Oi li CD m .0 CD m CD CD TEST ACELLID./E . PLATE 1. 32 | ^^^^^^^^•f'^^l^: I 1 -^- * i I -:; •i 37 SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOQIOAL SECTION OF THB ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. VOL. I. TESTACELLID^E, OLEACINID^E, STREPTAXID J3, HELICOIDEA, VITRINID^E, LIMACID^E, ARIONID^E. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, Academy of Natural Sciences, Cor. 19th 4f Race Sts. 1885. Win. P. Kildarc, Printer, T3k &f 736 Sansom St., Phila. . ^r . PREFACE. THE classification of the " Pulmonata " will be essentially that exhibited in the third volume of my u Structural and Systematic Conchologv ;" modified, nevertheless, as to minor details, and chiefly by the introduction of additional groups. In the arrange- ment and synonymy of the species, the late Dr. Louis Pfeiffer's u Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventium," 1878, will be my princi- pal guide, and I will endeavor so to intercalate the more recently described species as to preserve the essential features of that monumental work. Exceptions have been taken to Dr. Pfeiffer's classification, as well as to his synonymy ; but I think that the former will usually be found quite as progressive as the incom- pleteness of material at present accessible will warrant ; whilst the latter, which is more especially in the line of the late learned doctor's life-study, ought certainly to be well digested, and worthy of confidence. I shall not follow him blindly, however. I shall consider the opinions of the special students of each local fauna as entitled to great weight, and I shall constantly subject ques- tions of synonymy to the test of comparison of specimens in the admirable collection of terrestrial shells in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The illustrations will usually be carefully-made copies of the typical figures, accompanied, when necessary, by others showing variations of form, sculpture and coloring. The Philadelphia Collection includes authentic types and authors' examples of numerous species heretoforeunfigured: these I shall have the pleas- ure of including in my plates. Messrs. Edwin L. Sheppard and John Ross, whose faithful and finished drawings of the marine shells of the "Manual" have been much commended, will supply the illustrations for this series also; and the coloring will continue in the hands of the experienced lady-artists who have worked so faithfully upon the " Manual " since its beginning. In the arrangement of the text I shall continue the style of the marine series. The figures will be relied upon to convey to the student the more obvious specific characters, and only those features which are obscure, or not likely to obtain immediate recognition Iry the eye, will be dwelt upon. The differential characters of nearly allied and easily confounded species will be carefully stated. The coloration will always be described, for the information of those who subscribe for copies of the work with uncolored illustrations. GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Philadelphia, January 1, 1885, MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, PULMONATA. The subclass Pulmonata includes all mollusks breathing air. They are normal gastropods, having a broad foot and usualty, a large spiral, inoperculate shell. Although mostly terrestrial, a few aquatic and a number of fluviatile forms are here included. There are no marine species, but the Auriculidae are in great part inhabitants of seashores where, at high-tide, they are covered b}' the waters. As to food, some are carnivorous, but the sub- class is, as a rule, phytophagous. The teeth are numerous, similar, recurved, aculeated or dentate at the extremity, with broad pavimental bases. These teeth are developed many in a row, upon a broad lingual ribbon ; when the rows are straight the teeth are similar throughout, when curved or angulated the forms of the teeth become more or less changed. There is usually a single, rather conspicuous upper jaw, composed of one or of three pieces — never of two pieces as in the branchiferous mollusks. Sexes united in each individual, but the union of two individ- uals required for mutual impregnation. Genital orifices some- times contiguous, opening in a common cloaca, sometimes distinct. The Pulmonata are related to phytophagous sea-snails through the Cyclostomse or operculated land-snails, and the Ampullariae, to the limpets through Gadinia, Siphonaria, to the nudibranchs through Onchidium. Detailed accounts of the structure, development, habits, geo- graphical and geological distribution of the Pulmonata are given in the " Structural and Systematic Conchology," and need not be reproduced here. 6 TEST ACE LLIDJE. Order I. STYLOMMATOPHORA. (Geophila, Ads. Nephropneusta,Ihering.) Eyes at the extremi- ties of the superior tentacles. Order II. BASOMMATOPHORA. (Branchiopneusta, Ihering.) Eyes at the bases of the tentacles. ORDER STYLOMMATOPHORA. Almost exclusively terrestrial mollusks, none fluviatile ; having four tentacles, the superior pair the largest, invaginate or retrac- tile, oculiferous at their extremities. Suborder I. MONOTREMATA. Oculiferous tentacles invertible; male and female orifices united. Terrestrial. Shell usually present and mostly external ; sometimes internal, or absent. Suborder II. DITREMATA. Oculiferous tentacles contractile, not invertible ; male and female orifices widely separated. Ter- restrial or aquatic. No shell. SUBORDER MO NO TEE MA TA. *Agnatha. Mouth without jaw. Carnivorous. ** Gnathophora. Mouth with jaw. Phytophagous. *Agnatha. Radula generally without median teeth; lips often developed' into feeler-like appendages, neck commonly elongated and pecu- liarly furrowed on the back. Families. Testacellidae, Oleacinidse, Streptaxidse, Helicoidea. See " Structural and S3^stematic Conchology,5' iii, 11-18. FAMILY TESTACELLIDM. Animal slug-like, bearing a small ear-shaped shell near the posterior extremity of the body. Lingual teeth long and narrow, sharp-pointed, in oblique series. Synopsis of Genera. Genus TESTACELLA, Cuvier, 1800. Animal limaciform, subcylindrical, tapering anteriorly ; ten- tacles simple, mantle small, posterior, quite near the tail, covered with a small external shell ; no longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, and no caudal mucous pore ; no distinct locomotive disk ; respiratory orifice at the posterior right edge TESTACELLID^E. 7 of the mantle under the peristorae of the shell ; combined generative orifice behind and below the right superior tentacle. Shell external, rudimentary, imperforate, ear-shaped, with a subspiral, posterior nucleus. Genus DAUDEBARDIA, Hartmann, 1821. Animal with longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, otherwise resembling Testacella. Usually no caudal mucous pore. Shell small, external, perforate, depressed, thin and shining, transparent ; paucispiral, the whorls rapidly increasing. Section RUFINA, Clessin. Shell umbilicated. Section PSEUDOLIBANIA, Stefani, Shell haliotiform, spire very short, narrowly rimate ; columellar lip slightly reflected over the umbilical slit. Section LIBANIA, Bourguignat. Umbilicus covered in the adult. Section ISSELTA, Bourguignat, Shell perforated. Animal with caudal mucous pore. Genus CHLAMYDEPIIORUS, Binney, 1879. Mantle covering the whole body, with an orifice on the centre of the back near the tail, enclosing a solid, internal shelly plate ; no caudal mucous pore ; position of the genital orifice unknown. ? Genus PLECTROPHORUS, Ferussac, 1819. Animal elongated, subcylindrical, with a tough dorsal anterior integument or mantle, under which is the pulmonary cavity, having its orifice on the right side, with the anal orifice near it ; there is a second long and narrow dorsal posterior mantle, and an external rudimentary conical, non-spiral shell near the pos- terior extremity ; upper tentacles longest, oculiferous, retractile. This animal, figured by Ferussac and said to inhabit Teneriffe, has not been recognized by collectors ; the double armor of the back and the conical shell are both improbable-looking char- acters. Genus SELENOCHLAMYS. Bottger, 1883. Animal resembling Daudebardia, but without a shell ; mantle small, the surface divided by longitudinal sulcatious ; tail short, compressed, carinated ; foot narrow, tripartite. 8 TESTACELLA. Genus TESTACELLA, Cuvier, 1800. The twenty species are mostly European, and the differences in the form of the shell upon which they are distinguished are so small, that it is probable they are, for the most part, local varieties rather than species. Several species are found in European tertiaries. On the habits of Testacella, see " Struc- tural and Systematic Conchology," iii, 11, 12. T. MAUGEI, Fe'r. PI. 1, figs. 1-3. Animal varying in color from grayish black through various shades of brown ; rarely greenish or white. Length, 3 inches. Shell oval-oblong, with nearly parallel margins, a little dilated anteriorly ; columella wide, callous, not truncate in front ; epi- dermis greenish or brownish. Length, 13-17 mill. England, France, Portugal, Canaries, Madeira, Azores. This is T. Burdigalensis, Gassies, T. oceanica and T. Canari- ensis, Grateloup. As a fossil it has received the names of T. Deshayesii, Michaud, and T. Altse-Ripse, Grat. T. EPISCIA, Bourg. PI. 1, figs. 4-6. Shell auriform, ovate, margins rounded ; whorls 1^, the apex small, smooth, body-whorl irregularly striate-sulcate ; columella flattened, curved. Length, 9 mill. Nice, France. T. COMPANYONII, Dupuy. PI. 1, figs. T, 8. Shell ovately auriform, the sides somewhat compressed, nar- rowed in front, convex above and strongly irregularly striate ; spire rather small, obtuse, somewhat produced posteriorly; aperture slightly narrowed anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, columella callous, subtruncate anteriorly ; epidermis grayish black, interior whitish pearly. Length, 17 mill. Eastern Pyrenees. It is T. Canigonensis, Gratel. T. PASCALT, Bourg. PL 1, fig. 9-11. Shell solid, thick, ovately auriform, upper surface strongly sulcate, corneous; apex minute, produced, smooth; aperture ovate, with a superior sinus at the junction of the columella and outer lips, columella much thickened above, subtruncate below. Length, 10 mill. France (Dep. Haute- Loire). Pretty closely related to the preceding species. TESTACELLA. 9 T. BISULCATA, Risso. PI. 1, figs. 12, 13. Shell ovately auriform, narrowing in front, depressed, planu- late above, and regularly finely striate ; the minute, rudimentary spire produced ; columellar margin depressed, narrower and subtruncate anteriorly ; epidermis reddish brown, rarely whitish, interior subpearly. Length, 5-7 mill. S. France, N. Italy. Grateloup has named it T. Galloprovincialis. T. WILLIAMSIANA, Nevill. PL 1, figs. 16, It. A subfossil form, 5 mill, long, recently obtained at Mentone ; it is nearly allied to T. bisulcata, but some differences will become apparent upon comparing the figures of the two species. T. GESTROI, Issel. Ovately trigonal, subpellucid, light corneous ; slightty convex and irregularly concentrically rugose above ; apex minute, smooth, strongly recurved, adhering to the columella ; columella white, translucent, narrow, curved, and slightly twisted, almost reaching the base of the aperture, subtruncate. Length, 5*5 mill. ; lat., 4 mill. Island of Sardinia. I have not been able to consult the original description and figures of this species. T. BOURQUIGNATI, Massot. PL 1 , figs. 20-22. Shell oblong-ovate, not thick, corneous and striate above ; apex small, obtuse, recurved, not prominent, close to the posterior margin, but extending beyond it; columellar margin rather thin, flattened, curved, subtruncate in front. Length, 7'5 mill. Around "La Preste" Eastern Pyrenees. T. FISCHERIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 14, 15. Shell ovate, slightly convex, rugosely striate and corneous above ; apex smooth, well-curved, separated from the columella, whitish, curved, anteriorly deflexed, not truncated. Length, 6 mill. Constantine, Algiers. It is T. bisulcata, var. major, of Gassies and Fischer's Mono- graph ; its very close relationship to that species is seen at a glance. 10 TESTACELLA. T. HALTOTIDEA, Drap. PL 1, figs. 23-28, 29-31, 35, 36. Shell oval-auriform, depressed, rugosely striate, with a thin, readily deciduous epidermis ; apex minute, very short, not separated from the columellar margin; aperture rounded, usually dilated anteriorly; columella and outer margin forming a distinct angle at their junction ; interior whitish pearly. Length, 6-10 mill. Western Europe, Algiers, Madeira, Canaries ; var. trigona at Havana. This is T. Europsea, "Roissy, T. Gallize, Oken. The above description is of the typical form ; there are several varieties, some of which differ from it as much as do some of the preceding so-called species from T. bisulcata. The Yars. as enumerated by Pfeiffer are : Yar. major ; Yar. elongata; Yar. scutulum, Sowb. (figs. 29-31), of which T. Anglica, Grat., is a synonym; Yar. albina ; Yar. trigona, Gassies and Fischer (figs. 35, 36), inhabiting (introduced) Havana, T. SERVAINI, Massot." PI. 1, figs. 32-34. Small, ear-shaped, oblong, thin ; distinctly striate and light corneous above ; apex smooth, very minute, not prominent, ap- proximating the columellar margin ; columellar margin curved, dilated above, deflexed, attenuated and not truncate below. Length, 4'5 mill. " La Preste" Eastern Pyrenees. T. DRYMONIA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 37, 38. Trigonal, pellucid, concentrically striate and corneous above; apex minute, strongly recurved, separated from the columella ; columellar margin broad above, attenuating below. Length, 7 mill^ Isle of Capri, Bay of Naples. It is T. haliotidea, Costa. T. BRONDELI, Bourg. PI. 1, figs. 39, 40. Shell small, trigonal-ovate, convex and .concentrically rugose aboAre, pellucid ; spire very small, smooth, recurved, adhering to the columella ; aperture rounded below, dilated above ; columella white, twisted, curved, deflected, not reaching the base of the aperture nor truncate. Length, 4 mill. Around Bona, Algiers. Too closely allied to the preceding species. TEST ACELLA. 1 1 T. PECCHIOLII, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 41, 42. Shell rather narrow, elongate, slightly convex, corneous and f ugoseh" striated above ; whitish and slightly concave within ; apex minute, recurved, acute, smooth; columella deflexed, very slightly arcuate. Length, 5 mill. Italy, frequent near Florence. This is T. haliotidea of 'many of the older Italian authors, according to Bourguignat : it appears to me to be very nearly allied to T. bisulcata. T. BECCARII, Issel. PL 1, figs. 43, 44. Shell trigonalty ovate, oblique, anteriorly arcuate, posteriorly acuminate, flattened and concentrically rugosely striated above, corneous, yellowish within ; apex acute, slightly curved, smooth, columella incurved, whitish. Length, 6-5 mill. Ripoli, near Florence, Italy. Marchioness Paulncci, who was unable to obtain specimens at the above locality, found there numerous individuals of T. t Pecchiolii, and she conjectures that it is an abnormal form of the latter. ?T. DIKRANGENSIS, Godwin-Austin. PL 1, figs. 18, 19. Shell clextral, ovate, veiy flat, solid, the lines of growth well marked, with a dark brown epidermis, the apex cap-shaped, rather produced, and much curved. Major diameter 0*50 inch, minor diam. 0'25 inch. Animal not seen. Assam. Two shells were found in a damp low piece of forest near the Dikrang River, close under the village of Pachitah. u The shell is a peculiar form, the bod}T -whorl spreading out and overlapping in front, giving the shell a limpet-like shape. Without a knowl- edge of the animal it is very difficult to say in what genus it should be placed, but it is probably a Eelicarion form. The shell, however, so much resembles Testacella, that I have placed it temporarily in that group." T. VAGANS. Hutton. Shell auriform, subspiral, depressed, imperforate ; elongately oval, the sides nearly parallel, the anterior end rather broader than the posterior ; columellar margin callous ; apex subspiral, 12 DAUDEBARDIA. posterior; pale horny, striated with growth-lines. Length of aperture, 0'37 ; breadth, 0*22. Animal (in spirit) above slate-gra3r, gradually passing into yellowish white on the sides ; sole yellowish white ; the sides rather marbled with gray. New Zealand. Unfigured. The shell is said to resemble that of T. Maugei ; also Daudebardia Novae-Zealandise, with which Prof. Hutton at first confounded it, but the animal of the latter species he subse- quently ascertained to be quite different. Unidentified and Doubtful Species. T. STABILET, Pini. (Desc. not accessible to me.) Italy. T. PELETTI, Massot. (Desc. not accessible to me.} Vernet-les- Bains, E. Pyrenees. Genus DAUDEBARDIA, Hartmann, 1821. Section RUFINA, Clessin. D. RUPA, Drap. PL 2, figs. 45-47. Shell perforate, depressed, transversely dilated, slightly striate, very shining, corneous or rufous ; spire moderate, sublateral ; whorls 3, the last (in adults) elongated, not angulated ; aperture large, rounded oval. Length, 5*5 mill. Germany, Switzerland. D. HASSIACA, Clessin. PL 2, figs. 56, 57. Shell umbilicated, ovate, much depressed, thin, diaphanous, fulvous, lightly striate; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, with well- impressed suture ; aperture oblique, rather small and narrow for the genus. Length, 3*5 mill. Cassel. Smaller, with less dilated body-whorl, consequently smaller, narrower aperture than D. rufa. D. HELDLI, Clessin. PL 2, figs. 73, 74. Openly umbilicated, suborbicular-oblong, smooth, incremental striae slight, irregular, very pellucid, shining, golden-colored ; whorls rapidly increasing, the last not dilated, suture well- impressed. Length, 3*5 mill. Bavaria. Closely allied to the preceding species. DAUDEBARDTA. 13 D. LETOURNEUXI, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 82-84. Shell very minute, much elevated, umbilicated, vitriniform, shining, hyaline ; above narrowly radiately striulate, below smooth ; whorls 2-J, rapidly increasing, with well-impressed sutures, the last large, oblique, convex below. L. 2-25, alt. 1-25 milL Bona, Algiers. Immediately recognized by its small size and Yitrina-like aspect. D. NUBIGENA, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 85-81. Shell umbilicated, much depressed, whorls 3, slightly convex, with strongly impressed sutures, undulatingly striate above ; aper- ture narrowly oval, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length, 5 mill. Algiers. D. NIVALIS, Benoit. PL 2, figs. 11, 12. Shell umbilicated, subdepressed, vitreous, hyaline, diaphanous, very fragile, substriate near the suture ; greenish horn-color ; aperture ovately lunate, oblique. Diam. maj., 4 mill. Sicily. Resembles a Hyalinia in appearance. D. GRANDIS, Benoit. PL 26, fig. 2. Shell with deep umbilicus, convex, nearly smooth, shining, broadly oval, nearly rounded, whorls 3, suture well-marked, aperture large, rounded-oval, peristome subcontinuous. Length, 8 mill. Palermo. Has not the auriculate form of D. brevipes, and the aperture is broader and spire more convex than Z>. rufa. D. MONTICOLA, Benoit. PL 26, fig. 1. Shell minute, umbilicated, shining, transparent, aperture rounded-ovate, L. 3 mill., diam. 1*5 mill. Mt. St. Martino, near Monreale, Sicily. Differs from the preceding species by its smaller size, less dilated aperture, more elongated form. D. HALICIENSIS, Westerlund. Shell umbilicated, umbilicus spirally dilated to the aperture, oblong-ovate, diaphanous, greenish hyaline, thinly distantly 14 DAUDEBARDIA. striate ; whorls more than 3, the last one greatty increasing, dilated in front ; suture margined ; spire almost half the diameter of the shell ; aperture obovate, outer lip slightly arcuate, not extending beyond the shell, inner lip slightly curved behind. L. 4, lat. 3, alt. 1-3 mill. Galicia. An un figured species. Differs from D. nivalis in its wider umbilicus, striae, more ovate aperture, scarcely exceeding half the length of the shell, more converging margins, etc. D. ISSELTANA, Nevill. PI. 2, figs. 54, 55. Related to D. rufa, from which it is distinguished by its greater proportional breadth, caused by the much more rapidly increasing, slightly convex whorls ; the apex is less central, the texture a trifle stouter and more polished ; the aperture instead of being ovally rounded, is regularly transversely oblong, the outer margin being much more gradually rounded ; and the columellar much less oblique, thicker, and altogether more prom- inent, more subangulate at its base. D. nubigena, Bourg., is even nearer; but is a less elongately produced shell, less appressed, the aperture more rounded and not subangulate at the columella, which is more oblique and less prominent. Mentone (subfossil). D. LEDERI, Bottger. PI. 2, fig. 59. Shell large, umbilicated, unguiform, elliptically oval, spire scarcely exceeding a fourth of the total length ; whorls 2^. Length, 6'5 mill. Animal blackish violet above, lighter on the sides, white beneath. Length, 13 mill. Transcaucasia. Resembles D. rufa, but is larger, more reddish brown, the spire much smaller. D. BOTTGERI, Clessin. PI. 2, figs. 75, 76, 79. Shell very narrowly perforate, tectiform, elliptically oval; diaphanous, shining, light corneous; obsoletely striate; spire very small, with profound sutures ; whorls 2^, the last very large. Length, 5 mill. Crimea. The animal is blackish violet, with two darker lines on the back and one on each side ; on the sides the color fades, the foot being grayish white, marked with black. DAUDEBARDI A. ] 5 D. SICULA, Benoit. PL 2, figs. 77, 78. Shell perforate, oblong, rounded in front, diaphanous, shining ; apex lateral, scarcely elevated, obtuse ; whorls 3, the last very large ; aperture rather broadly oval. L. 4-5, diam. 2-75-3, alt. 1'25 mill. Sicily. Vitrina elongata, Calcara, is a synonym. D. BREVIPES, Drap. PI. 2, figs. 50, 62-64. Shell perforate, depressed, subauriform, thin, smooth, diaph- anous, transversely dilated, orange-red or chestnut-colored; spire very small, lateral ; volutions nearly 3 ; aperture large, ovate. Length, 5 mill. Germany, Switzerland, Northern Italy. Includes D. Maravignse, Mandral., D. longipes, Zieggl. D. ATLANTICA. Bourg. PL 2, figs. 88-90. Shell perforate, whorls 2, rapidly increasing, with well- impressed sutures, lightly striate, thin, very fragile, transparent ; amber-colored ; spire slightly elevated ; aperture very large, transversely oblong, somewhat oblique, rather straight margined above, more convex below. L. 3 mill., alt. T25 mill. Xear Bona, Algiers. P. PLATYSTOMA, Letourneux. Unfigured. Kabylia. D. CHAROPIA, Letourneux. Unfigured. Bona, Algiers. D. ELATA, Miihlf. No description, figure or locality. Section PSEUDOLIBANIA, Stefani. D. HEYDENI, Bottger. PL 2, figs. 67, 68, 51-53. Shell small, rimate, elongate^ ovate, subdepressed, shining, not pellucid, yellowish green; spire moderate; the whorls 2, rapidly increasing, with profound suture, last whorl somewhat dilated, obtusely angulated on the periphery ; peristome mem- branaceous, the membrane broad, extremities separated by the spire, without callous or membranous connection upon it. Length, 3'5 mill. Caucasia. D. Pawlenkoi, Bottger (figs. 51-53), is a synonym. D. SIEVERSI, Bottger. PL 2, figs. 58, 60, 61. Small, perforate-rimate, elongate oblong, margins subparallel, subdepressed, fragile, pellucid, shining, light olivaceous brown; above rather flattened, below subglobose ; spire moderate, whorls 16 DAUDEBARDIA. 2, rather rapidly enlarging, with profound sutures ; aperture rounded ovate, somewhat oblique, columellar margin subreflected. Length, 2-25 mill. — Transcaucasia. D. TARENTINA, Stefani et Pantanelli. Unfigured. Tarento. Section LTBANIA, Bourguignat. Described by Bourguignat, in 1866, under the name of Mous- sonia, and subsequently altered as above because that name had been used by Semper in 1865. D. LANGI, Pleiffer. PI. 2, figs. 69, TO. Shell much depressed, with a minute lateral spire ; shining, fulvous, diffusely callous within ; whorls 2, the last angularly depressed; columellar margin reflexed, covering the umbilicus. Length, 6'5 mill. Hungary. D. TRANSSILVANICA, Bielz. PI. 2, 65, 66. More narrowly ovate than the preceding species, with very minute terminal spire ; whitish or orange-brown, shining ; whorls 2, the last angularly depressed ; peristome cartilaginous. Length, 2*5 mill. Transylvania, This species also bears the MS. name D. Bielzi, Parreyss, D. SAULCYI, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 80, 81. Shell haliotiform, smooth, shining, diaphanous, amber-colored, ovate ; whorls 2J, the spire minute, body-whorl elongated ; columella callously reflected over the umbilicus. Length, 5 mill. Syria. This is D. Berytensis, Grat., D. Syriaca, Roth. D. GAILLARDOTI, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 91-94. Shell thin, smooth or slightly striate, fragile, diaphanous ; spire small, sublateral, whorls 2^, the last narrowly elongated. Length, 2 mill. Syria. Animal dusky orange or bluish, with dark maculations, foot whitish, narrow. D. CALOPHANA, Westerlund. (Unfigured.) Galicia. D. NOVOSEELANDICA, Pfeiflfer. (Unfigured.) New Zealand. CHLAMYDEPHORUS — PLECTROPHORUS. 1 7 Section ISSELIA, Bourguignat. D. SARDOA, Issel. PL 2, figs. 48, 49. Somewhat depressed, slightly convex above, narrowly umbili- cated, transversely dilated, thin, shining, straw-colored; spire very small, sublateral, whorls 2^, the last large, elongated, depressed; aperture widely ovate, very large, the outer margin submembranaceous. Length 4 mill., alt. 1 mill. Island of Sardinia. The Marchioness Paulucci (Mater, pour servir, etc., 23) calls attention to the resemblance of the figures of this shell to D. Sicula, Benoit. She has not seen specimens. Genus CHLAMYDEPHORUS, Binney. C. GIBBONSI, Binney. PL 2, fig. 95. Animal elongate, slender, cylindrical; dark orange, thickly marbled with dark olive-brown, except on the middle line of the back and margin of the foot, where the maculations are not so thick and the ground-color more apparent, sole of foot whitish ; a round orifice on the dorsal posterior surface, from w^hich radiate furrows ; ocular tentacles short, retractile ; below the inferior, shorter tentacles are two subpellucid prolongations of the sole of the foot, somewhat resembling a third pair of tentacles ; no jaw ; teeth 27'1'27, the central differing from the others only in being smaller, resembling the dentition of Glandina, the lingual ribbon long and broad, the denticles in about 52 chevron- shaped rows. Length of animal, 3 inches. Internal thick shelly plate in fragments, supposed to be hexa- gonal when perfect. Length, 3 mill. Natal. The type and only known specimen is in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy. Mr. Gibbons, who collected it, states that when quiescent the head is withdrawn completely, the two margins of the foot are brought together and the tail doubled under. Genus PLECTROPHORUS, Ferussac. P. ORBIGNII, Ferussac. PL 2, figs. 96-98. This appears to be an imaginary creature, as no specimens have occurred to the malacologists who have so carefully explored the 2 18 SELENOCHLAMYS. Canary Islands for mollusks. Wollaston writes of it : " It was both described and figured (in 1819) in i Ferussac 's Histoire Nat- urelle, Mollusques,' as Teneriffan, on the authority of M. d'Or- bigny, who, nevertheless made no sort of allusion to it in his subsequent Canarian catalogue, issued in 1839 ! We are almost driven, therefore, to conclude that d'Orbigny must have had some particular reason for refusing admission to it in the portion of Webb and Berthelot's publication which he undertook to compile ; yet since he ignores the subject altogether, and the diagnosis still remains uncommented upon, and uncancelled, in the great work of Ferussac, I scarcely see how we can exactly pass it over, even though the silence of M. d'Orbigny may ap- pear somewhat ominous as regards its true Teneriffan claims. 11 The most salient character for which the P. Orbignii would seem to be conspicuous (but which appears identical with the main feature of the Testacellas) is the .presence of a small ex- ternal Ancylus-like, crotchet-shaped shell, which is carried on the hinder region of the body, at a short distance from the tip, between which and the posterior edge of the shell there is a rough dorsal band. The animal, however, is said distinctly to possess a shield which Testacella does not." — Testacea Atlantica, p. 310. P. CORNINUS, Bosc. Habitat unknown. Probably the figure in Ferussac represents Arion ater with some hardened mucus on its subcaudal gland which has been mistaken for a shell. P. COSTATUS, Bosc. (Unfigured.) Maldives. Only known from a drawing and description sent by a traveler to Favanne. Genus SELENOCHLAMYS, Bottger. S. PALLIDA, Bottger. PL 26, figs. 3, 4. Animal resembling Daudebardia, but without a shell ; mantle small, posterior, circumscribed by a sulcus ; respiratory orifice on the right side, and anterior; caudal carina elevated, very short ; sole of the foot narrow, tripartite. Length, 13 mill ; mantle, *75 mill, long and T5 mill. wide. Kutais ( Transcaucasia}. OLEACINID^E. 1 9 FAMILY OLEAGINID^. Animal with short head, with a retractile, often produced buccal sac ; eyes at the tips of long, cylindrical, retractile peduncles; inferior tentacles moderate; foot elongate, narrow, simple posteriorly. Lingual teeth numerous, the transverse rows more or less curved ; central teeth inconspicuous, marginals aculeate, or with a single long recurved apex. Shell spiral, fusiform, corneous, more or less transparent, rarely longitudinally banded ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; columella twisted or truncated anteriorly. Living in humid situations ; carnivorous. For the habits of the Oleacinidse, see " Structural and S3'stematic Concholog3T," • • • f • in, ]4. Synopsis of Genera. Genus STREBELIA, Crosse and Fischer, 1868. Shell bulliform, with very short spire, the last whorl nearly the total length of the shell ; columella simple, arcuate, not truncate, peristome simple, acute. Animal much larger than the shell. 1 Mexican species. (Physella, Pfr., 1861, not Hald., 1842, and Spirobulla, Ancey, 1881, are syno^^ms.) Genus OLEACINA. Bolten, 1798. Shell oval-oblong, with a thin, olivaceous, shining epidermis ; last whorl large, sometimes attenuated at the base ; aperture elliptical-oblong, half or more than half the length of the shell ; columella twisted or truncate below, outer lip simple, frequently somewhat inflected in the middle. 150 species, mostly American and subtropical. Fossil. Cret. — ; Europe. (Polyphemus, Montf., 1810; Glandina, Schum., 1817; Cochli- copa, Fer., 1819; Pfaffia, Behn., 1844.) Section BOLTENIA, Pfr., 1878. ( Typical group.) Section VARICELLA, Pfr., 1855. Shell longitudinally plicate or striate, occasionally varicosely thickened, with a few longi- tudinal colored strigations ; columella obliquely truncate, outer lip slightly compressed in the middle. Mexico, Central America, West Indies. Section MELTA, Albers, 1850. (Turritee, Pfr., 1878.) Shell fusiformly turreted, longitudinally subcostate ; whorls rather 20 OLEACINID^E. flattened; colnmella twisted, obliquely truncate; aperture nar- row, semioval ; lips simple, submarginate within. Section GLANDINA (Schum.), H. and A. Adams, 1855. (Euglandina, Crosse and Fischer, 1870.) Shell oblong-oval, fusiform, corneous, epidermis thin, shining ; spire more or less elevated, of 6 or 8 whorls; columella thin, arcuated, truncated at base ; aperture rather narrow, longitudinal ; lip simple, sharp. Animal much longer than the shell, when extended ; oculiferous tentacles deflected at the tips, beyond the eyes ; inferior tentacles much shorter, also deflected; lips elongated, tentacular. Pre- daceous. The largest species of the family belong to this group, the shells sometimes attaining a length of over 3 inches. Tropical America ; a few species in the Southern United States. Section POIRETIA, Fischer, 1883. Animal with feebly developed labial palpi ; shell like Glandina. Europe. Section SELASIELLA, Strebel, 1878. Shell ver}r small, glassjr, vertically striated ; columella truncated ; labial palpi wanting. Stomach simple, as in Streptostyla (it is double in Glandina). 3 species. Mexico. Genus STREPTOSTYLA, Shuttleworth, 1852. Shell oval-oblong, subcylindrical, last whorl proportionally very large ; aperture elongated, narrow behind ; outer lip simple, inflected in the middle ; columella with a thickened spiral plica- tion at the base. Animal with but slightly developed tentacles ; labial palpi moderate ; foot short ; stomach simple. 50 species. Tropical America. The shells generally resemble Oleacina, but the columella has a basal fold, instead of being simply truncated. Section STREPTOSTYLA (typical). Shell longitudinally striated. Section CHERSOMITRA (Shuttleworth), Albers, 1860. Shell cylindrical, smooth, shining, usually yellowish; aperture more than half the length of the shell ; outer lip distinctly inflected. Subgenus PETENIA, Crosse and Fischer, 1868. Shell with lengthened spire, columella twisted. Animal with tentacles and buccal lobes as in Glandina ; foot truncated behind, having a mucus-pore at the tail. OLEACINID^E. 21 Genus PSEUDOSUBULINA, Strebel and Pfeffer, 1882. Shell turriculated, narrow, longitudinally plicate-striate, whorls numerous, forming a long spire, last whorl rather small com- pared to the length of the shell ; columella truncated at the base ; peristome simple } aperture small. Mexico. The shells resemble Subulina, from which it may perhaps be distinguished by its ribs and button-like apex, but the animal has no jaw (agnathous). Genus VOLTITAX1S, Strebel and Pfeffer, 1882. Columella with a basal fold ; not truncate ; whorls, including the embryonal ones, longitudinally ribbed. Differs from the preceding group in apex and columella. It is difficult to separate this and the preceding group conchologically from Subulina and Spiraxis ; indeed, I would not attempt to do this. I have included here merely the species which Strebel places in these new groups, partly from his examination of their lingual dentition, partly from the analogy of external features. The dentition of too few of the species of Spiraxiform shells has been examined to permit any generalizations. It should be remarked that several Stenog3Tne examined b}^ Binney possessed the characters which entitle them to their usually assigned posi- tion, whilst a single Spiraxis from Haiti was without jaw, and had the Glandiniform dentition. Genus RAYENIA, Crosse, 1873. Shell allied to Volutaxis, minute, imperforate, subhyaline, columella spirally twisted, outer lip bent inwards, and armed with a strong tooth in the middle. 1 species. Los Boques, near Curagoa, West Indies. 22 STREBELIA — OLEACINA. Genus STREBELIA, Crosse and Fischer. S. BERENDTI, Pfeiffer. PI. 3, fig. 12, magn. 2*5 times. Shell smooth, shining, fulvous horn-color ; spire short, obtuse, whorls 2^ ; columella receding, the aperture wide below. Length, 6 mill. Vera Cruz, Mexico. The only species of the genus. Genus OLEACINA, Bolten, 1798. Section BOLTENTA, Pfeiffer. 0. VOLUTA, Chenin. PI. 4, fig. 39. Smooth, shining, greenish, yellowish or orange-brown ; whorls 7-8, rather flattened, suture linear, white-margined. Length, 51 mill. West Indies. The largest species of the section ; it is 0. glans, Brug., and 0. olivacea, Schum. 0. ATTENUATA, Pfeiffer. PI. 4, fig. 42. Thin, smooth, very shining, orange-brown, numerously longi- tudinal]}^ arcuately grooved, suture simple, smooth, whorls 7, rather flat. Length, 31 mill. Central America. 0. CYANOZORIA, Gundlach. PI. 4, fig. 43. Shell thin, rather smooth, very shining, pellucid, reddish orange ; whorls 7^, suture distinctly margined ; outer lip slightly compressed in the middle. Length, 40 mill. Mountains near Trinidad, Cuba. Differs from 0. oleacea by its margined suture, and columella more strongly curved in front. 0. OLEACEA, Fer. PI. 4, figs. 46, 45. Shell thin, very shining, smooth, pellucid, light yellowish or greenish brown; whorls 7-8, suture not margined, or but very slightly so ; outer lip compressed in the middle. Length, 29-37 mill. Cuba, Haiti. 0. straminea, Desh. (fig. 45), is sometimes designated as var. major. For its distinction from 0. cyanozoria, see that species. OLEACINA. 23 O. TRANSLUCIDA, Gundlach. PI. 4, figs. 33, 38. Rather thin, very shining, translucid, yellowish brown, irregu- larly crowded with longitudinal sulcations ; whorls 8, suture submarginate. Length, 18 mill. Guantanamo, Cuba. 0. PETHIONIS, Weinland. PL 11, fig. 83. Rather thin, subpellucid, shining, obsoletely arcuately striate, suture simple ; corneous, with distant, irregular, sinuous chestnut strigations. Length, 22 mill. Port au Prince, Haiti. 0. GLABRA, Pfeiffer. PL 4, fig. 44. Thin, smooth, shining, light corneous, with distant reddish strigations, fading out on the body-whorl ; whorls 8, suture finely crenulately margined ; outer margin of aperture not incurved in the middle. Length, 28 mill. Porto Rico. 0. INTERRUPTA, Shuttleworth. PL 4, fig. 34. Shell thin, very smooth and shining ; corneous, irregularly strigate with reddish chestnut, with a white band on the peripher}', and less conspicuous ones towards the base; whorls 7 J, suture narrowly margined, scarcely plicate. Length, 27 mill. Porto Rico. 0. AMBIGUA, Pfeiffer. PL 4, figs. 35, 37. Shell rather solid, smooth, shining, orange-red, with a yellowish band near the suture ; whorls 7, suture simple. Length, 22 mill. Cordova and Huatusco, Mexico. 0. Berendti, Pfeiffer (fig. 37), is a synonym; it is described from a fresh specimen, whilst the original description is appar- ently from a dead shell denuded of epidermis. 0. BELLULA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 4, fig. 36. Shell rather thin, smoothish, slightly striated, pellucid ; whorls nearly 8, suture granosely margined; light-orange red. Length, 21-5 mill. Mexico. 0. LTNDONI, Pfeiffer. PL 4, fig. 41. Shell oblong, attenuated below, smooth, shining, light orange- brown ; whorls 7-8, suture submargined ; columella callously thickened. Length, 19-26 mill. Cuba. 0 0. onychina, Morelet, is a synonym. BRA; •*- 24 OLEACINA. O. ORYSACEA, Rang. PL 27, fig. 2. Elongate, snbcylinclrical, pellucid, smooth, shining, orange- brown, last whorl narrow, cylindrical, long. Length, 16-20 mill. Cuba. 0. regularis^ Gundlach is a synonym. 0. ASSIMILIS, Reeve. PL 4, fig. 40. Smooth, pellucid, very shining, reddish corneous ; whorls 5J, suture margined. Length, 20 mill. Venezuela. O. OBTUSA, Pfeiffer. PL 4, fig. 55. Smooth, pellucid, corneous ; whorls 5J, suture margined, obso- letely crenulated. Length, 26 mill. Real Llejos, Nicaragua. Yery closely allied to the preceding species. 0. SOLIDULA, Pfeiffer. PL 27, fig. 1 ; PL 4, fig. 49. Shining fulvous, subpellucid, whorls 6, suture submarginate. Length, 13 mill. Cuba ; New Providence, Bahamas. 0. paragramma, Morelet, is a thinner variety, subhyaline, spire slightly more acute ; 0. folliculus, Gould is another synonym. I have copied a figure from Reeve (fig. 49) which differs consider, ably from the typical form, O. INCERTA, Reeve. PL 4, fig. 53. Shell livid corneous, smooth, shining; whorls 5-6, suture slightly marginate. Length, 12 mill. Cuba. Differs from the preceding species by its shorter spire and more ventricose base. 0. SATURATA, Gundlach. PL 27, fig. 3. Fusiformly oblong, thin, glabrous, shining, pellucid, corneous or orange-brown, spire short, obtuse, suture submarginate. Length, 11 '3 mill. Cuba. Now first figured, from a specimen. 0. SUBULATA, Pfeiffer. PL 4, fig. 54. Shell smooth, pellucid, orange-brown, with an opaque line below the suture. Length, 12 mill. Cuba. OLEACINA. 25 0. CLERIEI, Weinland. PI. 4, fig. 48. Shell smooth, brightly shining, yellowish brown, whorls 7. Length, 11 mill. Woods near Jeremie, Haiti. 0. POEYANA, Pfeiffer. PI. 4, fig. 50. Shell smooth, shining, yellowish corneous, with a few longi- tudinal grooves ; suture nearly simple, whorls 6, the first four regularly increasing, the penultimate much longer, the last decidedly descending in front. Length, 12-13 mill. Cuba. O. OTTONIS, Pfeiffer. PI. 4, fig. 47. Shell 3rellowish corneous, shining ; whorls 6-3-, upper ones finely longitudinally plicate, suture crenulate. Length, 13 mill. Cuba. 0. semistriata , Morelet, is a sj^nonym. O. INCTSA, Pfeiffer. PI. 4, fig. 51. Fusiformly oblong, smooth, shining, light yellowish brown; whorls 7, subplicate, plicae evanescent on the body-whorl, suture smooth, submarginate. Length, 15 mill. Cuba. O. PAIVANA, Pfeiffer. PL 4, fig. 52. Shell sinistral, thin, smooth, with here and there an impressed longitudinal line, pellucid, orange-brown ; whorls 7-8, the last descending, suture linear ; aperture very narrow, dilated at the base; columella narrowly truncate, outer lip sinuous, receding at the base. Length, 15 mill. Haiti. Unfgured and Doubtful Species. 0. NYSTIANA, Pfr. Length, 47 mill. Hab. unknown. 0. SMITHIANA, Pfeiffer. Haiti. O. OBLONGA, Pfeiffer. Near Vera Cruz, Mexico. O. CONULARIS, Pfeiffer. Mexico. 0. PULCHELLA, Pfeiffer. Chiapa, Mexico. O. MARGARITACEA, Pfeiffer. Cordova, Mexico. O. FOLLICULARTS, Morelet. Isle of Pines, Cuba. 0. WRIGHTII, Pfeiffer. Vinales and Bayamo, Cuba. O. TERES, Pfr. Buena Vista, Distr. Bayamo, Cuba. 26 OLEACTNA. 0. ANTONIANA, Pfr. (Achatina hyalina, Anton, not Rang). ' N. America. 0. MINUTISSIMA, Guppy. Trinidad, W. I. 0. CRENULATA (Sowb. ?), Anton. Central America. 0. SICILIS, Morclet. Guajaibon, Cuba. Section VARICELLA, Pfeiffer. 0. ORIZABA, Pfeiffer. PI. 3, fig. 1. Olivaceous brown, shining, longitudinally striated, with irregular, lighter-colored varices ; whorls 7 J, suture slightly margined. Length, 42 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. 0. MONILIFERA, Pfeiffer. PI. 3, fig. 2. Thin, pellucid, regularly costate, strire becoming evanescent in the middle of the penultimate whorl ; rosy orange, with a few chestnut, light-margined strigations ; whorls 7, suture granulose. Length, 29 mill. Cobanand Vera Paz, Guatemala; Cordova and Chiapa, Mexico. 0. rubella, Morelet, is a synonym. Crosse and Fischer de- scribe a Yar. /9, lighter-colored, somewhat narrower, sculpture distinct on the penultimate whorl, etc. 0. CORDOVANA, Pfr. PI. 3, fig. 4. Longitudinally plicate, shining, corneous, varices subflexuose, light chestnut ; whorls 7 -J, suture marginate, nodosely crenate. Length, 29 mill. Cordova, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. 0. LEUCOZONIAS, Walch. PI. 3, fig. 5. Longitudinally striate, shining, chestnut-color, with several remote undulating irregular white strigations. Length, 46 mill. Martinique, West Indies. This is Achatina albolineata, Lam. 0. DOMINICENSIS, Gmelin. PI. 3, fig. 3. Thin, closely costulate-striate, shining, reddish rose-color, with wide, distant, undulating chestnut strigations, whorls 7. Length, 34 mill. Haiti. The synonyms are Sulla turrita and B. maculata, Chemn., Achatina fuscolineata, Lam., and Polyphemus Bruguiereus, Bowd. OLE AC IN A. 27 O. SPECIOSA, Pfeiffer. PI. 3, fig. 11. Finely plicate, shining, corneous, with irregular distant sub- flexuous white varices ; whorls 8, suture elegantly nodulous- crenate. Length, 29 mill. Cordova, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. 0. PROCERA, Adams. PI. 3, fig. 9. Finely plicate, costate, shining, diaphanous, whitish, with longitudinal wide irregular chestnut blotches, interrupted on the last whorl about the periphery ; whorls 10, suture well impressed. Length, 30 mill. Jamaica. Figured from an authentic specimen. 0. PHILIPPIANA, Pfeiffer. PL 3, fig. 10. Narrowly costulate, rather thin, shining, grayish orange, with wide chestnut irregular strigations ; whorls 9, irregularly vari- cose, suture impressed, submarginate. Length, 29 mill. Jamaica. Var. ELEGANS, Adams. Costulae finer, strigations narrower. O. GRIFFITHSI, Adams. PL 3, fig. 8. Finely costulate, yellowish, corneous, sparsely strigate with chestnut; whorls 10, the last impressed in the middle, outer lip dilated towards the base, somewhat thickened within, whitish. Length, 22 mill. • Jamaica. O. LIGATA, Adams. PL 3, fig. 7. Longitudinally closely striate, shining, orange-brown, with distant irregular chestnut strigations, suture impressed, whorls 8, varicose, the last sulcately constricted in the middle. Length, 17 mill. Jamaica. 0. DENTICULATA, Weinland. PL 11, fig. 99. Shell thin, pellucid, milky hyaline, with impressed arcuate stride; whorls 7, suture simple; outer lip compressed in the middle, where it is furnished with a small tooth. Length, 17 mill. Port au Prince, Haiti. 28 OLE AGIN A. 0. JAMAICENSFS, Pfeiffer. PI. 3, fig. 6. Finely costulate, shining, whitish, with occasional chestnut strigations ; whorls 10, frequently varicose, the last becoming smooth below the peripher}^, suture crenulate, submarginate. Length, 22 mill. Jamaica. 0. TRINITARIA, Gundl. PI. 3, fig. 13. Shell thin, pellucid, yellowish brown, irregularly sculptured by impressed striae and occasional varices ; whorls 8, with mod- erate suture. Length, 27 mill. Mountains near Trinidad, Cuba. 0. GUNDLACHI, Pfeiffer. PI. 3, fig. 14. Thin, smooth, pallid corneous, indistinctly varicose ; whorls 7, suture lightly crenulated. Length, 15 mill. Letran, Cuba. Smaller than the preceding species, with more acute apex, the varices indistinct, suture crenulated, the outer lip more rounded. 0. STIGMATICA, Shuttle worth. PI. 3, fig. 18. Thin, obsoletely thinly striate, shining, corneous, with distant longitudinal chestnut strigations ; whorls 7, suture very narrowly margined and minutely crenulated ; outer lip chestnut-margined. Length, 14 mill. Cordova, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. 0. VENUSTA, Pfeiffer. PI. 3, fig. 16. Thin, pellucid, closely striate, rosy, with white and chestnut longitudinal strigations; whorls 7, suture margined; columella subvertical, twisted, lip sometimes white-margined within. Length, 18 mill. Jamaica. The color is sometimes a uniform yellowish rose. 0. NEMORENSIS, Adams. PI. 3, fig 15. Shell thin, shining, pellucid, closely longitudinally striate, rose-orange, with irregular longitudinal chestnut strigations ; whorls 7, suture submargined ; outer lip receding below the middle. Length, 20 mill. Jamaica. OLEACINA. 29 0. INGALLSIANA, Adams. PL 3, fig. 28. Light brownish, with a few dark chestnut strigations, longi- tudinally numerously minutely striate ; whorls 7, suture im- pressed, finely thread-like. Length, 19 mill. Jamaica. 0. SIMILTS, Adams. PI. 3, fig. 17. Differs from 0. nemorensis by its more rectilinear spire, more polished surface, with a few very minute striae, and wider brown markings ; spire shorter and stouter than in 0. Phillipsii. Length, 18 mill. f Jamaica. O. NITIDA, Adams. PI. 3, fig. 19. Shell polished, shining, reddish, with four or five varicose darker strigations in each whorl ; whorls 7-8, suture well im- pressed. Length, 24 mill. Jamaica. Un figured Species. 0. BIPLICATA, Weinland and Martens. Haiti. 0. DELICATULA, Shuttl. Vera Cruz, Mexico. O. COSTULOSA, Adams. Jamaica. 0. PTYCHORAPHE, Weinland and Martens. Haiti. O. GUADELOUPENSIS, Pfeiffer. Guadeloupe, W. I. 0. BOUCARDI, Pfeiffer. San Martin, Mexico. 0. TEXT A, Weinland and Martens. Jeremie, Haiti. 0. ANGIOSTOMA, Adams. Jamaica. 0. UNICOLOR, Adams. Jamaica. Section MELIA, Albers. • 0. SIMPLEX, Strebel. PI. 3, fig. 20. Somewhat pellucid, shining, corneous, with a pellucid band at the suture, becoming subturgid on the last whorl ; whorls 6^, with small close plications, stronger towards the suture, and close fine spiral impressed lines. Length, 31 mill. Oajaca, Mexico. Glandina turris, Martens (not Pfeiffer), is a synonym. 30 OLEACINA. O. MULTISPIRA, Pfeiffer. PL 3, fig. 25. Thin, shining, longitudinally striulate, corneous, with indis- tinct irregular pale strigations ; whorls 10, subplicate below the suture — which is crenulately margined. Length, 25 mill. Juquilla, Mexico. 0. GAYANA, Adams. PL 3, fig. 26. Thin, pellucid, yellowish, veiy finely plicatulate ; whorls 7, with short, remote reddish strigations below the simple suture. Length, 21 mill. Jamaica. O. PORTORICENSIS, Pfr. PL 3, fig. 21, magn. f . Shining, smooth, with irregular impressed longitudinal lines, light corneous, with irregular chestnut strigations. Length, 21 mill. Porto Rico, W. I. 0. Rmei, Pfeiffer, is a synonym. 0. TEREBB^FORMIS, Shuttleworth. PL 3, fig. 22, magn. f . Shell thin, very smooth, shining, with remote irregular im- pressed longitudinal lines ; reddish corneous, with occasional chestnut strigations ; whorls 7-8, suture well impressed. Length, 13 mill. Near Ceiba^ and Rio Blanco, Porto Rico. 0. SULCULOSA, Shuttleworth. PL 3, fig. 29. Smooth, thin, shining, with rather strongly impressed lines ; light corneous, with narrow chestnut strigations ; whorls 7. Length, 10 mill. Porto Rico. Smaller, and differing in sculpture from the preceding species. O. PHILLIPSII, Adams. PL 3, fig. 30, magn. {. Longitudinally striulate, shining, light corneous, with occa- sional chestnut strigations which do not reach the base of the last whorl; whorls 8, suture margined, subcrenulate. Length, 20 mill. Jamaica. 0. CURVILABRTS, Pfeiffer. PL 3, fig. 23, magn. f. Diaphanous, shining, finely costulate, yellowish brown, remotely strigate with white ; whorls 8, suture margined. Length, 16 mill. Jamaica. OLEACINA. 31 O. PROPINQUA, Adams. PL 3, fig 31. Ribbed, striate, shining, corneous, with subarcuate, usually white-margined, chestnut strigations ; whorls 7-8. Length, 14 mill. Jamaica. Figured from a small specimen in the Swift Collection. 0. PERPLEXA, Adams. PL 3, fig. 27. Finely striate, subpellucid yellowish brown, with chestnut, somewhat curved lines ; whorls 6j, suture impressed. Length, 8 mill. Jamaica. Figured from a specimen in the Philadelphia Academy. 0. VICINA, Adams. PL 3, fig. 32. Resembles a diminutive 0. Phillipsii, but the longitudinal striae closer, nowhere fasciate with chestnut, the subsutural marginal line more remote, the spire shorter. Length, 12 mill. Jamaica. O. ARCUATA, Pfeiffer. PL 3, fig. 24. Subulate, whorls 8, flattened, smooth, polished, with rather distant fine impressed longitudinal striae ; yellowish corneous with an occasional chestnut strigation. Length, 1 inch. Jamaica. Unfigured Species. O. PERLUCENS, Gupp}7. Dominica, W. I. 0. BLANDIANA, Adams. Jamaica. 0. PROXIMA, Adams. Jamaica. Section GLANDINA, H. and A. Adams. 0. ISABELLINA, Pfeifler. PL 5, fig. 65. Shell thin, pellucid, minutely spirally striate ; whorls 6, suture margined by an impressed line. Length, 26 mill. Mexico. 0. AURANTIACA, Angas. PL 5, fig. 67. Moderately thin, smooth, shining, bright tawn}' orange, darker towards the base of the columella ; whorls 5J-, suture impressed, purplish. Length, 23 mill. Costa Rica^ hilly country. Somewhat allied to 0. isabellina, but smaller, of different color and texture, quite smooth, and has the banded suture. 32 OLEACINA. 0. ORNATA, Pfeiffer. PI. 5, fig. 57. Crowded with regular longitudinal costuloe, pellucid, orange- red ; whorls 8, suture margined by a crenulated sulcus. Length, 72 mill. New Granada. 0, costulata, Pfeiffer, is a synonym. 0. TRUNCATA, Gmelin. PI. 4, fig. 56 ; PL 5, figs. 58, 60. Shell solid, with crowded longitudinal plicate striae and occa- sional sulci ; whorls 6, suture subcrenulately margined ; ash-rose or rose-yellow. Length, 65 mill. So. Carolma to Florida. This is 0. striata, Desk., and Polyphemus glans, Say. 0. PARALLELA, W. G. Binney. PL 5, fig. 59. Shell solid, shining, rose-yellow or whitish, cylindrically elevated, the sides compressed, subparallel ; longitudinally plicate-striate. Length, 55 mill. Louisiana, Texas. Is possibly only a variety of the last species. O. BULLATA, Gould. PL 6, fig. 75. Thin, pellucid, shining, reddish corneous to whitish, closely longitudinally plicate-striate ; whorls 5, the last inflated, suture undulating, submargined with white. Length, 38 mill. Louisiana. Possibly a form of 0. trancata, Gmel. 0. STRIATA, Miiller. PL 5, fig. 64. Solid, longitudinally finely striate-plicate ; whorls 7-8, suture margined, crenulated ; yellowish white, or light pink-yellow, inconspicuously narrowly striped with reddish brown. Length, 56 mill. Bolivia, Cayenne, N. Granada. The synonyms are Helix tenera, Gmel., H. incumbens, Dillw., 0. Mulleri, Gray, and 0. dactylus, Brod. 0. LINEATA, Strebel. PL 8, fig. 3. Yellowish flesh-color, with margined suture ; the longitudinal plicate strise crossed by fine spiral lines. Length, 45-49 mill. Mexico. Somewhat related to the preceding species in coloring, but differs in size and sculpture. OLEACINA. 33 O. STRIGOSA, Martens. PL 8, fig. 2. Closely plicately striate, crossed by minute spiral striae, rosy yellow, occasionally narrowly chestnut-striped ; suture crenu- lated, margined. Length, 54 mill. Mexico. Strebel considers this a variety of 0. striata. O. ALABASTRINA, Albers. PL 5, fig. 61. Solid, closely regularly plicate-striate, whitish, shining ; whorls 7, suture margined, denticulate-crenulate. Length, 51 mill. Tabasco, Central America. O. MARMINII, Desh. PL 5, fig. 72. Shell thin, pellucid, white, broadly longitudinally plicate, suture elegantly crenated. Length, 53 mill. Habitat unknown. O. SEMISULCATA, Desh. PL 5, fig. 63. Regularly plicate-striate, becoming smooth at the base, orange- brown, distantly strigate with chestnut. Length, 37 mill. Habitat unknown. O. FLEXUOSA, Pfeiffer. PL 5, fig. 68. Solid, longitudinally flexuously plicate-striate ; fulvous, with narrow chestnut strigations ; whorls 7, the last deflected towards the aperture, suture subcrenated. Length, 53 mill. Aux Cayes, Haiti. 0. TURRIS, Pfeiffer. PL 5, fig. 62. Closely slightly costate-striate, rather thin, diaphanous, pink white ; whorls 7, suture margined ; aperture subdilated below. Length, 43 mill. Mazatlan. 0. STREBELI, Angas. PL 5, fig. 69. Thin, shining, finely longitudinally striate, the striae nearly obsolete on the last whorl ; olive-green ; whorls 5-J, suture simply impressed. Length, 23 mill. Costa Eica. O. ANOMALA, Angas. PL 5, fig. 66. Thin, shining,, yellowish olive-green, dark brown towards the apex, flatly longitudinally striate, striae becoming obsolete on the lower portion of the whorls, especially the last ; whorls 7, suture granulated. Length, 35 mill. Costa Rica, hilly regions. 3 34 OLEACINA. O. CYLTNDRUS, Martens. PI. 8, fig. 8. Closely, lightly ribbed-striate, somewhat thin, white ; whorls 7, apex very obtuse ; suture elegantly crenulated, but without a distinct impressed line. Length, 39 mill. Columbia, S. A. O. LUCIDA, Strebel. PL 8, fig. 4. Orange-brown, acutely and closely plicate ; whorls 5 J, suture lightly crenate. Length, 41 mill. New Granada. O. FILOSA, Pfeiffer. PI. 6, fig. 76. Solid, longitudinally closely threaded-plicate, light rosy ; whorls 6, suture subsimple ; aperture reddish. Length, 39 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. Yar. MAJOR, Crosse and Fisher. Reddish brown, columella strongly curved. Length, 42 mill. 0. ALBEBSI, Pfeiffer. PI. 6, fig. 84. Shell thin, closely longitudinally striate, pellucid, light red- dish ; whorls 5J-6, suture subsimple. Length, 30 mill. Mazatlan, West Coast of Mexico. O. TURGIDA, Pfeiffer. Orange-brown; lightly, closely striated, scarcely shining; whorls 7, suture smoothly crenulated. Length, 30 mill. An unfigured species. Juquila, Mexico. 0. CONFERTA, Pfeiffer. PI. 8, fig. 6. Somewhat thin, pellucid, yellowish, shining, closely plicate- striate ; whorls 8, suture submargined. Length, 25 mill. Juquila, Mexico. 0. DIFFICILIS, Crosse and Fischer. PL 6, fig. 78. Rather thin, longitudinally striate, body-whorl becoming smooth below the middle ; light orange-red ; whorls 7 J, suture rather irregularly impressed. Length, 20 mill. Mexico. A slightly contorted columella reminds one of the genus Streptostyla. 0. TEXASIANA, Pfeiffer. PI. 6, fig. 82. Moderately solid, pellucid, closely longitudinally striate, orange-rose color; whorls 6, suture minutely denticulated, lighter-colored. Length, 29 mill. Texas. OLEACINA. 35 O. PSEUDOTURRIS, Strebel. PI. 8, fig. 7. Like 0. isabellina, but with closer, more distinct striae, not tuberculate at the suture ; whorls 6^ ; columella strongly twisted, not inflated above, but excavated. Length, 26 mill. Juquila, State of Oajaca, Mexico. Described from a single imperfect specimen. 0. TORTILLANA, Pfeiffer. PI. 6, fig. 79. Moderately solid, with regular, close, longitudinal striae, pellucid, shining, light corneous, with irregular, opaque, yel- lowish brown strigations and maculations ; whorls 7 J, suture submarginate. Length, 20 mill. Tortilla, Central America. O. YUCATANENSIS, Pfeiffer. PL 8, fig. 10. Hyaline fulvous; closely longitudinally plicate-striate; whorls 6, suture margined, denticulated. Length, 23 mill. Yucatan. This is 0. Largillierti, var., of Crosse and Fischer. It may be compared with 0. carnea, Pfeiffer. O. NANA, Shuttleworth. PI. 6, fig. 80. Rather thin, regularly closely sulcate-costulate, fuscous, light- banded at the suture ; whorls 6. Length, 13 mill. Cordova, Mexico. O. SUBEMARGINATA, Desh. PI. 6, fig. 77. Shell thin, hyaline, longitudinally, thinly, obsoletely striated ; brownish red ; whorls 6?, the last obtuse at base, suture subcan- aliculate and thinly plicate. Length, 42 mill. Habitat unknown. O. MITRIFORMIS, Angas. PI. 7, fig. 94. Moderately thin, shining, irregularly obsoletely striated, striae finer and closer on the upper whorls ; olive-chestnut, with a narrow yellow zone next the suture, aperture lilac ; whorls 5. Length, 28 mill. Costa Rica. Described from a single specimen collected by the late W. M. Gabb. O. POLITA, Strebel. PL 8, fig. 14. Rather thin, translucent, very shining, brownish yellow, longi- tudinally plicate. Length, 16 mill. Mexico. Described from a single specimen. 36 OLEACINA. * Decussated. O. LIGNARIA, Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 81, 85. Rather thin, closely striate, decussated by remote, impressed spiral lines, which are slighter towards the base, scarcely shining ; red-brown, with irregular chestnut strigations ; whorls 8, suture rudely crenulated. Length, 94-116 mill. Mexico. Strebel considers this a form of 0. Sowerbyana. 0. FUSIFOBMTS, Pfeiffer. PI. 6, fig. 88. Thin, closely longitudinally costulate, reticulated by minute spiral lines, orange-red, with deeper-colored apex, irregularly strigate ; whorls 7-8, suture margined ; columella and margin of aperture reddish. Length, 87 mill. Coban and Vera Paz, Central America. Yar. STRAMINEA, Crosse and Fischer. Straw-color, strigate with light orange-red, apex and outer margin of aperture reddish, interior pearly white. O. SOWERBYANA, Pfeiffer. PI. 6, fig. 86. Rather thin, diaphanous, closely longitudinally plicate, granu- larly decussated by irregular spiral striae ; orange-red, with distant chestnut strigations ; whorls 7, suture crenulated, white- margined. Length, 88 mill. Mexico. O. ESTEFANL^, Strebel. PI. 8, fig. 5. Differs in form principally from 0. Sowerbyana, of which Strebel originally considered it a variety. Length, 60 mill. Mexico. O. ATTRATA, Morelet. PI. 6, fig. 83. Solid, opaque, shining, violaceous orange, granulately decus- sated ; whorls 6, suture white, margined, denticulated ; margin of aperture somewhat thickened, pearly within. Length, 87 mill. Vera Paz, Guatemala (in woods). 0. DISTINGUENDA, Tryon. PI. 8, fig. 13. This shell, figured by Strebel as a narrow variety of 0. aurata, is immediately separable from that species by its slim form. Length, 72 mill. Mexico. OLEACTNA. 37 O. CORONATA, Pfeiffer. PL 6, fig. 87. Rather thin, subdiaphanous, closely longitudinally plicate, irregularly decussated by distant impressed spiral lines, which become obsolete below the middle of the body-whorl, reddish, with chestnut maculations becoming lighter below; whorls 7, suture coronated with distant teeth. Length, 88 mill. Mexico. O. GUTTATA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 7, fig. 92. Rather thin, subdiaphanous, somewhat shining; longitudinally plicate-striate, granularly decussated b}- distant spiral impressed lines, evanescent below the middle of the last whorl ; reddish brown, with irregular chestnut strigations and }rellowish white maculations ; whorls 7, suture unequally, subdistantly dentate- coronate ; aperture somewhat pearly, shining, light reddish brown. Length, 69 mill. Puebla, Mexico. 0. LIEBMANNI, Pfeiffer. PL 7, fig. 91. Solid, longitudinally plicate, closely obsoletely decussated by spiral lines in the interstices ; whitish ; whorls 8, suture elegantly crenulated. Length, 67 mill. Mexico. 0. striata, Reeve, is a synonym. O. PLICATULA, Pfeiffer. PL 7, fig. 96. Thin, diaphanous, slightly shining, closely longitudinally plicately striate, obsoletely decussated by spiral lines ; brownish red; whorls 7, suture margined, minutely crenulated. Length, 60 mill. Andes, New Granada. Yar. CINNAMOMEO-FUSCA. With obsolete lighter maculations. Venezuela. Yar. PINICOLA. Rather smaller, thin, moderately shining, obsoletely rudely plicate, rather distantly decussated by spiral striae ; orange-red, with very few white varices ; suture irregu- larly dentate-crenate. Length, 50 mill. Guatemala. O. FULMINEA, Ferussac. PL 7, fig. 90. Finely decussated, alternately maculated and strigated with reddish violet and white ; whorls 8-9, suture waved. Length, 64 mill. Habitat unknown. A remarkable species, the type of which was in the Delessert Collection. 38 OLEACINA. 0. SUBVARICOSA, Albers. PL 7, fig. 89. Thin, subarcuately plicate, closely spirally striate ; light red- dish, irregularly strigate with white and orange-brown, subvari- cose ; whorls 7, suture whitish, crenulated. Length, 61 mill. Venezuela. 0. UHDEANA, Martens. PL 9, fig. 26. Closely rather obsoletely plicate, partially reticulately decus- sated by impressed spiral lines; somewhat shining; rosy brown, with a few brown and white strigations ; whorls 7, suture irregu- larly dentate. Length, 67 mill. Vera Cruz, Mexico. Said to be closely allied to 0. subvaricosa, Albers. It may possibly also equal 0. Coulteri, Gray. O. COGNATA, Strebel. PL 8, fig. 9. Rather solid, light brownish yellow, darker towards the apex, whitish within, becoming brownish red towards the margin, occasionally strigately thickened ; sculpture as in 0. Uhdeana, but more feebly marked. Length, 56 mill. Tehuantepec, Mexico. 0. NYMPHA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 7, fig. 97. Rather solid, longitudinally, irregularly ribbed-striate, with undulating impressed spiral lines ; whorls 8, suture irregularly, shortly denticulate-crenate. Length, 60 mill. Mexico. O. ROSEA, Ferussac. PL 7, fig. 95. Somewhat attenuated at both extremities, orange-rose color, closely striated, granulated between the striae ; whorls 6j, suture margined and denticulated. Length, 60 mill. Central America. Yar. /9. Yellowish orange. Yar. 7-. Subelongate, ovately fusiform, suture and aperture red-margined. The synonymy includes 0. Cumingii, Beck, and 0. Petiti, var., Strebel, who unites it with that species. 0. PETITI, Deshayes. PL 7, fig. 98. Rather solid, very closely longitudinally plicate-striate, nar- OLEACINA. 39 rowly spirally striate ; light orange-j-cllow ; whorls 6, suture crenulately margined. Length, 40 mill. Vicinity of Lake Nicaragua. Strebel unites this with the preceding species. O. VANUXEMII, Lea. PI. 7, fig. 99. Thin, pellucid, decussated by longitudinal and spiral striae to about the middle of the body -whorl ; orange-rose color ; whorls 6, suture crenulated. Length, 53 mill. Mexico, Texas. O. SACCATA, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 22. Rather solid, plicately striate, decussated by very minute spiral lines, sculpture smoother below, on the body-whorl, the base somewhat distended ; reddish corneous ; whorls 6^, suture closely crenulated, thread-margined. Length, 56 mill. Ecuador. O. AMCENA, Martens. PI. 7, fig. 100. Closely striulate, decussated by fine undulating spiral lines, shining, rosy orange ; whorls 7, suture crenate. Length, 45 mill. Mexico. Var. ft. PLICULOSA. Larger, more solid , with obsoletely impressed longitudinal plications, the spiral lines obsoletely whitish cor- neous. Strebel makes this species a variety of 0. Audebardi. O. INSIGNIS, Pfeiffer. PL 7, fig. 1. Somewhat solid, rather distantly distinctly plicate, the inter- stices finel}7 decussately granulated ; rose-red, the plications lighter; whorls 7, suture margined by an impressed line, and regularly denticulate. Length, 48 mill. Jalisco, Mexico. 0. Liebmanni, form D ? of Strebel. 0. LONGULA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 9, fig. 20. Rather thin, obsoletely plicately striate, decussated by finer spiral striae ; orange-straw color, white within ; whorls 7, suture elegantly crenulated, not margined. Length, 45 mill. E. San Juan, Mexico. O. RADULA, Strebel. PL 8, fig. 15. Longitudinally closely plicate, denticulating the suture ; whorls 7, color ? (only specimen denuded of epidermis). Length, 40 mill. Tehuantepec, Mexico. 40 OLEACINA. 0. CARMINENSIS, Morelet. PI. 9, fig. 25. Rather solid, closely plicate, very minutely decussated, brown- ish rose-color to whitish, here and there strigate with chestnut ; whorls 7, suture narrowly granularly margined. Length, 48 mill. Isl. Carmen, Lake Yucatan. A variety /9: yellowish white and smaller, is described by Crosse and Fischer. O. DECUSSATA, Deshayes. PL 9, fig. 28. Moderately solid, closely longitudinally striate, decussated by thinner spiral striae ; reddish brown or corneous ; whorls 7, suture margined and crenulated ; columella twisted. Length, 45 mill. Mexico, lex as. 0. corneola, W. G. Binney, is a synonym. The shell is closely related to the preceding species. 0. EQUADORIANA, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 19. Somewhat solid, finely regularly plicate-striate, sometimes dichotomous, spirally interruptedly very minutely lineated ; shining, reddish corneous ; whorls 7, suture thread-margined and rudely granulated. Length, 62 mill. Val de Pilaton, Ecuador. 0. TENELLA, Strebel. PL 8, fig. 11. Shell thin, pellucid, plications less crowded than in 0. decus- sata, flatter and unequal, the spiral striae less distinct ; light yellowish pink, darker towards the suture and on the peristome and columella ; whorls 6, suture margined ; columella slightly twisted. Length, 35 mill. Near Vera Cruz, Mexico. O. GHIESBREGHTI, Pfeiffer. PL 8, figs. 16, 18. Thin, closely longitudinally plicate, decussated by very narrow spiral striae ; orange-white, peristome darker-bordered ; whorls 7, turgid and subangulated above, suture crenulately thread- margined ; columella obliquely plicate towards the base. Length, 52 mill. Chiapa, Mexico. Yar. ft : MINOR. Very light olivaceous yellow, whorls 6, inte- rior pearly white, peristome bordered with light rose-color, OLEACINA. 41 columella obliquety plicate at the base. Described and figured by Crosse and Fischer. 0. AUDEBARDI, Deshayes. PL 9, fig. 27. Shell thin, hyaline, light orange-red, lightly plicate-striate, crossed by thin spiral striae ; whorls 6^, suture crenately mar- gined ; columella concave, twisted. Length, 62 mill. Central America. 0. MIRADORENSIS, Strebel. PL 8, fig. 17. Shell translucent, shining, brownish flesh-color ; irregularly longitudinally plicate, the plicae becoming sharper towards the suture and obsolete towards the base, crossed b}T rather sharp spiral striae ; suture crenulated, margined, subh}Taline. Length, 46 mill. Mirador, Mexico. First figured by Strebel as a form of 0. Audebardi. O. INDUSIACA, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 21. Moderately solid, rugosely longitudinally striate, crossed by close revolving striae; yellowish brown, with here and there the remnants of a chestnut-colored epidermis ; whorls 5^, suture subcrenate ; last whorl subinflated, the spiral sculpture obsolete below the middle ; columella subvertical ; aperture pearly within. Length, 43 mill. Oajaca, Mexico. O. CARNEA, Pfeiffer. PL 7, fig. 93. Moderately solid, diaphanous, shining, decussated by striae which beco*me obsolete inferiorly ; orange-rose color ; whorls 6, suture closely, elegantly denticulated. Length, 27 mill. Central America, Mexico. This is 0. turris, Desh., and 0. Yucatanensis, Strebel. O. CYLINDRACEA, Phillips. PL 8, fig. 12. Moderately thick, pellucid, finely longitudinally striated, the striae crossed by very minute lines ; very pale flesh-color ; whorls 7, suture crenulated. Length, 29 mill. Yucatan. Only known by the outline figure, of which I give a copy ; it is very probably identical with the preceding species — over which it has priority of publication. 42 OLEACINA. Un figured and Undetermined Species. 0. BINNEYANA, Pfr. Like 0. striata, Mull. ; spire shorter, coln- mella arcuate, etc. Vera Paz, Guatemala. 0. CANDIDA, Shuttleworth. A little like 0. tun-is, Pfr. ; form more like that of 0. algira, Brug. Mexico. 0. COULTERI, Gray. I have not access to the publication in which this species is described and figured. It is possibly a large form of 0. Uhdeana, Martens. 0. CONSPERSA, Pfeiffer. Hob. unknown. 0. LARGILLIERTI, Pfeiffer. May be compared with 0. Yucata- nensis, Pfr. Yucatan. 0. DECIDUA. Pfeiffer. Juquila, Mexico. 0. BRUGUIEREA, Fer., 0. GLANDULA, Fer., 0. MARMOREA (Perry) Fer., 0. TIARELLA, FeV., 0. FIMBRTATA, Beck, O. GRACILIS, Beck — all undescribed and undetermined. Section POIRETIA, Fischer, 1883. 0. ALGIRA, Brug. PL 5, figs. 70, .71 ; PI. 6, tigs. 73, 74. Thin, closely longitudinally striate ; epidermis light yellowish brown ; whorls 6-7, rapidly increasing, subplanulate, suture nar- rowly margined, minutely crenulated. Length, 40 mill. Marine Provinces of Austria, Dalmatia, Morea, Algiers, Italy. The synonymy includes 0. Poireti, Fer., 0. striata, Montf., 0. cornea, Brumati, 0. Bonensis, Albers, 0. angustata, Villa. Yar. MINGRELICA, Bottger. PL 6, fig. 73. Transcaucasia. Yar. COMPRESSA, Mousson. (Unfigured.) Corfu, Cephalonia, Epirus. Dr. Pfeiffer distinguishes this and the following variety as doubtful species. Yar. DILATATA, Ziegler. PL 6, fig. 74. Rather thin, closely costulate-striate ; yellowish white; whorls 6-7, suture finely crenulated, white-margined. Length, 36 mill. Sicily, Algiers. 