanceolate with awn of similar length ; inner
palea of fertile floret small and acute, with a bristle at its base.
Unlike Wood Barley, which is of neither use nor ornament,

Meadow Barley has good nutritive powers, though it is too rough.

to be appreciated except by sheep. For hay it is useless, owing
to the awns. There are few pastures in which it is not present.
It grows well on chalky soil, and is very hardy. It thrives under
irrigation, is best when in flower, and loses in value as the seed
ripens. ,

54. H. murinum. Building plots, waysides, old gravel
pits, and such dry places throughout Europe and Western
Asia. June and July. Root annual,
fibres branched. Stems numerous,
tufted, decumbent at first, then
ascending, frequently bent at
nodes. Leaves few, narrow, thin,
pointed, rough, toothed, lax, wavy,
auricled at base, uppermost the
smallest. Sheaths loose, tumid,
striated, bristly or downy, half
embracing base of spike; ligule
short, truncate, torn. Spike cylin-
drical, dense, rather long; rachis
notched and,winged. Spikelets in

Hordeum murinum.
threes, clustered in each notch, Spikelet. For Floret see p. 6o. °

middle spikelet with one floret

fertile, outer spikelet with one floret male only. Glumes of
middle spikelet equal, linear-lanceolate, ciliated, ribbed, awned,
glumes of lateral spikelets unequal, rough and setaceous. Outer
palea lanceolate, rather broad, concave, five-ribbed, awn longer

106 THE GENERA. AND THEIR SPECIES.

than palea; inner palea smaller than outer, ovate-lanceolate
with two green ribs, edges inflexed, bristle at base.

Variety— |

H. avenavium 18 in. Base of stem buried and rooting.

This is really the Mouse Barley (from its hairy spikelets),
the murinum coming from mus and not from murus. It is of
little agricultural value, but is more nutritive in seed than in
flower, unlike all other annual grasses. Its long awns make it
dangerous for horses, hence it is useless for hay, and as a matter of
fact it avoids pasture and thrives on building plots, not on the
walls but where the walls are coming. 7

55. H. maritimum. Seaside of the East and South of England,
and ranging from the Mediterranean into Western Europe. June to
August. Root annual, a tuft of whitish, flattened, wrinkled fibres.
Stems numerous, decumbent, geniculate,widely spreading, terminal
portion erect; nodes smooth. Leaves auricled, narrow, short,
downy above, hairy below, tapering from base, strongly ribbed
on upper surface, glaucous. Sheaths ribbed, smooth, uppermost
inflated and longer than leaf; ligule short and truncate. Spike
ovoid, rather broad, short, dense, uniform; rachis notched.
Spikelets clustered in threes in the notches, middle spikelet with
one floret perfect, outer spikelet with one floret imperfect. Glumes
bristle shaped, rough, awned, not ciliated. Outer palea smooth,
lanceolate, five-ribbed, awned ; inner palea semi-ovate, with two
central green ribs, inflexed and partly embracing the ovary.

Koermeia(. Platé xexiiii FESTUCES:

99. cristata 15 in. Crestep KoeEterta. Spike silvery, with
a break near the base. |

Upland and coastal pastures ; ranging through Central and
Southern Europe. June and July. Root perennial, creeping,
slightly tufted, fibres long and downy. Stems numerous, genicu-
late, ascending, slender, downy above; nodes near base only.
Radical leaves tufted, stiff, narrow, tapering ; stem leaves taper-
ing at base, broad, stout, pointed, two or three only, uppermost

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 107

half-way up the stem, ribs promi-
nent and unequal. Sheaths downy,
tumid ; ligule short, blunt, jagged.
| Spike erect, compact, interrupted
if near base, sub-cylindrical, silvery
grey. Spikelets compressed, florets
two or three, awnless. Glumes
compressed, inner. the larger,
pointed, lanceolate, ribs three.
Outer palea like inner glume, white,
glossy, ribs three, keel toothed ;
inner palea thin, bifid, edges folded
and serrated, white. —

Koeleria cristata.’
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 53.

Lacurus. Plate vii. AGROSTIDEZ.

23. ovatus 12 in. HARE’s-TAIL. Spike short, ovate and
silky. |

| Sandy shores; Guernsey, rang-
. ing from the Mediterranean through
Western Europe. June and July.
Root annual, fibres woolly and
short. Stem geniculate at first,
then erect, downy; nodes four or
five. Leaves broad, lanceolate,
short, many-ribbed, downy on
both sides, edges wavy. Sheaths
long, tumid and downy; ligule
oblong, downy, embracing stem.
Spike ovate, less than an inch in
length, with long, silky hairs. Spike-
lets numerous, crowded, one floret. _Glumes equal, narrow, long,
spreading, plumose. Outer palea shorter than glumes, apex with
two awns, back with one long, bent awn; inner palea smaller
than outer, with two awns from its apex. Scales lanceolate,
obtuse, tumid at base.

Lagurus ovatus.

Spikelet. For Floret see p. 47.

ee ie

preety

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108 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

LEERSIA. Plate 1. ORYZEZ.

I, ovyzoides 24 in. Cur Grass. Glumes absent; panicle
spreading.

Ditches and streams south of the Thames. Ranging through-
out the Northern Hemisphere. August to October. Root
perennial, creeping, runners long and white. Stems tufted, erect,
smooth ; nodes downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, striated,
thin, edges and keel bristly, glaucous. Sheaths rough, upper-
most nearly enclosing panicle ; ligule short, blunt, slightly toothed.
Panicle loosely branched, wavy; rachis rough and _ striated.
Spikelets numerous, unilateral, flat, with one floret, pale green.
Glumes absent. Outer palea shorter
than inner, concave, keeled, striped ;
inner palea linear, keel hairy. Sta-
mens short; anthers long.

The panicle is wrapped in the
upper sheath until the pale green
florets open. Its glaucous colour
makes it noticeable among the rice
fields, and its bristly leaves have
given it its Italian name of Asperella. Leersia orynoiies,

It differs mainly from Oryza (rice) in Spikelet. For Floret see p. 61.
its aborted glumes which are traceable

by minute rudiments. There are five species of the genus,
three of which are American; one, found only in the tropics
of both hemispheres, L. hexandva, has six stamens. The
British representative was first discovered in Sussex and
Hampshire, but is now growing in other southern counties,
always in slow running streams, pools, and wet places.

Lepturus. Plate xvi. HORDE.

49. inourvatus 12 in. Hard Grass. Spikelets alternate ; stem
geniculate.

Muddy shores and salt marshes of the Mediterranean and

Western Europe. July to September. Root annual, a tuft of

a

—
af

two. Glumes nearly equal, occa-

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 109

fibres. Stem erect or ascending, much branched, bent at nodes,

tumid, smooth, slender. Leaves flat, narrow, linear, acute,

edges rather involute and
prickly. Sheaths long and
close; _ ligule short, obtuse,
jagged. Spike erect or curved,
long and narrow ; rachis notched.
Spikelets placed in the notches,
alternate, awnless, florets one or

sionally joined at base, flat,
lanceolate, thick, pointed, ribs
four, edges white and mem-
branous. Outer palea shorter
than glumes, narrow, thin, with
a green midrib; inner palea
smaller than outer and ribless. Anthers white, with a yellow
tinge.

Lepturus incurvatus.
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 59.

Loum. Plate xviii. HORDE.

58. perenne 15 in. RvE Grass. Stem smooth above;
sheath flat and smooth; rachis rough ;
florets lanceolate.

59. temulentum 15 in. DARNEL. Stem rough above; sheath
| round and rough ; rachis smooth ; florets
tumid.

58. L. perenne. Pastures and fields, thriving on clay soils
throughout Europe and Asia north of the Himalaya. June and
July. Root perennial, tufted, sometimes with leafy barren shoots,
fibres reaching fourteen inches in depth. Stems several, smooth,
bent at base, erect or ascending, oval, rigid, leafy; nodes tumid
and purplish. Base of radical leaves fat and red underground,
leaves folded in bud, auricled, flat, narrow, parallel-sided more
than half-way, striated, dark green glossy beneath, keel prominent,
ribs on upper surface distinct and rounded. Sheaths smooth,

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110 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

striated, uppermost longer than
leaf; ligule short and blunt. Spike
flat, nearly erect, notched alter-
nately. Spikelets erect, edgeways
on the notches, with three or more
florets. Rachilla compressed. Outer
glume not longer than _ spikelet,
lanceolate, ribs five, inner glume |
only to uppermost floret. Outer
palea five-ribbed, obtuse, glabrous,
rounded on back, occasionally with
a short awn; inner palea rather

shorter, ciliate. Lolium perenne. —
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 59.

Varieties—
L. avistatum. Outer palea with a long awn
L. linicola. Without barren shoots.
L. ttalicum. Stem rough ; leaves rolled in bud, edges

of young leaves imvolute, leaves
auricled, broad, margin smooth ; sheaths
pink underground; outer palea long

awned |
This grass was cultivated in this country previous to 1677,
the seed being first sown on the Chilterns. It is common almost
everywhere, growing on almost all soils, but best where the ground
is tenacious. The moister the land the longer it will last provided
the water be not stagnant. It is excellent for horses, and its
straw cut into chaff furnishes good food for cattle. It soon
matures and improves as it ripens, but yields a poor aftermath.
Its seed—tusitorm, yellowish brown, four-and-a-half times as
long as it is broad—is rather large, there being only 6,163,740
to the bushel, which weighs 21 pounds ; but the yield is abundant
and germination easy. It has numerous varieties—in 1823 Mr.
Whitworth, of Acre House, had a collection of sixty of them—
the best being L. ztalicum, the grass from which Parmesan cheese
is derived, which was introduced from Italy by Mr. Lawson, of

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. Tit

Edinburgh, and is frequently considered to be a distinct species.
It also matures quickly, gives plenty of herbage, is eaten greedily
by cattle, lasts in full vigour for two seasons, has been known on
rich land to yield three crops in a year, and is very profitable under
irrigation, in short a more profitable grass than our native species.

59. L. temulenium. Pastures and fields of Europe and Central
Asia. June and July. Root annual, fibres few, barren shoots
none. Stem round, smooth and glossy below, rough upwards ;
nodes four. Leaves lanceolate, spreading, prominently ribbed,
rough above, light green. Sheaths round, ribbed, rather rough ;
ligule short and notched. Spike large, erect; rachis rough,
angular, notched. Spikelets erect edgeways in the notches,
florets four or more. Outer glume rising above the spikelet ;
inner glume rudimentary or absent. Outer palea ovate, tumid,
ribbed, whitish, erect, awn as long or longer than palea; inner
palea rough at the folds. ,

Darnel cannot stand frost. It is always found in cultivated
fields but not in those in which the seed is sown by drills. Hence
it is becoming rarer, and probably was never native but sown
with the seed of the crop. It is said to be our only poisonous
grass, the seed and not the herbage doing the damage. Like that
of L. vemotum the grain contains loliin, a narcotic soluble in
ether, causing eruptions, trembling and sight trouble in man and
certain animals, particularly rabbits, but not affecting pigs and
horned cattle, nor ducks nor probably other birds if experiments
could be made on them

Metica. Plate xxxii. FESTUCEZ.

96. nutans 24 in. MountTaIn Metric. Spikelets drooping ;
florets three or four, two perfect, one or
| two imperfect.
97. uniflora’ 30in. Woop Metic. Spikelets erect; florets
two, one perfect, one imperfect.

96. M. nutans. Upland woods of Scotland and west of
England ; ranging through Europe and Temperate Asia. May

TE SRR ST aes TE a

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madioee a
=

112 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

and June. Root perennial, creeping, fibrous. Stem slender,
angled, leafy below, bare above. Leaves tapering at base,
lanceolate, erect, narrow, flat, edges rough, hairy above, ridged
and smooth below, pale green. Sheaths quadrangular, long,
smooth, not split in front, uppermost shorter than leaf; ligule
very short and blunt. Panicle curving, racemose, unilateral,
branches erect, rough, slender. Spikelets large, pendulous,
perfect florets two, pedicle short, barren florets one or two,
pedicel long. Lodicules single, large. Glumes nearly equal,
thin, blunt, purplish. Outer palea chartaceous, elliptic, convex,
keeled, broad, blunt, with seven ribs, awnless; inner palea
broad, blunt, thick, margined with green.
Variety—

M. montana. Outer palea longer than glumes.

This attractive, bright-coloured species is more a ‘plant of
the borders of the woods and clearings than of the woods them-
selves. It has an unmistakable seed, boat-shaped, twice as long
as broad, wrinkled, dark brown and glossy. The lodicule is of
importance, the usual pair being represented by one large scale,
entire or slightly emarginate. Lodicules are usually considered
to be the members of a rudimentary perianth, of which the other
member (the posterior lodicule) is present in the Bambusea,
but according to Hackel they represent the halves of a leaf
which sometimes, as in this case of Melica, remains undivided and
can be regarded as a second inner
palea as the posterior lodicule would
be the third

97. M.umnitfiova. Shady woods;
ranging through Central and Southern
Europe. May to July. Root peren-
nial, creeping, fibrous. Stem erect,
slender, smooth, roughish above.
Leaves long, flat, thin, tapering at
base, ribs and edges rough, ridged
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 54. below, dark green. Sheaths quad-

Meclica uniflora.

ae
i
hr Na .
oa

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 113

_ rangular, not split in front, uppermost shorter than leaf;

ligule short, blunt, with one awl-shaped lobe opposite the blade.
Panicle curving, branches in pairs, few, rough, slender. Spikelets
erect, ovate, tremulous, with one perfect floret and one barren
floret. Glumes unequal, inner the larger, smooth, reddish brown.
Outer palea as long as inner glume, broad, blunt, smooth ; inner
palea shorter than outer, broad, oval, edged with green.

Mrpora. Plate viii. AGROSTIDEZ.

22. veyna 4 in. Kwnappia, Panicle short, slender and
racemose.

Sandy fields near the sea; Channel Islands and Anglesey,
ranging through Southern and Western Europe. March and
April. Root annual, small, fibres long and slender. Stems
numerous, erect, slender, smooth, triangular, with one or two
leaves. Leaves flat, linear, short,
obtuse, channelled and rough.
Sheaths thin, smooth, compressed,
uppermost longer than leaf; ligule
membranous, obtuse, notched,
clasping stem. Spikes erect, simple,
slender. Spikelets erect, alternate,
sessile, one floret; rachis slender,
smooth, angular, but not notched.
Glumes equal, erect, smooth, ob-
tuse, green and purple. Outer
palea shorter than glumes, thin,
jagged, and hairy ; inner palea small
and hairy or absent. Filament twice as long as outer palea,
Anthers broader at base than at apex.

This very small and early annual which is_ generally
withered up before Midsummer, averages about a couple of
inches in height, and with its trifling foliage and slender
thread-like stems, is so inconspicuous that it may not be as

Mibora verna.
Spikelet, For Floret see p. 45.

rare as it is reputed to be. It is better known as Knappia
than by the older name it now bears which was given it by

Beauvois.

_ ee na

< “a

a a a tT ai aii OETA hp TE bali Nina ga iti
RN i ee ee ee ee at’ ann

See

114 THE GENERA' AND THEIR SPECIES.

Mitium. Plate i. AGROSTIDEZ.

2.efusum 601i. SPREADING MILLET. Awnless; branches
of panicle long and distant.

Shady woods, ranging throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
June and July. Root perennial, rootstock creeping, stoloniferous
and tufted. Stem erect, slender, leafy, tall, smooth and glossy.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapered and reversed at base, so that
the upper side is really the under side, short, ribless, keel
prominent, pale green. Sheaths
small, striated, uppermost longer
than its leaf; ligule square. Panicle
large, light, loose and spreading,
branches long, slender, horizontal
or deflexed. Spikelets numerous,
ovate, small, with only one floret.
Glumes nearly equal, broad, con-
cave, not keeled, three-ribbed and
dotted. Outer palea almost as large
as outer glume, pointed, shining,
indurated, adherent to grain ; inner
palea almost as long as outer palea

Milium effusum. .
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 43. and similarly indurated.

Variety—
M.scabrum 36 in. Stem and leaves rough.

The curious reversal of the leaf at its base is shown by the
stomata being present only upon the original upper side. It
is one of the tallest and handsomest of our woodland grasses.
In the shade the florets are green, in the sunshine they are purple ;
in the shade it grows tall, in the open it is stunted. Its produce
is very light in proportion to its bulk, and not very nutritious.
Birds are so fond of its seed that its cultivation has been suggested
where game is preserved to save the cornfields, the seed being
scattered round the roots of bushes and raked in with a few
decayed leaves thrown over it. It is not the cultivated millet
which is Pantcum mulacewm, quite a different plant,

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. Pea:

Mo.iniA. Plate xxxi. FESTUCEZ:.
95. cerulea 36 in. FLyInG Bent. Stem solid.

A moorland species growing more or less in the water around
pools and springs ; ranging through Europe and Temperate Asia.

August and September. Root peren-

marrow, erect, branches alternate,
angular, numerous, rough. Spikelets

‘blades light and stripped off by the

nial, fibres long, tough, wiry and
yellowish. Stem solid, stiff, smooth,
bent at the only node, bare above, old

wind. Leaves chiefly radical, tapering
at base ‘and sharply pointed, long,
rough towards the apex. Sheaths
bluish, uppermost smaller than its
leaf; ligule a tuft of hairs. Panicle

Molinia c@rulea.
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 53.

numerous, erect, small, linear, florets
two or three. Glumes unequal, inner ©
the longer, smooth, lanceolate. Outer palea larger than glumes,
acute, smooth, awnless, ribs three or five ; inner palea flat, mem-
branous, ribs two with a bristle at the base in the uppermost floret.
Anthers large, purple. Seed fusiform, brownish or bluish, twice
as long as broad. |

Variety—

M.depauperaia. | Spikelets with one floret; outer palea
with five ribs.

Narpus. Plate xvi. HORDEZ.

50. stricta 10 in. Mat Grass. Spike unilateral and

slender.

Moors and mountain pastures of Europe and Asia up to the
Arctic Circle; by the margins of bogs, but never in the bogs,
as it requires a dry soil. June to August. Root perennial,
tufted, stringy, fan-shaped and deep, fibres many, short, thick, and

ee i tty te ee

WM Vee a. es ee LULL

116 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

downy. Stems many, in wiry tufts, erect, rather angular, striated.
Leaves like bristles, sharp, straight, furrowed, rough with lines
| of spines, base thick and cartila-
| ginous, mostly horizontal. Sheaths
: pinkish, enlarged, bulbous at base,
each outer sheath enclosing two or
more leaves, of which the inner is
erect ; ligule on radical leaves trun-
cate, on stem leaves pointed,
thick, stiff, and prominent. Spike
slender, straight or curving back-
wards. Spikelets with one floret,
alternate, unilateral, placed in
grooves, only one glume, and that

Nardus stricta. ;
| Spikelet very narrow and pointed. Outer

For Ovary and Stigma see p. 58. palea linear - lanceolate, purplish,

ribbed, rough, tapering into an
| awn ; inner palea thin, short, narrow, embraced by outer palea,
| ribless, apex truncate and toothed. Anthers pale yellow.

Panicum. Plates ii. and ii. PANICEZ.
Spike digitate.
3. sanguinale 24 in. FINGER Grass. Leaves and sheaths hairy.

4. glabrum 8 in. GLABROUS FINGER Grass. Leaves and
sheaths glabrous

Spike simple.

. verticillatum 24 in. RouGH BristLe Grass. Involucral bristle
depressed.

tm

\ bristles erect ; outer palea with transverse

i)

6. glaucum 24 in. GLAUCOUS BRISTLE Grass. Involucral

| )

| wrinkles.
|

h 7. vivide 24 in. GREEN BRISTLE GRASS. Involucral |
bristles erect ; outer palea unwrinkled.
Spike compound.

8. crus-gali 36 in, CocxspuR. Spikelets purple on one side.

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 117

3. P.sanguinale. Fields, south of England, but a native
of the Tropics and warm regions. Juneto August. Root annual,
fibrous, Stem creeping at base, then ascending, slender, branched,
ribbed. Leaves flat and hairy. Sheaths hairy; ligule large,
rounded and hairy at base. Panicle digitate, spikes from three to
seven, long, spreading. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, one
stalked, unilateral, dorsally compressed, purple, with one floret.
Glumes three in number, unequal, one very small, third double
as large as second, all awnless. Outer palea as large as third

glume, smooth, margins folded, awnless, purple; inner palea

small, but in other respects resembling outer palea.

The Finger Grass (3) is cultivated in Bohemia, where the
grain is used for porridge; and in the southern United States,
under the name of Crab Grass, it is thought much of as a fodder
plant. In this country it flourishes in rich, light soil, but is hard
and coarse, and its hairy herbage is of no use, though birds pick
out the seeds while ripening among the florets. It spreads a
good deal, owing to the lower stems striking root.

4. P. glabyum. Sandy fields south of England, but a
native of warm regions. July and August. Root annual,
fibrous. Stems numerous, creeping at first, then ascending,
smooth, leafy, striated. Leaves short, broad, glabrous, margins
hairy. Sheaths glabrous; ligule blunt, and frequently hairy at
base. Panicle digitate, spikes two or three, not exceeding three
inches in length, slender. Spikelets in twos and threes, stalked,
flat at back, one floret, purple. Glumes three in number, one
small, two nearly equal, five-ribbed. Outer palea as large as
largest glume, ribbed, glossy ; inner palea ribbed, glossy. Awns
none.

5. WP. verticillatum. Fields south and east of England, ranging
throughout Europe and Asia. July and August. Root annual,
fibrous. Stem geniculate, branched at base, smooth above, rough
below. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, edges rough. Sheaths
smooth, striated ; ligule blunt, short, fringed. Spike whorled,
rough. Spikelets small, sessile, flattened at back, bristly, bristles

depressed, one floret. Glumes three in number, one small,
I

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:
--
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ft
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4
:
PI
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118 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.
broad and pointed. Outer palea large, concave, smooth, three-
ribbed ; inner palea flat and folded. Awns none.

The depressed bristles account for the roughness of the spike
when drawn downwards biggie iat the hand.

6. P. glaucum. Fields; a native of warm countries, pro-
| bably introduced. June to September. Root annual, fibrous.
, Stem erect, furrowed, angled beneath spike. Leaves linear-
| lanceolate, bearded at base, glaucous. Sheaths shorter than
leaves; ligule small. Spike compact, cylindrical. Spikelets
dorsally compressed, crowded, florets two, bristly, bristles erect.
Glumes three in number, the third the largest. Outer palea
wrinkled transversely ; inner palea smaller than outer. Awns —
| none. :

The erect bristles account for the roughness of the spike
when drawn upwards through the hand.

7. P.virvide. Fields, a native of warm climates. July and
August. Root annual, fibrous. Stems numerous, geniculate,
smooth below, frequently rough above. Leaves lanceolate,
rough. Sheaths smooth, ribbed ; ligule short, blunt, margin hairy.
Spike compact, branches hairy.
Spikelets dorsally | compressed,
crowded, bristly, bristles erect,
green, one floret. Glumes three
in number, one small, the other
two equal. Outer palea as large
as the larger glume, smooth, not ©
wrinkled transversely ; inner palea —
flat and folded at <r Awns

Panicum viride, none.
Spikelet. For Floret see p: 62. The Green ristle Grass is |
found chiefly in East Anglia; it |
is not common, though, perhaps, more frequent than the two
preceding species. Its nutritive value being slight it does not |
exhaust the soil, and thrives in the same places on dry, sandy |
ground for years without manure.

é

imbricated. Glumes four, lower

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 119

8. P. crus-gallt. Fields; south of England, a native of
warm climates. July and August. Roots annual, fibrous.
Stems numerous, decumbent, then erect, stout, smooth,
furrowed ; nodes bare. Leaves broad, pointed, rough, midrib
prominent. Sheath swollen; ligule represented by hairs or a
white mark. Spike compound, dense, unilateral, branches
tapering. Spikelets clustered, ovate, dorsally compressed, purple
on one side, hairs long and smooth, one floret. Glumes
three, one small, the others equal, the second being hairy
and the third awned. Outer palea transparent, smooth, glossy,
awnless ; inner palea small and glossy. Stamens long.

Cockspur is readily distinguishable by the tufted bristles
among the spikelets. In some parts it is cultivated for fodder,
though with us it is a coarse grass, best known as a weed in corn-

‘fields. It is the tallest British representative of the genus, but

quite a dwarf compared with Panicum altissimum, which in the
West Indies reaches thirty feet in height.

Puararis. Plate iv. PHALARIDEZ.

Il. canariensis 36 in. CANARY GRass. Spike ovoid ; spikelets
imbricated. .

Fields and waste places, ranging through Southern Europe and
Northern Africa. June to August. Root annual, fibres white
and numerous. Stem erect,
round, leafy, brown at nodes.
Leaves broad, acute, spreading,
glaucous. Sheaths long, round,
tumid, rough, uppermost form-
ing a spathe; ligule long and
blunt. Spike ovoid, variegated
green and white. Spikelets
with one floret, broad and flat,

pair nearly equal, winged, flat,
keeled, and pointed. Palez hard
and glossy. Outer palea shorter

| : Phalaris canariensis.
than glumes, ovate, pointed, Spikelet; For Floret see p; 62.

120 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

hairy; inner palea shorter than outer, toothed at apex,

hairy.

This ornamental grass is said to be a native of the Canary
Isles, owing its introduction to its being used as a bird-seed, for
which purpose it is grown in the south-eastern counties, where it
is reaped like wheat and bound into sheaves. In Germany
weaver’s paste is made from its flour. It is particularly distin-
guished as an impoverisher of the soil, the yield being less than
half in each succeeding year when no fertilisers are used.

PHLEUM. Plates v. and vi. AGROSTIDEZ.
Spike long and cylindrical.

13. pratense 36in. TimotHy. Glumes truncate ; ligule thin,
white, and toothed at apex.

15. boehmervt 24 1n. PURPLE STALKED CatT’s-TAIL. Glumes
tapering ; ligule broader than long.

16. asperum 1 %2in. RouGH CarT’s-TAIL. Glumes_ wedge-
shaped ; ligule tapering and prominent.
Spike short and fusiform.
14. alpinum 24 in. ALPINE CaT’s-TAIL. Glumes truncate ;
ligule short and obtuse.

17. avenartum 12 1n. SEASIDE CAT’S-TAIL. Glumes acute ;
ligule lanceolate.

13. PP. pratense. Pastures; Northern Hemisphere. June
and July. Root perennial, fibrous, somewhat creeping, reaching
sixteen inches in depth, rootstock short. Stem erect, smooth,
round ; baseofshoots bulbous. Leaves rather broad, rigid, acute,
ribs low, blade rough downwards from point, rough upwards from
base, rising at an angle, not spreading horizontally, rolled in bud,
light green or glaucous. Sheaths nearly smooth, not tumid,
fibrous ; ligule thin, longer than broad, white, toothed at point,
hairless on back. Spike rough, cylindrical, green, compact, and
long. Spikelets with one floret, flat and crowded. Glumes equal,
silvery, keeled, broad, truncate, fringed on the keel, each with a
short rough awn of less than half the length of the glume. Outer

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 121

palea smaller than glumes, ovate, five-ribbed, pointed, awnless ;
inner palea shorter than outer, with two nerves, pointed, fringed.
Styles and stamens protruding ; anthers flesh colour and rather
long.