0. tumida, Villa is a S37nonym. O. DELESSERTI, Bourguignat. (Unfigured.) Corfu. STREPTOSTYLA. 43 Section SELASIELLA, Strebel, 1878. O. JOAQUIN^E, Strebel. PI. 9, fig. 33. Shell moderately solid, translucent, shining, yellowish, with brownish yellow growth-lines, irregularly longitudinally plicate, suture marked by a transparent zone, last whorl slightly con- tracted in the middle, somewhat sack-like below. Length, 8*5 mill. Jalapa, Mexico. O. PERPUSILLA, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 32. Thin, longitudinally arcuately striate, pellucid, shining, yel- lowish ; whorls 5, suture profound, narrowly margined. Length, 4'5 mill. Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. O. MODESTA, Pfeiffer. (Unfigured.) Near Vera Cruz, Mexico. Pfeiffer writes " Conf. 0. perpusilla." It is about the same size. Genus STREPTOSTYLA, Shuttleworth, 1852. Typical Section. S. PERUVIANA, Lamarck. PI. 11, fig. 97. Thin, subpellucid, longitudinally elegantly striate, decussated with spiral striae, with spiral folds or lamellae at the base of the shell, suture subcanaliculate ; white, with chestnut clouds and streaks. Length, 48 mill. Peru. It is Helix pretiosa, Fer. S. RICHARDI, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 85, 86. Rather thin, diaphanous, closely longitudinally plicate-striate, the striae becoming obsolete towards the middle of the body- whorl, everywhere closely spirally striate, suture impressed, crenately margined ; orange-brown, with angular streaks of dark chestnut. Length, 28 mill. Haiti. S. NICOLETI, Shuttleworth. PL 11, fig. 93. Rather solid, opaque, longitudinally costulate, the sculpture more prominent near the suture ; shining chestnut-colored. Length, 33 mill. Cordova, Mexico. 44 STREPTOSTYLA. S. BOTTERIANA, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 11, fig. 95. Spire gradate, each whorl having a narrow sloping shoulder, bounded by an angle ; body-whorl widely compressed in the middle ; longitudinally plicate-striate ; tawny chestnut. Length, 8*5 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. Distinguished at once by its peculiar form. Un figured Species. S. MOHRIANA, Pfr. Orizaba, Mexico. S. DUBIA, Pfr. Chiapa, Mexico. Pfeiffer, in his " Nomenclator," considers both of these doubtful species. Section CHERSOMITRA, Martens. S. DELATTREI, Pfeiffer. PL 10, fig. 49. Rather solid, smooth, shining; fulvous, with irregular distant longitudinal curved chestnut lines. Length, 38 mill. Guatemala. Yar. ft. Slightly smaller, with more numerous chestnut streaks. S. QUIROZI, Strebel. PI. 11, fig. 92. Rather solid, opaque, shining, smooth, yellowish chestnut- color, with a small sutural yellowish white band. Mexico. Smaller-sized than S. Delattrei, with shorter spire and a little more prominent rounded shoulder, darker-colored, and without chestnut strigations. S. SHUTTLEWORTHI, Pfeiffer. PL 10, figs. 52, 53. Thin, smooth, shining, with irregular impressed lines, suture sublacerated ; yellowish brown, with variciform occasional chest- nut streaks. Length, 33 mill. Cordova and Chiapa, Mexico. I figure, in addition to the type form, a more ventricose, darker- colored variety (fig. 53). S. SALLEI, Crosse and Fischer. PL 10, fig. 50. Rather thin, shining, obsoletely striulate; suture lacerated; olivaceous, with variciform light luteous strigations and macula. tions, aperture grayish white. Length, 40 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. STREPTOSTYLA. 45 S. EDWARDSIANA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 10, fig. 51. Narrower than the preceding species, shining, striulate, suture widely margined ; fulvous olivaceous, with light chestnut varici- form strigations, aperture bluish white. Length, 36 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. S. SIMILIS, Strebel. PL 10, fig. 54. Rather thin, translucent, shining, yellowish brown, with nar- rower or broader darker streaks ; with impressed longitudinal striae, visible near the suture ; no spiral sculpture ; on the body- whorl there is a narrow colorless sutural zone. Orizaba, Mexico. S. CTNGULATA, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 10, fig. 55. Thin, smooth, shining ; pale olivaceous brown, with irregular darker strigations ; suture with short, impressed lines ; aperture bluish white. Length, 25 mill. Tuxtla, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. S. NIGRICANS, Pfeiffer. PL 10, fig. 56. Moderately solid, polished, very minutely striate ; chocolate- color, with narrow, distant fulvous strigations, suture light- margined, the base yellowish brown, interior lighter chocolate. Length, 35 mill. Vera Paz, Central America. Yar. /9. Smaller and lighter-colored. Tabasco, Mexico. S. MITR^FORMIS, Shuttleworth. PL 10, fig. 57. Moderately solid, obsoletely striulate, polished, chocolate- colored with a few wide yellowish brown strigations, base yellowish brown, spire lighter-colored, with chestnut apex, suture margined with an obsolete impressed line. Length, 26 mill. Cordova, Mexico. Smaller, narrower, the spire slightly more produced, and the suture without the colored marginal band of the preceding species. S. LURIDA, Shuttleworth. PL 10, fig. 59. Shining, obsoletely striulate, suture slightly channeled ; oliva- ceous chestnut, lighter at suture and base. Length, 15 mill. Cordova, Mexico. 46 STREPTOSTYLA. S. FULVIDA, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 10, fig. 60. Smooth, shining, scarcely pellucid ; orange-chestnut, with a grayish white sutural band. Length, 16 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. S. GLANDIFORMIS, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 10, fig. 61. Smooth, shining, pellucid ; olivaceous brown, with a few distant irregular chestnut strigations, suture white-margined ; aperture bluish white; lip simple, thickened, white. Length, 14 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. S. BOCOURTI, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 10, fig. 62. Thin, smooth, pellucid, shining, scarcely striulate ; orange- brown ; suture profoundly impressed, canaliculate. Length, 14 mill. Coban, Guatemala. Yar. ft. Fuscous, narrower, spire longer. Length, 13'5 mill. Mexico. Yar. ?. Major. Length, 24 mill. Mexico. S. BOUCARDI, Pfeiffer. PI. 10, fig. 72. Thin, smooth, shining, suture smooth ; dark olivaceous or reddish brown. Length, 17 mill. Juquila, Mexico. S. SOLOLENSIS, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 10, fig. 63. Thin, pellucid, smooth, shining; suture lightly impressed; light olivaceous horn-color, aperture bluish white. Length, 18 mill. Solola, Guatemala. S. IRRIGUA, Shuttleworth. PL 10, fig. 58. Thin, shining, obsoletely striulate ; yellowish brown, with darker narrow flexuous strigations. Length, 24 mill. Cordova, Mexico. Smaller and narrower than S. Delattrei. S, TUROIDULA, Pfr. PI. 10, fig. 65. Somewhat thin, striulate, shining; suture crenulafe ; light yellowish brown, with subimpressed, variciform, pellucid striga- tions; aperture pearly white. Length, 31 mill. Cordova, Mexico. STREPTOSTYLA. 47 S. BLANDIANA, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 10, fig. 69. Moderately solid, smooth, with irregular impressed lines ; suture subcrenulate ; light olivaceous brown, inconspicuously dotted with yellowish, with irregular variciform olivaceous chestnut strigations ; interior bluish white. Length, 28 mill. Cordova, Mexico. Strebel makes this a synonym of S. coniformis, Shutt., below. S. BINNEYANA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 10, fig. 68. Moderatel}' solid, smooth, shining ; light olivaceous brown, with irregular inconspicuous yellowish white spots, apex white, interior bluish white. Length, 18*5 mill. Totonicapan, Guatemala. S. CONIFORMIS, Shuttle worth. PI. 10, figs. 64, 74. Somewhat solid, polished, obsoletely striulate, suture sub- channeled ; yellowish brown. Length, 20 mill. Cordova, Mexico. Strebel makes S. Pfeifferi, C. and F., and S. Blandiana, C. and F., both synonyms of this species. S. PLICATULA, Strebel. PI. 10, fig. 70. A wider species than S. coniformis, with more convex body- whorl, and more apparent striae at the sutures ; color somewhat lighter. Length, 18 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. S. PFEIFFERI, Crosse. PI. 10, fig. 66. Moderately solid, smooth, with linear, impressed suture ; orange-brown, with irregular darker strigations. Length, 19 mill. Mexico. Strebel makes this a synonym of S. coniformis, Shuttl. My specimens of the two species are barely distinguishable in form and coloring, the present being darker. It was described by Pfeiffer as Achatina streptostyla, and the specific name being subsequently used in a generic sense, Crosse changed it, as above. S. CRASSA, Strebel. PI. 10, fig. 71. Shell thick, opaque ; dark orange-brown, lighter at the base, lip-margin moderately broad, yellowish ; longitudinally striate, the striae ridge-like at the sutures. Length, 1 inch. Coban, Guatemala. 48 STREPTOSTYLA. S. SCHNEIDERI, Strebel. PL 10, fig. 73. Shell solid, nearly opaque, polished ; yellowish horn-color to light ochre-yellowish, with a few slightly darker strigations ; surface covered with irregular, slight striae, becoming more rib- like at the sutures, where there is a translucent band, defined on the last whorl by a slight groove. Length, 21-25 mill. Coban, Guatemala. Nearly allied to the preceding species. S. VIRIDULA, Angas. PL 27, fig. 8. Thin, shining, longitudinally striate on the upper part of the whorls, the strife becoming almost obsolete on the lower half of the body- whorl ; suture subcanaliculate ; pale yellowish green. Length, 16 mill. Costa Rica. S. BOYERTANA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 10, fig. 67. Moderately solid, shining, pellucid, smooth ; light olivaceous brown, the suture with an inconspicuous j^ellowish line. Length, 14 mill. Orizaba, Mexico. S. CYLINDRACEA, Pfeiffer. PL 11, fig. 98. Smooth, shining; yellowish brown, the linear suture white margined. Length, 13 mill. Tortilla, Cent. Am.; Merida, Yucatan. S. ventricosula, Morelet (from the latter locality), is a synonym. S. DYSONI, Pfeiffer. PL 11, fig. 75. Thin, smooth, pellucid, shining; yellowish brown. Length, 9'5 mill. Honduras. Very closely allied to the preceding species. S. CORNEA, Crosse and Fischer. PL 11, fig. 88. Thin, smooth, pellucid, shining; olivaceous horn-colored. Length, 14 mill. Guatemala. Not quite so cylindrical in form as the preceding species; yet probably only a variety of it. S. FLAVESCENS, Shuttleworth. PL 11, fig. 76. Thin, somewhat shining, obsoletely striulate, with slightly crenulated sutures ; corneous white, with remote yellowish brown strigations. Length, 16 mill. Cordova, Mexico. STREPTOSTYLA. 49 S/LYMNEIFORMIS, Shuttleworth. PL 11, fig. 77. Thin, striulate ; light brownish }rellow, with darker narrow strigations. Length, 17 mill. Cordova, Mexico. S. AURTCULACEA, Pfeiflfer. PI. 11, fig. 82. Rather thin, smooth, pellucid, shining, suture margined ; red- dish horn-color. Length, 16 mill. Cordova, Mexico. S. SARGI, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 11, figs. 78, 79. Moderately solid, or thin, rather smooth, shining; light oliva- ceous horn-color, suture white-margined ; interior bluish white. Length, 13*5 mill. Guatemala. Yar. ft. Major. Lighter-colored, with fulvous strigations. Length, 14*5 mill. S. PHYSODES, Shuttleworth. PI. 11, fig. 89. Moderately solid, smooth, shining; suture margined; light yellowish brown. Length, 13 mill. Cordova and Chiapa, Mexico. Var. ft. Pallida. Length, 17 mill. S. VEXANS, Strebel. PL 11, fig. 96. Moderately solid, translucent ; bright yellowish brown, with a broad transparent zone at the suture, partly defined by a groove. Length, 8'7 mill. Mexico. S. CUBANIANA, Orb. PL 11, fig. 80. Rather thin, smoothish, diaphanous, shining ; yellowish brown, with subregular distant chestnut lines ; suture simple. Length, 28 mill. Cuba. S. EPISCOPALTS, Morelet. PL 11, fig. 90. Moderately solid, longitudinally costulate-striate above, suture smooth, submarginate ; yellowish brown, shining. Length, 23 mill. Cuba. S. MORELETIANA, PfY. PL 11, fig. 91. Moderately solid, smooth, shining, suture distinctly margined ; corneous white. Length, 18 mill. Cuba. 50 PSEUDOSUBULTNA. S. SUTURALIS, Pfr. PL 11, fig. 84. Shell thin, pellucid, shining; greenish corneous; the suture profound, chestnut or chocolate-color. Length, 10'5 mill. Cuba. Unfigured Species of Streptostyla. S. DELIBUTA, and S. LABIDA, Morelet. Vera Paz, Guatemala. S. MERIDANA, Morelet. Merida, Yucatan. S. COBANENSIS, Tristram. Guatemala. S. SUBCALLOSA, Pfr. Venezuela. S. BULLACEA, Pfr. Tabasco, Mexico. S. BICONIOA, S. CATENATA, S. OBLONGA and S. PARVULA, Pfr. Chiapa, Mexico. Subgenus PETENIA, Crosse and Fischer, 1868. The differential characters are principally found in the soft parts, although the single species presents a peculiarity in its shell in possessing a central spiral band. S. LIGULATA, Morelet. PL 11, fig. 87. Rather smooth, shining, olivaceous yellow with a median nar- row dark chestnut band, suture margined. Length, 15 mill. Peten and Palenque, Guatemala. Genus PSEUDOSUBULINA, Strebel and Pfeffer, 1882. P. BERENDTI, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 35. Moderately solid, subdiaphanous, yellowish white, closely plicate, whorls 12. Length 12'5 mill, Orizaba and Mirador, Mexico. P. CHIAPENSIS, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 36. Moderately solid, pellucid, shining, yellowish white, closely plicately striate , whorls 9-10, suture subcrenulately margined. Length, 16 mill. Chiapa, Mexico. P. SARGI, Crosse and Fischer. PL 9, fig, 31. Closely plicately striate, pellucid, shining, rather thin, oliva- ceous horny; whorls 9, suture slightly crenulated, apex obtuse. Length, 14 mill. Guatemala. VOLUTAXIS. 51 P. TROCHLEA, PfeifFer. PL 9, fig. 34. Thin diaphanous, shining, 3'ellowish white, obliquely minutely striate ; whorls 10, suture profound. Length, 23 mill. Mexico. Genus VOLUTAXIS, Strebel and Pfeffer, 1882. Y. SULCIFERUS, Morelet. PL 9, fig. 38. Subdiaphanous, elegantly longitudinally costulate, light cor- neous , whorls 8, convex ; columella white. Length, 8 mill. Guatemala. Y. BERENDTII, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 30. Rather thin, subhyaline, closely plicate, whorls 8. Length, 7 mill. Mirador, near Vera Cruz, Mexico. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. V. euptyctus, Pfr. (unfigured), is considered a synonym by Strebel. Y. TENUECOSTATUS, Strebel. PL 9, fig. 39. Distinguished from the two preceding species by its more obtuse apex, fewer whorls and finer ribs.' Mexico. Described from a single specimen. Y. SIMILARIS, Strebel. PL 9, fig. 40. Differs from V. sulciferus principally in its narrower, more cylindrical form. Near Jalapa, Mexico. V. Miradorensis, Strebel, is possibly an abnormal or local form of V. similaris, as suspected by that author. Y. CONFERTECOSTATUS, Strebel. PL 9, figs. 41, 42. Distinguished from the last species by its more slender form, more acuminated spire, higher whorls, and especially by its much finer and more numerous ribs, 55 to 60 in number. Xear Jalapa, Mexico. Y. iNTERMEDius, Strebel. PL 9, figs. 43, 44. Resembling the preceding species, but stouter, with about 40 ribs — somewhat impinging on the sutural line. Near Jalapa, Mexico. 52 RAVENIA. Y. CONFERTESTRTATUS, Strcbel. PI. 9, fig. 45. Approaches in form the preceding species, but has the more numerous plications of V. confer 'tecostatuv, although they are not so strong as in the latter species. Near Jalapa, and Mirador, Mexico. Y. NITIDUS, Strebel. PL 9, figs. 46, 47. Shell shining, clear yellowish horn-color, with a narrow sutural zone ; surface essentially smooth, with distantly marked growth- lines. Mexico. Y. LINEARIS, Pfeiffer. PI. 9, fig, 48. Very thin, hyaline, closely striate, whorls 7. Length, 15 mill. Near Vera Cruz, Mexico. Y. ACUS, Shuttleworth. PL 9, fig. 24. Shell whitish corneous, sharply, regularly costulate ; whorls 12-13, flattened in the middle, very convex near the sutures. Length, 16 mill. Near Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Y. MELANIELLOIDES, Gundlach. PL 9, fig. 29. Closely, somewhat arcuately striate, thin, pellucid, yellowish white ; whorls 8, somewhat flattened in the middle, very obscurely angulated at the base. Length, 6'5 mill. Cuba. Y. RECTUS, Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 31. Rather thin, closely subarcuately plicatulate, somewhat shining, wax-colored; whorls 7, suture impressed; columella slightly callous, with a light superior plication. Length, 5 mill. Sierra Monte Christi, Haiti. Y. BLANDI, Crosse and Fischer. PL 9, fig. 23. Thin, diaphanous, obsoletely plica tely striate, striae rather distant, more apparent near the suture ; whorls 6, with well- marked suture ; light yellowish corneous. Length, 8'5 mill. Vera Cruz, Mexico. Genus RAYENIA, Crosse, 1873. R. BLANDI, Crosse. PL 22, fig. 1. Shell imperforate, turriculated. thin, translucent, almost crys- talline, and marked by slightly flexuous longitudinal striae ; STREPTAXID^E. 53 columella with a spiral plication, outer lip externally inflected and strongly angulated in the middle, bearing a strong tooth; yellowish white. Length, 3*25 mill. Los Roques (east of Cura$oa) West Indies. I am not aware that the dentition of the mollusk of this curious little shell has been examined, but it has been placed in the Agnatha on conchological grounds by Pfeiffer, Binney, etc. ; its general aspect is nearly related to that of Volutaxis. FAMILY STREPTAXIDjE. Shell heliciform or pupiform, the last whorls generally devia- ting obliquely from the others. Animal with a long neck and short tail ; superior tentacles long and narrow ; labial palpi narrow, moderate. Dentition resembling that' of Testacellidse. No jaw. Dr. Stoliczka (Jour. Asiatic Soc., xl, 159) remarks upon the family as follows : "Dohrn in 1866 (Mai. Blatter, xiii, 129), proposed to unite Streptaxis, Ennea and Streptostele into a separate group, for which he suggested the name Streptocionidse. There does not appear to be any reason why we should deviate from the gener- ally introduced custom of selecting the family name from that generic one which includes the most typical forms of the group, and this genus is in the present case Streptaxis. The family has already been pointed out by Dr. J. E. Gray, in 1860 (Ann. and Mag. N. H., vi, 268), under the name Streptaxidse. " The three above-noticed genera (each of which includes several characteristic sections) have the following characters in common : a thin hyaline or a thicker alabastrine shell with very thin, deciduous epidermis, an expanded lip of the aperture, pro- ducing in the course of growth a transverse costulation of the whorls, the last of which usually somewhat deviates from the axis of the spire ; the columella is always thickened and often toothed, or provided with a projecting lamella. " Dohrn appropriately pointed out the striking relations of the shells of the three genera by quoting the following parallelism : 54 STREPTAXID^E. 4 Streptaxis is helicoid, Ennea pupoid, and Streptostele achati- noid.' " The same author does not describe the animal of Strepto- stele and its anatomy, probably because they are very similar to those of Streptaxis and Ennea. I have examined several species of the latter two genera, and they all agree in the usual bright, yellow or red coloring, extending over the greater part of the body, or being restricted to the head ; the anterior part of the body is always long, extensible, and the posterior short ; the pe- duncles are long, subcylindrical, but the (inferior) tentacles much shorter, exactly as in the Helicidse. The mantle is thickened, generalty with a short lobe, or a thickening on each side of the pulmonary orifice. The internal organization closely corresponds with that of the Helicidse, except that the oesophagus is below produced in a tough cylindrical tube, which contains the radula in the form of a narrowly curved sheath ; the tube is attached by a special strong muscle to the retractor of the bod}\ The teeth of the radula are very simple, subconical, pointed, from 40-60 in each transverse row. A special jaw is, as far as observations have been made, not developed. " All the species which I have observed were found under stones, or trees, and old wood, or under dead leaves and other organic substances. Whether or not the species are carnivorous, as stated by Gray, I have not been able to verify. They are oviparous, like the Bulimi. " Considering the form of the teeth, the Streptaxidae are closely allied to the Testacellidse, next to which they are also classed by Gray. Both families agree in the great length of the anterior part of the body and in the more or less secluded habitat. But upon inspection of the anatomy of Testacella, as given by Cuvier, I fail to notice the peculiarity of the long cylindrical tube con- taining the radula." Synopsis of Genera. Genus STREPTAXIS, Gray, 1837. Shell oval, heliciform, but often oblique, profoundly umbili- cated, ridged, striate above, smooth below; last whorls usually deviating more or less from the original axis; aperture lunar, with or without teeth ; lip slightly thickened and reflected. STREPTAXID^E. 55 The principal conchological character of the group is the sin- gular torsion of the axis of revolution, causing some of the whorls to revolve obliquely to the others. The animal has a very long neck and short tail ; the superior tentacles are narrow and long ; the labial palpi narrow, as long as the inferior tentacles ; genital orifice on the right side, distant from the superior tentacle, and closer to the respiratory orifice. Dentition similar to Glandina ; central tooth simple. There are about 75 species ; they inhabit warm countries of South America, Africa and Asia, but are absent from Australia and the Polynesian Islands. The sections or subgenera of Streptaxis as admitted by Pfeiffer are described in the " Structural and Systematic Conchology," Hi, 16; they are rather indefinite groups on account of some species possessing characters intermediate between those upon which they are founded. Mr. C. F. Ancey (Le Naturaliste, vi, 508, 1884) remarks that: " Pfeiffer and Clessin classif}r the known species of Streptaxis in these various groups : " 1st. Artemon, Pfr. (type, S. candidus) ; 2d. Scolodonta, Doer- ing (type, S. Semperi) ; 3d. Ammonoceras, Pfr. (type, S. ammoni- formis) ; 4th. Eustreptaxis, Pfr., divided itself into two groups, the one comprehending the toothless species, the other those which are provided with a parietal tooth — this section is the more numerous ; 5th. Odontartemon, Pfr. (type, S. dejectus) ; 6th. Discarternon, Pfr. (type, S. discus). u It seems to me quite unjust to make in Streptaxis a simple subgeneric group of Ammonoceras, in which the shells are of so different an aspect and hyaline. "As to Scolodonta, placed by the author of the group amongst the Helices, I have no opinion, since the species are still too poorly known. " The two sections established by these authors in Eustrep- taxis or true Streptaxis, seem to me very artificial ; they sepa- rate thus species having the closest analogies. " We can. still further, speak in the same way of Odontar- temon ; all the toothed species are placed without order in this section. It seems to me, nevertheless, that it should be preserved, 56 STBEPTAXID^E. but only as a subdivison of Eustreptaxis, the principal character on which it is founded not being that which, to my sense, is sufficient for the creation of a section, since among the toothed species are some with three denticulations, and others with more. We should take as types of the group : S. dejectus, S. Deplanchei, S. Watsoni and allied species, and exclude a certain number, among which are S. Troberti, Petit, from Guinea, and S. bulbulus, whicli can constitute, I think, good sections in the genus. " For the reception of Streptaxis Troberti, on account of the characters which follow, I establish a new section, to which I give the name of Lamelliger, distinguished in fact from Odont- artemon by the following peculiarities : " The aperture, on its parietal wall, not having in its middle part a tubercular tooth as the great part of Odontartemon, but a strong reflexed lamella, which is prolonged very far into its inte- rior. The free parietal teeth of this species are two in number, small, and in the case of one almost obsolete. They are situated at the base, near the coluinellar axis. The form of the shell is depressed, and presents the same characters as that of the typical species of Odontartemon. " The Ennea bulbulus, Mor., and E. Michaui, Cr. and Fischer, which Pfeiffer classed with doubt among the Streptaxis, consti- tute a natural passage to Ennea. These species, concerning the generic position of which there will probably yet for a long time be discussion, but which seem to me for the most part to be Enneas, shortened, globose ovoid, and a little Streptaxiform, caused by the inclination of the axis of the shell, which is, how- ever, more regular than that of many Streptaxis, should, and this for the very uncertainty of their position, form a new group, restricted so far to the island of Puolo-Condor. Besides the peculiar form of the shell, this group, which has the shell of the same nature as that of the true Enneas, finely striate, a spire with quite numerous whorls, not very rapidly increasing, presents a quite peculiar appearance, and the two species, of which one is toothless, the other possessing on the peristome irregularly dis- posed teeth, have between them an air of relationship, by which they may be recognized. I will give to this group, on account of the form of its spire, the name of Oophana." STREPTAXID^E. 57 Mr. John W. Taylor has recently separated a new group under the name of Gonaxis ; he thus characterizes it : " Shell pupiform, unsymmetrical, axis of the apical whorls directed to the right, lower aspect of penultimate whorl of a somewhat triangular shape, forming a prominent hump on the left side. " The most important character of this genus is the deflection of the upper or apical whorls, whereas in Streptaxis it is the last whorl only that is diverted from the perpendicular. This pecu- liarit}' appears to me to be of sufficient importance to warrant the erection of this genus." The type of Mr. Taylor's new genus is represented on Plate 14, figs. 82. 83. The apparent peculiarity to which he alludes is shared more or less by several other species of elongated Streptaxis, and the recognition of the group as valid can scarcely serve a useful purpose. Speaking of the Indian species, Mr. W. T. Blanford writes : "All the species of Streptaxis are somewhat variable, and with a large collection from South India it would probably be found that many intermediate varieties occur. As a rule, the general form appears more constant than any other characters, and the teeth in the mouth vary considerably. The parietal lamellae are peculiarly inconstant." Eustreptaxis is undoubtedly the typical group of the genus, whilst Artemon, Scolodonta, etc., possessing depressed helicoid shells, regular in volutions, are aberrant forms, not readily dis- tinguished, conchologicall}r, from certain species of true Helices ; yet for the purpose of preserving the transition from Streptaxis to Ennea, I am forced to commence this monograph with these aberrant instead of typical groups. As the deflection of the whorls is really an adult character, it follows that in young shells the volutions are regular ; a fact which is very apt to mislead an inexperienced conchologist ; Artemon may be re- garded as an arrested development of Streptaxis, the shell becoming adult with the persistence of juvenile characters. Section ARTEMON, Pfeifler. Shell heliciform, rather flattened, whorls regular, aperture without teeth, outer lip often slightly thickened and expanded or subreflected. South American. 58 STREPTAXID^E. Subsection AMMONOCERAS, Pfeiffer. Shell depressed, or- bicular, shining, pellucid, thin, radiately striate ; umbilicus wide, perspective ; spire rather flattened ; last whorl not descending at the aperture, the periphery rounded ; aper- ture large, rounded lunate ; lip simple, acute, its extremities approaching. With this group may be united Scolodonta, Doring. Section DISCAKTEMON, Pfeiffer. Shell discoidal or depressed conoidal, volutions regular ; openly umbilicated ; aperture trans- verse, somewhat basal, outer lip reflected or expanded, thickened, and together with the parietal wall, usually armed with teeth. South America. Section EUSTREPTAXIS, Pfr. Axis of the shell oblique, causing some whorls to revolve obliquely to the others. Subsection 1. Edentulse. Subsection 2. Dente parietali munitae. Subsection 3. Pariete aperturali et peristomate armatis (Odontartemon, Pfr.). The prolonged lamella of the parietal wall in S. Troberii is thought, by Mr. Ancey, sufficiently distinctive for the formation of a new section, Lamelliger ; but in some of the other species there are intermediates between this kind of tooth and the more usual short tubercle, so that if the group were adopted it would be difficult to assign all the species. At first I was disposed to regard the claim of Oophana to recognition as a distinct group as more valid, but a comparison on my plates of the typical forms of L. bulbulus and S. Micliaui with S. turbinatus, S. Mozambicensis, S. decipiens, S. obtusus, S. Enneoides, S. Wel- witschi, etc., shows that the former only form a part of a con- tinuous series by which the usually prostrate Asiatic species are connected with Ennea. Genus OMPHALOPTYX, Bottger, 1875. Fossil only. See " Structural and Syst. Conchology," iii, 16. Genus GIBBUS, Montfort, 1810. Animal like Streptaxis ; the teeth are arranged in very oblique rows, the central tooth elongated, subirregular, simple, unicuspid. Shell rimate or perforated, pupiform, oblique, with obtuse STREPTAXID^E. 59 summit, whorls numerous, flattened, pale corneous or whitish, usually ribbed- st date ; aperture oblong or subtetragonal, with or without teeth, lip with reflected margin, the extremities united by a callus, columella almost straight, unarmed. I have adopted for Gibbus, the extended limits assigned it by Dr. Paul Fischer, including Ennea as a submenus. Whilst there are great differences as to size, and some in form, between species of Gibbulina, and the usual manifestation of Ennea, still there exist some intermediate species ; and the differences between these two typical groups are certainly no greater than those of the two principal sections of Streptaxis. Montfort's name, being the oldest, is adopted for the entire group, instead of the restricted use of it by its author, followed by Albers and Pfeiffer, for the aberrant form which is its type. The geographical distribution of Gibbus is much more re- stricted than that of Streptaxis, being confined (except for a single introduced species) to the old world. The larger and more typical groups occur in Mauritius, the Isle of Bourbon, Madagascar and the Seychelles Islands; being entirely insular: Ennea, on the contrary, is essentially ' but not entirely) conti- nental, being largely tropical African and Asiatic. Together, full}' one hundred species have been described. Section GIBBUS, Montf., 1810. Shell subconical, whorls flat- tened on the front and back. G. Lyonetianus. ? Section PASSAMAELLA, Pfeiffer, 1877. Subconical, obliquely regularly striate, last whorl dilated below at the base of the aperture, widely umbilicated; aperture coarctate, ringent, den- tate. G. Passamainus, Petit. Island of Socotra. The position of this species is extremely problematical : it may belong to the Pupae. Section GONIODOMUS, Swainson, 1840. Shell ovate, whorls ventricose, obliquely costulate, aperture directed obliquely outwards at its base. G. pagoda, Fer. There is a slight displacement of the whorls in this single species (to which the group is restricted), which appears to connect Gibbus with the following group. Section PLICADOMUS, Swainson. 1840. Shell ovately subconic, apex obtuse, whorls regular, surface obliquely costulate. G. sulcatus, Mull. GO STREPTAXID^E. Section EDENTULINA, Pfeitfer, 1855. Conical ovate, with tapering spire and blunt apex, smooth, suture thread-margined, aperture unarmed, the lip thickened and expanded-reflected. G. ovoideus, Brug. Section GONOSPIRA, Swainson, 1840. Subcylindrical, with obtuse or pu pi form apex, parietal wall of aperture unarmed or with a short lamelliform tooth. G. palanga, Fer. Subgenus ENNEA, H. and A. Adams, 1855. Shell small, pupiforrn, with obtuse apex ; aperture with reflected lip, usually armed with teeth, parietal wall generally dentate or lamellate. Section UNIPLICARTA, Pfeiffer, 1855. Shell rather large for the subgenus, shining, obsoletely striate, lip without teeth, parietal wall with a strong lamella near the junction of the upper extremity of the outer lip. E. cerea, Dunker. Mostly Africa and Madagascar. Section NEVILLTA, Martens, 1880. Shell small, ventricosely pupiform, with numerous narrow whorls ; longitudinally closely, sliavply ribbed, aperture somewhat produced, small, with expanded lip, parietal wall nearly horizontal, bearing a promi- nent lamella. G. clavulata, Lam. Approaches Ennea. Section ENNEASTRUM, PfeifFer, 1855. Parietal and outer mar- gins of the aperture both lamellate. E. elegantula, Morelet. Africa. Section GULELLA, PfeifFer, 1855. Smooth, or obliquely finely ribbed-striate ; parietal margin lamellate, outer lip multidentate. E. capitata, Gould. Africa. Section HUTTONELLA, Pfeiffer, 1855. Elongated, narrowly cylindrical, minute, hyaline, polished ; parietal wall plicate, interior of aperture dentate. Africa, India. E. bicolor, Hutton, an Indian species, has been introduced into China, the Mascarene Islands, West Indies, etc. Subgenus DIAPHORA, Albers, 1850. Cylindrical, umbilicated, apex obtuse, base obsoletely carinate; whorls numerous, narrow, flattened, the last detached ; aperture pyriform, not dentate, the lip expanded. G. Cumingianus, Pfeitfer, Resembles Cylindrella. Indo-Ghina, Philippines. STREPTAXIS, 61 Genus STREPTOSTELE, 1866. Animal brightly red or yellow-colored, as in Streptaxis ; central tooth of the radula narrow and very long. Shell achatinoid, h}Taline, subvaricose ; pillar lip twisted and thickened, outer lip expanded, reflected. S. lotophaga, Mor. Prince's 7s/., Seychelles, Formosa. Section ELMA, H. Adams, 1866. Outer lip more or less sinuous above, aperture without teeth, surface smoothish, shining. S. Swinhoei, H. Adams. Section PTYCHOTREMA, Morch, 1852. Surface obliquely closely ribbed-striate, aperture lamellarly toothed within, with corre- sponding exterior constrictions or troughs. S. cyathostoma, Pfr. Genus STREPTAXIS, Gray. Section ARTEMON, Pfeiffer. S. CANDIDUS, Spix. PI. 12, figs. 1-3. Whorls 6-7, slowly increasing, the last not descending at the aperture, ribbed striate above, smooth beneath ; margin of aperture shortly reflected; yellowish white to light-yellowish brown. Diam., 34 mill. Brazil. There is a variety faintly or obsoletely sculptured. The synonyms are H. Spixiana, Pfr., and H. perspectiva, Wagner. S. INTERMEDIUS, Albcrs. PL 12, figs. 4-6. More depressed, with much wirier umbilicus than the prece- ding species, whorls 7 J, subangulate at the periphery ; margin of the aperture not thickened, reflected only at the base ; whitish, waxy, shining. Diam., 34 mill. Brazil. S. GIGAS, E. A. Smith. PI. 16, figs. 8, 9. Depressed globose, with elevated spire, and moderate umbilicus; -whorls 6, arcuatel}r striate above, with traces of revolving lines, smooth beneath ; lip simple. Diam., 33 mill. Between Lake Nyassa and the East Coast of Africa. The two specimens obtained were not adult. 62 STREPTAXIS. S. REGIUS, Lobbecke. PL 16, figs. 10, 11. Shell subglobosely, conoidal, widely and perspectively umbili- cated ; whorls 7j, regularly increasing, very finely filiformly costulate ; lip not reflected ; white. Diam., 31 mill. Brazil? Found in an old collection, of which it formed a part for about a century at least. S. WAGNERI, Pfeiffer. PI. 12, figs. 9-11. Widely umbilicated, depressed ; whorls 6, closely costulate above, smooth beneath, subangulate at the periphery ; yellowish white or waxy white, shining ; lip white, shortly reflected. Diam., 20 mill. Brazil. It is S. Coffreanus, Moricand, and perhaps Artemon planu- latus, Beck. S. ROLLANDI, Bernardi. PI. 12, figs. 12, 13. Shell profoundly umbilicated, rather flattened and rugosely, malleately plicate above, convexly inflated and regularly plicate below ; whorls 7, the last obsoletely tricarinate, the first near the suture, the second on the upper part of the whorl, the third around the wide, perspective umbilicus ; peristome not reflected ; whitish. Diam., 20 mill. Brazil ? S. PATVANUS, Pfeiffer. PL 12, figs. 7, 8. Convexly conical, rather thin, shining, pellucid ; whorls 7J, slowly increasing, suture thread-margined, lightly striulate above, smooth below, marked by several variciform striae; hyaline white ; umbilicus narrow ; margin of aperture shortly reflected. Diam., 6*5 mill. Brazil. S. CONOTDEUS, Pfeiffer. PL 12, figs. 19, 20. Somewhat regularly conoidal, moderately solid ; whorls 7, here and there varicose, ribbed striate above, smooth below, the periphery angulated ; narrowly umbilicated ; peristome narrowly reflected ; greenish white. Diam., 18 mill. Venezuela (Ernst). STREPTAXIS. 63 S. COSTULOSUS. Pfeiffer. PI. 12, figs. 30-32. Conoidal, obliquely finely costulate, distantly subvaricose ; whorls 6^, the last with angulated periphery, somewhat flattened base, and narrow umbilicus ; whitish under a yellowish epidermis. Diam., 17*5 mill. Solomon's Islands. S. CYPSELE, Pfeiffer. PI. 16, figs. 98, 99. Shell elevated conoidal, whorls 9, subcostulate, slowly increas- ing ; umbilicus wide and deep ; aperture very small. Diam., 20 mill. Habitat unknown. Much resembles in form the Helices of the genus Sagda, inhabiting Jamaica. S. APERTUS, Martens. Conoidally globose, widety urnbilicated, ribbed-striate ; whorls 6J to 7 15-, slowly increasing ; white ; aperture small, slightly oblique, the peristome narrowly reflected. Diam. 21, alt. 14 mill. Brazil. Yar. DEPRESSUS, Martens. Diam. 18'5, alt. 10 mill. An unfigured species. Subsection AMMONOCERAS, Pfeiffer. S. CHALCOPHILA, Orb. PI. 12, fig. 21. Shell largely perspectively urnbilicated, orbicularly depressed, smooth, thin, finely striated, diaphanous, grajdsh horny; spire obtuse; whorls 6, slantingly convex ; aperture obliquely lunar, lip simple. Diam., 16 mill. Bolivia. S. SKIAPHILA, Orb. PI. 12, fig. 22. Thin, nearly smooth, diaphanous; white; whorls 6; lip thin. Diam., 12 mill. "^"^\ i M "T^v. Cochabamba, Bolivia. \ R 64 STREPTAXIS. S. HYLEPHILA, Orb. PL 12, figs. 33, 28. Thin, diaphanous, striated, smooth below; white; whorls 6; lip thickened. Diam., 8 mill. Bolivia. S. ochthephila, Orb. (fig. 28), is a minor variety ; diam., 6 mill. S. BOUNOBOENA, Orb. PL 12, fig. 34. Moderately solid, obliquely striate ; whorls 5J ; umbilicus nar- row ; lip callous within ; greenish white, vitreous. Diam., 9 mill. Bolivia. S. OMALOMORPHA, Orb. PL 12, fig. 14. Thin, striulate, white under a yellowish epidermis ; whorls 7 ; peristome simple. Diam., 19-25 mill. Bolivia. S. FLORA, Pfeiffer. PL 27, fig. 4. Depressed orbicular, thin, translucent, lightly striated above, smooth below ; umbilicus moderate, perspective ; lip thin, sharp ; greenish yellow, interior pearl}' white. Diam., 28 mill. Andes of Columbia. Pfeiffer places this species in Streptaxis, but its position here appears to me somewhat doubtful. S. CUZCANA, Philippi. PL 13, figs. 46, 47. Depressed ; striulate above, smooth below, thin, diaphanous, shining ; yellowish brown ; whorls 5-6 ; lip thin, simple, subemar- ginate in the middle. Diam., 16-19 mill. Cuzco, Peru; Baeza, Ecuador. Helix Baezensis, Hidalgo, is a synonym. S. VITRINA, Wagner. PL 13, figs. .38-40. Subdiscoidal, striulate, pellucid, very shining, yellowish cor- neous ; spire plane, subcxcavated ; whorls 4, the last wide ; peris- tome simple. Diam., 15*5 mill. Southern Brazil. This species bears the names of Helix circumplexa, Fer., H. valvseformis, Nyst, and Solarium imperforatum, Spix ; the young shell is Helix nana, Wagner, and Solarium pygmseum^ Spix. STREPTAXIS. 65 S. THOMASI, Pfr. PI. 13, tig. 48. Thin, striulate, somewhat shining ; umbilicus moderate, per- spective; lip simple; yellowish white. Diam., 7'5 mill. Marmato, N. Granada. i S. TROCHILIONEIDES, Orb. PI. 13, figs. 49-51 ; PI. 27, figs. 5-7. Shell thinly striulate, shining, diaphanous, white ; whorls 6, somewhat flattened ; umbiluyis moderate ; aperture subvertical, the lip simple, its extremities approaching. Length, 4*5 mill. Bolivia. H. spirillus, Gould (figs. 5-7), from Lima, Peru, is a synonym. S. AMMONOCERAS, Pfeiffer. PL 13, fig. 52. Much depressed, arcuately striate, thin, pellucid, shining; light corneous ; spire minute, subimmersed, suture profound ; whorls about 4, rapidly increasing, the last laterally flattened, with obsoletely angulated periphery ; aperture wide, oblique, lip simple ; umbilicus wide. Diam., 4'5 mill. Santa Ana, N. Granada ; also island of Grenada, W. I. (Bland). S. MOYOBAMBENSIS, Moricand. PL 13, figs. 55, 56. Shell depressed, rather solid, closely rugosely striated, with a few impressed concentric lines ; whorls 4-4J, the last inflated, with well-impressed suture ; aperture large, subcircular, pearly, the lip simple ; olive corneous. Diam., 31 mill. Moyobamba, Peru. S. ORBICULA, Orb. PL 13, figs. 35-37. Broadly umbilicated, nearly discoid, finely striated, diaphanous, shining, grayish yellow ; whorls 7-8 ; umbilicus broad ; lip simple, sharp. Diam., 10 mill. Bolivia. S. AMMONIFORMIS, Orb. PL 13, figs. 43-45. Magn. f. Widely umbilicated, orbicularly concave, depressed, thin, diaphanous, grayish white, nearly smooth ; whorls 5, the last obliquely dilated; lip simple, sharp, recurved above. Diam., 14 mill. , Bolivia. 66 STREPTAXTS. S. ARGENTINA, Strobel. PI. 13, figs. 58-60. Magn. ^. Widely umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, almost discoidal, diaphanous, shining, whitish, fragile ; whorls 5, flattened, thinly striated, slowly increasing, suture deep ; lip expanded. Diam. 6 mill. Mendoza and Bahia Blanca, Argentine Republic. Unfigured and Undetermined Species of the Ammonoceras group. S. SEMPERI, Doring. Argentine Republic. S. SPIRORBIS, Deshayes. Near Rio Janeiro, Brazil. S. NITIDULTJS and S. AMAZONICUS, Dohrn. Province of Para, Brazil. S. MUTATA, Gould. Brazil. Gould remarks in his u Otia," that this may = insignis, Orb., wrhich also resembles a Streptaxis. The species is not included in the " Mollusca of the Wilkes Expedition." S. PROBLEMATIC^, Pfr. PL 12, fig. 15. India. S. BOMBAX, Benson. PI. 12, figs. 26, 27. India. These two species are both probably juvenile shells of Eu streptaxis. Section DISCARTEMON, Pfeiffer. •> S. DISCUS, Pfeiffer. PL 16, figs. 77-79. Smooth, irregularly varicose ; whorls 6^, flattened above, with a slightly prominent apex ; the last whorl deflected near the aperture ; aperture subhorizontal, transversely auriform, with an oblique parietal plica ; lip reflected, the upper margin impressed and obsoletely dentate, the outer margin with a stronger tooth, the base transversely callous; hyaline white. Diam., 14 mill. Hob. unknown. S. CRYPTODON, Moricand. PL 16, figs. 87-89. Smoothish and somewhat solid, pellucid, greenish white; whorls 5 ; umbilicus moderate, cylindrical ; aperture scarcely oblique, depressed lunar, tridentate, one conical parietal tooth, and two obtuse ones on the basal margin, perisiome somewhat callously thickened, simple. Diam., 5*5 mill. Brazil. STREPTAXTS. 67 S. CROSSEI, Pfeiffer. PI. 16, figs. 3, 4. Somewhat solid, closely ribbed-striate above, smooth below; whorls 7, the last deflected in front ; aperture oblique, transversely auriform, with a parietal lamina, a central small tooth within the outer lip, and a bituberculate transverse tooth at its base ; waxy, hyaline. Diaru., 8'5 mill. Near Rio Janeiro, Brazil. S. LEMYREI, Morelet. PI. 16, figs. 12, 13. Whorls 5, regularly striate ; subtranslucent, moderately solid ; aperture oblique, subquadrately rounded, peristome reflected, at the base partly covering the narrow umbilicus, within are two lamellae, one of them hardly visible externally, the other parietal, linguiform, short. Diair.., 11 mill. Cambodia. Section EUSTREPTAXIS, Pfeiffer, 1877. Subsection I. Edentulse. S. NOBILIS, Gray. PI. 13, figs. 53, 54, 61, 64, 68, 41, 42. Turbinate, moderately thick, umbilicus rimate ; whorls 5-J, closely striated above, smooth beneath, shining ; very light olivaceous or yellowish white, with irregular greenish striga- tions on the spire ; lip expanded-reflected. Diam., 1 inch. Liberia, Sierra Leone. The synonyms include ? Helix pagoda, Fer.; H. Monroviana, Rang (juvenile); H. Blandingiana , Lea; St. rimata, Pfr. (fig. 68); St. Recluziana, Petit (figs. 41, 42); the latter a small variety. S. CRAVENT, E. A. Smith. PI. 16, figs. 6, 7. Narrowly umbilicated, obliquely distorted, smooth, glossy, dirty milky-white ; whorls 7, closely costulately striated at the suture, the last whorl suddenly descending in front, then rising somewhat upon the preceding whorl, very obliquely deviating ; outer lip a little thickened and reflected, sinuated at the suture. Diam. 22 mill., alt. 29 mill. On hills between the mouth of the river Dana and Mombasa^ East Africa (Kirk). 68 STREPTAXTS. S. SUTURALIS, Martens. PI. 12, fig. 23. Shell perforate, globosely conical, thin, white ; whorls obliquely costulately striate, the last smooth below; suture planulate and costulate ; lip white, widely reflected below, flexuons above. Diam., 28 mill. New Granada. \ S. DUNKERI, Pfr. PI. 13, figs. 57, 62, 63, 65-67 ; PL 14, figs. 69-72. Shell rimate, light yellowish horn-color ; whorls 8, elegantly costulately striate above, decussated by minute spiral lines, base smooth, shining, excavated, with remote radiating impressed lines, excavated around the umbilicus ; lip white, reflected. Diam., 29 mill. Brazil; New Granada. The synonyms include var. claum, Lobbecke (figs. 65-67), which equals S. Funcki, Pfr. (PL 14, figs. 69-72), from New Granada ; they are distinguished by the umbilicus being nearly or entirely closed. The specimens before me clearly indicate the specific identit}r of these forms. S. STJBREGULARIS, Pfr. PL 12, figs. 16-18. Turbinately semiglobose, narrowly umbilicated, whorls 7, closely obliquely costulate above, obsoletely decussated by revolving lines, smooth beneath ; hyaline white ; margin of aper- ture narrowly reflected. Diam., 21 mill. Brazil. S. CONTUSUS, Fer. PL 14, figs. 76-78. Shell minutely perforate, j-ellowish corneous, whorls 7-8, cos- tulately striated and minutely decussated above, smooth below ; lip white, shortly reflected. Diam., 21 mill. Brazil. S. TJBERIFORMIS, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 94. Profoundly rimately perforate, rather thin, diaphanous, light greenish corneous ; whorls 6^, closely costulately striate above, decussated by very light striae, base subplanulate, smooth ; lip shortly expandecl-reflected. Diam., 18 mill. Brazil. Hidalgo (Viaje Pacif., 41) considers this a variety of the pre- ceding species. They are certainly very closely allied, but the STREPTAXIS. 69 present form has a higher, more conical spire and is less oblique, and with more flattened base. S. ALVEUS, Dunker. PI. 27, fig. 11 ; PL 12, fig. 29. Shell perforate, regularly obliquely finety costnlate above, planate and smooth beneath ; whorls 10, flattened, the last obtusely angulated at the periphery ; corneous white ; lip ex- panded, narrowly reflected below. Diam., 10 mill. Brazil. Helix contermina, Reeve (fig. 29), is a synonym. S. DESHAYESIANUS, Crosse. PI. 14, fig. 97. Narrowly umbilicated, corneous white; wrhorls 6£, witli im- pressed striae above, the base planulate, inconspicuously striate, somewhat shining ; lip white, reflected, subflexuous and thinner above. Diam., 5 mill. Brazil. S. TURBINATUS, Morelet. PI. 12, figs. 24, 25. Perforate, thin, corneous white ; whorls 6, convex, suture profound, regularly costulate, base planulate ; lip regularly expanded, shortly arcuate above. Diam., 10 mill. At Lake Quilonda, Angola, W. Africa. S. DEPLANATUS, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 84-86. Rimately subperforate, thin, diaphanous, yellowish ; whorls 6^, closelv costulatelv striate above ; base somewhat flattened, f «. smooth, shining ; lip white, narrowly expanded, reflected. Diam., 11 '3 mill. Habitat unknown. 8. WELWITSCHI, Morelet. PI. 14, figs. 73-75. Concavely rimate, thin, smoothish, plicately striated at the sutures, shining, semidiaphanous, light yellowish ; whorls 5J, suture deep, base of shell planulate, smooth; lip white, thin, expanded. Diam., 13 mill. Cazengo, Angola, W. Africa. S. PROSTRATUS, Gould. PL 27, fig. 9. Perforate, rather thin, hyaline white ; whorls 5^, lightly arcuately striate above, smooth below, the last whorl subangu- late at the periphery in front ; parietal wall edentulous or with a minute tooth; lip slightly reflected. Diam., 10 mill. Cape P almas, W. Africa. 70 STREPTAX1S. S. ALBIDUS, Pfeitfer. PI. 14, figs. 79-81. Subperforate, smooth, white ; whorls 5 ; aperture edentulous, the lip simple, somewhat reflected at the columella. Diam., 8 mill. Guinea (Patel). S. CANDEANUS, Petit. PI. 14, tigs. 89-91. Shell white, shining, perforate ; whorls 5-6 ; aperture edentu- lous, the lip narrowly reflected. Diam., 4 mill. New Granada. Dr. Pfeiffer at one time confounded this with S. deformis, Fer., and although the latter is larger, and the parietal wall is furnished with a small tooth, I think it very probable that they are merely forms of one species. S. GIBBONSI, Taylor. PI. 14, figs. 82, 83. Shell thin, shining, semitransparent, opalescent, smooth ; whorls 5^, suture profound, with short prominent plicae ; lip thickened and a little everted, the extremities connected by a slight callus ; umbilicus small, shallow, partly concealed by the inner lip. L. 7, diam. 4*5 mill. Zanzibar. Said to be most nearly allied to the unfigured S. Kirki, Dohrn. It is the type of Mr. Taylor's genus Gonaxis (see p. 57). S. ENNEOIDES, Martens. PL 16, fig. 5. Shell perforate, arcuately costulate, yellowish white, some- what shining ; whorls 6, with denticulated suture, the last one writh flattened and smooth base ; lip white, arcuate above, some- what expanded. Diam. 9, alt. 13'5 mill. Ukamba, W. Africa. Martens says that this is very close to S. Welwitschi, Morelet, but that species is smooth except at the sutures. S. MOZAMBICENSIS, E. A. Smith. PI. 14, figs. 87, 88. Shell linearly rimate, whitish, smooth, glossy ; whorls 6, crenulated beneath the deep suture ; outer lip narrowly expanded. Diam. 4'5, alt. 7*5 mill. Between Lake Nyassa and the East Coast of Africa. This species is smaller and less distorted than S. Kirkii, Dohrn, and has merely a linear umbilical fissure. It is likewise STREPTAXIS. 71 • smaller than S. Enneoides, Martens, not perforate, smooth, and has more convex whorls. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. S. GIBBOSUS, Pfr. New Granada. S. DENTICULATUS, Dohrn. (Suture denticulate). Mombasa, E. Africa. S. KIRKII, Dohrn. Island in Lake Nyassa. S. EPISTYLIUM, Miiller. Guinea (Mdrch). This species was for a long time considered one of the group called Sagda, so characteristic of Jamaica. Morch (Jour, de Conch., xxiv, 374) says that the type has been found, and that it is a Streptaxis. The figure in Lister is unrecognizable. Subsection II. Dente parietali munitde. S. OVATUS, Pfeiffer. PL 14, figs. 92, 93. Perforate, pellucid, greenish white ; whorls 6^, closely striate above ; parietal wall with a lamelliform tooth, lip white, slightly expanded. Diam., 16 mill. Habitat unknown. S. DEFLEXUS, Souleyet. PI. 14, figs. 95, 96. Shell narrowly umbilicated, whitish, arcuately striated above, smooth below ; whorls 6, with deep suture ; aperture with a lamellar parietal tooth, peristome expanded-reflected. Diam., 18 mill. Touranne, Cochin China. S. SOLIDULUS, Stoliczka. PL 14, fig. 99. Moderately umbilicated, solid, white; whorls 7, flexuosety costulate above, smoothish below, suture simple, impressed ; parietal wall with a strong tooth, lip planately reflected. Diam., 12 mill. Moulmein, Burmah. S. PELLUCENS, Pfeiffer. PL 14, figs. 98, 100. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, shining, hyaline, suture impressed, submarginate ; whorls 6^, arcuately ribbed-striate, becoming 72 STREPTAXIS. smooth on the body-whorl ; parietal lamella small, compressed, lip somewhat thickened and reflected, thinner and arcuate above. Diam., 13 mill. Laos Mountains, Cambodia. Var. /? (PL 14, fig. 100), is described by Morelet as " Larger, more oblique and thinner than the type." S. MICHAUI, Crosse and Fischer. PL 14, figs. 7, 8. Umbilicus impervious, shell solid, opaque, grayish white; whorls 6^, closely arcuately ribbed-striate ; parietal tooth lingui- form ; lip thickened, reflected, its extremities joined by a shining callus. Diam. 8, alt. 11'6 mill. Isl. Poulo Condor, Cochin China. This is one of the species of Mr. Ancey's group Oophana. S. EXACUTUS, Gould. PL 14, figs. 11, 12. Widely umbilicate, thin, semidiaphanous, white ; whorls 6, closely lirate-striate above, last whorl smooth below ; suture deep ; parietal wall with a strong laminar and an inconspicuous second tooth ; lip white, reflected, narrower and sinuated above. Diam., 13 mill. Bur mail. S. SANKEYI, Benson. PL 14, figs. 2, 3. Obliquely umbilicated, white ; whorls 7, the earlier ones sub- planate, the antepenultimate rather acutely carinated at the periphery, the last two deviating, and compressed around the umbilicus ; closely costulately striate ; parietal wall with a prominent entering lamella; peristome expanded, reflected, narrower and sinuated above. Diam., 10 mill. Moulmein, Burmah. S. HANLEYANUS, Stoliczka. PL 14, figs. 9, 10. Rather widely profoundly umbilicated, grayish white ; whorls 6-^, filiformly striate above and below, base subangularly convex ; first whorls flattened, antepenultimate acutely carinate, balance deflected, rounded ; parietal wall with entering lamina ; lip reflected, sinuated above. Diam., 7*5 mill. Moulmein, Burmah. Too close to the preceding species ; from which it is said to be distinguished by its smaller size, more depressed form, larger umbilicus, and longer and more regularly rectangular aperture. STREPTAXIS. 73 « S. SINENSIS, Gould. PL 15, figs. 32, 33. Shell polished, faintly impressly striated above, greenish white; whorls 7, with profound, minutely crenulated suture; parietal wall with laminar tooth, lip flexuous, reflected ; umbili- cus rather large. I)iam., 6-10 mill. Hong Kong, China. Mollendorff, who has described vars. medius, attenuatus and nanus, describes the animal as yellowish or orange with the tentacles yellow to blood-red. S. SOULEYETIANUS, Petit. PI. 14, figs. 4-6. Rimately umbilicated, greenish yellow ; whorls 6-7, closety costate-striate above, obsoletely decussated by spiral lines, the penultimate whorl subangulated ; base smoothish shining ; a lamina on the parietal wall ;' lip white, narrowly reflected. Diam., 13 mill. Seychelles Islands. S. COSTULATUS, Mollendorff. PL 15, figs. 27, 28. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, yellowish; whorls 6J, closely arcuately costulate above, smoothish below; parietal wall with an entering plica, peristome expanded-reflected, arcuate and thinner above. Diam., 7 mill. China. Closely allied in form to S. Sinensis, Gould, but distinguished at once by the costulate upper surface. S. COMBOIDES, Orb. PL 15, figs. 34-36. Shell perforate, smoothish, shining, yellowish; whorls 6-7. faintly striulate ; parietal lamina entering, compressed ; peris- tome white, widely expanded, reflected, arcuate and obtusely unidentate above, obsoletely thickened in the middle of the base. «/ Diam., 10'5 mill. Bolivia. Approaches Section Odontartemon. S. BOREALTS, Heude. PL 15, figs. 29-31. Cylindrically narrowly umbilicated, glassy pellucid, polished ; whorls 6, flattened, laterally convex, with narrow suture, obsoletely costulate-striate above ; parietal lamina strong, com- pressed ; lip white, thickened and reflected, sinuous above, with an obsolete tubercle or varix on the outer lip and another on the inner, more or less developed. Diam. 6*5, length 10 mill. China. 74 STREPTAXIS. S. PETITI, Gould. PL 14, figs. 16-18. Narrowly umbilicate, thin, pellucid, greenish white, whorls 7, closely ribbed-striate, the last smooth on the base, the penulti- mate subangulate ; parietal lamina moderate, compressed, entering; lip widely expanded, reflected, the margins sub- parallel. Diam., 10 mill. Near Tavoy, Surmah. S. GLABER, Pfeiffer. PL 15, figs. 24-26. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, greenish white, smooth ; whorls 6, suture white-margined ; parietal wall with a minute tooth ; lip white, somewhat thickened, narrowly reflected. Diam., 8 mill. Demerara. S. DEFORMIS, Fer. PL 27, fig. 10. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, shining, pellucid, smooth, shining white ; whorls 6, with deep suture ; parietal wall with a more or less distinct minute tooth or thickening, near the junction of the outer lip ; lip slightly expanded and shortly reflected. Diam., 7'5 mill. Venezuela, Surinam, Islands of Trinidad, and Barbadoes, W. I. This is too closely allied to the preceding species, and to the edentulate S. Candeanus, Pfr. The three forms may need to be united. S. PFEIFFERI, Zelebor. PL 14, fig. 13. Perforate, thinnish, white ; whorls 6, with deep suture, shell arcuately costulate above, smooth below, the last whorl obso- letely angulated on the periphery ; a compressed lamina on the parietal wall near the insertion of the lip ; lip narrowly reflected, thinner and arcuate above. Diam., 9 mill. Camorta, Nicobar Islands. Un figured Species. S. FORTUNEI, Pfeiffer. Shanghai, China. S. PORRECTUS, Pfeiffer. Laos Mountains, Cambodia. S. MAUGERI.E, Gray. Sierra Leone. S. SINUOSUS, Pfeiffer. Cochin China. S. SCHWEITZERI, Dohrn. Liberia. S. ERYTHROCEROS, Mollendorff. Southern China. STREPTAXIS. 75 Subsection III. Pariete aperturali et peristomate armatis (Odontartemon, Pfr.}. S. DECIPIENS, Crosse. PL 15, fig. 44. Shell perforate, smooth, shining, yellowish white ; whorls 6^, lightly striulate ; parietal wall with a strong compressed lamina; lip white, widely expanded and reflected, arcuate, and bearing a single tooth above. Diam., 13*5 mill. Chilli (Wright). S. BURMANICUS, Blanford. PI. 14, fig. 14. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, corneous, whitish, finely and closely sinuately costulate ; whorls 6, the last with flattened base and angulately compressed around the umbilicus ; parietal tooth moderate; lip white, thin, expanded-reflected, incurved above and basally, forming internal obsoletely dentiform pro- jections. Diam., 10 mill. Aracan. 5. TROBERTI, Petit. PL 15, fig. 57. Shell perforate, minutely striulate, shining, yellowish ; whorls 6, the last smooth, planulate and scrobiculate on the base; parietal lamina compressed, entering, long; lip thick, white, expanded-reflected, with two basal teeth, the lower one the largest. Diam., 6 mill. West Africa. This is the type of Mr. Ancey's group Lammelliger. S. ANDAMANICUS, Benson. PL 14, figs. 1, 15. Shell rimately umbilicated, with oblique, curved, rib-like striae; suture deep; whorls 6, the last becoming smooth; parietal wall with a compressed entering lamina ; lip thin, acute, somewhat expanded, compressed above, forming an interior projection. Diam., 7 mill. Andaman Islands; Burmah. S. Blanfordianns, Theobald (fig. 15), from Burmah, is probably only a local variety, as supposed by Mr. Blanford. S. LAYARDIANUS, Benson. PL 15, figs. 22, 23. Arcuately rimate, thin, lightly striate, corneous-white, suture crenulated ; whorls 6, base slightly convex, umbilicus rugosely striate ; aperture triangular, with an entering parietal lamina, and triangular tubercle at the insertion of the lip ; lip expanded, 76 STREPTAXIS. slightly reflected, profoundly sinuated above, causing an internal projection, sinuous and reflected below. Diam., 10'5 mill. Ceylon. S. OBTUSUS, Stoliczka. PI. 15, fig. 45. Perforate, closely arcuately costulate, costulae obsolete on the base; whorls 7, suture impressed; parietal wall laminate; lip thickened, with a small tooth on the outer, and another larger one on the columellar margin. Diam., 10'4 mill. Moulmein, Province of Tenasserim, Burmah. S. FUCHSTANUS, Gredler. PI. 15, figs 39, 40. Infundibuliformly umbilicated,thin, shining, hyaline ; aperture very oblique, tridentate, with a tooth each on the middle of the outer and columellar margins, and a lamina on the parietal margin, the marginal teeth indicated exteriorly by scrobicula- tions ; lip reflected, sinuous above. Diam., 4'5 mill. Hunan, China. S. BIDENS, Mollendorff. PI. 15, figs. 37, 38. Openly umbilicated, thin, shining, slightly arcuately striate ; greenish hyaline; whorls 6, distinctly striated at the suture; lip white, reflected, arcuate and thinner above ; parietal wall with a strong laminar tooth, with a smaller one opposite on the lip. Diam., 9 mill. Isl. of Hainan, China. S. DISTORTUS, Jonas. PL 15, figs. 58-60. Perforate, rather thin, diaphanous, closely arcuately striate above, suture submarginate ; whorls 5J, the last smooth on the base, carinately compressed in front ; parietal wall with a com- pressed entering lamina; lip white, reflected, with a basal tooth corresponding with an exterior scrobiculation. Diam., 10'5 mill. Guinea (Jonas) ; Isl. Rodriguez (Mus. Cuming). S. PEROTTETI, Petit. PI. 15, figs. 68, 69. Profoundly rimate, rather thin, lightly striated, yellowish white, spire submarginate ; whorls 6-J- ; aperture with two subparallel laminse ; lip rather thin, expanded-reflected, with three teeth, situated within the outer, basal and columellar margins respec- tively. Diam., 9'5 mill. Nilgiri Mountains, India. STREPTAXTS. 77 S. ABERRATUS, Soule}Tet. PI. 15, figs. 65-67. Perforate, faintly arcuately striated, shining, pellucid, greenish white, suture submarginate ; whorls 6-7, compressed around the umbilicus ; aperture with a strong tongue-shaped parietal lamina, and five teeth within the reflected lip, with corresponding exterior scrobiculations. Diam., 10 mill. Cochin China. S. THEOBALDI, Benson. PL 16, figs. 86, 14. Rimately perforate, thinly striate, striae stronger at the suture and umbilicus, white, shining, suture impressed, submarginate; whorls 5^, the last compressed around the umbilicus, tri- scrobiculate around the peristome ; peristome reflected, arcuate above ; aperture seven-toothed, three teeth on the outer wall, two on the base, two on the parietal wall. Diam., 6 mill. Khasia Mts., India. The dentition varies, as shown by fig. 14. S. DAFLAENSIS, Godwin-Austen. PI. 15, figs. 74-76. Obliquely perforate, minutely striated, white, suture well- marked ; whorls 6-J, the last compressed below, near the umbili- cus, so as to form a fold running up to a second and shorter fold on the outer margin ; peristome slightly reflected ; parietal lamina strongly developed and connected with the parietal callus ; there are five lip teeth, the middle one furthest within the aperture. Diam., 8 mill. Near Tanir Peak, Dafla Hills (4000 feet), Assam. Much larger, more lengthened and flatter than S. Theobaldi, with a greater number of whorls, and more developed parietal lamina. S. PYRIFORMIS, Pfeiffer. PI. 15, figs. 61-63. Rimately perforate, thin, closety striate above, smooth below, diaphanous, yellowish ; whorls 5^, scrobiculated at the aperture; aperture with three lip teeth and a lamina on the parietal wall. Diam., 10 mill. Isl. of Rodriguez. S. WATSONI, Blanford. PI. 15, fig. 64. Narrowly umbilicated, corneous white, shining, arcnately striate above, obsoletely striulate below, with white lines towards the suture of the last whorl ; whorls 6, with impressed 78 STREPTAXTS. suture; lip reflected, somewhat thickened, whitish, with three lip teeth and a pair of lamellae on the parietal wall. Diam., 6*5 mill. Nilgirri Mountains, India. Yar. ft. Peristome five-dentate, of which three are normal, with an additional small one towards the sinus of the aperture, and a minute one near the umbilicus. S. CUMINGIANUS, Pfeiffer. PL 15, figs. 54-56. Perforate, smooth, greenish white ; whorls 7; peristome nar- rowly expanded, margins joined by a callus, with two teeth; parietal wall wifti an entering lamina. Diam., 6*6 mill. Hob. Brazil ? S. STREPTODON, Moricand. PL 15, figs. 52, 53. Perforate, lightly striate, shining, yellowish white ; whorls 7i ; lip white, widely reflected, bearing two teeth not attaining the margin ; parietal wall with a long flexuous lamina. Diam. 7, alt. 9 mill. Bahia, Brazil. Differs from the next species in its larger size and contorted parietal lamina. S. DEJECTUS, Petit. PL 15, figs. 47-49. Perforate, thin, striulate, shining, yellowish white ; whorls 6^, the last infundibuliform around the umbilicus ; parietal wall plicate ; lip reflected, bidentate, the basal tooth transverse. Diam., 7*3 mill. Bahia, Brazil. S. CINGALENSIS, Benson. PL 15, figs. 50, 51. Arcuately rimately perforate, solid, obsoletely costnlately striate, polished below, corneous white, suture crenulated ; whorls 6 ; umbilicus striated, with impressed surrounding lines ; lip reflected, sinuated above, bidentate ; parietal wall with a strong, entering lamina. Diam., 11 mill. Ceylon. S. CANARICUS, Beddome. PL 15, figs. 70-72. Narrowty umbilicated, somewhat shining, filiformly striate, yellowish ; suture submarginate ; whorls 5-J, the penultimate one acutely carinate behind, the last one with three constrictions below the aperture, convex below, compressed around the STREPTAXTS. 79 umbilicus ; aperture with six lip teeth and a twisted lamina on the parietal wall ; lip white, rather broadly expanded, the extrem- ities joined by a parietal callus. Diam., 8 mill. S. Canara, W. India. S. SIAMENSIS, Pfeiffer. PI. 15, fig. 73. Imperviously umbilicate, diaphanous, white, lightl}T costulately striate, suture smooth, submarginate ; whorls 6^, the penultimate acutely carinate, the last smooth and shining below ; peristome white, reflected, flexuous above, four-toothed ; parietal wall with a tongue-shaped lamina. Diam., 11/5 mill. Siam. S. DEPLANCHEI, Drouet. PI. 16, figs. 80-82. Narrowly umbilicated, diaphanous, smooth, very shining, sub- hyaline, white ; whorls 5 ; aperture with elongate basal and two parietal teeth — of which the lower is strongest ; lip white, reflected. Diam, 5 mill. Ilet la m^ near Cayennef S. CONCINNUS, Blanford. PI. 16, figs. 90-92. Shell umbilicated, rather indistinctly striate, shining, translu- cent, pale yellowish white ; whorls 5, the last convex, smooth and polished below, compressed around the umbilicus, especialty near the mouth, with furrows corresponding with the teeth of the aperture ; aperture with two parietal and five lip teeth — one on the columellar margin near the umbilicus, a second large and double near the base, one lamellar and transverse at the base, two inside the right margin, the lower being the larger and almost bifid ; lip white, slight!}' expanded, extremities joined by a parietal callus. Diam., 6 mill. So. India. S. PRONUS, Blanford. PI. 16, figs. 93-95. Umbilicated, closely ribbed-striate above, polished, translu- cent, pale yellowish white, suture but little impressed ; whorls 5^, last whorl somewhat flattened beneath, compressed around and striate within the umbilicus, scrobiculate behind the aperture ; aperture with a strong re-entering parietal plait, curved within and subbifid in front, and four teeth — one columellar, one basal, and two (of which the upper is small) inside the right margin; peristome white, thickened, expanded, snbcontinuous by a thick callus projecting from the parietal wall. Diam.. 6'5 mill. India. 80 STREPTAXTS. S. PERSONATUS, Blaiiforcl. PI. 16, figs. 83-85. Umbiiicated, smooth, shining, translucent, pale yellowish white, suture impressed ; whorls 5, the last convex below and compressed around the umbilicus, scrobiculated behind the mouth ; aperture with a parietal lamina, and five lip teeth — of which three are on the columellar and two on the right margin ; peristome thickened, almost continuous, the parietal callus being raised. Diam., 5 mill. Madura, India. The teeth vary, being sometimes smaller, or the upper colu- mellar tooth wanting ; in one case the upper tooth of the right margin is also deficient. S. COMPRESSUS, Blanford. PI. 16, figs. 96, 97, 100. Rather openly but not perviously umbiiicated, scarcely striated, translucent, glossy, yellowish white, suture but little impressed ; whorls 4J, penultimate bluntly keeled posteriorly, the last flattened and smooth below, compressed around the umbilicus, scrobiculate behind the mouth ; aperture with five teeth, of which four are in the lip, and a re-entering bifid plait on the parietal callus ; peristome thickened and expanded, sinuate above. Diani., 6 mill. Tinnevelly, India. A. variety has distinct but very fine close filiform raised lines on the upper surface and inside the umbilicus, and the parietal lamina is double. S. MOUHOTI, Pfeiffer. PI. 15, fig. 46. Perviously umbiiicated, thinnish, closely oblique ribbed- striate, whitish, suture impressed, submarginate ; whorls 6^, the last becoming smooth and flattened below ; aperture with an entering parietal lamina and three minute lip teeth ; peristome white, narrowly reflected, slight^ arcuated above. Diam., 13 mill. Siam. S. BULBULUS, Morelet. PI. 15, figs. 41-43. Openly perforate, solid, arcuately costulate, somewhat shining, white ; whorls 6 J, the last compressed and angulated around the umbilicus ; aperture with a strong parietal lamina and sometimes G1BBUS. 81 a contiguous tubercle, and three somewhat basally situated lip- teeth ; peristome thickened, reflected, thinner and sinuous above. Long. 16-5, diam. 11 mill. Isl. Poulo Condor, Cochin China. Type of Mr. Ancey's group Oophana. Unfigured Species of the Subsection Odontartemon. S. CAVICOLA, Gredler. China. S. LEONENSIS, Pfeiffer. Sierra Leone. S. EBURNEUS, Pfeiffer. Cochin China. S. FOOTEI, W. and H. B Ian ford. India. The original description and figures of this species are not accessible to me. It is stated to be perhaps a variet3T of S. Perotetti. S. ELISA, Gould. Mergui Archipelago. S. BIDENS, Mollendorff. • China. S. PACHYCHILUS, Mollendorff. China Genus GIBBUS, Montfort, 1810. Section GIBBUS (s. stricto). G. LYONETIANUS, Pallas. PI. 21, tigs. 78, 79, 80, 81. Corneous yellow or yellowish white ; parietal wall with a tooth ; umbilicus profoundl}' rimate. Length, 30 mill. Isle of France. Gmelin called it Trochus distortus, and Bowdich Pupa modio- linus. Var. ANTONI, Pfr. Figs. 80, 81. Shell openly umbilicated, parietal wall of aperture toothless. Pupa Grateloupiana, Pfr., is a synonym. Var. SINISTRORSUS, Nevill. Shell reversed. Rare. Var. OBTUSUS, Pfr. Unfigured. Considered a variety only, by von Martens. 