Timothy is one of our native grasses, but owes its name to
Timothy Hanson, by whom it
was first cultivated largely in
the United States, and thence
introduced at his recommenda-
tion into British pastures. In
America it attains six feet in
height, here the conditions are
not sofavourable toit, and it is
shorter, harder, and coarser, not
a favourite with cattle, though
making excellent heavy hay.
Its first crop is good, but its
aftermath is poor. Moist tena-

’ Phleum pratense.
cious soils suit it best; in dry Spikelet. For Floret see p. 44.

soils it becomes bulbous. It is

at its best in its second year, and when cut soon after flower-
ing. Sinclair found that the seed weighed 43 pounds to the bushel,
and calculated that each bushel contained 35 million seeds.
The seeds are naked, ovoid, twice as long as broad, lightly pitted,
and yellowish brown in colour. They seldom fail to germinate,
but the crop requires a good deal of nitrogenous manure to keep
it up to the mark in this country.

Variety—

P.nodosum 24 in. Decumbent, leaves narrow, spike slender.

14. P. alpinum. Mountains, chiefly Scottish, ranging
throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also found in Southern
Chile. July and August. Root perennial, rather tuberous
and creeping. Stem ascending, simple, smooth, round. Leaves
flat, acute, smooth, ribs equal, edges rough. Sheaths smooth,
tumid, striated, uppermost long ; ligule short and obtuse. Spike

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122 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

compact, not exceeding an inch in length, generally purple.
Spikelets oblong, small, spreading. Outer glume truncate, keel
continued into an awn. Outer palea ovate, keel hairy, awned ;
inner palea shorter than outer, fringed at edge. Anthers short
and broad. |

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15. P. boehmerz. Pastures, east of England, ranging through

Europe and Northern Asia. July and August. Root perennial,
fibrous, tufted. Stem purple in colour, glossy, leafy below,
bare above, occasionally bulbous. Leaves linear, short, ribs
rough ; upper leaves very short ; glaucous. Upper sheaths long,
slightly tumid ; ligule shorter than broad, truncate. Spike com-
pact, slender, cylindrical, about two inches long. Spikelets flat,
curved, small, crowded. Glumes equal, tapering, fringed with
bristles and pointed or slightly awned. Outer palea small, mem-
branous, elliptical, ribbed ;inner palea smaller than outer, and
having a small bristle at the base. Antherslongand purple. _

This is rather a rare species, growing in dry, sandy places and
chalky districts in the eastern counties. It is recognisable by the
violet colour of the upper part of the stem. It affords but a feeble
yield of herbage, and at flowering time consists almost entirely
of stems. It was first noted in 1780 near Swaffham. — Sinclair
pointed out that its inflorescence looks like a spike until pressed
between the fingers, when it proves to be a panicle.

16. P.asperum. Waste places, East of England ; ranging
through Central and Southern Europe. July and August,
Root perennial, fibres much branched. Stem smooth, branched.
leafy. Leaves flat, acute, ribbed, rough, bright green. Sheaths
slightly tumid, uppermost long ; ligule tapering and prominent.
Spike compact, cylindrical, noticeably rough. Spikelets flat,
numerous, not glaucous. Glumes equal, wedge-shaped, slightly
rough, ribbed, mucronate, green and white. Outer palea short,
elliptical, obtuse, not crenate; inner palea shorter than outer
palea, edges folded. Anthers short; filaments long.

17. P.avenarium. Sandy shores of Western Europe. June
and July. Root annual, fibres long, simple and downy. Stem

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 123

erect, leafy below, bare and purplish above. Leaves short,
broad, rough, blade folded. Sheaths long, ribbed, smooth, upper-
most very long and tumid; ligule lanceolate. Spike compact,
blunt at apex, tapered at base, green and white. Spikelets oval,
numerous, glaucous, with one floret, like the rest of the genus,
Glumes equal, acute, lanceolate, rough, fringed on keel, awn very
short or absent. Outer palea broad and short, crenate, ribbed and
membranous ; inner palea as long as outer, smooth and ribbed.
Anthers short, filaments long,

| Poa. Plates xxvi. to xxx. FESTUCEZ.

Stems and sheaths bulbous.

93. bulbosa 15 in. BuLBous MeEsapow Grass. Uppermost
leaf shorter than sheath.

Stems and sheaths not bulbous.
Florets webbed. |
88. pratensis 24 1n. SMOOTH- STALKED MEADOW GRASS.
Ligule short and rounded, broader than
long ; stem rounded.

89. wivialis 24 in. ROUGH -STALKED MEADOW GRASS.
Ligule long and pointed.

87. compress@ 12 in. FLATTENED MEraDow Grass. _§ Ligule
prominent, short and blunt; stem oval.

90. nemovalis 36 in. Woop MEADow Grass. Ligule minute or
absent.

Florets not webbed.
Florets hairy at base.

81. maritima 12in. SEA MEapow Grass. Outer palea five-
ribbed ; uppermost node below middle of
stem; small glume reaching base of
second floret; rachis smooth.

124 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

82.distans 24 in. REFLEXED Meapow Grass. Outer palea
five-ribbed, uppermost node below mid-
dle of stem; small glume reaching base
oz second floret ; rachis rough.

86. annua 10 in. ANNUAL MEADow Grass. Outer palea
five-ribbed ; uppermost node below mid-
dle of stem; small glume reaching base
of third floret.

gi. laxa 12 in. WAvy MeEapow Grass. Outer palea
three-ribbed ; panicle drooping ; upper-
most leaf lanceolate and flat.

92. alpina 15 in. ALPINE Mrapow Grass. Outer palea
three-ribbed ; panicle erect ; uppermost
i leat linear and folded.

: Florets not hairy at base

79. aquatica =72 in. ReED Meapvow Grass. Glumes without

| lateral ribs; central rib of outer palea

rough throughout; panicle compound ;
spikelets less than half an inch long.

80. fluttans 42 in. MANNA Croup. Glumes without lateral

ribs; central rib of outer palea rough
i throughout ; panicle simple; spikelets
ii more than half an inch long

84. vigtda 6 in. Harp Meapow Grass. Glumes without
lateral ribs; basal half of outer palea
smooth; apex of inner glume reaching
base of third floret.

85. loliacea 6 in. DARNEL MEADow Grass. Glumes with-

out lateral ribs ; basal half of outer palea
smooth; apex of inner glume reaching
base of fourth floret.

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THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 125

83. procumbens 12 in. PROCUMBENT MEADOW Grass. Glume
with prominent lateral ribs.

79. P. aquatica. Ponds and ditches, ranging throughout
the Northern Hemisphere. April to August. Root perennial,
fibres whorled, rootstock extensively creeping. Stem erect,
compressed, stout, striated, reed-like. Leaves flat, broad, stiff,
smooth, rough at edges and on keel, shoot flat, base of blade with
a brown triangular spot on each side, leaf and sheath with large
air cavities. Sheath with two acute edges, almost entire, nearly
smooth ; ligule short and blunt. Panicle erect, pyramidal, large,
spreading, repeatedly compound, half-whorled ; branches rough,
angular. Spikelets erect, ovate, upper broader than lower, florets
four to ten. Glumes nearly equal, thin, glossy, whitish. Outer
palea blunt, with five or seven ribs, central rib rough ; inner palea
shorter than outer palea, toothed at apex, punctate.

This stately, reed-like, pale green grass, though seemingly so
rigid, is really very tender, a favourite with cattle and the best
of fodder for milch cows. In the fen districts and on small
islands and river meadows on the Thames and elsewhere it is
~ mown for hay. It does best on undrained clay soils, and its
long, dark brown seeds have to be sown in the mud.

80. P. fluitans. Ponds and slow-running water; ranging
throughout the Northern Hemisphere. July and August.
Root perennial, creeping or partly floating. Stem weak, decum-
bent, stoutish, often floating, then ascending ; nodes numerous.
Leaves prominently ridged, long, linear, keeled, shoot flat, base
of blade with yellow triangular spot on each side, pale green.
Sheath keeled, long, compressed, striated, almost entire, nearly
smooth ; ligule short, pointed, toothed. Panicle simple, nearly
erect, long, close, narrow, rough, rather one-sided. Spikelets few,
long, slender, florets seven to twenty, variegated green and white.
Glumes unequal, small, blunt, with a green keel. Outer palea with
five ribs, middle one rough and pointed, three times longer than
broad ; inner palea small, flat, inflexed at edges, which are ribbed
with green, not punctate. Anthers five times as long as broad,
purple, yellow when empty.

ae

126 THE GENERA AND THEIR’ SPECIES.

Varieties—

P. plicata. Sheath rough and furrowed ; outer palea
twice as long as broad; anthers three
times as long as broad.

F’. pedicellata. Sheath rough and furrowed; anthers
four times as long as broad. }

P. dechinaia. — | Sheath smooth ; anthers twice as long as

broad ; plant small

This grass is common in slow streams and pools, and is

noticeable for its graceful panicles and rich green colour. Its

stem is very fragile, and it is not easy to pullat it without breaking
it. Cattle feed on the herbage, and birds and trout on the seeds.

The long, slender, yellow seeds are the manna croup which is put
into soup and cooked for porridge |

81. maritima. Salt marshes; ranging through the Northern
Hemisphere. Juneto August. Root perennial, tufted, creeping,
stoloniferous. Stem erect from a curved or geniculate base, rigid,
smooth. Leaves thickish, narrow, short, involute, compressed,
not keeled. Sheaths tumid, smooth, uppermost longer than leat ;
ligule short, ovate blunt. Panicle erect or nearly so, rigid,
branched ; branches and rachis smooth. Spikelets few, linear,
cylindrical, turning to one side, florets four or more. Glumes
unequal, rounded on back, ribbed, inner one the larger, Outer
palea five-ribbed, long, pointed, edges involute, purplish ; inner
palea as long as outer palea, marginal ribs green. Anthers six
times as long as broad.

Varieties—
P. hispida Stem compressed, rachis furrowed on one
side, branches bristly.
P. deflexa. Panicle branches deflexed in fruit.

82. P.disians, Banks of estuaries and waste and sandy
ground ; ranging throughout the Northern Hemisphere. July
to October. Root perennial, fibrous, yellowish, not creeping.

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 127

Stems numerous, decumbent, and geniculate at base, often slanting,
scaly, striated, leafy. Leaves tapering, broad, short, flat, ribs
low, rough above, seldom folded, hooded at apex, glaucous.
Sheaths long, smooth, spiral, deeply slit, uppermost longer than
leaf; ligule short, blunt, notched. Panicle erect, spreading,
angular ; branches long, distant, lower deflexed ; branches rough,
rachis rough, compressed on one side. Spikelets linear, small,
flattened, not webbed, florets three or more. Glumes unequal,
obtuse, inner, the larger, with three ribs, outer with one rib.
Outer palea longer than glumes, blunt, with five ribs, the central
rib not extending to apex, deeply concave, edges not involute
inner palea small.

83. P. procumbens. Salt marshes and sandy places near the
sea; ranging through the Northern Hemisphere. July and
August. Root annual, fibrous. Stems tufted, numerous, pro-
cumbent, rigid, smooth, leafy. Leaves flat, ribbed, rough
above, smooth beneath. Sheaths long, smooth, tumid, ribbed,
uppermost longer than leaf; ligule pointed, long, torn. Panicle
compact, rigid, small, branches rough, in pairs turning one way,
not deflexed, rachis rough, three-sided. Spikelets in two rows,
linear, florets four or more. Glumes unequal, small, inner with
three ribs, outer with one rib. Outer palea hairy at base, with
five ribs, middle rib extending beyond apex ; inner palea narrow
fringed |

Variety—
P. borrevi. Leaves involute, rough on both sides,
short, flat, abruptly hooded at apex ;

sheaths long; keel of outer palea
sharply pointed.

84. P.vigida. Quarries, tops of walls, and other dry
places in limestone districts throughout Central and Southern
Europe. June and July. Root annual, fibrous, tufted, woolly.

‘Stems several, tough, wiry, slender, decumbent at first, then erect ;

nodes three or four. Leaves narrow, short, involute, tapering,

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128 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

rough above, smooth below, turning brown with age. Sheaths
ribbed, smooth ; ligule long, acutely triangular. Panicle lanceo-

late, dense, two-ranked, turning one way, branches rigid and >

wavy, rachis angular. Spikelets compressed, cylindrical, florets
seven toten. Glumes unequal, acute, keeled, apex of inner glume

level with base of third floret. Outer palea broad, pointed, with

two marginal green ribs having a white median stripe ; inner
palea short and bordered with green.

85. P.loliacea. Sandy shores of the Mediterranean, and
Western Europe. June and July. Root annual, tufted, fibrous.
Stem curved, ascending, branching from base, rigid, stout.
Leaves linear, pointed, thin, flat, short, convolute when dry,
turning reddish brown with age. Sheaths long, smooth, upper-
most as long as leaf; ligule oblong. Panicle racemose, close,
efect, slender. Spikelets oblong, usually solitary, in two alter-
nate rows, unilateral, stalks short and thick, florets six or more.
Glumes nearly equal, pointed, keeled, ribless, inner glume ex-
tending to base of fourth floret. Outer palea keeled, blunt with

a small point, ribs five; inner palea with keel fringed and well

defined marginal ribs.

86. P. annua. Widely distributed in both Hemispheres,
mostly in waste places, and flowering at any time of the year.
Root annual, fibres numerous. Stems several, tufted, spreading,
decumbent, or ascending, rooting from nodes. Leaves folded in
bud, thin, tapering from near apex, rounded at apex, flaccid,
transversely wrinkled, rough at edges, ribless, median lines
yellow. Sheath long, smooth, compressed, edges rounded, upper-
most longer than leaf ; hgule conspicuous, long, rounded at apex.
Panicle triangular, loose, erect, more or less one-sided, branches
thin. Spikelets ovate, not webbed, stalked, glossy, florets five
or more, variegated green and white. Glumes unequal, three-
ribbed, middle rib toothed, inner glume extending to base of
third floret. Outer palea five-ribbed, smooth ; inner palea short,
with green marginal rib. Anthers colourless.

7

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 129
Varieties—

P. supina. Panicle lax, branches*deflexed, spikelets
green and purple.

P., sericea. Leaves not wrinkled.

This species is the first weed to appear on the newly gravelled
path, and is responsible for most of the bare patches in lawns
during the winter. It will produce flowers and seeds when
only an inch high, coming up and blooming and ripening all
within a month. It blooms all the year round, even in December
and January. When growing in watery places its leaves lose their
wrinkles, and it is then known as P. sericea.

87. P. compressa. Fields and dry places in the Northern
Hemisphere. June and July. Root perennial, moderately
creeping, fibres downy. Stem oval, decumbent or slanting, then
erect, smooth, constricted at base of panicle ; nodes four to seven,
uppermost half-way up the stem. Leaves folded in bud, short,
narrow, roughish at edges, hooded at apex, ribless, with median
lines, glaucous, Sheaths compressed, short, uppermost as long as
leaf; ligule short, blunt. Panicle erect, dense when not in
flower, unilateral, branches in pairs, rough, acutely angular.
Spikelets ovate, small, florets three or more, webbed at base.
Glumes nearly equal, with three ribs, of which the middle one is
toothed. Outer palea obtuse, slightly longer than glumes,
with five ribs, of which the odd ones are hairy and the even ones
indistinct ; inner palea short, edged with green.

Variety—

P. polynoda. Nodes numerous, uppermost more than

half-way up the stem.

This species is so much liked by sheep that it never flowers
when they are grazing on it. The crop is light, but what there is
of it is good.

88. P. pratensis. Common in meadows in the Northern
Hemisphere. Juneand July. Root perennial, creeping, stoloni-
ferous, reaching from five to fifteen inches in depth according ta

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130 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

the soil. Stems several, erect, smooth, rather stout, branched
at base. Leaves folded in bud, radical leaves short, shoot flat
with rounded edges, blade flat, linear,
broadish, rounded at base and apex,
ribless, with yellow median lines.
Sheaths long, slightly tumid, almost
entire ; ligule short, rounded, broader
than long. Panicle loose, pyramidal,
spreading, slightly unilateral, branches
generally smooth. Spikelets ovate,
compressed, florets three or four,
glossy, webbed. Glumes nearly equal,
lanceolate, webbed, ribs three. Outer
palea pale brown, longer than glumes,
acute, keeled, ribs four or five, of
which three are hairy, webbed ; inner palea hyaline, short and
bifid.

Poa pratensis.
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 56.

Varieties— |
P. planicularts. Stem flat ; leaves broad and short ; dark
3 green.
P. avenaria. - Quter palea with seven ribs ; glaucous.
P. retvoflexa. Lower branches of panicle deflexed ; pale
| green. |
P. sub-cerulea. Stem round; leaves broad and short.
P. arida. Uppermost leaf erect and as high as apex
panicle.

This is a good, early meadow grass, well adapted for parks and
lawns, yielding a fair hay crop and an excellent aftermath.
After midsummer it grows more slowly but still steadily, and goes
on steadily even during frost, but it rarely sends up flowering
stems after the first are cropped. It thrives on dry light soils,
and when seeds are mixed for sowing a permanent pasture it
generally forms a twentieth (by weight) of the mixture. In New
Zealand this species becomes as luxuriantly stoloniferous as couch.

ae

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 131

89. P. ivivialis. Meadows and pastures of the Northern
Hemisphere. Juneand July. Root perennial, not stoloniferous,
fibrous, tufted, attaining fourteen inches in depth. Stem rough,
erect, slender. Leaves folded in bud, radical leaves long, stem
leaves short, flat, thin, rough, tapering from base, ribless, with
median lines, keeled and glossy below. Sheaths angular,
rough upwards, as long as leaf, uppermost longer than leaf ;
ligule of lower leaves blunt, of upper leaves long and pointed.
Panicle pyramidal, spreading, large, loose, branches rough and
slender. Spikelets ovate, compressed, florets two or three,
webbed. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, ribbed, webbed.
Outer palea acute, keeled, ribs five, of which the midrib is hairy
below ; inner palea short, fringed, edged with green.

This is said to be the Orcheston Grass described as growing at
Maddington, in Wiltshire, twenty feet long ; its average height is
just as many inches. Itisa valuable agricultural grass, prevalent
in all good pastures with rich, retentive soils, satisfactory to all
sorts of cattle, yielding hay of high quality, and, after early
cutting, an excellent aftermath. It thrives under trees and in all
moist places, and grows rapidly in warm weather, but does not
like frost. It yields a fine close turf, and is abundant on most
lawns, but is best when mixed with other grasses. It is the
commonest grass in the mountainous districts of Europe.

90. P.nemorvalis. Woods and shady places, ranging through
Europe and Russian Asia. July and August. Root perennial,
slightly creeping, but not stoloniferous, reaching to fifteen inches
in depth. Stem erect, slender, smooth, flattish; uppermost
node half-way up stem, black. Leaves folded in bud, thin,
tapering, narrow, apex acute, rough above and on edges, ribless
with median lines. Sheaths round, smooth, close, uppermost
no longer than leaf; ligule very short and blunt or absent.
Panicle slender, somewhat diffuse, turning to one side, branches
filiform, rough, angular. Spikelets lanceolate, compressed,
webbed, florets two or more. Glumes nearly equal, webbed,
ribs three. Outer palea larger than glumes, lanceolate, tapering,
ribs five, three hairy ; inner palea slightly fringed.

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132 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

Varieties—
P. angustifolia. Panicle loose, stem slender, uppermost
node near to panicle.
P. coarctata. Panicle close, stem rigid.
P. glaucantha. Glaucous. | |
P. parnelli. Nodes five or six, uppermost below half-
way ; ligule very broad and short.
P. balfourii. Nodes three ; uppermost two-thirds of the
way down ; ligule prominent and blunt.
P. glauca. Uppermost node near base of stem ;

glaucous.

A hardy, slender, graceful grass of the woods and shady
places, but thriving anywhere when sown. No species does
better on land shaded by. trees, and none is better for parks
and lawns. |

ot. P. laxa. Scottish mountains, an Arctic, or rather
Sub-Arctic, species. July and August. Root perennial, fibrous,
tufted, slightly creeping. Stem round, slender, smooth; nodes
two, the upper generally hidden. Leaves folded in bud, flat,
lanceolate, hooded at apex, roughish above and on edges, ribless
with median lines, glaucous. Sheaths round, smooth, almost
entire, uppermost longer than leaf; ligule long and pointed.
Panicle drooping, angular, branches few. Spikelets ovate,
webbed, florets two or more. Glumes equal, ovate, pointed,
webbed. Outer palea with three ribs, hairy below ; inner palea
short, edges ribbed with green.

Varieties—-
P. stricta. Leaves flat at apex.
P. flexuosa Panicle branches wavy, often viviparous.

92. P. alpina. Mountains of Scotland and West of
Ireland, ranging through similar districts in the Northern
Hemisphere. July and August, Root perennial, compactly

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 133

tufted, slightly creeping, rootstock thick, fibres smooth, Stem
tufted, often swollen at base, leafy below, smooth, striated ;
nodes two, upper not hidden. Leaves short, folded in bud,
linear, mucronate, rough above and on edges, ribless, with median
lines ; radical leaves tufted. Sheaths long, smooth, lax, almost
entire, uppermost longer than leaf; ligule of upper leaves long
and pointed. Panicle ovate, short, spreading when in flower,
branches angular, smooth, mostly in pairs. Spikelets broad,
glossy, florets three or more. Glumes equal, ovate, concave,
ribs three, not webbed. Outer palea pointed, ribs three, hairy
below, lateral ribs indistinct ; inner palea short, edges green and
fringed.

This is the broad-leaved hill grass of the Highland shepherds.
Its produce is equal to Meadow Foxtail and more nutritive.
In the Scottish mountains, where it is frequently viviparous, the
pastures of it were in many cases formed by transplantation or
by sowing seed after burning the heather, the seed being tramped
in by sheep driven over the ground. As the spikelets are a favour-
ite food of snails, the seed is not easy to obtain, and hence the
laborious operation of bringing the young plants from a distance.

93. LP. bulbosa. Among the sands of East and South of
England, ranging through Europe and Russian Asia. April and
May. Root perennial, somewhat creeping, bulbous, the bulbs
being enlarged leaf bases. Stem erect, slender, smooth, often
geniculate at base, purplish. Radical leaves numerous, tufted,
narrow, wavy, pointed ; stem leaves folded in bud, few, distant,
linear, small, thin, ribless with median lines. Sheaths tumid,
ribbed, smooth, uppermost below middle of stem and longer
than its leaf; ligule long, decurrent, pointed. Panicle small,
compact, spreading in flower, branches alternate, mostly in pairs,
tumid, and cartilaginous at base; rachis angular and wavy.
Spikelets ovate, compressed, webbed, florets three or four.
Glumes equal, pointed, concave, with three ribs, keeled, webbed.
Outer palea longer than glumes, erect, straight, with five indistinct
ribs, keel clothed with white hairs; inner palea shorter than
outer palea, white margined with green and fringed.

134 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

Variety — DRS Me |
P. minor. _- Leaves folded and incurved, tapering at
; tip; upper Bs long, lower ligules

short.

This is one of the most interesting plants of the seaside.
The young bulbs are blown about the sands for weeks until the
autumn rains come, when they settle themselves in a spot that
is comfortable to them, take deep root, and thrive, so that in the
spring they produce a dense tuft of foliage peculiarly grateful to
cattle.

PotypoGcon. Plate vii. AGROSTIDELZ.

24. pic aback 18in. ANNUAL BEARD Grass, Awn more than
three times as long as spikelet.

- 25. litiovalis . 24 in. PERENNIAL BEARD Grass. Awn less
than three times as long as spikelet.

24. P. monspeliensis. Fields ; south-east of England, ranging ©
through Temperate Asia, the Mediterranean, and Western Europe.
July and August. Root annual, fibres downy and short. Stems
numerous, decumbent at base, then erect, leafy; nodes smooth.
Leaves flat, broad, pointed, spreading, flaccid, edges and ribs
rough, glaucous. Sheaths long, smooth, striated, uppermost
longer than leaf; ligule long, pointed, rough on back. Spike
slightly branched, silky, yellowish. Spikelets numerous, crowded,
one floret. Glumes nearly equal, linear, notched at apex, hairy,
striped with green, keel toothed, awn at least thrice as long as
spikelet. Outer palea half as long as glumes, ovate, notched,
awned ; inner palea shorter than outer, transparent, notched,
awnless. Scales oblong.

25. P.littoralis. Salt marshes, south-east coast from
Norfolk to Hampshire, ranging through the Mediterranean,
Western Europe, and North America. July and August. Root
perennial, rootstock creeping, tufted, branched. Stem decum-

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 135

bent at first, rooting at lower
nodes, then erect, slightly branched,
smooth; nodes smooth. Leaves
flat, narrow, short, stiff, rough,
glaucous. Sheaths smooth, striated,
uppermost longer than leaf; ligule
downy, long, acute, prominent.
Spike well branched, glossy, pur-
plish. Spikelets flat, small, numer-
ous, one floret. Glumes_ equal,
narrow, linear-lanceolate, hairy,
keel toothed, with long awn from 7° Bolypeden Ultanele,
near the apex. Outer palea shorter ~ spikeiet7~ For Floret’see p45.
than glumes, notched at apex with

long awn in the notch; inner palea shorter than outer, notched

at apex, thin, awnless.

PsamMMA. Plate x. AGROSTIDEZ.

31. avenaria 36in, MARRAM. Spike pale yellow, about five
inches in length.

Sandhills on the coast, ranging throughout Europe and North
America. Julyand August. Root perennial, creeping deeply and
extensively, rootstock yellow, smooth, fistulose, with white,
woolly fibres from joints. Stem erect, smooth, hard, bare at
top and often horizontal in the ground. Leaves reversed at
base, long, rigid, narrow, concave, prominently furrowed above,
ridges alternate, smooth below, glaucous. Sheaths long, striated,
convolute ; ligule long, lanceolate,
deeply cleft. Spike fusiform, straw-
coloured. Spikelets lanceolate, acute,
crowded, with one floret. Glumes
nearly equal, the outer the larger,
obtuse, narrow, rigid, outer with one
rib, inner with three ribs. Outer palea,
linear-lanceolate, with four or five
ribs, rigid, notched, pointed, keel
bristly, hairy at base; inner palea

Psamma arenaria.
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 47.

OO —-----

136 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES.

slightly smaller than outer, narrow, edges fringed, base with
a bristle. Anthers changing from purple to pink. |

Variety—

P. baltica Spike large and intorapeeen ca
| lanceolate and acuminate,

The Marram is as often known as Ammophila arenaria, but
whether Ammophila or Psamma, it is the only representative of
its genus, unless P, baltica be given specific rank, Known and
protected for centuries as a sand-binder, its long, pale brown
seed is stillsown. The way in which its thick network of rhizomes
spreads among loose blown sand and forms it into ridges dense
enough to withstand the washing of the waves, can only be
realised by those who have seen it. Like a few other grasses, its
leaf-blades undergo a complete reversal at their base, so that
the under side becomes the upper side, shown by the stomata
being on the original upper side as in Milium. —

SESLERIA. Plate xxxil. FPESTUCEZ.

100. cerulea 18 in. BruE Moor Grass. Spike imbricated,
bluish.

Limestone districts of Northern Britain and the north and
west of Ireland; ranging throughout Europe. May and June.
Root perennial, densely tufted, fibres long, strong, and deep.
Stem simple, smooth, slender, bare,
leafy at base, nodes near base, light
green. Leaves linear, firm, spread-
ing or curving, single-ribbed, keeled,
keel and edges rough, radical
leaves narrow, stem leaves broader,
smooth below, rough above, mucro-
nate. Sheaths short, almost entire,
compressed, covering the nodes;
ligule small or absent. Spike
ovoid, erect, about half an inch
in length, glossy, bluish. Spike-

Sesleria caerulea.
Spikelet. For Floret see p. 51. lets clustered, imbricated, florets

THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES. 137

two or three, lower florets with a bract at base. Glumes nearly
equal, keeled, membranous. Outer palea rather larger than
glumes, toothed at apex, ribs five, awned or pointed ; inner palea
narrow, Cleft, margins involute and fringed. Anthers tipped with
purple. Seed obovate, greyish yellow.