6 82 GIBBUS. Section PASSAMAELLA, Pfr., 1877. G. PASSAMAIANUS, Petit. PL 17, figs. 29, 36, 37. Magnified. White, moderately solid; aperture ear-shaped, the lip thin, reflected, with a single or double tooth within, and a stronger one on the columellar margin. Length, 11-12 mill. Socotra. Found on the south side of the island, on limestone rocks, at nearly 1000 ft. alt. Section GONIODOMUS, Swains., 1840. G. PAGODA, Fer. PL 21, figs. 82, 83. Yellowish brown, often streaked with a deeper shade. Length, 33 mill. Mauritius. This is Pupa idolum, Menke, and Helix concamerata, Wood. The young shell was described by Reeve as Helix Barclayana (fig. 83). Section PLICADOMUS, Swains., 1840. • G. SULCATUS, Miiller. PL 21, fig. 84. Brownish yellow. Length, 30 mill. Mauritius. G. MULLERT, Morelet. Profoundly rimate, minutely plicate-costulate, calcareous; spire lengthened, apex obtuse, whorls 9 ; aperture vertical, ovately rhomboidal, the margin thin, slightly expanded. L. 30, diam. 15 mill. Mauritius (subfossil). Unfigured. Like G. sulcatus, but has one more whorl, longer spire, and finer sculpture. G. NEWTONI, H. Adams. PL 21 , fig. 85. Profoundly arcuately rimate, obliquely finety costate ; light yellowish. Length, 24 mill. Mauritius. Section EDENTULINA, Pfr., 1855. G. OVOIDEUS, Brug. PL 17, fig. 18. Nearly smooth, whitish or yellowish white. Length, 2 inches. Madagascar, Ins. Mayotte. Is Bulimus yrandis, Desh. GIBBUS. 83 G. OBESUS, Gibbons. PI. IT, fig. 21. Smooth, white, semitransparent, peristome opaque white, suture linearLy margined. Length, 1 inch. Zanzibar ; near Lake Nyassa. Except in size very like the preceding species, of which it may be a dwarf variety. \ G. TUMIDUS, Morelet. PI. IT, fig. 19. White, cretaceous, smooth, under a thin, waxy yellow epider- mis, partly eroded, rimately perforate, solid, suture narrowly margined, columella obliquely plicate, lip somewhat thickened and shortly reflected. Length, 36 mill. Hob. unknown. Is possibly only a variety of G. ovoideus. G. INTERMEDIUS, Morelet. PL IT, figs. 20, 22, 23. Profoundly rimate, obsoletely costulate ; white ; suture im- pressed, submarginate ; columella receding, plicate ; lip narrowly expanded, somewhat thickened. Length, 36 mill. Madagascar. Figs. 22 and 23 represent a variety found on the island of Nossi-Be, N. W. of Madagascar. G. LIBERIANUS, Lea. PL IT, fig. 26. Rimate, finely obliquely striate, and very finely impressly spirally striate, smooth, polished, suture submarginate ; hyaline white. Length, 1 inch. Liberia. Bulimus pupulus, Morelet, is a synonym. The animal is grass- green. G. INSIGNIS, Pfr. PL IT, fig. 16. Shortly rimate, very thin, pellucid, decussated by very slight striae; columella receding, dentate-plicate, lip thin, expanded. Length, 3T mill. Gaboon, Africa. G. MARTENSF, E. A. Smith. PL IT, fig. IT. Like the preceding species in general form, but is perforated, somewhat heavier, columella not plicate, longitudinal striae stronger, the spiral strife only visible in their interstices; the 84 GIBBUS. longitudinal lines change from coarse line to a nearly smooth surface on the front of the body-whorl just above the aperture. West Africa. The figure was given by Dr. von Martens as representing G. insignis, but Mr. Smith states that it appears to be his species. G. MINOR, Morelet. PL 17, fig. 24. Deeply rimate-umbilicated, minutely closely longitudinally striate, suture narrowly margined, lip somewhat thickened, expanded-reflected ; alabaster-white, translucent. Length, 21 mill. Madagascar. G. LATUS, E. A. Smith. PI. 17, figs. 34, 35. Rimate, transparent white, thinnish, obliquely striated, and finely serrated beneath the suture ; lip a little thickened, nar- rowly reflected. Length, 20 mill. Central Africa. G. CROSSEANUS, Morelet. PI. 20, fig. 43. Profoundly rimate, tumid, thin, densely filiformly striate, shining, subpellucid ; light horn-color ; columella obliquely slightly plicate, lip callous, slightly reflected ; suture narrowly marginate. Length, 15 mill. Ins. Mayotte. G. VITREUS, Morelet. PI. 17, fig. 33. Subrimate, thin, shining, subdiaphanous, white, suture dentic- ulated; margin of aperture slightly expanded. Length, 11 mill. Golungo-Alto, Angola, Africa. G. ARENICOLA, Morelet. PI. 17, fig. 32. Shortly rimate, thin, arcuately ribbed-striate, shining, light yellowish white, shortly denticulate beneath the suture, colu- mella dilated above, outer lip thin, slightly reflected. Length, 13 mill. Madagascar. * * * The following species, placed by Pfeiffer in Edentulina, appear to me to be quite as close to Gonospira. G. DUSSUMIERI, Reeve. PL 17, fig. 38. Obliquely striulate, shining, yellowish corneous ; umbilicus perforate, lip expanded. Length, 16 '5 mill. Seychelles Islands. GIBBUS. 85 G. ANODON, Pfr. PL IT, figs. 27, 28. Profoundly rimate, distinct^ obliquely striate, alabastrine ; columella obliquely plicate above, margin of aperture somewhat thickened, subrepand. Length, 15-17 mill. Mauritius, Ins. Mayotte, Fig. 28 represents a chestnut-brown variety, a rather unusual color in the genus. G. REEVEANUS, Pfr. PI. 17, fig. 31. Shortly rimate, rather thin, distinctly obliquely plicate-striate. shining, greenish hyaline ; suture submarginate, in the last whorl closely denticulated ; lip white, slightly reflected. Length, 15 mill. Hob. unknown. Appears to be closety related to the preceding species ; I am not acquainted with it. G. STYLODON, von Martens. PI. 17, figs. 39, 40. Closely related to G. Reeveanus, Pfr., but distinguished by having a tuberculiform tooth on the columella. Length, 12-13 mill. Bonjongo, W. Africa. Section GONOSPIRA, Swainson, 1840. G. METABLETA, Crosse. PL 21, fig. 86. Profoundly rimate, rather thin, closely obliquely costulate, bluish white, scarcely shining, margin of lip white, shortly expanded. Length, 19 mill. Isl. of Rodriguez. It is G. Dupontianus, Crosse, not Nevill. G. DEALBATUS, Webb and Berthelot. PL 21, fig. 2. Shortly and profoundly rimate, closely obliquely ribbed- striated ; whitish; lip shortly reflected. Length, 18 mill. Canary Islands* G. FUNICULA, Yal. PL 21, fig. 88. Profoundly rimate, obliquely closely ribbed-striate ; lip sub- simple, very shortly expanded ; dirty white. Length, 12-14 mill. Mauritius. According to Nevill, is a synonym of G. versipolis, Fer., but it appears to me to differ considerably from that species. 86 G. RODRIGUEZENSIS, Crosse. PI. 21, fig. 91. Rimate, rather thin, subtranslucent, closely obliquely costulate- striate, milk-white, somewhat shining ; lip white, hardly reflected. Length, 12-5 mill. Isl. Rodriguez. G. TURGIDULUS, Deshayes. PI. 21, fig. 90. Perforate, undnlately thinly striate, suture well-impressed. Length, 7 mill. Isle of Bourbon. G. CHLORIS, Crosse. PL 21, fig. 92. Profoundly rimate-perforate, thin, translucent, obliquely costulate, scarcely shining; livid yellowish white; lip rather thin, scarcely reflected. Length, 6 mill. 7s/. of Rodriguez. Lighter colored, with more oblique aperture than the prece- ding species, and also differs in the lip-margin being subinflected above. G. MORELETI, H. Adams. PI. 21, fig. 87. Rimate, moderately solid, obliquely closely striate; dirty white; suture submarginate ; lip expanded and slightly reflected, a little constricted in the middle, columella slightly dilated above. Length, 11 mill. Silhouette /s/., Seychelles Archip. G. PALANGA, Fer. PL 21, figs. 89, 94. Rimate, moderately solid, closely striate, whitish under a yellowish or light brownish epidermis ; columella deeply obso- letely plicate, parietal margin often toothed ; lip a little thickened, shortly expanded. Length, 1 inch. Mauritius. This is G.fusus, of Lamarck, Kiister, etc., but not of Miiller. M. Morel et speaks of a variety which has a more C37lindrical spire, greater diameter, and more rounded apex ; it rarely retains its epidermis. G. NEVILLI, H. Adams. PL 21, fig. 93. Rimate, obliquely sinuately ribbed ; aperture with an obsolete columellar plica, and a compressed entering parietal tooth ; lip shortly expanded, slightly labiate within ; whitish. Length, 1 inch. Mauritius. G1BBUS. 87 G. PALANGULA, Morelet. PI. 22, fig. 5. Narrowly rimate, closely striate, suture marginate ; light yellowish ; columella plicate, parietal wall also with a small plica, lip somewhat thickened. Length, 14 mill. Mauritius. This is G. productus, H. Adams, published two years later. The name of palangula was printed b}r Fe'russac on one of his plates representing a different shell, but he did not describe the species ; subsequently Pfeiffer described it under the name of G. teres. This, it appears to me, allows Morelet 's name to stand. G. TERES, Pfeiffer. PI. 22, fig. 12. Shortly rimate, rather thin, obliquety plicate, diaphanous, corneous white; lip thin, slightly expanded. Length, 10 mill. Mauritius. This is, according to Morelet, the figured but not described Helix palangula, Per. G. CYLINDRELLUS, H. Adams. PI. 22. fig. 11. Arcuately rimate, thin, obliquely costate, dirty white ; aper- ture with a parietal lamella, lip shortly expanded and reflected. Length, 11 mill. Isle of Bourbon. G. DESHAYESII, H. Adams. PL 22, fig. 10. Profoundly rimate, thin, pellucid, shining obliquely lightly striulate, light corneous ; suture narrowly margined ; aperture with small parietal tooth, lip scarcely expanded, sinuous. Length, 4-5 mill. Isle of Bourbon. G. DUPONTIANUS, Nevill. PL 21, fig. 95. Openly rimate; yellowish corneous ; closely strongly obliquely sulcate, the ribs wide and flexuous ; no parietal tooth, columella plicate, peristome widely expanded, light yellowish. Length, 14*5 mill. Mauritius. G. ADAMSIANUS, G. and H. Nevill. PL 21, fig. 96. Scarcely rimate, longitudinally costulate ; white ; aperture with small parietal tooth, lip reflected. Length, 18 mill. Mauritius. 88 GIBBUS. G. MODIOLUS, Ferussac. PI. 21, figs. 97, 1. Profoundly rimate, rather thin, closely obliquely costulate ; white; lip shortly expanded, parietal tooth small. Length, 1 inch. Mauritius. Var. MINOR (fig. 1). Length, 18 mill. • G. MAURITIANUS, Morelet. PL 21, figs. 98, 3. Profoundly rimate, thin, corneous white, more or less diaph- anous, thickly flexuously costulate, suture shortly toothed; lip somewhat thickened and a little expanded, parietal wall some- times with a minute tooth. Length, 19-22 mill. Mauritius. Var. MINOR (fig. 3). Length, 15 mill. Closely allied to G. modiolus, but appears to be thinner, more finely and regularly striate, whorls a little more convex, the last one less developed, aperture more perpendicular, parietal cal- losity thinner, parietal tooth generally wanting. These differ- ences should probably be considered varietal rather than specific. G. MONDRAINI, H. Adams. PI. 21, fig. 99. Profoundly arcuately rimate, very obliquely flexuously cos- tate ; dirty yellowish ; aperture with a parietal tooth near the lip; lip somewhat thickened, expanded and a little reflected, subsinuous in the middle. Length, 20 mill. Mauritius. G. BARCLAYI, H. Adams. PI. 21, fig. 4. Profoundly rimate, obliquely costulate, suture distinct, sub- marginate ; lip almost continuous, thickened, expanded, subre- flected, parietal tooth small ; epidermis straw-yellow. Length, 17 mill. Mauritius. Dr. von Martens suspects that this is identical with the next species; judging from the figures, however, there is about the usual amount of distinction between species in this group. G. FARINOSUS, Troschel. PI. 21, fig. 5. Rimate, opaque, white ; arcuately remotely obliquely costate ; lip simple, subreflected, the margins joined by a shining callus, parietal tooth moderate. Length, 14 mill. Hab. unknown. GIBBUS. 89 G. CLAVULUS, H. Adams. PL 21, fig. 100. Profoundly rimate, somewhat thin, obliquely flexuously cos- tellate, suture slightly dentate, last whorl subangulate at the periphery, subplanate at base ; parietal wall with a strong lamelliform tooth, columellar stoutly callous, obsoletely dentate, lip subthickened, expanded, continuous. Length, 18 miH. Mauritius. Mr. Nevill and Dr. von Martens make this = the unfigured G. striaticosta, Morelet ; if this be so, the latter name should be used, having two years' priority of publication. G. VERSIPOLIS, Ferussac. PL 21, fig. 6 ; PL 22, fig. 2. Profoundly rimate, rather thin, closely obliquelj* costellate, somewhat shining, subdiaphanous ; light straw-color; parietal wall sometimes dentate, lip somewhat thickened, shortly ex- panded. Length, 12 mill. Mauritius. Var. MINOR (fig. 2). Spire more conoidal. Length, 10 mill. Pupa modioluSj Pot. et Mich., and Bulimus trochalus, Albers, are synonyms. G. BOURGUIGNATI, Desh. PL 22, figs. 3, 6. Profoundly rimate, suture narrow, deep, irregularly plicate- striate ; yellowish gray ; lip thickened within, slightly expanded, continuous, parietal tooth small, obtuse. Length, 11 mill. Isle of Bourbon. Var. INTERSECTA. Desh. Fig. 6. Spire somewhat more elevated, with distant distinct irregular oblique costae. Length, 11 mill. G. CALLIFER, Morelet. PL 22, fig. 4. Profoundly rimate, thin, diaphanous, corneous, obliquely flexu- ousty costulate, the riblets bent upwards near the suture and a little sharper there ; parietal wall with a small compressed tooth, lip somewhat expanded, continuous. Length. 10-12 mill. Mauritius. G. HOLOSTOMA, Morelet. PL 22, fig. 7. Profoundly rimate, obliquely flexuonsly costulate ; corneous ; aperture with a compressed, elongate, parietal tooth, lip ENNEA. thickened, shortly expanded, continuous, right margin dilated above. Length, 8-9 mill. Mauritius. G. BACILLUS, Pfr. PL 22, fig. 9. Profoundly, arcuately rimate, solid, somewhat obliquely striated, suture lightly dentate; alabastrine white ; lip shortly expanded, strongly margined within, parietal lamella small. Length. 13 mill. Mauritius. Unfigured Species. G. MACROGYRUS, Mousson. Isle of Gomera. Described from a single imperfect specimen, subfossil, and compared with O. dealbatus. G. HELODES, G. BREVIS, G. MODiOLiNUS, all of Morelet. Mauritius. G. UTRICULUS, Menke. Hab. ? Subgenus ENNEA, H. and A. Ad., 1855. Section UNIPLICARIA, Pfr., 1855. E. CEREA, Dunker. PI. 18, fig. 41. Subrimate, moderately solid, closely obliquely lirate, slightl}r shining, subdiaphanous ; yellowish ; columella obliquely plicate, parietal wall with a linguiform lamella. Length, 16 mill. Zanzibar, Madagascar, Ins. Comoro. E. PLANTL, Pfr. PL IT, fig. 25. Shortly rimate, somewhat thin, closely obliquely striate, shining, pellucid ; hyaline corneous ; base smooth ; columella with an oblique profound plica, parietal wall with a thin lamella near the insertion of the outer lip ; lip white, thin, narrowly reflected, margin thickened within. Length, 16 mill. Natal. E. PUMILIO, Gould. PL 18, fig. 49. Rimate, somewhat solid, closely obliquely striate, scarcely shining ; yellowish white ; suture closely crenate ; aperture with a parietal plica and profound columellar tooth, lip dilated- expanded, outer margin slightly arcuate. Length, 13 mill. Liberia. ENNEA. 91 E. SORGHUM, Morelet. PI. 18, fig. 45. Shortly riraate, thin, obliquely striate, scarcely shining, pel- lucid ; light horn-color ; suture submargined, crenulated ; lip simple, slightly expanded, parietal wall with a small tooth. Length, 5 mill. Prince's Isle. E. MICRODON, Morelet. PL 18, fig. 44. Shortly rimate, thin, minutely closely striate, shining, diapha- nous ; grayish white ; suture submargined and crenulated ; columella compressed, obliquely receding, parietal tooth long, obsolete, lip subthickened, and slightly reflected, white. Length, 13 mill. Madagascar. E. DOHRNI, Smith. PL 18, figs. 54, 55. Rimate, scarcely striate, shortly and obsoletely plicate towards the sutures, shining, hyaline ; parietal tooth small, compressed, outer margin of lip flexuous, produced within into a median angle. Length, 10 mill. W. Africa. E. MONODON, Morelet. PL 18, figs. 62, 63. Rimate, striulate, shining, milk-white, suture dentate ; parietal plica short, compressed, outer lip simple, above produced within into a tooth, columella dilated, subexpanded. Length, 11 mill. Gabon, W. Africa. Readily distinguished by its form from all other species of the group. E. conica, Martens, is a synonym. E. BEDDOMEI, Blanford. An unfigured species, having two parietal plicae, and two or three small, depressed, deep-seated columellar teeth. Length, 3'75 mill. India. Section NEVILLIA, Martens, 1880. E. CLAVULATA, Lam. PL 18, fig. 53. Rimate, sharply, closely, longitudinally costulate, thin, trans- lucent; epidermis horn-color; lip simple, laterally compressed, somewhat expanded, the right margin slightly incurved in the middle; parietal lamella compressed, thin, conspicuous. Length, 7-8 mill. Mauritius. Helix modiolinus, Fdr., is a synonym. 92 ENNEA. E. UVULA, Desh. PL 22, fig. 8. Rimate, thinly, regularly, longitudinally costulate ; epidermis 'yellowish gray ; lip expanded, parietal tooth compressed. Length, 6 mill. Isle of Bourbon. E. MODESTA, H. Adams. PI. 18, fig. 60. Profoundly perforate, rather thin, closely longitudinally cos- tellate, shining, pellucid ; hyaline corneous ; aperture obliquely subquadrangular, with expanded lip, a parietal plica and incurved outer margin. Length, 5 mill. Mauritius. According to Nevill the unfigured E. Caldwelli, Morelet. is identical. E. CRYPTOPHORA, Morelet. PI. 18, fig. 80. Perforate, closely longitudinally costellate, crystalline ; aper- ture with a parietal and columellar plicae, outer lip subbidentate. Length, 2 mill. Comoro Isles. E. CRYSTALLUM, Morelet. PL 18, fig. 50. Shortly rimate, thin, rather faintly striate, suture shortly den- ticulate, hyaline, pellucid ; parietal wall toothed, columella pro- foundly obsoletely plicate; lip simple, thin, expanded. Length, 7*5 mill. Prince's Isl., W. Africa. Pupa hyalina, Pfr., is a synonym. E. STENOPYLIS, Benson. PL 18, fig. 65. Curved rimate, closely costulate; epidermis yellowish horn- color ; body-whorl compressed below, subscrobiculate ; aperture subaxial, obliquely subtriangular, lip callously expanded, parietal plica large, right margin dentate within. Length, 3-5 mill. Darjiling, Himalayas, India. E. PERAKENSIS, Godwin-Austen and Nevill. PL 16, fig. 15. Shell solid, profoundly openly umbilicated, greenish crystal- line ; strongly costulate, the riblets subinterrupted at the basal angle, becoming obsolete on the base, but- again appearing upon the wall of the umbilicus ; base subplanate, the umbilical region ENNEA. 93 defined by an angle ; aperture quadrangular and quadriden- tate. Alt. 1*6, diam. 2 mill. Buket Pondong cave, Perak, Malacca. Similar in general form to immature specimens of the prece- ding species ; probably not adult. E. LARVULA, Heude. PL 20, fig. 66. Umbilicated, regularly ribbed, subhyaline ; aperture with parietal plica, columella and outer lip each bearing a tooth, lip thickened, reflected. Length, 3'5 mill. China. E. STROPHIOIBES, Gredler. PI. 20, figs. 70, 71. Openly umbilicated, somewhat distantly costate ; lip strongly callous, reflected, parietal plica well-developed, outer lip den- tately thickened in the middle, with sometimes an inferior thickening, columella often lamelliformly produced within, half- closing the aperture, the edges of the lamella tridentate. Length, 4'5 mill. China. E. MICROSTOMA, Mollendorfi'. PL 20, fig. 59. Openly umbilicated, rather distantly costate, hyaline, some- what shining, pellucid ; base compressed, obtusely carinate ; aperture with a parietal plica and two remotely situated tooth- like calluses situated on the columella and outer lip ; lip dilated, expanded. Length, 2-75 mill. China. Is this distinct from the preceding species? E. Kermorganti, Ancey, an unfigured Chinese species, appears to be closely related to, if not identical with, the above. Section ENNEASTRUM, Pfr., 1855. E. ELEGANTULA, Pfeiffer. PL 18, fig. 75. Shortly rimate, smooth, shining, hyaline, the last whorl exter- nally sulcate, corresponding with two spiral lamellae within the aperture; lip thickened, somewhat expanded, sinuate above, next the parietal plicae, columella with a superior remote tubercle. Length, 6'6 mill. Cape Palmas, Liberia. 94 ENNEA. E. PUP^FORMIS, Morelet. PL 19, figs. 81, 82. Sinuously rimate, obliquely closely costellate, yellowish white ; moderately solid ; last whorl bicristate, corresponding with palatal lamellae, the upper one of which reaches the lip ; aperture with an entering lamella on the parietal wall near the outer lip, outer lip with a tooth-like thickening, columella with a profound bifid callus. Length, 17 mill. Angola. E. COMPLICATA, von Martens. PI. 20, figs. 67, 68. Subperpendicularly rimate, obliquely striate, whitish ; last whorl bisulcate ; aperture with widely expanded margin, with two columellar oblique plica?, two palatal lamellae and a strong parietal plica. Length, 11 mill. BonjongOj W. Africa. E. COLUMELLARIS, von Martens. PL 19, figs. 94, 95. Rimate, subobliquely costulate ; aperture seven-plicate, palate with two lamella? corresponding with external sulci, the parietal wall with a strong compressed plica, outer lip with a tubercle, the columella with three deep-seated teeth, of which the two upper ones are approximate. Length, 6-7 mill. Bonjongo, W. Africa. Too closely -related to the next species. E. RINGICULA, Morelet. PI. 19, figs. 8"7, 88. Sinuously rimate, rather thin, obliquely narrowly costulate ; horny white ; suture denticulately margined ; aperture with a strong parietal lamina, a tooth on the outer lip, two palatal lamella? corresponding with external sulcations, the upper one reaching the lip, columella tridentate, lip callous, slightly expanded, outer margin sinuous. Length, 10 mill. Angola. E. DENTICULATA, Morelet. PL 27, figs. 12, 13. Arcuately rimate, smooth, shining ; light corneous, the suture white-margined and minutely denticulate ; last whorl biscrobic- ulate ; aperture with a parietal and two palatal plica?, columella callously thickened above, .lip expanded, somewhat thickened, outer margin somewhat callous in the middle. Length, 7-8 mill. Abyssinia. ENNEA. 95 Var. QUINQUEPLTCATA, Jickeli. PI. 18, figs. 58, 59. Aperture with two additional plicae, on the columella ; surface narrowly longitudinally striate. Var. HILDEBRANDTI, Jickeli. PI. 18, figs. 66, 67. Shell brownish, costulatety striate, columella callously thick- ened or subbiplicate above. Var. HAMACENICA, Bourguignat. (Unfigured.) Columella with a single plication, whorls 8, instead of 10, as in the type. E. CALAMELI, Jousseaume. PL 19, fig. 96. Yellowish white, opaque, distantly obliquely striate, the striae slightly flexuous, terminating in a denticulate suture, body- w.horl bisulcate ; aperture seven-dentate, consisting of a strong parietal lamella, three strong columellar teeth, and three within the outer lip, the two anterior of which are prolonged into lamellae, lip white, subsinuous, somewhat thickened and ex- panded. Length, 10 mill. Benguela. E. TRIGONOSTOMA, von Martens. PI. 18, figs. 76-78. Rimate, obliquely striate, the body-whorl bisulcate ; aperture subtriangular, quadriplicate, a large compressed parietal plica, outer lip incurved in the middle, with two palatal plicae not attaining the margin, columella with a deep-seated subvertical compressed plica. Length, 15-17 mill. Bonjongo, W. Africa. E. BATALHANA, Pfr. PI. 18, figs. 51, 52. Rimate, somewhat solid, closely costulate-striate, suture sub- denticulate, last whorl bisulcate ; alabastrine, translucent, whitish ; aperture with a strong parietal plica, two palatal lamellae, and a subdentate callus on the outer lip, corresponding with an exterior slight inflection, lip expanded, reflected. Length, 7 mill. Batalha, W. Africa. E. CHAPERI, Jousseaume. PI. 18, fig. 64. Yellowish white, translucent, obliquely subundulately striate ; last whorl profoundly rimate, bisulcate ; aperture with a parietal plica, two palatal lamellae and a tooth-like projection on the 9(i ENNEA. outer lip, corresponding with a slight exterior sinuosity ; lip strong, thick, reflected. Length, 5'5-7'5 mill. Benguela. E. UJIJIENSIS, E. A. Smith. PL 18, fig. 69. Obliquely rimate, obliquely costulate, suture dentate ; last whorl bisulcate ; pale horn-color ; aperture with a parietal plica and two palatal lamellae, with one or two minor ridges below them, columella with an oblique subbasal fold and a smaller dentiform plait at the upper part. Length (apex broken off), 17 mill. Ujiji, Central Africa. Unfigured Species. E. BICRISTATA, Morelet. Gabon, W. Africa. E. DOHRNI, von Martens. Angola. Mr. E. A. Smith has also used this specific name. Section GULELLA, Pfeiffer, 1855. E. CAPITATA, Gould. PL 18, fig. 70. Arcuately rimate, finely obliquely striate, whitish, scarcely shining ; body-whorl compressed and scrobiculate below ; lip expanded, thickened, somewhat reflected ; aperture with a tall compressed parietal plica, a deep-seated laminar tooth on the columella, a small tooth near the top, and a larger, complanate one near the base of the columellar lip, two approximate ones near the base, and a smaller single one near the top of the outer lip. Length, 13 mill. Cape Palmas, W. Africa. E. WAHLBERGI, Krauss. PL 19, fig. 99. Arcuately rimate, smoothish, shining, pellucid, greenish hya- line ; body- whorl biscrobiculate anteriorly; aperture six-toothed, an entering, compressed parietal plica, a deep-seated columellar tooth, a short tooth at the base of the aperture, and three within the outer lip. Length, 9 mill. Ndtal, So. Africa. E. DELICATULA, Pfeiffer. PL 19, fig. 2. Shortly rimate, rather thin, obliquely closely plicate-striate, hyaline, white, suture crenulately margined, last whorl slightly ENNEA. 97 scrobiculate ; aperture five-dentate, a flexuous lamella on the parietal wall, a profound bidentate plica on the columella, and a basal and two lip teeth on the outer lip ; lip white, reflected. Length, 5*6 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. CAVIDENS, von Martens. PL 18, figs. 72-74. Rimate, yellowish white, obliquely striate, last whorl scrobic- ulate ; aperture 6-7 dentate, the lip widely reflected, with a large, compressed, subflexuous parietal plica, outer margin bidentate, the lower one larger, laminate, basal margin 1-2 dentate, columellar margin two-dentate, the lower one larger, transverse, entering. Length, 13-14 mill. B on jong o, W. Africa. E. MENKEANA, Pfr. PI. 18, fig. 79. Sinuately rimate, rather solid, somewhat obliquely closely costulate, diaphanous, whitish, suture margined with white teeth, base of body-whorl profoundly biscrobiculate ; aperture nearly closed b^y teeth, a blade-like tooth on the parietal wall, a second on the columella, a third at the base and two deep-seated ones on the outer lip ; lip white, expanded, somewhat reflected. Length, 11 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. CRASSIDENS, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 100. Obliquety rimate, rather strongly plicate, whitish, body-whorl profoundly scrobiculate ; aperture with a short parietal lamina, two strong (sometimes confluent) teeth on the right margin, a small tooth at the base, and a larger profound one on the colu- mella ; lip white, somewhat reflected. Length, 6 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. ALBERSI, Pfr. PL 19, figs. 83, 84. Flexuously rimate, subperforate, somewhat solid, closely somewhat obliquely costulate, opaque, white, suture crenulated ; body-whorl biscrobiculate ; aperture with a strong linguiform parietal lamella near the insertion of the dextral margin, a second compressed lamella on the columella, a basal tooth, and two on the outer lip; lip white, expanded, somewhat reflected. Length, 15 mill. Natal, So. Africa. 98 ENNEA. E. TNFRENDENS, Martens. PI. 19, fig. 86. Rimate, striulate, smoothish, hyaline, shining, last whorl with a profound scrobiculation ; aperture nearly closed by the teeth, one high compressed lamella at the insertion of the columella, a deep-seated, bipartite columellar plica, two small teeth at the base, and two on the outer lip, the upper one the largest ; lip white, everywhere reflected. Length, 7 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. ADAMSIANA, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 85. Flexuously rimate, obliquely costnlate, shining, yellowish ; suture denticulate, body-whorl profoundly scrobiculate ; aper- ture with a superior parietal lamella, a large lamella on the outer lip, two basal teeth, a profound plica, and anterior small nodule on the columella ; lip white, somewhat reflected, a little sinuous above. Length, 9 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. DUNKERI, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 89. Arcuately rimate, obliquely closely costulate, alabastrine, last whorl triscrobiculate ; aperture with a large parietal lamella, a triangular tubercle on the columella, and a smaller deep-seated one, with one tooth on the basal and three on the right margin, the upper one minute, lip expanded. Length, 8'3 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. GOULDT, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 13. Obliquely rimate. rather thin, closely ribbed-striate, yellowish hyaline, body-whorl scarcely scrobiculate ; aperture with a parietal lamella, an obtuse tubercle on the columella, a tooth on the base, and three nearLy equal ones on the right margin, lip white, callous, shortly reflected. Length, 8*5 mill. Port Natal, Africa. E. OBOVATA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 4. Shortly arcuately rimate, thin, smoothish, hyaline, suture linearly margined, last whorl scrobiculate ; aperture with a pro- found columellar plica, a parietal lamina, a basal and two approximate marginal teeth, lip white, shortly expanded. Length, 6 mill. Liberia. ENNEA. 99 E. L^EVIGATA, Dohrn. PI. 19, fig. 90. Sinuately rimate, somewhat solid, smooth, yellowish white; aperture with a parietal lamella, a profound plica on the colu- mella, and a small tooth below it, two teeth on the right margin, the upper one being larger, and tuberculate, lip shortly reflected. Length, 8 mill. Lake Nyassa, Africa. Var. SEXDENTATA, Martens. The right margin of the aperture with three subequal teeth, instead of two. Length, 7*5 mill. Zanzibar. E. COMORENSIS, Martens. PI. 19, figs. 92, 93. Subrimate, diaphanous, shining, narrowly obliquely striate, 3'ellowish white ; aperture with a strong parietal plica, a biden- tate wide columellar plica, a basal tooth, and two approximating ones on the right margin ; lip scarcelj- thickened, distinctly reflected, subpitted externally. Length, 7 mill. Comoro Isles. E. DUPUYANA, Crosse. PL 18, figs. 71, 42, 43. Subrimate, rather thin, smooth, shining, diaphanous, dirty yellowish ; aperture with a parietal lamina, a subhorizontal columellar plica, a minute subbasal tooth, and a central tooth on the right margin ; lip white, slightly thickened, expanded, subreflected. Length, 13 mill. Anjouan, Comoro Isles. E. quadridentata, Martens (figs. 42, 43), is a synonym. E. SPLENDENS, Mollendorff. PL 20, figs. 62, 63. TTmbilicated, faintly striulate, shining, hyaline, suture crenu- lated ; aperture with a strong parietal lamella, and two lip teeth corresponding with external depressions. Length, 3*5 mill. China. E. LUBRICA, Morelet. PL 20, figs. 40, 41. Minutely rimate, smooth, shining, hyaline; aperture with a prominent parietal plica, two columellar teeth, the upper one strongest, outer lip with a median tooth ; lip callous, thick, margin shortl}- reflected, the right margin sinuous, scrobiculate. Length, 9 mill. Ins. Mayotte. 100 KNNEA. E. STENOSTOMA, Beddome. PI. 18, fig. 56. Rimate, rather thick, smoothish, sometimes obliquely striate, dull, whitish ; aperture with a strong, re-entering parietal lamella, two columellar tubeicles, the upper one smaller and deep-seated, two small basal teeth, and a large bifid tooth on the right margin, lip white, expanded. Length, 3'5 mill. Karnul, India. E. NATALENSIS, Craven. PL 20, figs. 57, 58. Subperforate, semitransparent, pale j-ellowish green, shining, indistinctly obliquely costulate, suture crenulated ; parietal lamella short, curved, outer lip with a small subcentral tooth, columella with two small teeth, one near the centre, the other near the base, lip somewhat expanded and reflected. Length, 9 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. FISCHERIANA, Morelet. PI. 20, fig. 39. Flexuously rimate, obsoletely costulate, light corneous, last whorl scrobiculate ; aperture with a parietal lamella, a tooth on the centre of the outer lip, another at its base, and a fourth deep-seated on the columella ; lip shortly expanded, sinuous. Length, 3 mill. " Comoro Islands. Sometimes the parietal lamina is accompanied by a more pro- found very small tooth, and an additional small tooth is occa- sionallv found in the throat of the shell. v Section HUTTONELLA, Pfeiffer, 1855. E. KRAUSSI, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 91. Profoundly rimate, rather thin, smooth, shining, yellowish hyaline, last whorl scrobiculate ; aperture with a parietal lamina, a dentiform plica on the columella, a tooth at the base, and a larger one on the outer lip, lip white, slightly reflected. Length, 7'5 mill. Natal, So. Africa. E. CALLOSA, Morelet. PL 19, figs. 15, 16. Shortly rimate, smooth, shining, hyaline, last whorl scrobicu- late; aperture with parietal lamina, a columellar tooth, one on ENNEA. 101 the right margin, and a callous thickening at the base, lip white, shortly subreflected. Length, 9 mill. Isle of Mayotte. Larger than the preceding species, and less cylindrical, aper- ture more triangular, and teeth differing in size. E. PFEIFFERT, Krauss. PL 19, fig. 98. Rimate, somewhat solid, closely costulately striate, alabas- trine, slightly scrobiculate at the base ; aperture with a parietal lamina, a columellar tooth, another at the base, and a fourth, sometimes bitid, on the right margin, lip thickened, shortly reflected. Length, 5'5 mill. Cape of Good Hope. E. LARVA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 28. Rimately perforate, very smooth, hyaline, white, base biscro- biculate ; aperture with a parietal lamina, two teeth on the right lip, one at the base, and a large laminar columellar plication, lip callous, white, shortly expanded, margin sinuous. Length, 4 mill. Comoro Islands. E. MODIOLIFORMIS, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 29. Rimately perforate, diaphanous, smooth, yellowish, suture narrowly margined ; aperture with a compressed parietal lamina, an obtuse, small columellar plica, a small tooth at the base, and a punctiform tooth in the middle of the right margin ; lip thickened, white, shortly reflected. Length, 18 mill. Comoro Islands. E. TRIGONA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 34. Profoundly rimate, smooth, somewhat shining, light corneous, suture narrowly margined, last whorl scrobiculate ; aperture with a parietal plica, a tooth on the columella, and another on the outer margin ; lip thick, sinuous, shortly reflected. Length, 6 mill. Comoro Islands. E. SPRETA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 36. Obliquely rimate, very slightly costulate-striate, scarcety shining, corneous, last whorl obsoletely scrobiculate ; aperture with a compressed median parietal plica, and a tooth on the outer lip ; lip somewhat thickened, constricted in the middle, sinuous. Length, 5 mill, Comoro Islands. / I i -, : •'- ' 102 ENNEA. E. COSTULATA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 38. Concavely rimate, crystalline, plicately costulate ; aperture with a compressed parietal plica, a tooth near the base of the columella, and a third on the middle of the right margin. Length, 3 mill. Ins. Mayotte. E. HORDEUM, Morelet PL 20, fig. 54. Rimately perforate, thin, shining, lightly costulate, whitish ; aperture with a bipartite parietal lamella, approaching a tooth on the outer margin, and a scarcely conspicuous basal tooth near the columella; lip shortly expanded, slightly reflected. Length, 5 mill. Comoro Islands. E. SULCIFERA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 60. Superficially rimate, slightty plicatulate, shining, darkish horn- color, suture slightly shortly denticulate, last whorl scrobiculate; lip with parietal lamina, and a small tooth on the middle of the right margin; lip shortly expanded, constricted in the middle. Length, 4*5 mill. Comoro Islands. E. ORYZA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 61. Rimate, minutely costulate, shining, light fulvous ; aperture with a parietal lamella, and a tooth on the right margin, lip callous, a little expanded, exterior margin subsinuous. Length, 3-5 mill. Comoro Islands. E. CRASSTLABRIS, Craven. PL 20, figs. 50, 51. Perforate, opaque, yellowish white, finely closely obliquely costulate ; aperture with a prominent parietal lamina, a strong tooth on the outer margin, and a deep-seated columellar plica- tion; lip thickened, expanded and reflected, a pit behind the labrum corresponding with the tooth within. Length, 1T5 mill. Leydenburg, Transvaal, So. Africa. E. INFANS, Craven. PL 20, figs. 55, 56. Perforate, semitransparent, yellowish brown, glossy, obliquely lirate, faintly spirally striate between the lirae, suture somewhat denticulated ; aperture with a large, straight parietal lamella, labrum with a strong tooth, and corresponding exterior depres- sion ; lip white, expanded, reflected. Length, 5-5*75 mill. Leydenburg, Transvaal, So. Africa. More c}Tlindrical and differing in the dentition of the Aperture from E. crassilabris. ENNEA. 103 E. SESAMUM, Morelet. PI. 20, fig. 35. Rimate, very minutely perforate, slightly costulate-striate, corneous, last whorl lightl}' scrobiculate ; aperture with a parietal lamina and tooth on the right margin; lip thickened, white, shortly expanded. Length, 4 mill. Comoro Islands. E. MILIUM, Godwin-Austen. PI. 18, fig. 68. Somewhat shining, diaphanous ; aperture with a small parietal lamella, and a strong tooth on the right margin ; lip thickened, a little reflected. Length, 2-5 mill. Assam. E. MICRODINA, Morelet. PI. 20, fig. 46. Perforate, slightly costulate, hyaline, last whorl horizontally protracted, not compressed, the base deepty scrobiculate; aper- ture with a parietal lamella, and columellar tooth ; lip thickened, with simple margin. Length, 2'5 mill. Comoro Islands. The horizontal protraction of the last whorl, and consequently modified umbilicus, are characters which readily distinguish this little shell from those with which I have associated it. E. BREVICULA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 31. Deeply rimate, slightly regularly striate, shining, brownish corneous, suture submarginate, base scrobiculate ; aperture with a parietal lamella, and a tooth on either margin ; lip white, slightl JT expanded, slightly conti acted in the middle. Length, 4-5 mill. Comoro Islands. / E. BALFOURI, Godwin-Austen. PI. 20, figs. 64, 65. Excavately perforate, rather solid, regularly slightly costulate, wax-white, or dull pale umber; aperture with small parietal thickening, columellar plica, and tooth on the right margin; lip white, callous, reflected. Length, 6 mill. Socotra. * * * E. PIRRIEI, Pfeiffer. PI. 19, fig. 12. Flexuously rimate, somewhat solid and shining, diaphanous, yellowish white ; upper whorls smooth, the last two with capil- lary striae, occasionally varicose, base lightly scrobiculate ; 104 ENNEA. aperture with a large, somewhat doubly terminated parietal lamina, two deep-seated columellar plicae, and a callous thicken- ing on the middle of the right margin ; lip white, expanded, callous within. Length, 10 mill. Koondah Mts., India. E. SCULPTA, Blanford. PI. 19, fig. 3. Deeply flexuously rimate, diaphanous, shining, yellowish, with subflexuous vertical ribs ; aperture with a parietal lamella, and four deep-seated palatal ridges, and a columellar plica, scarcely visible ; lip white, expanded, widely so at the base. Length, 8-5 mill. Pulney Mts., Southern India. E. SUBCOSTULATA, Blanford. PI. 20, fig. 30. Arcuately rimate, finely, rather indistinctly costulate, trans- lucent, yellowish white ; aperture with a bifid parietal lamina, a deep-seated columellar plica, and four tubercular teeth, one of them columellar, two basal and one on the right margin ; lip white, expanded, flexuous above. Length, 5*5 mill. Shevroy Hills, Southern India. E. MACRODON, Blanford. PI. 19, fig. 8. Flexnously rimate, translucent, polished, yellowish white, with fine, hair-like vertical costulations ; aperture very much con- tracted by teeth, a strong parietal lamina, a deep-seated columellar plica, and three teeth, one columellar, one strong transverse lamelliform basal, and one on the right margin ; lip white, expanded. Length, 4 mill. Nilgiri Hills, Southern India. E. EXILIS, Blanford. PL 19, fig. 19. Rimate, translucent, smooth, polished ; aperture with a strong bifid parietal lamina, a deep-seated columellar plica, and four tubercular teeth — one columellar, two joined together at the base, and one on the right margin ; lip white, slightly expanded. Length, 3*6 mill. Mysore, Southern India. E. BICOLOR, Button. PI. 19, figs. 14, 17. 18 ; PI. 20, fig. 24. Rimate, faintly striulate, shining white, striate at the sutures ; aperture with four teeth — one parietal lamina, a subconical one ENNEA. 105 on the right margin, corresponding with an external fosset, a small basal tooth, and a deep-seated, tongue-shaped columellar plica; lip thickened, reflected. Length, 7 mill. India, Seychelles Is., Burmah, Cochin China, Indian Archipelago, China, New Caledonia, Islands of St. Thomas, Grenada and Trinidad, W. I. (introduced). Pupa Largillierti, Phil., Carychium gigas, Fer., E. caf&icola, Craven (PL 19, figs. It, 18), Pupa mellita, Gould, and E. Cey- lanica, Pfr. (PL 20, fig. 24), are synonyms. Yar. ABBREVIATA, Martens. Somewhat shorter. E. MARIEI, Morelet. PL 20, figs. 48, 49, 52, 53. Rimate, smooth, shining, lightly costulate below the sutures and at the base, light corneous, translucent, suture minutely denticulate ; aperture quadridentate — a parietal lamella, a nodule on the columella, a deep-seated little tooth in the throat, and a small one on the right margin; lip white, subthickened, shortly reflected. Length, 13 mill. Ins. Mayotte. E. pusilla, Morelet (figs. 52,53), was founded on an individual in which the tooth on the right margin of the aperture did not develop ; its author has acknowledged its identity with E. Mariei. E. DIODON, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 32. Shortly rimate, thin, lightly costulate-striate, light }^ellowish corneous ; aperture with a parietal lamina and a tooth on the outer lip ; lip callous, sinuous. Length, 6 mill. Ins. Mayotte. E. GLABRA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 33. Arcuately rimate, thin, shining, hyaline, thinly plicate, suture minutely denticulate ; aperture tridentate — a parietal compressed lamella, a prominent columellar tooth, and a smaller deep-seated one ; lip a little expanded. Length, 12 mill. Ins. Mayotte. E. DENTIENS, Morelet. PL 19, figs. 21, 22. Shortly rimate, smooth, shining, hyaline, white ; last whorl scrobiculate ; aperture six dentate — a parietal lamella, two ap- proximate teeth on the right margin, two others, also approximate, on the columella, and one at the base. Length, 4*5 mill. Comoro Isles. 100 ENNEA. • E. ACICULA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 27. Scarcely rimate, hyaline, very slightty costulate, whitish, suture finely denticulate ; aperture with parietal lamella and a punctiform palatal callus; lip white, expanded, somewhat re- flected. Length, 4'5 mill. Comoro Islands. E. RAFFRAYI, Bourguignat. PI. 19, fig. 97. Rimate, hyaline, vitreous, distantly slightly costulate, suture dentate; aperture with a parietal tooth; lip white, thickened, subreflected. Length, 6 mill. Abyssinia. E. ISSELI, Paladilhe. PL 27, fig. 14. Narrowly nmbilicated, somewhat smooth, subdiaphanous, ivory-white, suture granulate-papillate, last whorl scrobiculate at the aperture ; aperture with a parietal lamina, two approxi- mate teeth on the right and a similar pair on the columellar margin, base with a small dentiform tubercle ; lip thickened, subreflected. Length, 5 mill. Aden, Arabia. E. BLANFORDIANA, Godwin-Austen. PL 18, fig. 61. Light corneous, upper whorls faintly costulate, lower ones smooth, very minutely striate ; aperture with parietal lamina, and opposite teeth on the columella and right margin ; lip thickened, expanded, profoundly sinuate above. Length, 8 mill. Mahadeo Peak, North Cachar Hills, Bengal. E. FARTOIDEA, Theobald. PL 18, fig. 48. Subrugosely striate, very light corneous, suture serrate ; aper- ture with two lip teeth and a parietal lamina. Length, 4 mill. Shan States, India. E. VARA, Benson. PL 18, fig. 57. Arcuately rimate, costate, whitish, last whorl scrobiculate ; aperture subaxial, not lateral, distorted ear-shaped, lip thickened, dilated, profoundly sinuated above, arcuate within, in the middle of the right margin showing an obtuse decurrent palatal plica, close to which is a strong parietal lamina. Length, 5 mill. Khasia Mts., India. E. FILICOSTA, Morelet. PL 18, figs. 46, 47. Subrimate, white, shining, hyaline, with longitudinal hair-like ribs ; aperture with a parietal plica, a tooth on the right margin DIAPHORA. 107 and a bidentate columellar plica ; lip somewhat thickened, shortly expanded, contracted in the middle. Length, 4 mill. Angola, Africa. E. VERMIS, Morelet. PI. 20, fig. 37, Rimate, smooth, shining, diaphanous, whitish ; aperture five- toothed — a parietal and a columellar plication, a tooth on the outer lip, and two more at its base ; there is, perhaps, a deep- seated tooth in addition, in the throat ; lip slightly expanded. Length, 3 mill. ™ / Isle Mayotte. E. TAYLORI, Gibbons. PI. 27, fig. 15. Rimate, thin, subdiaphanous, polished, obsoletely costate, the costte more apparent at the sutures ; aperture with a parietal lamina, right margin a little inflected in the middle. Length, 5 mill. Zanzibar. E. SEXDENTATA, Taylor. (Unfigured.) Zanzibar. E. MORCHIANA (Ropstorff), Nevill. (Unfigured.) Nicobar Is. E. DOLIOLUM, Morelet. (Unfigured.) Gabon, W. Africa. E. CANARICA (-Beddome), Blanford. (Unfigured.) Province of So. Canara, Southern India. Subgenus DIAPHORA, Albers, 1850. E. CYLINDREI/LOIDEA, Stoliczka. PL 20, fig. 25. Narrowly rimate, costulate, suture deeply impressed, last whorl obtusely carinate at the base, dissolute and a little «/ descending near the aperture; lip continuous, thickened, ex- panded, aperture with a strong superior lamina, and a tooth on the outer lip. Length, 5 mill. Near Moulmein, Burmah. E. CUMINGIANA, Pfr. PI. 20, fig. 23. Umbilicated, obliquely striulate, shining, hyaline ; last whorl dissolute, protracted, cnrinate above and below, laterally com- pressed ; aperture without teeth, lip continuous, shortly ex- panded. Length, 9'5 mill. Philippines. Described -as a Cylindrella, which it much resembles. E. PORRECTA, von Martens. (Unfigured.) So. East Borneo. 108 STREPTOSTELE. Genus STREPTOSTELE, Dohrn, 1866. S. LOTOPHAGA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 69. Longitudinally thinly and regularly striate, suture minutely crenulated ; yellowish horn-color. Length, 26 mill. Princess Isl., Gulf of Guinea. S. FOLTNI, Mcrelet. PI. 20, figs. 72, 73. Subira perforate, striate, dinphanous, hyaline, suture crenu- lately margined ; aperture with the lip a little thickened and somewhat expanded, the columella somewhat twisted. Length, 16 mill. Prince's Island. S. BucHHOLzr, Martens. PL 20, fig. 76. Imperforate, thin, arcuately striate, shining, yellowish white ; columella a little twisted, lip simple, not thickened. Length, 13'5-15'5 mill. Bonjongo, W. Africa. ? S. METULA, Crosse. PL 20, fig. 26. Somewhat covered-rimate, thin, translucent, shining, 3rellowish, lightly costulate-striate, more distinct at the sutures ; margin of aperture simple, columella not folded. Length, 11 mill. Nossi Comba, Madagascar. Section ELMA, H. Adams, 1866. S. FASTIGIATA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 74. Somewhat covered-rimate, arcuately striate, suture crenulated, hyaline, shining yellowish ; lip thickened, callous, emarginate above. Length, 25-26 mill. Prince's Island. Var. MINOR. Nine instead of ten whorls, columella straight. Length, 17 mill. According to Dohrn the animal is reddish orange. S. INCISA, Morelet. PL 20, figs. 44, 45. Subrimate, smooth, semipellucid, shining, horny white, suture minutely denticulate ; lip callous, obtuse, shortty reflected, pro- foundly incised above. Length, 11 mill. Ins. Mayotte. STREPTOSTELE. 109 S. NEVILLI, H. Adams. PL 20, fig. 77. Imperforate, somewhat solid, a little shining, obsoletely longi- tudinal^ striate, whitish, suture margined ; columella slightly twisted, lip thin, flexuous and thickened in the middle. Length, 20 mill. Seychelles Islands. Dr. Dohrn thinks this species more closely related to Gibbu- lina, and that it should be placed in the vicinity of G. palanga, Lesson. S. MORELETIANA, Dohrn. PL 20, fig. 75. Imperforate, thin, ribbed-striate, shining, pellucid, hyaline ; suture margined and distinctly crenulated ; columella twisted, obliquely truncate, lip simple, thickened, thinner above. Length, 6*5 mill. Prince's Island. S. SWINHOEI, H. Adams. PL 17, fig. 30. Narrowly umbilicate, thin, shining, lightly striate, whitish ; lip thin, shortly reflected, attenuated and sinuous above. Length, 16 mill. Formosa. S. AURICULATA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 42. Very shortly . rimate, longitudinally costulate, crystalline, whitish ; aperture with a tooth-like parietal callus ; lip slightl}' expanded, a little callous, flexuous, slightly incised above, colu- mella dilated above. Length, 9 mill. Isle Mayotte. S. MARTENSIANA, Morelet. PL 20, fig. 47. Superficially rimate, thin, crystalline, diaphanous, arcuately costulate-striate, suture profoundly denticulate; aperture with a prominent, compressed parietal callus, lip shortly expanded, slightly reflected, a little receding above. Length, 14 mill. Ins. Mayotte. Section PTYCHOTREMA, Morch, 1852. S. MORCHI, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 1. Rimate, somewhat solid, striulate, alabastrine, suture mar- gined, last whorl bisulcate below the middle; aperture with two parietal plicae, columella profoundly plicate, acutely bidenticu- late, right margin with a superior tooth, and two long lamellae within the throat below it. Length, 18 mill. Guinea. Pupa Guineensis, Morch, is a synonym. 110 STREPTOSTELE. S. MUCRONATA, Martens. PL 19, iigs. 9-11. Rimate, somewhat solid, obliquely striate, yellowish white ; aperture with a lanre flexuous parietal plica, right lip with a superior tubercle and two lamellae, below it in the throat, colu- mella with two teeth, lip thickened, reflected. Length, 25 mill. Bonjongo, W. Africa. S. BONJONGOENSIS, Tryon. PL 19, figs. 5, 6. Arcuately rimate, obliquely striate, yellowish white ; aperture with a securiform parietal plica, a superior tubercle on the outer lip, and below it two approximate palatal plicae, a basal tooth and three colurnellar plicae ; lip thickened, widely reflected. Length, 14 mill. Bonjongo, W. Africa. Described by Dr. von Martens as Ennea Buchholzi, but that specific name being preoccupied by Martens in Streptostele, and that of Martensiana being used by Morelet, I am compelled to make a change of name without the power of extending the usual courtesy in such circumstances. S. CYATHOSTOMA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 7. Obliquely rimate, solid, closely longitudinally striate, whitish, suture submarginate ; last whorl profound^ bisulcate near the aperture, base subcristate ; lip expanded, sinuated above ; aper- ture with a parietal plica, and three lamellae within the outer lip. Length, 120'5 mill. Old Calabar, W. Africa. S. RINGENS, H. Adams. PL 19, fig. 20. Rimate, solid, longitudinally closely striate, whitish, suture narrowly margined, last whorl trisulcate behind the aperture ; aperture with a parietal lamina, three profound columellar teeth ; and several lamellae within the outer lip, of which four are longer and more prominent ; lip-continuous, expanded, sinuous above. Length, 14 mill. Sierra Leone, W. Africa. HELICOIDEA. Ill FAMILY HELICOIDEA. Shell heliciform, with usually depressed conical, or plane spire, sometimes nautiloid; or with depressed spire, generally umbilicated, outer lip simple. Animal differing from the true Helices by the absence of the jaw, and of the central tooth of the lingual ribbon. Carnivorous. There is but little to distinguish these mollusks either in the shell or the external characters of the soft parts from some of the groups of Helices, and the number of species of which the mouth-parts have been examined is so small as to forbid any- thing like an exhaustive list of the Testacelloid genera or o ~ species ; I can only group around the known agnathous forms such others as appear to be related to them by conchological characters : time will show the real value of characters derived from dentition and the presence or absence of a jaw. Synopsis of Genera. Genus GUESTIERIA, Crosse, 1872. Shell imperforate, corneous, thin, depressed, quite involute, the last enveloping whorl only visible, aperture semilunar, the lip simple. South America. Genus DIPLOMPHALUS, Crosse and Fischer, 1872. Shell planorbiforin, openly umbilicated, spire depressed, aper- ture narrow, lip simple. New Caledonia. {Typical.) — Shell discoidal, showing the numerous narrow whorls equally above and below, the extremities of the lip con- nected by a much developed parietal callus. Subgenus MONOMPHALUS, Ancey, 1882. Shell nautiliform, spire somewhat depressed or nearly plane, whorls less numerous than in the typical group, the last large, almost covering the umbilicus. Subgenus PSEUDOMPHALUS, Ancey, 188*2. Shell nautiliform, with very narrow whorls and aperture, the last whorl enveloping above and below, so as to exhibit a deep sunken perspective spire and umbilicus. This form approaches Guestieria in appearance, and still more, the European group Drepanostoma. 112 HEL1GOIDEA. Genus MICROMPHAL1A, Ancey, 1882. Shell striated obliquely, or smooth ; spire obtuse, number of wborls moderate ; umbilical perforation narrow ; lip simple, sharp, a little sinuous at the base, with a strong basal tooth at some distance from the margin — which is sometimes not devel- oped. New Caledonia. Subgenus PLATYSTOMA, Ancey, 1882. Spire depressed, but little elevated, whorls few; shell thin, smooth or obliquely striated ; perforation small; aperture large, the lip sharp, edentulous, or having a single tooth at the base. Genus RHYTIDA, Albers. I860. Shell umbilicated, thin, convexly depressed, undulately striate or rugose; spire slightly elevated, whorls 4 or 5, somewhat flattened obliquely ; umbilicus rather wide and deep ; aperture oblong-ovate, sometimes dentate within, lip simple, acute, its extremities approaching. Animal viviparous ; the lingual teeth rather few, oblique, arcuated ; no central teeth ; no jaw. New Zealand, Australia, New Caledonia. Genus PARYPHANTA, Albers, 1850. Shell rather widely umbilicated, thin, covered by a coriaceous epidermis, enveloping or extending beyond the peristome ; aper- ture oblique, semilunar, peristome simple. New Zealand, Australia. Genus ELJEA, Hutton, 1883. Shell small, epidermis thin, not involving the peristome ; umbilicus wide ; whorls few, rapidly increasing. New Zealand. Genus AEROPE, Albers, 1860. Shell with a small, nearly covered umbilicus ; very thin, depressed globose, costulately striate ; spire not prominent, obtuse ; aperture large, semiovate, lip sharp, simple, columellar margin widely reflected over the umbilicus. Teeth very long, subulate, arranged in converging rows, and contained in a very large lingual sac. A single South African species. DIPLOMPHALUS. 113 Genus GUESTIERIA, Crosse, 1872. G. POWISIANA, Pfr. PL 26, figs. 16-18. Shell very thin, polished, stimulate ; corneous, brown-raj'ed. Diam., 18 mill. Marmato, New Granada. Genus DIPLOMPHALUS, Crosse and Fischer, 1872. There is a certain superficial resemblance between this group and Polygyra, Say — the latter being Floridian,and belonging to the true Helicidae. D. MONTROUZIERI, Souverbie. PI. 25, fig. 90. Shell thin, subdiaphanous, light corneous, very minutely obliquely undulately striate ; spire depressed, deeply immersed in the middle, suture plicately carinate. Diam. 8, alt. 4 mill. New Caledonia. D. CABRITI, Gassies. PI. 25, figs. 91, 92. Rather thin, scarcely shining, with flexuous suboblique striae ; corneous, crossed by reddish chestnut maculations ; centre of spire profoundly immersed, suture crenulately carinate, mar- ginate, last whorl carinate above and below. Diam. 8, alt. 4 mill. New Caledonia. First published as Helix volutella, a name preoccupied by Pfeiffer. D. VAYSSETI, Marie. PI. 25, figs. 1-3. Rather thin, with suboblique, regular, flexuous impressed striae ; corneous, with reddish chestnut maculations ; suture crenulatety carinate, last whorl carinate above and below, and marbled or strigate on the somewhat convex side with chestnut- red. Diam. 6'5. alt. 2'5 mill. New Caledonia. D. MARIEI, Crosse. PI. 25, figs. 6, 7, 10. Rather thin, somewhat shining, with impressed flexuous sub- oblique striae ; corneous, maculated with reddish chestnut ; suture submarginate, last whorl angulated above and below, 8 114 MONOMPHALUS. the side convex ; aperture with white, expanded lip, subreflected below. Diam. 4-5, alt. 2 mill. New Caledonia. Has fewer whorls (about 7) than the previously described species, is smaller, has a different aperture, and is less concave above and below. Var. SOLIDULA, Crosse. Fig. 10. Thicker, slightly larger, lighter colored, last whorl a little more elevated. Diam. 5, alt. 2*5 mill. D. MICROPHIS, Crosse. PL 21, figs. 16, 17. Small, slightly concave above and below, rather strongly striate-costulate, suture impressed ; unicolored olivaceous- corneous ; aperture narrowly auriform, lip white, continuous, subreflected, thickened on the columella. Diam. T75, alt. '5 mill. New Caledonia. A shell of only 4^ whorls, yet adult, as shown by its lip. Very much smaller and less concave above and below than either of the preceding species. Subgenus MONOMPHALUS, Ancey, 1882. D. BAVAYI, Crosse. PI. 25, figs. 95-97. Spire somewhat depressed, umbilicus rimate, covered, whorls covered by numerous thread-like, sharply raised, dark costulge on a chestnut-colored surface, lip thin. Diam. 7, alt. 4 mill. New Caledonia. D. CEREALIS, Crosse. PI. 27, figs. 18, 19. Subimperforate, depressed, thin, flexuosely striate-costulate, epidermis yellowish brown. Diam. 5, alt. 1*75 mill. New Caledonia. D. HECKELTANA, Crosse. PI. 25, figs. 98-100. Nearly covered rimate, rather thin, with close fine stride; chestnut-brown, maculated with whitish around the suture. Diam. 6'5, alt. 4 mill. New Caledonia. First described as Helix Rossiteriana, Crosse, 1871 (not H. Rossiteri, Angas, 1869). Var. GRAMMICA, Crosse. Last whorl tessellated with chestnut and yellowish brown. PSEUDOMPHALUS. 1 1 5 Subgenus PSEUDOMPHALUS, Ancey, 1882. D. FABREI, Crosse. PI. 24, figs. 85-87. Widely and perspective^ umbilicated, nautiliform, profoundly biconcave, last whorl largely enveloping the others, especially above, translucent, subflexuosely closely striate, reddish brown. Diam. 15, alt. 8'5 mill. New Caledonia. D. MEGEI, Lambert. PI. 24, figs. 82-84, 59, 60. Umbilicated, nautiliform, profoundly biconcave, translucent, very closely finely striate, chestnut-brown. Diam. 9, alt. 7 mill. New Caledonia. Is smaller, with fewer whorls than the preceding species — of which it may be the young. Crosse describes a variety (figs. 59, 60) with only 4J (instead of 5) whorls, dark reddish brown, the apex immersed, whitish ; diam. 8*25, alt. 5'5 mill. Probably younger? D. GENTILSIANA, Crosse. PL 24, figs. 62, 63. Perforated, subnautiliform, numerously, closely, slightly costulate ; light olivaceous ; whorls 5, the last obtusely angulate near the suture, base subplanate. Diam. 9, alt. 5'5 mill. New Caledonia. D. VINITINCTA, Cox. PL 24, figs. 88, 89. Openly, deeply umbilicated, spire depressed, sunken; nautili- form, thin, corneous, epidermis reddish chestnut, costulate. Diam. 6'5, alt. 2'5 mill. Upper Richmond River, Australia. D. OMICRON, Pfr. PL 24, fig. 79. Umbilicated, spire profoundly immersed, umbilicus rather wide, conical ; very thin, closely filiformly striate, corneous, obsoletely strigate with chestnut. Diam. 5'25, alt. 3 mill. Is Helix ammonitoides. Reeve. Australia- . *j. * * • D. LIFOUANA, Montrouzier. PL 25, figs. 93, 94. Nautiliform, minutely umbilicated, minutely striate, corneous, epidermis olivaceous, subradiate with brown above ; last whorl subangulate above, a little gibbous in the middle, more convex below ; lip simple, whitish within the margin. Diam. 11, alt. 7 mill. Lifu Island, Loyalty Archipelago. 116 MICROMPHAL1A. f Genus MICROMPHALIA, Ancey, 1882. M. CALEDONICA, Crosse. PL 24, figs. 76-78. Magn. £. Im perforate, somewhat solid, subpellucid, finely lightly striate ; olivaceous brown, irregularly maculate with a few chestnut-brown transverse spots ; aperture with a basal lamina. Diam. 9, alt. 5'25 mill. New Caledonia. M. ABAX, Marie. PI. 24, figs. 80, 81. Scarcely rimate, rather thin, longitudinally striate ; light yel- lowish red, with rather close, trigonal chestnut-brown macula- tions. the immersed suture bordered b}^ a band of alternate dark chestnut and white maculations ; aperture with a strong basal plica, and sometimes an obsolete one above it. Diam. 13*5, alt. 7 mill. New Caledonia. M. VIEILLARDI, Crosse and Marie. PI. 24, figs. 67, 68. Scarcely subrimate, striate, chestnut-brown, with whitish or rosy-white maculations in the vicinity of the suture, becoming smaller, and zigzagged below ; last whorl very obtusely cari- nated ; lip black-margined, columella white, aperture with a basal plica. Diam. 14, alt. 8 mill. New Caledonia. Var. ft. Subdepressed, slightly smaller, spire less elevated. The animal is blackish above, brownish posteriorly, rosy- violaceous on the sides, the sole is light rosy-violaceous. M. BALADENSIS, Souverbie. PI. 25, figs. 11, 12. Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, very thin, striulate, shining, translucent ; light yellowish, lineolated with oblique curved chestnut lines ; spire scarcely elevated, suture deep ; aperture without plica. Diam. 5, alt. 2'3 mill. N. Caledonia. M. LOMBARDEAUI, Montrouzier. PI. 27, figs. 20, 21. Yery narrowly nmbilicated, thin, rather distantly acutely costulate-striate ; undulately tessellated with chestnut and yel- lowish white ; a] erture profound!}' bilamellate on the outer wall. Diam. 10, alt 7*5 mill. N. Caledonia. RHYTIDA. 117 M. CORYMBUS, Crosse. PL 27, figs. 22, 23. Scarcely perforated, rather thin, closety lamelliformly impressly striate ; corneous, obscurely reticulated with chestnut-red, at the suture maculated alternately with dark chestnut and j^ellowish ; aperture without plica. Diam. 5*5, alt. 3 mill. N. Caledonia. Subo;enus PLATYSTOMA, Ancey, 1882. *^ »/ / M. SATSSETI, Montrouzier PI. 25, figs. 4, 5. Almost imperforate, somewhat thin, rather distantly costu- lately striate, with intermediate smaller striae ; yellowish white, with chestnut undulating strigations ; suture rather deeply im- pressed, la|t whorl obtusel}' subcarinate, blackish around the umbilicus. Diam. 15, alt. 8 mill. N. Caledonia. M. ASTUR, Souverbie. PL 25, figs. 8, 9. Magn. f . Scarcely perforate, thin, closely arcuately plicately striate, greenish corneous, under an olivaceous brown epidermis, wrhich is radiately undnlately strigate with chestnut; whorls 4, the last subdepressed, obtusely subcarinate. Diam. 7, alt. 3 mill. N. Caledonia. M. CHELONITIS, Crosse. PL 27, figs. 24, 25. Scarcely perforate, rather smooth, thin, pellucid; light yel- lowish, maculated and reticulated with chestnut, some of the maculations stronger above. Diam. 7*5, alt. 4 mill. N. Caledonia. Genus RHYTIDA, Albers, 1860. * Aperture lamellate. R. BERAUDI, Gassies. PL 23, figs. 35-37. Subcarinate, widely, perspectively umbilicated, orange-brown above, reddish brown below, with reddish incremental striae ; whorls rugosely striate, decussated, especially below by revolving impressed lines ; aperture bidentate, lip simple. Diam. 18, alt. 10 mill. N. Caledonia. R. SUBSIDIALIS, Crosse. PL 23, figs. 38, 39. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, spirally sulcate, the sulcse 118 RHYT1DA. more conspicuous below, somewhat shining ; yellowish chestnut; suture deeply impressed ; lip with a basal tooth. Diam. 15, alt. 7 mill. N. Caledonia. Var. ft. Globose, smaller, darker color. Diam. 11, alt. 7 mill. R. MULTISULCATA, Gassies. PI. 23, figs. 40-42. Magn. f . Rather thin, translucent, lightly striulate, with impressed spiral lines ; whorls 5, suture submarginate ; yellowish corneous, some- what shining, occasionally strigate with chestnut ; aperture with a light basal tooth. Diam. 7-11, ah. 4-7 mill. N. Caledonia. Vars. minor, depressa and unicolor have been described ; in the latter the chestnut strigations are absent. R. .COGUIENSIS, Crosse. PI. 24, figs. 64, 65. Somewhat obliquely rngosely striate, with numerous spiral lines, somewhat shining ; yellowish olivaceous, longitudinally variegated with chestnut, and encircled with dark chestnut bands, one above, one on the periphery, a third on the base, and a fourth around the umbilicus ; behind and near the middle of the outer lip with a slight external scrobiculation ; aperture bluish white, showing the bands, with a deep-seated basal lamella. Diam. 12'5, alt. 6*5 mill. N. Caledonia. Var. TRIFASCIATA. Upper band wanting. Yar. MONOZONARTA. Described from a specimen in poor condi- tion, without the basal tooth ; perhaps a juvenile. R. FERRIEZIANA, Crosse. PI. 24, figs. 69, 70. Obliquely rugosely striate, encircled by rather distant im- pressed spiral lines; dark brown or chocolate ; aperture colored as externally, with a basal lamella. Diam. 14-5, alt. 8 mill. N. Caledonia. Var. ft. Somewhat smaller, the periphery with a narrow yellow- ish revolving band. Var. f, MONOZONARIA. Smaller, yellowish brown, with chestnut variegations, spire more flattened, last whorl with a broad chestnut band above the periphery, base multisulcate. RHYTIDA. 119 R. TESTUDINARIA, Gassies. PI. 24, fig. 66. Turbinately depressed, moderately solid, obliquely rugosely striate, with impressed spiral lines, more visible on the periphery and subplanate base ; shining, yellowish olivaceous, with a superior dark chestnut band ; last whorl flattened obliquely at the aperture; aperture bluish white, showing the band, with a basal lamella and slight exterior pit. Diam. 13, alt. 7 mill. New Caledonia. Was described from juvenile specimens. R. Pauluccise, Crosse, which I have figured, is the adult. Is E. Coguiensis, Crosse, a variety of this species ? R. BRUNJANA, Gassies. PL 28, figs. 37, 38. Rather thin, shining, striulate ; yellowish brown, with chestnut maculations at the suture, and chestnut oblique, flexuous lines over the rest of the shell, becoming indistinct on the base ; last whorl subangulated on the periphery, slightly scrobiculate at the base, corresponding with a lamella at the base of the aper- ture ; umbilicus narrowly perforate. Diam. 9, alt. 3 mill. New Caledonia. R, TURNERI, Pfr. An unfignred species, with nearly closed umbilicus, depressed, subdiscoidal, rather thin, diaphanous, a little shining, closely striate; yellowish brown, variegated with chestnut lines and spots, and maculated at the rather deep, denticulated suture ; aperture with a median basal lamella. Diam. 7*25, alt. 3 mill. New Caledonia. The description appears to agree pretty well with R. Bruniana. R. VILLANDREI, Gassies. PL 23, figs. 45, 46, 43, 44. Subcarinate, strongly striated, shining; brownish yellow undulately strigate with chestnut ; suture linear, subplicate ; aperture yellowish brown, not toothed. Diam. 25, alt. 10 mill. New Caledonia. R. Boydii, Angas (figs. 43, 44), is a synonym. R. RAYNALI, Gassies PL 23, figs. 47, 48. Lightly rugoseh7 striated, with close slight impressed spiral lines above; shining, yellowish chestnut, with chestnut zigzag lines more or less broken up into spots ; suture linear, subpli- cate. Diam. 33, alt. 17 mill. New Caledonia. 