_ This is the most nutritious of the grasses of the moors. It is
more like a rush than a grass, and common enough in hill pastures
and other suitable places, often thriving amid bleak surroundings,
though a sharp, early frost will prevent its flowering for the year.
SPARTINA. Plate xvi. HORDEA:.

48. stvicta | 24 in. CorD Grass. Twin spikes.
Salt marshes in estuaries of the south and east coasts of England,

and the coast of the North Atlantic. June to September. Root
perennial, creeping by jointed
suckers, tough, white fibres extend-
ing deeply from the crown. Stems
erect from a curved base, stout,
soft, sheathed almost throughout.
Leaves rigid, erect, flat, glabrous,
white at edges, upper surface chan-
nelled. Sheaths ribbed, smooth,
jointed to leaves, uppermost the
longest ; ligule a row of bristles.
Spikes in pairs, linear, erect, rigid.
Spikelets with one floret, numerous,
alternate, inserted in grooves along

Spartina stricta.
two sides of a triangular stem. Spikelet. For Floret see p. 50.

Outer glume the smaller, awl-

shaped, placed in the thick stalk bearing the inner glume. Outer
palea obtuse, entire, hairy, dorsal rib spiny ; inner palea larger
than outer, glabrous, with two inconspicuous median ribs.

Varieties—

S. townsendit Rachis extending beyond spike, leaves
jointed to sheaths. |

S. aliernifiova Rachis extending beyond spike, leaves

continuous with sheaths, uppermost leaf
higher than spike ; spikes four or more,

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SOR SEs

SS Sen «a
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,

138 THE GENERA AND THEIR SPECIES,

Triopia. Plate xxxii, FESTUCE&,
98. decumbens 12 in. HEATH Grass. Glumes rosy.

Heaths and mountain pastures, ranging through Europe and

Western Asia. July and August. Root perennial, creeping,

tufted, fibres numerous. Stem
decumbent, then ascending,
rather flat, smooth, and leafy.
Leaves narrow, flat at base,
channelled at outer end, pointed,
rough edged, keeled, ribless with
median lines, glaucous above,
dark green below. Sheaths with

vate ae leaf; ligule a tuft of hairs.

Spikelet. For Floret see p. 52. Panicle contracted, branches

rough. Spikelets large, erect,

oval, few, florets two to five, generally four, awnless. Glumes

nearly equal, enclosing florets, long, ovate, pointed, ribs three,

keel straight and pointed. Outer palea concave, ovate, ribs

five, hairy at base, apex with three teeth, of which the middle

one is generally conspicuous; inner palea flat, membranous,
edges involute and thickened at base.

white throat hairs, grooved,
uppermost sheath shorter than

“ne er eeaaala

CHAPTER VIII.
TABULAR VIEW OF BRITISH GRASSES.

- @—- —_——>
a =

a ythis table the order is the same as in the second chapter.

For the reason already given the arrangement is that of
Bentham and Hooker (1904), from whom the following analysis
is necessarily adopted in the main, but it has been altered and
amplified to make it useful as a further help to identification.

PANICACEE.

Articulation of spikelets with pedicels occurring beneath the
glumes. Spikelet with one perfect floret placed above the male
or barren florets (if any) or the glumes

PANICEZ. Outer palea stouter than the glume beneath,

Panicum, 3-8.

ANDROPOGONE#. Outer palea thinner than the glume
beneath, and often bearing a twisted awn. Polypogon,

24, 25...
POACEZ.

Articulation of spikelets with pedicels (when present) occurring
beneath the outer palea but above the glumes, Spikelets with
one or more florets, and frequently a male floret or glume
above them, the male floret occasionally below them.

PHALARIDEA?. Glumes normally four, two below the articula-
tion, two above it (usually small and empty or with a male
floret in each), the lower glumes occasionally deficient.

139

140 TABULAR VIEW OF BRITISH GRASSES.

PHALARIDEA-—Conlinued.

Florets solitary, glumes absent, panicle loose. Leersta, 1.

Florets solitary, inner palea absent, spike dense.
Alopecurus, 18-214

Florets solitary, outer glumes winged, spike dense.

_ Phalaris, 11. |

Florets solitary, outer glumes not winged, panicle loose.
Digvaphis, 12.

Florets in threes. Stamens only two in number.
Anthoxanthum, 10. Reon

Florets in threes, uppermost of each group perfect, the
other two male only. WHierochice, 9.

STREPTATHERA. Spikelets with one, two, or (rarely) more
perfect florets. Outer palea with usually a bent or
twisted (often dorsal) awn; inner palea two-nerved,
generally thin or small.

AGROSTIDE. Spikelet with one floret, palee usually

very thin.

Inflorescence an alternate spike. Muzbora, 22.

Inflorescence a panicle ; glumes narrow ; a small hairy
tuft at base of florets. Agvosits, 26-29.

Inflorescence a panicle; glumes large and _ shining.
Gastvidium, 30.

Inflorescence an ovoid spike with long, silky hairs.
Lagurus, 23. | |

Inflorescence a panicle ; florets very hairy. Calamagrosits,
32-35: |

Inflorescence a cylindrical spike. Psamma, 31.

AVENE. Spikelet with two or more florets (rarely
with four), palee well developed and firm.
Inflorescence a spike. Phlewm, 13-17.
Inflorescence a panicle. Florets in twos. Upper floret
male only. Plant woolly. Holcus, 45-46.
Inflorescence a panicle. Florets in twos. Awn of outer
palea short. Aira, 36-40.

TABULAR VIEW OF BRITISH GRASSES. I41

STREPTATHERA.—Continued.
Inflorescence a panicle. Florets in twos or more. Awn
on outer palea long and twisted. Avena, 41-43.
Inflorescence a panicle. Lower florets male only.
Arvvhenatherum, 44.

ASTREPT#. Spikelets with several (rarely one or two) perfect
florets. Outer palea awnless or ending in a straight awn ;
inner palea prominently two-nerved or two-keeled, usually
as long or nearly as long as the glumes.

Mitiz#, Spikelets paniculate, with one or two florets,
the rachilla not produced beyond the floret. Milium, 2.

CHLORIDE#. Spikelets with one or more florets, sessile
along the simple branches of the panicle.
Spikes digitate, branches three, four, or five. Cynodon, 47.
Spikes branched; branches two or (rarely) three.
Spartina, 48.
HorDE#. Spikelets with one or several florets, and
usually sessile in the notches of a simple spike
Florets solitary ; spikelets on alternate sides of spike ;
axis jointed at each notch. Lepturus, 49.
Florets solitary ; spikelets alternate in two rows on
unilateral spike, only one style. Nardus, 50.
Florets in twos or fours ; two spikelets in. each notch.
Elymus, 51.
Florets in threes; three spikelets in each notch.
Hordeum, 52-55. ,
Florets many; one spikelet in each notch; edge of
glumes adjoining axis. Agropyrum, 56, 57.
Florets many, one spikelet in each notch; back of
glumes adjoining axis. Lolium, 58, 59. .
Florets many ; axis of spike not notched. Brachypodium,
60, 61. |
Frestuce#. Spikelets with several florets, and stalked.
Inflorescence a panicle, loose or compact ; florets many ;
style placed on one side of apex of ovary ; outer palea
terminating above base of awn. Bromus, 62-68.

|
;
,
4

142 TABULAR VIEW OF BRITISH GRASSES.

ASTREPT4#—Continued.

Inflorescence a panicle or spike; florets many; style
terminal; outer palea ending in the awn, lateral
veins, convergent and not continuing throughout;
leaf sheaths divided to base. Festuca, 69-73.

Inflorescence a panicle; spikelets in dense, unilateral
clusters; outer pales compressed, veins five, keel
fringed. Dactylis, 74. 3

Inflorescence a spike, unilateral; pectinate bract at
base of spikelet. Cynosurus, 75, 706.

Inflorescence a loose panicle ; spikelets flat and orbicular.
Byrd, 77; 78.

Inflorescence a panicle, spreading or compact; style
terminal; outer palea awnless, glumes unequal.
PB 0a, 79-93.

Inflorescence a panicle, half-whorled and spreading ;
glumes broad and truncate or jagged ; florets as a rule
in twos. Catabrosa, 94.

Inflorescence a loose panicle ; axis of spikelet ending in
a bristle. Molnia, 95.

Inflorescence a slender panicle, unilateral or nearly so ;
florets in ones or twos, with a club-shaped rudiment.
Melica, 96, 97.

Inflorescence a contracted panicle ; spikelets awnless and
large ; florets in twos or threes; glumes pointed and
long, and enclosing the florets; outer palea bifid or
trifid. Tyriodia, 98.

Inflorescence a spike, cylindrical, or obtuse; stigmas
protruding from base of floret; spikelets without a
basal bract. Koeleria, 99.

Inflorescence a spike, cylindrical, or ovoid; stigmas
protruding from apex of floret ; spikelets with a basal
bract. Sesleria, 100.

_ Inflorescence a large, diffuse panicle ; florets enveloped
in the long, silky hairs of the axis; style long.
Avundo, 101.

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143

TABULAR VIEW OF BRITISH GRASSES.

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CHAPTER IX.
THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES.

ee. —
ie = ay ge

In looking over a collection of grass seeds we cannot help
remarking that they all seem to belong to one group, unlike
those of some other botanical orders in which the seeds of a few
of the species are so different from the rest in external appearance
as to cast a doubt on the classification. To a large extent this
is due, of course, to their being coated with some of their floral
envelopes. When these are firm and close-fitting, as in the
fescues, they seem to be the natural coatings of the grain, but
in some species, as in sweet vernal, the coverings are so ample
and chaffy that we can quite understand why it is more profitable
to buy such things by weight instead of measure. Whether
they be conspicuous or not, it is evident that if the palee and
glumes remain the same in the fruit as in the flower, the descrip-
tions already given hold good in both cases, and afford the
obvious means of distinguishing the seeds.

The identification of the seeds is, however, not without its
difficulties ; and perhaps one of the best ways to begin is to get a
packet for lawn purposes from a seedsman and sort out the
constituents. The clover seeds, which are always present,
distinguishable at once by their roundness, can be set aside,
and the enquirer will find the rest consisting largely of fescues
and poas with a dash of foxtail, and, maybe, one or two others.
Mixtures for pastures are made up almost invariably from the
five clovers—red and red perennial (Tvifolium pratense and
T. pratense perenne), both with stone-coloured seeds, alsike
(T. hybridum) with greenish seeds, white (T. vepens) with small
mustard-yellow seeds, and suckling (T. minus) with smaller
brownish-yellow seeds—all their seeds being rounded; lucerne

152

i < “a ee tec AE

te aD

Oe ee ee ae

-_

THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES. 153

(Medicago sativa) with large yellowish seeds, and trefoil (MM. lupu-
lina) with large brownish seeds, oval like those of the other ;
bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) with small, round, dark-
brown seeds; sheep’s parsley (Petroselinum sativum) with large
curved, dark grey seeds ; and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) with
narrow, thin, grey transparent seeds ; the grasses being a selection
from the six fescues—meadow fescue (Festuca elatioy and F.,
pratensis) and sheep’s fescue (F. ovina) and its hard, red, and
various-leaved varieties (F. duriuscula, F. rubra, and F. rubra
hetervophylia)—the two rye grasses (Lolium perenne and
L. ttalicum), cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomeraia), timothy (Phleum
pratense), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), fiorin (Agrostis
alba var. stolonifeva), dog’s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus), the smooth
meadow-grass (Poa pratensis), the rough meadow-grass (Poa
tyvivialis), and vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), together
with accidentals which are often, not always in fairness, described
as adulterants. |

Of these sixteen grasses, vernal, though in small quantities,
can be picked out at once, There is no mistaking the rich,
deep chestnut of the whole spikelet minus the glumes in which it
comes to market, pale tipped and thickly haired, one awn straight
the other kneed, the well-hidden grain being smooth, fusiform,
and laterally compressed ; and the rather more useless German
substitute Puel’s vernal (A. puelit) is as easy of identification,
the awns being longer and slenderer and the hairs light brown
instead of dark brown. Timothy seed also has a character of
its own. The difference between it and vernal is great, one
looking like a mass of chaff, the other like a seed, small, ovoid,
lightly pitted, twice as long as broad, pointed at base, pale
greyish brown in colour, more silvery when scantily wrapped in
its palea, as it frequently is, though still retaining its seed-like
appearance.

Meadow foxtail, too, has a seed which once seen is never
forgotten—whitish-grey husks ‘about a quarter of an inch long,
the whole spikelet with the straight awn of the flowering period
twisted and bent as maturity was reached, the silvery glumes
with the hairy keel by which the spikelets cling to each other,

a

154 THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES.

the small grain, ycllow, shining, flat, ovate, frequently with
traces of the stigma. The clinging of the spikelets is characteris-
tic, those of the substitute, slender foxtail (Alopecurus agrestis),
having no hairs on the keel and always falling apart, besides
being a trifle larger.. Fiorin seed is also easily distinguishable
in amixture. It is one of the smallest of grass seeds, like a small
Oat a sixteenth of an inch in length and as thin as a hair, grooved,
contracted at the base, yellow corn-coloured with whitish tips,
the palee grey with no awn or basal hairs, but as the grain is
readily freed from them they are not always present.