120 RHYTIDA. R, OUVEANA, Souverbie. PI. 23, figs. 49, 50. Thin, subpellucid, closely arcnately striate, with spiral impressed lines; yellowish, inconspicuously fasciated with yellowish brown ; last whorl subcarinated on the periphery. Diam. 7*5, alt. 3 mill. Ouvea, Loyalty Islands. R. RUFOTJNCTA, Gassies. PI. 22, fig. 13. Yerj- widely umbilicated, discoidal, thin, longitudinally and transversely striate ; yellowish red, shining, with chestnut rays above and below ; whorls 3^, with profound suture, flattened above, convex below, the last not descending ; aperture yel- lowish, lip simple. Diam. 5, alt. 2 mill. New Caledonia. R. LUTEOLINA, Gassies. PI. 23, figs. 52, 53. Closely striate and spirally sulcate ; shining, orange-brown, indistinctly darker banded on the subcarinate periphery ; suture sulcately crenate. Diain. 6, alt. 3 mill. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. R. YAHOUENSIS. Gassies. PL 28, figs. 43-45. Closely striulate, with spiral impressed lines, somewhat shining, yellowish corneous. Diam. 5, alt. 2 mill. New Caledonia. Has a more open umbilicus, and is without the peripheral band of R. luteolina. R. DEPLANCHEST, Gassies. PL 24, fig. 61. Thinly striate, with spiral impressed lines ; whorls 3^, rapidly increasing ; shining, orange-brown, with a chestnut band on the subcarinate periphery ; aperture yellowish, show- ing the band. Diam. 7, alt. 3 mill. Lifu, Loyalty Is. R. COSTULIFERA, Pfr. PL 28, figs. 31, 32. Conically depressed, thin, diaphanous, rather closely arcuately striate; yellowish brown, with chestnut maculations at the suture, and chestnut zigzag lines covering the surface ; periph- ery subangulated, base somewhat plane, angulated next the conical umbilicus. Diam. 6'5, alt. 2 in. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. Crosse has described a var. major, with 6 whorls, instead of 5 ; diam. 7 25, alt. 4 mill. RHYTIDA. 121 R. PINICOLA, Pfr. PL 28, figs. 33, 34. Depressed, thin, closely arcuately striate; yellowish brown, maculated with chestnut at the suture, elsewhere covered with zigzag chestnut lines ; whorls 5, spire plane. Diam. To, alt. 3 mill. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. Is more depressed than the preceding species, and has not its angulated periphery and umbilicus. R. ORIUNDA, Uassies. PI. 28, figs. 46-48. t Shell with rather wide umbilicus, fragile, pellucid, shining, finely spirally striate; yellowish, with chestnut undulating lines and maculations, the former paler and finer around the umbilicus. Diam. 5, alt. 3 mill. New Caledonia. R. BAZINI, Crosse. PI. 28, figs. 35, 36. Subdiscoidal, thin, very closely arcuately striate ; light corneous, with angulated zigzag chestnut lines, and macula- tions of the same color at the suture ; spire somewhat plane, whorls 4^, with deep suture, the last wThorl not descending, obsoletely subangulate on the periphery, the base somewhat plane, with a conical umbilicus. Diam. 5, alt. 1*5 mill. New Caledonia. A smaller, more depressed shell than the related species. Crosse has distinguished a var. minor, less distinctly striate, the color darker, the lines of chestnut broader. Diam. 4, alt. T25 mill. R. IN^QUALIS, Pfr. PL 24, figs. 57, 58. Shell rather solid, densely obliquety rugosely striate above, smoother and shining below, with impressed spiral lines ; }rel- lowish brown, with a few light chestnut strigations, often with a chestnut band on the periphery. Diam. 22, alt. 9 mill. New Caledonia, Isle of Pines. R. Fischeri, Gassies, is founded upon a uniform!}' chestnut- colored variety of this shell. R. SINCLAIRI, Pfr. PL 24, figs. 71, 72. Shell thin, regularly closely costate-striate ; orange-brown, with numerous interrupted chestnut revolving bands and lines ; 122 RHYTIDA. whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, deflected in front, suture deep. Diam. 17, alt. 7*5 mill. Tasmania . R. KANAKINA, Gassies. PI. 28, fig. 26. Widely umbilicated, depressed, rather solid, obliquely rugosely plicatulate ; shining corneous, irregularly maculated with chest- nut dots ; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last not descending, base subplanate, umbilicus conical, bordered with chestnut ; aperture shining corneous. Diam. 7, alt. 3*5 mill. N. Caledonia. • R. CANDELOTI, Crosse and Marie. PI. 28, figs. 27, 28. Depressed, discoiclal, very widely umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obsoletely costulate-striate ; light orange-brown, strigate with chestnut, the last whorl slightly cingulated with white below the periphery. Diam. 6-5, alt. 2 mill. N. Caledonia. A variety has been described, greenish yellow, the striga- tions obscure, a little larger than the type. R. LAMBERTI, Gassies. PI. 28, figs. 29, 30. Lenticular, thin, pellucid, transversely slightly, longitudinally more strongly striated ; orange-brown ; spire nearly plane ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last not descending. Diam. 8, alt. 2'5 mill. New Caledonia. R. OCCLUSA, Gassies. PL 28, fig. 40. Very narrowly umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, some- what thin, obliquely costulate above; yellowish brown, with undulating chestnut lines and spots, and more distinct macnla- tions at the suture; suture crispate. Diam. 6, alt. 3 mill. New Caledonia. Has not the basal callosity of E. Turneri and Bruniana, which it somewhat resembles otherwise. R. GOULARDIANA, Crosse. PI. 24, figs. 54-56. Umbilicus narrow, almost covered, shell somewhat solid, flexuosely, snbobliquely costulate; epidermis very thin, some- what deciduous, orange-brown ; suture profound, subcanaliculate in the last whorl ; periphery subnngulate ; last whorl not de- scending; its base subplanate, costulate ; interior bluish white. Diam. 12, alt. 5 mill. N. Caledonia. RHYT1DA. 123 R. PREVOSTIANA, Crosse. PI. 28, figs. 41, 42. Umbilicus perforate, partly covered, thin, with subdistant lamelliform stride ; yellowish brown, more or less maculated with light chestnut, particularly at the suture ; whorls 5, with im- pressed suture, base subplanate and regularly costulate. Diam. 6, alt. 4'5 mill. Neiu Caledonia. The color varies, sometimes uniform horny-white, or dark corneous, or horny-white more or less maculated with orange- brown. * * * R. PTYCHOMPHALA, Pfeiffer. PL 22, figs. 16-18 ; PI. 28, fig. 39. Rather thin, glossy, closely, irregular!}', frequently anasto- mosely striated, without spiral sculpture ; olive-brown, with some more or less distinct chestnut strigations, and a faint yellow band around the umbilicus ; whorls 4^, the last inflated and deflected at the mouth, somewhat flattened. Diam. T4, alt. '5 inch. Port Essington, Australia. Figs. 17, 18-, from Kiister, represent a shell not fully grown, and without the yellow umbilical band ; Pfeiffer's original de- scription is based on a similar shell. I add (fig. 16) a fully developed shell from Cox's work, and a smaller one (fig. 39) from Reeve. R. LEICHARDTI, Cox. PI. 22, fig. 23. Widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely obliquely costu- late above, scarcely shining, opaque; olivaceous red; whorls 4^, the last descending at the aperture. Diam. T4, alt. '65 inches. Australia. R. STRANGEI, Pfr. PI. 22, fig. 27 ; PL 28, fig. 49. Umbilicated, rather thin, shining, pellucid, closely striate above, decussated by very numerous impressed spiral lines ; yellowish, reddish or horny chestnut, sometimes with light chestnut strigations; whorls 5, not descending in front; base nearty smooth, glossy. Diam. 1, alt. *4 inch. New South Wales. R. LINCOLNIENSIS, Pfr. PL 22, fig. 28. Umbilicated, thin, strongly closely striate and slightly granu- 124 BHYTIDA. lated above, pellucid ; light chestnut-colored ; whorls 5, the last not descending in front, lightly radiately striated around the umbilicus. Diam. 22, alt. 12 mill. Port Lincoln, Australia. Something like E. Slrangei, but smaller, with more transverse aperture and narrower umbilicus, and without revolving sculp- ture. R. LAMPROIDES, Cox. PI. 23, fig. 51. Umbilicated, thin, closely irregularly ribbed-striate ; reddish corneous, scarcely shining, lighter and more polished below ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last not descending, depressed above, more convex below, the periphery subangulated. Diam. 14, alt. 5'5 mill. Tasmania. R BULLACEA, Pfr. PL 22, figs. 25, 26, 24. Umbilicated, thin, glossy, pellucid, above closely filiformty striate ; reddish, horny ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last slightly depressed above, but not descending at the mouth, base convex, very faintly radiately striated, yellowish horny, very glossy. Diam. 17'5, alt. 6'25 mill. Clarence and Richmond Rivers, Australia. Dr. Cox, with some doubt, refers his H. assimilis to this species as a synonym. Fig. 24, figured by Reeve from the type in the Cumingian collection, shows strigations which are not mentioned in Pfeiffer's description made from the same shell, nor do they exist in Dr. Cox's specimens. R. SHERIDANI, Brazier. PI. 22, figs. 14, 15. Umbilicated, thin, closely finely obliquely striated above ; reddish chestnut; whorls 4-J-, the last large, flattened at the suture, base convex, slightly striate, more conspicuously so in the umbilicus ; aperture bluish within. Diam. 28, alt. 16*6 mill. Car dwell, Rockingham Bay, N. E. Australia. R. NAMOIENSIS, Cox. PL 22, figs. 19, 20. Profoundly, rather narrowly Umbilicated, -thin, transparent, everywhere smooth, shining; light olive-brown; whorls 5, the last not descending ; aperture opalescent within. Diam. -93, alt. -53 inch. Namoi River, New South Wales. KHYTIDA. 125 R. CONFUSA, Pfr. PL 22, tigs. 21, 22. Umbilicated, rather thin, glossy, closely finely striated; yel- lowish, reddish, or reddish chestnut, sometimes with irregularly radiating chestnut strigations ; whorls 4, the last wide and inflated, rather flattened above, not descending in front ; base convex, smoother and more shining than the upper surface. Diam. 1'45, alt. *6 in. Australia. A var. /9 is not so shining and more distinctly striate on the last whorl ; chestnut-color. R. LAMPKA, Pfeiffer. PI. 23, fig. 29. Somewhat narrowly umbilicated, thin, very closely arcuately striated, polished ; yellowish brown, greenish chestnut or oliva- ceous, the base smoother and lighter-colored ; whorls 4 (scarcely), the last not descending. Diam. 20, alt. 10 mill. Tasmania. R. CAPILLACEA, Fer. PI. 23, tigs. 30-32. Closely regularly striated above, glossy, thin ; horny yellow ; whorls 4, the last somewhat flattened above, more convex, smoother and more glossy below. Diam. 1, alt. '27 inch. Port Jackson, Australia. Dr. Cox suspects that R. Strangei, Pfr., should be a synonym ; it differs by its revolving sculpture, but that is variable in dis- tinctness, and I am much inclined to Dr. Cox's opinion. R. JAMESF, Brazier. An unfigured species approaching fi. capillacea. It differs in being flatly depressed, nearly smooth, showing very faint silky lines, which become more rib like at the suture ; color bright horny yellow, strigated with brownish }-ellow ; shell thinner, and umbilicus wider. Diam. 21, alt. 8 mill. Palm 7s/., N. E. Australia. R. STRANGEOIDES, Cox. PL 23, figs. 33, 34. Depressed, somewhat discoidal, thin, transparent, shining, irregularly, rather coarsety striated, decussated with numerous fine close spiral lines ; yellowish horny ; whorls 4, the last depressed above, convex and nearly smooth below. Diam. 10, alt. 4 mill. Moreton Bay, Australia. 126 RHYTIDA. Unfigured Australian Species. R. WALKERT, Gray. Unidentified. Appears to be related to R. capillacea. New Holland. R. LANGLEYANA, Brazier. Macquarie Harbor, W. coast of Tasmania. R. HOBSONI, Brazier. Palm Island, N. E. coast of Australia. R. BEDDOMEI, Brazier. Albany Island. and Cape York. *** The following New Zealand forms might well constitute a distinct section or subgenus, characterized principally by the malleated surface, angulated periphery and umbilicus, etc. R. DUNNI.E, Gray. PL 24, fig. 73. Umbilicated, irregularly granularty or malleately closely striated ; orange-brown ; whorls 4, planulate, the last slightly descending at the aperture, base flatly convex, umbilicus infun- dibuliform. Diam. 24, alt. 11 mill. New Zealand. Var. /9. Olivaceous brown, last whorl with five elevated close spiral striae below the periphery. R. GREENWOODII, Gray. PL 24, fig. 74. Umbilicated, rather thin, rugosely and malleately striate; olivaceous brown ; whorls 4, the last obtusely subangulated at the periphery, with interrupted irregular spiral cord-like striae ; umbilicus infundibuliform, chestnut-color. Diam. 23 5, alt. 12 mill. New Zealand. Is R. Gunnii, Gray (MS.). The periphery is much less angular, the body-whorl and aperture much more oblique- than the pre- ceding species ; differs also in its colored umbilicus. Unfigured Species. R. PATULA, R. CITRINA, R. AUSTRALis (perhaps a var. of citrina), all of Hutton. New Zealand. PARYPHANTA. 127 Genus PARYPHANTA, AJbers, 1850. P. BUSBYI, Gray. PL 26, figs. 23, 24. Opaque, very thin, whitish, under a thick, shining, greenish black epidermis, enveloping the peristome ; whorls 4^. the last descending in front ; lip of aperture simple, somewhat inflected. Diam. 66, alt. 29 mill. New Zealand. The epidermis is so strong, that in the contraction of drying on dead specimens it often breaks the shell. P. HOCHSTETTERT, Pfr. An unfigured species, about the same size as P. Busbyi, but depressed, with 5^ whorls, more slowly increasing, umbilicated, irregularly rugate; yellowish brown, with close undulating chestnut lines on the upper part of the shell, last whorl suban- gulate on the periphery, irregularly foveolate and more shining below, with wider chestnut markings ; lip simple, submembrana- ceous in front. New Zealand. P. GILLIESI, E. A. Smith. Shell umbilicated, thin, flexible, smooth and rather glossy, with growth-lines, and obsolete spiral striae upon the upper surface ; dark chestnut, with spiral yellowish lines varying in number and width ; whorls five or six, shrunken in drying, in which state the last whorl is obtusely keeled, or inflated when stuffed with cotton, not united at the suture to the preceding volution for some distance from the aperture ; aperture oblique, without a shelly lining ; lip thin, arcuate above. Diam. 35, alt. 14 mill. Wliakmarana Mts., New Zealand. Unfigured. P. ATRAMENTARIA, Shuttleworth. PI. 26, figs. 5, 6. Perforate, subdiaphanous, very dark chocolate black, above lightly undulately rugulose, below smooth and very shining; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last depressed and deflected in front ; interior similarly colored or bluish, the margin flexuosely produced above, invested with the shortly inflexed epidermis. Diam. 30, alt. 14 mill. Victoria, Australia. 128 PARYPHANTA. P. FUMOSA, Tenison-Woods. PL 28, figs. 55, 56. Narrowly umbilicated, depressed turbinate, rather thin, highly polished, translucent, rugosely striated by growth-lines, suture finely corrugated, smoky horn-color or nearly black, apex whitish ; whorls 3^, the last obliquely sloping above ; peristome with incurved cuticular margin. Diam. 22, alt. 18 mill. Dandenong Ranges, Victoria, Australia. Something like P. atramentaria, but smaller. Described as a Helicarion, but undoubtedly belongs in this group. P. URNULA, Pfr. PI. 26, fig. 14. Covered perforate, thin, submembranaceous, irregularly ob- liquely sulcated and malleated, pellucid, slightly shining ; greenish brown ; whorls three, convex, very rapidly increasing, the last large, obliquely flattened above, base subexcavated; lip simple, subinflected. Diam. 16, alt. 9 mill. New Zealand. P. OPHIRIA, Pfr. PI. 26, figs. 7, 8. Subperforate, very thin, membranaceons, radiately rugate, with minute light spiral lines ; pellucid, greenish corneous ; whorls 5, the last subangulate at the periphery, rounded in front, base inflated ; peristome subinflected. Diam. 20, alt. 11-5 mill. Mt. Ophir, Malacca. Is Vitrina heliciformis, Pfr., described from an imperfect specimen. P. OMEGA, Pfr. PL 26, fig. 28. Imperforate, somewhat smooth ; epidermis corneous brown ; whorls 4, a little flattened, rapidty increasing, the last depressed, base flattened, impressed in the middle ; lip simple. Diam. 9*5, alt. 4 mill. New Zealand. Helix compressivoluta, Reeve, is a synonym. P. PHLOGOPHORA, Pfr. PL 26, fig. 10. Mag. f. Imperforate, very thin, striulate, shining, pellucid ; yellowish brown, with serrulate, angulated chestnut lines; whorls 3^, rapidly increasing, the last not descending, with somewhat flattened base, impressed in the middle ; lip simple. Diam. 7, alt. 3-5 mill. New Zealand. The synonyms are H. multilimbata , Hombr. et Jacq., and H. ftammigera, Pfr. EL^EA. 129 Genus EL^EA, Button, 1883. E. JEFFREYSIANA, Pfr. PL 26, fig. 26. Widely umbilicated, thin, distinctly striate, pellucid, yellowish, with chestnut strigations ; suture irregularly plicatulate; whorls 4, the last not descending. Diam. 7, alt. 3 mill. New Zealand. E. OBNUBILA, Reeve. PI. 26, fig. 27. Umbilicated, dark brown, with oblique striae and impressed spiral lines decussating the surface ; whorls 5, plano-convex ; lip simple, acute. Alt. 3*5 mill. New Zealand. Is Helix sigma, Pfr. MS. E. CHIRON, Gray. PI. 26, fig. 19. Umbilicated, distantly arcuately plicatulate; epidermis shining, olivaceous brown ; whorls 3^, the last subdepressed ; base convex, umbilicus narrow ; lip somewhat spreading, a little incised above. Diam. 6, alt. 3 mill. New Zealand. E. RAPIDA, Pfr. PI. 26, fig. 13. Umbilicated, thin, slightly spirally striate, crossing the growth- lines, shining, pellucid ; chestnut-color with yellowish spots and lines; whorls 3^, rapidly increasing, the last wide, depressed, periphery rounded, not descending anteriorly ; lip simple, acute. Diam. 7'66, alt. 3 mill. New Zealand. Yar. /9, MAJOR. Yellowish, with an articulated wide chestnut band at the suture. Diam. 9'5 mill. Solomon's Is. E. SPLENDIDULA, Pfr. PL 26, figs. 20-22. Widely umbilicated, striatulate, obsoletely reticulated by spiral lines ; light olivaceous-corneous ; whorls 3^, subplanulate, with deep sutures, rapidly increasing, the last wide, not descend- ing in front; lip simple, acute. Diam. 8*5, alt. 3'5 mill. Torres Straus, Australia; Lizard Islands. E. LAMBDA, Pfr. PL 26, fig. 25. Umbilicated, thin, somewhat smooth, with spiral lines, scarcely shining, diaphanous; yellowish brown, strigate with chestnut; 9 130 EL^A. whorls 5, the body-whorl not descending, obsoletely angulated at the periphery; umbilicus moderate, conical ; aperture shining within, lip simple. Diam. 13, alt. 7 mill. Neiv Zealand. Is H. igniflua, Reeve (figured above). E. CREBRIFLAMMIS, Pfr. PL 26, fig. 9. Magn. f . Somewhat widely umbilicated, thin, slightly striated, shining, pellucid ; yellowish, with angulated chestnut strigations ; whorls 3^, the last not descending, subdepressed, the base more convex ; lip simple, a little arcuate. Diam. 7, alt. 3 mill. New Zealand. Is probably H. infundibulum, Hombr. et Jacq. E. CORESIA, Gray. PI. 26, fig 15. Widely umbilicated ; epidermis thick, shining, obsoletely striate, olivaceous-corneous, strigate with chestnut; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last subdepressed, not descending, dilated; lip simple, thin, epidermally inflected. Diam. 4, alt. 1'6 mill. New Zealand. The characters of the epidermis would appear to place this in Paryphanta, yet Prof. Hutton specially cites it as a member of his new genus. E. BICONCAVA, Pfr. PI. 24, fig. 75. 4 Widely umbilicated, closely arcuately costate, opaque; yel- lowish horn-color, with chestnut strigations ; spire concave, whorls 4^-5, narrow, the last rounded, not descending, lip simple. Diam. 5, alt. 2 mill. New Zealand. E. MILLESTRTATA, Smith. PL 28, figs. 50, 51. Thin, horn-color, perspectively umbilicated; with very close arcuate riblets, and microscopic spiral lines, smoother below; whorls five, with deep suture, last whorl not descending in front ; lip simple, thin. Diam. 7, alt. 3 mill. Dupuch's /., W. Australia. E. VERNICOSA, Krauss. PL 28, figs. 52-54. Umbilicated, thin, close^ striated above, smoother and polished below ; greenish yellow ; whorls 4^-, the last a little AEROPE. 131 oblique!}7 flattened above, more convex below, umbilicus mod- erate, perspective. Diam. 12, alt. 6 mill. Natal, So. Africa. Yar. (9, MINOR. Stria? less marked. Mr. Birmey writes of this, that it " is placed by von Martens in Pella, a subgenus of Helix. On examining the animal, however, I find it has no jaw, and that its lingual membrane presents the usual characters of HJn/tida. Mr. Gibbons informs me ' that the animal wants the characteristic labial palpi of the latter genus.' There appears to be no central tooth." (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 355, 1879.) Genus AEROPE, Albers, 18GO. A. CAFFRA, Ferussac. PI. 25. figs. 13, 14. Perforate, inflated, thin, fragile, costulate-striate ; greenish irregularly strigate with greenish brown ; whorls 4 ; aperture large, somewhat pearl}' writhin. Diam. 51, alt. 30 mill. Gape of Good Hope. Yar. WESSELLIANA, Maltzan. Fig. 14. Covered perforate, last whorl more obliquely depressed, incre- mental stria3 smaller ; aperture oblique. 132 VITRINID^S. * Gnathophora. Mouth armed with a jaw. Mostl}r phytophagous. -\ Holoynatha. Jaw simple, without superior appendage. Yitrini, Helices, Bulimi, Cylindrellse, Pupae, Limaces, etc. f| Elasmognatha. Jaw with a superior quadrangular acces- sory plate. Succinere. f Holognatha. TAMILY VITEINID^E. Animal with or without a caudal mucous pore, the tail some- times obliquely truncate ; mantle-margin sometimes more or less reflexed over the sides, or entirely covering the shell, which the animal is frequently too large to entirely enter, locomotive disk longitudinally tripartite. Jaw not ribbed, with a median inferior projection. Shell usually thin, corneous, transparent, normally spiral, of few, rapidly enlarging whorls ; sometimes a plate, with or without spiral nucleus. Synopsis of Genera. * Without caudal mucous pore. Genus YITRINA, Draparnaud, 1801. Shell imperforate or very narrowly perforate, depressed or subglobose, very thin, corneous, pellucid ; spire small, whorls few, rapidly increasing, the last large ; aperture large, lunate or rounded, the columellar margin slightly inflected, peristome often membranaceous. Animal (PI. 29, fig. 3), proportionally to the shell^ large, not able to withdraw into its shell, or entering it with difficulty ; body elongated, tail short, without mucous pore ; mantle covering a part of the neck, reflected over the margin of the shell, and furnished with a spatulate posterior lobe on the right side, continually moving over the surface of the shell, which it polishes. Jaw (PI. 29, fig. 1) with an inferior rostriform projection. The central tooth of the lingual ribbon is tricuspid, the laterals, and the thin acuminated marginals, bicuspid (PI. 29, fig- 2). Yitrinas live in moist situations, among loose earth, stones, 133 grass, and moss; they are very lively animals, frequently in motion, and when touched will sometimes jump several inches from the ground. Like the slugs, they are occasional!}' car- nivorous. About 100 species have been described, but on account of the uniformit}' of their general character, some of these are doubt- less nominal. The distribution is almost universal, but the animal in most of the species of tropical countries is still un- known to us, and man}' of these may prove to belong to the genus Helicarion or to some group intermediate between that genus and Vitrina. The typical Yitrinas are natives of temper- ate or boreal regions of the northern hemisphere, or of mountain heights in its warmer countries, and are capable of withstanding a low temperature, even crawling about on the surface of the snow. They first occur fossil in the eocene formation of .Europe. The t}Tpical Vitrinas have been divided into four sections : * Shell imperf orate. Section SEMILIMAX, Stabile, 1859. Animal not able to with- draw entirely within its shell ; the mantle much developed. Shell oval-elongated. Section PHENACOLTMAX, Stabile, 1859. Animal capable of entire retraction, forming a vitreous epiphragm ; mantle moderately developed. Shell oval. ** Shell narrowly perforate. Section OLTGOLIMAX, Fischer, 1878. Mantle scarcety extending beyond the shell in front ; the animal capable of complete with- drawal. Shell striated, orbicubr. Section GALLANDIA, Bourguignat, 1880. Animal wholly re- tractile. Shell conoidal, the last whorl angular ; umbilicus subperforated. Genus YITRINOIDEA, Semper, 1813. Shell depressed globose, almost membranous, entirely con- cealed by the mantle-lobes. Foot elongated, tail without mucous pore. Jaw smooth, marginal teeth tricuspid (PI. 29, fig. 4). Philippines. 134 VITRINID.E. Genus VITRINOPSIS, Semper, 1873. Shell resembling Vitrina, protected by two mantle-lobes, one of which is on the right side and anterior, the other on the left side. No mucous pore. Marginal teeth tricuspidate. Philippines. Genus PAKMELLA, H. Adams, 1867. Known only by its shell. Depressed, spire flat, epidermis horny, polished, extending greatly beyond the posterior part of the margin. 1 sp. Fiji Islands. Possibly identical with Yitrinopsis. Genus VITRINOCONUS, Semper, 1873. Shell thin, umbilicated, helicoid, spire conical, with obtuse apex ; whorls planulate, the periphery of the body-whorl more or less angulated, and the base flattened ; aperture lunate, with sharp or thickened peristome, cervical lobes of the mantle mod- erate, 110 polishing lobe as in Vitrina ; locomotive disk longi- tudinally tripartite. Marginal teeth bicuspidate (PI. 29, fig. 5). Philippines. Differs from Zonites in the absence of the mucous pore and in having the tripartite locomotive disk. Genus PLUTOXIA, Stabile, 1864. Body compressed and carinated behind, rugose; mantle median, free in front, with posterior pulmonary orifice; posterior extremity subtruncated, without mucous pore ; jaw without ribs or median rostriform protection ; teeth like Testacella. Internal shell-plate oblong, Ancyliform, with a rudimentary spire. Azores. The shell of this genus was considered by Morelet and Drouet, who described it, a recent representative of the genus Yiques- nelia, Desh., 1857 ; a name given to certain nummulitic fossils of Uoumelia. The identification was, however, imaginary. This and the following genus, together with Selenites (Helix concava, Say), constitute the family Selenitidse, Fischer, char- acterized by the dentition of Testacellidie, with the jaw of Lima- cidas (Jaw, PI. 29, fig. 6; dentition, PL 29, figs. 7-9;. VITRINID.-E. 135 Genus TRIGONOCHLAMYS, Bottger, 1881. Animal limaciform, with two dorsal and two lateral grooves directed from the mantle towards the head ; shield behind the middle of the body, very small, attached all around, granular ; anal and respiratory orifices behind the right margin of the shield ; tail short, compressed, carinated, without mucous pore ; jaw without ribs, teeth like Testacella. No internal shell? Caucasus. Subgenus PSEUDOMILAX, Bottger, 1881. Differs in its shield being free in front and on the right side. No internal shell ? Caucasus, etc. * * With m u co u s por e. Genus DAMAYANTIA, Issel, 1874. Animal limacifcrm ; mantle a visceral sac, anterior, convex behind, well separated from the foot ; tail with a mucous pore ; respiratoiy orifice on the right side, anterior to the mantle ; sole longitudinally bisulcate ; jaw unknown. No internal shell? Described from a single specimen. Appears to be related to Parmarion. Genus LACONIA, Gray, 1855. Shell subglobose, entireh' and permanently covered by a thin expansion of the mantle ; spire of few whorls, the last very large ; aperture very large, lunate. Animal with subglobose body; mantle edged, produced in front, forming a broad collar, tail with a mucous pore. The habitat of the single species is unknown, and the mollusk and its shell are only known by a figure in Ferussac's " Histoire nat. des Moll." Genus MARIAELLA, Gray, 1855. Shell internal, entirely concealed by the mantle, rudimentary, oval, thickened, calcareous, with epidermis, nucleus scarcely spiral, upper surface slightly convex. Young shells are concave below, adults are much thickened and flattened below. Animal limaciform, subcylindrical, truncated behind, with a linear mucous pore ; mantle large, anterior, concealing the shell ; locomotive disk distinct. Jaw smooth, with a median projec- 13G VITRTNID^E. tion. Lingual membrane with tricuspid centrals and laterals, and aculeate bifid marginal teeth. Subgenus TENNENTIA, Humbert, 1862. Shell internal, at the posterior part of the mantle, shining and a little convex above, flattened below, the apex posterior and recurved to the right and base. Mantle free in front. Genus UROCYCLUS, Gray, 1864. Animal limaciform, elongated ; tail tapering, carinated above, with mucous pore without horn-shaped process ; mantle granular, anterior, with a narrow anterior perforation ; locomotive disk longitudinally tripartite ; respiratory and anal orifices on the right slightly anterior margin of the mantle ; orifice of com- bined generative organs behind and below right eye-peduncle. Jaw smooth, with or without median projection. Lingual mem- brane with tricuspid centrals, bicuspid laterals, aculeate and bifid marginals. Shell-plate internal, flattened, oval, very thin, a little convex, not spiral. Africa. Differs from Parmarion in the anterior position of the respira- tory orifice, and the want of a caudal horn-shaped process. Dendrolimax and Elisa, Heynemann, are synonyms. Genus PARMARION, Fischer, 1856. Mantle adhering to the bod}^ by a small portion of its margin, with a large free anterior lobe enveloping the sides, and behind nearly the whole, of the shell, leaving a dorsal opening through which is seen the shell. Sole tripartite ; foot truncate behind, with a mucous pore. Visceral mass convex behind and well separated from the foot. Marginal teeth bicuspidate. Shell internal, calcareous, thin, oval, slightly convex, covered by a smooth epidermis which extends beyond the margin on the sides and posteriorly, enveloping the visceral mass. Girasia, Gra}', was described a little earlier, but was not well defined, and contained a mixture of other genera, Parmacella and Urocyclus. The true Parmarion is Asiatic. VITRINID^E. 137 Subgenus PARMACOCHLEA, Smith, 1884. Animal as in Parmarioii. Shell almost concealed, flattened, oblong, having the nuclear portion in the form of a minute Sigaretus-like shell projecting from beneath. Genus ASPIDELUS, Morelet, 1883. Animal limaciform, posteriorly dorsally carinated with a caudal mucous pore ; shield moderate, gibbous, with slightly free margin ; pulmonary orifice at the middle of the right margin of the shield. Shell external, mytiliform, not spiral. W. Africa* Genus VITRINOZONITES, W. G. Binney, 1879. Shell elongated, submembranaceous. Animal with round caudal mucous pore, bordered by a simple transversely grooved rim, covered completely when closed, when open the cover raised into a sharp carina. No appendiculate mantle-lobe. Marginal teeth unicuspid, instead of bicuspid, as in Yitrina (PI. 29, fig. 10). One species, mountains of E. Tennessee and W. North Caro- lina. Genus YELIFERA, W. G. Binney, 1879. Shell subglobose, smooth, shining. Animal furnished with accessory mantle processes covering most of the shell; mucous pore a simple slit, without horn-shaped process. Jaw smooth, infeiiorly produced in the middle. Marginal teeth bifid (PL 29, fig. 11). 1 species. Costa Rica. Genus HELICARIOX, Ferussac, 1821. Shell Yitriniform, rounded oval, thin and fragile, covered with a very thin epidermis ; whorls few, rapidly increasing, the last much swollen ; aperture large, with simple, sharp peristome. Animal not entirely retractile within the shell ; mantle pro- duced in front into two lobes upon the neck, with a posterior lobe on the right side, partly covering the shell ; foot truncate behind, with a dorsal projection and mucous pore, the sole longitudinally divided into three parts. Marginal teeth biouspi- date (Dentition, PI. 29, fig. 12 ; jaw, PI. 29, fig. 13.) More than 138 VITRINID^E. sixty species have been described ; they are inhabitants of warm countries, replacing the Vitrinas of the more temperate regions, and are found in Southern and Eastern Asia, Malaysia, Philip- pines, Australia, Abyssinia, etc. Several sections have been proposed, founded mainly on characters of the animal. As in many of the species the animal is unknown, it is difficult to arrange the species in accordance with these sections. Section CRYPTOSOMA, Theobald. Shell like Helicarion, but more robust. Animal capable of retraction within its shell ; tail truncate ; mucous pore large, without overhanging lobe ; right shell-lobe of mantle moderately large, extending over the region of the body-whorl, and quite around to the posterior margin>, where it unites with the left shell-lobe, which is very long and well developed, and spreads over the edge of the peristome from near the respiratory orifice. The right dorsal lobe is triangular in shape, and the left dorsal lobe is long and rather narrower than the shell-lobe adjacent. Jaw strong, straight in front, longitudinally striate. 1 sp. Burmah. Section AUSTENIA, Nevill, 1878. Shell Yitrinoid, depressed; with fewer, more rapidly enlarging whorls than in typical Heli- carion. The animal is somewhat slug-like in appearance, but with a well-formed shell. The shell-lobes ample. The right dorsal lobe extends from the respiratory orifice to the posterior right margin. The left dorsal lobe is large in front, and extends from the same part to the left margin. The shell-lobes are con- nected all around the peripher}^ of the mantle-zone, but are reduced in size and present two distinct right and lelt contrac- tile lobes ; the right extends to and covers the apex of the shell, while the left extends over the edge of the body-whorl for a short distance, leaving the posterior and the greater portion of the upper surface of the shell uncovered. The posterior margin of the shell is not sunk in a depression of the hinder part of the foot, but the upper surface of the foot extends in an unbroken ridge to the mantle-zone. Extremit}' of the' foot truncate, with a laro-e linear mucous o-la,nd, with or without an overhano-ino- , alt. 3*5 mill. Germany, Switzerland, N. Italy, France, England, Sweden, etc. The sjmonymj'' includes Helix limacoides, Alten ; Vitrina , C. Pfr.; V. Wnlleri and Dillwynii, Jeffreys; Helix , Strom; H. diu}>li(ina: Poiret; Vitrina subglobosa, Mich. Several varieties have been described, which are of but little importance. Among them arc : — Var. DILLWYNI, Jellreys. Shell depressed globose, last whorl convex, spire elevated. Yar. MINOR, Westerlund. Shell small, depressed, thinner, hyaline, aperture rounded. Yar. BELLARDIT, Pollonera (fig. 16). Shell more shining, flatter above, more convex below, smoother, minutely striulate at the suture. The animal of F. pellueida is a favorite morsel with the hedge-hog ; numerous fragments of the shells being found in its stomach. The food of the Glass-Snails, according; to Dr. J. O Gwyn Jeffre3Ts (Brit. Conch., i, 156, 157) "is partly vegetable, consisting of Jungermaimise and decayed leaves, and partly animal. I once saw no less than seven individuals of F. pellu- eida busily engaged in feeding on a scarcely dead earth-worm, which was faintly writhing about and endeavoring in vain to get rid of its tiny assailants. They have also been noticed eating horse-dung. The}' live in moist and shady places, but are seldom met with until late in the autumn. Their eggs are deposited in small heaps and have a membraneous covering. They are active and hardy creatures, and, whether crawling or at rest, seem alwa}rs to keep the outer lobe of the mantle in motion so as to polish the shell. Bouchard-Chantereaux says that it does not begin laying its eggs until Sept.-Nov., and that the young attain their full growth in from eight to ten months. He believes it does not live longer than from twelve to fifteen months, having always found a number of dead individuals in January, after the close of the breeding season. Miiller has noticed that it is most O lively during rain, and that it does not soon die if put in water. He added that while it was under water it extended all its body VITRINA. 143 except the tentacles, which were drawn in, and feigned death; that after the lapse of some hours it crept out of the water cautiously and by degrees, and if it was not alarmed by the observer it stretched out its horns, and after crawling into some place of shelter withdrew its body into the shell." Y. BAUDONI, Delaunay. PL 30, figs. 17-19. Shell convex, subglobose, light greenish yellow, pellucid, crystalline, very shining ; whorls 3j to 4, the apex mamillary and not prominent ; aperture rounded. Diam. 4-5, alt. 2-3 mill. Near Cherbourg, France. Prefers the seashore ; appears after the autumn rains, and may be seen climbing on stones covered with snow. The animal is light violaceous, lighter on the sole, which is darker-margined. The shell is more globose and elevated, whorls more numerous, with a rounder aperture than V. pellucida. Y. GLOBOSA, Bottger. PL 30, figs. 20. 21. Brownish, more globose, with 2j rapidly increasing whorls, the last one more dilated than in V. pellucida. Diam. 4, alt. 2'5 mill. Caucasia. Y. GRUNERI, Pfr. PL 30, figs. 22-24. Conoidally globose-depressed, very smooth, scarcely polished, olivaceous-corneous ; suture white-margined ; whorls 3^, a little flattened above, the last subdepressed, more convex below; aperture somewhat oblique, Innately oval, lip simple, the extrem- ities approaching, the colurnellar lip arcuate, snbinflected. Diam. 8, alt. 5 mill. Arabia. Y. ANGELICA, Beck. PL 30, fig. 25. Convexly depressed, smooth, polished, pellucid, greenish yellow ; spire small, subprominent, whorls 3^, rapidly increasing, the last broad below, suture lightly wrinkled ; aperture oblique, Innate oval, lip subinflected, the columellar margin not receding and slightly arched. Diam. 6, alt. 3^ mill. Greenland, Labrador, Norway. Scarcely distinguished from V. pellucida by its aperture, and more rapidly increasing whorls. 144 VITRINA. Y. LTMPIDA, Gould. PL 30, figs. 26-28. Depressed globose, thin, fragile, very smooth and shining, greenish hyaline ; whorls 2^ to 3, slightly convex, the last large and much expanded, suture lightly impressed, sometimes with an impressed line revolving near it ; aperture large, Innately rounded. Diam. 6, alt. 3 mill. Northern United States, Maine to N. W. of Lake Superior, and in Canada. Smoother, more globose, the aperture more rounded and more oblique than in V. pellucida — of which it , may, nevertheless, prove a synonym. It is V. Americana, Pfeiffer. Y. PFEIFFERI, Newcomb. PI. 30, fig. 29. Moderately depressed, smooth, shining, pellucid, greenish white; whorls 3, the last large, suture ver}^ finely margined; aperture large, obliquely ovately rounded, lip thin, columella arched. Diam. 6*5, alt. 2'5 mill. California to Utah, southwards to New Mexico. More depressed and stouter than V. limpida, with less promi- nent spire than V. Angelicse. Y. MAJOR, Fer. PL 31, figs. 30-40. Depressed, thin, smooth, pellucid, ver}r shining, hyaline greenish or greenish yellow ; spire very short, the apex not prominent, suture lightly impressed, thread-margined ; whorls 3 J, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, somewhat lengthened, subplanulate below ; aperture transversely lunar, somewhat oblique. Diam. 8, alt. 3*75 mill. Middle Europe. Includes V. Draparnaldi, Cuv. ; V. diaphana, Poiret ; Helix elliptica, Brown ; Helicolimax Audebardi, Fer. ; V. pellucida, Drap. ; V. depressa. Jeffreys ; V. Bland, Pollonera (figs. 33, 34). Yar. STABILEI, Lessona. PL 31, figs. 35-40. Shell a little more depressed. Pollonera considers it a distinct species, and describes a variety of it as Locardi (figs. 38-40). Piedmont. Y. COST^E, Paulucci. PL 31, figs. 41, 42. Shell orbicularly subdepressed, fragile, yellowish or greenish, conspicuously striate at the suture ; whorls 4, with crispate YITRINA. 145 suture, the apex minute, the last whorl transverse^ dilated, scarcely descending ; aperture transverse, large, the columellar margin arcuated, not reflected ; umbilical region somewhat depressed. Diam. 7, alt. 4 mill. Mts. of Abruzzi, Italy. Y. BOXELLII, Targioni-Tozzetti. PI. 31, figs. 43, 44. Depressed, greenish yellow, whorls 3, very rapidty increasing, slightly striate, more distinctly so at the suture ; aperture rounded ovate. Diam. 5, alt. 3*5 mill. Tuscany. Un figured Species. Y. SERVAINIANA, St. Simon. Y. CARNIOLICA, Bottger. Y. REITTERI, Bottger. Y. BICOLOR, Westerlund. Y. AMPULLACEA, Jail. Y. HIEMALIS, Kocll. Y. RUGULOSA, Koch. Y. MEXICANA, Beck. Undescribed. Near Luchon, Pyrenees. Carniola. Western Montenegro. Switzerland, Pyrenees. Sicily. Oetzthal, Tyrol. Turkestan. Mexico. Section OLIGOLIMAX, Fischer, 1878. Y. ANNULARIS, Stiuler. PI. 31, figs. 45-48. Depressly globose, rather smooth, thin, pellucid, somewhat shining, greenish In-line ; spire obtuse, whorls 3, moderately increasing, the last rounded, wide at base; aperture rounded oval, columellar margin short, subvertical ; umbilicus perforate. Diam. 4, alt. 2'75 mill. Mts. Switzerland, France, Piedmont, Caucasus, Pyrenees. The synonyms are Helix imputa, Studer ; V. subglobosa, Mich. ; V. semulans, Ad., and probably the unfigured V. plicosa, Bielz, of Transylvania. Y. KOMAROWI, Bottger. PI. 31, figs. 49, 50. Shell proportionally wider for its height, brownish instead of greenish, the spire more convexly conoidal, the whorls (3^) more slowly increasing, the embryonal whorl broader, the last whorl more descending than V. annularis. ^j _^w^*w»^^. Diam. 4*75, alt. 3'5 mill. Caucasus. 10 146 VITRINA. Y. SIEVEBSI, Mousson. PL 31, fig. 51. Minutely perforate, depressly convex, heliciform, very thin and fragile, pellucid, light corneous; spire convex, the apex small, obtuse ; whorls 4, convex, with strong strife near the suture, the last whorl large, depressed-rounded, smooth and more shining below ; aperture round-oval, the lip slightly reflected at the umbilicus. Diam. 5*8, alt. 3-2 mill. Caucasus. The shell looks like a Helix, but the animal is said to be too large. Described as a Helicarion. It, as well as the preceding species, has been made a synonym of V. annularis, but they both appear to be very distinct from that species. Y. PAULUCCI.E, Fischer. PI. 31, figs. 52, 53. Very minutely perforate, orbicularly subglobose, thin, fragile, pellucid, scarcely shining ; whorls 3^, convex, obliquely striate and obsoletely plicatulate ; aperture oblique, transversely ovoid, the lip regularly arcuate, touching the perforation. Diam. 3'5, alt. 2-3 mill. Aspromonte, Calabria. Very closely allied to V. annularis, perhaps identical with it. V. RUGOSA, Paulucci. PL 31, figs. 54-56. Very minutely perforated, rugose, orbicularly depressed, fragile, hyaline, light yellowish, strongly ribbed at the suture ; whorls 3^, convex, rather rapidly increasing, the last wider, rounded, subcompressed in the middle, dilated at the aperture I aperture- transversely ovate, the columellar margin lightly arcu- ated and reflected. Diam. 5, alt. 3 mill. Abruzzi, Italy. Probably only a variety of V. annularis. Y. MUSIGNANI, Mandralisca. PL 31, figs. 57-59. Subglobose, pellucid, hyaline, thinly elegantly striate, whorls 3, the last subangulate, aperture rounded, spire a little exserted. Diam. 4, alt. 2 mill. Sicily. This is also too closeLy allied to V. annularis. Y. EXILIS, Morelet. PL 31, figs. 60, 61. Subperforate, rather convexly depressed, very thin, pellucid, hyaline, very lightly and distantly striate ; suture impressed, VITRINA. 14 7 margined ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last broad and flattened below ; aperture obliquely oval, the termination of the 'peristome membraneous, that of the columella slight^ reflected, giving the appearance of a punctiform perforation. Diarn. 7 '5, alt. 3 mill. Kamtschatfca, Alaska. Y. STRIATA, Bourg. Unfigured. Ste. Baume, France. Section GALLANDIA, Bonrg., 1880. V. LEDERI, Bottger. PI. 31, figs. 62, 63. Umbilical region profoundly impressed, imperforate, rimate, shell depressed conical, very thin, fragile, pellucid, brownish yellow ; whorls 3, rather rapidly increasing, with a subimbricated carina on the peripheiy of the last whorl, surface distinctly striate-costulate, smoother and more shining below. Diam. 5, alt. 2'75 mill. Caucasus. Y. SUBCARINATA, BottgCF. Unfigured. Differs from V. Lederi in being larger, not rimate, the umbilical region less impressed, olivaceous brown or green- ish, whorls 3^-, a little more convex, not imbricated at the carina, which is less acute, the strife denser and finer. Diam. 5*75, alt. 4 mill. Talytschj Caspian Region. Y. CONOJDEA, Martens. PI. 31, figs. 64-66. Rimate, turbinate, rugosely striated, shining, olivaceous with a lighter suture, spire elevated; whorls 3^, regularly increasing, somewhat convex, the last subdepressed, planulate below, scarcely angulate at the periphery; aperture somewhat oblique, Innately rounded, the margins subapproximate, joined by a thin callus, columellar margin arcuate, very shortly reflected. Diam. 4*5, alt. 4 mill. Turkestan. Y. SUBCONICA, Bottger. PI. 31, figs. 67, 68. Lightly rimate, subturbinate, very thin, pellucid, light oli- vaceous brown ; spire elevated, the apex small, excentric, mamil- iary ; whorls 3, regularly finely striated, stria? stronger at the sutures, the periphery scarcel}T subangulated ; aperture obliquely 148 VITRINA. oval, the margins approaching, the columellar margin shortly reflected. Diam. 4, alt. 3 mill. Caucasia. II. Species of the Canary and Madeiran Islands and Azores. Y. LAMARCKII, Fer. PL 32, figs. 69-71. Depressed, oval, smooth, thin, shining, yellowish corneous, sometimes slightly greenish, spire somewhat plane ; whorls 2^, rapidly increasing ; aperture large, subhorizontal, ear-shaped, outer margin arcuately dilated above, columellar margin widel}r membranaceous, base imperforate, but the aperture showing the spire. Diam. 15, alt. 5-5 mill. Canary Islands. V. Teneriffse, Quoy, is a synonym. Y. RTJIVENSIS, Couthouy. PL 32, figs. 72-74. Haliotiform, transversely subquadrate-oval, depressed, papy- raceous, pellucid, shining, greenish yellow ; whorls 2 or 2^, flattened above, with slight suture ; aperture very large, showing the spire. Diam. 13, alt. 4'5 mill. Madeira. V. LamarcMi, var., and V. Behnii, of Lowe, are synonyms. V. BRUMALTS, Morelet. PL 32, figs. 81-83. Depressed-auriform, almost membranaceous, very thin, pel- lucid, shining, greenish hyaline ; spire plane, suture narrowly margined ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, large ; aperture subhorizontal, showing the spire, the colu- mellar border very narrow and almost wholly membranaceous. Diam. 9, alt. 4 mill. S. Miguel , Azores. Y. BREVISPIRA, Morelet. PL 32, figs. 87, 88. Differs from V. brumalis, in being a little smaller, the spire more minute and lateral, the whorls 2^ instead of 3, suture somewhat crenulated, columellar margin somewhat narrower and straighter. Diam 8, alt. 4 mill. Sta. Maria, and S. Miguel, Azores. Y. MOLLIS, Morelet. PL 32, figs. 89-91. A little larger than V. brumalis, more rounded in outline, the basal volution more rounded both above and below, surface VI^RINA. 149 smoother, color darker, aperture not so transverse, and the extremely membranaeeous incurved columellar margin much wider, although permitting a view of the spire through the aperture. Diam. 10, alt. 5-5 mill. Terceira, Azores. Y. FINITIMA, Morelet. PI. 32, figs. 84-86. Convexly depressed, auriform, very thin, shining, pellucid, smooth, greenish yellow; spire short, obtuse, plane, suture narrowly margined ; whorls 2J, rapidly increasing, the last flatly rounded ; aperture nearly horizontal, rounded-ovate, showing the spire ; lip-margin distinctly thickened and slightly reflexed above, free and membranaeeous belowr. Diarn. 8, alt. 3*5 mill. Flores, Azores. Y. LATEBASIS, Mousson. PI. 32, figs. 75-77. Depressed, transversely oblong, thin, smooth, substriatulate, very shining, light yellowish green ; spire plane, suture white- margined ; whorls 2^, rapidly increasing, the last dilated ; aper- ture large, oblique, subauriform, the lip incurved, callously covering the columellar region. Diam. 13, alt. 6'5 mill. Canary Islands. Y. BLAUNERI, Shuttleworth. PL 32, figs. 78-80. Depressed, transversely oblong, smooth, very shining, light yellowish green ; spire plane, suture linear, margined ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing ; aperture oblong, oblique, margins approaching, slightly callous over the axis, and joined by a thin callus. Diam. 17, alt. 6 mill. Canary Islands. A little more solid and less transparent than the preceding species, with smaller aperture, and a small but appreciable lamellar dilatation of the peristome covering the axis, con- tinued as a slight callus to the insertion of the upper lip. Y. CANARIENSIS, Mousson. PI. 32, figs. 92-94. Globosely depressed, oval, very smooth and shining, pellucid, greenish corneous ; spire slightly convex, with linear, not dis- tinctly margined suture ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last large but not dilated ; aperture diagonal, widely ovate, oblique. Diam. 11, alt. 5*5 mill. Canary Islands. 150 VITRINA. V. RETICULATA, Mousson. PL 32, figs. 95-97. Depressed, thin, subdiaphanous, thinly but distinctly striate, elegantly reticulated by slight decurrent lines, greenish or light purplish corneous; spire minute, suture not margined; whorls 2-5-, rapidly increasing, subdepressed , more convex below; aper- ture oblique, widely oval, margins approximating. Diam. 8, alt. 3-5 mill. Teneriffe. V. MARCIDA, Gould. PL 32, figs. 98-100. Depressed sigaretiform, shining, fragile, brownish green ; apex subcentral, suture impressed ; whorls 3, the last subplanate; aperture Innately auriform. Diam. 5-7, alt. 2-3 mill. Madeiran Group. V. media, Lowe, is a synon}Tm. Wollaston doubts its dis- tinctness from the next species ; he finds it usually smaller, however, of paler color, more depressed spire and less inflated body-whorl, the lower lip more broadly membranaceous. It has usually half a volution less than V. nitida, with slight indications of short radiating plicae at the suture and towards the aperture. V. NITIDA, Gould. PL 32, figs. 1, 2. Depressed, very thin, irregularly very slightly striulate, pel- lucid, very shining, greenish yellow ; spire scarcely elevated, suture distinct, subimpressed ; whorls 3^, rapidly increasing, the last rather wide below ; aperture widely oval, oblique, colu- mellar margin submembranaceous. Diam. 15, alt. 7 mill. Madeira. It is V. Lamarckii, of Lowe, in part. See remarks under preceding species. Y. ANGULOSA, Morelet. PL 32, figs. 3-5. Conoidly depressed above, more rounded below, very thin, diaphanous, reddish green ; spire obtuse, suture distinctly mar- gined ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, th3 last angulate ; aperture ovately subangular, oblique, the lower margin membranaceous. Diam. 6, alt. 3 mill. Sta. Maria, Azores. VI^RINA. 151 Y. PELAGICA, Morelet. PL 32, figs. 6-8. Rather solid, shining, pellucid, smooth, greenish yellow ; spire convex, suture linear, marginate ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing ; aperture obliquely oval, the margin slightly thickened, the extremities approximating, joined by a thin callus, the columellar margin narrowly expanded and subre- flexed, with a very minute fosset or chink between it and the base. Diam. 8, alt. 4 mill. Sta. Maria, Azores. Y. LAXATA, Morelet. PL 32, figs. 9-11. Oblong-ovate, depressed, very thin, subrugulose, shining, hyaline, greenish yellow ; suture rugulosely margined ; whorls 3^, rapidly increasing, the last large, dilated, elongated trans- versely ; aperture obliquely transversely oval, superior margin slightly arcuate, the inferior not membranaceous, a little thickened. Diam. 12, alt. 6 mill. Sta. Maria and S. Miguel, Azores, Yar. j9, more globose and more solid. Y. FASCIOLATA, Fer. PL 32, figs. 12, 13. Depressed, transversely oblong, thin, yellowish green, with two red revolving lines, and two more on the base of the body- whorl ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging; aperture lunatel}7 oval. Diam. 1(> mill. Teneriffe * Evidently does not belong to this fauna, modern naturalists having failed to obtain it in either of the groups. III. West African Species. Y. WELWITSCHII, Morelet. PL 33, figs. 14-16. Imperforate, subdepressed and plicately striate above, not shining, yellowish brown, smooth, shining and olivaceous below; suture distinct but not margined ; whorls 4, the last large and compressed at the periphery ; aperture somewhat oblique, the lip membranaceous-margined. Diam. 33, alt. 20 mill. Angola, W. Africa. V. Angasi, H. Adams (fig. 16) is a synonym ; it was nominally published in the same year, but Morelet has shown conclusively that his was the earlier publication. 152 VITRINA. Y. SOWERBYANA, Pfr. PL 33, figs. 17-19. Shell depressed, subauriform, arcuately plieatulate, very thin, pellucid, reddish brown; suture deeply impressed; whorls 3, the last depressed, flattened above, the periphery angulated, the base convex ; aperture large, oblique. Innately oval, the columellar margin narrowly membranaceous. Diam. 22, alt. 11 mill. W. Africa. V. GOMESIANA, Morelet. PL 33, figs. 20-22. More lenticular, the body-whorl not so obliquely flattened above, and less convex below than in V. Sowerbyana, the whorls also less rapidly enlarging, and the color more yellowish. Diam. 20, alt. 8 mill. ' Angola, W. Africa. Y. AMCENA, Morelet. PL 33, figs. 23, 24. Shell much depressed and striate above, more convex, smooth and shining below, compressed at the periphery, suture im- pressed, lightly but distinctly marginate ; yellowish with a broad chestnut fascia on the upper surface ; columellar lip widely membranaceous-margined. Diam. 25, alt. 9 mill. Angola, W. Africa. V. GRANDIS, Beck. PL 33, figs. 25-27. Rather thin, lightly radiately plicatulate, diaphanous, not shining ; yellowish white ; whorls 3^-, moderately enlarging, sub- planate, the last depressed, periphery obsoletely angulated, base wide, striatulate, shining. Diam. 18, alt. 8 mill. Senegal. Helicophanta formosa, Jonas (in litt.) is quoted as a synonym by Pfeiffer. The specific name is singularly inappropriate, in view of the giant forms which have been characterized since its publication. y. SIGARETINA, Recluz. PL 33, figs. 28-30. Shell almost plane above, thin, with arcuate striae, shining, pellucid, 3*ellowish green, suture lightly impressed ; whorls less than 3, rapidly enlarging, the body-whorl depressed, not angu- lated, a little more convex below — where it is membraneous margined ; aperture oblique, transverse, oval-lunate, the colu- mellar lip receding, arcuate. Diam. 16, alt. 7 mill. Sedion, Casamanza River, Senegambia. VITRINA. 153 V. ANGOLENSIS, Morelet. PI. 33. figs. 31-33. . t O Depressed globose, thin, subrngulose, radiately plicatulate at the suture, diaphanous, scarcely shining, brownish yellow ; spire conoidally depressed, suture margined; whorls scarcely 4, the last depressed rounded, shining below ; aperture oblique, Innately - rounded, the columellar margin very shortly reflected at its insertion, forming a narrow slit. Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill. Angola. V. CORNEOLA, Morelet. PI. 33, figs. 34-36. Depressed globose, thin, inconspicuously striate, not shining, diaphanous, orange-brown ; spire depressed-conoidal, suture very narrowly margined ; whorls 3^, the last lightly compressed at the periphery ; aperture oblique, Innately-rounded, columellar margin very narrowly dilated and reflected at its insertion. Diam. 8, alt. 4 mill. Angola, W. Africa. V. DUMETICOLA, Dohrn. PL 33, figs. 37-39. Depressed globose, very thin, lightl}7" striate, very shining, vitreous horn-color ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging, the last rounded, slightly more convex below ; aperture oblique, Innately rounded, partly showing the whorls. Diam. 9, alt. 5'75 mill. Prince's IsL, Gulf of Guinea. j IY. East and South African Species. Y. SENNAARIENSIS, Pfr. PL 33, figs. 40-42. Turbinatety depressed, thin, oblique!}' rugosel}T striate, some- what shining, pellucid, corneous-green, usually dark stained; spire subturbinate, mucronate, suture deeply impressed ; whorls 3, convex, the last obliquely flattened, and obsoletely angulate on the periphery ; lip thin, subinflected above. Diam. 6'6, alt. 3 mill. Sennaar, Nubia. V. DARNAUDI, Pfr. PL 33, figs. 43, 44. Depressed globose, rather thin, irregularly striulate, somewhat shining, light greenish corneous ; spire convex, obtuse, suture narrowly margined; whorls scarcely 3. convex, rapidly enlarging; 154 VITRINA. aperture subdiagonal, Innately oval, lip slightly inflected, the columellar margin narrowly membranaceous. Diam. 16, alt. 7 '5 mill. bennaar, Nubia. Is this a not completely grown V. hians ? y. HIANS, Riippell. PI. 33, figs. 45-47 ; PI. 34, figs. 50-52. Depressed globose, thin, striulate, pellucid, somewhat shining, light corneous, with radiating darker streaks, suture impressed, margined ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last rounded. Diam. 24, alt. 12 mill. Abyssinia. V. Ruppelliana. , Pfr. (figs. 45-47), appears" to be a younger state of this species ; V. Darnaudi (above) is probably a still younger form. Y. JICKELIT, Krauss. PI. 33, figs. 48, 49. Subglobose, thin, shining, striate, yellowish brown; spire slightly convex, the apex planulate, suture slightly narrowly margined ; whorls less than 3, rapidly increasing, the last globose, slightly descending in front ; peristome narrowly mem- braneous. Diam. 11*75, alt. 8 mill. Abyssinia. Perhaps the young of the next species. Y. ISSELI, Morelet. PL 34, figs. 56-58. Globosely depressed, thin, pellucid, irregularly strinlate, yel- lowish green, suture narrowly margined ; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging, the last large, depressly rounded, more convex below; columellar margin almost membraneous. Diam. 15, alt. 8 mill. Abyssinia. Y. SEMIRUGATA, Jickeli. PI. 34, figs. 53-55. Depressed globose, thin, diaphanous, somewhat shining, rugose, yellowish-brown ; spire small, with minute, submamillaiy apex, suture slightly thread-margined ; whorls 4, rapidly enlarging, the last rounded, slightly descending in front ; lip membraneous below, reflected at the columellar insertion, forming a slit. Diam. 15*75, alt. 9*5 mill. Abyssinia. y. CAILLIAUDT, Morelet. PI. 34, figs. 59-67. Depressed, thin, thinly and lightly striated, shining, pellucid, orange-brown ; spire planulate, the impressed suture narrowly VITRTNA. 155 margined ; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging, the last more convex below ; aperture with subparallel margins, the columellar margin membraneous. Diam. 17, alt. 8 mill. ., ^i oyssxnxa, This is F. Martensi, Jickeli, and V. Isseli, var., of the same author, not Morelet. Jickeli also considers his F. planulata a synonym (figs. 62-64) and his F. devexa (figs. 65-67) a variety. V. MAMILLATA, Martens. PI. 34, figs. 68-70. Depressed, thin, unequally arcuately striate, shining, }Tellowish green, suture brown-margined ; whorls 3^, rapidly increasing; aperture Innately ovate, the outer margin slightly sinuous above, the columellar margin membraneous. Diam. 16, alt. 8 mill. Abyssinia. Yery close to F. Isseli, Morelet. Y. HELICOIDEA, Jickeli. PL 34, figs. 71-73. Subglobose, thin, slightly striate, pellucid, 3rellowish, a little shining; suture impressed, thread-margined ; whorls 3^, convex, rapidly increasing, the last descending, subplanulate above, more convex below ; lip thin, margined within, slightly membraneous. Diam. 9*75, alt. 6'75 mill. Abyssinia. Y. MILNE-EDWARDSIANA, Bourg. PI. 34, figs. 74-76. Oblong semiglobose, thin, shining, diaphanous, imperforate, striated, stride subpliciform on the last whorl, with slightly per- ceptible dents in spiral series ; yellowish ; whorls 3, with submar- gined suture, the last large, obliquely flattened, more convex below ; lip very fragile, reflected at the columellar insertion. Diam. 15, alt. 12 mill. Mts. of Abyssinia. Y. RAFFRAYI, Bourg. PI. 34, figs. 77-79. Depressed globose, imperforate, very thin, diaphanous, very shining, smolry fawn-color, smooth, subplicate at the suture of the last whorl ; whorls 3^, the suture becoming submargined in the last, which is a little obliquely flattened above and more convex below; lip thin, slightly reflected at the columellar insertion. Diam. 9, alt. 6 mill. Mts. of Abyssinia. The shell is entirely membraneous, and sx) elastic that it may be pressed together b}T the fingers and flattened, resuming the normal form when the pressure is removed. 156 VITRINA. Y. HERBINI, Bourg. PI. 34, figs. 80-82. Imperforate, semiglobose, very thin, diaphanous, chestnut fawn-color, shining, smooth or very finely striated if viewed with a lens ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging, the last submarginate ; colu- mellar lip reflected above, forming an umbilical callus. Diam. 10, alt. 7 mill. Mis. of Abyssinia. Y. NATALENSIS, Krauss. PL 34, figs. 83-84. Depressed globose, thin, smooth, pellucid, olivaceous-corneous, with a single chestnut line above the periphery ; whorls 4|— 5, the last excavated around the imperforate axis ; columella callous above, outer lip subinflected. Diam. 19, alt. 12 mill. Natal, So. Africa. Y. POPPIGI, Menke. PL 34, figs. 85-87. Subglobose, imperforate, very thin, striulate, shining, pellucid, yellowish horn-color, with a chestnut line above the periphery; whorls 4, suture submargined. Diam. 10*5, alt. 7 mill. Natal, So. Africa. Smaller and more globose than the preceding species. Y. TRANSVAALENSIS, Craven. PL 34, fio;s. 88, 89. 7 7 O 7 Globular, imperforate, l^aline, semitransparent, fragile, glossy, amber-colored ; whorls 3^-4, ver}r convex, rapidly increasing, last whorl faintly striated, and slightly puckered at the linear suture. Diam. 10'5, alt. 8*5 mill. Leyderiburg, Transvaal. More globular, and without the colored band of the last species. Y. YANDENBROECKII, Craven. PL 34, figs. 90, 91. Oblong, vitreous, depressed, somewhat flattened and dull above, more convex and glossy below, pale yellow, apex, suture and margin of aperture dark amber; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging, the last ver}7 large, with deep, puckered suture. Diam. 14*5, alt. 10 mill. Leydenburg, Transvaal. Except in the want of chestnut-margined suture this is very like F. pellicula, Fer. VITRINA. 157 Y. COKNEA, Pfr. PI. 34, figs. 92-94. Globosety depressed, veiy thin, striulate, pellucid, light corneous ; whorls 4, the last wide, subdepressed ; aperture obliquel}' lunar, columellar lip shorly reflected-appressed above. Diam. 16, alt. 9 mill. Natal, So. Africa. Yar. /9, with a chestnut line on the periphery. Y. PLANTI, Pfr. Depressed above, very thin, smooth, pellucid, very shining, yellowish hyaline ; spire plane, suture submargined ; whorls not 3, flattened, the last large, inflated below, membraneously mar- gined. Diam. 12, alt. 6 mill. Natal, So. Africa. Unfigured. Differs from the other species by its nearly plane spire. Y. PELLICULA, Fer. PL 34, figs. 95, 96. Depressed globose, thin, diaphanous, yellowish white, with the suture narrowly chestnut-margined ; whorls 3^-4, the last somewhat inflated ; aperture lunate-rounded. Diam. 13, alt. 9 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Y. MADAGASCARIENSIS, E. A. Smith. PI. 35, figs. 100, 1. Imperforate, depressed, veiy thin, diaphanous, pale greenish yellow, the suture and upper part of the outer lip stained brownish, brilliant!}' glossy ; whorls 3J, suture margined, first whorl microscopically decussated, body-whorl large with dis- tinct growth-lines, here and there subplicate, lower surface with indications of interrupted concentric striae ; lower part of aperture-margin thin, wrinkled. Diam. 15'5, alt. 9 mill. Betsileo, Madagascar. Y. BORBONICA, Morelet. PI. 34, figs. 97-99. Depressed, transversely oblong, thin, diaphanous, shining, greenish yellow, very lightly striate and inconspicuously decus- sated ; whorls 3^, suture margined, last whorl large, dilated; columellar lip narrowly membraneous, reflected above, forming a narrow slit over the umbilical region. Diam. 11, alt. 5 mill. Isle of Bourbon. 158 VITRTNA. Y. COMORENSIS, Pfr. PI. 35, fi<>\ 2. ' 7 o Globose, thin, rngosely striate, diaphanous, barely shining, greenish corneous with dots and strigations of yellowish ; whorls 3, the last inflated ; aperture somewhat pearly, varie- gated with white. Diam. and alt. about 20 mill. Ins. Mayotte, Comoro Is. Very much resembling Helix aperta, Born. Y. CONQUISITA, Jickeli (unfigured). N. E. Africa. Y. RIEPIANA, Jickeli (unfigured). Abyssinia. Y. ABYSSINICA, Riippell (unfigured). Abyssinia. Y. PEROBLIQUA, Innes (unfigured). Abyssinia. Y. Polynesian Species. Y. SUBVIRIDIS, Pease. PL 35, figs. 3-5. Iinperforate, very thin, fragile, pellucid, smooth, vitreous, suborbicular, greenish yellow ; whorls 4, suture distinct ; aper- ture rounded-oval. Diam. 10, alt. T mill. Marquesas Is. Y. FUSCA, Pease. PI. 35. figs. 6-8. Thin, pellucid, shining, smooth, fuscous-olivaceous, suborbi- cular; whorls 4, with impressed suture; aperture rounded-oval. Diam. 10, alt. 7 mill. Marquesas Is. Besides the difference in color, the spire is more prominent than in the preceding species. Y. ULTIMA, Mousson. PL 35, figs. 9, 10. Imperforate, depressed above, convex below, thin, very shining, pellucid, amber- colored, very slightly striate ; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging, the last large ; aperture obliquely oval, columellar margin membraneous. Diam. 9, alt. 4*6 mill. Sunday Island, Kermandec Archipelago. V. Kermandec ensis, Smith (unfigured), is a synonym. Y. FASCIATA, Souleyet. PL 35, figs. 26, 2t. Shell somewhat auriform, very thin, pellucid, yellowish ; VITRINOIDEA, LACONIA, VITRINOPSIS. 159 whorls 3, last whorl narrow below ; aperture large, ovate, showing the spire. Diam. 11, alt. 4 mill. Philippines. Saul to resemble V. Teneriffae, Quoy, of the Canary Islands. The drawing of the animal shows fasciations on the flanks ; there is no mucous pore. Y. AUREA, Pfr. Unfigured. Solomon's Islands. y. FUMOSA, Pfr. Unfigured. Habitat unknown. Genus VITRIXOIDEA, Semper, 1873. Y. ALBAJENSIS, Semper. PL 35, fig. 11. Shell globosely depressed, very thin, with horny cuticle and very thin calcareous structure ; whorls 3^. Isl. of Albay, Philippines. The single specimen was broken in transmission so that a complete diagnosis could not be given. Genus LACONIA, Gray, 1855. L. FERUSSACI, Gray. PI. 35, figs. 12, 13. This animal and its shell are only known by a figure in Fe'rus- sac's Hist, des Mollusques. The shell appears to be entirety covered by the mantle, and yitrinoid in character. Habitat unknown. Genus VITRIXOPSIS, Semper, 1873. y. TUBERCULATA, Semper. PL 35, fig. 14. Shell membranaceous, flat, with 2 whorls, aperture horizontal. Bohol, Philippines. Described from a single specimen. y. TIGRINA, Semper. PL 35, figs. 15, 16. Shell somewhat more solid than the preceding species, whorls 2, flattened, aperture horizontal, lip sharp. Diam. 7 mill. Near Manilla, Philippines. Described from a single specimen. The shell was broken in extracting it from the mantle-lobes. The name is from tiger- like black and j^ellow markings on these lobes. 160 PARMELLA, VITRINOCONUS. Genus PARMELLA, H. Adams, 1867. P. PLANATA, H. Adams. PL 35, fig 17. Shell haliotiform, very thin, polished, epidermis yellowish brown, widely extending beyond the margin, subplicate with growth-lines ; spire very minute, plane, suture distinct ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging; aperture subhorizontal, showing the spire. Diam. 15 mill, (without epidermis). Fiji Islands. Animal unknown. P. ELONGATA, Dohrn. Unfigured. Sumatra. Genus YITRINOCONUS, Semper, 1873. V. CYATHELLUS, Pfr. PI. 35, figS. 18, 19. Umbilicated, conical, obliquely costate, rather thin, corneous ; whorls 9, filiformly carinate ; lip slightly reflected at the base. Diam. 5'3, alt. 4 mill. Isl. Panay, Philippines. Y. CYATHUS, Pfr. PL 35, figs. 20, 21. Umbilicated, arcuately ribbed-striate, brownish, suture crenu- lateLy margined ; whorls 6J, the last carinate, snaoothish and flattened on the base, umbilicus large. Diam. 8, alt. 4*5 mill. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. V. SINAITENSIS, Pfr. PL 35, fig. 22. Widely Umbilicated, thin, closely striated, brown ; whorls 7, with a filiformly carinate periphery, base somewhat convex. Diam. 10, alt. 4 mill. Sinait, province of Ilocos, Luzon, Philippines. Y. DOLIOLUM, Pfr. PL 35, fig. 23. Perforate, turbinate, closely, minutely costulate-striate, pel- lucid, not shining, brown ; whorls 5, slightly convex. Diam. 3'5, alt. 2'5 mill. Sibonga, Isl. Zebu, Philippines. Y. SCALARINUS, Pfr. PL 35, fig. 24. Imperforate, striulate, thin, hyaline ; whorls 6, the last with acutely carinated periphery, base a little convex, lightly, very minutely concentrically striate. Diam. 5, alt. 5 mill. Ins. Leyte, Philippines. It is Helix gradata, Pfr., not Gould. PLUTONIA, TRIGONOCHLAMYS. 161 V. TONGANUS, Quoy. PI. 35, fig. 25. Imperforate, striulate, fragile, pellucid, carinate, whitish corneous ; whorls 6, the last subimpressed at the base. Diam. 7, alt. 5 mill. Ins. Tonga Taboo (Quoy); Ins. Negros, Philippines (Cuming). Y. DISCOIDEUS and y. TURRITUS, Semper. Unfigured. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. Genus PLUTONIA, StabLe, 1864. P. ATLANTICA, Morelet and Drouet. PL 35, fig. 28 ; PL 29, figs. 75, 76. Animal reddish brown or chocolate-color ; mantle finely shagreened, lighter colored over the shell, sometimes with large patches of bluish color, neck with yellowish blotches on either side, sole sepia-colored with minute dark spots. Length, 1 inch. Shell ancyliform, oblong, planate, somewhat rugose, longitu- dinally costulate, brownish ; spire short, lateral, posterior, apex whitish. San Miguel, Azores. Genus TRIGONOCHLAMYS, Bottger, 1881. T. IMITATRIX, Bottger. PL 35, fig. 29. Animal blackish above, sole ash-colored in the middle, blackish on the sides. Length, 3-4 inches. Caucasus. Subgenus PSEUDOMILAX, Bottger, 1881. T. LEDERI, Bottger. PL 35, figs. 30, 31. Whole animal blackish. Length, 23 mill. Kutais, Transcaucasia. T. BICOLOR, Bottger. PL 36, figs. 38, 39. Animal blackish above, the carina and margins of the shield lighter, sole yellowish. Length, 4'5 mill. Lenkoran, Caspian Sea. T. RETOWSKI, Bottger. Unfigured. Caucasus. 11 lf>2 DAMAYANTIA, MARIAELLA, UROCYCLUS. Genus DAMAYANTIA, Issel, 1874. P. DILECTA, Issel. PI. 35, figs. 32, 33. Brown or brownish }^ellow, with rhomboidal blackish, slightly raised tubercles, mantle maculated and spotted with blackish, sole yellowish. Borneo. Genus MARIAELLA, Gray, 1855. M. BUSSUMIERI (Val.), Gray. PL 35, fig. 37. Shell completely hidden, half ovate, elongate, solid, white, with a thin narrow corneous margin, apex subterminal on the right hinder edge, internally calcareous, only slightly concave. Mahi, Seychelles Isles. Type of the genus, and only species known to Gra3T. M. INFUMATA, Fer. PI. 36, figs. 45, 46. Figured, but not described, and no locality given; nor has it been identified. If the shell was entirely hidden under the mantle lobes as shown by the figures, it could not be a Parrna- rion ; although it has generally been referred to that genus. Subgenus TENNENTIA, Humbert, 1862. M. THWAITESII, Humbert. PI. 36, figs. 40-42. Epidermis shining, marked with growth-lines. Length 6-7, width 3-4 mill. Mountainous regions of Ceylon. M. PHILIPPINENSIS, Semper. PL 36, figs. 43, 44, Animal yellowish- or reddish-gra}^, with a dark line on either side of the neck, and two similar lines parallel on the mantle. Shell rather flat, with epidermis, nucleus turned to the side, showing an oblique fold below. Mindanao, Philippines. Genus UROCYCLUS, Gray, 1864. U. KIRKII, Gray. PL 29, figs. 70, 71. Pale brown, with minute square black spots on the sides, with a black streak on each side of the back ; middle of the back with two darker brown streaks. The sides of the body with diverging UROCYCLUS. 163 sunken lines. Margin of the foot with a series of small black specks. Near the mouth of Zambesi River, Central Africa. U. FLAVESCENS, Kefcrstein. PL 35, figs. 34-36. Grayish brown to dark orange, keel and lateral ridges lemon, sulci dusky. Shell very pale yellowish. Length, 1 inch contracted, or 3 inches when in motion. Mozambique. Yar. PALLIDA, Gibbons. Shield and body opaque white, with a faint yellowish tinge. The variety and t}Tpe are found on bushes. Ordinarily the shell is invisible, the longitudinal slit in the shield being closed, but the animal has the power of dilating it so as to show the shell. U. COMORENSIS, Fischer. PI. 36, figs. 47, 48. Animal, discolored by alcohol, apparently without color marking. Shell extremel}- fragile, composed of a thin calca- reous plate with an epidermis which extends beyond its margin anteriorly and laterally. Length, 60 mill. Ins. Mayotte, Comoro Is. U. VITTATUS, Fischer. PL 36, fig. 49. Animal, discolored by alcohol but showing a dark stripe on either side of the granular mantle, the centre marbled. Smaller and narrower than the preceding species and less carinated behind, the mucous pore is smaller, the dorsal slit less posterior, the mantle granular. Shell not described. Length, 42 mill. Ins. Mayotte, Comoro Is. U. LONGICAUDA, Fischer. PL 36, figs. 50, 51. Yellowish, unicolored or maculated with black; shield very small, granulated, with the posterior slit very small; tail narrow, with small pore. Length, 50 mill. Shell small, oval, thin, concentrically striated, nucleus in the posterior centre, somewhat prominent. Ins. Nossi-Comba near Madagascar. U. BUCHHOLZI, Martens. PL 36, fig. 52. Greenish, marbled with a darker tint, especially on the shield, margin of the foot whitish. Length, 72 mill. Aburi, Gold Coast, W. Africa. The figure was made from a colored drawing ; no description published. 104 PAJiMARTON. U. HEYNEMANNI, Dohrn. PL 36, figs. 53, 54. White, rarely citron-yellow, mantle smooth. Shell very thin, almost entire^ epidermal, with growth-lines, olivaceous-yellow ; the calcareous portion very fragile, crystalline. Length of animal, 80-90 mill. ; contracted in alcohol (as in figure) to 36 mill. Prince's JsZ., W. Africa. The type of the genus Dendrolimax, Heynemann. U. BELLA, Heynemann. PL 36, figs. 55, 56. Brownish, more or less flecked or spotted with darker brown, rarely with black. Length, 50 mill. Madagascar. Type of the genus Elisa, Heynemann. Unfigured Species. U. FASCIATUS, Martens. Mozambique. U. MARTENSI, Heynemann. East Africa. Although from a very distant locality, the author of this species subsequently considered it a probable variety or syno- nym of U. Bucliholzi, of W. Africa. Genus PARMARION, Fischer, 1856. P. CROCEUS, Godwin-Austen. PL 37, figs. 59-61. Shell flat, rudimentary, narrowly oblong, thin, corneous, trans- parent, light yellowish green with darker green rays, apex a little curved, peristome membranaceous, very thin, transparent, light milky white within. Length 19, width 9 mill. Gherra Poongee, India. " These mollusks are abundant during the rainy season, but are hard to discover in the cold weather, and only then under stones and logs in damp low situations. In July I found P. croceus very plentiful just above Teria Ghat, and I observed them when I was hunting for butterflies, crawling about over the tall grasses 12 feet from the ground." -(Godwin-Austen.) P. SHILLONGENSIS, Godwin-Austen. PL 37, fig. 02. Shell corneous, long and narrow, thin, light greenish. Length 19, width 7 mill. Sliillong and North Khasi Hills, India. Animal ochraceous or umber-brown, not variegated. PARMARION. 165 Yar. BRUNNEUS, Godwin-Austen. Shell as in the last description. Animal brown, with parallel dark sepia streaks on the mantle, and margin of foot. Shillong, Khasi Hills, India. P. RADHA, Godwin-Austen. PI. 37, fig. 66. Shell similar to that of P. Sliillongensis. Animal rich ochre color, sparsely dappled with gray-black on the mantle and tail. Assam. P. NAGAENSIS, Godwin-Austen. PI. 37, fig. 63. Shell ovate, veiy thin and fragile. Length 22'5, width 13-75 mill. Naga Hills, India. Animal ochraceous, mottled and dotted with a darker shade. P. BURTII, Godwin-Ansten. PL 37, fig. 67. Shell dull white, very horny in texture, the apex scarcely developed, outline rounded above. Diam. 7'5 mill. Assam. ? P. RUBRUM, Godwin-Austen. PL 37, figs. 64, 65. Shell quite rudimentary, minute, granular. Length, 3*5 mill. Animal orange-pink, gray on under side of foot ; with three longitudinal parallel greenish gray bands on the neck. Naga Hills, India. P. CINEREUS, Godwin-Austen. PL 37, fig. 68. Shell not described. Animal dusk}r gray, mantle with a papil- lated surface slightly spotted, the spotting being coarser on the body and tail. On Darpang River, Dafla Hills, Assam. P. HOOKERI, Gray. PL 37, fig. 69. Shell oblong, elongate, slender, arched concentrically, very thin, horny, wrinkled ; thicker but equally horny, in the upper part of the centre ; the apex thick, white, solid, suboblong, elongate ear-shaped, with a lateral submarginal spire of half a whorl. Diam. maj. 14 mill. Khasi Hills, India. P. Theobaldi, Austen, is a synonym. 160 PARMARION. P. EXTRANEUS, Ferussac. PL 37, fig. 70. The shell is said to be " a thin horny pellicle without appearance of a spire." The figure which I give from Semper appears similar to that of Ferussac, but drawn with more atten- tion to detail ; it is taken from a specimen received from Cal- cutta. Godwin-Austen, however, doubts both the identification and its locality, unless it may have been imported into the Botanical Gardens there, with plants. Ferussac gives no localit}7. P. PUPILLARIS, Humbert. PL 37, figs. 71-74. Shell calcareous, thin, oval, wider and less rounded anteriorly, slightly convex, feebly striate by growth-lines ; the amber-colored epidermis extends beyond the shell, covering the visceral mass. Java. Dr. von Martens describes three varieties of coloration : — Yar. PUNCTATA. Mantle brownish gray, head and neck blackish, sides of the foot with small indistinct round spots, sole lighter through the middle. Var. MARMORATA. Mantle light brown marbled with reddish brown, sides of the foot more grayish with a darker fine reticulation. Yar. VITTATA. Reddish gray-brown, with dark lines directed rearwards from the base of the tentacles two hook-like dark markings on the anterior part of the mantle, two dark lines towards the tail. This is possibly the same as the next species. P. punctatus, Hasselt, is a synonym. P. PROBLEMATICUS, Ferussac. PL 37, tigs. 49, 50. Only known through Ferussac's figures. No locality given. It may be the young of the preceding species. P. BECCARII, Issel. PL 37, figs. 51, 52. Shell roundly oval, slightly convex, membraneous, pellucid, shining yellowish green. Animal with unequal polygonal tubercles, grayish brown, with small maculations on the minutely granular mantle. Borneo. ASPIDELUS, VITRINOZONITES. 167 P. DORI.E, Issel. PL 37, figs. 53, 54. Shell brownish. Animal brownish, unequally potygonally tuberculate, with small black maculations, mantle granular. Borneo. Probably only a variety of the preceding species. Un figured Species. P. KERSTEINI. Martens. East Africa. P. T/ENIATUS and P. RETICULATUS, Hasselt. Java. P. LUTEUS and P. PLANUS, Martens. Java. P. RANGIANUS, Fer. I. Bourbon, Madagascar. Subo-enus PARMACOCHLEA, Smith, 1884. O 77 P. FISCHERI, Smith. PI. 37, figs. 55-58. Shell yellowish brown. Length 7, diam. 4 mill. Cape York, N. Australia. Vitrina auxtralis, Reeve, is suspiciously like this species. Genus ASPIDELUS, Morelet, 1883. A. CHAPERI, Morelet. PL 36, figs. 57, 58. Obscure reddish brown, with darker variegations, becoming darker towards the tail. Shell very thin, shining, yellowish, covering about two-thirds of the shield. Length of animal in alcohol, 26 mill. ; length of shell, 6*5 mill. Assiniam, Gulf of Guinea, W. Africa. Genus VITRINOZONITES, W. G. Binney, 1879. Y. LATISSIMUS, Lewis. PL 36, figs. 62, 63 ; PL 29, fig. 72 Depressed, oblong, thin, fragile, translucent, shining ; whorls 3, rapi lly increasing, with growth-lines and a few microscopic revolving lines ; last whorl very large, depressed above, more convex below, imperforate ; aperture widely oval, lip mem- braneous ; smoky brown. Diam. 17, alt. 7 mill. Mts. E. Tennessee, W. No. Carolina. 108 VELTFERA, HELICARION. Genus YELIFERA, W. G. Binney, 1879. V. GABBI, W. G. Binney. PL 29, figs. 73, 74. Imperforate, globose, very thin, pellucid, polished, olivaceous brown ; whorls 3 ; aperture rounded, slightly oblique ; peristome simple, flexuose above. Diam. 6, alt. 4 mill. Animal greenish, with a black band above the margin of the foot and a second broader band a little higher up, broken by oblique light lines, median line of back nearly white. It has the peculiarity when distressed, as with the warmth of the hand, of throwing itself like a worm, with vigorous blows of its tail. Flanks of Pico Blanco, 3000 ft., Costa Rica. Genus HELICARION, Fer., 1821. I. Australian and Polynesian Species. This group is composed of the typical Helicarise, according to God win- A usten, as well as a few Australian species described as Vitrinae. The latter I have placed at the end of my list, but included them here because Dr. J. C. Cox, in his Monograph of Australian Land Shells, states that all the Australian Vitrina? have a caudal mucous pore. H. FREYCINETI, Fer. PI. 38, figs. 32-35. Thin, smooth, faintly plicately striated, shining, opaque, orange-brown, suture linear ; whorls 3J, the last narrow at the base ; lip narrowly membraneous-margined. Diam. 19, alt. 8 mill. Australia. H. CUVIERT, Fer. PL 88, figs. 36-38. Subglobosely depressed, lightly striate, greenish brown ; whorls 3, the last large, rounded. Diam. 11, alt. 6*5 mill. Australia. This species, founded on figures in Ferussac, has not been certainly identified by modern collectors. H. LEUCOSPIRUS, Pfr. PL 38, fig. 39. Depressed subglobose, very thin, striulate, pellucid, shining, yellowish white, the apex whitish ; whorls 4, the last slightly HELICARION. 1G9 pellucid-rayed, somewhat obliquely depressed above ; margin subinflected. Diam. 13'5, alt. 8*5 mill. Australia. H. VERREAUXIF, Pfr. PI. 38, fig. 40. Depressed, striulate, thin, diaphanous, hardlj' shining, greenish yellow; spire subplanulate, suture margined; whorls 3j, rapidly enlarging, the last depressed, the base rather narrow and flattened. Diam. 13, alt. 6 mill. Australia, Tasmania. H. CASTANEUS, Pfr. PI. 38, fig. 41. Depressed, striulate, very shining, chestnut-olive ; spire plane; whorls 3, the last large, the base widely membraneously mar- gined, margin of aperture membranaceous. Diam. 9, alt. 5 mill. Australia. H. ROBUSTUS, Gould. PI. 38, figs. 42, 43. Depressed globose, polished, pellucid, light greenish 3'ellow, lightly striate with growth-lines; spire obtuse; whorls 3, the last large, rounded below ; columellar margin reflected at its inser- tion forming a small slit. Diam. 12, alt. 6 mill. E. Australia. Dr. Cox thinks that the next species is a probable synonym. • . H. STRANGEI, Pfr. PI. 38, figs. 44, 45. Depressed semiglobose, very thin, smooth, shining, light greenish yellow, or corneous orange, suture submargined ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging, the last depressed above, more convex below ; columellar lip narrowly membraneously margined. Diam. 10, alt. 5 mill. Australia. An extensively distributed Australian species, varying much in size, but very constant in its general characters. »/ H. NIGER, Quoy. PI. 38, figs. 46, 47. Oval, depressed-semiglobose ; whorls four, yellowish brown, the last rather large. Diam. 12, alt. 5 mill. Port Western, Australia. The name is for the blackish animal. The species has not been identified by Australian collectors. 170 IIELICARION. H. MASTERSI, Cox. PI. 38, figs. 48, 49. Depressed, veiy thin, smooth, transparent, polished, with fine arcuate striae and a few faint spiral lines, bright golden ^yellow, sometimes greenish tinged, suture impressed, naivowly margined ; whorls 3, the last rather depressed above, more convex below, where it is widely membraneous. Diam. 14, alt. 4'25 mill. Kiama, N. So. Wales. The animal is whitish, and not gray as in V. Strangei, and the shell is more depressed, with half the base membraneous. H. HELENA, Godwin-Austen. PI. 38, figs. 50, 51. Elongately oval, smooth, polished, pale greenish yellow, spire flat ; whorls 2^T rapidly increasing, the last much expanded and elongated in front; peristome thin, arcuate above. Diam. f'3 mill. Sydney, N. S. Wales. H. MEGASTOMA, Cox. PL 38, figs. 52, 53. Depressed, elongate auriform, smooth, very thin, transparent, greenish yellow, shining, very faintly striated, spire not promi- nent ; whorls 3, the last depressed above, rounded at the periphery and below, left margin of aperture and base of the shell flattened, membraneous. Diam. 11'25, alt. 2!5 mill. Clarence River, Australia. Placed by Pfeiffer in Helicarion, which, from its shape it can scarcely be. Appears to be a genuine Yitrina. H. KEPPELLI, Pfr. PL 38, figs. 54-56. Depressed, thin, very shining, pellucid, arcuately striated, especially at the suture; greenish yellow, suture submargined ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging, the last with a convex, narrow base; columellar lip membraneously submargined. Diam. 14, alt. 6 mill. New Caledonia. H. HILLI, Cox. PL 38, figs. 57, 58. Depressed, thin, shining, with incremental striae, and slight irregular distant undulating spiral lines ; yellowish brown, lighter on the base ; whorls 4J, rapidly increasing, the last largely expanded ; lip submembraneous. Diam. 8*5, alt. 3'5 mill. Top of a high mountain, Lord Howe's Island. HELICARION. H. TENELLUS, Gould. PI. 38, figs. 59, 60. Subperforate, depressed semiglobose, with conspicuous growth- lines, yellowish white ; whorls 3, the last rounded at the periphery, suture well-impressed ; aperture subcircular. Diam. 8, alt. 5'5 mill. Sandwich Islands. Said to resemble Vitrina pellucida, and probably a true Vitrina. H. CAPERATUS, Gould. PI. 38, figs. 61-63. Helicoid, depressed, narrowly perforate, periphery obtusely angulated, thin, subtranslucent, closel}' striate, with slight spiral impressed lines, and obscure malleations ; yellowish corneous ; whorls 3-^, convex, with well- impressed suture ; aperture sub- circular, lip everted at the umbilicus. Diam. 12, alt. 6 mill. Sandwich Islands. Helix Newcombi, Pfr., is a synonym. H. PLANOSPIRUS, Pfr. PI. 38, figs. 64-66. Imperforate, oval, thin, striulate, pellucid, shining, greenish corneous, flattened above, convex below ; whorls 3, very rapidly enlarging ; base membraneous-submargiued. Diam. 13, alt. 7 mill. Solomon's Is. H. ZEBRA, Le Guillou. (Unfigured.) Ins. Aukland. H. BRAZIERI, Cox. (Unfigured.) Fitzroy Island, Australia. Species included by Pfeiffer in Vitrina. H. MAcGiLLiVRAYi, Cox. PL 39, figs. 67, 68. Much depressed, ear-shaped, thin, translucent, polished, lightly striated, with a few very slight impressed spiral lines ; whorls 3, the last large, flattened ; columellar margin flattened. Diam. 20, alt. 6*5 mill. New South Wales. The animal when disturbed exudes a purple secretion. First described under the name of V. planilabris, preoccupied. 172 HELICARION. H. MILLIGANI, Pfeiffer. PL 20, figs. 11,12. Imperforate, thin, smooth, very shining, olivaceous brown ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging; lip subinflected. Diam. 22'5, alt. 10'5 mill. Isl. in Macquarie Harbor, Tasmania. Pfeiffer includes this in Paryphanta, evidently erroneously. H. VIRENS, Pfr. PI. 39, figs. 69-71. Depressed subglobose, very slightly striate, somewhat shining, greenish corneous ; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging, the last slightly obliquely depressed, base narrowly membraneously margined ; aperture oblique, Innately subcircular, lip thin, subinflected. Diam. 16, alt. 8 mill. Moreton Bay, Australia. H. AQUILA, Cox. PI. 39, figs. 72, 73. Globosely depressed, but little shining, regularly and strongly striated with lines of growth which are decussated by very fine striae, 3rellowish opalescent, more opaque below ; spire raised papilliform ; whorls 4, the last globose, suture broadty and distinctly margined. Diam. 20, alt. 11*25 mill. •^ t— / Queensland, Australia. H. HYALTNUS, Pfr. PI. 39, figs. 75, 76. Depressed globose, very thin, smooth, pellucid, greenish hyaline ; whorls nearly 4, the last smooth towards the margined suture, distant^ radiately striated, rounded at the rather wide base. Diam. 7, alt. 3-5 mill. Moreton Bay, Australia; on trees. H. INFLATUS, Reeve. PI. 39, fig. 74. Ovately ear-shaped, yellowish horny, but little shining, spire small, scarcely emerged, whorls convex, inflated, thinly arcuately striated ; aperture rather largely openly ovate. Sydney, New South Wales. The above is a copy of Reeve's description. No measure- ments are given. H. SUPERBUS, Cox. (Unfigured). Queensland, Australia. H. CUMINGII, Beck. PL 39, fig. 77. Depressed globose, very thin, lightly striate, shining ; yellowish white, with a chestnut line above the periphery, suture margined; HELICARION. 173 whorls 4 ; columellar lip a little reflected above, forming a false rimation. Diam. 20, alt. 12 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. H. GUIMARASENSIS, Pfr. PL 39, figs. 78-80. Depressed semiglobose, thin, striulate, subdiaphanous, greenish yellow, suture margined ; whorls not 4, rapidly enlarging, the last inflated, subdepressed. Diam. 15, alt. 8 mill. Ins. GuimaraSj Philippines. H. BECKIANUS, Pfr. PI. 39, figs. 81-83. Depressed semiglobose, very thin, striulate, pellucid, shining, light greenish yellow ; whorls almost 4, rapidly enlarging, the last subdepressed, base wide ; columellar lip slightly reflected above. Diam. 16, alt. 8 mill. Philippines. H. POLITISSIMUS, Beck. PL 39, figs. 84-80. Rather thin, smooth, highly polished, diaphanous, corneous with darker rays, suture submargined ; whorls 4, rapidly enlarg- ing, the last depressly-rounded, base wide. Diam. 14, alt. 7'5 mill. Ins. Zebu, Philippines. H. LEYTENSIS, Beck. PL 39, figs. 87-89. Rather depressed above, more convex below, very thin, smooth, highly polished, greenish yellow; whorls 3, rapidly enlarging, the last subplanate above ; columellar margin slightly reflected above. Diam. 13, alt. 7 mill. Philippines. Var. ft. A little larger, subopaque, yellowish white. H. MARGARITA, Beck. PL 39, figs. 90-92. Very thin, striulate, shining, pellucid, greenish yellow ; whorls 3-J, the last large, inflated; lip very thin. Diam. 14. alt. 8 mill. Philippines. H. TIGRINUS, Semper. PL 39, figs. 93-95. Very thin, striulate, shining, 3Tellowish white, suture smooth, margined ; whorls 4^, rapidly enlarging, the last inflated ; colu- mellar lip a little reflected above. Diam. 15'5, alt. 9 mill. Jibon, Ins. Mindanao, Philippines. The animal is variegated with black and yellowish gray. 174 HELICARION. H. GUTTA, Pfr. PI. 39, figs. 96-98. Subglobose, a little depressed above, very thin, smooth, hyaline, highly polished ; suture narrowly margined ; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging, the last large, depressed-rounded ; columellar margin entering and a little reflected above. Diam. 11, alt. 6 mill. Sorsogon, Isl. of Luzon, Philippines. H. BICARINATUS, Semper. PI. 39, fig. 99. Shell like H. gutta, but somewhat larger. The unique speci- men was broken in extracting the animal. The shell lobes of the animal, each traversed by a submedian carina. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. H. RUFESCENS, Pfr. PL 39, figs. 100, 1, 2. Very thin, plicatulate, shining, pellucid, brownish horn-color, spire depressed conoidal ; whorls scarcely 4, the last ventricose. Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill. MindorOj Philippines. H. CRENULARIS, Beck. PL 39, figs. 3-5. Very thin, glabrous, shining, pellucid, greenish orange ; spire plane; whorls 3^-, plicately crenulated towards the suture, rapidly enlarging, the last depressed, base wide. Diam. 13, alt. 7 mill. Philippines. Var. /9. Slightly larger, the cren illations less distinct. H. INCERTUS, Semper. PL 39, fig. 6. Imperforate, depressed, semiglobose, very thin, shining, gir- dled with obtuse distant striie, greenish corneous ; spire rather flat, suture crenulated ; whorls 3^, very rapidly increasing, the last rounded ; aperture oblique, rounded oval, wider than high ; lip very thin, membranaceous, outer margin a little dilated, colu- mellar margin slightly reflected. Diam. 10'5, alt. 5'5 mill. Alpaco, near Zebu, Philippines. Unfigured Philippine Island Species. IT. LUZONICUS, Pfr. ; H. SMARAGDULUS, Beck ; H. HELTCOIDES, Semper ; H. RESILIENS, Beck ; H. BICOLOR, Beck. HELTCARION. 175 II. Species of Asia and the East Indies. H. AUSTENIANUS, Nevill. PI. 40, figs. 7, 8, 9. Semiglobose, heliciforra, thin, glossy, brownish yellow; whorls 5, with deep suture, last whorl a little slopingly depressed above; aperture rounded-lunate, a little oblique, columellar lip slightly reflected above over the umbilical region. Diam. 15'5, alt. 7'5 mill. Sonamarg, Kashmir. H. STOLICZKANUS, Nevill. PL 40, figs. 10-12. Depressed, thin, translucent, yellowish horn-color; whorls 5, rather narrow, convex, striated, with deep suture. Diam. 21, alt. 10 mill. Kashmir. Confounded by Reeve, Hanley, etc., with H. monticola, Benson. Is possibly a small variety of H. cassida, with less exserted whorls and rather differently colored. H. SOGDIANUS, Martens. PL 40, figs. 13-15. Very narrowly perforate, depressed, lightlj* plicatulate, with obscure impressed spiral lines, shining, amber-colored, suture margined ; whorls 4|- to 5 ; columellar margin a little reflexed above. Diam. 22, alt. 11 mill. Samarkand. H. FLEMINGI, Pfr. PL 40, figs. 16-18. Globosely depressed, thin, above plicately striate, wi'th obscure spiral impressed lines, rather dull, olivaceous-fulvous, suture nar- rowly white-margined; whorls 4J, the last large, very slightly compressed around the periphery, base smoother and more shining ; aperture pearly, the columellar lip a little reflected above. Diam. 33, alt. 18 mill. India. H. CASSIDA, Hutton. PL 40; figs. 19, 20. Depressed, thin, striulate, barely shining, subdiaphanous, light greenish yellow, spire very depressed conoidal, suture submargi- nate ; whorls scarcely 5, rapidly enlarging, the last widely rounded , base wide, impressed in the middle ; aperture pearly, columellar lip subcallous above. Diam. 20, alt. 12 mill. Simla, Western Himalayas. See remarks under H. Stoliczkanus, above. 176 HELICARTON. H. MONTICOLA, Benson. PL 40, figs. 21-23. Depressed, thin, stimulate, shining, pellucid, yellowish, cor- neous; spire plane, suture lightly impressed ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, flattened, the last not descending. Diam. 18, alt. 7'5 mill. Western Himalayas. H. SCUTELLA, Benson. PL 40, figs. 24, 25. Depressed, oblong-ovate, arcuately striulate, shining, translu- cent, light greenish yellow, spire nearly planate, suture margi- nate ; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging. Diam. 16-18, alt. 5-6 mill. Khasi Mts.; Kashmir. A little more depressed, more oblong, with fewer whorls than H. monticola. H. HETEROCONCHA, Blanford. PL 40, figs. 26-28. Depressed, thin, diaphanous, polished, obsoletely arcuately striate, irregularly subcostulate towards the aperture, yellowish corneous, more greenish near the aperture, spire planate, suture white-margined ; whorls three, rapidly increasing ; basal margin of aperture flattened, rather widely membraneous. Diam. 17, alt. 5 mill. Darjiling, India. H. OVATUS, Blanford. PI. 40, figs. 29, 30. Depressed, rather thin, diaphanous, polished, obsoletely arcu- ately striate, yellowish brown ; whorls 3^, the last descending near the aperture, suture margined. Diam. 11'5, alt. 5 mill. Darjiling, India. H. CHRISTIANA, Theobald. PL 40, figs. 31, 32. Subgiobose, thin, polished, diaphanous, shining, costulately striate above, amber-brown, the apex lighter; whorls 3J, slowly increasing. Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill. Andaman Isles. H. IRRADIANS, Pfr. PL 40, fig. 33. Depressed above, more convex below, thin, impressly arcuately striate and obsoletely spirally lineate, diaphanous, scarcely shining, cinnamon-corneous above, smoother, more shining and lighter colored, yellowish green, below, suture margined ; whorls scarcely 4, rapidly enlarging, the last flattened above. Diam. 18-5, alt. 8'5 mill. Ceylon. Yar. /9. Larger. Diam. 25, alt. 11 mill. HELICARION. 1 1 7 H. MEMBRANACEUS, Benson. PL 40, figs. 34, 35. Depressed, submembranaceous, obsoletely obliquely striulate, the striae closer towards the apex, pellucid, greenish corneous, spire subplanate, suture not margined ; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging. Diam. 11, alt. 4 mill. Ceylon. H. CEYLANICUS, Beck. PL 41, figs. 39-41. An undescribed species, figured and named in Beck's Index ; it has not been identified. Ceylon. H. BIRMANICUS, Phil. PL 41, fig. 42. Serniglobose, very thin and smooth, shining, yellowish green ; whorls 4, rapidly enlarging, the last subplanulate at base. Diam. 9-3, alt. 4-6 mill. Mergui, Burmah. H. RHAPHIELLUS. Martens. PL 40, figs. 36-38. Heliciform, rimate, thin, shining, yellowish, with white- bordered suture; whorls 3, darker colored near the aperture; columellar lip reflected above, the extremities of the lip joined by a callus. Diam. 7'5. alt. 5 mill. mam. H. COCHINCHINENSIS, Morelet. PL 41, figs. 43-45. Depressed globose, very thin, and lightly striate, with obso- lete spiral lines, pellucid, greenish corneous, suture narrowly margined ; whorls 3^, rapidly enlarging, base subrugulose. Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill. Dien-ba, Cochin China. H. RUSSEOLA, Morelet. PL 41, figs. 46-48. Subperforate, globosely depressed, very thin, pellucid, shining, radiately striulate below the suture, orange-brown, suture submargined ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing. Diam. 7, alt. 4'5 mill. Cochin China. H. NUCLEATUS, Stoliczka. PL 41, figs. 49-51. Thin, translucent, light corneous, shining, very minutely striate; whorls 3| ; lip very thin, Diam. 9, alt. 5'3 mill. Penang. H. PERMOLLIS, Stoliczka. PL 41, figs. 52-54. Conoidally helicoid, imperforate, very thin, almost membra- naceous, translucent, light yellowish ; whorls 4^, lightly striate, the last with obsolete spiral lines on the base ; columellar lip slightly reflected above. Diam. 8*4, alt. 6'3 mill. 12 Penang. 178 HELICARION. H. LTNEOLATUS, Martens. PI. 41, figs. 55-57. Perforate, distinctly striulate, and with light spiral lines, shining, light orange, lighter below, a narrow opaque orange zone at the suture, suture radiately plicatulate ; whorls scarcely 4; columellar lip a little reflected above. Diam. 19, alt. 12 mill. Java, Sumatra. A smaller variety, diam. 12, alt. 8 mill., is found in Sumatra, the type being Javanese. H. SUMATRENSIS, Schepman. PI. 41, figs. 58-60. Perforate (?), shining, pellucid, yellowish brown, striulate, with spiral lines ; suture margined ; whorls 4. Diam. 7'5, alt. 5'75 mill. Sumatra. H. BORNEENSIS, Pfr. PI. 41, figs. 61-63. Very thin, striulate, and with obscure lightly impressed spiral lines, pellucid, light corneous, suture submargined ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, base obliquely rugulose. Diam. 15, alt. 9 mill. Borneo. H. SERICEUS, Martens. PI. 41, figs. 64-66. Perforate, striate, shining, light orange-brown, with a chestnut line at the suture; whorls 4^; columellar margin very slightly reflected. Diam. 14, alt. 9 mill. Timor. H. ID^, Pfr. PI 41, figs. 67-69. Thin, arcuately striulate, shining, pellucid, yellowish corneous; whorls 4. Diam. 14, alt. 7*6 mill. Celebes. One of Pfeiffer's figures shows a narrow orange-brown band — which is not mentioned in the description. H. CELEBENSIS, Pfr. PI. 41, figs. 70-72. Helicoid, a little solid, striulate, shining, coffee-colored, with a lighter margin around the suture ; whorls 4 ; columellar margin subcallous. Diam. 11*5, alt. 7 mill. Celebes. H. SUTURALIS, Martens. Pi. 41, figs. 73-75. Shell striulate, very shining, greenish yellow, more distinctly striate and with an opaque white zone at the suture, suture margined ; whorls 4. Diam. 15, alt. 10 ; var. diam. 20, alt. 12 mill. Isl. Burn, Moluccas. HELICARION. 179 H. IMPERATOR, Gould. PI. 41, figs. 76-78. Fragile, ventricose, striulate, with impressed spiral lines, greenish corneous ; whorls more than 3 ; columellar margin not thickened. Diam. 1-5, alt. *75 in. Hong Kong, China. The largest species of the genus ; perhaps belongs to same group as H. prsestans, Gould. Westerlund has described (but not figured) a var. imperatrix. H. PR^CELLENS, Martens. PI. 42, figs. 1, 2, 3. Thin, diaphanous, regularly striulate and with light impressed lines on the upper part, shining, yellowish green, with a narrow brown sutural line; whorls less than 3. Diam. 28, alt. 19 mill. Isl. of Salanga, West Coast of Malacca. Un figured Species. H. BACCATA, Hutton. Afghanistan. H. EDGARIANUS, Benson. Ceylon. H. ATARANENSIS, Theobald. Martaban, Burmah. H. SIAMENSIS, Haines (Diam. 30, alt. 15 mill.). Siam. H. ALBELLA, Martens. Java. H. SINICUS, Martens. China. Section CRYPTOSOMA, Theobald, 1857. Shell more solid ; animal completely retractile within it, and closing the mouth with an epiphragm in aestivation. Perhaps other Asiatic species ma}^ enter this section. H. PR^STANS, Gould. PI. 42, figs. 4, 5. Rather solid, smooth, very lightly striulate with obsolete impressed spiral lines, slight!}^ shining, light corneous ; whorls 3, rapidljr enlarging. Diam. 25, alt. 12 mill. Burmah. Section AUSTENIA, Nevill, 1878. * Typical. H. GIGAS, Benson. PL 42, figs. 6, 7. Arcuately striate, with obsolete irregular impressed spiral lines ; whorls 2J, very rapidly increasing, the last subdepressed above, base very narrow ; aperture very large, subcallous within. Diam. 30, alt. 13 mill. Bengal. 180 HELTCAIUON. H. MAGNIFICUS, Austen and Nevill. PI. 42, figs. 12, 13. Closely allied to H. gigas, but larger, brownish, body-whorl much more flatly expanded, spire less convoluted, more de- pressed. Diam. 40, alt. 29*5 mill. Momein in Yunnan, at 5500 feet. H. HYALEA, Bock. PI, 42, figs. 8, 9. Thin, glossy, sculptured with very fine growth-lines and micro- scopic impressed spiral striae; whorls 2-3, margined at the suture, last whorl very large, as is also the aperture ; glossy olive-brown. Diam. 20 mill. Sumatra. H. RESPLENDENS, Nevill. PL 42, figs. 10, 11. Resembling H. gigas, Bens., in texture and color, but a little thinner and more membranaceous ; it is at once distinguished from it by its flattened, more ear-like, form. Diam. 22, alt. 8 mill. Sawacly and Rhamo, Upper Burmah. Animal light pink, thickly dotted with black on the mantle- lobes and caudal extremity, sparsely dotted elsewhere. H. VENUSTUS, Theobald. PL 42, fig. 14. Yellowish, oval, depressed, whorls about 2, the last rapidly changing, aperture very oblique, almost horizontal. Diam. 7*5 mill. Mts. Arakan. * * Approaching Parmarion. H. SOLIDUS, Godwin-Austen. PL 42, fig. 15. Shell flat, peripheiy oval, solid, epidermis reddish brown; spire short, apex very flat ; one single body-whorl, peristome simple, thin. Diam. 15 mill. Hengclan Peak, North Cachar Hills, Bengal. Approaches Parmarion, Fischer, and was described as a doubtful species of Hoplites, which is synonymous with- Par- marion. Neville supposes it to :=the preceding species. H. PEGUENSIS, Theobald. PL 42, figs. 16, 17. Auriform, very thin, striate, polished, epidermis membrana- »ceous, greenish yellow or yellowish brown, nucleus lighter, spire planulate ; whorls 1^; aperture transverse, horizontal, showing the spire, peristome membranaceous. Diam. 13, alt. 2*5 mill. Near Pegu; Nilgiri Mts., India. The latter locality is for H. auriformis, B Ian ford, an unfigured HELTCARION. 181 • species which, according to Hanley and Theobald, is synonymous. Approaches Parmarion very closely. H. UNGUICULUS, Morelet. PL 42, figs. 18-20. Depressed, convex above, open below, thin, shining, light corneous, lightly striulate, crossed by distant lines, suture margined ; whorls 2, convex, very narrow and membraneous below, showing the spire. Diam. 9, alt. 3 mill. Cochin China. H. APERTUS, Beck. PL 42, fig. 21. Much depressed, base open, showing the spire, smooth, sub- opaque, greenish white, spire minute, lateral ; whorls 2^, base very narrow. Diam. 11, alt. 3 mill. //?.. Luzon^ Philippines. H. DiMiDiATus, PIT. PL 42, fig. 22. Very depressly ovate, open at the base, yellowish horny, spire small, rather fiat, lateral, whorls slightly convex, smooth, mem- branaceous at margin. Diam. 5*5, alt. 1*3 mill. New Zealand. H. AUSTRALTS, Reeve. PL 42, fig. 23. Very depressly ear-shaped, open at the base, yellowish horny, spire small, rather immersed, whorls impressed at the sutures, faintly fircuately plicatelj- striated, membraneous at the edge. Eastern Australia. " This, and six other species of the plate, belong to the genus Peltella of Webb and Van Beneden, in which only a section of the whorls is formed ; the base of the shell next the animal is open, or too niembranaceous to be preserved ' -(Reeve). No dimensions are given. The resemblance to Peltella is apparent, but until it is ascertained whether the shell possesses a membra- nous base, absent in the figure, its generic position cannot be determined with certainty. *** Species referred to Austenia by God win- Austen, but which have the form of true Helicarion. H. SALIUS, Benson. PL 42, figs. 24-26. Subglobosely depressed, ovate, very thin, fragile, very shining, pellucid, brownish corneous or light corneous, obsoletely arcu- ately striulate, suture lightly impressed, margined ; whorls 3J. Diam. 8, alt. 4 mill. . Darjiling, and Teria Ghat, India. Godwrin-Austen includes this in Austenia, but I see no good 182 HELTCARTON. reason why it should not be considered a true Helicarion. This author describes a var. ovata (fig. 26). H. PAPILLASPIRA, Godwin-Austen. PI. 42, figs. 27, 28. Imperforate, membranaceous, shining, sculpture of growth- undulations, otherwise quite smooth, pale ochraceous green ; whorls 4, irregularly wound; peristome sinuate above, slightly reflected at the umbilical region. Diam. 11, alt. 4*5 mill. North Khasi Hills, India. Differs from H. Salius in the greater number of whorls, and peculiar smaller, closer-wound, nipple-like apex. H. MINUTUS, Godwin-Austen. PI. 42, fig. 29. Shell ovate, depressed, rather solid, brown with an olive tinge, and with a glazed polished surface ; whorls 3, very rapidly enlarging; aperture oblique, elongately lunular. Diam. 5*5 mill. Assam. It may be known from H. Salius by its much flatter form. H. GLOBOSUS, Godwin-Austen. PL 42, figs. 30, 31. Tumidly globose, quite smooth, pale ochraceous ; whorls 3 ; columellar lip weak, not thickened. Diam. 9'4, alt. 3'4 mill. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills. H. PANCHETENSIS, Godwin-Austen. PL 43, figs. 32, 33. Imperforate, depressed globose, rather thickened, covered with a strong epidermis, dull ochraceous brown, suture shallow ; whorls 3, flat above, rapidly increasing, the last descending; peristome rather thickened, columellar margin perpendicular. Diam. 10-7, alt. 4-5 mill. Pancliet Hill, L. Bengal. Distinct from the next species in the last whorl descending near the aperture, in its more shelly structure and globose form. H. BENSONI, Pfr. PL 43, figs. 34-37. Thin, striulate, shining, pellucid, light corneous, suture sub- margined ; whorls 3^, base wide ; peristome subinflected. Diam. 12, alt. 6'mill. . Jessore ; Botanical Garden, Calcutta. HELICARION. 183 Yar. SYLHETENSIS, Godwin-Austen. Fig. 3*7. Last whorl more expanded in front, texture thinner, color more greenish. Sylliet District. H. SUCCINEUS, Reeve. PI. 43, figs. 38-41. Thin, smooth, obsoletely arcuately striulate, translucent, polished, corneous, flattened above, suture canaliculately mar- gined ; whorls 3, rapidl}* enlarging, the last slightly descending, compressed-rounded at the peripheiy. Diam. 14, alt. 5 mill. Pankabari, Vallis Rungun, India. Described by Benson under the name of H. planospira, preoc- cupied by Pf'eiffer. H. VERRUCOSUS, Godwin-Austen. PL 43, fig. 55. " The shell with animal was placed in spirit, but has been unfortunately lost ; it was thin and glass}*, with about 4 w7horls. I however made a careful drawing of the animal at the time it was taken." Animal dull purplish gray; mantle-lobes, which can cover the entire shell, are very niiiiutel}^ mottled, finely papillate ; posterior margin with three wart-like processes on each side ; posterior part of foot with diagonal parallel ribs ; edge of foot with a distinct marginal line. The mantle is divided into three lobes, one of rectangular outline is on the anterior left margin. The shell wrhen the animal is in motion is very slightly exposed. Under Toruputu Peak, at 4.600 feet, Assam. Section AFRICARION, Godwin-Austen. H. LYMPHASEUS, Morelet. PL 43, figs. 42-44. Veiy thin, shining hyaline, light yellowish brown, unequally arcuately striate, suture very narrowrly margined ; whorls 3, flat- tened above, rounded below, the last enlarging rapidly, trans- verse. Diam. 13, alt. 6 mill. Bogos, Abyssinia. H. FALLENS, Morelet. PL 43, figs. 45-47, 48. Depressed above, somewhat turgid below, thin, striulate, pel- lucid, light 3'ellowish ; whorls 3, the last large, and obsoletely radiately plicate at the suture. Diam. 12-13, alt. 5 mill. Bogos, Abyssinia, 184 HELICARION. **# Species included by Pfeiffer and Semper in Mariaella. H. RAFFRAYI, Bourg. PI. 43, figs. 56-58. Imperforate, semiglobose, more convex below, hyaline, rather thin, shining, light 3*ellowish corneous, smooth, last whorl slightly stimulate ; whorls 3, suture margined ; columellar lip a little reflected above. Diam. 9, alt. 7 mill. Abyssinia. H. ARAYATENSIS, Semper. PI. 43, figs. 59-61. Depressed, thin, rather smooth, shining pellucid, suture mar- gined ; whorls 3^, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, with obsolete spiral lines , aperture transverse. Diam. 13-14. alt. 5 mill. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. Perhaps a major var. of H. planulatus, Pfr. H. PLANULATUS, Pfr. PI. 43, fig. 62. Very depressed, ear-shaped, transparent horny, spire flattened, whorls 3, plicately striated ; aperture very large, oblique. Diam. 11, alt. 4-5 mill. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. H. PAPILLATUS, Pfr. PL 43, fig. 63. Depressed, nearly orbicular, pale horny, shining, pellucid, light corneous, apex papillary, suture margined, last whorl with obsolete spiral lines ; whorls 3^. Diam. 10, alt. 5 mill. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. * * * ? H. PLICATULUS, Martens. PI. 43, figs. 49-51. Rimate, thin, rather regularly plicatulate, shining, light green- ish gra}r ; whorls 3j, margin somewhat membranaceous, shortly reflected at the umbilicus. Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill. Aburi, Gold Coast, W. Africa. ? H. SEMIMEMBRANACEUS, Martens. PL 43, figs. 52-54. Depressed, auriform, very thin, light!}7 radiately striulate, shining, light amber-colored , membranaceous below, spire plane ; whorls less than 2^, rapidly enlarging, periphery angulate ; aperture subhorizontal, showing the spire, lip membraneously bordered. Diam. 19, alt. 6 mill. Victoria, and Delta of Cameroons River, W. Africa. LIMACID.E. 185 FAMILY LIMAGID^. • Shell rudimentary, a calcareous plate, not spiral, concealed under the mantle, and covering the respiratory cavity. Foot* without mucous pore. Jaw oxygnathous, arcuated, without ribs, with a rostriforrn projection on the inferior margin. Central tooth of the lingual series tricuspidate, the middle cusp long and narrow, laterals hi or tricuspidate, marginals narrow, sharply uni- or bicuspidate. Synopsis of Genera. Genus LIMAX, Linn., 1758. Animal attached it* whole length to the foot, subcylindrical, somewhat truncate anteriorly, tapering behind and carinate towards the tail, without mucous pore ; mantle small, anterior, forming a shield and enclosing a nonspiral calcareous plate, locomotive disk distinct, trizonate, respiratory orifice posterior on the right margin of the mantle. Jaw smooth, with median projection (PL 44, fig. 2); lingual membrane long and narrow; central teeth tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals aculeate, often bifid (PL 44, fig. 1). Shell-plate with lateral nucleus. Animal lively. Here ma}^ be referred LaUemantia, Mabille, in which the portion of the shield over the shell-plate is raised, simulating a second, smaller shield : a character of certainly no more than specific importance. Limacus, Lehmann, may also be referred here. Section LIMAX (sensu stricto]. = Heynemannia,M&lmJ = - Eulimax, Moquin-Tandon ; Stabilia, Chromolimax, Opilolimax, Gestroa, Pini; Limacus, Lehmann; Frauenfeldia, Hazay. Animal having a concentrically striated shield ; lively in habit. Central tooth of the lingual series sharply one-pointed, obsoletely tricuspidate, marginal teeth bifid. Eggs ellipitical. Shell-plate with terminal lateral nucleus. Section LEHMANNIA, Heynemann, 1863. Median teeth of the raclula, with a rounded point ; eggs oval. Animal of softer texture than Limax. Shell-plate with lateral nucleus. 186 LIMACID^E. Section IBYCUS, Heynemann, 1862. Median tooth of the radula with a rounded* point (PI. 44, fig. 4). Shell swollen, convex, of horny leathery texture, shining, 'transparent. Section AGRIOLTMAX, Malm, 1870. Animal shortly carinate behind. Central tooth of radula three-pointed, laterals two-pointed. Eggs orbicular. The progressive school of malacologists regards Agriolimax as a genus, distinguishing Malacolimax, Malm, as a subgenus, with utterly unimportant characters. I do not think that this • section is well-founded, but retain it as convenient for grouping the species. Section PARALIMAX, Bottger, 1883. Differs from Limax in the respiratory orifice, being on the anterior right margin of the shield. Section CLYTROPELTA, Heynemann, 1867. Shell plate mytiliform. Section KRYNICKIA, KaL, 1839 (Hydrolimax, Malm). Shield very large, only adhering posteriorly, body slender, respiratory orifice at the posterior right margin of the mantle. Limax brunneus* Drap. As originally described, species of other groups were included; subsequently the name was changed b}r the author to Krynickil- /ws, which being objectionable, was restored to Krynickia. Mabille has divided the section into two groups, Malino, Gray, and Malinastrum, characterized b}" mantle shagreened, and striate respectively. Malino, Gray, was founded upon a description and figure given in Morelet's work on the "Mollusks of Portugal;" it may proba- bly be included here. The diagnosis is : " Body slender, obtusely keeled, ending in an acute prism ; head produced; shield large, anterior, oblique, longitudinally grooved ; front part much pro- duced, concentrically grooved, very contractile, very mobile, and moves rapidly from left to right and vice versa, as the animal walks; orifice of respiration large, behind. the middle of the shield. Shell (quite hidden) not described. Yeiy vivacious; singularly elongates the head when walking." .. LIMACTD^E. 187 Section MEGAPELTA, Morch, 1857. Mantle covering more than half the body. — (H. and A. Adams' Genera.") The above is the onl}T diagnosis given. Morch himself subse- quentty referred the animal with doubt to Ariolimax. Dr. Fischer remarks that it approaches Krynickia closely. As the genus is founded on a drawing only, its characters are scarcely capable of description. i Genus AM ALIA, Moquin-Tandon, 1855. Strongl}' carinated from shield to tail ; shield granular, trun- cate or emarginate behind, with a median subcircular sulcus ; shell-plate with median (instead of lateral) nucleus. Animal sluggish (whilst Limax is liveh'). Central tooth of the radula three-pointed ; laterals also three-pointed (PI. 44, fig. 3). Milax, Gray, is a synonym. The length of the carina, form and sulcus of the shield, posi- tion of the shell-apex, dentition, and sluggish habit distinguish Amalia from Lima.c. The subgenera Tandonia and Pirainea, Lessona and Pollonera, founded on very slight anatomical differ- ences, may be considered synonyms. Aspidiporus, Fitzinger (1883), a Limax having a perforated mantle is a malformed Amalia, according to Heynemann, who has recently (1884), examined the original type. Section SANSANIA, Bourguignat, 1877. Is characterized b}* its shell plate with a triangular emargina- tion ; nucleus on the median line. Limax Lartvti. Dupuy, fossil (PI. 45, fig. 25), Sansan, France. A character of so variable a nature as the interior shell-plate of a snail, can scarcely be maintained as having any value. The plate in the recent Amalia sicula partakes of this character. Palizzolia, Bourg., 1877, differs scarcely at all from Sansania. Section GIGANTOMILAX, Bottger, 1883. Shield not sulcate, smooth, not emarginate behind. Section EUMILAX, Bottger, 1881. « Respirator}- orifice anterior to the middle of the right margin of the shield. 188 LIMACID^E. Genus PARMACELLA, Cuvier, 1805. Animal limaciform, cylindrical, swollen behind, gradually attenuated in front, with a very long neck ; without mucous pore ; shield central, large, a large portion of the margin free, finely granular, concealing the shell-plate ; pulmonary orifice on the posterior right margin of the shield ; genital orifice behind and below the right eye-peduncle. Jaw smooth, arcuated, slightly rostriform in the middle. Lingual membrane with tri- cuspid central and first lateral teeth, the marginals narrow, bicuspid, but the exterior cusp short. Shell small, testaceous, internal, with subspiral nucleus, the aperture very large, dilated anteriorly. Mediterranean countries, Western Asia, Canary Islands. Fossil in the Miocene of the Rhone Basin. Subgenus CRYPTELLA, Webb and Bertholet, 1833. Shell less distinctly spiral. Canary Islands. Scarcely distinguishable from the type. Genus PHOSPHORAX, Webb and Bertholet, 1833. Animal limaciform, swollen in the middle; mantle large, anterior, with a small posterior phosphorescent disk upon it, concealing a shell-plate ; no longitudinal furrows above the mar- gin of the foot, and no caudal mucous pore (?) ; distinct locomo- tive disk (?); respiratory orifice on right anterior margin of mantle. Jaw and lingual membrane unknown. Internal shell-plate thick, oval, testaceous. The single species, only known from a figure published many years ago, is said to inhabit TenerifFe. Genus OOPELTA, Morch, 1867. Animal limaciform, attenuated behind, without mucous pore ; shield small, oval, granulated ; respiratory orifice a little anterior. Jaw smooth, with a slight projection of its median margin. Radula like Helix, the marginal teeth obtuse (PI. 44, fig. 5). No internal shell. A single species inhabits Guinea. This remarkable mollusk unites the external appearance and jaw of Limax with the dentition of Helix, and has no shell-plate. LIMAX. 189 Genus LIMAX, Linn., 1740. Section LIMAX (sensu stricto). L. MAXIMUS, Linn. PL 46, figs. 31-35, 39; PL 49, fig. 76. Animal ash-colored or yellowish white, longitudinally streaked or spotted with black, shield always black- spotted, sole ash or yellowish ash, always unicolored. Length, 6 inches. Europe. Introduced into the Eastern United States, Madeira. The species described by Linnaeus has been referred by some authors to L. cinereo-niger, Wolf, distinguished by its parti- colored locomotive disk ; the}7 therefore have resuscitated other names for this species, such as L. cinereus, Lister, and L. cellarius, Argenville — both objectionable because given by poly- nomial authors. Whilst there ma}7 be some doubt as to Linnaeus' species, there can be none as to the species which most conchologists have identified with it, and in that sense I preserve its name. It is Limacella parma, Brard ; L. maculatus, Nunneley; L. • antiquorum (pars), Fer. A large number of color varieties have been described, promi- nent among them being vars. serpentinus (fig. 32), vulgaris (fig. 34), cellarius (typical), Johnstoni, maculatus, Ferrussaci (fig. 35), obscurus, fasciatus and rufescens, of Moquin-Tandon, and Cornalise, of Pini (fig. 7C>). Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys thus speaks of this species : " This is the largest species of Lirnax, and sometimes exceeds six inches in length. It is inactive in its habits, not very prolific, and exudes a thick and glutinous slime which is iridescent when dried. Its eggs are deposited in a cluster and slightly attached to each other. When alarmed, or at rest, this sluo- merely draws its head within the shield, but does not other- O */ wise contract its body. When irritated, it is st^id to expand its shield. It is liable to be infested, as well as some other slugs, by a white parasitic mite, which swarms about its body and, according to Mr. Jenyns. dwells in its respiratory cavity. Mr. Daniel informs me that these slugs suspend themselves in pairs during the breeding-season by threads of slime, and that they always feed by night. Like all other slugs and snails, it will soon eat its way out of a large pill-box, or even a stouter one 190 L1MAX. made of cardboard, if confined in it. The shell or ossicle which is contained under the shield was known to Pliny ; and it was used by the ancient physicians for the sake of its carbonate of lime."— (Brit. Conch., i, 137.) Its introduction into the United States was first announced by the writer, in 1867, when it was discovered in cellars in Phila- delphia. Within a few years its presence was signalized at Newport, R. I; Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Pittsburgh, Pa. , etc ; and it has now become rather numerous in some localities. A shaded grassy bank in the yard of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia affords numerous specimens to the students connected with that institution. In deference to the opinion of the principal European mala- cologists I have treated as species a number of forms of Limax which I suspect should be preferably considered varieties only of the present species. L. PUNCTULATUS, Sordelli. PL 46, fig. 36. Yellowish ash, lighter on the middle of the back, rugose, regularly, somewhat distantly black-spotted; shield broadly rounded behind, with or without black spots; pulmonary aperture fuscous-margined ; locomotive disk yellowish white, unicolored. Length, 4-5 inches. Lombardy. Said to be distinguished from L. maximus by its different pattern of maculations and the more rounded posterior margin of the shield. Vars. parumpunctatus and Pradse of Pini, and Pinianus Lessona, have been described. L. PSARUS, Bourg. PL 46, figs. 37, 42. Elegantly cylindrically elongated, terminated by an acute, whitish carinated tail, elongately rugosely reticulated; bluish ash above, becoming yellowish ash on the flanks, with brilliant black spots on the large shield, and spots and stripes on the body ; shield large, not adhering in front, anteriorly and pos- teriorly rounded, finely, irregularly (not concentrically) striated ; respiratory orifice almost median ; disk yellowish white, the marginal areas deeper colored. Length, 3 inches. Lombardy. A very doubtfully distinct form from L. maximum. LIMAX. 191 L. GENEI, Lessona and Pollonera. PL 46, fig. 38. Rugose, obtusely carinate behind, shield large, subgibbose, cuneate behind ; pulmonary aperture post-median, light mar- gined ; light brownish, darker on the back, with three ochraceous longitudinal bands, with a few black spots on either side the posterior carina; shield sparsely black-spotted anteriorly, tri- zonate with ochre-yellow posteriorly ; head and tentacles light brownish; sole unicolored? Length, 7 inches. Sardinia. L. UNICOLOR, Heynemann. Large, moderately rugose ; shortly obtusely carinate behind ; shield large, not gibbose, acutely angulated behind, unicolored with white-margined pulmonary orifice ; back cinereous or light brown or chestnut-color, sometimes obsoletely subfasciate, but not spotted ; sole unicolored. Length, 3-4 inches. Middle Germany — Italy. Sicily. L. concolor, Pini, is a variety. Lessona and Pollonera have also described vars. candidus, sordidus and Biuonse. L. ABROSTOLUS, Bourguignat. PL 46, fig. 40. Differs from L. maximus in its stronger, sharper, white ter- minal carina, the median black line of the neck, and its brilliant colors, fleshy on the back, becoming yellowish and then orange on the flanks, with large black spots. Length, 5 inches. Madeira. It is L. antiquorum, Lowe, not Ferussac. L. EUBALIUS, Bourguignat. PL 46, fig. 41. Tail sharply carinate, carina whitish ; color yellowish white, thickly spotted with black ; dorsal rugosities delicate, low ; foot pale yellowish ; upper tentacles long and slim, inferior tentacles very short ; shield anterior, rounded in front, rostrated behind ; respiratory orifice small, post-median. Length, 60 mill. Grande Chartreuse, France. L. ATER, Razoumowsky. PL 46, fig. 43. Coarsely rugose, tail-carina short, shield subgibbose, obtusely angulated behind; brownish or blackish, unicolored, pulmonary orifice and disk yellowish white. Length, 4 inches. Transylvania, Engadine, Northern Italy. 192 LIMAX. Var. MONTANUS, Leydig. Light grayisli or grayish brown, with obsolete brown maculations. Var. DUBIUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Light yellowish or brown- ish ash, shield confusedly zoned, back with four blackish zones. Var. FASCIATUS, Razoum. Black, back with five continuous or interrupted whitish stripes, shield black, the free part white- margined. L. CINEREO-NIGER, Wolf. PL 46, fig. 44 ; PI. 47, figs. 45-4t. Large, coarsely rugose, the squamae large and oblong, carina somewhat prominent, long ; shield moderate, subgibbose, angu- lated behind, free part but little expanded, strongly concentri- cally rugose, unicolored or with obsolete marginal maculations ; disk with brownish lateral zones. Length, 5-9 inches. Europe. In the opinion of some naturalists the L. maximus, of Linn., is this species, or includes it. The two are readily distinguished by the unicolored disk of maximus, particolored in cinereo- niger, and by the larger rugosities of the latter. L. Decampi has the shield more strongly acuminated posteriorly, more strongly developed anteriorly, more coarsely rugose, and its mucus is colored. L. TransylvanicuSj Kimak (not Heynemann), and perhaps vars. Isseli and Strobeli of Pini, are to be placed here; the two latter supposed by Lessona and Pollonera to be cases of albinism. Numerous varieties have been described, including: — Var. MAURUS, Held. Back black, lateral areas of the sole black, middle area yellowish white, pulmonary orifice black- margined. Var. PAVESI, Pini (figs. 45, 46). Chestnut-brown, lateral areas of disk the same color, or bluish black, central area yellowish white. Var. CAMERANI, Lessona and Pollonera. Smaller; chestnut- brown, with the carina and a narrow dorsal line of dirty white, pulmonary aperture white-margined. Length, 3-4 inches. LIMAX. 1 93 Var. LUCTUOSUS, Moquin-Tandon. Black, with the carina and dorsal zone of yellowish white. Yar. ORNATUS, Lessona. Black, with the carina and dorsal zone and two series of maculations, white. Yar. STROBELI, Lessona. Grayish, with the carina and a narrow dorsal zone of white, maculated with black and white on the back. Yar. STABILEI, Lessona (fig. 47). Blackish on the back, the sides lighter, zoned or maculated with black ; shield black, lighter and maculated on the margins; lateral zones of the disk brownish. Westerlund in his " Moll. Sveciae " mentions vars. leucogaster, Morch ; albus, Paasch ; cinereo-nebulosus, Malm ; and niger,fas- ciatus and flavescens, Westerlund. Numerous other varieties have also been named by various authors ; but the}" are all of too little importance to justify the expenditure of time neces- sary to arrange their synonymy. L. DACAMPI, Menegazzi. PI. 47, figs. 48-54 ; PL 48, figs. 55-58. Large, rugosities thick, oblong, carina more or less developed, most frequently colored ; shield large, gibbous, long-cuneate behind, concentrically rugose, unicolored, the free anterior margin extended ; lateral zones of the disk dark ; mucus orange- colored. Length, 6-10 inches. Northern Italy. Lessona and Pollonera, in their " Monografia dei Limacidi Italiani ' (Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. ii, xxxv, 78), divide this species into three subspecies and numerous varieties, as follows: Subspecies I. MENEGAZZII, Lessona and Pollonera. Back unicolored or maculated, carina white. Yar. AMALI^E, Bettoni (fig. 48). Bluish-black, with a white dorsal zone behind the shield ; pulmonary orifice black-margined. Yar. PUNCTATDS, Lessona. Yellowish gray, becoming blackish blue posteriorly, with a few dorsal black spots, the carina whitish, shield brownish black, not maculated. Subspecies II. RENIERI, Lessona and Pollonera. Carina yellowish or orange-color. 13 194 LIMAX. Tar. ATRATUS, Bettoni (fig. 49). Gi^ish brown, the rugosities blackish, carina and dorsal zone sulphur-color, shield black- ish, pulmonary orifice black-margined. Yar. ELEGANS, Bettoni (fig. 50). The sulphur-colored zone macu- lated and spotted with black and white, rest of the back greenish yellow, shield grayish, pulmonary orifice whitish- margined. Var. SORDELLII, Bettoni (fig. 51). Brown, obscurety zonate on the back and irregularly maculated with white, zone sulphur- color, shield ash^ellow, pulmonary orifice brown-margined. Yar. NIGRICANS, Lessona. Black, with series of yellowish macu- lations, and an interrupted 3^ellow dorsal zone. Yar. SULPHUREUS, Lessona. Brown, with series of blackish dots, carina sulphur-colored, shield brownish with a few black dots near the anterior margin. Yar. CALDERINIT, Lessona. Reddish brown, the rugosities and shield paler, with round black maculations, in series as far as the shield, carina orange-colored, the coloring becoming- evanescent beyond it. Subspecies III. DACAMPI, Menegazzi (stricto sensu). Carina reddish or scarlet color. Yar. TYPUS, Bettoni. Dirty whitish, the rugosities reddish, later- ally reddish-brown; dorsalty blood-red with two black zones; shield coppery red ; pulmonary orifice black margined ; lateral areas of sole grayish black. Yar. TRILINEOLATUS, Bettoni (fig. 52). Reddish brown, carinal and dorsal red stripe extending to the shield, with a pos- terior red stripe on either flank, becoming evanescent on the back ; pulmonary orifice brown-margined ; sole yellow- ish, bordered with olive. Yar. MONOLINEATUS, Bettoni (fig. 53). Reddish white or light brown, with a single red dorsal stripe, bordered by macula- tions of black forming an interrupted stripe on either side ; shield, orifice and sole as in preceding variet3r. Yar. PINII, Lessona and Pollonera (L. cinereo-niger, var. Dorise, Pini). Blackish, red-striped on the carina, sole black- margined. LIMAX. 195 Var. FUSCUS, Bettoni (fig. 55). Brownish red. with red carina and an interrupted red zone on either side ; shield brownish ; pulmonary orifice brown-margined ; sole obscurely margined. Var. TACCANII, Pini (fig. 56). Brown, the shield darker, cariua and dorsal line blood-red ; pulmonary orifice dark-margined ; sole with central zone pinkish, laterals dusky. Var. GUALTERII, Pini (fig, 54). Differs from var. Taccanii in having a red zone additional on either flank. Var. MACULATUS, Lessona. Reddish brown, lighter on the back, irregularly quadrifasciate with black maculations, carina shortly red-striped. Var. PALLESCENS, Lessona. Light reddish brown, with six zones of black macnlations, carina light reddish ; shield brownish, with darker brown nebulous maculations, and two or three black spots at the posterior margin. Var. RUFESCENS, Lessona. Reddish brown, lighter on the sides, carinal stripe red, large ; with biseriate black spots. Var. MONOCROMUS, Lessona and Pollonera (var. erytrus, Pini, non L. erytrus, Bonrg.). Red, imicolored ; disk brown- zoned. Var. VILL^E, Pini (fig. 57). Reddish, the carina and rugosities blood-red, irregularly quadrizonate with black spots ; shield reddish brown, unspotted ; pulmonary orifice red-margined ; sole with pink central and dusky lateral zones. Var. TURATII, Pini (fig. 58). Reddish ash, unspotted, with red carination ; pulmonary orifice margined with bluish gray ; sole }^ellowish white, unicolored. L. ERYTHRUS, Boui'g. PI. 49, figs. 64, 65. Carina acute ; brownish red, unspotted ; shield black-shaded on either side, a little produced in front, more strongly angu- lated behind ; tentacles dark ; sole with lateral darker zones. Length, 5 inches. Grande Chartreuse, Savoy. Lessona and Pollonera distinguish this from the L. erythrus which Pini and themselves consider a var. of L. cinereo-niger. I cannot see that it has much character. 196 LI MAX. L. SUBALPINUS, Lessona. Large, coarsely, rugose, the rugae strong, carinated ; shield large, cuneate behind, strongly concentrically rugose, the free anterior portion ample, maculated with white and black; disk thick, zoned with blackish ash-color; carina raised, undulating, about half the length of the dorsum. Length, 6-8 inches. Sardinia. Distinguished from L. cinereo-niger by its shield entirety covered with white and black spots. Var. TYPUS. Grayish brown, carina whitish, back with three series of white maculations. Var. GAROCELUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Whitish laterally, maculate with black, back blackish, white-zoned, carina short, black, white-spotted; shield whitish, black-spotted. Length, 2*5 inches. Var. SIMPLEX, Lessona. Like the type, but dorsally unicolored. Var. VERONENSIS, Lessona and Pollonera. Ashy olivaceous, with brown maculations or stripes on back and shield ; sole brown- margined. Var. EPOREDIENSIS, Lessona. Black, the shield covered with small w^hite spots. Shell-plate calyptraeform, concave, sinistral. I am not able to figure this species. L. CORSICUS, Moquin-Tandon. PI. 48, figs. 59, 60. Shield finely concentrically rugose, obtusely angulated behind, subgibbose ; dorsal line with three or four series of small rugae ; carina variable, from one-third to half the length of the back, red or orange-colored ; shield unicolored or with rather obscure lighter maculations towards the margin ; never black-spotted ; disk with dark marginal zones. Length, 6-16 inches. Corsica, Riviera, Tuscany, etc. It is not found at great elevations above the sea, and appears to be principally confined to the vicinity of the coast. It has been confounded with L. Dacampi, many of the varieties of which it simulates in coloration, but may be distinguished by its much finer concentric rugse on the shield, the three or four series UMAX. 19*7 of dorsal smaller ruga-, the shield less acuminated posteriorly with a less developed free anterior portion. Lessona and Pollonera enumerate six subspecies (scarcely of varietal importance), and numerous varieties, as follows: — Subspecies CORSICUS, Moquin-Tandon (xtricto sensu). Carina pallid ; lateral areas of the disk reddish or reddish orange, margin of pulmonaiy orifice light colored. Yar. TYPUS, Moquin-Tandon (fig. nil). Light orange ash-color, the carina li°:ht reddish brown. O Yar. FABREI, Moquin-Tandon. Back, brownish, confusedl}T sub- zonate, carina lighter colored. Yar. SIENENSIS, Lessona and Pollonera. . Shield light chestnut, bod}r subfasciate on the back, carina lighter, lateral zones of the disk carneous. Subspecies DORLE, Bourguignat (fig. CO). Unicolored, reddish carinate ; pulmonary orifice black- margined ; lateral zones of the sole brownish or blackish. Yar. SIMPLEX, Lessona and Pollonera. Blackish with the carina blood-red, not reaching the shield. Yar. LINEATUS, Lessonn and Pollonera. Differs from the pre- ceding in the red line reaching the shield. Yar. RUBROLTNEATUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Like the preceding, but the back with two series of red maculations. Yar. FUSCUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Brownish, carina and two series of rugae light reddish. Yar. BRUNNEUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Chestnut-brown, carina blood-red. Yar. PALLESCENS, Lessona and Pollonera. Light reddish brown, carina red. Yar. SANGUINEUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Light reddish brown, carina and rugse red. Subspecies ISSELIT, Lessona. Back maculated with black, carina red ; shield unicolored ; pulmonary orifice black-margined, rarety light-margined. 198 LIMAX. Var. SERIATUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Shield reddish brown; back whitish, the rugne and carination reddish, seriately black-spotted. Var. ARTHURI, Lessona and Pollonera. Sliield reddish brown; back flesh-red, confusedly zoned with black and reddish rugre. Var. ZONATUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Shield brown, back with alternate reddish and black zones. Subspecies CALLICHROUS, Bourguignat. Carina red ; shield brownish with lighter spots ; pulmonary orifice black-margined. Var. VERSICOLOR, Lessona and Pollonera. Yellowish, with two blackish zones, and a few black spots around the margin ; shield blackish, with wine-colored spots. Var. HYBRIDUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Brownish, carina red, dorsal rugae red, disposed in zones; shield blackish with indistinct wine-colored maculations. Subspecies GESTRI, Lessona. Carina yellowish or orange, back maculated with black ; shield unicolored ; pulmonary orifice black-margined. Var. NIGROZONATUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Sliield yellowish ash, back brown, carina and dorsal zone orange, almost reaching the shield, with two black zones. Var. PULCHER, Lessona and Pollonera. Shield yellowish ash, back lighter, carina and a wide dorsal zone reaching the shield sulphur-color, flanks with blackish and sulphur inter- rupted zones. Subspecies BONELLII, Lessona. Back unicolored, with yellow or orange carina ; shield uni- colored, pulmonary orifice black-margined. » Var. ATERRIMUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Blackish unicolored, carina yellowish. Var. FLAVONIGER, Lessona and Pollonera. Black, the dorsal zone and carina yellowish, the former in two series. Var. CITRINUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Olivaceous brown, carina citron-color, half the length of the back. LIMAX. 