The seeds of the remaining ten of these customary pasture
grasses are not so easily described, though some of them are
instantly distinguishable. The largest is that of cock’s-foot,
which is about a quarter of an inch long, the light, faded, straw-
coloured palez enclosing the grain having a short awn ; they are
flattened at the sides, ribbed, bristly on the keel, and curved
at the tip; the fragment of the rachilla is broad and flat and
tapers downwards as it rises from the base of the inner palea ;

the grain is yellowish white, fusiform, narrowing towards the

apex more than towards the base, and it is rounded on one side
and flat on the other, whereas the other grains in this group have
no flat side, being either concave or convex.

The seed of dog’s-tail is of the same type as those of the
fescues but differs from them in its colour. It varies in its
proportions, being much slenderer in some cases than in others.
As a rule it is mustard yellow, that being the colour of the outer
palea, whieh is rounded on the back and ends in a long, rough,
curved point, the inner palea being pale brown with dark,
shining spots ; the rachilla is smooth, short, and tapers downwards,
and the grain is ovate, slightly grooved, flattened, and pointed
at both ends.

The grain of the fescues has a very long hilum; that of the
poas has a rounded hilum. In the fescues the grain is almost
club-shaped in form, whereas that of the poas is ovate. Lestwca
elatioy and I’. pratensis are apparently forms of the same species ;
in both the rachilla has a flat, projecting top, but in F. ovina
and its varieties the rachilla is obliquely truncate, concave at

THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES. 155

the apex, and juts out like a bone. The seeds of F. elatior are
grey, long, and rather narrow. Those of F. pratensis are faded
straw colour, smaller, and more elastic. The seeds of the other
fescues are much smaller, those of F. ovina being only half as
long; but to distinguish between them, as known to commerce,
is futile, if, according to Percival, they are all derived from
the same parcel—as they certainly seem to be—by screening,
the smallest without awns being sent out as F. ovina (tenut-
folia), the larger with tapering awns going as F. duriuscula,
and so on. As a rule those of F. ovina are yellowish brown,
those of F. vubrva are greyish brown and stouter in form, with
the awn rising sharply, those of F. duviuscula are grey and
hard looking, and those of F. heterophylia greyer and flatter and
having a stouter awn.

In the poas the seed is small—about the same size as that of
F.. ovina—and angular in appearance, and the grain is loose within
the palee and shakes out readily. In Poa pratensis the palea is
nerved, long, and brownish ; the grain is ovate, pointed at both
ends, the apex bearing remains of the stigma ; it is rounded on the
back and concave on the other side, and has no groove, or only
a faint indication of one. In P. évivialis the palea is smooth
with distinct ribs, long, brownish, the grain being ovate, rounded
at both ends, and having a well marked groove on the ventral
surface. Of the two other species used in farming, P. compressa
has a nearly glabrous seed with obtuse palee, and P. nemoralis
has a short, pointed seed without nerves or hairs.

Very different seeds are those of the yellow oat, Avena fia-
vescens, which are so enveloped in the chaffy paleee—the long,
kneed, twisted awn being conspicuous—that they look and feel
like particles of fluff, the stalk being flat and hairy and the
grain flat, slender, pointed at both ends, and having no groove
on its yellow, shining surface. Another soft seed is that of
Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus), which consists of the whole
spikelet, the palez enclosing the grain, those of the barren floret,
and the glumes, all silvery white, and easily known by the awn,
which began straight and curved into a hook as the fruit ripened
into the grain, which is ovate, pointed, and hairy at the tip and

156 THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES.

grooved on the ventral surface. Yorkshire fog is often found as
an adulterant with meadow foxtail and sometimes with rye grass,
but is quite as recognisable as yellow oat when used ii a similar
way with cock’s-foot.

The foregoing being all the seeds likely to be met with in
sorting out a purchased mixture, we may now briefly deal with >
those we may come across in the field as helping in however slight
a degree in the identification of the plant. |

AGROPYRUM.—The seed of A. repens is of the same character
as that of wheat; boat-shaped, greyish brown, hairy above,
rounded on the back, and slightly grooved ; the rachilla tapers
downwards ; the awn of the outer palea when present is short.
That of A. caninum is similar but has a longer awn.

AGROSTIS.—The seed of A. cantina differs from that of A. alba,
already described, in being larger and the palea being punctate
and awned ; that of A. spica-ventt has a few silky hairs at the
base of the outer palea. |

ArrRA.—In dA. cespitosa the palea is toothed and awned,
the rachilla is hairy, and there is a ring of hairs at the base of
the seed; the grain is white and shining. In A. flexuosa the
palea has four teeth at the apex and a dorsal awn near the base,
and there are basal hairs ; the grain is grooved and dark in colour.
The awn in A. canescens is bearded in the middle and thick and
white above ; the grain is yellow, polished, and small. A. precox
has a short awn and no basal hairs. A. caryophyliea has a thin,
dark, twisted awn twice as long as the palea, not bearded or
thickened, and the seed is comma-shaped and dark brown.

ALOPECURUS.—The seeds of A. geniculatus are similar to
those of meadow foxtail, but the glumes are more open and not
so pointed.

ARRHENATHERUM.—In A. avenaceum the palea has a tuft of
hairs at the base, the longer awn is dark brown marked with a
pale spiral band ; the grain is pale brown, fusiform, and has no
groove.

ARUNDO.—The seed of A. phyvagmites is pale purple, long,
pointed, and smooth ; the rachilla has silky hairs at the base.

AVENA.—In A. faiua the palea has yellow hairs, the awn is

THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES. 157

brown, the hairs on the rachilla are slender, and the grain is
grooved. In A. pratensis the rachilla hairs are stout.

BRACHYPODIUM.—The palea of B. sylvaticum is straw-coloured,
ribbed, and hairy and has a long terminal awn, the rachilla is
smooth and stout, and the grain has a shallow groove. The palea
of B. pinnatum is boat-shaped, the awn is smooth and short, and
the grain is slender.

BrizaA.—The seed is ovoid and dark brown in both species ;
that of B. media being the larger.

Bromus.—lIn B. erectus the palea is flat above and incurved
below ; the awn is long, narrow, smooth, and stiff; the rachilla
is long and thin ; and the grain is purplish brown, flat, long,
pointed at both ends, with remains of the stigma on the sides near
the tip. In B. asper the grain is reddish, long and narrow.
The palea in B. sterilis is reddish brown, with a long, serrulate
awn ; the grain is narrow and flat, and the rachilla is flat and
tapers downwards. In B. arvensis and its varieties the palea is
oblong with ciliate ribs, the awn is smooth, and the grain is flat
and thin. In B. giganteus the awn is long and sub-terminal
and serrulate, the rachilla is bristly and so is the base, and the
grain is thin, flat, and glabrous, but shorter than in B. evectus.

CALAMAGROSTIS.—C. epigeios has a tuft of long silky hairs at
the base of the palea which is bifid at the tip, and the awn is
slender and dorsal. In C. lanceolata the awn is less than half
the length of the palea, which has a tuft of hairs at the base.

CATABROSA.—In C. aquatica the palea is not winged or in-
flated but broad and flat.

DicRAPHIS.—The grain of D. arundinacea is free; it is dark
greyish brown, long, flat, finely dotted, and without a groove.

Erymus.—tThe seed of E. avenarius is about half an inch long,
whitish, and rather narrow, the palea being stiff, pubescent, and
pointed ; the rachilla is large and hairy.

Festuca.—In addition to the species mentioned above it
should be said that the grain of F. myurus is mammillate upwards
and the rachilla small.

Hotcus.—The seed of H. mollis can be distinguished from
that of H. lanaius by the awn, which is kneed instead of hooked.

158 THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES.

HlorpEuM.—In H. sylvaticum the palea is very rough, the
awn is twice as long as the grain, and the grain is narrow and
angular. The spikelet of H. pratense is reddish, the awn is not

double as long as the grain, and the grain is angular and faintly

nerved. In H. murinum the awn is serrulate.

KoELerta.—The rachilla of K. cristata is noticeably large, and
the seed is keeled and awnless and pale whitish yellow.

LEERsIA.—The grain of L. oryzoides is brown, of much the
same character as rice, grooved and slightly flattened. :

Lotium.—The rachilla of L. temulenium is cylindrical and
smooth, and not broad and flat as in L. “_° the palea being

ovate and awned.

' Mxtica.—The seed of M. nutans is 5 glossy, dark purplish
_brown, and, like the grain, is ovate and wrinkled.

MiLiumM.—In M. effusum the seed is glossy white, slender-
pointed at the end, and slightly flattened.

MOotiInia. —The seed of M. cerulea resembles a bird in flight
with the wings upraised; the palea is keeled, glabrous, and
awnless ; the rachilla is long, oblique, and projecting ; the colour
is brownish or purplish.

Narpus.—The seed of N. stricta is Lnhammernitil and serrulate
on the angles; the awn is also toothed, and the grain has no groove.

Panicum.—The grain of P. crus-galli is glossy dark brown,
and it is grooved and rather flat. _

PHALARIS.—The grain of P. canariensis is the or nny canary
seed of the bird-fancier.

PuHLtEuM.—The seeds of all the species are very similar to
those of timothy.

Poa.—The palea of P. aquatica is dark green, the inner pola
is punctate, the rachilla is cylindrical and slender, and the grain
is dark brown. The palea of P. fiuitans is very rough, the seed is
long and slender, and the grain ovate. The seed of P. maritima is
angular, small, and brown, and so is that of P. distans and of
several of the other species, In P. annua the ribs of the palea are
silky and strongly marked, and there is no web. ‘The palea in P.
alpina is acute, compressed, keeled, with hairy ribs and nerved tips;
the grain is triangular, slender, and the ventral surface is concave.

THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES. 159

PsAMMA.—The seed of marram is three-eighths of an inch in
length, linear-lanceolate in shape, and ivory white in colour,
with a tuft of hairs at the base ; the grain is brown and grooved.

SESLERIA.—The palea of S. cerulea is mucronate and serrulate,
and the seed is oblong and greyish yellow.

Triopia.—In T. decumbens the central tooth of the palea is
characteristic, and a further distinction is the hairy base.

An attempt at a tabular scheme by which all our hundred and
one species can be recognised by their seeds is, let us say, a task
not to be lightly undertaken; but the following key to the
identification of those of the chief pasture grasses—and their
most frequent associates—deals with the varieties for quickly
distinguishing which some short method is likely to be
useful.

Seed awnless.
Grain without a groove.

Grain free or with palea only, small and ovoid-acute.
Phleum pratense.

Grain not free.

Hilum linear and long.
Grain broader at apex than at base. Festuca ovina.
Grain not broader at apex than at base... Digvaphis

arundinacea.

Hilum linear and-short. Dactylis glomerata.

Hilum round, seed angular. |
Palea pointed. Poa pratensis.
Palea blunt. Poa nemoralis.

Grain with a groove.
Grain broader at apex than at base.
Hilum linear and long.
Colour grey. Festuca elatior.
Colour whitish yellow. Festuca pratensis.

Grain not broader at apex than at base.
Seeds rounded. |
Rachilla obsolete ; seed small. Agyrosiis stolontfera.
Rachilla short, flat, angular. Lolium perenne.
Rachilla short, smooth, dilated above. Cynosurus
cristatus. |
Rachilla stout and hairy. Elymus arenarius.

160 THE SEEDS OF THE GRASSES.

Seeds angular.
Grain rounded at both ends. Poa irivialis.
Grain pointed. Poa alpina. |

Seed awned.

Grain without a groove. |
Seed, the chestnut brown spikelet less the glumes.
Anthoxanthum odoratum.
Awn bent; grain with traces of stigma; spikelet silvery
grey. Alopecurus pratensis.
Awn long, smooth, and stiff; grain purple, with traces of
stigma. Bromus erectus. |

Awn smooth ; grain reddish. Bvomus asper. :

Awn rising between two teeth; rachilla bent. Bromus
mollis. *

Awn twisted closely with pale spiral band. Avrrhenatherum
avenaceum.

Grain with a groove.
Grain broader at apex than at base.
Rachilla smooth.
Grain light grey. Lestuca duriuscula.
Grain greyish brown. Festuca rubra.
Rachilla downy.
Grain dark grey. Festuca heterophylla.

Grain not broader at apex than at base.

Awn kneed; rachilla flat, with white hairs. Avena
flavescens.

Awn curved ; grain hairy at apex. Holcus lanatus.

Awn straight; grain white; rachilla hairy. <Avzvra
cespiiosa. | *

Awn twisted loosely ; grain dark; rachilla hairy. Aira
flexuosa.

Awn hairy and long ; rachila smooth and stout. Brachy-
podium sylvaticum. |

Awn serrulate ; rachilla serrulate. Hordeum murinum.

CHAPTER X.

INDEX TO SPECIES.

* Including Synonyms,

=> |=

_ Agrestis, Alopecurus, 18

_ Agrestis, Bromus, 62
Agrostidea, Knappia, 22
Alba, Agrostis, 26
Album, Lolium, 59
Alpina, Avena, 42
Alpina, Poa, 92
Alpinum, Phleum, 14
Alpinum, Triticum, 57
Alpinus, Alopecurus, 21
Alternifola, Spartina, 48
Angustifolia, Poa, 90
Annua, Poa, 87
Aquatica, Aira, 94
Aquatica, Catabrosa, 94
Aquatica, Glyceria, 79
Aquatica, Hydrochloa, 79
Aquatica, Poa, 79
Arenaria, Ammophila, 31
Arenaria, Calamagrostis, 31
Arenaria, Chilochloa, 17
Arenaria, Phalaris, 11, 17
Arenaria, Psamma, 31
Arenarium, Phleum, 11, 17
Arenarius, Achnodon, 17
Arenarius, Elymus, 51

161;

.
P
:
.
|
.

ae te

INDEX FO SPECIES.