199 Var. OLIVACEOUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Olivaceous brown, carina and dorsal zone to the shield citron-yellow. L. PEROSINII, Lessona and Pollonera. PI. 48, figs. 61, 62. Strong^ rugose, ruga? coarse, carinated ; shield cuneate behind, concentrically moderately rugose, black-spotted ; pulmonary orifice differently colored, not margined ; caudal carina half the length of the dorsum, flexuous, reddish or yellowish ; locomotive disk dark-margined. Length, 5*5-8 inches. Piedmont. Insufficiently distinguished from L. Cor sic us by its black- spotted shield, slight differences in the height and size of the rugae, in the posterior angulatiou of the shield, in coloring, and in the absence of a marginal color for the respiratory orifice. Subspecies CRUENTUS, Lessona. Carina and rugae red ; shield red with black maculations. Yar. TYPUS. Brownish red, the carina and rugae reddish, black maculations in four zones on the back ; shield covered with irregular black spots. Yar. FoRMOsrssiMUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Red, becoming bluish black on the sides ; shield with a few black macula- tions ; back with 'four series of black maculations. Subspecies MONREGALENSIS, Lessona and Pollonera. Carina and ruga? j'ellowish ; shield yellow, with black spots. Yar. VENUSTISSIMUS, Lessona and Pollonera (fig. 62). Whitish ash, becoming grayish black on the sides, carina and rugae sulphur-yellow, shield sulphur-yellow, covered with black maculations ; back irregularly quadrizonate with macula- tions. L. COZRULANS, Bielz. PI. 49, figs. 66-69. Chocolate-brown, green, blue, or greenish blue, sometimes chocolate, with the shield and rugae blue, occasionally shaded darker on the sides and posterior part of mantle ; sole dark- bordered ; carina short and sharp ; rugae strong. Length, 4-5-6 inches. Transylvania. I unite with this L. Schwabi, Frauenfeld (figs. 66, 67), L. cinereo-niger , Bielz (not Wolf), and L. Transsilvanicus, Heyne- 200 LIMAX. maim ( ligs. 68, G9). Q.uitc a literature has sprung up upon the identity or non-identity of these forms. Despite some small anatomical and external differences, the system of coloration and other characters unite them. Numerous varieties might be named by an enterprising systematist ; luckily one only has so far been described. Yar. INCOMPTA, Kimakowicz. Blackish, unicolored. L. CONEMENOSI, Bottger. PL 60, figs. 83, 84. Something like L. maximus, but proportionally stouter, with a shorter carina; color pink-ash, with black spots, whitish on the sole. Length, 62 mill. Greece. Yar. MULTIPUNCTATA, Bottger (fig. 84). The spots smaller and much more numerous. L. FLAVUS, Linn. PI. 49, figs. 70, 72 ; PL 50, fig. 76. Moderately rugose, shortly carinate ; amber-colored, yellowish or yellowish green, variegated with brown and white ; shield obtusely angulated behind, very finely concentrically striate, yellowish, with round lighter-colored maculations ; pulmonary orifice light-margined ; disk yellowish white, unicolored ; oculif- erous tentacles bluish ; mucus yellow. Length, 3*5-5 inches. Europe. Introduced into the United States, Australia, Buenos Ayres, Algiers, Syria, Madeira. This nocturnal species is distinguished by its bluish tentacles, its yellow mucus, and the light-spotted shield. There are a number of synonyms. L. Companyoi, Bourg. (figs. 70, 71 ), of the Pyrenees, is distinguished by a slight difference in the jaw and the posterior angulosity of the shield — which Bourguignat sup- poses to be rounded in the flavus. L. bseticus, Mabille, is only distinguished by the absence of the light-colored spots on the back. L. Deshayesi, Bourg. (fig. 72), of Algiers (according to Lessona and Pollonera), appears to have been founded on a specimen of which the front portion of the shield has suffered an accident, and the remainder of it is concave instead of being convex. Other synonyms are L. uariegatus, Drap.; L. ungui- culus, Brard ; L. umbrosus, Phil.; L. (Krynickillus} maculatus, Kalenicz. (fig. 76); L. Breckwortliianus, Lehmann (Australia); LIMAX. 201 L. bicolor, Selcnka (Australia). Mr. Binney writes thus of this species, as occurring in the States of our Atlantic seaboard : " It inhabits cellars and gardens in moist situations in the cities. It is considered noxious to vegetation. It feeds upon the leaves of plants in kitchen-gardens, and upon the remains of the cooked vegetables and bread thrown out from houses. Its most common habitat is in cellars, where it makes its presence most disagree- able by attacking articles of food, and especially by insinuating itself into vessels containing meal and flour. The young suspend themselves b}' a thread of mucus. The period of its introduc- tion is not known. It was noticed by Mr. Say more than fifty years ago." The following merely nominal varieties are given by Lessona and Pollonera : — Yar. FLAVESCENS, Fer. Yellowish, maculations but little con- spicuous. Var. RUFESCENS, Moquin-Tandon. Orange-brown, maculations faint. Yar. VIRESCENS, Fer. Greenish gray, maculations faint. Yar. MACULATUS, Moquin-Tandon. Brownish, with black macu- lations. Yar. TIGRINUS, Pini. Yellowish brown, variegated with black; shield with large black maculations posteriorly, carina and dorsal line yellowish brown. Yar. COLUBRINUS, Pini. Yellowish, with yellow and black macu- lations. L. RAYMONDIANUS, Bourg. PL 49, fig. 73. Shortly carinate, brownish black, becoming yellowish brown on the margins, foot light yellowish ash; back rather finely reticulated ; shield smooth or lightly granular, oblong, rounded at the extremities. Length, 3 inches. Algiers. L. YALENTINIANUS, Fer. PL 49, figs. 74, 75. Reddish brown, back and shield with two pale, broad-edged black streaks ; dorsal keel white , shield short, rather truncated behind ; respiratoi\y orifice posterior. Valencia, Spain, in gardens. 202 LIMAX. L. CALENDYMUS, Boill'g. PI. 50, fig. 77. Do'rsal rugosities stronger than in L. flavus; bluish ash on the back, changing to bright orange on the sides; foot yellowish, fringed on the sides with small reddish lines. Madeira. It is founded on a figure in Albers' work intended to repre- sent L. variegatus (- L. flauus). The colors appear to be exaggerated in brightness. L. CANARIENSIS, d'Orb. PI. 50, fig. 78. Rugose, almost without carina, shield irregularly rugose; whitish gray, maculated on back and shield with black. Length (contracted), 2*2 inches. Canary Islands. May be a variety of L. maximus or L. cinereo-niger ; the coloring of the locomotive disk not being given. L. MONTICOLA, Bottger. PI. 50, fig. 79. Dark brown, unicolored, sole unicolored ; shield small, rounded behind ; carina rather low, not much compressed. Length, 28 mill.- (in alcohol). Armenia, elev. 8000 feet. Described from a single specimen. L. VIRIDIS, Morelet. PI. 50, fig. 80. Blackish green, perfectly smooth, tail obsoletely carinated ; shield small, narrow ; pulmonary orifice median ; tentacles black- ish ; locomotive disk livid. Portugal. L. NITIDUS, Morelet. Blackish, finely longitudinally rugose ; shield smooth, shining, elongate-rounded, gibbose; respiratory aperture rather posterior; sole reddish. Shell thin, elliptical, slightly convex, concentri- cally striated, concave and subcrystalline beneath. Portugal. Unfigured. L. OLIVACEUS, Gould. PL 50, fig. 81. More or less carinated ; color dark olive, inclining to purplish or mahogany on the back, paler on the shield and margins, ten- UMAX. 203 tacles dark slate-color, surface minutely obliquely reticulated with very delicate lines ; shield short and rounded, concentrically lineated, evidently containing a calcareous rudiment, the respir- atoiy orifice situated at the posterior fourth ; head small, front reticulated ; ocular tentacles very long and slender. Length, 2'5 inches. Parametta, N. S. Wales. L. FULIGINOSUS, Gould. PI. 50, fig. 82. Sharply carinated, especially posterior^ ; color uniform sooty black; shield oval, moderate in size, broadest behind, showing traces of an internal shell, respiratory orifice at the posterior third ; surface coarsely reticulated by oblique fissures, the in- cluded areas being more minutely reticulated with smaller fis- sures ; head small, tentacles rather short, ferruginous at tip ; foot projecting slightly beyond the edge of the mantle, which is transversely and rather distantly lineated. Length, 2*5 inches. Bay of Islands, N. Zealand (among turnips in a garden). This is possibly an Amalia, the description and figure being insufficient to determine its generic position. Tate thinks it may : = the unfigured Mila.r antipodarum of G-ray. L. JALAPENSIS, Strebel. PI. 50, figs. 83-85. Brownish flesh-colored, the tentacles black, on the shield a few irregular black spots, and concentric rugae. Length, 23 mill. Jalapa, Mexico. L. BEHRENDTT, Strebel. PI. 50, figs. 86, 87. Tail without carina ; shield finely concentrically rugose, the large anterior portion finely granular ; grayish brown, with black streaks, the shield blackish, sole light brown, the middle zone somewhat grayish. Shell quadrangular oval, keeled on the left side, with scarcely apparent growth-lines, resembling Amalia. Coban, Guatemala. Section LEHMANNIA, Heynemann, 1863. L. MARGINATUS, Muller. PL 50, fi^. 88. / / C7 Smooth, watery, subpellucid, moderately rugose, attenuated and carinated behind ; ash-colored, brownish on the back, with a median white zone, often margined with blackish ; shield ob- tusely angulated behind, very finely concentrically striated, 204 UMAX. yellowish ash, often brownish in the middle, with dark lateral zones, pulmonary aperture posterior, light, usually brown- margined; sole thin, pallid, nnicolored; mucus wateiy, very copious. Europe, Iceland. The S3rnon}Tms include L. sylvaticus, Goldfuss ; L. scandens, Normand ; L. scopulorum, Fab. ; L. flavescens, Clark; L. glau- cus, Clark ; L. sa/2cr«??i,Bouillet; L. limbatus, Held ; L. arborum, Bouch. ; L. Livonicus, Schrenck ; L. scandvns, Norm. ; L. roseus, and L. coloratus, Broeck ; L. altilis, Fischer ; L. Helveticus, Bourg. ; L. Dianse, Kimakowicz ; L. Heynemanni, Bielz. Some of the above have been described as varieties, to which may be added the following from Lessona and Pollonera's monograph : Yar. TYPUS (L. arbor um, Bouch.). Violet ash, bluish ash or brownish, with a median light zone, cariira short; shield with two dark zones. Var. NEMOROSUS, Baudon. Like the preceding but with two dorsal dark zones in addition, usually maculated on the sides. Yar. BETTONII, Sordelli. Like the preceding, but maculated additionally with brown and white on the back ; shield with a median brown zone and alternating whitish and brown zones on the sides. Yar. ALPESTRIS, Lessona and Pollonera. Smaller, with longer carina, back unicolored with a light median zone ; shield often with confused blackish zones. Yar. FALLENS, Lessona and Pollonera. Light colored, with a lighter small zone, and longer carina ; shield light colored with obscure zones. Yar. RUPICOLA, Lessona and Pollonera. Small, blackish, with or without an obsolete dorsal zone ; carina long. L. Mongianensis, Paulucci, described as a variety, has been separated as a species by Lessona and Pollonera. It cannot be distinguished from marginatus externally, its characters being anatomical. L. ECARINATUS, Bottler. PL 50, fig. 89. O 7 O Resembling L. marginatus, but the shield shorter, broader, almost without caudal carina, concolored, rugae smaller, shorter, LIMAX. 205 more granuliform, and differing in color — which is ash-black, lighter on the shield, the sole brownish. Length, 1*5 inches. Kutais, Mingrelia. Section IBYCUS, H^neinann, 1862. L. FISSIDENS, Heynemann. PL 54, fig. 76. Animal (in alcohol) not described, except that the shield covers the anterior half of the bod\^, the pulmonary orifice appearing to be anterior. The shell was broken, but was horny- leathery in texture, transparent, amber-colored, shining, with growth-lines. j Himalayas; alt. 5600 feet. Section AGRIOLIMAX, Malm, 1870. L. AGRESTIS, Linn. PI. 50, figs. 90-94 ; PL 51, figs. 95-98. Rugose, rugae rounded ; elongate ; tail narrow, shortly cari- nated ; shield large, posteriorly rounded, subangulated, concentri- cally rugose; pulmonary orifice posterior, rounded, light mar- gined ; neck longitudinally bisulcate, with oblique lateral grooves, tentacles elongated, eubcylindrical, with small ocular bulbs; color whitish, gray , yellowish brown or reddish brown, unicolored or sparsel}' or closely maculated with brown, neck and head reddish brown or blackish; sole pallid, grayish diaphanous in the middle ; mucus milky. Length, l'2-3 inches. Europe, Iceland, Azores, Madeira, Algiers, Caucasus, Eastern United States, ? Japan, Neiu Zealand. " This slug," writes Jeffreys, is a great pest in the kitchen- garden, and does not even spare succulent leaves and roots of flower-plants. Mr. Whiteaves says that it also feeds on earth- worms. Its slime is abundant and viscous, feeling like a lump of sticky fat. Miiller states that when it is touched it draws in its horns and remains all day as if it were dead, but in the evening it recovers itself. It is extremely prolific, producing several families, averaging fifty each, in the course of the breeding-season, viz., from April to November. According to Leuch, a German naturalist, a pair of these slugs have been known to lay 776 eggs. These eggs have retained their vitality and the young have been developed from them after having been dried eight times successively in a furnace. It has the same 206 LTMAX. faculty as L. arborum, of letting itself down from one branch of a tree to another or to the ground, by means of a slimy thread. Mr. Norman informs me that in the earlier part of the \c:ir this slug is usually creamy white or light-drab , that as the summer passes away it assumes a darker hue, and brown flakes are more or less thickly scattered over the surface ; and that during the autumn it is frequently of a rich brown color." — Brit. Conch., i, 134. Introduced from Europe, it has become a common species in the States of our Atlantic seaboard ; a considerable number often congregating in the same retreat, whence they sall}T in the night to feed. Binney observes that : " Their growth is rapid, the animal excluded from the egg in the spring arriving at maturity, and producing eggs before the succeeding winter. They defend themselves from injurious contact by instantly secreting, at the part touched, a quantity of milky white, glutinous mucus. They are active in their motions, and soon escape when disturbed. Suspending themselves head down- wards, they lower themselves from plants and fences b}^ forming a mucous thread by which they attach to the point from which the}'' hang. They are occasionally seen in this situation in rainy weather. During the process of excreting the mucous thread, the alternate undulating expansions and contractions of the loco- motive band of the foot are seen to take place, in the same manner as when they are in motion on a plane surface." -L. and F W. Shells, pt. 1, 64. The synonymy includes L. obliquus, Brard ; L. tunicatus, Gould ; L. Mentonicus, Nevill ; L. Niciensis, Bourg. The remarks upon the change of color in these slugs, quoted above from Jeffreys, show how little value is to be attached to color varieties. The following are given by Lessona and Pol- lonera : — Yar. TYPUS (var. albidus, Pini). Ash-colored, head and tentacles brownish (fig. 92). Var. FILANS, Hoy (fig. 91). Whitish, shield yellowish. Yar. AURATUS, Lessona. Animal unicolored ^yellowish, tentacles black. LIMAX. 207 Var. nrFESCENS, Pini (fig. 93)= var. ornata, Paulucci. Yellowish or reddish brown, with a few dark spots and maculations. Var. RETICULATUS, Miill. (fig. 94). Brownish, with darker spots on the shield, and linear dark maculations or reticulations on the body. Var. TRISTIS, Moquin-Tandon (fig. 95). Unicolored brownish, shield sometimes subi'asciate. Var. VERANYANUS, Bourg. (fig. 96). Ash-colored, with small black punctations. Var. FLORENTINUS, Lessona and Pollonera. Larger, whitish, elegantly maculated with brownish black. In addition to the above there are varieties obscurus, lilacinus, and ornatus, Moquin-Tandon; punctatus, nigricans and varians of Westerlund ; succineus, Miiller ; minutus, Kalenicz. (fig. 97), from the Caucasus; saxorum, Baudon ; falvus, Xormand (= = orna- tus, Moq.); sylvaticus, Drap.; nemorosus, Mabille. It is useless to attempt to correlate these various forms. L. varians, A. Adams (unfigured),from Japan, and L. molestus, Button, New Zealand, are probably both to be included here. L. Dymczewczii. Kaleniczenko (fig. 98), is, as Lessona and Pol- lonera remark, " as like as two drops of water to L. agrestis," and notwithstanding some small differences in dentition I am disposed, for the present, to consider it a synonym. L. PALLIDUS, Schrenck. PI. 51, fig. 99. Small, moderately rugose, attenuated behind, plainly but shorthT carinate, the carina subtruncate ; shield large, subgibbose, rounded behind; pulmonary aperture posterior, light margined, with a brown zonule above it ; color light ash or ochraceous, uni- colored, or brown-maculated; tail, shield and neck yellowish; oculiferous tentacles brownish ; sole whitish, graj'ish diaphanous in the middle ; mucus watery. Length, 1-1*5 inches. Norway, Livonia, Northern Italy. Considered by several good conchologists a variety of L. agres- tis. Lessona and Pollonera distinguish it by its smaller size, uncolored and transparent mucus, and by characters of its den- tition and anatomy ; its habitat is also different, preferring forests and shaded, humid localities. 208 LIMAX. L. Norvegicus, Westerl. ; L. agrestic, Lindstrom, and probably L. filans, Sordelli (non Hoy), are synonyms. Var. IMMACULATUS, Pollonera and Lessona. Pallid, without macnlations ; shield often yellowish. Var. FUSCONOTATUS, Pollonera and Lessona. Pallid or yellowish brown, maculated or reticulated with brown. L. PANORMITANUS, Lessona and Pollonera. PI. 51, fig. 100. Attenuated behind, carina distinct, short, abruptly subtruncate ; shield large, not gibbous, angulated behind, smooth (in alcohol); pulmonary orifice posterior, pallid margined ; lateral zones of sole very plainly transversely silicate ; brownish olivaceous, shield darker, sole pallid, unicolored. Length (in alcohol), 1-2 inches. Palermo, Sicily. The shield is less developed in front, the carina truncate, and the dentition and reproductory organs differ slightly from L. agrextis, of which it should, perhaps, form a variety. Var. PONSONBYI, Clessin. Back and shield covered by numerous small blackish brown maculations. Gibraltar. L. MELANOCEPHALUS, Kaleniczenko. PI. 51, fig. 10. Larger than L. agrestis, with longer neck, keel much less con- spicuous, and the same color or but little lighter than the rest of the back ; dark brownish gray, unspotted, the mantle brown- tinged, the head and neck black ; sole light brownish gray. Length, 2-3 inches. Caucasus. L. JICKELII, Heynemann. PI. 51, fig. 14. Brownish gra^y, only keeled towards the tail, lighter on the sides ; shield minutel}" granular, nearly smooth ; sole nearly the same color as the sides. Shell thin and fragile, shining, the apex plainly on the left side. Length (in spirits), 15 mill. Abyssinia (alt. GOOO feet). L. ARGENTINUS, Strobel. PI. 51, figs. 11, 12. Brownish ash-colored, slightly rugose, ocular tentacles ashy black, shield concentrically sulcate, back but slightly carinated. Length, 33 mill. Argentine Republic. L. meridionalis, Doring, is a synonym. UMAX. 209 (MALACOLIMAX, Malin.) L. TENELLUS, Nilsson. PI. 51, figs. 2-7, 13. Small, with regular dorsal rug?e, very shorthT carinated, }rel- lowish ash, unicolored ; shield rather small, rounded behind, yellowish, unicolored or longitudinally zoned with brown on either side ; tentacles blackish; sole pallid, unicolored ; mucus watery or luteou*. Length, 18-30 mill. Europe. The synonyms are L. tenellus, Schrenck ; L. cereus, Held ; L. aureus, Gmel. Yar. SQUAMMATINUS, Morelet (fig. 5). Golden green, becoming bluish on the sides, quadrifasciate, lateral lines parallel, dorsal converging into one anteriorly. Portugal. Yar. XANTHIUS, Bourg. (figs. 6, 7). Yellowish or greenish orange, foot whitish yellow. Ems, Germany. L. CAMPESTRTS, Binuey. PI. 51, figs. 8, 9. Color usual 1}' various shades of amber, without spots or mark- ings, sometimes blackish ; head and eye-peduncles smoky ; body cylindrical, elongated, terminating in a very short carina at its posterior extremity ; mantle oval, fleshy, but little prominent, with fine concentrical lines ; back covered with prominent elongated tubercles and furrows ; foot narrow, whitish ; respira- tory foramen on the posterior dextral margin of the mantle ; mucus thin, watery. Length, 1 inch. United States. Although considerably smaller, it is nearly allied to L. agres- tis, but the surface possesses a peculiarly gelatinous or semi- transparent consistency, the rugae are more prominent and are not separated by darker-colored anastomosing lines ; it does not secrete a milky mucus. It is active in its motions, and occasion- ally suspends itself by a mucous thread. Most common in the Northern and Middle States, found under decaying wood in forests and in open pastures, and under stones at roadsides. Yar. occidentaUs^ Cooper, of California, appears to differ only slightly in its dentition. L. montanus, Ingersoll, which also differs slightly in the details of dentition ma3r likewise need to be placed here as a variety only, as W. G. Binney surmises. L. Weinlandi, Heynemann, is probably a synonym. 14 UMAX. L. MONTANUS, Ingersoll. Color bluish gray ; form stout, with blunt posterior extremi- ties. Length, 1 inch. Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado. L. Ingersolli, W. G. Binney, is identical. Var. CASTANEUS, Ingersoll. Small and slender ; length less than an inch ; color a lively brown, with a dark spot over the shield ; head, tentacles and eye- stalks black ; bottom of foot white. Blue Eiver Valley, Colorado. L. montanus may be a variety of L. campestris, from which it differs somewhat in dentition and genitalia. It is unfigured. Section PARALIMAX, Bottger, 1883. • L. INTERMITTENS, Bottger. PI. 51, figs. 15, 16. Carinate, shield short, obtusely angulate behind, closely rugose, pulmonary orifice anterior ; grayish brown, becoming yellowish on the sides; shield with three longitudinal black zones, its sides and those of the body black-spotted, often with a single zone on the middle of the shield, rarely all of them evanescent, disk yellowish, unicolored. Length, 27 mill. Kutais, Mingrelia. L. NYCTELIUS, Bourg. PL 52, fig. 17. Graceful, elongate, cylindrical, shortly carinate behind, back lightly reticulate, wine-brown, lighter on the sides, with two lateral black lines, foot obscure yellowish brown ; shield oval, rounded at either extremity, wine- or ruby-brown, with two black zones. Length, 1 inch. A Igiers. It is L. agrestis, Terver. Section CLYTROPELTA, Heynemann, 1867. L. ASCENSIONIS, Lesson. PI. 52, figs. 19, 20. Pale fulvous ; edge and under side of foot yellow ; lead-colored behind ; shield broad, oval, place of the shell marked by a con- vexity. Length, 2 inches. Ascension Island. A variety is nearH7 black above. LIMAX. 211 Limax perlucidus of Quoy and Gaimard, is placed in this group by Heynemann. It belongs to the genus Hyalimax (SuccineidaB). Section KRYNICKIA, Kaleniczenko, 1839. (Group MalinOj Gray). L. L^EVIS, Miiller. PI. 52, fig. 21. Scarcely carinated, soft, brownish, black-dotted ; shield equal- ing the dorsum in length, lightly concentricall}* striated, gibbous, posteriorly rounded ; pulmonary orifice very posterior ; head blackish ; sole brownish ; mucus watery. Length, 20 mill. Middle and Northern Europe, Northern Italy. The synonyms are L. brunneus, Drap.; L. arenarius, Gassies ; L. parvulus, Normand. Yar. MUCRONATUS, Westerlund. Yellowish brown, pallid on the sides, sole wrhite ; shield with a posterior conical process. Length, 10 mill. Sweden. L. BRONDELIANUS, Bourguignat. PI. 51, fig. 1. Elongated cylindrical, rather small, shortly carinate behind ; blackish, 3rellowish gray below, elongately reticulated ; ocular tentacles blackish, minutely tuberculated with black ; shield large, long, not adhering in front, dilated, rounded before and behind, concentrically striulate. Length, 1'7 inches. Algiers. Said to resemble the section Krynickia by its very posterior orifice, and shield only adhering behind. The animal can thus withdraw its head completely beneath the fore-part of the shield. No differential characters are given from L. agrestis, of which it may be a variety. L. LOMBRICOIDES, Morelet. PL 52, figs. 22, 23. Yellowish pink, with black dots, tail subcarinate ; mantle long, very contractile in front, the front half concentrically, the back part obliquely striate. Length, 1-5 inches. Portugal. This belongs to the group Malino, characterized by the striae of the mantle, as given above. 212 LIMAX. (Group Malinastrum, Mabille.) L. EUSTRICTUS, Bonrg. PI. 52, figs. 24, 25. Large, posteriorly carinated, smoky ash-colored, with brownish- black maculations or reticulations, with a lateral interrupted black line on either side; shield large, angulate behind, concen- trically rugulose. Length, 5 inches. Syria. Section MEGAPELTA, Morch, 1857. L. SEMITECTUS, Morch. PI. 52, fig. 27. Black, acuminate behind, head and tentacles light yellowish, shield concentrically rugose, oval, more than half the length of the body. Length, 2 inches. Central America. Described from a colored drawing. L. GUATEMALENSIS, Crosse and Fischer. PL 52, figs. 28, 29. Scarcely carinate, bluish black, shield darker colored, with vermiform sulcations ; sole pallid. Length, 15-18 mill. Guatemala. The specimens were in a bad state of preservation, so that the diagnosis could not be completed. Although much smaller, the authors remark that it m&y be a variety of the preceding species, and that it differs but little from the next — mainly in the central tooth of the lingual series being plainly tricuspidate in this spe- cies and only obscurely tricuspidate in L. Americanus. L. AMERICANUS, Tate. PI. 52, figs. 30, 31. Gray, with black in the grooves, giving the general appearance of a brownish black, head and tentacles lighter colored ; shield brownish black and smooth, free as far as the respiratory orifice; edge of foot with defined crenulated border ; foot gray, three- zoned ; shell represented by a thin semiopaque membrane. Chontales, Nicaragua. See remarks upon preceding species. L. STENURUS, Strebel. PL 52, figs. 18, 26. Shield full in front, very minutely granulated, appearing smooth without a glass, no concentric sulcse ; brownish gray, darker on the shield, lighter on the sides, sole light brown. Mexico. Appears to resemble the preceding species. LIMAX. 213 Un figured or Undetermined Species of Limax. L. MARTINIANUS, Bourg. Maritime Alps of France. L. VERSICOLOR, Hazay. Hungary. L. CRISPATUS, Baudon. France. L. NUBIGENUS, Bourguignat. Pyrenees. L. MONTENEGRINUS, Bottger. S. W. Montenegro. L. BIELZII, Seibert. Carpathian Mts. L. BOCAGEI, Silva. Portugal. L. ALPINUS, Fer. Europe. L. CINEREO-IMMACULATUS, Olafs. Iceland. L. GRACILIS, Rafinesque. Kentucky, U. S. L. HYPERBOREUS, Westerl and. Siberia. L. QYRATUS, Westerlund. Eonneby, Sweden. L. GYRATUS, var. BERGENSIS, Westerlund. Bergen, Norway. L. NIGER, Mal/inc. Belgium. L. TAYGETES, Dcsli. Greece. L. EHRENBERGI, Bour^. Syria. This species occurs in the text of Kobelt's Catalogue, but not in the index, where it is replaced by the following, for which it was probably intended, as no such species occurs in the work cited. L. PHCENICIACA, Bourg. (See remarks above). Syria. L. FEDTSCHENKOI, K. and H. Turkestan. L. MELITENSIS, Lessona and Pollonera. Malta. L. MORAVICUS, Elirenb. Moravia. L. HYALINUS, Linn. (Probabl}r 3'oung). Europe. L. KEYSERLINGI, Martens. Astrabad, Armenia. L. LINEOLATUS, Risso. Nice. L. VIRESCENS, Schultz (L. Schultzii, Bivona). Sicily. L. PYCNOBLENNIUS, Bourg. Pyrenees. L. MILLEPUNCTATUS, Pini. Italy. L. SANTORINOS, Letourneux. Isle Santorin, Grecian Archip. L. COLLINUS, Normand. France. L. MAJORICENSIS, Heynemann. Ins. Majorca. L. (KRYNICKIA) LACUSTRIS, Bonelli. Northern Italy. ,L. (KRYNICKIA) HEYDENT, Heynemann. Engadine, Denmark, Sweden. L. BERYTENSIS, Bourg. Syria. 214 AMALIA. L. (KRYNICKIA) BOUIKU IGNATI, Mai >i lie. Versailles, France. L. (KRYNICKIA, MALINASTRUM) CYRNIACUS, Mabille. Corsica. L. (KRYNICKIA, MALINASTRUM) SUBSAXANUS, Bourg. Algiers. L. (KRYNICKIA) MAURELIANUS, Bourg. Nice. L. (PARALIMAX) VARIUS, Bourg. Caucasus. L. MEGASPIDUS, l>lainv. Hab. unknown. L. CAPENSKS, Krauss. Cape of Good Hope. L. KRAUSSIANUS, Heynemann. Cape of Good Hope. L. LEGRANDI, Tate. Tasmania. L. MOUENSIS, Gassies. N. Caledonia. L. MEMNON and L. BENGALENSIS, Theob. (not described ). India. L. RAROTONGENSIS, Heynemann. Cook's Is., Polynesia. L. MEGALODONTES, and L. MAURUS, Quoy and Gaimard. Port Jackson, Australia. L. CAMPESTRIS, Krauss, H. and A. Adams, Genera, 219 (Krauss described no such species, but L. Capensis) - •. L. KRAUSSII, Ads. L. KRAUSST, Ads. (for campestris, Kr., according to H. and A. Ad., preoccupied). Cape of Good Hope. L. NATALENSIS, Krauss, H. and A. Ad., Genera, 219— Yagihulus. L. BRASILTENSIS, Semper. (Like a young L. agrestis, but with anatomical differences.) Brazil. L. ^QUINOCTTALIS, d'Orbigny. Guayaquil, Ecuador. L. ANDECOLUS, d'Orb. (alt. 3700 metres). Paz, Andes of Bolivia. L. CHILENSIS. Gay. Chili. L. COBANENSIS, Crosse and Fischer. Coban, Guatemala. Genus AMALIA, Moquin-Tandon, 1855. A. MARGINATA, Drap. PL 52, figs. 32-34; PL 54, fig. 60. Yellowish, flesh-color, or wine-brown, becoming lighter on the sides, minutely black-dotted ; shield similarly colored, laterally zoned, truncate or slightly emarginate b.ehind, the sulcus oval, rounded in front, acutely angulated next the pulmonary orifice ; orifice posterior, pallid, finely black-margined ; sole unicolored. Length, 2-2'5 inches. Shell-plate oblongate, thin, slightly convex above ; concave below, apex not very prominent, concentrically striate. Middle and Southern Europe. It is A. cristata, Lieblein ; A. Eichwaldi, Kalen. (fig. 34). AMALTA. 215 Yar. RUSTICA, Millet. Smaller, grayish, carina whitish. A. affinis, Millet is a synonym. Marchioness Paulucci has recently described vars. fulva and Mongianensis, both from Calabria, the former of which maybe a var. of the next species. Several of the succeeding species would, I think, have been better treated as varieties; however, I yield to general opinion. A. CARINATA, Risso. PL 52, figs. 35-39. Distinguished from the preceding species by its larger size, by the black-tinted sulcus of the shield, by the lateral zone not being prolonged anteriorly beyond the snlcus, and b}T the short black lines between the ruga1 of the back. Length, 3-5 inches. Southern France, Italy. Limax argillaceus,Gc3iSS\eB (unfigured), and L. Sowerbyi,Fer. (fig. 39), may be considered synonyms. The latter is sometimes adopted as the name of a species including L. argillaceus, and L. carinatus, Leach, non Risso, but I cannot find any valid char- acters for its separation. Lessona and Pollonera consider A. nianjinata, var. fulva, Pau- lucci, the young state of a typical A. carinata. They describe the following varieties : — Yar. TYPUS. More or less brownish, the dark lines of the back distinct, shield-sulcus black. Yar. PALLIDISSIMA. Like the preceding, but light colored. Yar. INSOLITA. Like the preceding, but shield-sulcus not black. Yar. ORETEA. Typical, but with a central black zone on the shield. Yar. CASERTANA (figs. 37, 38). Powdered with black dots, the dorsal black lines obsolete ; shell-plate thick, flattened above, irregularly convex below. A. TYRRENA, Lessona and Pollonera. PI. 53, figs. 41-43. Whitish, with very small brown dots on the back and shield, dorsal sulci blackish, shield gibbous, emarginate behind, with a rounded black sulcus, angulated in front and on the right side ; carina whitish, flexuous at the tail ; head and tentacles blackish ; sole with dark median and lighter lateral zones. Length (in alcohol), 22-23 mill. Naples. 21C> A MALT A. Smaller shield, less gibbose, carina more pronounced and ilexu- ose than the preceding species ; also distinguished by the color of the sole. A. ETRUSCA, Issel. PI. 53, lig. 44. Rugose, strongly c-arinate, the carina acute, triangular, fiexu- ous ; shield large, modern te\y granulate, emarginate behind, the sulcus black, subpentagonal, longer than wide, moderately pro- duced in front, acutely angulate above the pulmonary orifice, blackish, with lighter dots near the margin, laterally obsolete^ bizonate ; orifice posterior, pallid margined ; general color brownish, reticulated with black, blackish on the back, carina black ; sole brownish, the lateral areas becoming blackish behind. Length (in alcohol), 31 mill. Tuscany. A. PYRRICHUS, Mabille. PI. 53, fig. 40 ; PI. 54, fig. 61. Brownish }^ellow, the carina yellowish white, subacute, with small black dots ; head and tentacles blackish, sole dirty white; shield truncate behind, black-grooved on either side of the shell- plate. Length, 2-2*5 inches. France. Distinguished from A. marginata in form and coloration, the shield-sulcus hardly visible, the carina less distinct, the jaw with distinctly striate extremities — that of A. marginata being smooth. It is L. marginatus of Moquin-Tandon, in part. A. GRACILIS, Leydig. PL 53, fig. 45. Narrow, graceful, varying in color from dirty ochre to blackish (or yellowish gray with blackish lines), lighter on the sides, carina dirty yellow, sole blackish gray, shield without the black sulcus- markings of A. carinatn. Length, 1*5-2 inches. Shell very small, long and narrower than in A. carinata, Eastern Germany, Hungary. The synonyms are A. marginata, and A. Cibienensis, Kimak., and A. Budapestensis, Hazay. A. INSULARIS, Lessona and Pollonera. PL 53, figs. 46, 47. Coarsel3T rugose; carina acute, triangular, undulated, whitish on the top; shield moderate, coarsely granulated, profound^ emarginate behind, with a pentagonal black sulcus, produced in AM ALT A. -217 front and acutely angulated on the right side ; ochraceous, becoming blackish on the back; shield ochraceous, with blackish maculations, thicker in the middle; sole ochraceous, unicolored. Length (in alcohol), 35 mill. Sardinia and Sicily. Said to be distinguished from all preceding species by char- acters of its reproductory organs ; externally differs from A. carinata by its more elevated carinu, and smaller shield granu- lations. A. DODERLEINI, Lessona and Pollonera. PI. 53, figs. 48-50. Moderate!}' rugose, yellowish brown, becoming blackish on the back and shield ; carina acute, blackish, pallid on the top ; back obliquely sulcate with black ; shield emarginate behind, very minutely granular, sulcus oval elongated, black, acutely angu- lated on the right side; sole pallid, unicolored. Length (in alcohol), 35 mill. Palermo, Sicily. A. HESSEI, Bottger. PI. 60, figs. 85, 80. Intermediate between A. marginata, Drap., and A. gagates, Drap., the tail more acute than in the former, more obtuse than the latter; dirty yellowish brown, the shield with a ^-shaped or irregular dark marking; middle field of sole double the width of either side zone. Length. 19 mill. Epirus, Corf u. A. SICULA, Lessona and Pollonera. PI. 53, figs. 51, 52. Large, moderately rugose and carinate, yellowish brown on the sides, blackish on the back and shield ; carina acute, black; • shield posteriori}' emarginate, unicolored, sulcus subpentagonal ; head and tentacles blackish ; sole pallid, unicolored. Length (in alcohol), 45 mill. Shell-plate rather thick, oval oblong, subir regular, whitish, the nucleus not prominent. Palermo, Sicily. A little larger than the other Italian species, it is distinguished from A. gagates by its less granular shield, appearing as though somewhat transversely striated, and by its shell, which has the posterior fosset which Bourguignat has made a character of his section Sansania. 218 AM ALIA. A. GAGATES, Drap. PL 53, figs. 53, 54. Elongated, graceful, minutely rugose, distinctly carinated ; blackish, lead-colored or olivaceous, not maculated, lighter col- ored on the sides, carina rarely lighter ; shield minutely granular- subrugose, posteriorly emarginate, with a profound elongated subpentagonal sulcus ; head and tentacles blackish ; sole uni- colored, or with darker lateral zones. Length, 2'5-3'5 inches. Southern Europe, N. Africa, St. Helena and Madeira (introduced). Yar. TYPUS. Black, the sole pallid unicolored, or with black margin. Var. OLIVACEA, Moquin. Brownish olivaceous, unicolored, sole pallid or olivaceous. Yar. BEDRIAG^:, Lessona and Pollonera. Black, the sole with blackish lateral zones. Yar. BENOITI, Lessona and Pollonera. Black, with white carina. A. ICHNUS^E, Lessona and Pollonera. PI. 53, fig. 55. Differs from A. gagates, which it resembles in color and general features, in its smaller size and weaker carina, and in the median zone of the sole being dark and the lateral zones pallid. Length (in alcohol), 30-35 mill. Island of Sardinia. A. SCAPTOBIUS, Bourg. PL 53, fig. 56. Long and narrow, strongly carinate, posteriorly acute ; back lightly reticulated, sordid whitish or grayish; sole whitish; shield oval, bipartite, subgranular, grayish with darker spots. Length, 25 mill. Algiers. Heynemann considers this = : M. gagates, Drap. A. EREMIOPHILUS, Bourg. PL 53, figs. 5t, 58. Yellowish, passing into bluish on the flanks ; shield bipartite, granulated, bilobed behind ; carina long; disk yellowish ash. Length, 50 mill. A Igiers. A. BARYPUS, Bourg.. PL 54, figs. 59. Bluish ash, lighter on the sides, the rugse subpentagonal, defined by blackish lines ; carina acute, whitish ; shield rounded, A MALI A. 219 subgranular, bipartite, the sulcus diamond-shaped, black, rest of surface minutely black-dotted ; foot yellowish. Length, 43 mill. Syria. A. MACULATA, K. and H. PI. 54, fi^s. 62, 63. Brownish, with confluent blackish maculations ; shield fasciate with black. Length, 15 mill. Turkestan. A. KALENIGZENKOI, Clessin. PI. 54, fig. 74. Blackish gray, the shield rounded ovate, irregularly punctate with black ; foot blackish gray, the middle zone as wide as the two side zones united. Length. 19 mill. Crimea. O Less rugose, darker and with less acute carina than the next species. A. CRISTATA, Kaleniczenko. PL 54, fig. r.4. Olivaceous gray, reticulated with black, back entirely carinate (carina yellowish); head and tentacles black ; sole grayish white; mucus dark yellowish. Crimea. Kaleniczenko quotes Limax megfos/>idi/s,Blamv.,as a synonym ; if it were identical it would have priority. Dr. Gray, however, who has examined the original specimen of the latter, states that it is not carinate and is a true Limax, but in such a poor condition that its positive identification is impossible, although it may be a L. flauus. \j «. A. DRYMONIUS, Bourg. PI. 54, figs. 65, 66. Differs completely from A. yayntes in its color, bluish or purplish ash, with a very sharp white carina, in its stronger rugosities, more pronounced margins of the foot, more unequal and more gibbous shield, etc. Madeira. It is L. gagates of Albers, not Drap., and L. agrestis of Lowe, not Linn. A. POLYPTYELUS, Bourg. PL 54, fig. 67. Bluish gray, with a darker tint on the back and central por- tion of shield ; carina elevated. Length, 15-20 mill. Teneriffe. This is L. carinatus, d'Orb., not Risso, and L. cinereus, Ledru, not Lister. 220 AMALIA. A. PECTINATA, Selenka. PL 54, figs. 68, 69. Finely rugose, strongly carinate, shield smooth, rounded, free in front, flattened or slightly emarginate on the posterior margin, bearing a shell-sulcns, under which is a small oval shell, with posterior median nucleus; shield and back blackish brown, foot and head grayish brown. Length (in spirits), 30 mill. Sydney, N. S. Wales. A. SANDWICHENSIS, Eydoux. PI. 54, figs. 70-73. Acuminate behind, obliquely grooved, with a marginal groove surrounding the foot; shield large, finely granular, free in front; brownish black above, whitish below. Length, 20 mill. Sandwich Islands. The shell-plate is figured with a central nucleus, like a Patella; if the figure is correct, this character might serve for the crea- tion of a new genus. I place the species in Amalia with some reserve because the description is insufficient. A. HEWSTONI, Cooper. PI. 54, fig. 75. Back strongly carinate ; mantle granulate-rugose, with a sub- elliptical groove above the level of the respiratory orifice, which is just behind the middle ; color blackish brown, or deep black above, the sides paler, the base of the foot whitish. Length, 2'5 inches. Gardens, in San Francisco, Gal. In the remarkable groove on the mantle it differs from others described ; this does not coincide with the outline of the attached portion of the mantle, or with the internal plate. It is some- times scarcely visible (Cooper). It is possibly an introduced species, as it has only been seen in San Francisco. Dr. Cooper suggests that it may be L. Sand- wichensis. Section GIGANTOMILAX, Bottger, 1883. A. LEDERI, Bottger. PI. 2, figs. 99, 100. Rugose ; shield anterior, rounded behind ; dorsum strongly carinated ; central zone of locomotive disk scarcety wider than the lateral zones ; blackish, the sides marbled with gray, carina and shield gray. Length (in alcohol), 68 mill. Caucasus. PARMACELLA. 221 Section EUMILAX, Bottger, 1881. A. BRANDTI, Martens. An un figured species, rugose, with blackish-brown back, carina and shield, the sides with oblique black lines, the shield with black spots, central zone of foot white, marginal zones grayish black. Respiratory orifice anterior. Length, 3 inches. Caucasus. Un figured Species of Amalia. A. KOBELTI, Hesse. Greece. A. NIQRICANS, Schultz. Sicily. Declared by Lessona and Pollonera to be a doubtful species ; referred by different authors to A. marginata or A. gayates. A. ATRATA, Mabille. Portugal. A. MONTEROSATI, Bourg. Sicily. A. EMARGTNATA, Hutton. New Zealand. A. NIGRTCOLLUS, Tate. Tasmania. A. TASMANICA, Tate. Tasmania. A. ANTIPODARUM, Gray. New Zealand. Genus PARMACELLA, Cuvier, 1805. The development of Parmacella is very remarkable. At first the embryo is enclosed in an operculated spiral shell ; then, as it grows larger the mantle is reflected over the margin of the peris- tome, resembling a Yitrina ; subsequent growth of the mantle covers the shell except a small perforation over the nucleus, and the further growth of the shell is secreted from the inner portion of the mantle, forming a plate as in Limax. The arrangement of the species is taken from a valuable mono- graphic paper by H. Crosse, published in the Journal de Con- cli3Tliologie, 329, 1880. Mr. Crosse, who kept individuals in confinement for the purpose of stud}'ing their habits, states that they are herbivorous and nocturnal, remaining inactive and con- cealed during the day, the anterior portion contracted beneath the mantle. The eggs, thirt}*-four in number, were oval, covered with a thin pellicle, and four millimetres long. 222 PARMACELLA. P. OLIVIERI, Cuvier. PL 54, tigs. 77-80. Rugose, body anterior to the shield, with three longitudinal riblets. Color unknown. Length. 2 inches. O / Plains of the Euphrates, Mesopotamia. It is P. Mesopotamia, Oken, and Testacella ambiguus, Fer. P. ALEXANDRTNA, Ehrenberg. PI. 54, tigs. 79, 80. Reddish brown, carinate on the back. Shell stronger and wider than in P. Olivieri, entirely olive-green, including the nucleus. Length, 2 inches. Alexandria, Egypt. The original specimen, collected fifty A^ears ago, and preserved in alcohol in the Berlin Museum, is the only one known. The animal has not been figured. P. DESHAYESI, Moquin-Tandon. PL 54, figs. 81, 82 ; PL 55, figs. 83-85. Reddish yellow, lighter on the sides, foot }Tellowish white, or somewhat bluish white ; back and acute tail carinated ; sides with longitudinal sulci ; head and neck rugose, tentacles granular ; shield rugose, elongate, rounded at either end. Shell con vex, solid, concentrically striate, rugose below, covered by a very thin epidermis, the nucleus yellowish. Length, 4-5 inches. Algiers, Morocco. This is P. Algerica, Desh., of Jay's Catalogue. Bourguignat has published its anatomy (Rev. et Mag. ZooL, 1861). It was supposed to have been found at Malaga, but P. Valenciennesii was mistaken for it. Fig. 82 represents a young animal with the shell partly exposed. P. DORSALIS, Mousson. PL 55, figs. 86, 87. Distinguished from the preceding species by the form of the shell. Animal not described. Valleys of Atlas Mis., Morocco. P. VALENCIENNESII, Webb and Van Beneden. PL 55, figs. 88-92. Reddish brown or nearly brick-color above, shaded with yel- lowish gray on the back, and bluish ash on the neck, the sides sillonated, back strongly carinated ; shield with blackish spots ; PARMACELLA. 223 sole light reddish yellow. Shell narrow, convex, of one-and-a- half volutions. Length, 3'5-4'5 inches. Spain and Portugal. P. MOQUINI, Bourgnignat. PL 55, figs. 93-95. Uniform brick-red, the rugosities of the mantle slight, mantle unspotted ; back less strongly carinated and tentacles stouter than in the preceding species. The shell is smaller, of a dirty greenish yellow, thinner anteriorly, the nucleus smaller and more oblique. Southern France. P. GERVATSII, Moquin-Tandon. PI. 55, figs. 96, 97. Olive-brown without spots. Nucleus of the shell greenish yellow, very shining, the blade oval, thick and chalky, only three times as large as the nucleus. Southern France. According to Moquin-Tandon the nucleus of the shell is alwa3'S exposed in the living animal. Perhaps it is only a color variety (and not adult) of the preceding species, with which it inhabits. Subgenus CRYPTELLA, Webb and Berthelot, 1833. The insufficient distinction of this group is in its less distinctly spiral shell. They are inhabitants of the Canary Islands where, during eight or nine months in the year their activity is sus- pended, and they remain concealed under the large blocks of lava with which these islands are covered. During the rainy season, and especially at night, they quit their retreats and commit great havoc in the gardens. The peasants destroy them by thousands, yet their numbers do not appear to diminish. P. CALYCULATA, Sowb. PL 55, figs. 98-3. Animal elongated, narrow in front, trisulcate, the middle sulcus larger, tail trigonal, carinate, acute ; shield tongue-shaped ; oliva- ceous, with brown spots and streaks, the neck and head bluish, the foot deeper blue. Shell retaining a vestige of the embryonal peristome visible below. Length, 2<5-3'5 inches. Canary Islands. The spire of the embrj-onic shell is not apparent. Figs. 99-1, represent the embryo shell and temporary operculum (see p. 224 PHOSPHORAX. 221). It is P. ambigua, d'Orb., and P. Canariensis, Webb and Berthelot. P. auriculata, Mousson ( unfigured), is considered by Wollaston a variety of this species, and P. callosa, Mousson (unfigured), is believed by Crosse and Wollaston, following the doubt expressed •in the original diagnosis, to have been described from a very old individual — perhaps abnormal. Unfigured and Undetermined Species of Parmacella. P. RUTELLUM, Hutton. Candaliar, Afghanistan. P. VELITARIS, Martens. Astrabad, Russian Armenia. P. CuMiNGir, Pfr. Isl. Juan Fernandez. P. GRACILIS, Gray. Hob. unknown. The genus, in the two latter species, is very uncertain. It is scarcely possible that a native Parmacella would be found in Juan Fernandez, and as the shell-plate only is described, it prob- ably belongs to some other genus. Genus PHOSPHORAX, Webb and Berthelot, 1833. u It is not without some hesitation that I admit this species into the Canarian catalogue; because M. d'Orbigny, on whose authority it would seem to have been originally introduced (in 1819) into Ferussac's work, makes no allusion to it whatsoever in his subsequent enumeration (in 1839) of the Mollusca of the Canaries. It is highly probable, therefore, that he had some actual reason for supposing that either the diagnosis or the asserted habitat was inaccurate ; though if this was really the case he ought to have stated plainly what the evidence was on which it was allowed to appear in the ' Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques.' Still, the fact remains that it is both described and admirably figured in the latter magnificent publication, and that nothing has yet been placed on record to call in question its claims to be (as it professes) truly Tenerilfan. Yet the complete silence of M. d'Orbigny concerning it in his after-list, and the circumstance that it was established professedly on a unique example (said to have been taken beneath dead leaves in the mountains of Teneriffe) are points, so far as they go, to cast OOPELTA. 225 decided suspicion on the species — whether as regards its Cana- rian origin or the truthfulness of its diagnosis. Moreover it is not said by whom the species was captured ; for, as it was pub- lished in 1819, it clearly could not have been by d'Orbigny himself — whose sojourn in the Canarian Archipelago did not take place until 1826." " The great distinctive feature of this slug — a feature which, if true, would certainly entitle it, as Mousson has well observed, to generic separation — consists in the fact of its being supposed to possess a mucous disk on the hinder edge of its shield, which has the power of emitting a strong phosphorescent light." — Wollaston, Testacea Atlantica, 309. P. NOCTILUCUS, d'Orb. (in Ferussac). PL 55, fig. 4. Body thick, broad ; hinder part of mantle with a marginal disk formed of part of the mantle, which is lucid green and phosphor- escent in the dark ; tail rounded ; respiratory orifice somewhat anterior. Shell thick, oval, white, nearly transparent, smooth above, crystalline beneath. Teneriffe. Genus OOPELTA, Morch, 1867. 0. NIGROPUNCTATA, Morcll. Shield with rounded black dots disposed in a double or quincunx order. Length, 1 inch. Guinea. Unfigured. 15 226 TEBENNOPHORID^E. FAMILY TEBENNOPHORID^E. Animal naked, slug-like. Mantle covering the entire back. No mucous pore. No distinct locomotive disk. Jaw oxjrgnath- ous. Lingual dentition similar to Helix. No internal shell. Genus TEBENNOPHORUS, Binney, 1842. Animal limaciform, convex, compressed, slightly attenuated behind, obtuse anteriorly ; mantle vermiculated, covering the entire dorsal surface of the body, with the pulmonary orifice on the right margin and anterior, close to the head ; foot separated from the mantle by a groove. Jaw (PL 44, fig. 7) longitudinally striated, with a median projection. Lingual membrane (PL 44, fig. 6) long and narrow, central tooth triangular, the lateral cusps obsolete, outer laterals bicuspid, marginals quadrangular, obtusely bicuspid. Eastern North America. Dr. Gray has described a rudimentary nail-like internal shell, but subsequent authors have not observed any shell. A number of authors have preferred the generic name Philo- 7nycws,Rafinesque, 1820, a genus distinguished, like his Eumelus, by the absence of a mantle. Like others of Rafinesque's groups, it may have been imaginary — at an}^ rate there is no means of identifying it positively with the present group, and I therefore adopt the oldest name accompanied \)y a good diagnosis. Section MEGHIMATIUM, Van Hasselt, 1824. (Incillaria, Benson, 1842.) Bocty convexly depressed, mantle smooth. Other characters as in Tebennophorus. Asiatic. The two groups are better distinguished by their widel}7 sepa- rated distribution than by the flatness or convexity of the body, which appears to be the only structural difference. If united, Meghimatium, which has priority, should be retained as a syno- nym, because it was not sufficiently defined. See " Ueber die Anatornie der Gattuugen Incillaria Benson imd Meghimatium CYSTOPELTA, TEBENNOPHORUS. 227 Hasselt in Yergleich mit der von Philoinycus Rafinesque," W. Keferstein, Mai. Blatt., xiii, 64. Subgenus PALLIFERA, Morse, 1864. Jaw strongl}" ribbed ; other characters same as in Tebenno- phorus. The character of the jaw would remove Pallifera far from Tebennophorus — with which it is otherwise identical (PL 44, figs. 8, 9). Genus CYSTOPELTA, Tate, 1881. Bod}- attached for half its length to the back of the foot ; mantle very large, enveloping the whole animal in repose, but from beneath which the head and the tip of the tail alone are visible from above, when the animal is crawling ; tail with a mucous pore at the tip. No shell. Jaw ribbed, like Arion ; dentition resembling Testacella. C. PETTERDI, Tate. Tasmania. An aberrant form combining the characters of Tebennophoridse in the ample mantle and absence of the shell-plate, with the den- tition of Testacellidse, and the jaw of Arionidae. Genus TEBENNOPHORUS, Binney, 1842. T. CAROLINENSIS, Bosc. PL 56, fiof. 1. / 7 O Whitish or yellowish white, with clouds and spots of blackish or brownish, so arranged as to form three ill-defined longitudinal series, anastomosing more or less with each other, and having smaller spots of the same color between them, inferior margin white or yellowish ; foot whitish, extending a little beyond the mantle posteriorly, showing a whitish flattened border; sur- face of mantle covered with irregular vermiform, somewhat lon- gitudinal anastomosing glands, with shallow furrows between, lubricated with a watery mucus, and susceptible of contractions which produce a slow, undulatory motion, like the flowing of water, over the whole surface ; locomotive band not distinguished from the lower surface of the foot. Length, 3-4 inches. Canada to Florida and Texas. Yery inactive and sluggish in its motions, inhabiting forests, 228 TEBENNOPIIORUS. under the bark, and in the interior oi' decayed trunks of fallen trees ; particularly partial to the Basswood ( Tilia Americana). This snail is known to deposit about thirty eggs, seinitrans- parent, oval, about '2 inch long ; the 3^oung were hatched in twenty days. \V. G. Binney enumerates the following color varieties :— a. Whitish, without clouded spots, tending to grayish. b. Whitish, slightly clouded longitudinally. c. Irregularly clouded with brownish, without any tendency to longitudinal arrangement. d. With three distinct rows of large clouded spots. e. With great numbers of fine black spots. f. Gray, with a line of minute black dots along each side. g. Blackish gray, with black lines along each side, and an indistinct line down the middle of the back. Limax togata, Gould, and L. marmoreus, Deka}^, are synom^ms. T. CROSSEANUS, Strebel. PL 56, fig. 2. Mantle light-brown, with numerous dark gray flecks or spots ; sole with a broad brownish gray central portion, and narrow striated margins. Length, 1-25 inches! . Mexico. T. SALLEI, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 56, fig. 3. Elongated, a little dilated in front, obtuse posteriorly ; color uniform ash-gray without markings, becoming lighter on the sides and sole. Length, 1 inch. State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. T. AURATUS, Tate. Chontales, Nicaragua. T. COSTARICENSIS, Morch. Costa Rica. T. QUADRILUS, OXYURUS, FUSCUS, FLEXUOLARIS, NEBULOSUS, and LIVJDUS, Rafinesque. United States. T. LACTESCENS, Blainv. (Limacella Elfortiana,~BlaiDiV.). Hob. unknown. Placed in this group by Dr. Gray, but evidently does not belong here. The specimens, from long immersion in alcohol, are no longer in condition for specific recognition. TEBENNOPHORUS. 229 Section MEGHIMATIUM, Van Hasselt, 1824. T. BILINEATUS, Benson. PL 56, fig. 5. Slightly granulated, reddish gray, brownish or ash-gray, spotted with black, with a black line on either side, yellowish white on the sole. Length, 2*5 inches. China, Japan. T. CAMPESTRIS, Godwin-Austen. PL 56, fig. 8. Pale ochraceous, with a longitudinal dark stripe on the side of the body. Length, l-<;5 inches. Assam. I suspect that this is synonymous with the foregoing species. T. STRIATUS, Hasselt. PL 56, fig. 6. Body elongated, attenuated at each end, pointed behind ; back convex, whitish, with a central longitudinal black line and two others on either side — five lines in all. Length, 40 mill. Java, forests in elevated regions. T. PICTUS, Stoliczka. PL 56, fig. 7. Smooth above, very slightly granular on the sides and tail ; bluish gray with three irregular black stripes, the central one •broadest, connected by a dotted network ; sole livid, transversely striate. Length, 1*5-2 inches. Island of Penang. Possibly = the preceding species. T. CYLINDRACEUS, Ferussac. PL 56, fig. 9. Smooth, dark brown (in spirits), oblong, ventricose. Hob. ? Only known b}r Ferussac's figures. T. MONTICOLA, Godwin-Austen. (Unfigured.) N. Cachar Hills, Assam. T. RETICULATUS (Hasselt), Fer. (PL 56, fig. 10.) Java ? I have already placed Parmarion reticulatum, Hasselt, among the undetermined species of Parmarion in accordance with the opinion of von 'Martens. Stoliczka remarks that Ferussac's figure of the species does not represent a Parmarion but a Meghimatium. 230 TEBENNOPIIORUS. Subgenus PALLIFERA, Morse, 1864. T. DORSALIS, Binnej'. PL 50, fig. 4. Color ashy with a shade of blue, an interrupted black line extending down the centre of the back ; tentacles blackish, base of foot white ; upper surface covered with elongated and slightly prominent glandular projections, the furrows between indistinct; respiratory, orifice very minute. Length, 18 mill. Vermont to Pennsylvania, Kentucky. Inhabits woods and forests, in the soil under decaying trunks and logs. " It is lubricated by a watery mucus, which is not secreted in quantity sufficient to preserve its life when removed from its native haunts and exposed to the air. It is even diffi- cult to preserve it long enough for examination, as it becomes dry, diminishes more than half in bulk, and dies." — W. Gr. Bin- ney. It is active in its movements. Unfigured Species. T. WETHERBYI, W. G. Binne}^ Resembles the young of T. Carolinensis, but the color blotches are usually in transverse instead of longitudinal series ; it is also more swollen anteriorily and tapers more rapidly posteriorly. The jaw is ribbed as in Pallifera. Length (contracted in alcohol), 12 mill. Whitley (7o., Kentucky. T. ATJSTRALIS, Bergh. Oahu, Sandwich Islands. ARIONIP.E. 231 FAMILY ARIONIDJ3. Animal with or without mucous pore ; mantle anterior, con- cealing- a shell-plate, or a few calcareous grains which represent it; jaw strongly ribbed, central tooth tricuspidate, the median cusp long and narrow, laterals and marginals bicuspidate. Synopsis of Genera. * With caudal mucous pore. Genus ARION, Ferussac, 1810. Animal naked, limaciform, subcylindrical, attenuated but not carinated behind, rugose, with a caudal mucous pore; shield granular, small, anterior, covering calcareous grains which are sometimes agglomerated into the semblance of a shelly plate ; locomotive disk distinct ; pulmonary orifice at the right anterior margin of the shield, the genital orifice under it. Jawr (PI. 44, fig. 11) arcuated, strongly ribbed; central tooth tricuspid, the central cusp long niid narrow, laterals bicuspid, marginals bicuspid, the inner cusp long J»nd narrow (PL 44, fig. 10). The species inhabit Europe and the north of Asia and Africa. The '• land soles " occasionally devour animal substances, such as dead worms or injured individuals of their own species. The}7 lay 75-100 eggs between May and September, which are 26-40 da}Ts in hatching, and the snail attains its full growth in a year, beginning to oviposit a month or two before that period. The eggs of A. hortensis are very phosphorescent for the first fifteen days. Section LOCHEA, Moquin-Tandon, 1855. Internal shell repre- sented by isolated calcareous granules. A. rufus, Linn. Section CARINELLA, Mabille, 1870. Dorsally somewhat cari- nate. A. Dupuyanus, Bourg. Section PROLEPIS. Moquin-Tandon, 1855. Calcareous granules agglomerated into an imperfect shell-plate. A. fuscus, Mull. Kobeltia, Seibert, is a sj^nonym. Section BAUDONIA, Mabille, 1868. Body anteriorly enlarged and depressed, the shield almost smooth, the head well separated from the body, tentacles rather small. Two Portuguese species. 232 ARIONIDvE. Section ARIUNCULUS, Lessona, 1881. Genital orifice anterior to the pulmonary orifice. A. Isseli, Bourg. Genus GEOMALACUS, Allman, 1843. Animal limaciform, subcylindrical, blunt behind, with a but little developed mucous pore ; mantle anterior, close to the head, concealing a shell-plate ; a distinct locomotive disk ; respiratory orifice on the right anterior margin of the mantle ; genital orifice behind and below the right eye-peduncle. Shell-plate calcareous, ovate, small and solid. Jaw costulated ; lingual dentition as in Arion (PI. 45, figs. 14, 15). G. maculosus, Allman. Western Europe. Subgenus LETOURNEUXIA, Bourguignat, 1866. ? No caudal mucous pore. There is a peculiar overhanging process to the side of the body, near the tail. G. Numidicus, Bourg. Algiers. Genus ARIOLIMAX, Morch, 1860. Animal limaciform, subcylindrical, tapering behind ; mantle anterior, small, concealing an internal shell-plate; caudal mucous pore triangular, elevated ; locomotive disk distinct ; respiratory orifice on the posterior right margin of the mantle ; orifice of combined genital sj'stem below the right anterior free edge of the mantle. Shell-plate solid, flat, longer than wide. Jaw ribbed. Lingual membrane with tricuspid centrals, bicus- pid laterals and quadrate marginals (PI. 45, figs. 12, 13). A. ColumbianuSj Gould. Pacific States of North America. Genus HEMPHILLIA, Bland and Binney, 1872. Animal limaciform, blunt before, swollen at centre and attenu- ated behind ; mantle subcentral, large, oval, greatly produced in front, free around its margin, and slightly covering the edge of the shell-plate ; a caudal mucous pore, over which is a hump-like process ; no distinct locomotive disk ; respiratory orifice on the central right margin of mantle ; genital orifice near the right eye-peduncle. Shell mostly exposed, unguiform,subquadrangu- lar, the margins covered by the mantle. ARTON. 233 Jaw and dention as in Avion (PI. 45, figs. 17, 18). One species, H. glandulosa. B. and Bl. Oregon. Differs at first sight from all the preceding genera in its exposed shell. ** No mucous pore. Genus ANADENUS, Heynemann, 1863. Limaciform, subcylindrical, tapering behind , mantle large, granular, anterior, concealing a shell-plate; no mucous pore; loco- motive disk distinct ; respiratory orifice median or posterior ; genital orifice behind and below the right eye-peduncle. Shell- plate small, oval, flat, nucleus medio-posterior. Jaw costulated ; dentition as in Arion (PL 45, fig. 16). A. giganteus, Heynemann. Himalaya Mountains. Genus PROPHYSAON, Binney and Bland, 1873. Without distinct locomotive disk ; respiratory orifice a little anterior on the right margin of the mantle ; otherwise like Anadenus. Shell-plate subhexagonal. P. Hemphilli, Biun. and BL Pacific Region of U. S. Dr. Fischer makes this a subgenus of Anadenus. Dentition and jaw (PL 45, figs. 23, 24). Genus CRYPTOSTRACON, W. G. Binney, 1879. Animal limaciform, subcylindrical, attenuated behind; mantle slightly anterior, thin, small, concealing the shell; no mucous pore ; respiratory orifice on the middle of the right margin of the mantle. Shell internal, sigaretiform, rudimentary, large as the mantle, membranous, subspiral^ with postero-lateral nucleus. Jaw and dentition as in Arion (PL 45, figs. 19, 20). One species, G. Gabbi, Binne}^ Costa Rica. Genus ARION, Fer., 1819. Section LOCHEA, Moquin-Tandon, 1855. A. RUFUS, Linn. PL 56, figs. 11-15; PL 57, figs. 16, 17, 22. Robust, large, strongly rugose, somewhat rounded at either extremity, not carinated; unicolored or striped, not maculated; shield oval, granular, not gibbose ; pulmonary orifice anterior, 234 ARION. * rounded ; sole wide, with dark marginal zones, margin of the foot transversel}' sulcate, and lineated with brown ; color typi- cally reddish brown, the head blackish. Length, 4-5 inches. Europe, Algiers, Iceland, Azores, Madeira. This large and common slug has received many names, being quite variable in coloration. It is A. empiricorum, Fer. (figs. 11-13), in part; A. melanocephalus, Faure-Biguet (juvenile); A. Servainianus, Mabille (perhaps a variety — unfigured). " The Arions, or black slugs, frequent damp and shady woods, as well as hedge-banks and gardens. During the daytime they lurk under stones and logs of wood, or bury themselves in the earth, where they excavate a sort of tunnel ; but at night, and after rain, they sally forth to feed. The}^ are great pests in gardens, generally selecting the best cabbages and most succu- lent vegetables. They are, however, not very particular about their food, and act the part of land-scavengers, devouring animal matter of all kinds in every state of decomposition, and even each other's slime. They may be frequently met with in garden- walks, after a shower, in search of food. During the season of reproduction they deposit their eggs, which are very numerous, separately underground. When at rest, the3T contract their bodies into a lump. In this state they offer a dainty prize to ducks." — Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, 126. Yar. ALBUS, Linn. (fig. 14). Whitish, shield yellowish white, margin of foot yellow or orange-colored. Var. SUCCINEUS, Mull. Amber-colored. A. luteus, Razoum., is a synonym. Var. ATER, Linn. (figs. 15, 17). Black or chocolate-color, margin of foot sometimes orange-color or scarlet. A. marginellus, Schrank, is a synonym. The subvarieties include Mulleri, marginatus, Draparnaudi and bicolor of Moquin-Tandon ; cinereus, Westerlund ; medius and cinereo-nebulosus, Jensen, etc. Many European malacologists consider var. ater a distinct species; its form is said to be more elongated and less obese, its rugosities very long and elevated, preserved when in alcohol, whilst in A. rufus they fade out in alcohol. It is, in France, a mountain variety, rarely encountered in low-lying regions. ARION. 235 Yar. CAMPESTRIS, Mabille. A small form, with long dorsal rugosities, which are somewhat sharp ; the oval-elongated shield covers the neck ; orange-colored, border of the foot / O yellowish with numerous orange dots. France. Yar. HIBERNUS, Mabille. Body posteriori}' attenuated, with slight rugosities, shield oval, rounded at the extremities, almost covering the neck ; dark purple or rust-color, the foot white, its margins with brownish transverse lines. France. Yar. GAUDFROYI, Mabille. Size moderate, the rugosities rather sharp, somewhat tuberculated on the shield ; reddish gray or yellowish, foot yellowish gray, the median band translu- cent, the margin gra3*ish, with transverse short black lines. France. A. succineus, Bo-uillet, is a synonym. Yar. BICOLOR, Broeck. (fig. !('»). Black, longitudinally striped with yellowish white. Length, 30 mill. Luxembourg. It may be a juvenile. Yar. RUPICOLA, Mabille. Small, greenish or reddish, with black- ish lateral bands, foot whitish, slightly blue in the middle, the margins yellowish or whitish, with some lines and numerous dots of yellow ; shield covering the neck, encir- cled by a black band. Fran re. A. FUSCUS, Miiller. PL 57, figs. 18-21. Robust, strongly rugose, rounded behind ; shield posteriorly truncate, coarsely granular ; pulmonary orifice a little anterior, large ; margin of foot 3rellowish or gra}Tish, transversely lineated with brown ; brown or orange-color, middle of back and shield reddish brown, the sides of either bearing a reddish-brown zone. Length, 3 inches. Europe, Iceland, Greenland, New Zealand (introduced). The synonymy includes A. subfuscus, Drap.; A. cinctus, Dumont ; A. fasciatus, Nilsson, in part ; A. incommodus, Hutton. The varieties include the Norwegian quadrifasciatus and medius of Jensen, and the following : Yar. BOTTGERI, Pollonera (fig. 19). Back necked or punctate with black. Bremen. Yar. alripunctatuSj Dum. et Mor- tillet, appears to be somewhat similar. Savoy. 236 ARION. Yar. MABILLIANUS, Bourg. (fig. 21). Elongated, attenuated behind ; ochraceons with three darker bands ; dorsal rugosi- ties strong, elongated, separated by shallow sulci ; margin of foot gra}dsh white with perpendicular brownish lines. France. • A. BRUNNEUS, Lehmann. PI. 57, fig. 26. Rugose, rugae long, narrow, not very prominent ; shield ob- long, rounded at the extremities, granular ; pulmonary opening small, anterior ; eye-peduncles granose ; rust-colored or coffee- brown, the back, middle of shield and tentacles darker, blackish, the sides lighter, reddish brown ; border of foot yellowish with fine black perpendicular lines ; sole yellowish white. Length, 2 inches. Stettin, Pomerania ; Karlsbad, Bohemia. A. SULCATUS, Morelet. PL 57, fig. 23. Rugae very large and strong, vermicularly sculptured, shield granular, with a large anterior pulmonary opening ; uniform blackish or brownish black, sometimes bluish on the shield, margin of the foot chestnut, rayed ; mucus j^ellowish white. The shell grains small and numerous, much more minute than in A. rufus, var. ater. Length, 6 inches. Portugal. Section CARINELLA, Mabille, 1870. A. DUPUYANUS, Bourg. PL 58, fig. 31 ; PL 57, fig. 27. Wide, dorsally more or less carinate, dorsal rugae thin, elon- gate ; whitish gray, darker above, and with indistinct lateral zones ; shield granose, rounded at the ends, grayish black ; foot margined with obscure lineations, the sole whitish. Length, 40 mill. France. The juvenile has been described under the above name by Bourguignat. It was 10 mill, long, and bluish, the carina stronger and whitish, the darker longitudinal zones very faint. Mabille subsequently described the adult as A. Bourguignati. A. Neustriacus, Mabille (unfigured), is a carinate species said to be distinguished from A. Dupuyanus by its reddish gray color, its stronger, elongated, regular dorsal rugae, and the absence of the marginal lineoles. France. ARION. 237 According to Mabille the Swedish A.fasciatus, Nilsson, is a closely related species, showing its dorsal carina plainly when contracted. Geomalacus Bay am y Jousseaume (fig. 27), is a juvenile of this species. Section PROLEPIS, Moquin-Tandon, 1855. A. HORTENSIS, Fer. PI. 57, figs. 28-30 ; PL 58, figs. 32-34. Small, elongated, rugose, the rugae elongatel}T rounded, shield rather small, finely granulated ; ash or yellowish, darker on the back and middle of the shield, with a darker zone on either side; tentacles blackish ; margin of foot not usually lineolated. Length, 35-50 mill. Europe ; Boston, U. S. (introduced). The shell-plate is rudimentary or sometimes somewhat de- veloped. The synonyms include A. concavus, Brard ; A. leucophaeus, Nor- mand; A.subfuscus, Picard; A.lineolatus,J&isso; A. circumscriptus, Johnston ; ^1. variegatus, Turton ; A. fuscus of American authors (fig. 32). The varieties include : Yar. FASCIATUS, Moquin-Tandon. Grayish ash, fasciated, whitish on the sides, sole and margin of foot 3rellowish. Yar. ALPICOLA, Moquin-Tandon. Grayish yellow, the shield yellowish, shield and back distinctly fasciated with brown or black, sole and margin of foot orange-yellow. Yar. AUREUS, Lessona. Whitish, }rellowish on the back, shield, tail, sole and margin of the foot orange-yellow, dorsal and shield zones obsolete. Yar. FUSCATUS, Fer. (fig. 34). Pale brown, the dorsal rugae feeble, elongated, but slightly apparent, separated by grayish sulcations. Yar. PELOPHILUS, Mabille. Blackish, with very dark zones, mar- gin of foot bright red. Yar. ANTHRACIUS, Bourg. (fig. 30). Black, with metallic reflec- tions ; sole whitish. 238 Yar. PASCALTANUS, Mabille. Black, sides and margin of the foot bluish passing into gray ; rugae and sillons very slight. Portugal. It is A. fuscatus, Morelet. Yar. DISTINCTUS, Mabille. Smaller than the type, grayish yellow, dorsal rugae not elongated, margin of the foot not lineolated. France. A. VERRUCOSUS, Breviere. PL 58, fig. 35. Brownish, or grayish violet, darker above, very minutely inconspicuously maculated ; shield verrucosely granulate, with a posterior dark-colored depression, and often with lateral dark bands ; rugse of the body with glandular elevations, regularly spaced ; sole whitish or yellowish ; shell a membrane, thin, transparent, to which adhere a few grains of lime. Length, 20-25 mill. France. The granules of the shield are constantly wet, the rugae of the body are apt to take the form at times of interrupted longi- tudinal ridges, the dark-colored depression of the posterior portion of the shield also appears to be a peculiar feature. A. TENELLUS, Millet. PL 58, fig. 36. Glaucous green, becoming yellowish green on the margin of the foot, head and tentacles blackish; rugae elongate, not promi- nent, the sulci shallow ; mantle large, granular, rounded at the extremities ; foot soiled greenish white. Length, 50-55 mill. Northern and Middle France. A. virescens, Millet (not Fer.), is a synonym. This is not Limax tenellus of Miiller — which is a true Limax. A. FULIGINEUS, Morelet. PL 18, fig. 37. Dark chestnut-colored, with a narrow radiated orange or ruby margin ; sole yellowish ; mantle granose, gibbous. Length, 2 '25 inches. Portugal. This species has not been determined since the original description. Section BAUDONIA, Mabille, 1868. A. TIMIDUS, Morelet. PL 58, figs. 38, 39. Grayish brown, darker on the back, shield, head and tentacles ; ARION. 239 margin yellowish, bipartite by a brown line and with brown transverse lineoles, sole iron-color with a livid zone. Portugal. Yar. MONT ANUS, Mabille. Fig. 39. Greenish brown, the margin iron-color, with the brown divid- ing line, and transverse lineoles, sole iron-color. Section ARIUNCULUS, Lessona, 1881. A. ISSELT, Bourg. PI. 58, fig. 40. * Rugose, olivaceous black ; the shield blackish, minutely gran- ulose ; mucous pore small ; margin of foot olivaceous, trans- versely snlcate, but not lineolated ; sole with olivaceous lateral zones, the median whitish. Length (in alcohol), 35-40 mill. No shell-plate. Island of Sardinia. A. SPEZITE, Lessona. PI. 59, fig. 48. Small, cylindrical, rounded behind, very slightly rugose; shield rather small, gibbose, smooth ; orange-brown, the shield unicolored, the back with a dark stripe on either side; sole pallid, margin of foot not lineolated ; head blackish. Shell rep- resented b}' a collection of small white calcareous granules. Length (in alcohol), 20 mill. Piedmont. A. MORTILLETI, Lessona. PI. 58, fig. 41. Rugose, rugjv wide, depressed ; shield moderate, not gibbose, granulose, unicolored ; margin of foot not transversely lineo- lated. Length (in alcohol), 20-25 mill. Alps of Piedmont. The typical form is light yellowish brown, the neck and sides lighter ; the tentacles and posterior margin of the foot blackish. A. flavus, Lessona, is a synonym. Yar. AURANTIACUS, Lessona. Back and shield orange-color, with a darker zone on either side ; tentacles black. Yar. MONACHUS, Lessona. Brownish yellow, the tentacles, sides and margin blackish. Yar. PULLATUS, Lessona (var. figured). Blackish, lighter on the sides and in front of the shield. 240 ARION. A. CAMERANI, Lessona. PL 58, fig. 42. Larger than the preceding species, subrugose ; shield moderate, not gibbose, very finely granulose ; back yellowish, with a nebulose blackish zone on either flank ; margin yellowish white, transversely irregularly lineolate with brown ; tentacles black. Length (in alcohol), 25 mill. Piedmont. A. MORELETI, Hesse. PL 57, figs. 24, 25. Yellowish horn, with a dusky irregular band on either side the middle, find a lateral one on the sides ; shield flatly rounded behind; sole unicolored. Internal shell -plate small, solid, irregular in form. Length, 40 niill. Tangiers. Allied to A. fuscus, but distinguished by the position of the genital opening, anteriorly on the neck near the right tentacle. Unidentified or Unfigured Species of Arion. A. FOLIOLATUS, Gould. PL 58, fig. 43. Color reddish fawn, coarsely obliquely reticulated with slate- colored lines forming areola? ; mantle concentrically mottled with slate-color, border of foot obliquely lineated ; mantle very long, smooth, the small respiratory orifice a little in front of the middle of the right margin ; eye-peduncles small and short. Length, 85 mill. Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound. Still unknown, except by the original figure and description, published over thirty years ago. A. FALLAX, Sterki. Switzerland. A. AUSTENIANUS, Nevill (undescribed). Mentone. A. SOURBIENI, Fagot. France. A. ORESICECUS, A. PALADILHIANUS, Mabille. France. A. MABILLEI, Baudon. France. Described as a Geomalacus, but subsequently ascertained to be a young Arion. The specific name has been preoccupied in Arion by Bourguignat. A. AGGERICOLA, Mabille. France. A. LUSITANICUS, Mabille (A. rufus, pars, Morelet). Portugal. A. RUBIGINOSUS, Baudon. France. GEOMALACUS. 241 A. NIVALIS, Koch. Tyrol. A. OLIVACEUS, Schmidt. Transylvania. A. PEGORARII, Lessona and Pollonera. Aosta, Italy. A. LIMACOPUS, A. CITRINUS, Westerlund. Sweden. A. POLLONER^E, Pirn. Italy. A. ATERRIMUS, Gray. So. Africa. Genus GEOMALACUS, Allman. Dr. D. F. Heynemann thus remarks upon the supposed French species of Geomalacus : — Through Mr. T. A. Verkriizen of London, I received a small parcel of living Geomalacus maculosus, Allman, from Ireland ; and having carefully examined these, I am now enabled crit- ically to investigate the statement of several French authors that this genus not only occurs in France, but is there repre- sented by various species. English authors started an hypothesis that the animals, with the plants they live amongst (and which are only met with in the southwest of Ireland), were of Asturian or Spanish origin. Although it had not been proved that Geomalacus does occur on the Pyrenean peninsula until Lucas von Heyden found one specimen in the Asturias, during his entomological journey in Spain in 1868, and forwarded it to German}', the above hypoth- esis of British authors was nevertheless adopted in \1867, by the French malacologists Bourguignat and Mabille ; and they even went to the length of taking as an established fact what has been proposed as a supposition only. Geomalacus having thus been once established as of Spanish origin, its distribution must, according to the ideas of these authors, have taken place by the way of France only. All at once the}" discovered consequently in the forest of Meudon, near Paris, what they wished to find, not only the traces of the migratory Geomalacus, but even three new or entirely unknown species, which were described by Mabille in his monograph of this genus, published in the " Revue et Magasin de Zoologie," 1867, p. 53, as Geomalacus Bourguignati, Paladilhianus and Moitesserianus. From that time new species continued ever increasing, the names of which may as well be passed over in 16 242 GEOMALACUS. silence ; and this fabrication attained an alarming extent in France. The statements were at first so positively made by our French contemporaries, that even the incredulous (including myself) almost believed in the existence of this genus in France ; but those who with any attention read my short treatise in the " Xachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesell- schaft," 1869, p. 165, entitled u Zur Kenntniss von Geomalacus," will readily see what serious doubts I entertained upon the subject. Our French neighbors did not favor us with any drawings of their new species, although they describe the English drawings as " deplorables." I had myself never before seen a live Geomalacus ; neither could I obtain any French specimens, in spite of the pains I took for this purpose. It will, therefore, I trust be deemed excusable that I expressed doubts where I could not contradict by facts. But now since I have received the living Geomalacus, and have had an opportunity of examining the animal, the question assumes a different aspect. The French so-called species do not belong at all to Geo- malacus ; and those who may still entertain a doubt on this point need but inspect the drawings, which have since appeared in Baudon's " Memoire sur les Limaciens du departenient de 1'Oire ' (Beauvais, 1871), of Geomalacus Mabilli, Baudon, and G. hiemalis, Drouet. These drawings are excellent,; and for this very reason we at once detect in them our old acquain- tance Arion melanocephalus, Faure-Biguet, which likewise has lately been recognized as our common Arion empiric or urn, Fer., in its younger state of growth by Seibert (see u Nachrichtsblatt der deut. Mai. Ges." December, 1872). These drawings of Baudon are alone sufficient entirely and effectually to upset at once the famous myth of a French Geomalacus. This genus has not as yet been discovered in France, and all the species described as French are in all prob- ability not different from Arion empiricorum. I very much question whether the French authors have ever seen a living Geomalacus ; and for their own justification I would deny the fact, because they could never otherwise have entertained the idea of turning- a young Arion into a Geomalacus, although it is no wonder that, when once an erroneous generic designation had GEOMALACUS. 243 been given to a young Arion, the number of the species could be most readily increased. The substitution has doubtless been no easy task for Mabille in the composition of his monograph ; but he must have formed for himself a totally different conception of the animal, which had hitherto been described by English authors only, though with sufficient distinctness. In his generic diagnosis, Mabille states that the animal is ornamented with an infinite number (" d'une infinite ") of minute black, yellow, golden, white or silvery dots, which, by the by, is by no means correct; and in his improved specific diagnosis he even amends the original English descriptions in so cool a manner that I am astonished that English malacologists should not have replied to it. Mabille says in the same diagnosis, that the English draftsmen, instead of covering the body of this slug with a multitude of white dots, had contracted the same upon the wrinkles, and to facili- tate their labor, had united them into one single spot on the different wrinkles. And this, he states to be the reason why the Geomalacus appears to be a black animal with longitudinal white ridges or hillocks, and which, he says, is quite incorrect. This statement of itself suffices to convince us that Mabille has never seen a living Geomalacus ; for what he supposes to be altogether incorrect is precisely the actual fact. The Geomalacus is not covered with white or yellow dots, but with actual longi- tudinal spots extending on the back of the animal over one or two of the wrinkles. These spots are even distributed on a black ground in such a manner that they might easily be counted ; and the drawings of Allman are quite correct. Mabille's description of the respiratory orifice as being con- siderably in front (•' tres anterieur"), corresponds admirably with that of a young Arion. The original diagnosis says, " a Limace (differt) situ anteriori spiraculi ; ' for in the Limax the respiratory orifice is situated behind the middle of the mantle, and not in front of it. Further incorrect is Mabille's statement respecting the internal shell — namely " Limacelle delicate, ex- cessivement plate;" and, further, " Sa Limacelle mince comme une pellicule." The original diagnosis says " Testa solida ; ' and, indeed, its thickness attains almost a third of its length, and nearly the half of its breadth. The shell is consequently by no 244 GEOMALACUS. means " delicate," and much less "mince or plate," but actually very solid — in fact, as solid as we rarely meet with internal shells, to whatever genus they may belong. It only remains for me to add a few words, in order to dispose of the remainder of Mabille's species, created only to swell the above-mentioned monograph. These are designated : Geomalacus Andrewsi, Mabille ; G. anguiformis, Morelet, and G. intermedius, Nor- mand. Allman, Andrews and others, repeatedly name a white-spotted variety, the same which in my treatise, " Ueber Geomalacus ': (Malacozool. Blatter, 1873), with drawings, I called var. Allmanni, in contradistinction to the more frequently occurring yellow-spotted variety, which is the typical form. Andrews calls the white -spotted form simply, "the white variety; " and on this white-variety (it should be white-spotted variety) Mabille wrrites as follows : " Cette nouvelle espece, que nous dedions a Monsieur William Andrews de Dublin, et que tons les auteurs Anglais ont confondus avec le maculosus, se distingue de cette espece par un corps blanchatre parseme d'une multitude de petits points noiratres. C'est 1 'in verse chez 1 'espece precedente (maculosus}." He evidently misconstrues the original meaning; and the result is the new species Andrewsi. Jeffreys, in his " British Conchology," says, " I suspect that the Limax anguiformis of Morelet (Moll. Port.) also belongs to the present genus, if, indeed, it is not the same species as ours." This simple notice suffices to settle the Geomalacus anguiformis, Morelet, whose specific diagnosis is anything but improved by the all but useless drawing of Morelet. Finally, Normand ascribes to his Arion intermedius an internal shell ; and thus we obtain a Geomalacus intermedius, Normand. It is to be regretted that the rubbish of synonymy is thus needlessly multiplied to an extraordinary degree by such ingenuity in creating new species and even new genera. — The Annals and Magazine of Nat. History, vol. xi, fourth series, page 271. London, 1813. Gr. MACULOSUS, Allman. PL 59, figs. 49, 50. Shield and upper portion of body black, elegantly spotted with yellow, often forming more or less interrupted stripes on the back ; margin of foot brown, with transverse sulci ; loco- GEOMALACUS. 245 • motive disk light yellow, divided into three nearly equal longi- tudinal bands. Length, 2 inches. West Ireland (introduced from Spain?), Spain. A rare molltisk, apparently of very local distribution. It can elongate itself so as to assume the appearance of a worm, and thus enter exceedingly small apertures. Var. ANTDREWSI, Mabille. Black or very dark brown, with white spots. Var. Allmani, Heynemann, is a synonym. Var. VERKRUZENI, Heynemann. The black coloring shading into gray, darker on the back, maculations white. G. ANGUIFORMTS, Morelet. PI. 58, fig. 44. Greenish brown, with a dark band on either side ; rugae thin, reticulated; mantle elongate, smooth, minutely black-dotted; head and tentacles bluish ; respiratory cavity anterior. Length, 2-5 inches. Portugal. A somewhat doubtful species. Although the figure and de- scription indicate different coloration, its identity with G. macu- losus has been surmised. Unfigured and Spurious 'Species. G. LUSITANICUS, Silva. Portugal. G. VENDETANUS, Letourneux (?= Arion, juv.). France. G. INTERMEDIUS, Normand (Arion flavus, Fer.) = Arion, juv. France. G. BOURGUIGNATI, Mabille (G. HIEMALIS, Baudon) = Arion, juv. France. G. PALADILHIANUS, and G. MOITESSIERIANUS, Mabille = Arion, juv. France. G. MABILLEI, Baudon. = Arion, juv. France. Subgenus LETOURNEUXIA, Bourg., 1866. The supposed absence of the mucous pore, one of the prin- cipal points of distinction from Geomalacus, is probably an erroneous observation made upon individuals contracted in alco- hol. Fischer and others have united this group with Geomalacus as a synonym. 246 ARIOLIMAX. G. NUMIPICUS, Bourg. PI. 58, figs. 45, 47. Nearly smooth, the rugtie barely perceptible; shield and back more or less blackish, sides yellowish with a black band; foot obscure, yellowish, with a more obscure median zone; mantle oblong, rounded at either extremity, minutely granular. Length, 60 mill. Northern Africa, Gibraltar. Genus ARIOLIMAX, Morch. 1860. A. COLUMBIANUS, Gould. PL 59, figs. 51, 52. Dark, dirty greenish yellow, sometimes clouded with large purplish black irregular blotches ; body large and corpulent, anterior portion elevated, back rounded, posteriorly strongly carinated, with a caudal mucous pore ; foot-margin ruffled, with transversely oblique markings ; surface longitudinally coarsely rugose. Length, 6 inches. Shell-plate oblong, large. Pacific Eegion of the United States. Abounds in dense damp forests near the coast. It is found every month of the year in Washington Territory, being even more abundant in the rainy winter than in warmer seasons ; its activity being checked only by extreme cold, while it cannot bear continued drought. It not unfrequently drops from trees, etc. Dr. Cooper remarks that when alive it is smooth, not rugose as described and figured. Prof. Wetherby has named, but not described a var. Hecoxi. • A. CALIFORNICUS, Cooper PI. 59, figs. 53, 54. Resembling A. Columbianus in form or color, but with the dorsal grooves much more numerous (26-36), often twice as many, and the connecting reticulations transverse. The dorsal grooves are colored like the rugae, but the grooves of the upper margin of the foot are colored brown, sometimes very pale, and the stripes wider at every fourth or fifth, like the grooves; longi- tudinal division of the sole very faintly perceptible. Shell-plate differing in form from A. Columbianus. Near San Francisco, and in the Sierra Nevada, Gal. The external difference from A. Golumbianus is very slight ; but the shell-plate and the genitalia give distinctive characters ; ABIOLTMAX. 247 nevertheless it may prove to be a variety only of that species. Dr. Cooper says that the young, just hatched, is pale }rellowish, with pellucid whitish spots, and when an inch-and-a-half long is colored like the adult, while the shell is perceptible through the thin shield. The eggs are laid from April to June ; " they have a shelly but tough envelope, and, after they are laid, the shell is often entirely wanting in the parent, having apparently been absorbed to form the egg-shells." A. NIGER, Cooper. PL 59, figs. 55, 56. Body long and narrow, blunt before, but little attenuated and bluntly truncated behind, but with the termination of the body not arched down to the tail as in Columbianus and Calif or nicus, but rather erect, giving the appearance of being cleft, and show- ing much more plainly the caudal gland ; mantle quite small, bluntly rounded before and behind ; color leaden below, blackish above. Length, 2-f> inches. California. Distinguished by smaller size, dark color and bluntly truncated posterior termination, which is decidedly cleft at the mucous pore. The genitalia also present distinguishing features from the preceding forms. A. HEMPHILLI, W. G. Binney. PL 59, fig. 57. From 25 to 31 mill, long, of a transparent flesh-color, much more slender than the other known species, with a much more pointed tail ; the mantle is also longer. Niles Station, Alameda Co., Gal. u These characters, even in specimens preserved in alcohol, readily distinguish the species. On dissecting the specimens, I also found distinguishing characters in the genitalia." -BINNEY. A. ANDERSONI, Cooper. PL 59, figs. 58-60. Shield strongly granular-rugose, the respiratory orifice nearly median on its right margin; tail acute, with small gland; reddish gray, the body somewhat clouded with black, the shield paler, clouded, or more usually with a dark band on each side above the respiratory orifice, converging in an elliptic form ; a pale dorsal streak; head uniform pale brown, tentacles darker; foot and often the mantle tinged with olive. Length, 2*5 inches. California. This species is said to have the appearance of the figure of 248 AE10LIMAX, HEMl'IIILLTA. Arion foliolatus, Gould, but is much smaller. It differs from Prophysaon in having a mucous pore, yet is otherwise so closely related in its general features to P. Nemphilli, that it is doubtful whether they will not need to be united. Dr. Cooper writes of Prophysaon : " The authors remark that they had only compared alcoholic specimens with my description and figure of Arion Andersoni. I have compared their description and figure with alcoholic specimens of my species, and find that the differences mentioned by them are caused chiefly by the contraction by the alcohol. The distinct locomotive disk, minute caudal pore and position of the generative orifice, all become changed as described by them. The jaw figured by them differs only in being immature, and in some of the ridges being consoli- dated, thus showing eight single and six double ones, making twenty, as given by me. This difference, with other possible distinctions in color in fresh specimens may be sufficient to separate their species. Mine is, however, of the same genus. '' According to this, Prophysaon would need to be united with Ariolimax; yet Mr. Binney (Terr. Moll., v. 235) maintains Proplrysaon, and whilst admitting that specimens received from Dr. Cooper as A. Andersoni, really belong to Prophysaon (but distinct from P. Hemphilli), he describes and figures an Ario- limax Andersoni, Cooper (fig. 58), which he says, if really generically different from Dr. Cooper's species, may take the name of A. Andersoni, W. G. Binney. Genus HEMPHILLTA, Bland and Binney, 1812. H. GLANDULOSA, Bl. and Binn. PI. 45, figs. 27, 28. Animal from 12 to 30 mill, long (preserved in alcohol); smoky white, mottled with longitudinal dark-brown blotches, running obliquely from the edge of the mantle to the foot, uniformly with the coarse granulations, of which there are about twenty- five on either side of the animal. Caudal process very large, triangular in profile, dnrk brown, with a few coarse granulations. Shell unguiform, slightty convex, light horn-color, very thin, its edges almost membranous, with prominent concentric lines of growth. Length 5 mill., width 3 mill., in an animal of 12 mill, length. Astoria, Oregon. CRYPTOSTRACON, PROPHYSAON, ANADENUS. 249 Genus CRYPTOSTRACON, W. G. Binney, 1879. C. GABBI, W. G. Binney. PI. 45, figs. 26,' 21, 22. Animal varying from black to shades of brown, and variously mottled with black or dark brown ; usually a little greenish over the shell, darkest posteriorly. Length, 3-25 inches. Internal shell rudimentary with concentric growth-lines ; very membranous; about two whorls are indicated. Length, 14 mill. Flanks of Pico Blanco, Costa Rica, elev. 5000 to 7000 feet. Genus PROPHYSAON, Bland and Binney, 1873. P. HEMPHILLI, Bland and Binney. PL 45, figs. 29, 30. Mantle granulated, whitish, with a circular ring of smoke- color above the respiratory orifice ; body obliquely reticulated with bluish lines, the reticulations larger (about twelve) below each side of the mantle, more numerous and smaller on the pos- terior extremity of the body ; these reticulations are subdivided by irregularly disposed, rounded tuberosities, with colorless interstices. Above the foot, from the longitudinal line running around the animal to the edge of the foot, are perpendicular lines or furrows, also bluish in color. The sole has crowded wrinkles running obliquely backwards from its centre to its margins. Length of an alcoholic specimen, 40 mill. The internal shell differs in thickness, but is always well- marked, sometimes suboval, sometimes subhexagonal, always longer than wide. Differs from Ariolimax in having no mucous pore, but on this subject see remarks under A. Andersoni, p. 247. The latter, as described by Dr. Cooper, may belong to this species, or is closely related to it. Genus ANADENUS, Heynemann, 1863. A. ALTIVAGUS, Theobald. PI. 59, figs. 62, 63. Shell slightly granular, back rugosely reticulated ; color greenish brown or yellowish brown ; head and tentacles blackish. Length, 6 to 9 inches. Shell internal, thin or flat, sometimes very thick. 20 mill, long, 12 mill. wide. Sikkim, Himalayas, 6000 to 9000 feet. It is A. giganteus, Heynemann. 250 ANADENUS. A. SCHLAGINTWEITI, Heynemaim. PL 59, fig. 61. Apparently externally very similar to A. altivagus but smaller, but differs slightly in dentition and shell. Color of animal fish- gray or blackish. Length (in spirits), 45 to 60 mill. Shell 11 mill, long, 7'5 mill broad ; massive, thick, flat. Himalayas, to an alt. of 13,420 feet ; probably living on fungi. " In the young animal the back part of the mantle has a black spot which runs in a point in front and encloses a small space, which is brighter than the rest of the mantle ; the sides of the mantle are black-spotted, and down the sides of the body runs a black stripe, which towards the back is sharply marked out, but towards the sole is shaded off; the top of the back is again some- what darker. A. JERDONI, Godwin-Austen. PI. 59, fig. 64. Animal large ; mantle apparently finely papillate in life ; foot above very coarsely wrinkled, rounded at extremity; a very narrow pedal margin ; respiratory orifice behind the middle of the right margin of the mantle ; the eye-tentacles appear to be very large at the base ; mantle, viewed from above, rather circu- lar in form ; sole with wide central area. Length (in alcohol), 4 inches. Kashmir. Unfigured Species. A. INSTGNTS, Godwin-Austen. Nepaul. A. BLANFORDI, Godwin-Austen. Darjiling. A. MODESTUS, Theobald. Cissutlej Mts. APPENDIX. 251 APPENDIX. ClILAMYDEPHORUS GlBBONST, W. G. Bhiney, p. 17. Heynemann has examined a second specimen, in alcohol, from Cape Colony, preserved in the British Museum. He states that the description of a mantle covering the entire body is erroneous, as there is properly no mantle. The original generic name is accordingly inappropriate, and is changed by him to Apera, Heynemann. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xii, 17, t. 2, f. 5-7. OLEACINA (VARICELLA) LEUCOZONIAS, Walch, p. 26. Does not occur at Martinique, but Jamaica. STREPTOSTYLA CATENATA, Pfeiffer. PI. 11, fig. 81. Somewhat solid, shining, irregularly striulate; yellowish horny, with a chestnut sutural band, and an interrupted one on the middle of the body-whorl. Length, 11 mill. Chiapa, Mexico. STREPTAXTS SUBORBICULA, Dohrn. PI. 13, figs. 35-37. This is H. orbirula of Pfeiffer and Kiister, but not of Orbigny, according to Dohrn. (See Manual, p. 65.) STREPTAXIS ORBICULA, Orb. PL 60, figs. 65-67. I add figures copied from the original illustrations. STREPTAXIS PLUSSENSIS, de Morgan. (Unfigured.) Malay Peninsula. STREPTAXIS GLOMUS, Albers. Liberia. This unfigured Helix has recently been referred by Dohrn to Streptaxis. GIBBUS (PASSAMAELLA) PASSAMAIANUS, Petit. This section and species are referred (probably correctly), to Buliminus by von Martens (Conch. Mittheil., 144). ENNEA CIRCUMCISA, Morelet. PL 60, fig. 68. Sinuously rimate, somewhat solid, obliquely costulate, suture strongly impressed, not denticulate; grayish horn-color; whorls 8J, the last attenuated at the base, and compressed around the umbilicus, and with a revolving sulcus on the last whorl parallel with the suture ; aperture with a parietal lamina, and a tooth on the middle of the outer lip. Length, 7 mill. Toumby, near Landana, Equinoctial Africa. 252 APPENDIX. ENNEA DOLIUM, Heude. This name is proposed for E. doliolum, Heude, non Morelet. The paper in which the species is described and figured has not yet come to hand. ENNEA FUCHSII, Gredler. (Unfigured). China. DIPLOMPHALUS SEBERTI, Marie. (Unfigured). Neiv Caledonia. Genus RHYTIDOPSIS, Ancey. This group has recently been proposed for such species as M. clielonitis, Cr. (p. Ill), and E. Prevostiana, Crosse (p. 123). Genus RHYTIDA, Albers, p. 117. R. INDUTA, Tate (Related to Lincolniensis}. (Unfigured.) So. Australia. R. SINCLATRI, Pfr., p. 121. Johnson (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1879) places in the synonymy of this species Helix bombgcina, Pfr. (PL f>0, fig. 69), and H. vexanda, and H. dubitans (unfigured). He states that the species is a variable one. Genus PARYPHANTA, Albers, p. 127. The following unfigured species, recently described by Hutton under the generic name Amphidoxa, are to be added. P. JACQUENETTA, P. PERDITA, P. CORNEA, Hutton. New Zealand. P. NOVAR^E, Pfeiffer. (Unfigured.) New Zealand. Subgenus CALTMNA, Hutton. Whorls ribbed. P. COSTULATA, P. LAViNiA, Hutton. New Zealand, EL^A PORTIA, Gray, PI. 60, figs. 70-72. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, closely, arcuately plicate- striate, with scattered somewhat rigid hairs ; corneous, strigate and maculate with reddish brown. Diam., 8 mill. New Zealand. Prof. Hutton writes (Trans. N. Z. Inst., 151, 1881), that there is a ribbed variety of E. igniflua, Reeve (p. 130. this work), which may be Portia, Gray ; if so, Gray's name will stand for both. APPENDIX. 253 Genus MABILLEA, Bourguignat, 1877. The work in which this Algerian genus and five species thereof are described is unfortunately not accessible to me. It is sup- posed to be closely related to Trigonochlamys (p. 135). Genus HELICARION, Fer. H. MINUTUS, Godwin-Austen, p. 182. H. CHRISTIANA, Theobald, p. 176. Godwin-Austen has recently. referred the above to the group Duro-ella — which will be described in the next volume of the O Manual. H. BOTTGERI, Hilber. PI. 60, figs. 73, 74. Narrowly umbilicated ; dirty white, under a yellowish-green epidermis ; body-whorl somewhat rugosety striate ; suture with a small bright yellowish band ; columellar callus very thin. Diam., 17 mill. China, alt. 3500 metres. Subgenus ZONITARION, Pfeffer, 1883. Jaw without middle tooth. H. semimembranaceus, Martens ; H. politissimuSj Beck ; H. crenularis, Beck, etc., are members of this group. Genus OTOCONCHA, Button. Shell external, of very few rapidly increasing whorls, all of which are open underneath. Animal limaciform, much too large to withdraw into the shell; mantle rather anterior, covering the shell ; no locomotive disk, nor mucous caudal gland. Jaw with distant ribs. This genus appears to be allied to Peltella from Brazil and the West Indies. 0. DIMIDIATA, Pfeiffer (p. 181), is the t}Tpe ; it is one of the group which I have indicated as approaching Parmarion, Genus OTESIA, H. and A. Adams, 1855. Shell heliciform, thin, subimperforate, lip simple. Animal similar to Helicarion. Mantle-lobe partly covering the shell. This group was placed by Pfeiffer under Nanina, as a section, but its affinities are so decidedly Vitrinoid that I venture to give it a position following Helicarion. Gray described it in 1 855 under the name of Yitrinella, already used by Adams for a group of Trochidae. Albers (von Martens) in 1860, called it Medyla. 254 APPENDIX. 0. VIRIDIS, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 60, figs. 77, 78. Shell greenish yellow, with a yellowish band. Diam. 18 mill. Celebes. 0. FLAMMULATA, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 60, figs. 79, 80. Perforate, pellucid, smooth, thin ; brownish with reddish-brown flames. Diam., 12 mill. Celebes. 0. TECTA, Souleyet. PL 60, figs. 75, 76. Heliciform, orbicularly convex, perforate, smooth, thin ; pellucid, yellowish green. Diam., 13 mill. Near Touranne, Cochin China. 0. SEPOSITA, Benson. (Unfigured.) Darjiling, India. LIMACIDrf] (p. 185). " Die nackten Landpulmonaten des Erdbodens," by Dr. F. Heynemann, is a very complete paper on the distribution of the snails, with critical remarks on the species. It is published in Jalirb. Deutsch. Mai. Gesell, xii, 1885, and conies to hand too late to permit me to incorporate its features with my text. Genus LIMAX, Linn. (p. 189). L. MAXIMUS, Linn. p. 189. Var. CARBONARIA, Bottger (PI. 60, fig. 81). Much smaller than the type ; blackish, the shield somewhat constricted across the fore-part, rugae more numerous than in var. atra. Greece. Var. SUBMACULATA, Bottger (PL 60, fig. 82). Much smaller than the type ; brown, maculated on the body, the shield uni- colored ; sole light brownish. Greece. Genus VEGA, Westerlund. The description is too imperfect to indicate its systematic position. Y. NORDENSKIOLDI, Westerlund (unfigured). Ceylon. Genus OTHELOSOMA, Gray. A problematical animal from the Gaboon region of W. Africa, said to resemble somewhat the Dunlopia or land leech of Ceylon. 0. SYMONDSII, Gray. (Unfigured.) W. Africa. INDEX AND SYNONYMY PAGE. Abax(Micromphalia), Marie. Jour, de Conch., 139, 420, 1870, 116 Abbreviata ( Ennea bicolor, var.), Martens. Ostas. Landscbn., 384. 1807, 105 Aberratus (Streptaxis), Souleyet. Petit in Revue Zool., 101, 1841. Voy. Bonite, ii, 505. . . 77 «/ Abrostolus (Limax). Bourg. Amenites. Malac., ii, 141, . 191 Abyssinica (Yitrina), Riippell. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . 158 Acicula (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 339, 1877, . 106 Acus (Volutaxis). Shuttl. Bern., Mittheil., 207, 1852, . 52 Adarasiana (Ennea), Pfr, Zool. Proc., 1856, . . .98 Adamsianus (Gibbus), Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 7, 1871, 87 ^Emulans (Yitrina), Mull. Adams. Genera, 120 (err. typ.). = Y. annularis, Studer. . . . . . . 145 JEquinoctialis (Limax), d'Orb. Yoy. Amer. Merid., 222, . 214 ^Erope, Albers. Die Heliceen, 1860, .... 112, 131 Affinis (Limax), Millet. Mem. soc. agr. Angers, v, p. 122, pi. ii, f. 1. — Amalia marginata, Drap. . . . .215 Africarion, Godwin-Austen. Shells of India, 1884, . 139, 183 Aggericola (Arion), Mabille Hist. Mai. Bass. Paris, p. 16, 1810, 240 Agnatha, Morch. Mai. Blatt., iv, 113, 1865, ... 6 Agrestis (Limax), Lindstrom. Gotlands Nutida Moll., 7, 1868. = L. pallidus, Schrenck, 208 Agrestis (Limax), Linnaeus. S}^st. Nat., i, 1082, . . 205 Agrestis (Limax), Lowe. Prim. Faun. Mader., p. 39 (non Linn.). = A. drymonius, Bour£. . . . . .219 Agrestis (Limax), pars, Morelet. Moll. Port., 34, 1845. Jour. . de Couch, 3 ser., xvii, 244. = Amalia atrata, Mabille, . 221 Agrestis (Limax), Terver (non Linn), Cat. Moll. terr. et fluv. nord 1'Afrique, p. 9. = L. nyctelius, Bourg. . . .210 Agriolimax, Malm, (ex Morch). Goteborgs Yet. Yitt. Samh. Handl., x, 69, 1870; Morch. Jour, de Conch., xiii, 378, 1865, 186, 205 Alabastrina (Oleacina), Albers. Malak. Blatt., i, 220, 1854, 33 Albajensis ( Yitrinoidea\ Semper. Reisen Philipp., 85, . 159 (255) 2 7 25G INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Albella (Helicarion\ Martens. Ostns. Zool., ii, 180, . .179 Albersi (Ennea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 295, 1854, ... 97 Albersi (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 295, 1854, . . 34 Albidus (Limax agrestis, var.), Pini. Moll. Esino, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 99, 206 Albidus (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Phil. Abbild., ii, 9, p. 7 ; ii, 13, p. 128, .70 Albina (Vitrina), Ziegler olim. = Y. diaphana, Drap. . 139 Albipes (P. lineatus, var.), Dumont et Mortill, Moll. Savoie, 13, 1857. = L. ater, Raz. . . . . . . 191 Albolineata (Achatina), Lam., 15, 132. = Oleacina leucozonias, Walch. . . . . .26 Albus (Limax), Linn. Syst., Nat. edit., xii, 1081. = A. rufus, Linn., var. ....... 234 Albus (Limax), Paasch. Arch. f. N. G., 1843, p. 85. = L. cinereo-niger, Wolf, . ... . . . .193 Alexandrina (Parmacella), Ehrenb. Symb. phys., i, 1831 ; Jickeli, Nov. Act. Acad. Dresd., xxxvii, 33, t. 4, f. 4, . 222 Algerica (Parmacella), Desli. MS. in Jay's Cat. Supp.,p. 471, 1852. = P. Deshayesi, Moq.-Tand 222 Algira (Oleacina), Bruguiere. Encyc. Meth., i, 364, . . 42 Allmani (Geomalacus maculosus, var.) Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., xxi, 3£, ......... 245 Alpestris (Limax marginatus, var.) Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 62, 1884, 204 Alpestris (Vitrina), Clessin. Mai. Bla'tt., 2 ser., iii, 185, 1881; Pollonera, Atti Accad. Torino, xix, 423. ==V. nivalis, Charp. . , . . . . . .140 Alpicola (Arion hortensis, var.) Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France. 14, 237 Alpinus (Limax), Fer. Hist. Moll., pi. 4 a, f. 5, 7, . . 213 Alpinus (Limax cinereus, var.) Held. Isis., 306, 1837, . 189 Altre-Ripre (Testacella), Gratel. Distr. Limac., 16, 1855. = T. Maugei, Fer 8 Altilis (Limax), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1877, p. 49. : L. marginatus, Mull. ....... 204 Altivagus (Anadenus), Theobald. Jonr. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 489, 1862, . .... 249 Alveus (Streptaxis), Bunker. Phil. Abbild., ii, 9, p. 6; Helix, t. 6, f. 14, . . . . . . . . . .69 Amalia, Moquin-Tandon. Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr., 19, 1855; Heynem., Mai. Blatt., viii, 154, .... 187, 214 Amaliae (Limax Dacampi, var.), Bettoni. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., iii, 166, 193 Amazonicus (Streptaxis), Kobelt. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 1 8 O 2 , . . . . . . . . . . .DO INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Ambigua (Cryptella), d'Orb. Moll. Canaries, p. 50, pi. i, f. 1-12. = Parcella calyculata, Sowb. .... 224 Ambigua (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 321, 1856, . 23 Ambio-uus (Testacella , Fer. Hist. Moll., 95, t. 8, f. 4, 1820. = Parmacella Olivieri, Cuv. ...... 222 Ambiguus (Testacellus), Fer. Tabl. Syst., 27. = Parmacella. Americana < Krynickia), Tate. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 154, t. 16, f. 1, 1869, . 212 Americana (Vitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc.. 156, 1852. = Y. limpida, Gld. . . . . . . . .144 Ammoniformis (Streptaxis), Orb. S}-nopsis, 5 ; Voy. 248, t. 26, f. 10-13 65 Ammonitoides (Helix . Reeve. Conch. Icon. Helix, f. 1246. = Diplomphalus omicron, Pfr. . . . . .115 Ammonoceras, Pfeitter. Versuch.. 122, 1855. = Subsection of Artemon, Pfr. . . . . .58 Ammonoceras (Streptaxis), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 54, 1854; Bland. Ann. N. Y. Lye., xi, 86, . . . . .65 Amo3na (Oleacina), Martens. Malak. Blatt., 12, 1865, . 39 Amoena (Vitrina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch.. 3 ser., xxiii, 397, 1883, 152 Ampullacea (Vitrina), Jan. Mant., i. . . . . .145 Anadenus, Heynemann. Mai. Blatt, x, 138, 1863, . 233, 249 Andamanicus (Streptaxis), Benson. Ann. Mag. X. Hist., 3d ser., vi, 192, 1860, 75 Andecolus (Limax •, d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., 222, . 214 Andt.'rsonii (Arion), Cooper. Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, 148, pi. 3, fig. F 1-5 ; Proc. Cal. Acad., vi, 24; W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 235. Andrewsii (Geomalacus), Mabille. Guerin's Mag., 57, 1867, 245 Angasi (Yitrina), H. Adams. Zool. Proc.. 15, 1868 ; Dohrn, Malak. Blatt., xxi, 78, 1873. — V. Welwitschii, Morelet, 151 Angelicas (Yitrina), Beck. Ind., i, ..... 143 Angiostoma (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 2, 25, 29 Anglica (Testacella), Gratel. Distr. Limac., 15. = T. haliotidea, var. scutulnm. . . . . .10 Angolensis (Yitrina), Morelet. Yoy. Welwitsch, 52, . . 153 Anguiformis (Limax), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 36, t. iii, 1 • J. • . • • • * • • • • • • ^, ~T ' ) Angulosa (Yitrina), Morelet. Moll. Terr. A9or., 151, . 150 Angustata (Oleacina), Yilla. Martens, Mai. Blatt., vi, 162. = 0. Algira, Brug. ........ 42 Annularis (Yitrina). Stnder. Yerz., ii, 145 Anodon (Gibbus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 100, 1855 ; Morelet, Jour, de Conch., 206, 1883, 85 17 258 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Anomala (Oleacina), Angas. Zool. Proc., 481, 1819, . . 33 Antillarum (Tcstacella), Gratel. Limac., 16. - Succinea. Antipodarum (Milax), Gray. Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus.,p. 177, 1 O O O • • • • • • • • • • • m &M\. Antiquorum (Limax), Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 4, f. 2, 3, 7, 8, 1819. = L. maxim us, Linn. ...... 189 Antiquorum (Limax), part, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 4, f. 1. : L. cinereo-nio-er, Wolf. o Antiquorum (Limax), Ledru. Voy. Teneriffe, i, 186, 1819. = L. canariensis, d'Orb. Antiquorum (Limax), Lowe. Prim. Faun. Mader., p. 39 (not FerA =-. L. abrostolus, Bourg. . . . .191 Antiquorum (Limax), Sowb. Genera Shells, No. 41. = L. flavus, Linn. Anthracius (Arion), Bourg. Moll. nouv. litig ou pen connus, ii, 175, 18(56. =: A. hortensis, Fer., var 237 Antoni (Gibbus), Pfr. Zeit. fiir Malak., 149, 1847. = G. Lyonetianus, Pallas, var. . . . . .81 Antoniana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Monog. Helic., ii, 285, . 26 Apera, Heynemann. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xii, 17, 1885, . 251 Aperta (Vitrina), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . . 181 Apertns (Streptaxis), Martens. Mai. Blatt., xv, 180, 101, 1 o u o , • . . . . * * . . . «t)O Aqnila (Helicarion), Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Sh., 109, . 172 Arayatensis (Mariaella), Semper. Philipp. Landmoll., 12, . 184 Arborum (Limax), Bouchard. Cat. Moll. Terr, de Calais, p. 28, 1838. = L. marginatus, Miill 204 Arcuata (Oleacina) Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 138, 1845, . . 31 Arenarius (Limax), Gassies. Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., xxvi, t. l,f. 1. = L. laavis, Miill 211 Arenicola (Gibbus), Morelet. Ser. Conch., ii, 80, 1860, . 84 Argentina (Streptaxis), Strobel. Malacost. Argent., 9, t. 1, ~L • -L • • • * • • • • • • • • Argentinus (Limax), Strobel. Mat. Malacol. Argent., pt. 3, t. l,f. a; pt. iv, 6, 1874. Boring, Roca's Exped. Rio Negro, Zool., 66, ... 208 Argillaceus (Limax), Gassies. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxii, p. 232, 1856. = Amalia carinata, Risso, . .215 Ariolimax, Morch. Mai. Blatt., vi, 110, I860, . .232,246 Arion, Ferussac. Hist. Moll., 50, 53, 1819. . . . 231, 233 Arionidae, . . . . . . . . . .231 Ariunculns, Lessona. Atti Accad. Torino, xvi, 193, 1881, . 239 Artemon (Beck, 1837), Pfeiffer. Versuch., 172, 1855. = Section of Streptaxis, . . . . . 57, 61 Arthur! (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona & Pollonera. Mein. Torino, 86, 1884, . ' 198 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 259 PAGE. Ascensionis (Limax), Lessona. Yov. Coquille,ii, 303, t. 16, f. 4, 210 Aspidelus, Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 395, 1883, . 137, 107 Aspidoporus, Fitz. Yerz., 90, 1833. Heynemann, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xi, 3, 1884. = Amalia (malformation), . 187 Assimilans (Helix), Cox. Zool. Proc., 1864,595; Monog. Austr. Land Shells, 26. = Rhytida bullacea, Pfr. . .124 Assimilis (Oleacina), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Achatina, 67, . 24 Astur (Micromphalia), Souverb. Jour, de Conch., 205, 315, 1860, ........... 117 Ataranensis (Helicarion ., Theobald. Jour. Asiat. Soc., 401, Io70, . . • . . . . . . . . 179 Ater ( Aripn), Linn. Gmelin, S. N., i, 3099. = A. rufus, Linn., var. ....... 234 Ater (Limax), Razoumowsky. H. N. Jorat., i, 266, . . 191 Aterrimus i Arion), Graj". Cat. Brit. M us., vol. 28, p. 55 (Pulmonates), 1855, ........ 241 Aterrimus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 87, 1884, . 198 Atlantica i Daudebardia) , Bourg. Rev. Mag. Zool., 15, t. 17, f. 9-12. 1870, 15 Atlantica (Plutonia), Morelet and Drouet. Hist. Nat. des Acores, 139; Jour, de Conch., 70. 1861 ; Furtado, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 5th ser., vii, 250, 1881, . . . .161 Atra (L. psarus, var.). Villa. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., 83, 1871. — L. ater, Raz. ......... 191 Atramentaria (Paryphanta), Shuttleworth. Bern., Mittheil., 194, 1852, . 127 Atrata (Amalia), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 144, 1868, 221 Atratus (Limax Dacampi, var.), Bettoni. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., iii, 165, ......... 194 Atripunctatus (Arion cinctus, var.), Dumont et Mortillet. Moll. Savoie, 8, 1857. = A. fuscus, Miill., var. . . 235 Attenuata (Oleacina), Pfeifier. Zool. Proc.. 259, 1851, . 22 Audebardi (Oleacina), Deshayes. Fer. Hist., ii, 183, . . 41 Audebardi ( Vitrina), Fer. Prodr., 6; Hist., t. 9, f. 5. = Y. major, Fer. ........ 144 Aurantiaca (Oleacina), Angas. Zool. Proc., 481, 1879, • 31 Aurantiacus . Arion Mortilleti, var.). Lessona. Atti Accad. Torino, 194, 1881, 239 Aurata (Glandina), Strebel (not Morelet). Mex. Land Conch., 37, t. 12, f. 36. = O. distinguenda, Tryon. Aurata (Oleacina), Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 12, . . 36 Auratus (Limax agrestis, var.), Lessona. Moll. Piem., 22, 206 Auratus (Tebennophorus), Tate. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 153, loTU, ........... 260 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. A urea (Vitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 122, 1854, . . .159 Aureus (Arion hortensis, var.), Lessona. Moll. Piem., 10, 1 8 8 0 , . . . . . . . . . . .237 Aureus (Limax\ Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, i, vi, p. 3102. = L. tenellus, Nilsson, ....... 209 Auriculaeea (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 320, 1856, . 49 Auriculata ( Parmacella), Mousson. Rev. Fauna Mai. Cana- ries, p. 9. =: P. calyculata, var., Wollaston, Test. Atlan- tica, p. 312, ......... 224 Auriculata (Streptostele). Morelet. Jour, de Conch, 224, lool) ........... J 09 Auriforrnis (Helicarion), Blanford. Contrib. Ind. Malacol. vi, 6, 1866. : H. Peguensis, Theobald, . . . .180 Austenia, Nevill. Hand List, 16, 1878; Godwin-Austen, Zool. Proc., 294, 1880; L. and F. W. Moll. India, pt. iv, 148, 1883, ........ ~ 138, 179 Austenianus (Arion), Nevill. Proc. Zool. Soc., 108, 1880, 240 Austenianus (Helicarion), Nevill. Moll. 2d Yarkand Exp., Ul *7^ 5 • • • • • * • • • » • J. | cJ Australasia (Helicolimax), Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat., xxxii, 255. = Vitrina Freycineti, Fer. Australis (Helicarion), Reeve. Conch, Icon. Vitrina, sp. 70, 181 Australis ' Philomycus), Bergh. Verh. Zool. Bot. Soc., xx, 863, 1870. Heynemann,Nachrichtsbl. Mai. Gesell., iii, 1, 230 Australis (Rhytida), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 139, Australis (Vitrina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 70, . . 167 Baccata (Helicarion), Hutton. Jour. Asiat. Soc., 650, 1849, 179 Bacillus (Gibbus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 35, 1856 ; Novit. Conch., i, 74, ......... 90 Baeticus (Limax), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 145, 1868. = L. flavus, Linn. ........ 200 Baezensis (Helix), Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch., 411, 1869. = Streptaxis Cuzcana, Phil. ...... 64 Baladensis (Micromphalia), Souv. Jour, de Conch., 276, 1863, ........... 116 Balfouri (Ennea), Godwin-Austen. Zool. Proc., 809, 1881, 103 Bar clay ana (Helix), Reeve, Icon., f. 188. = Gibbus pagoda, Fer., juvenile, . . . . .82 Barclay! (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 13, 1868 ; Martens' Mauritius, 202, ....... 88 Barypus (Milax), Bourg. Moll. Nouv. ou pen connus, ii, P. l-IISj . . . . . . . . . , a\.O Basommatophora, ........ 6 Batalhana (Ennea), Pfr. Malak. Blatt., 71, 1871, . . 95 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 261 PAGE. Baudonia, Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 131, 1868, . 231, 238 Baudoni (Yitrina), Delaunay. Jour, de Conch., 363, 1877, 143 Bavayi (Diplomphalus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xvi, 149, 1868, ........... 114 Bayani (Geomalacus), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i*, 94, pi. iv, f. 16, 20. — A. Dupuyanus, Bourg. Lessoua and Pollonera, . . 237 Bazini (Rhytida), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 105, 180, 1874, 121 Beccarii ( Parmarion), Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova, vi, 386, 1874, ........... 166 Beccarii (Testacella), Issel. Bull. Mai. Ital., i, 70, t. 6, f. 1-4, 1868, . . ........ 11 Beckianus (Helicarion , Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . . 173 Beddomei (Ennea), Blanford. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,210, Beddomei (Rhytida), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1, Jo, . . . . . . . . . . . Bedriagse (Amalia gagates, var.), Lessona and Pollonera, Mem. Torino, xxxv, 105, 1884, ..... 218 Behnii (Yitrina), Lowe. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., ix, 112. = Y. Ruivensis, Couth. ...... 148 Bella (Elisa), Heynemann. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, 48, 1883, 164 Bellardii (Yitrina pellucida, var.), Pollonera. Atti Accad. Torino, xix, 428, 1884, ....... 142 Bellula (Oleacina), Crosse and Fisher. Jour, de Conch., 425, 1869, ........... 23 Bengalensis ( Limax), Theobald, MSS. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 369, 1864, .......... 214 Benoiti (Amalia gagates, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, xxxv, 105, 1884, ...... 218 Bensoni (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . . . 182 Beraudi (Rhytida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 68, 1858, . 117 Berendti (Limax), Strebel. Mexik. Conch., pt. 4, 22, t. 9, f. 10, 12. t. 10, f. 4, 1880, ....... 203 Berendti (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Mai. Blatt., xiii, 85, 1866. i= 0. ainbigua, Pfr. ........ 23 Berendti (Pseudosubulina), Pfeiffer. Malak. BL, ix, 98, lob^, ...... ..... 00 Berendti (Strebelia), Pfr. Mai. Blatt., viii, 71, t. 1, f. 1-4, lobl. '........... "2 '2 Berendti (Yolutaxis\ Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., ix, 97, 1862, 51 Bergensis (Limax gyratus, var.),Westerlund. Nachrichtsbl., xv, 167, 1883, ......... 213 Beryllina (Yitrina), C. Pfr., i, 47 ; Hi, 55. = Y. pellucida, Miill. . . . . . . .142 Berytensis (Daudebardia), Gratel. = D. Saulcyi, Bourg. 16 262 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'AGE. Berytensis (Limax), Bourg. Test. Novissima, p. 10, . .213 Bettonii (Limax), Sordelli. Atti Soc. Ital., xiii, 12. = L. margin at us, MiilL, var. ...... 204 Bicarinatus (Helicarion), Semper. Philipp. Land Moll. ,29, 174 Bicolor ( Arion), Broeck. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg., v, 61, pi. ii, f, 66. = A. rufus, Linn., var. ..... 235 Bicolor (Ennea), Hutton. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., iii, 86, 60, 104 Bicolor (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . . 174 Bicolor (Limax), Selenka. Mai. Blatt.,xii, 105, 173 ; xvi,50. = L. flavus, Linn. . . . . . . . .201 Bicolor (Pseuclomilax), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, 175, t. 7, f. 4, 1881, . 161 Bicolor (Vitrina), Westerlund. GEfv. Ak. Forh., 51, 1881. 145 Biconcava (Elsea), Pfr. Zool. Proc, 149, 1852, . . '. 130 Biconcava (Helix), Gassies,MS. Jour, de Conch., vii, 68, 1858. = Diplomphalus Montrouzieri, Souv. Biconica (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 378, 1856, . . 50 Bicristata (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 330, 1873, . 116 Bidens (Streptaxis), Mollendorff. Nachrichtsb., 67, 1883, 76 Bielzii (Daudebardia), Parreyss. = D. Transsilvanica, Bielz. 16 Bielzii (Limax), Seibert. Mai. Blatt., xxi, 195, 1873, . 213 Bilineatum (Meghimatium), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. H., ix, 486,1842, .229 Bilobatus (Limax), Fer. Tab. Syst., 22, 96 e, pi. v, f. 10. = L. agrestis, Linn. Bilobatus (Limax), J. Ray. Moll. Champ, merid., 16, 1851. = L. cinereo-niger, Wolf. Binneyana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 117, 1855, . 42 Bimieyana (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 29, 1869, ........ 47 Biplicata (Oleacina), Weinl. and Martens. Malak. Blatt., vi, 57,1859, 29 Birmanicus (Helicarion i, Phil. Zeit. Mai., 65, 1847, . . 177 Birmanicus (Streptaxis), Hanley and Theob. Conch. Ind., t. 8, f. 10. = S. Burmanicus, Blanf. Bislingensis (Helicarion), Semper. =Zonites, Manual, vol. ii. Bisulcata (Testacella), var. major. Gass. et Fischer, Monog., 46, t. 2, f. 5 D. -. T. Fischeriana, Bourg. ... 9 Bisulcata (Testacella), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 58, 1826, 9 Bivonse (Limax unicolor, var.). Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 72, 1884, 191 Blanci ( Yitrina major, var.) Pollonera. Atti Accad. Torino, xix, 427, 1884. = V. major, Fer 144 Bland i(Ravenia), Crosse. Jour.de Conch. ,69, 1873; 66,1874, 52 Blandi (Volutaxis), Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Mexico, . 52 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 263 PAGE. Blandiana (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 5, 83, . 31 Blandiana (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 31, 1869, . 47 Blandingiana (Helix), Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. vii,459, t. 12, f. 9. =: Streptaxis nobilis, Gray, . . . .67 Blanfordi (Anadenus), Godw.-Aust. Moll. India, 53, 1882, 250 Blanfordiana(Ennea), Godwin- Austen. Zool. Proc.,515, 1872, 10(> Blanfordianus (Streptaxis), Theobald. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xxiv, 245, 1865, ........ 75 Blauneri (Yitrina), Shuttleworth. Diagn. n. Moll., 4, . 149 Bocagei (Limax), Silva. J. Sc. Lisbon, iv, 244, 1873, . 213 Boltenia, Pfeiffer. Xomenc., 7, 1878. = Oleacina, Sect., 19, 22 Bombax (Streptaxis), Benson. Ann. Mag. X. Hist, 3d ser., iii, 186, 1859; Stoliczka, Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xl, 167, 1871, 66 Bombycina (Rhytida), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 1854, 54, . 252 Bonellii (Limax Corsicus, var.) Lessona. Moll. Piem., 1 7, 1880, 1 98 Bonellii (Vitrina), Targioni-Tozzetti. Atti Soc. Ital., xv, fasc. 5, t. 16, f. 6 a, . . . . . . . 145 Bonensis (Oleacina), Albers. Helic., ii, 27. = 0. Algira, Brug. ........ 42 Bonjongoensis (Streptostele t, Tryon, ..... 110 Borbonica (Yitrina), Morelet. Ser. Conch., ii, 48, 1860, . 157 Borealis (Streptaxis), Heude. Moll. Fleuve Bleue, 79, 1882 ; MollendorlT, in Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 274, 1883, ... 73 Borueensis (Helicarion), Ptr. Zool. Proc., 324, 1856, . 178 Bosniaca (Vitrina brevis, var,), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xii, 54, 1885, . . 141 Better iana (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 190, 1869, 44 Bottgeri (Arion fuscus, var.) Pollonera. Abhandl. Nat. Yereine Bremen, ix, 59, 1884, ...... 235 Bottgeri (Daudebardia), Clessin. Mai. Blatt., N. S., vi, 38, t. 1. . I. .'. 10, ......... 14: Bottgeri (Helicarion), Hilber. Sitzb. Wien, 1355, t. 4, f. 4, 1884, ........... Zoo Boucardi (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 27, 1859, . . 29 Boucardi (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 24, 1861, . . 46 Boncourti (Streptost3^a), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch , 34, 1869 46 Bounobcena (Streptaxis), Orb. Synopsis, p. 7, . . .64 Bourguignati (Arion), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 138, 1868. = A. Dnpuyanus, Bourg. Bourguignati (Geomalacus), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., t. xix, p. 58, 1867. = Arion, juv. ..... 245 Bourguignati (Gibbus), Deshayes. Moll. Reunion, 90, 1863, 89 264 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAG 1C. Bourguignati (Krynickillus), Mabillc. Hist. Mai. bass. Paris, p. 48, 1870, . .... 214 Bourguignati (Sansania), Stefani. Atti Soc. Toscana, Pisa, v, 43, 1881. Fossil, . 187 Bourguignati (Testacella), Massot. Ann. cle Malac., i, 150, t. 5, f. 7-12, 1870, 9 Boydii (Helix), Angas. Zool. Proc., 626, 1869. Rhytida Yillandrei, Gassies, . . . .119 Boyeriana (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 32, 1869, 48 Branchiopneusta, Ihering, ....... 6 Brandti (Amalia), Martens-. Bull. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb^., Bd. 26, 1880, p. 143; Bottger, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, 178, 1881, . . . 221 Brazieri (Helicarion), Cox. Zool. Proc., 151, 1873, . .171 Brasiliensis (Limax), Semper. Reisen Philippine!!, iii, 84, 214 Breckworthianus (Limacus). Lehmann. Mai. Blatter, xi, 145 ; Mai. Blatt., xii, 173 ; xvi, 50. = L. flavus, Linn. . 200 Brevicula (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 191, 1882, . 103 Brevipes (Daudebardia), Drap. Hist.. 119, t. 8, f. 30-33, . 15 Brevis (Gibbus), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 439, 1867, . 90 Brevis (Vitrina), Fer. Proclr. No. 2 ; Hist., t. 9, f. 2, . . 141 Brevispira (Vitrina), Morelet. Moll. Terr. A9or., 148, . 148 Brondeli (Testacella), Bourg. Rev. Mag. Zool., 521, 1861, 10 Brondelianus (Limax), Bourg. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861, Spicil. Mai , 37, . . . . . -211 Bruguierea (Oleacina), Fer. Prodr., 359, . . . .42 Bruguiereus (Polyphemus), Bowd. Elem., t. 12, f 11. = Oleacina Dominicensis, Gmel. . , . . .26 Brumalis (Vitrina), Morelet. Moll. Terr. Ayor., 146, . . 148 Brimneus (Arion), Lehm. Mai. BL, ix, 1862, p. 165, t. 3, f. 2, 236 Brunneus (Limax), Drap. Tabl. Moll., p. 104, 1801. = L. Isevis, Mull. 186,211 Brunneus (Limax), Lessona. Moll. Piem., 23, 1880. = L. lacustris, Bonelli. Brunneus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 85, 1884, 197 Brunneus (Parmarion), Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 5, 1875; Zool. Proc., t. 27, f. 1, 1880, 165 Bruniana (Rhvtida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., xx, 365, 1872; xxi, 337, 1873, .... . 119 Buchholzi (Ennea), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 265, 1876. = Streptostele Bonjonguensis, Tryon. Buchholzi (Streptostele), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 262, 1876, . .... 108 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 265 PAOE. Bnchholzi (Urocyclus), Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, 269, 1 0 I O , • . . • . • . • . . .loo Buclapestensis (Amalia), Hazay. Malak. Bl., N. S., iii, p. 37, t. 1, f. 12, 1881. = A. gracilis, Leydio-, .... 216 Bulbulus (Streptaxis), Morelet. Rev. Mag. Zool., xiv, 477, 1862, . 56, 58, 80 Bullacea (Rhytida), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 53, 1854, . . .124 Bullacea (Streptostyla), Pfr. Malak. Blatt, 84, 1866, . . 50 Bullata (Oleacina), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 64, . . .32 Burdigalensis (Testacella), Gassies. Grat.,Distr. Limax, 15, 1855. = T. Maugei, Fer 8 Burmanicus i Streptaxis), Blanford. Contrib. Ind. Malac., v, 17, 1865, 75 Burti, (Helicarion), Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xlv, 314, 1876, .... 165 Busbyi (Paryphanta), Gra}T. Ann. Nat. Hist., vi, 317, . 127 Cabritii (Diplomphalus), Gassies. Fauna Xouv. Caled., i, 21 , 113 Cserulans (Heynemannia), Bielz. Verb. Hermannstadt, ii, 14, 1851, 109 Cserulans (Limax Dacampi, var.), Strobel. Essai, ii, 1857, 193 Cafseicola (Ennea), Craven. Zool. Proc., 10, 1880; Crosse, Jour, cle Concb., 192, 1881. : E. bicolor, Hutton, . . 105 Caffra (Aerope), Fe'r. Prodr., 3 ; Hist., t. 9 A, f. 8, . . 131 Caillaudi (Vitrina), Morelet. Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, iii, 188, 1872, 154 Calameli (Ennea), Jousseaume. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 12, 1871, 95 Calderinii (Limax Dacampi, var.), Lessona. Moll. viv. Piem., 22, 1880, 194 Caldwelli (Pupa , Morelet. Jour, cle Conch., 439, 1867. = Ennea modesta, H. Adams, ...... 92 Caledonica (Micrompbalia), Crosse. Jour, cle Concb., 92, 1868, . . . . . . . . . . .116 Calend3'mus (Limax), Bourg. Amenites Mai., ii, 142, . 202 Californicus ( Ariolirnax), Cooper. Proc. Phila. Acad., 146, t. 3, f. D 1, 2, 3, 1872, . . .... 246 Callichrous (Limax), Bourg. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861, p. 21. =: L. Corsicus, Moquin-Taudon, .... 198 Callicbrous (Limax), Lessona. Moll. Piem., 18, 1880. = L. Perosinii, L. and P. Callifer (Gibbus), Morelet. Ser. Concb., ii, 90, 1860, . 89 Callosa ( Parmacella i, Mousson. Rev, Fauna Mai. Canaries, p. 10; Crosse, Jour, de Concb., 339, 1872; Woilaston, Test. Atl., 313, 224 Callosa (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 226, 1881, .100 266 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Calophana (Daudebardia), Westerlund. Ofversigt Akad. Forh., 50, 1881, . 16 Calyculata (Parmacella), SowK Genera of Shells, f. 103, 1 o -j O , . . . . . . . . . . • aao Calymna, Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xvi, 109, . . 252 Camerani (Ariunculus), Lessona. Accad. Torino, xvi, 195, 1881, . 240 Camerani (Limax cinereo-niger, var.), Lessona and PolloDera. Accad. Torino, 1W81, . . . . . . . .192 Campestris ( Arion ), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. ZooL, 135, 1 868. = A. rufus, Linn., var. ....... 235 Campestris (Limax), Binney. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1841, ]_)• O 1 • « • * • • • • • • • » ml\Jt/ Campestris (Limax), Krauss (error for Capensis, Krauss). = L. Kraussii, H. and A. Ad. Genera, 219, . . . 214 Campestris (Meghimatimn , Godwin-Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlv, pt. 2, p. 315, pi. viii, f. 3, . . . . 229 Canarica (Ennea), Beddome. Blantbrd, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal. 210, 1880 107 Canaricus (Streptaxis), Beddome. Blanford, Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xxxviii, 142, ........ 78 Canariensis (Cryptella),d'0rb. Webb and Berthelot, Ann Sc. Nat., 1833, xxviii. =: Parmacella calyculata, Sowb. 224 Canariensis (Limax), Orb. Webb and Berth., Hist. Canar., 47, 1839, 202 Canariensis (Testacella), Gratel. Distr. Limac , 16, 1855. = T. Maugei, Fer 8 Canariensis (Vitrina), Monsson. Rev. Faune Malac. Canar., i — . . . . . . . . . • • .14,) Candeanus (Streptaxis), Petit. Rev. Zool., 177, 1842, . 70 Candeloti (Rhytida), Crosse and Marie. Jour, de Conch., 148, 1868 122 Candida (Oleacina), Shuttl. Bern., Mittheil., 202, 1852, . 42 Candidas (Limax unicolor, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 72, 1884, 191 Candidus (Streptaxis), Spix. Test. Bras., t. 17, f. 3-5, 55, 61 Canigonensis (Testacella), Gratel. Distr. Limac., 15. = T. Companyonii, Dupuy, ...... 8 Capensis (Limax), Krauss. Sudafr. Moll., 73, 1848, . . 214 Caperatus ( Helicarion), Gould. Bost. Proc., 181, 1846, . 171 Capillacea (Rhytida), Fer. Prodr., 206; Hist., t. 82, f. 5, . 125 Capitata (Ennea), Gould. Bost. Proc., i, 158, 1843, . . 96 Carbonaria (Limax maxhnus, Linn., var.), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xii, 158, 254 Carinata (Amalia), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 56, 1826, . . 215 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 267 PAGE. Carinatus (Lirnax), Leach. Syn. Moll., 54, t. 8, f. 3, 1820. = Amalia carinata, Risso, ...... 215 Carinatus (Milax), d'Orb. Webb and Berth., Canar. Moll., 47, t. 3, f. 4-8. = Ainalia polyptyelus, Bouro-. Amenites Mai., ii, 143, . 219 Carinella, Mabille. Hist. Mai. Bass. Paris. 3, 1870. = Arion, Section, 231, 236 Carnrinensis (Oleacina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 42, 1852, 40 Carnea (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc., 157, 1852, . 41 Carniolica (Vitrina), Bottger. . Nachr. Mai. Gesell., 184, 18o4, ........... 140 Caroliniensis (Tebennophorus), Lam. Bosc.Vers.de Button de Deterville, i, 80, t. 3, f. 1, 227 Casertana (Amalia carinata, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 102, 1884 215 Cassida (Helicarion), Button. Jour. Asiat. Soc., vii, 214, . 175 Castaneus (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 56, 1852, . . 169 Castaneus (Limax), Ingersoll. Ann. Rep. \J. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 394, 1876. T. montanus, vnr 210 Catenata (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 378, 1856, . 50,251 Cavicola (Streptaxis), Gredler. JahrK Mai. Gesell., 19, 1881, 81 Cavidens (Ennea), von Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 267, 1876, 97 Cele.bensis , Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 325, 1856, . . 178 Cellarius (Limax), Argenville. Conchyl., t. 28, f. 31, 1757. = L. maxim us, Linn. . . . , . . .189 Ceratodes (Helicarion). Semper. = Zonites, Manual, vol. ii. Cerea (Ennea), Bunker. Zeit. Mai., 177, 1848, ... 90 Cerealis (Biplomphalus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch. ,xvi, 151. 1868, 114 Cereus (Limax), Held. Landmoll. Bayern., 1849. ? =: L. tenellus, Nilss. ....... 209 Ceylanica (Ennea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 9, 1855. = E tricolor, Button. ....... 105. Ceylanicus (Helicarion), Beck. Index, t. 1, f. 3. . .177 Chalcophila (Streptaxis), Orb. Synops. 6, Voy. 251, t. 27, 1 • c$— A i , . . « « . . . . . .DO Chaperi (Aspidelus), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 395, 1883, 167 Chaperi i Ennea), Jousseaume. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 14, 1871, 95 Charopia (Baudebardia), Letourneux. Aim. Malac., i, 292, loiU,. . . . * • . . . * . J.O Charpentieri (Vitrina), Stabile. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 419, 1859. ; Y. nivalis, Charp 140 Chelonitis (Micromphalia), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 157, 1868, 117, 252 268 ' INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Chersomitra, Albers. Helic., ed. ii, 33, 18GO. - Streptostyla, Sect. . . . . . . 20, 44 Chiapensis (Pseudosubulina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc.,379, 1850, 50 Chilensis ( Limax \ Gav. Hist. Chile, viii, Zool., 89, 1854, . 214 Cliiron (Elaea), Gray. Zool. Proc., 166, 1849, . . .129 Chlamydephorus, Binney. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v, 331, 1879. ; Apera, Heynemann, . . . . . 7, 17 Chloris (Gibbus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 139, 1873; 226, 1 o I i , . . . • . . . . . . . ot) Christiana (Helicarion), Theob. Jour. Asiat. Soc., 245, 1864, 176, 253 Chromolimax, Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 87, 1876. : Limax, Linn. . . . . . . . .185 Cibiniensis (Amalia), Kimak. (in sched.). Yerh. Nat. Her- mannst., xxxiv, 103. = A. gracilis, Leydig. . . . 216 Cinctus (Arion), Dumont et Mort. Moll. Savoie, 7, 1857. = A. subfuscus, Drap. ....... 235 Cinctus (Limax), Heynem. (non Miill.). Mai. Blatt., iv, 8 ; viii, 101. = L. tenellus, Nilss. Cinereo-inimaculatus (Limax), Olafs., 1, p. 612. Mo'rch, Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 44, 1868, 213 Cinereo-nebulosus ( Arion i, var. of ater. Jensen, N. Mag. Naturv., 1872, 175, .234 Cinereo-nebulosus ( Limax cinereo-niger, var.) Malm. Gote- borgs Handl., x, 57, 1868, 193 Cinereo-niger (Limax), Bielz, Fauna, 29. = Heynemannia ccerulans, Bielz, . . . . .199 Cinereo-niger, Wolf. Sturm, Deutschl. Fauna, 1805, . .192 Cinereo-niger (Limax, var. j3>, Stabile. Moll. Piem., 22. = L. ater, Raz.,var. dubius. Cinereus (Helicarion), Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xlv., 314, 1876, 165 Cinereus (Limax), Forbes. Ann. Hist. Mag. Zool. Bot. and Geol., 1838, p 251. = L. Deshayesi, Bourg. Cinereus ( Limax >. Ledru. Voy. Teneriffe, i, 186, 1810. •/ = Amalia polyptyelus, Bourg. . . . . .219 Cinereus (Limax >, part, Miiller. Hist. Yerm., ii, 1874. = L. cinereo-niger, Wolf. Cinereus (Limax), Muller; Yerm. Hist., pt. 2, p. 5, No. 202, 1774. =: L. maximus, Linn. Cingalensis (Streptaxis), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. Hist.. 2d ser., xii, 91, . . . . . . . . .78 Cingulata (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 31, 1869, 45 Cinnamomea-fusca (0. plicatula, var.) Crosse and Fischer. ., jo, . . . • . • . • . . o i INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 269 PAGE. Circumcisa (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 29, 1885, . 251 Circumplexa (Helix), Fer. Hist., 19, t. 84, f. 5, 6. = Streptaxis vitrina, Wagner. ...... 64 Circumscriptus (Limax), Johnston. Eclinb. Phil. Journ., 1828, v, 77. == Arion hortensis, Fer 237 Citrina (Rhytida), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 139, 1882, 126 Citrinus (Arion), Westerlund. Faun. Suec., 70, 1873, . 241 Citrinus i Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 87, 1884 198 Claravallensis (Limax), Drouet. Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr., ii, 29, 1855. = L. cinereo-niger, Wolf. Clausa (Streptaxis Dunkeri, var.), Lobbecke. Nachrichtsb. Mai. Gesell., 50, 1881. =: S. Dunkeri, var. Funcki, . 68 Clavulata (Ennea), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., 107. . 91 Clavulus (Gibbus , H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 16, 1868; Nevill, Hand List, 10; Martens' Mauritius, 303, . . . .89 Cleriei (Oleacimi). Weinland. Mai. Blatt., xxiii, 170, t. 2, f. 5, 6, 1876, 25 Clypeidella, Yal. MS. Brit. Mus. Gray, Pulm., 62, 1855. = Mariaella, Gray. Clytropelta, Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., xiv, 191, 1867, 186, 210 Oobanensis (Limax), Crosse & Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1872, p. 59, .... ... 214 Cobanensis Streptostyla), Tristram. Zool. Proc., 231, 1861, 50 Cobresia. Hiibner. Monog., v, Testaceen, 1810. = Vitrina, Drap. Cocciformis (Parmula), Von Heyden. Isis, 1823, p. 1247. = Larva Microdon mutabilis, Linn. (Diptera). Cochlicopa Fer. Prodr., 24, 50, 1819. = Oleacina, . . 19 Cochinchinensis ( Helicarion), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 62, 1866 177 Coffreana (Helix), Moricand. Mem. Genev., ix, 44, 1841. = Streptaxis Wagneri, Pfr. ...... 62 Cognata (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landsh., ii, 12, 1875, . 38 Coguiensis (Rbyticla), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 09, 148, 1872, 118 Collinus (Limax), Normand. Desc. Lim., p. 8, 1852, . . 213 Coloratus (Limax), Broeck. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg., 5, p. 53, 1870. =: L. marginatus, Miill 204 Colubrinus (Lima^: flavus, var.), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 97 . • 201 Columbianus (Limax), Gould. Wilkes' Expl. Exped. Mol- lusca, p. 3, 1852; Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 43, 1851, 232, 246 Columellaris (Ennea), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 266,1876, 94 Comboides (Streptaxis), Orb. Guerin's Mag., 61, Voy. 233, 73 270 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Comorensis (Ennea), Martens. Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., iii, 252, 1876, 99 Comorensis (Urocylus), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 262, 1882, 163 Comorensis (Yitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 325, 1856, . . 