Aristatus, Alopecurus, 24
Arundinacea, Ammophila, 31
Arundinacea, Baldingera, 12
Arundinacea, Digraphis, 1, 12
Arundinacea, Phalaris, 12
Arvense, Lolium, 59
Arvensis, Bromus, 67
Arvensis, Serrafalcus, 67 *-
Asper, Bromus, 63

Aspera, Briza, 78

Aspera, Phalaris, 16
Asperum, Phleum, 16
Australe, Gastridium, 30
Australis, Agrostis, 30
Avenaceum, Arrhenatherum, 44
Avenaceus, Holcus, 44
Balfourii, Poa, 90

Baltica, Psamma, 31
Biflorum, Triticum, 57
Boehmeri, Phleum, 15
Borealis, Hierochloe, 9
Borealis, Holcus, 9

Borreri, Sclerochloa, 82
Bromoides, Avena, 42
Bromoides, Festuca, 72
Bromoides, Lolium, 73
Bromoides, Vulpia, 72
Bulbosa, Poa, 93

Bulbosum, Arrhenatherum, 44
Bulbosus, Alopecurus, 13
Czrulea, Aira, 95

Czrulea, Cynosurus, 100
Cerulea, Melica, 95

Czrulea, Molinia, 95

Czrulea, Sesleria, 100
Ceruleum, Enodium, 95
Cesia, Festuca, 69

INDEX TO SPECIES. 163

Cesia, Poa, 92
Czespitosa, Aira, 36
Cespitosa, Campella, 36
Cespitosa, Deschampsia, 36
Calamagrostis, Arundo, 32, 33
Calamaria, Festuca, 71
Canariensis, Phalaris, 11
Canescens, Aira, 38
Canescens, Corynephorus, 38
Canescens, Weingaertneria, 38
Canina, Agrostis, 27
— Agropyrum, 57
aninum, Trichodium, 27
-Caninum, Triticum, 57
Caninus, Agragulus, 27
Caninus, Elymus, 57
Capillaris, Agrostis, 26, 27
Caryophyllea, Aira, 40
Caryophyllea, Avena, 40
Caudatus, Mygalurus, 72
Ciliatus, Bromus, 66
Colorata, Arundo, II, 12
Communis, Phragmites, 101
Commutatum, Phleum, 14
Commutatus, Bromus, 67
Commutatus, Serrafalcus, 67
Compressa, Agrostis, 26
Compressa, Poa, 87
Crinitum, Phleum, 24
Cristata, Aira, 99
Cristata, Airochloa, 99
Cristata, Koeleria, 99
Cristata, Poa, 99
Cristatus, Cynosurus, 75
Crus-galli, Echinochloa, 8
Crus-galli, Oplismenus, 8
Crus-galli, Panicum, 8 »

: 164 INDEX TO SPECIES.

| Cynosuroides, Spartina, 48
Dactyion, Cynodon, 47
Dactylon, Panicum, 47
Decidua, Festuca, 71
Decumbens, Danthonia, 98
Decumbens, Festuca, 98
Decumbens, Melica, 98
Decumbens, Poa, 98
Decumbens, Sieglingia, 98
Decumbens, Triodia, 98
Diandrus, Bromus, 66
Distans, Festuca, 82
Distans, Glyceria, 82
Distans, Poa, 82

Distans, Sclerochloa, 82
Dubia, Poa, 8&9

Dulcis, Poa, 94
Dumetorum, Festuca, 69
Duriuscula, Festuca, 69
Echinata, Phalena, 76
Echinatus, Chrysurus, 76
Echinatus, Cynosurus, 76
Effusum, Milium, 2
Elatior, Arrhenatherum, 44
Elatior, Avena, 41
Epigeios, Calamagrostis, 32, 33
Epigejos, Arundo, 32, 33
Erectus, Bromus, 62
Europeus, Elymus, 52
Fascicularis, Agrostis, 27
Fatua, Avena, 41

Filiformis, Digitaria, 4
Filiformis, Lepturus, 49

I'lavescens, Avena, 43
Flavescens, Trisetum, 43
Flexuosa, Aira, 37
Flexuosa, Avena, 37

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Tlexuosa, Poa, 91
Fluitans, Festuca, 80
Fluitans, Glyceria, 80
Fluitans, Poa, 80
Geniculatum, Hordeum, 55
Geniculatus, Alopecurus, 20
Gigantea, Festuca, 68
Giganteum, Bucetum, 68
Giganteus, Bromus, 68
Glabra, Poa, 88 |
Glabrum, Panicum, 4.
‘Glabrum, Syntherisma, 4
Glauca, Aira, 99
Glauca, Poa, 90
Glauca, Setaria, 6
Glaucum, Panicum, 6
Glomerata, Dactylis, 74
Glomerata, Poa, 92
Glomeratus, Bromus, 74
_ Gracilis, Bromus, 60
Gracilis, Festuca, 60
Grandiflora, Bromus, 64
Gynandrus, Bromus, 66
Heterophylla, Festuca, 69
Hirsuta, Festuca, 69
Hirsutus, Bromus, 63
Hispidus, Agrostis, 27
Hordaceus, Bromus, 67
Humifusa, Digitaria, 4
Humifusa, Panicum, 4
Incurvata, A’gilops, 49
Incurvata, Rottboellia, 49
Incurvatus, Lepturus, 49
Incurvatus, Ophiurus, 49
Junceum, Triticum, 58
Lagasce, Polypogon, 25
Lanatus, Holcus, 45

M

165

166

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Lanceolata, Calamagrostis, 32, 33
Laxa, Poa, 91

Lendigerum, Gastridium, 30
Lendigerum, Milium, 30
Linearis, Agrostis, 47.
Littorale, Trtticum, 56
Littoralis, Agrostis, 25
Littoralis, Polypogon, 25
Lobel, Melica, 97

Loliacea, Poa, 85

Loliacea, Sclerochloa, 85
Lohaceum, Catapodium, 85
Loliaceum, Triticum, 85
Madritensis, Bromus, 66
Madritensis, Festuca, 66
Marinum, Hordeum, 55
Maritima, Glyceria, 81
Maritima, Poa, 81

Maritima, Sclerochloa, 81
Maritimum, Hordeum, 55
Maximus, Bromus, 65
Media, Briza, 77
Membranacea, Stipa, 73
Membranacea, Vulpia, 73
Minima, Agrostis, 22
Minima, Sturmia, 22

Minor, Briza, 78

Minor, Poa, 91

Mollis, Bromus, 67

Mollis, Holcus, 46

Mollis, Serrafalcus, 67
Monspeliensis, Alopecurus, 24
Monspeliensis, Polypogon, 24
Montana, Aira, 37

Montana, Melica, 96
Montanus, Bromus, 63 .
Multiflorus, Bromus, 67

ee a ened

INDEX TO SPECIES. 167

Muralis, Bromus, 66
Murinum, Hordeum, 54
Mutabilis, Agrostis, 26, 28
Myosuroides, Alopecurus, 18
Myurus, Festuca, 72
Myurus, Vulpia 72
Nanus, Bromus, 67
Neglecta, Arundo, 34
Neglecta, Deyeuxia, 34
Nemoralis, Bromus, 63
Nemoralis, Poa, 90

_ Nemorosus, Bromus, 63

Nemorum, Festuca, 69
Nodosum, Hordeum, 53
Nodosum, Phleum, 13
Nutans, Melica, 96, 97
Nutans, Poa, 96 |
Odorata, Hierochloe, 9
Odoratum, Anthoxanthum, 10
Odoratus, Holcus, 9
Oryzoides, Leersia, 1
Ovatus, Alopecurus, 21

- Ovatus, Lagurus, 23
Ovina, Festuca, 69
Palustris, Agrostis, 26
Palustris, Arundo, 101
Panicea, Agrostis, 24
Paniceus, Alopecurus, 20
Paniceus, Cynosurus, 24
Paniculata, Phalaris, 16
Paniculatum, Phleum, 16
Parnelli, Poa, 90
Perenne, Lolium, 58
Perennis, Bromus, 62
Phalaroides, Phleum, 15
Phleoides, Phalaris, 15
Phragmites, Arundo, 101

168

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Pinnata, Festuca, 61
Pinnatum, Brachypodium, O1
Pinnatum, Triticum, 61
Pinnatus, Bromus, 61
Planicularis, Avena, 42.
Polymorpha, Agrostis, 27
Polymorphus, Bromus, 67
Polynoda, Poa, 87
Praecox, Aira, 39
Praecox, Avena, 30 .
Pratense, Hordeum, 53
Pratense, Phleum, 13
Pratense, Trisetum, 42
Pratensis, Alopecurus, 19
Pratensis, Avena, 42
Pratensis, Poa, 88, 90
Procumbens, Festuca, 83
Procumbens, Glyceria, 83
Procumbens, Poa, 83
Procumbens, Sclerochloa, 8 3
Pubescens, Avena, 42
Pubescens, Trisetum, 42
Pumila, Agrostis, 26, 27
Racemosus, Bromus, 67
Racemosus, Serrafalcus, 67
Ramosus, Bromus, 67
Repens, Agropyrum, 56
Repens, Triticum, 56
Retroflexa, Poa, 82
Rigida, Festuca, 84
Rigida, Glyceria, 84
Rigida, Poa, 84

Rigida, Sclerochloa, 84
Rigidum, Hordeum, 55
Rigidus, Bromus, 66
Rubra, Agrostis, 30
Rubra, Festuca, 69

7a
A

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Rubrum, Lolium, 58
Rupestris, Poa, 83
Sabulicola, Festuca, 69
Salina, Poa, 82
Sanguinale, Digitaria, 3
Sanguinale, Panicum, 3
Seabra, Poa, 89
Sciuroides, Festuca, 72
Secalinum, Hordeum, 53
Secalinus, Bromus, 67
Secalinus, Serrafalcus, 67
Sesquitertia, Avena, 42
Setacea, Agrostis, 28
Setacea, Aira, 37
Setacea, Poa, 89
Setaceum, Trichodium, 28
Spica-venti, Agrostis, 29

Spica-venti, Anemagrostis, 29

Spica-venti, Apera, 29
Spiculiternata, Bromus, 64
Sterilis, Bromus, 64
Stolonifera, Agrostis, 26
Stolonifera, Digitaria, 47
Stricta, Agrostis, 27
Stricta, Arundo, 34
Stricta, Calamagrostis, 34
Stricta, Dactylis, 48
Stricta, Nardus, 50
Stricta, Spartina, 48
Strigosa, Avena, 41
Strigosa, Calamagrostis, 35
Subcaerulea, Poa, 88
Subcompressa, Poa, 87
Sylvatica, Agrostis, 26
Sylvatica, Festuca, 60, 71
Sylvatica, Poa, 71

Sylvaticum, Brachypodium, 60

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Sylvaticum, Hordeum, 52
Sylvaticum, Triticum; 60
Sylvaticus, Bromus, 60
Sylvaticus, Schedonosus, 71
Temulentum, Lolium, 59
Tenue, Lolium, 53
Tenuifolia, Agrostis, 27
Tenuifolia, Festuca, 69
Tenuis, Agrostis, 27}
Thalassia, Festuca, 81
Townsendiu, Spartina, 48
Triaristata, Agrostis, 24
Triflora, Bromus, 68
Triflora, Festuca; 68
Trinervata, Poa, 71
Trivialis, Poa, 89
Uliginosa, Aira, 37
Umbellata, Fibichia, 47
Uniflora; Melica; 97
Uniglumis, Festuca, 73
Uniglumis, Mygalurus, 73
Uniglumis, Vulpia, 73
Unilaterale, Triticum, 85
Vallatoria; Arundo, Io1
Velutinus, Bromus, 67
Ventricosa, Agrostis, 30
Ventricosus, Alopecurus, 30
Verna, Mibora, 22
Versicolor, Bromus, 67
Verticillata, Setaria, 5
Verticillatum, Panicum, 5
Verticillatum, Pennisetum, 5
Verticillatus, Bromus, 67
Verum, Lolium, 59
Vinealis, Agrostis, 27
Viride, Panicum, 7
Viride, Phleum, 16

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Viridis, Setaria, 7
Vitiosus, Bromus, 67
Vivipara, Festuca, 69
Vulgare, Panicum, 8
Vulgare, Syntherisma, 3
Vulgaris, Agrostis, 26, 27
Vulgaris, Arundo, 101
Vulpina, Agrostis, 28

171

CHAriCn Ad,
INDEX TO GENERA.

et [ate -
e— —

In addition to the names of the genera adopted in this book, this
list includes a few of those under which the plant will be found in

Achnodon, 17
Aegilops, 49
Agragulus, 27
Agropyrum, 56, 57
Agrostis, 22, 24-20, 47
Aira, 36-40, 94; 95, 99
Airochloa, 99
Alopecurus, 13, 13-21, 24
Ammophila, 31
Anthoxanthum, Io
Arrhenatherum, 44
Arundo, 12, 31-35, 101
Baldingera, 12
Brachypodium, 60, 61
Briza, 77,78

Bromus, 60-68, 70, 74
Bucetum, 70
Calamagrostis, 32-35
Campella, 36
Capriola, 47
Catabrosa, 94.
Catapodium, 85
Chamagrostis, 22
Chilochloa, 17

other works.

Chrysurus, 76
Corynephorus, 37
Cynodon, 47

Cynosurus, 24, 75, 76, 100
Dactylus, 48, 74
Danthonia, 98
Deschampsia, 36, 37
Deyeuxia, 34

Digitaria, 3, 4, 47
Digraphis, 12

Echinochloa, 8 |
Elymus, 51, 57 |
Enodium, 95

Festuca, 60, 61, 68, 73-84, 98
Gastridium, 30

Glycefia, 79-84

Hierochloa, 9

Holcus, 44-46
Homalocenchrus, 1
Hordeum, 52-55
Hydrochloa, 79

Knappia, 22

Koeleria, 99

Lagurus, 23

Leersia, I
Lepturus, 49
Lolium, 58, 59; 73
Melica, 95-98
Mibora, 22
Milium, 2
Molinia, 95
Mygalurus, 72, 73
Nardus, 50
Ophiurus, 49
Oplismenus, 8
Panicum, 3-8, 47
_ Pennisetum, 5

Phalaris, 11, 12, 15-17

Phalona, 76
Phleum, 13-17, 24
Phragmites, Io1

Poa, 71-79, 94, 96, 98, 99

INDEX TO GENERA.

a i ee

SS ee

Polypogon, 24, 25
Psamma, 31
Rottboellia, 49

Schenodorus, 70, 71

Sclerochloa, 81-85
Serrafalcus, 67
Sesleria, 100
Setaria, 5-7 P
Sieglingia, 98
Spartina, 48
Sturmia, 22
Syntherisma, 3
Trichodium, 27, 28
Triodia, 98
Trisetum, 42, 43

Triticum, 56, 57, 60, 85

Vulpia, 72, 73
Weingaertneria, 38

173

CHAPTER XII.

INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES.

Agrostis, Bristle, 28
Agrostis, Silky, 29

Aira, Early, 39

Aira, Grey, 38

Aira, Tufted, 36

Aira, Wavy, 37

Annual Beard Grass, 24
Annual Meadow Grass, 86
Annual Poa, 86

Alpine Cat’s-tail, 14
Alpine Foxtail, 21
Alpine Meadow Grass, 92
Alpine Poa, 92

Andes Grass, 44
Asperella, 1

Barley, Meadow, 53
Barley, Mouse, 54
Barley, Sea, 55

Barley, Wall, 54

Barley, Wood, 52

Barren Brome, 64
Bearded Darnel, 59
Bearded Rye, 59
Bearded Wheat Grass, 57
Beard Grass, Annual, 24
Beard Grass, Perennial, 2

174

Bent, 27

Bent, Brome, 27
Bent, Early, 39

Bent, Fine, 26

Bent, Flying, 95
Bent, Grey, 38

Bent, Marsh, 26
Bent, Purple, 26
Bent, Sea, 31

Bent, Silky, 29

Bent, Tufted, 36
Bent, Wavy, 37
Bermuda Grass, 47
Bird Grass, 89

Black Couch, 26
Black Grass, 18

Black Squitch, 26
Blue Grass, 88

Blue Moor Grass, 100
Boehmer’s Phleum, 15
Bog Hair Grass, 37
Bride’s Laces, 12
Bristle Agrostis, 28
Bristle Bent, 28
Bristle Grass, Glaucous, 6
Bristle Grass, Green, 7
Bristle Grass, Reflex, 5

INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES.

Bristle Grass, Rough, 5
Brome, Barren, 64
Brome, Compact, 66
Brome, False, 60, 61
Brome, Field, 67
Brome, Great, 65
Brome, Hairy, 63
Brome, Tall, 68
Brome, Upright, 62
Brome, Bent, 27

Bulbous Meadow Grass, 93

Bulbous Poa, 93

Canary Grass, II
Catabrose, 94
Cat’s-tail, 13 —
Cat’s-tail, Alpine, 14
Cat’s-tail, Purple-stalked,
15
Cat’s-tail, Rough, 16
Cat’s-tail, Sand, 17
Cat’s-tail, Sea, 16
Cat’s-tail, Seaside, 17
Cheat, 59
Close Reed, Small, 3
Club Grass, 38
Cock’s-foot, 74
Cockspur, 8
Compact Brome, 66
Cord Grass, 48
Couch, Black, 26
Couch Grass, 56
Couch, Onion, 44
Couch, Wood, 57
Cow Quakes, 77
Crab Grass, 3
Creeping Cynodon, 47

|
|
;
|

Creeping Sea Meadow Grass,

$I
Creeping Soft Grass, 46
Crested Dog’s-tail, 75
Crested Hair Grass, 99
Crested Koeleria, 99
Curved Lepturus, 49
Cut Grass, I
Cynodon, Creeping, 47

Darnel, 59

Darnel Meadow Grass, 85
Darnel Poa, 85
Darnel, Perennial, 58
Darnel, Red, 58
Deer’s-foot Grass, 28
Devon Eaver, 58
Dog’s-tail, Crested, 75
Dog’s-tail, Rough, 76
Dog’s-tail, Tough, 76
Dog’s-tooth, 47

Dog’s Wheat, 57
Drank, 64

Dwarf Wheat Meadow Grass,

85

Early Aira, 39
Early Hair Grass, 39
Evergreen Grass, 70

Evergreen Meadow Grass, 90

Evergreen Rye Grass, 58

False Brome, Heath, 61
False Brome, Slender, 60
False Oat, 44

Fescue, Meadow, 70
Fescue, Rat’s-tail, 72

176 INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES.

Fescue, Red, 69

Fescue, Reed, 71

Fescue, Sheep’s, 69
Fescue, Single-glumed, 73
Fescue, Spiked, 70
Fibrous Wheat Grass, 57
Field Brome, 67

File Cat’s-tail, 16

Fine Bent, 26

Fingered Panic, 3

Finger Grass, 3

Finger Grass, Glabrous, 4
Fiorin, 26 ,
Flat Meadow Grass, 87
Flat - stemmed Meadow

Grass, 87
Flattened Meadow Grass,
37

Flattened Poa, 87
Floating Foxtail, 20
Floating Meadow Grass, 80
Floating Poa, 80
Floating Sweet Grass, 80
Flying Bent, 95

_ Fog, Winter, 27
Fog, Yorkshire, 45
Fowl Grass, 89
Foxtail, Alpine, 21
Foxtail, Floating, 20
Foxtail, Marsh, 20
Foxtail, Meadow, 19
Foxtail, Orange-spiked, 20
Foxtail, Slender, 18
French Rye, 44
Fromental, 44

Gardeners’ Garters, 12

‘
t
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}
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Glabrous Finger Grass, 4 .
Glabrous Panic, 4 : |
Glaucous Bristle Grass, 6 |
Glaucous Panic, 6

Great Brome, 65

Green Bristle Grass, 7
Green Panic, 7

Grey Aira, 38

Grey Hair Grass, 38

Hair Grass, 40

Hair Grass, Crested, 99
Hair Grass, Early, 39
Hair Grass, Grey, 38 ©
Hair Grass, Tufted, 36
Hair Grass, Turfy, 36
Hair Grass, Water, 94

Hair Grass, Wavy, 37

Hairy Brome, 63.
Hairy Wood Brome, 63
Hard Grass, 49

Hard Meadow Grass, 84
Hard Poa, 84
Hare’s-tail, 23
Hassock, 36

Havers, 41

Heath False Brome, 61
Heath Grass, 98

Heath Hair Grass, 37
Helme, 31

Herd Grass, 13

Holcus, Soft, 46
Holcus, Woolly, 45
Holy Grass, Northern, 9
Hooded Grass, 67

Kentucky Blue Grass, 88
Knappia, 22

INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES. 177

Kneed Water Grass, 20
Koeleria, Crested, 99

Lady’s Hair, 77

Lead, White, 79
Lepturus, Curved, 49
Lesser Quake Grass, 78
Lob Grass, 67

Loose Panic, 8

Lyme Grass, 51

Maiden’s Hair, 77

Manna-croup, 80

Manna Grass, 80

Marram, 31

Marsh Bent, 26

Marsh Foxtail, 20

Mat Grass, 50-

Matweed, Sea, 31

Matweed, Small, 50

Meadow Barley, 53

Meadow Fescue, 70

Meadow Foxtail, 19

Meadow Grass, 88

Meadow Grass, Alpine, 92

Meadow Grass, Annual, 36

Meadow Grass, Bulbous, 93

Meadow Grass, Darnel, 85

Meadow Grass, Dwarf
Wheat, 85

Meadow Grass, Flat, 87

Meadow Grass,’ Filat-
stemmed, 87

37 |
Meadow Grass, Floating, 80 |
Meadow Grass, Hard, 84

Meadow Grass, Flattened, |.
|

Meadow Grass, Procumbent,
83

Meadow Grass, Reed, 79

Meadow Grass, Reflexed, 82

Meadow Grass, Roughish, 89

Meadow Grass, Rough-stalk,
89

Meadow Grass, Sea, 81

Meadow Grass, Smooth-
stalked, 88

Meadow Grass, Wavy, 91

Meadow Grass, Wood, go

Meadow Poa, 88

Meagre Smallreed, 35

Melic, Mountain, 96

Melic, Purple, 95

Melic, Wood, 97

Mibora, 22

Millet, Panic, 30

Millet, Spreading, 2

Molinia, Purple, 95

Moor Grass, Blue, 100

Moor Mat Grass, 50
Mountain Melic, 96
Mouse Barley, 54
Mousetail, 18
Murran, 31

Narrow-leaved Perennial
Oat, 42

Narrow Smalireed, 34

Neele, 59

Nit Grass, 30

Northern Holy Grass, 9

Oat Grass, Upright, 62
Oat, False, 44

INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES.

Oat, Perennial, 42

Oat, Tall, 44

Oat, Wild, 41

Oat, Yellow, 43
One-glumed Fescue, 73 .
Onion Couch, 44
Orange-spiked Foxtail, 20
Orchard Grass, 74
Orcheston Grass, 89

Painted Lady Grass, 11, 12
Panic, Cockspur, 8
Panic, Fingered, 3
Panic, Glabrous, 4
Panic, Glaucous, 6
Panic, Green, 7

Panic, Loose, 8

Panic, Millet, 30

Panic, Rough, 5
Perennial Beard Grass, 25
Perennial Oat, 42
Perennial Rye Grass, 58
Phleum, Alpine, 14
Phleum, Boehmer’s, 15
Phleum, Meadow, 13
Phleum, Rough, 16
Phleum, Sand, 17

Poa, Alpine, 92

Poa, Annual, 86

Poa, Bulbous, 93

Poa, Darnel, 85

Poa, Flattened, 87

Poa, Floating, 80

Poa, Hard, 84

Poa, Meadow, 88

Poa, Procumbent, 83
Poa, Reed, 79

Poa, Reflexed, 82

Poa, Roughish, 89

Poa, Sea, 81

Poa, Wavy, 91

Poa, Wood, 90

Procumbent Meadow Grass
33

Procumbent Poa, 83

Procumbent Sea Meadow
Grass, 83

Purple Bent, 26

Purple Melic, 95

Purple Molinia, 95

Purple Smallreed, 33

Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail, 15

Quake Grass, 77

(Quake Grass, Lesser, 78
Quakers, 77

Quaking Grass, 77
Quitch Grass, 56

Rabbit Grass, 28
Randall Grass, 70
Rat’s-tail Fescue, 72
Rattle Grass, 77

Ray Grass, 58

Red Darnel, 58

Reed, 101

Reed, Close Small, 32
Reed Fescue, 71

Aeed Grass, 12

Reed Meadow Grass, 79
Reed Poa, 79

Reed Sweet Grass, 79
Reed, Wood, 32
Reflex Bristle Grass, 5

INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES. 179

Reflexed Meadow Grass, 82 |

Reflexed Poa, 82

Riband Grass, 12

Rice Grass, I

Rough Cat’s-tail, 16

Rough Cocksfoot, 74

Rough Bristle Grass, 5

Rough Dog’s-tail, 76

Roughish Meadow Grass, 89

Rough Panic, 5

Rough Phleum, 16

Rough-stalk Meadow Grass,
89

Rye, Bearded, 59

Rye, French, 44

Rye Grass, 58

Sand Cat’s-tail, 17

Sand Phleum, 17

Sea Barley, 55

Sea Bent, 31

Sea Cat’s-tail, 16

Sea Matweed, 31

Sea Meadow Grass, 81

Sea Meadow Grass, Procum-
bent, 83

Sea Poa, 81

Sea Reed, 31.

Seaside Cat’s-tail, 17

Sheep’s Fescue, 69

Silky Agrostis, 29

Silky Bent, 29

Single-glumed Fescue, 73

Slender False Brome, 60

Slender Foxtail, 18

Small Close Reed, 34 |
Smallreed, Meagre, 35

Smallreed, Narrow, 34

Smallreed, Purple, 33

Smallreed, Wood, 32

Smooth - stalked Meadow
Grass, 88

Soft Grass, 46

Soft Grass, Creeping, 46

Soft Grass, Woolly, 45

Soft Holcus, 46

Spear Grass, 56

Spiked Fescue, 70

Spire, 31

Spreading Millet, 2

Spring Grass, 10

Squirrel-tail, 55

Squirrel-tail Fescue, 72

Squitch, Black, 26

Starr, 51

Suffolk Grass, 86

Sweet Grass, 79, 80

Tall Brome, 68 ©

Tall Oat, 44

Taper Field Brome, 67
Timothy, 13

Tor Grass, 60

Totter Grass, 77
Tough Dog’s-tail, 76
Tufted Aira, 36
Tufted Hair Grass, 36
Turfy Hair Grass, 26
Tussock, 36
Twin-spiked Cord Grass, 48
Twitch, 56

Upright Brome, 62
Upright Oat Grass, 62

INDEX TO CUSTOMARY NAMES.

Vernal Grass, 10 Whorl Grass, 94

Wick, 46
Wagwant, 77 Wild Oat, 41
Wall Barley, 54 Wind Grass, 29

Water Grass, Kneed, 20 | Winter Fog, 27

Water Hair Grass, 94 Witch Grass, 506

Water Whorl Grass; 94 | Wood Barley, 52

Wavy Aira, 37 | Wood Brome, Hairy, 63

Wavy Hair Grass, 37 | Wood Couch, Lyien
Wavy Meadow Grass, 9I Wood Meadow Grass, 90

Wavy Poa, 91. Wood Melic, 97 ~

Way Bennet, 54 Wood Poa, 90

Wheat Grass, Bearded, 57 Wood Reed, 32

Wheat Grass, Creeping, 50 Wood Smallreed, 32

Wheat Grass, Fibrous, 57 Woolly Holcus, 45

Wheat Meadow Grass, | Woolly Soft Grass, 45 t
Dwarf, 8 | ;

Whickens, 56 Yellow Oat, 43

White Lead, 79 Yorkshire Fog, 45_

THE BOTOLPH PRINTING WORKS, 8, GATE STREET, KINGSWAY, W.C.

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