158 Compniiyoi (Limax), Bourg. Moll. Nouv. Litig., i, 26, t. vii, f. 9, 10. : L. flavus, Linn. ..... 200 Companyonii (Testacella), Dupuy. Moll. France, 47, t. 1, J.*O«-l>O^ri*« • • • • • • • • . O Complicata (Ennea), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 266, 1876, . 94 Compressa (Oleacina), Mousson. Coq. Schliifli's, i, 1859. = O. Algira, var. ........ 42 Compressivolnta (Helix), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Helix, f. 791. = Paryphanta omega, Pfr. . . . . . .128 Compressus (Streptaxis), B Ian ford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlix, 201, 1880, 80 Concamerata (Helix), Wood. Suppl. Ind. Test., 40, t. 7, f. 21. - Gibbus pagoda, Fer. ...... 82 Concava (Liinacella), Brard. Coq. Paris, 121, 1815. = A. hortensis, Fer. ........ 237 Concinnus (Streptaxis), Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlix, 203, 1880, 79 Concolor (Limax), Pini. Moll. Terrest. di Esino, p. 18; Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,ii, 82, 1876. = L. unicolor, Heyn.,var. 191 Conemenosi (Limax), Bottger. Nachrb. Mai. Gesell., xiv, 100, 1882, 200 Conferta (Oleacina), Pfeitfer. Proc. Zool. Soc., 26, 1861, . 34 Confertecostatus (Yolutaxis), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., v 122 51 \ • i *— w • •*••••••••• Confertestriatus (Volutaxis), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., v. Confusa (Rhytida), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1 12, 1855, . . 125 Conica (Ennea), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 264, 1876; Dohrn, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 154. 1878. = E. monodon, Morelet, ....... 91 Coniformis (Streptostyla), Shuttleworth. Bern., Mittheil., 206, 1852, . , / 47 Conoidea (Yitrina), Martens. Fedtschenko's Turkestan, 8, 147 Conoideus (Streptaxis), Pfeitfer. Zool. Proc., 149, 1854, . 62 Conquisita (Yitrina), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ix, 366, 1882, ........... loo Conspersa (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 1851 ; Moiiog. iii, 518, .......... 42 Contermina (Helix), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 1342. = Streptaxis alveus, Dunker, ...... 68 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 271 PAOE. Contundata (Helicogena), Fer. Prodr., 41. = Streptaxis contusus, Fer. Contusus (Streptaxis), Ferussac. Prodr., 67 ; Hist., t. 31, . f. 1 ; t. 39 B, f. 5, 6, 68 Conularis (Oleaciua), Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc., 100, 1855, 25 Cordovana (Oleacina), Pfeitfer. Zool. Proc., 321. 1856, . 26 Coresia (Elsea). Gray. Zool. Proc., 166. 1849, . 4 . .130 Cornaliit (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 83, 1876. ? — L. maxiinus, Linn. ....... 189 Cornea (Oleacina), Brumati. Monfalc., 35, f. 5. = O. Algira, Brug. ........ 42 Cornea (Paryphanta), Button. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.,xv, 134. 252 Cornea (Streptostvla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 33, 1869. 48 Cornea (Vitrina , Pfr. Symb. Hist. Bel., iii, 81. . .157 Corneola (Oleacina), W. G. Binney. Proc. Philad. Acad., 189,1857. : O. decussata, Desh. . . . . .40 Corneola (Yitrina). Morelet. Yoy. Welwitsch, 53, . .153 Corninus (Pletrophorus ?), Bosc. Buffon, iii, 239, . . 18 Coronata (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zeits. Malak., 158, 1846, . 37 Corsicus (Limax), Moq.-Tand. Moll, de France, ii, p. 26, pi. iii, f. 10 and 13, . . • . . . .196 Corymbus (Micromphalia), Cro.sse. Jour, de Conch., 106, 1874, 117 Costffi( Yitrina), Paulucci. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., vii, 72, 1881, 144 Costaricensis (Tebennophorus), Morch. Yidensk. Meddel., 341, 18 o i,. . . . . . . . . .228 Costatus (Plectrophorus), Bosc. Buffon, iii, 240, . . 18 Costulata (Amphidoxa), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xvi, i. «7 e7 • • • • • * • • • • • »*-«J*J Costulata (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 193, 1882, . 102 Costnlosa (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 7, 102, . 29 Costulata (Oleac-imi), Pfeiffer (not Adams). Zool. Proc., 75, 1845. = 0. ornata, Pfr 32 Costulatus (Streptaxis), Mdllendorff. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ^To, looo, .......... To Costulifera (Rhytida), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 287, 1854, . . 120 Costulosus (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 1852, . . 63 Coulteri (Oleacina), Gray. Spicil. Zool., ii, f. 1, . . 42 Crassa Streptostyla), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 26, . 47 Crassidens (Ennea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1856, . . .97 Crassilabris (Ennea), Craven. Zool. Proc., 616, 1880, . 102 Craveni (Streptaxis), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 280, 1881, 67 Crebriflammis (Elsea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 148, 1852, . . 130 Crenularis (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, 174, 253 Crenulata (Oleacina), Sowb. ? Anton, Yerz., 44, 1839, . 26 272 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Crispatus (Liniax), Baud on. Mem. Soc. Oise., vii, 1871, . 213 Cristata (Amalia), Kaleniczenko. Bull. Moscow, i, 225, t. v, f. 1, 1851, . . ...'.. 219 Cristata (Amalia), Leiblin. Isis, 1284, 1829. : A. marginata, Drap. ....... 214 Croceus (Parmarion), Godwin-Austen. Zool. Proc., 517, 1872 ; 289, '1880, 164 Crosseanus (Gibbus), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 221, 1881, 84 Crosseanus (Tebennophorus), Strebel. Mexik. Conch., pt. 4, 25, t. 9, f. 13, 22, t. 10, f. 6, 1880, 228 Crossei (Streptaxis), Pfr. Jour, de Conch., xv, 43, 1867, . 67 Cruentus (Liniax callichrous, var.), Lessona. Moll. Piem., 18, 1880. : L. Perosinii, var 199 Cryptella, Webb and Berthelot. Ann. Sc. Nat., xxviii, 1 8 o o , . . . . . . . . . . J 8 8 , 2 2 o Cryptodon (Streptaxis), Moricand. Jour, de Conch., 370, L8ol, . . . . . . . ... . . bo Cryptophora (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 227, 1881 , 92 Cryptosoma, Theobald. Jour. Asiat. Soc., 252, 1857 ; Nevill, Jour. Asiat. Soc., 25, 1877 ; Godwin-Austen, L. and F. W. Sh. India, pt. 1, 14, 1882, . . . .138 Cryptostracon, Binney. Ann. N.Y. Acad.,i, 258, 1879, 233, 249 Crystallurn (Ennea), Morelet. Rev. Zool., 354, 1848, . . 92 Cubaniana (Streptostj'la), Orb. Moll. Cuba, i, 166, t. 10, f. 1 7 1 o 4Q J_|-~.Lt7« • • • • • • . • • • • TZ t/ Cumingi (Parmacella),Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 109, 224 Cumingiana (Ennea), Pfr. Philippi, Abbild., ii, 10, p. 51, . 107 Cumingianus (Streptaxis), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 126, 1849, 60, 78 Cumingii (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . 172 Cumingii (Oleacina), Beck. Ind., 78. =0. rosea, Fer., . 38 Curvilabris (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 137, 1845, . 30 Cuvieri (Helicarion), Fer. Prodr., p. 20 ; Hist., t. 9, f. 8, t. 94, f. 1, 2, 168 Cuzcana (Streptaxis), Phil. Mai. Blatt., xvi, 37, 1869, . 64 Cyanozoria (Oleacina), Gundl. Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., iv, 108, J. Ot) ft • • * • • • • • • • • • — — ' Cyathellus (Vitrinoconus), Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc., 41, 1846 ; 'Semper, Philipp. Land Moll., ii, 93, 1873, . . 160 Cyathostoma (Streptostele), Pfr. Mai. Blatt., ii, 149, 1855, ! 61, 110 Cyathus (Vitrinoconus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 123, 1845; Semper, Philipp. Land Moll., ii, 92, 1873, . . . ' . . 160 Cylindracea (Oleacina), Phillips. Proc. Phila. Acad, iii, 67, 1848, 41 Cylindracea (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 31, 1846, . 48 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 273 PAGE. Cylindraceum (Meghimatium), Fer. Hist. Moll., ii, 94, t. 8 F, f. 8, 9, . . .229 Cylindrelloidea (Ennea), Stoliczka. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, '171, 1871, 107 Cylindrellus (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 291, 1868; Nevill, Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 412, 1870, . . . .87 Cylindrus (Oleacina), Martens. Albers, Helic., edit, ii, 29, 1860, ........... 34 Cypsele (Streptaxis), Pfeiifer. Zeit. Mai., 78, 1849, . . 63 Cyrniacus (Limax), Mabille. Guerin's Mag., 142, 1868, . 214 Cystopelta, Tate. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 17, 1880, . . 227 Dacampi (Limax), Menegazzi. Mem. Acad. Verona, xxxii, p. 63, pi. l,f. 1-4, 1854, 193 Dactylus (Oleacina), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 32, 1832. = 0. striata, Mull. ........ 32 Daflaensis (Streptaxis), Godwin-Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlv, 317, 1876, ' 77 Damayantia, IsseL Ann. Mus. Genova, vi, 389, 1874, 135, 162 Darnaudi (Yitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 325, 1856, . . 153 Daudebardia. Hartmann. Sturm's Fauna, vi,H. 5,41, 1821, 7, 12 Paudebarti (Achatina), Desh. = Oleacina Audebarti, Desh. Dealbata (Gibbus), Webb et Berth. Syn., 321, . . 85,90 Decidua (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 26, 1861, . . 42 Decipiens (Streptaxis), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xiii, 228, 1865; xv, 202, 1867, 58, 75 Decussata (Oleacina), Deshayes. Fer. Hist., ii, 182, . . 40 Deflexus (Streptaxis), Soule}7et. Voy. Bonite, ii, 506, t. 28, I. •)('. dl, .......... I 1 Deformis (Streptaxis), Ferussac. Hist. Moll., t. 32 A, f. 1, 74 Deformis (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Monog. Hel., i, 7. = S. Oandeanus, Petit (in part). Dejectus (Streptaxis), Petit. Revue Zool., 176, 1842, 55, 78 Delattrei ( Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 138, 1845, . . 44 Delesserti (Oleacina), Bourg. Test. Noviss., 19, . . 42 Delibuta (Streptostyla), Morelet. Test. Noviss., ii, 13, . 50 Delicatula (Ennea), Pfr. Malak. Blatt., iii, 259, 1856, . 96 Delicatula (Oleacina), Shuttl. Bern., Mittheil., 202, 1852, . 29 Dendrolimax, Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., xv, 32 ; Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xi, 14. — Urocyclus, Gray. Denticulata (Ennea), Morelet. Ann. Mus. Genova, iii, 202, 1872, . . 94 Denticulata (Oleacina), Weinland. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 356, looO, . . . . ... . .. . . 2i( Denticulatus (Streptaxis), Dohrn. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 152, lo i o, • • . • • • • . . . . 1 1 18 274 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Dentiens (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 198, 1883, . 105 Deplanatus (Streptaxis), Pfr. In Phil. Abbild., ii, 9, p. 8 ; ii, 13, p. 128, ......... 69 Deplanchei (Streptaxis), Drojuet. Moll. Guyane fran9., 56, t. 1, f. 6-9, J. 56, 79 Deplanchesi (Rhytida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 141, 1870, 120 Depressa (Vitrina), Jeffreys. Linn. Trans., xvi, 326. = V. major, Fer. . . . . . . . .144 Depressus (Streptaxis), Martens. Mai, Blatt., xv, 180, 1868. = S. apertus, var. ........ 63 Deshayesi (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 290, 1868; Nevill, Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 412, 1870, . . . .87 Deshayesi (Limax), Bourg. Spicil. Mai., p. 36, pi. i, f. 1-2. = L. flavus, Linn. ........ 200 Deshayesianus (Streptaxis), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xi, 388, 1863 ; xv, 202, 1867, 68 Deshayesii (Drusia?), Moquin-Tandon. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., xv, 261, t. 1, f. 6, 1848, 222 Desha}Tesii (Testacella), Michaud. Desc. foss. Hauterive, 3, 1855. = T, Maugei, Fer 8 Devexa (Vitrina), Jickeli. Malak. BL, 100, 1872 ; Nov. Act. Cses. Leop., xxxvii, 40. = V. Cailliaudi, Morelet, . .155 Dianse (Lehmannia arborum, var.), Kim. Verh. Vereins Nat. Hermannst., xxxiv, 102, ...... 204 Diaphana (Helix), Poiret. Coq. Paris Prodr., 76, 1801. = Vitrina pellucida, Miill. Diaphana (Vitrina), Poiret. Coq. fluv. et terr., 77. = V. major, Fer. . . . . . . . .144 Diaphana ( Vitrina), Drap. Hist. Nat., 120, t. 8, f. 38,39, 1801, 139 Diaphora, Albers. Helic., 210, 1850. = S. G. of Gibbus, Montf. . . . . 60, 107 Diftlcilis (Oleacina), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 426, 1869, . 34 Dikrangensis (Testacella), Godwin-Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 314, 1876, 11 Dilatata (Oleacina), Ziegier. Mus. = 0. Algira, var. . 42 Dilecta (Damayantia), Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova, vi, 390, 1874, . . " 162 Dillwynii (Vitrina). Jeffreys. Linn. Trans., xvi, 326. = V. pellucida, Miill. . . . . . . .142 Dimidiatus (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 56, 1852, . . 181 Diodon (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 190, 1882, . 105 Diplomphalus, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xxi, 23, 1873, 111, 113 Discartemon, Pfeiffer. Versuch., 173, 1855. = Section of Streptaxis, ...... 58, 66 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 275 PAGE. Discoideus (Vitrinoconus), Semper. Reisen Philipp., 92, 1 8 < o , . . . . . . . . . . .161 Discus (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 152, 1851, . 55, 66 Distinguenda (Oleacina), Tiyon, ...... 36 Distinctus (Arion;, Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 137, 1868. ? = A. hortensis, Fer., var. ...... 238 Distortus (Streptaxis), Jonas. Phil. Abbild., i, 3, p. 48 ; Helix, t. 3, L. 3, . . . . . . . . . 76 Distortus (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3580. = Gibbus Lyonetiatus, Pallas, . . . . .81 Ditreraata, .......... 6 Doderleini (Amalia), Lessona et Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 104, 1884, 217 Dohrni (Ennea), Martens. Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., 247, 1882, 96 Dohrni (Ennea), E. A. Smith. Jour, of Conch., Hi. 302, 1882, 91 Doliolum (Ennea), Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, pt. ii, 116, 1885. Doliolum (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, cle Conch., 331, 1873. = E. dolium, Heude, . 107 Doliolum (Vitrinoconus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 41, 1846, .160 Dolium (Ennea), Heude. Jour, de Conch., 43, 1885, . . 252 Domestica (Helix), Strom. Trondjh. Selsk. Skrift., iii, 435, 1765. — Vitrina pellucida, Miill. ..... 142 Dominicensis (Oleacina), Ginel. S3rst. Nat., 3433, . . 26 D'Orbignii (Plectrophorus), Fer. Hist. Moll., 87, t. 6, f. 7, 1819, 17 Doriae (Limax Dacampi, var.) Bettoni. Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, iii, 90. = Var. Pinii, Lessona and Pollonera, . .194 Doriae (Limax), Bourg. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 23, 1861. = L Corsicus, Moquin-Tandon, ..... 197 Dorire (Parmarion), Issel. Ann. Mus. Geneva, vi, 388, 1874, 167 Dorsalis (Parmacella), Mousson. Jahr. Mai. Ges., i, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 1, 1874, ... 222 Dorsalis (Tebennophorus), Binney. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1841, p. 51, . ....... 230 Draparnaldi (Helix), Cuvier. Regne Anim., ii, 405. = Vitrina major, Fer. ....... 144 Drusia, Gray (in part*. Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus., 57, 1855. = Parmacella, Cuvier. Drymonius (Amalia), Bourg. Amenites Malac., ii, 143 ; Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861, . 219 Drymonia (Testacella), Bourg. Rev. Mag. Zool., 315, 1861, 10 Dubia (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 378, 1856, . . 44 Dubius (Limax ater, var.) Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 73, 1884, 192 Dumeticola (Vitrina), Dohrn. Malak. Blatt., 119, 1866, . 153 276 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. D imkeri (Ennea), Pfr. Mai. Blatt., ii, 173, 1855, . 98 Dunkeri (Streptaxis), Pfr. Philippi. Abbild., ii, 9, p. 7 ; Helix, t. 6, f. 15 68 Dunniae (Rhytida), Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 317, 1841, 126 Dupontiana (Gonospira), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 138, 1873. : Gibbus metableta, Crosse. Dupontianus (Gibbus), Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 130, lool, . . • . . . . . - • . . o7 Dupuyana (Ennea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 167, 1876; 229, 1881, . 99 Dupuyianus (Arion), Bourg. Mai. Grande-Chartreuse, p. 30, pi. 1, f. 1-4, 1864, . ... 236 Dussumieri (Gibbus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 457, Bulimus, 84 Dussuinieri (Viquesnelia), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 290, 1856. : Mariaella, . 162 D}"inczeviczii (Limax), Kaleniczenko. Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 1851, 227, t. 6, f. 3 ; Clessin, Mai. Blatt. N. S., vi, 40. = L. agrestis, Linn. ........ 207 Dysoni (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 32. 1846, . . 48 Eburneus (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool Proc., 23, 1861, . SI Ecarinatus (Limax), Bottger. Jahr. Mai. Gesell., viii, 186, t. 7, f. Tfl-c, 1881, . .... 204 Edentulina, Pfeitfer. Yersuch., 173, 1855. = Section of Gibbus, Montf. . ... 60,82 Edgarianus (Helicarion), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. H., 2d ser., -\ 1 I ^ t/ O * • • • • • • * * • • J_ i «7 Edwardsiana (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 29, 1869, .... ... 45 Ehrenbergi (Limax), Bourg. Kobelt, Cat. Binnenconch. Eur., 6, 1881, .'.... ... 213 Eichwaldii (Krinickillus), Kaleniczenko. Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 1851, 226, t. 6, f. 1. = Amalia marginata, Drap. 214 Elsea, Hutton. Trans. New Zeal. Inst., xvi, 207, .112, 129 Elasmognatha, . . . . . . . . .132 Elata (Daudebardia), Miihlf. Rossmassler, Iconog., 84, . 15 Elegantula (Ennea >, Pfr. Zool. Proc., 115, 1846/ . 60,93 Elegans (Limax Dacampi, var.) Bettoni. Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, iii, 165, ......... 194 Elegans (Oleacina), Adams. Coutr. Conch., No. 2, 25. = 0. Philippiana, var. ....... 27 Elfortiana (Limacella), Blainv. Man. Malac., 464, t. 41, f. 4. = Philomycus lactescens, Blainv. Elisa, Heynemann. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, 40, 1883 ; xi. 3, 1884. = Urocyclus, Gray. Elisa (Streptaxis), Gould. Bost. Proc., vi, 12, 1856, . . 81 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 277 PAGE. Elliptica (Yitrina), Brown. Wern. Trans., ii, 523. Y. major, Fer ........ 144 Elma, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 317, 1866 ; 291, 1868. = Section of Streptostele, Dohrn. . . . . 61, 108 Elongata (Parmella), Dohrn. Xachrichtsbl., xiii, 66, 1881, . 160 Elongata (Yitrina*, Calcara. Moll. Palermo, 11. : Daudebarclia Sicula, . . . . . . .15 Elongata (Yitrina), Drap. Hist. Xat. Moll., 120, . . 141 Elongata (Yitrina), Mandral. Cat. Madonie, 12. = Daudebardia rufa, Drap. Elongata (Yitrina), Schmidt. L. &F. W. Conch, in Krain. 7, 1847. Y. truncata, Bottger. 'Emarglnata (Amalia), Hntton. Trans. X. Zeal. Inst., xi, 331,1878, . . . 221 Empiricorum (Arion), Fcr. Tabl., p. 17 ; Hist. Moll., t. 1, f. 1-3. A. rufus, Linn. ...... 234 Engadinensis i Limax , Hej-neinann. Mai. Blatt., x, 204, 1862. = L. ater, Raz. Ennea, H. and A. Adams. Genera ii, 171, 1855, . . 60, 90 Enneastrum, PfehTer. Yersuch., 173, 1855. - Section of Ennea, Ads. . . . . . 60, 93 Knneoides (Streptaxis), Mnrtens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 295, 1878, . 58, 70 Episcia (Testacella), Bourg. Moll. Alpes Marit., 28, t. 1, f. 1-4, 18C>1 8 Episcopalis (Streptostyla), Morelet. Test. Xoviss., i, 13, . 49 Kpistylia, Pfeiffer. Mai. Bliitt., xxiv, 5, 1877. : Artemon, Pfeilfer. Epistylium (Streptaxis), Miiller. Morch, Jour, de Conch., X\l\,Oj4,. . . . . . . . . • J J. Eporediensis (Limax snbalpinns, var.), Lessona. Moll. Piem., 18, 1880, 196 Equadoriana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., 159, 1878, 40 Eremiophilns ( Arion), Bonrg. Spicil. Malacol. . . • 218 EiTthroceros < Streptaxis >, MollendorrT. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell , 317, 1881, .......... 74 Erythrus (Limax), Bourg. Mai. Grande-Chartreuse, p. 33, pi. ii, f. 1-8, 1864, . . ... 195 Erythrus (Limax Dacampi, var.). Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii. 90. Var. monocromus, L. & P. . . . .195 Estefanise (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 45, . 36 Etrusca (Amalia), Issel. Bull. Mai. Ital.,i, 69,Tav.v,figs. 1,2, 216 Enbalins (Limax), Bourg. Mai. Grande-Chartreuse, p. 35, pi. 1, f. 5-8, 1864, .'191 Eugeomalacus, Mabille. Hist. Mai. Bass. Paris, 33, 1870. = Arion, juv. 278 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Euglandina, Crosseand Fischer. Moll. Terr. Mex., 91, 1870. = Glandina, Ads. ........ 20 Eulimax, Moquin-Tandon. Moll. Fr., ii. 22, 1855. : Limnx, Linn. . . . . . . . .185 Enmelus, Rafinesqne. Ann. of Nat., 10, 1820. : Limax. Eumilax, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, 180, 1881, 187, 221 Euptyctus (Spiraxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 378, 1856. Volutaxis Berendtii, Pfr. . . . . . .51 Europaea (Testacella), Roissy. Buff. Sonn.,v, 252. T. haliotidea, Drap. . . . . . . .10 Eustreptaxis, Pfeiffer. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 5, 1877. = Section of Streptaxis, ...... 53, 67 Eustrictus (Krynickillus), Bourg. Moll. Litig., ii, 206, . 212 Exacutus (Streptaxis), Gould. Bost. Proc., vi, 12, 1856, . 72 Exilis (Ennea), Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 207, 1880, 104 Exilis (Vitrina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., vii, p. 8, . . 146 Extraneus (Parmarion), Fer. Hist. Moll., ii, 96; Austen, Zool. Proc., 292, 1880; Semper, Reisen Philipp., iii, 10, . 166 Fabrei (Diplomphalus), Crosse. Jour, cle Conch., 136, 1875, 115 Fabrei (Limax Corsicus, var.), Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, 26, 1855, 197 Fallax (Arion), Sterki. Nachricbtsbl., xiv, 150, 1882, . 240 Farinosus (Gibbus), Troschel. Kiister, Monog. Pupa, 108, 88 Fartoidea (Ennea), Theobald. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 400, 1870, ........... 106 Fasciatus (Arion hortensis, var.), Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, 14, 237 Fasciatus (Aspidophorus), Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, 736, 1879. =-. Urocyclus, ....... 164 Fasciatus (Limax), Held. Isis., £03, 1837. = L. ater, Raz., var. dubius, . . . . . .192 Fasciatus (Limax), Kick. Moll. Brab., p. 4 (non Nilss.). = Arion pelopliilus, Mabille. Fasciatus (Limax), Nilsson, in part. Hist. Moll. Suecc., 3, 1822. = Arion hortensis, Fer. . . . .235 Fasciatus (Limax), in part, Nilsson. Moll. Suecc. ,4, 1822. = A. fuscus, Mull. Fasciatus (Limax), Razoum. Hist. Nat. Jorat., i, 266, 1789. = L. ater, Raz , var. . . . . . . . .192 Fasciatus (Limax cinereo-niger, var.), Westerlund. Moll. Svec., 11, .......... 193 Fasciata (Vitrina), Souleyet. Vov. Bonite, ii, 498, . . 158 Fasciolata (Vitrina), Fer. Prodr., 10 ; Hist., t. 9 B, f. 1, . 151 Fastigiata (Streptostele), Morelet. Rev. Zool., 352, 1848, . 108 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 279 PAGE. Fedtschenkoi (Limax),K. & H. Fedtschenko's Turkestan, vol. ii, p. 1, . . . . . . • . . 213 Ferrieziana (Rhytida), Crosse, Jour, de Conch., 278, 1868 ; 27, 1869; 240, 409, 1870, 118 Ferussaci (Laconia), Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus. Pulm., 1855, . 159 Filans (Limax), Hoy. Linn. Trans., i, 183, 1791. = L. ao-restis, Linn. ........ 206 Filans (Limax), Sordelli. Atti Soc. Ital., 249, 1870. = L. pallidus, Schrenck, ....... 208 Filicosta (Ennea), Morelet. Vo}T. Welwitsch, 84 ; Martens, Jahrb. Mai. GeselL, 247, 1882, 106 Filosa (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc., 100, 1855, . 34 Filosus (Limax), Fer. == L. agrestis, Linn. Fimbriatu (Uleacina), Beck. Index, p. 78, . . . .42 Finitima (Vitrina). Morelet. Moll. terr. Acor., 150, . . 149 Fischeri i Parmacochlea), Smith. Zool. Proc., 1884. Fischeri (Rhytida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., vi, 271. : R. insequalis, Pfr., ....... 121 Fischeriami (Ennea). Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 230, 1881, 100 Fischeriana (Testacella), Bourg. Rev. Mag. Zool., 5 16, 1861, 9 Fissidens (Ibycus), Heynemann. Mai. Blatter, x, 142, t. 1, f. 3, 1862, * 205 Flammigera (Helix), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 147, 1852. : Paryphanta phlogophora, Pfr. . . . . .128 Flammulata (Otesia), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrol., t. ii, f. 5-7. . . . . . . • . . . . 254 Flavescens (Limax), Clark, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., vi, 204. = L. marginatus, Mull., ....... 204 Flavescens (Limax cinereo-niger, var.), Westerlund. Moll. Svec., 11,. • . . . . • • • . 193 Flavescens (Limax flavus, var.), Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 5, f. 2 (non 3), .......... 201 Flavescens (Streptostyla), Shuttl. Bern., Mittheil., 206, 1852, . . 48 Flavescens (Urocyclus), Keferstein. Mai. Blatt., xiii, 70; Gibbons, Jour, of Conch., ii, 138, ..... 163 Flavi-clypeus (Limax agrestis, var.), Dum. et Mort. Moll. Savoie, 10, 1880. .= L. agrestis, var. albidus. Flavoniger (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 87, 1884, . 198 Flavus (Arion), Fer. Hist. Moll. p. 96 B. = Geomalacus intermedius, Normand. Flavus (Arion), Lessona. Ace. Lincei, 41, 1880. = A. Mortilleti, Lessona, ....... 239 Flavus (Limax), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, 1081, . . 200 Flemingi (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 324, 1856, . . 175 280 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Flexuolaris (Philomycus), Rafin. Ann. Nat, 10, 1820, . 228 Flexuosa (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 150, 1854, . 33 Flora (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zeit. Mai., 68, 1850, . . 64 Florentinus (Liraax agrestis, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 96, 1884, 207 Fdlini (Streptostele), Morelet. Ser. Conchyl., i, 16, 1858, . 108 Foliolatus (Arion), Gould. Wilkes' U. S. Expl. Expd., p. 2 (Mollusca), 1852 . .240 Follicnlaris (Oleacina), Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 14, . 25 Folliculus (Glandina), Gould. Bost. Jour. N. Hist.,iv, 489. = 0. solidula, Pfr., ........ 24 Footei (Streptaxis), Blanford. Oontr. Ind. Malac., pt. 2, 12,1861, . . . . . . . . . .81 Formosa (Helicopbanta), Jonas, olim in litt. = Vitrina grandis, Beck, .'...... 152 Formosissimus (Limax Perosinii, var.), Lessona and Pollo- nera. Mem. Torino, 88, 1884, 199 Fortune! (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 149, 1854, . 74 Frauenfeldia, Hazay. M. T. Akacl. Budapesth, 330, 1884. : Limax, L., 185 Freycineti (flelicarion), Fer. Prodr., 2, p. 20, . . .168 Fuchsi (Ennea), Gredler. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xii, 223, 1885, 252 Fuchsianus (Streptaxis), Gredler. Jabrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, 10, 1881 ; Heucle, Mem. Hist. Nat. Chinois., 78, 1882, . 76 Fuligineus (Arion), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 30, t. 2, f. 1, 238 Fuliginosns (Limax), Gould. Wilkes' Expl. Expd. Mollusca, L/ • v • • * * • • • •] • • • • *£ U O Fulminea (Oleacina), Fer. Pr., 366, . . . . .37 Fulva (Amalia marginata, var.), Paulucci. Mai. Calabria, 22, 215 Fulvida (Streptostyla ', Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Concb., 32, 1869, 46 Fulvus (Limax), Normand. Desc. Limac. nouv., 7, 1852. = L. agrestis, Linn., var. Fumosa ( Vitrina), Pfr. Zeitscb. Mai., 146, 1847, . . 159 Fumosa (Vitrina), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii, 124, 1879. = Paryphanta, . . . .128 Funcki (Streptaxis), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 229, 1847. = S. Dunkeri, Pfr., var 68 Funicula (Gibbus), Yal. Pfr. Symb., ii, 54, ... 85 Fusca (Vitrina), Pease. Am. Jour. Concb., iv, 155, 1868, . 158 Fuscatus (Arion), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 32, 1845. = A. Pascalianus, Mabille, 238 Fuscatus (Limax). Ferrusac. Hist. Moll., p. 65, pi. 2, f. 7. = Arion hortensis, Fer., var. ...... 237 Fuscatus (Limax), Razoum. H. N. Jorat, i, 207. = L. maximus, Linn. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 281 PAGE. Fuscescens (Helix), Gmel. S}-st. Nat. =- Vitrina pellucida, Miill. Fuscescens (Helix). Wood. Index Test., t. 34, f. 133 ? = Yitrina pellicula, Fer. Fuscolineata (Achatina), Lam., 16, 133. =. Oleacina Dominicensis, Grnel. . . . . .26 Fusconotalus (Limax pallid us, var.) Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 97, 1884, 208 Fuscus (Arion), American authors. : A. hortensis, Fer. . 231 Fuscus (Arion), Miiller. Verm., ii, 1774, . . .231,235 Fuscus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 85, 1884, 197 Fuscus (Limax Dacampi, var.),Bettoni. Bull. Mai. Ital., iii, 164 195 Fuscus (Philomycus), Rafinesque. Ann. of Nat., 10, 1820, 228 Fusiformis (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 75, 1845, . 36 Fusus (Pupa). Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 106. = Gibbus palanua, F<'T ....... 86 Gabbi (Cryptostrakon), Binney. Ann. N. Y. Acad., i, 258, t. 11, f. H, 1ST!). . . ' 233 Gabbi (Velifera), \V. G. Binney. Ann. N. Y. Acad., i, 257, 168 Gaeotiformis (Yitrina), Pollonera. Atti Accad. Torino, xix, 418, 1884 141 Gagates i Limax), Albers. Malac. Mader., p. 12. pi. 1, f. 3-5 ( not Drap ). A. drymonius, Bourg. Gagates (Limax), Drap^ Hist. Moll., p. 122, pi. 9, f. 1,2, . 218 Gaillardoti (Daudebardia), Bourg. Rev. Mag. Zool., 326, t. 7, f. 14-19, 1855, .' . . . . 15 Gallandia, Bourguignat. Descr. du genre, 4, 1880, . 133, 147 Galliae (Testaceila)', Oken. Lehrb., 212, 1815. T, haliotidea, Drap. ....... 10 Galloprovincialis (Testacella). Gratel. Distr. Limac., 15. :T. bisulcata, llisso. Garocelus (Limax subalpinus, var.) Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino. 82, 1884, ' 196 Gaudefroyi (Arion), Mabille. Hist. Mai. Bass. Paris, p. 12, 1870. =- A. rufus, Linn., var. ...... 235 Gaj-ana (Oleacina). Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 7, 103, . 30 Gayanus (Testacellus), Lesson. ReAr. Zool., 249, 1838. = Succinea. Genei (Limax), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 71, 1884, 191 Gentilsiana (Diplomphalus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 136, 1870; 350, 1873, .115 282 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Geographicus (Limax), Renieri. Prodr. osserv. Venezia, 1804-7. : L. Dacampi, Men eg. Geomalacus, Allman. Athenaeum, 851, 1843, . . 232, 241 Geophila, II. and A. Adams, ...... 6 Germanise (Testacella), Oken. Lehrb. Naturg., Hi, 312. Vitrina elongata, Drap. ...... 141 Gervaisii (Parmacella), Moquin-Tandon. Jour. Institut., 1847,n. 730, .... .223 Gestri (Limax Corsicus, var.),Lessona. Moll. Piem., 17, 1880, 198 Gestroa, Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 83, 1876. : Limnx, Linn. ........ 185 Gestroi (Testacella), Issel. Ann. Mus. Geneva, iv, 277, 1873. Nota. Moll. Sardegna, 3, f. 1-5, . . 9 Ghiesbreghti (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 379, 1856, . 40 Gibbons! (Chlamydephorus), Binney. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v, 331, 1879, . . 17, 251 Gibbons! (Gonaxis), Taylor. Jour, of Conch., i, 252, . . 70 Gibbulina, Beck. *Ind., 81, 1837. = Gibbus, Montf. Gibbulina, Pfeiffer. Yersuch, 174, 1855. = Gonospira, Swainson. Gibbus, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 302, 1810, . 58, 59, 81 Gibbosus (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zocl. Proc., 1854, 71 Giganteus (Anadenus), Heynem. Malac. Bl., x, 1863, p. 140, t. 1, f. 1 ; Godwin-Austen, Moll. Ind., pt. 2, 48. = A. altivagus, Theob 233, 249 Gigantomilax, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. GeselL.x, 143, 1883, 187, 220 Gigas (Carychium), Fer. Bull. un. sc. e.t ind., 10, 1827. : Ennea bicolor, Hutton, . . . . . .105 Gigas (Helicarion), Benson. Jour. Asiat. Soc., v, 350, . 179 Gigas (Streptaxis), Smith. Ann. Mag., 5 ser.,vi, 429, 1880, 61 Gilliesii (Paryphanta), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 5 ser., vi, 159, ......... 127 Girasia, Gray. Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus., 61, 1855 ; Godwin- Austen, Zool. Proc., 291-293, 1880. : Parmarion, Fischer. Girasia, Gray (in part). Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus., 61, 1855. = Parmacella, Cuvier. Glaber (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 126, 1849, . 74 Glabra (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch.. 189, 1882, . 105 Glabra (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Symb., iii, 90. . . .23 Glacialis (Vitrina), Forbes. Mag. Zool. Bot., 1837 ; Pol- lonera, Atti Accad. Torino, xix, 420. == V. diaphana, Drap. 140 Glandiformis (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 35, 1869, .' . .46 Glandina, Schumacher. Essai Nov. Gen., 1817. = Oleacina, 19 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 283 PAGE. Glanclina, H. and A. Adams. Genera, ii, 107, 1855. =. Oleacina, Sect. ....... 20, 31 Glandnla (Oleacina), Fer. Prodr., 361, . .42 Glandulosa (Hempliillia), Bl. and Binn. Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, pi. ix, f. 15-17, 1872, 248 Glans Oleacina), Brug. Enc}Tc. Meth., i, 365. = 0. voluta, Cheran. ....... 22 Glans (Polyphemus , Say. Jour. Phila. A cad., 1, 282. = Oleacina truncata, Gmel. ...... 32 Glaucus (Limax), Clark. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xii, 334, 1853. L. inaro-inatus. Miill. . ... 204 i Globosa (Yitrina), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vii, 115, looUj . . . . . . . • « • . 1 TO Globosus (Helicarion). Godwin-Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 312, 1876; M<>11, India, iv, 154, 1883, . . .182 Glomus (Streptaxis), Albers. Die Heliceen,2d edit., 57, 1861, 251 Gnathophora, . . . . . . . 6, 132 Gomesiana (Yitrina), Morelet. Voy Welw., 5^2, . . 152 Gonaxis, Taylor. Jour, of Conch., i, 252. = Eustreptaxis, Pfr. Goniodomus, Swainson. Malacol., 332, 1840. : Section of Gibbus. Montf. 59, 82 Gonospira, Swainson. Malacol., 333, 1840. = Section of Gibbus, Montf. 60, 85 Goulardiana Rhytida), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 136, 405, 1870 122 Gould i (Ennea), Pfr. Malak. Blatt.. ii, 174, 1855, . . 98 Gracilis (Limax), Leydig. Archiv. fiir Naturg., 209, 1876, 216 Gracilis (Limax , llalin. Ann. Nat., 1820, .... 213 Gracilis (Oleacina), Beck. Index, p. 78, . . . .42 Gracilis (Parmacella), Gray. Cat. Brit. Mus., 28 vol., p. 64 (Pulm.), 1855, 224 Gradatus (Yitrinoconus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 110, 1846. Y. scalarinus, Pfr. ....... 160 Grammica (Diplom. Heckeliana, var.), Crosse. Jonr. de Conch., xxi, 350, 1873 114 Grandis (Daudebardia), Benoit. Nnovo Catal., 9, t. 8,f. 12, loo^, ........... lo Grandis (Pupa), Pfr. Monog. Hel., ii, 301. = Gibbus ovoideus. Brug. ...... 82 Grandis (Yitrina \ Beck. Index, 2, ..... 152 Gratelonpianus (Gibbus), Pfr. Monog. Hel., ii, 298. = G. Lyonetianus, var. Antoni, . . . . .81 Greenwoodii (Rhytida), Gray. Zool. Proc., 165, 1849, . 126 Griffithsi (Oleacina), Adams. Bost. Proc., 14, 1845, . . 27 Gruneri (Yitrina), Pfeirfer. S}^rab., iii, 81, . . . . 143 284 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Guadeloupensis (Oleacina), Pfeilfer. Zool. Proc., 335, 1856, 29 Guadeloupensis (Testacella), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 1838. = Succinea. Gualterii (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 92. : L. Dacampi, Meneg., var. . . . . . .195 Gruatemalensis (Limax), Crosse et Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1870, p. 297; Mission Scieut. Mex., etc., 181, . . .212 Guestieria, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xx. 99, 1872, . Ill, 113 Guimarasensis (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . . 173 Guineensis (Cyclodontina), Beck. Index, 88. = Streptostele Mi)' re hi, Pfr. ...... 109 Gulella, Pfeiffer. Versuch., 173, 1855. = Section of Ennea, Ads. ..... 60, 96 Gimdlachi (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt.,xiii, 138, 1866, 28 Gunnii (Rhytida), Gray. Pfr., Zeit. Mai, 86, 1850. = R. Greenwoodii, Gray, . . . .. . . .126 Gutta (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . . .174 Guttata (Oleacina), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 250, 1869, 37 Gyratus (Limax), Westerlund. Nachrichtsbl.,xv, 167,1883, 213 Halicensis (Daudebardia),Westerl. Ofversigt. Akad. Foreh., OU, lool, . . . . • . • . . .lo Haliotidea (Testacella), Costa. Stat. isola Capri, 66, t. 5. f. 3, 1840. = T. drymonia, Bourg. . . . . .10 Haliotidea (Testacella), Drap. Tabl. Moll., 99, . . . 10 Haliotidea (Testacella), var., Moq.-Tand. Hist. Moll., 39, t. 2, f. 5, 1855. — T. bisulcata, Risso. Haliotoides (Testacella), Lamarck. Syst., 96, 1801. - T. Maugei, Fer. Haliotideus (Testacellus), var. Aleron. Guide en Roussil- lon, 327, 1842. = T. Company onii, Dupuy. Hamacenica (Ennea denticulata, var.), Bourguignat. Ann. Sci. Nat., xv, 76, 1883, .../... 95 Hanleyanus (Streptaxis), Stoliczka. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xl, 168, 1871, . 72 Hassiaca (Daudebardia), Clessin. Mai. Blatt., 96, t. 3, f. 7, 1 0 Do , . . . . . . . . * • . I Z Heckeliana (Diplomphalus), Crosse. Jour de Conch., xx, 71, 1872, 114 Hecoxi (Ariolimax Columbianus, var.), Wetherby. Cincin. Jour. Nat. Hist., iii, 38, 1880, . . . . .246 Heldii (Daudebardia}, Clessin. Mai. Blatt., 72, t. 2, f. 1-7, I 76 ; Terr. Moll., v, 235 ; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad., vi, 25, 247 Hemphilli (Prophysaon), Bland and Binney. Ann. N. Y., Lye., x, 295, 1873, . . . .233,249 Henrici (Helicarion), Semper. = Zonitidae, Manual, 2d ser., ii. Herbini (Yitrina), Bourg. Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 6, xv, 22, . 156 Hessei (Amalia), BiJttger. Nachrb. Mai. Gesell., xiv, 96, . 217 Heteroconcha (Helicarion), Blanf. Jour. Asiat. Soc. ,45, 187 1 , 176 Hewstoni (Limax), Cooper. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 145, pi. 3, f. B 1-5 ; Calif. Proc., vi, 25, . . 220 Heydeni (Daudebardia), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., iii, b. 1,1. 1, Jolt', . . . . . . . . . 10 Heydeni (Limax), Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., 1862, p. 210, . 213 Heynemannia, Malm. Goteborgs Yet. Yitt. Samh. Hand!., x, 54, 1870. = Limax, Linn. ...... 185 Heynernanni (Limax arborum, var.), Bielz. Yerh. Mittheil. Xatur. Hermannstadt, xxxiii, 17. : L. marginatus. Miill., var. ...... 204 Heynernanni (Urocyclus), Dohrn. Malac. Blatt., xv, 35, . 164 He}Tnemanni (Yitrina), Koch. Nachrichtsbl. Mai. Gesell., 33, 1871, 140 Hians (Yitrina), Riippell. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . .154 £86 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Hibernus (Arion), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 134, 1868. = A. rufus, Linn., var. ....... 235 Hiemalis (Geomalaeus), Drouet. Moll. Cote d'Or., p. 27, 1867. = G. Bourguio-iuui, Mabille, Hiemalis (Yitrina), Koch. Mai. Blatt., xxv, 88, . . .145 Hildebrandti (Ennea denticulata. var.), Jickeli. Moll. Nord- ost Afric., 30, ......... 95 Hilli (Helicarion), Cox. Zool. Proc., 151, 1873, . . . 35 Hobsoni (Rhytida), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1 * c7 «7 » • • • • • • • • * • • JL A U Hothstetteri (Paryphanta), Pfr. Malak. Blatt, 146, 1861, 127 Holognatha, . . . . . . . . . .132 Holostoma (Gibbus), Morelet. Ser. Conch., ii, 91, I860. . 89 Hookeri (Parmarion), Gray. Pulm. Brit. Mus., 61, 1855 ; Austen, Zool. Proc., 294, 1880, 165 Hoplites, Theobald. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 244, 1864. = Parmarion, Fischer. Hortensis (Limax), Ferussac. Hist. Moll., p. 65, No. 4, pi. 2, f. 4-C>, ... 237 Hordeum (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 310, 1879, . 102 Huttonella, Pfeiffer. Yersuch., 174, 1855. = Section of Ennea, Ads. ..... 60, 100 Hyalea (Helicarion), Bock. Zool. Proc., 631, 1881, . .180 H3'alina, Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, ii, 45, 1855. = Semilimax, Stabile. Hyalina (Achatina , Anton. Yerz., 41, 1839. = Oleacina Antoniana, Pfr. ...... 26 Hyalina (Ennea), Pfeiffer. Zeitsch. Malak., 52, 1849. = E. crystallum, Morelet, ...... 92 Hyalinus (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 296, 1854, . . 172 Hyalinus (Limax), Linn. Syst. Nat., xii, 1081, . . .213 Hybridus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 86, 1884, . 198 Hydrolimax, Malm. Goteborgs Yet. Yitt. Samh. Handl., x, 79, 1870, . . . ' 185 H3Tlephila (Streptaxis), Orb. Synopsis, p. 7, . .64 Hyperboreus ( Limax), Westerlund. Kongl. Sven. Yetensk. Handl., 21, 1876 ; Nachr. Mai. Gesell, viii, 97, 1876. . 213 Ibycus, Heynemann. Mai. Blatt , x, 142, 1862, . . 186, 205 Ichnusae (Amalia), Lessona et Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, ........ 218 Idae (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 325, 1856, . . .178 Idolum, Pfeiffer. Yersuch., 174, 1855. ; Goniodomus, Swains. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 28t PAGE. Iclolum (Pupa). Menke. Synops., edit, ii, 34. = Gibbus pagoda, Fer. ....... 82 Igniflua (Elaea), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Helix, f. 774. = E. lambda, Pfr. . . . . . . . .'130 Imitatrix (Trigonochlamys), Bottler. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, 177, t. 7, f. 5, 1881 ; ix, t. 29, f. 2, 1882; x, 140, 1883, 161 Immaculatus (Limax pallidus var.), Lessona and Pollouera. Mem. Torino, 97, 1884, 208 Imperator (Helicarion), Gould. Bost. Proc., 422, 1859, . 179 Imperatrix (Helicarion imperator, Gld., var.), Westerlund. Xachrichtsbl., xv, 49, 1883, 179 Imperforatum (Solarium), Spix. Test. Bras., t. 17, f. 6. = Streptaxis vitrina, Wagner, ...... 64 Imputa (Helix), Studer. Coxe, Trav. Switzerl., iii, 432. = V. annularis, Studer, . . . . . . .145 Insequalis (Rhytida). Pfr. Zool. Proc., 286, 1854, . 121 Incerta (Oleacina), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Aehatina, sp. 90, 24 Incertus (Helicarion), Semper. Philipp. L. Moll., 2(5, . 174 Incisa (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt.,xiv, 198, 1867, . 25 Incisa (Streptostele), Morelet. Jour, de Conch , 221, 1881, 108 Incilaria. Benson, in Cantor. Chusan (animal). Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1842, ix, 486. = Meghimatium, Van Hasselt. Incommodus (Arion), Hutton. Trans. X. Zeal. Inst., xi, 331. =: A. fuscus, Miill., Ilutton (in lit.). . . . 235 Incumbens (Helix). Dilhv. Desc. Cat., ii, 955. = Oleacina striata. Miill. ....... 32 Indusiaca (Oleacina), Pfeitter. Zool. Proc., 138, 1860, . 41 Induta iRhytida), Tate. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, 290, 252 Infans (Ennea), Craven. Zool. Proc., 616, 1880, . . 102 Inflatus i Helicarion), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Vitrina, sp. 64, 172 Infrendens (Ennea), Martens. Mai. Blatt., 110, 1866, . 98 Infumatus (Parmarion), Fer. Hist. Moll., ii, 96, . .162 Infimdibulum (Elaea). Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pol. Sud., v, 20, t. 6, f. 25-28? : E. crebriflammis, Pfr. . . .130 Ingersolli (Limax). W. G. Binnev. Proc. Phila. Acad., 174, 1875. : L. montanus, Ingersoll, . . . . .210 Ingallsiana (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 2, 25, 29 Insignis (Anadenus), Godw.-Aust. Moll. India, 53, 1882, . 250 Insignis (Gibbus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 388, 1856, ... 83 Insignis Oleacina). Pfeifter. Zool. Proc., 100, 1855, . . 39 Insolita (Amalia), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 102, 1884. = A. carinata, var. Insularis (Amalia), Lessoua and Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 103, 1884, 216 288 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Intermedia* (Geomalacus), Normand (Arion), Desc. Lim. Valenciennes, 6, 1852, ....... 245 Intermodius (Gibbus), Morelet. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 220, 1851; Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vii, 333; Crosse, Jour, cle Conch , 193, 1881, 83 Intermedius (Streptaxis), Albers. Mai. Blatt., iv, 95, 1857, 61 Intermedius (Yolutaxis), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., v, 123, 51 Intermittens (Limax), Bottger. Jahr. Mai. Gesell., x, 145, t. 4, f. 7,1883, -210 Interrupta (Oleacina), Shuttl. Diag. n. Moll., 143, . . 23 Intersecta (Gibbus), Deshayes. Moll. Reunion, 91, 18G3. = G. Bourguignati, Desk., var. . . . . .89 Involuta (Helix), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 65, 1845. = Guestieria Powisiana, Pfr. Irradians (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 156, 1852, . .176 Irrigua (Streptostyla), Shuttl. Bern., MittheiL, 205, 1852, 46 Isabellina (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 32, 1846, . 31 Isselia, Bourg., . . . . . . . . 7, 17 Isseli (Ariunculus), Bourg. MS. Lessona et Pollonera, Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 112, 1884, . . . 239 Isseliana (Daudebardia), Nevill. Zool. Proc., 102, t. 13, f. 2, 1880, . 14 Isseli (Ennea), Paladilhe. Ann. Mus. Geneva, iii, 19, 1872, 106 Isselii (Limax Corsicus, var.) Lessona. Moll. Piem., 17, 1880, 197 Isseli (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 88, t. A, f. 4, 5, 1876. ? = L. cinereo-niger, var. . . . . .192 Isseli (Vitrini), Morelet. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, iii, 188, 1872, . 154 Jacquenetta (Amphidoxa), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xvi, 179, 198, 252 Jalapensis (Limax), Strebel. Mexik. Conch., pt. 4, 22, t. 10, f. 5, 1880, 203 Jamaicensis (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 137, 1845, . 28 Jamesi (Rhytida), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i q q i 9 £ M-m V V + m • • • • • • • • . • -I — J f_/ Jeffrey siana (Elsea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 148, 1852, . . 129 Jerdoni (Anadenus), Godvv.-Aust. Moll. India, 52, 1882, . 250 Jickelii (Agriolimax), Heynemann. Nova Acta Acad. Dresden, xxxvii, 31, t. 1, f. 1 ; t. 4, f. 3, 1875, . . .208 Jickelii (Vitrina), Krauss. Jickelii, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop., xxxvii, 38, ......... 154 Joaquina (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 29, . 43 Johswichi (Streptaxis), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad.. 528, 1864. : S. Mouhoti, Pfr. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 28(.» PAGE. Kaleniczenkoi (Amalia), Clessin. Mai. Blatt., N. S., vi, 39, t. 2, f 11, . . . . . . . . . 219 Kanakina (Rhytida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 49, 1866, . 122 Keppelli (Helical-ion), Pfr. Zeit. Mai., 51, 1853, . . 170 Kermandecensis (Vitrina), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 288, 1873. V. ultima, Mousson, ...... 158 Kermorganti Ennea), Ancey. Le Naturaliste, iii, 373, . 93 Kersteni (Parmarion), Martens. Decken's Reisen Ost-Afr., iii, 160, 167 Keyserlino-i (Limax), Martens. Bull. St. Petersb., xxvi, 153, 1880 213 Kirki (Streptaxis), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 232, 1865, . . 71 Kirkii (Urocyclus), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser., xv, 332, 1865; Zool. Proc., 251, 1864, 162 Kobeltia, Seibert. = Prolepis, Moquin-Tandon. Kobelti (Amalia), Hesse. Xaehrb. Mai. Gesell., xiv, 95, . 221 Komarowi (Yitrina), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vi, 392 145 Kotulae (Vitrina), Westerlund. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, 54, 141 Kraussianus (Limax), Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., ix, 215,1862, 214 Kraussi (Ennea), Pfr. Vial. Blatt., ii, 174, 1855, . . 100 Kraussii (Limax), H. and A. Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 219, 214 Krynickia,Kaleni(-/c-nko. Bull. Soc. Moscow, 30, 1839, 186, 211 Krynickillus, Kaleniczenko. Bull. Soc. Moscow, 215, 220, 1851. = Kiynickia, Kal. ...... 186 Labida (Streptostyla , Morelet. Test. Xoviss., ii, 13, . 50 Laconia, Gray. Pulmon. Brit. Mus., 51, 63, 1855, . 135, 159 Lactescens (Limacellus), Shaw. Blainv., Jour. Phys., 1817, 442, t. 1 1 , f. 5. = Philomycus, Gray, Pulm. Brit. Mus., 159, 228 Lacustris (Limax), Bonelli. Lessona and Pollonera, Mem. Torino, 93, 1884, 213 Laevigata (Ennea), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 232, 1865 ; Smith, Zool. Proc.. 281, 1881, 99 Lsevis (Limax), Miill. Hist. Verm., ii, p. 9, ... 211 Lallemantia, Mabille. Revue et Mag. de Zool., 143,1868. = Limax, Linn. Lamarckii (Vitrina), Ferussac. Prodr., 5 ; Hist., t. 9, f. 9, . 148 Lamarckii (Vitrina, var.), Lowe. Prim. Faun. Mad., t. 5, f. 16. V. Ruivensis, Couth 148, 150 Lambda (Elaea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 57, 1852, . . . 129 Lamberti (Rhytida), Gassies. Faune Nouv. Caled., ii, 54, . 122 Lamelliger, Ancey. Le Naturaliste, vi, 508, 1884. — Subsection Odontartemon, Pfr. . . . . .75 Lampra (Rhytida), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 53, 1854, . . .125 Lamproick-s (Rhytida), Cox. Zool. Proc., 722, 1867, . . 124 Langi (Daudebardia), Pfr. Symb., iii, 81, 1846, . . . 16 19 290 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. L:nigleyana (Rhytida), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 18, 126 Largillierti (Olealina), Pfeiffer. S3rmbola3, iii, 90, . . 42 Largillierti (Oleacina, var.), Crosse and Fischer. Moll. Mex., 117. =0. Yucatanensis, Pfeirfer, . . .35 Largillierti (Pupa), Phil. = Ennea bicolor, Hutton, . 105 Larteti (Sansania), (Limax), Dupuy. Bourg., Ann. Sc. Geol., xi, 13, 1881. Fossil. See Sansania. Larva (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 338, 1877; 192, 1882, ........... 101 Larvula (Ennea), Heucle. Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., 278, 1883, 93 Latebasis(Vitrina), Mousson. Rev. Faune Malac. Canar., 13, 149 Latissimus (\ritrinozonites), Lewis. Proc. Philad. Acad. 336, 1875 ; Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp. .Zool., xi, 145, . 167 Lattrei (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 138. 1845. = S. Delattrei,Pfr. Latus (Gibbus), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 347, 1880, . 84 Lavinia (Amphidoxa), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xvi, 180, 199 252 Laxata (Vitrina), Morelet. Moll. Terr. Aeor., 144, . . 151 Layardianns (Streptaxis), Benson. Ann. Mag, N. Hist., 2d ser., xn, c/\7, . . . . . . . . . i o Lederi (Amalia), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, 1883, 143, t. 4, f. 1 0-6, 220 Lederi (Daudebardia), Bottler. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, 172,1881, ... 14 Lederi (Psendomilax). Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, 174, t. 7,f. 3, 1881, ... .... 161 Lederi (Vitrina), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vi, 7, 1879, 147 Legrandi (Limax), Tate. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 16, 1880, 214 Lehmannia, Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., 211, 18C3, . 185, 203 Leichardti (Rhytida), Cox. Austr. Land Shells, 35, 1864, 123 Lemyrei (Streptaxis), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 104, 1883, 67 Leonensis (Streptaxis), Pfeitfer. Monog. Hel., iv, 333, . 81 Letourneuxia, Bourg. Moll. Litig., ii, 202, 1866, . 232, 245 Letourneuxi (Daudebardia), Bourg. Moll. Nouv. Litig., vii, 210, t. 33, f. 7-12, . .13 Leucogaster (Limax cinereo-niger, var.), Morch. Syn. Moll. Pan., 6, 1864, 193 Leucophaeus (Arion), Normand. Desc. Lim. Nouv., 5, 1852, = A. hortensis, Fer. ........ 237 Leucospirus (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 326, 1856, . 168 Leucozonias (Oleacina), Walch Naturforscher, iv, 40, t. 1, f. 3, 4, ... . 26, 251 Leytensis (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . 173 Libania, Bourg. Penchinat, Ann. Malacol., i, 164, 1870, 7, 16 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 291 PAGE. Liberianus (Gibbus), Lea. Philos. Trans. Phila., vii, 457, . 83 Liebmanni (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zeits, Malak., 159, 1846, . 37 Lifonana (Diplomphalus), Montrouzier. Sowerb., Jour, de Conch., 200, 317, 1860, . . 115 Ligata (Oleacina1, Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 2, 25, . 27 Lignnria (Oleacina). Reeve. Conch. Icon. Achatina, sp. 27, 36 Ligulata (Petenia , Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 12, . . 50 Lilacinus ( Limax agrestis, var.), Moq.-Tandon. Moll. Fiance, 207 Lim:icias, Kaiinesque. Anal. Nat., 1815. = Limax, Linn. Limacina, Hartmann. None Alpina, i, 206, 1821. — Yitrina, Drap. ........ 141 Limacina 'Helix), Alten. Moll., 81, t. 10, f. 19. = Titrina diaplmna, Drap. . . . . . .139 Limacoides (Helix), Alten., 85, t. 11, f. 20. = Yitrina pellucid:), Mull. ...... 142 Limacopus (Arion), Westerlund. Faun. Suec., 74, 1873, . 241 Limacus, Lehnumn. Mai. Blatt., xi, 145, 1864 ; Heynemann, Mnl. Blatt. , xvi, 143. —. Limax, Linn. Limax, Linn. Syst. Nat 185, 189, 254 Limbatns (Limax), Held. Isis, 303, 1837. = L. marginatus, Miill. Limpida (Yitrina), Gould. In Agass. Lake Superior, 243, 1850, . . . . . . . . . . .144 Lincolniensis (Rhytid:i), Pir. Zool. Proc., 527, 1863, . 123 Lindoni (Oleacina), P fritter. Zool. Proc., 116, 1846, . . 23 Linearis ( Yoluttixis), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., xiii, 84, 1866, 52 Lineata (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 47, . 32 Lineatus (Limax), Dumont et Mortillet. Soc. Hist. Nat. Sav., 64. = L. cinereo-niger, AVolf. Lineatus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 85, 1884, 197 Lineatus (Limax), Strobel. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., 84, 1877. = L. Dacampi, var. Lineolatus (Helicarion), Martens. Ostas. Moll., ii, 184, . 178 Lineolatus (Limax), Risso. Prod. Eur. Merid., 57, 1826, . 213 Lineolatus (Limax), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 57. = A. hortensis, Per. ....... 237 Lividus (Philomycus), Raf. Ann. of Nat., 10, 1820, . . 228 Livonicus (Limax), Schrenk. Mollusken Livlands, 142, 1848. = L. marginatus, Miill. ..... 204 Locardi (Yitrina Stabilei, var.), Pollonera. Atti Accad. Torino, xix, 426. = Y. major, Fer , var. Stabilei. Lochea, Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, ii, 10, 1855, . 231, 233 Lombardeaui (Micromphalia), Montr. Jour, de Conch., 206, 318, 1860; 18, 1867, . ..... 116 292 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Lombricoides (Malino), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 39, t. 3, 1.4.. • . . . . . . . . . Longicauda (Urocyclus), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 263, 180.1, • . . . • . ' > • • . JLoo Longipes (Daudebardia), Ziegler. : D. brevipes, . . 15 Longula (Oleacina), Crosse and Fischer. Moll. Terr. Mex., iii, .......... 39 Lotophaga(Streptostele),Morelet. Rev. Zool., 352. 1848, 61, 108 Lubrica (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 230, 1881, . 99 Lucida (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., ii, 22, 55, J. o I O • • • • • • • * • • • • O * Luctuosus (Limax maximus, var.), Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, 29, 1855, 193 Lurida (Streptostyla), Shuttl. Bern. Mittheil., 205, 1852, . 45 Lusatica (Vitrina), Jordan. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vi, 377, 1879. = Y. Heynemanni, Koch. Lusitanicus(Arion),Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 134,1868, 240 Lusitanicus (Letourneuxia), Silva. J. Sc. Lisb., iv, 242, 1873, 245 Luteolina (Rhytida), Gassies. Faune Nouv. Caled., 35, 1863, 120 Luteus (Limax N, Razoumowsky. II. N. Jorat, i, 268, 1789. : A. rufus, Linn., var. ....... 234 Luteus (Parmarion). Martens. Preuss. Exped., 182, . . 167 Luzonieus (Helicarioii), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 132, 1849, . .174 Lymneiformis (Streptostyla , Shuttl. Bern., Mittheil., 206, 1 O-> — . ..... ...... Lymphaseus (Helicarion), Morelet. Ann. Mus. Genov., iii, "189, 1872, ... 183 Lyonetianus (Gil)bus), Pallas. Spicil. Zool., i, fasc. 10, p. oo, .......... Ot/, o 1 Mabillianus (Arion), Bourg. Moll. Nouv. Litig., 173, 1876. : A. fuscus, Miill . 236 Mabillei (Geomalacus), Baudon. Mem. Soc. Oise, vii, 11, t. 1, f. 8-12 ; Jour, de Conch., 204, 1884. = A. Mabillianus, Baudon. J. de Conch., 200, 1884, 240, 245 Mabiliia, Bourg. Desc. Nouv. genres Alger., 16, Toulouse, 1877, ........... Macgillivrayi (Helicarion), Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Sh., 86, 171 Macrodon (Ennea), Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 205, 1880, .104 Macrogyrus (Gibbus), Mousson. Faune Malac Canar., 122, 90 Maculata (Amalia), K. & H. Fedtschenko's Turkestan, vol. ii, p. 2, t. 1, f. 4, . .219 Maculata (Bulla), Chemn. Conch. Cab.,ix, pt. ii, 17, t. 117, f. 1011. = Oleacina Dominicensis, Gmel. . . .26 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 293 PAGE. Maculatus (Limax), Kaleniczenko. Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 1839, 1,30; 1851, 226, pi. vi,f. 2. L. flavus, Linn. . 200 Maculatus (Limax Dacampi, var.) Lessona. Moll. Piem., 22, 1880, 195 Maculatus (Limax flavus, var.) Moquin-Tandon. Moll. Fr., 25, 1856, . . . . J .' . . .251 Maculatus (Limax), Nunneley. Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, 1837, vi, 1, 46. — L. maximus, Linn. .... 189 Maculosus (Geomalacus), Allman. Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvii, 1846, p. 297, pi. ix, . . . 232, 244 Madagascariensis (Vitrina), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 379, 1882, ........... 157 Magnificus (Helicarion), Austen and Nevill. Jour. Bengal, 24, 1877 ; 129, 1881, ........ 180 Majoricensis (Limax), Heynemann. Nachr. Mai. Ge^ell., ii, 162 913 A*'-J^* • • • • • • • • • • £t L*j Major (Vitrina), Fer. Essai Meth., 43, 1807, . . .144 Major (Vitrina), Stabile. Moll. Piem., 24 1864. = Var. Stabilei, Lessona. Malacolimax, Malm. Goteborgs Vet. Vitt. Samh, Handl., x, 66, 1870, 209 Malinastrum, Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 140, 1868. Krynickia, Kal 212 Malino, Gray. Cat. Pulmon. Brit. Mus.. 178, 1855. : Krynickia, KaleD 186, 211 Mamillata (Vitrina . .Martens. Mai. Blatt., 208, 1868, . 155 Maravignse (Vitrina), Mandral. Cat. Madonie, p. 11. : Daudebardia brevipes, . . . . . . .15 Marcida (Vitrina), Gould. Bost. Proc , 181, 1846, . . 150 Margarita (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . 173 Margaritacea (Olcacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 321, 1856, . 25 Marginata (Amalia). Drap. Hist. Moll., p. 124, pi. 9, f. 7, . 214 Margin ata ( Amalia), Kimak. (ex part.). Bietr. zur Moll. Faun. Siebenburg., i Thl., 1883, 18. — A. gracilis, Leydig. Marginata (Helicarion), Ads. Genera. = H. marginata, Beck. Margiuatus (Limax), Moquin-Tanclon. Hist. Moll. Fr., ii, p. 21, pi. ii, f. 4, 5, 6, 17. : Amalia pyrrichus, Mabille, 216 Marginatus (Limax), Miill. Verm., ii, 10, 1774, . . 203 Marginellus (Limax), Schrank. F. Boica, 252. = A. rufus. Linn., var. ....... 234 Mariaella, Gray. Pulm. Brit. Mus., 62, 1855, . . 135, 162 Mariei (Diplomphalus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xv, 211, 1867, ........... 113 Mariei (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 228, 1881. .105 Marminii < Oleacina), Desh. Encyc. Meth., ii, 11, 1830, . 33 294 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Marmoratns (Limax), De Ka}^. Cat. N. Y. An., 31, 1839. = Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Bosc. Marmorea (Oleacina), Perry. Fer. Prodr., 308, . . .42 Martens! (Dendrolimax), Heynemann. Nachriehtsbl., xiv, 183, 184, 1882, . . ...... 162 Martens! (Gibbns), E. A. Smith. Jour, of Conch., iii, 301, lo""1— , ........... OO Martens! (Yitrina), Jickeli. Malak. BL, 100, 1872; Nov. Act. Cses. Leop., xxxvii, 40. = Y. Cailliaudi, Morelet, . 155 Martensiana (Streptostele), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 222, 1881, ........... 109 Martinianns (Limax), Bourg. Desc. Moll. terr. des Alpes, p. 3, 1869; Mabille, Ann. de Mai., i, 140, . . . .213 Masters! (Helicarion), Cox. Monog. Aust. L. Shells, 8G, . 170 Matheroni (Testacella), Potiez et Mich., 63. = Succinea. Maugei (Testacella), Fer. Hist. Moll., 94, t. 8, f. 12, 1819, 8 Maugerse (Streptaxis), Gray. Louden 's Mag. N. Hist., N. O« .1. ~bo~r«» • • • * • • * • • | *x Maurelianus (Krynickillus), Bourguignat. Desc. nov. sp. Moll. Alpes.-Mar., p. 4 ; Ann. de Malacol., i, 129, . . 214 Mauritianus (Gibbus), Morelet, Ser. Conch., ii, 86, 1860; Jour, de Conch., 96, 1882, ...... 88 Maurus (Limax), Held. Isis., 271, 1836. = L. cinereo-niger, Wolf, . . . . . . .192 Maurus (Limax), Qnoy and Gaim. Yoy. Uranie,p. 427, 1824, 214 Maximus (Limax), Linn. Syst. Nat., 652, 1758,. . 189, 254 Media (Yitrina), Lowe. Zool. Proc., 164, 1854. = Y. marcida, Gld. . . . . . . . .150 Medius (Arion), var. of ater, Jensen. N. Mag. Naturv., 1872, 176, t. 1, f. 16. Medius (Arion), var. of fuscus, Jensen. N. Mag. Naturv., 1872, 187, ......... . 2oD Medyla, Albers. Heliceen, edit, ii, 47, 1860. = Otesia, Adams. Megalodontes (Limax), Quoy and Gaim. Yoy. Uranie, p. 426, 1824, .......... 214 Mesapelta, Morch. Jour, de Conch., vi, 282, 1857 ; Mai. Blatt., vi, 110, . ...... 187, 212 Megaspis, Krynick, MSS. Gra}^ Cat. Pulm., 163. = Krynickia, Kal. Megaspidus (Limax), Blainv. Journ. Phys., 1817, p. 444, t. ii, f. vi, . . . . . . . . . . 214 Megastoma (Helicarion), Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Shells, 87, 170 Megei (Diplomphalus), Lambert. Jour, de Conch., 136, 35, Mollendorff. Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., 311, 1881; 277, 1883, 93 Milax, Gray. Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus., 174, 1855. = Amalia, Moquin-Tandon, 1855. Milium (Ennea), Godwin-Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 317, 1876, . . 103 Millepunctata (Limax), Pini. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., xxvii, 1884, 213 296 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. VAGK. Millestriata (Elnea), E. A. Smith. Voy. Erebus and Terror Moll., 2, 1875, . 130 Milligam (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 56, 1852, . .172 Milne-Edwardsia (Vitrina), Bourg. Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. vi, xv, 18, . . . . . . . . . 155 Mingrelica (Oleacina), Bottger. Nachrichtsbl. Mai. Gesell., 117,1881. = 0. Algira, var 42 Minor (Gibbus), Morelet. Guevin's Mag., 220, 1851, . . 84 Minutissima (Oleacina), Guppy. Proc. Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, 239, 1869, ... 26 Mimitus (Helicarion), Godwin-Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 313, 1876, ..... ... 182 Minutus (Krynickillus), Kaleniczenko. Bull. Soc. Moscow, xxiv, 224, 1851. = Agriolimax agrestis, L., var. Miradorensis (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch.,iii, 33, 41 Miradorensis (Volutaxis), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., v, 122, t. 17, f. 23, 35. ? = V. similaris, Strebel, . . 51 Mitvseformis (Streptostyla), Shuttl. Bern., Mittheil., 205, -L O O «d • • • • • * • * • • • • Mitriformis (Oleacina), Angas. Zool. Proc., 794, t. 40, f. 10, J. O I <7 , • . •> . . . . . . . . Modesta (Ennea), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 305, 1867, . 92 Modesta (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., ix, 98, 1862, . 43 Modestus (Anadenus), Theobald. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxi, 489, 1862, 250 Modioliformis (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 336, 1877, 101 Modiolina (Ennea), Fer. = E. clavulata, Lam. . . .91 Modiolinus (Gibbus), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 439, 1867, 90 Modiolinus (Pupa), Bowdich. Elem. Conch., t. 6, f. 34. = Gibbus Lyonetianus, Pallas. . . . . .81 Modiolus (Gibbus), Ferussac. Prodr., 466, . . .88 Modiolus (Pupa), Potiez et Michaud. Gal. des Moll.,i, 169. = Gibbus versipolis, Fer. ...... 89 Mohriana (Streptostyla), Pfr. Mai. Blatt., ix, 97, 1862, 44 Moitessierianus (Geomalacus), Mabille. Guerin's Mag., 61, 1867. = Arion, juv. 245 Molestus (Limax), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xi, 331, 1878. = L. agrestis, Linn. ...... 207 Mollis (Vitrina), Morelet. Moll. terr. A9or., 147, . .148 Monachus (Avion Mortilleti, var.), Lessona. Atti Accad. Torino, 195, 1881, 239 Mondraini (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 13, 1868, . 88 Mongianensis (Lehmannia), Paulucci. Faun. Calabria, 23, 1880. Lessona and Pollonera, Mem. Torino, 2 ser., xxxv, 63. — L. niarginatus, Miiil., var. ..... 215 Monilifera (Oleacina), Pfeilfor. Zool. Proc., 75, 1845, . 26 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 297 PAGE. Monocromus (Limax Dacampi, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 80, 1884, "..'.. . 195 Monodon (Ennea), Martens. Monats. Preuss. Akad., 263, 187l'i. = E. Dohrni, E. A. Smith. Monodon (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 330, 1873. Dohrn, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell.. 153, 1878, .... 91 Monolineatus (Limax Dacampi, var.), Bettoui. Bull. Mai. Ital., iii, t. 3, f. 1, . . . . . . . . 194 Monomphalus, Ancey. Le Naturaliste, 86, 1882, . Ill, 114 Monotremata, ......... 6 Monregalensis (Limax Perosinii, var.), Lessona and Pollo- nera. Mem. Torino, 89, 1884, 199 Monrovia (Streptaxis), Rang. Ann. Sc. Nat., xxiv, 16, t. 3, f. 3. = S. nobilis, Gray, ....... 67 Montana (Baudonia), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 133, 1868. = Arion timidus, Morelet, var. .... 239 Montanus (Limax), Ingersoll. Ann. Rep. U. S. Surv. Terr. (1873), 130, 1874, edit, ii, 394. 1876, . . . 209, 210 Montanus (Limax), Leydig. Verh. VTurtt., 210, 1871. = L. ater, Raz. . . . . . . . .192 Montenegrins (Limax, Frauenfeldia), Bottger. Jahrb., xii, 66, 188;"), 213 Monterosati (Amalia), Bourg. Bull. Soc. Pl^s. Toulouse, 16, 1877, 221 Monticola (Daudebardia), Benoit. Xuovo Catal., 10, t. 8, f. 3, 1882, . . . .... 13 Monticola ( Helicarion), Authors (not Pfr.). = H. Stoliczkanus, Xevill. Monticola (Helicarion), Benson, Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848; Nevill, Moll., 2d Yarkancl Exp., 15, . . . 176 Monticola (Limax), Bottger. Nachsb. Mai. Gesell., 1881, 120. Jahr. Mai. Gesell., viii, 180, t. 7, f. 6 a-c, 1881, . 202 Monticola (Meghimatium), Godwin-Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlv, 315, 229 Montrouzieri (Diplompbalus), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., vii, 63, 1858, . 113 Moquiui (Parmacella), Bourg. Amen. Malac., ii, p. 139, . 223 Moravicus (Limax , Ehrenb. S3Tmb. Phys. Gra}% Cat Pulm. Brit. Mus., 169, . . . .' . . . .213 Morchi (Streptostele), Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. Bui., No. 266, 109 Morchiana (Eunea), Ropstorff. Xevill, Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 130, 1881, 107 Moreleti (Ariunculus), Hesse. Malakozool. Blatt., X. S., vii, 14, .......... 240 Moreleti (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 291, 1868,. . 86 298 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Moreleti.'ina (Streptostyla), Pfr. Mai. Blatt.,xiii, 140, I860, 49 Moreletiana (Streptostele ),Dohrn. Malak. Blatt, 132, 1866, 109 Mortillcti (Ariuneulus), Lessona. Accad. Torino, xvi, 194, 1881, . 239 Mouensis (Limax), Gassies. Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., xxviii, 14. 1872, 214 Mouhoti (Strept:ixis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 273, 1862, . 80 Moussonia, Bourg. Moll. nouv. litig., vii, 210, 1866. = Libania, Bourg. Moyobambensis (Streptaxis), Moricand. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 450, 1858, ... 65 Mozanibicensis (Streptaxis), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 280, 1881, 58, 70 Mucronata (Streptostele), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 264, 1876, . 110 Mucronatus (Limax), Westerlund. Faun. Suec., 26, 1873. : L. laevis, MiilL, var 211 Miilleri (Gibbus), Morelet. Jour. deConch., 32, 1875, . 82 Miilleri (Oleacina), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, Moll., t. 27, f. 5. = 0. striata, Miill 32 Miilleri (Vitrina), Jeffreys. Linn. Trans., xvi, 326. V. pellucida, Miill. Multilimbata (Paryphanta), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pol. Sud, t. 6, f. 5-8? = P. phlogophora, Pfr. . . .128 Multipunctata (Limax Conemenosi), Bottger. Jahrbuch, xii, 158, 200 Multispira (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 26, 1861, . 30 Multisulcata (Rhytida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 272, 1857 ; 239, 300, 409, 1870, . . . . . . .118 Musignani (Vitrina), Mandralisca. Giorn. lett. N., 230; Beiioit, Moll. Sicil., 60, t. 1, f. 6, 146 Mutata (Streptaxis), Gould. Exped. Shells, 19, 1846, . 66 Nagaensis (Parmarion), Austen. Jour.* As. Soc. Beng., 5, 1875, ...........1 65 Namoiensis (Rhytida\ Cox. Monog. Austr. Land Shells, 29, 124 Nairn (Helix), Wagner. Spix. Test, Bras., 35. = Streptaxis vitrina, Wagner, juv. . ... 64 Nana (Oleacina), Shnttl. Bern., Mittheil., 202, 1852,. . 35 Natalensis (Ennea), Craven. Zool. Proc., 619, 1880, . . 100 Natalensis (Limax), EL & A. Ad. Genera, 219, . . .214 Natalensis (Vitrina), Krauss. Sudaf. Moll., 74, . . . 156 Nebulosus (Philomycus), Rafin. Ann. Nat., 10, 1820, . 228 Nemorensis (Oleacina), Adms. Contr. Conch., No. 2, 25, . 28 Nemorosus (Limax), Mabille. Hist. Mai. Bass. Paris, p. 53, 1870 ; Ann. Malacol., i, loO. = L. agrestis, L., var. . 207 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 299 PAGE. Nemorosus (Limax marginatus,var.) Baudon. Limac. Oise, 19, 1871, . 204 NephropDeusta, Ihering, . ...... 6 Neustriacus ( Arion), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 138, 1868, 236 XTevillia, Martens. Mobius' Mauritius, 1880. = Section of Gibbus, Montf. ..... 60, 91 Xevilli (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 304, 1867, . . 86 Xevilli (Streptostele), H.Adams. Zool. Proc., 291, 1868; Dohrn, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 154, 1878, . . . .109 Newcombi (Helix), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 51, 1854. = Helicarion caperatus, Gld. . . . . . .171 Nfcwtoni (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 305, 1867, . 82 Niciensis (Limax), Nevill. Zool. Proc., 103, 1880. = L. agrestis, Linn. ........ 206 Nicoleti (Streptostyla), Shuttl. Bern., Mittheil., 204, 1852, 43 Niger (Ariolimax), Cooper. Proc. Philad. Acad.. 146, t, 3, f. E, 1-4, 1872 ; W. G. Biuney, Terr. Moll., v, 234, . . 247 Niger (Helicarion), Quoy et Gaim. Toy. Astrol.. ii, 135, . 169 Niger (Limax , Malzine. Essai Mai. Belg., 59, t. 3, f. 12, 13, 1867,« • • • « • • • • • m alii Ni°;er (Limax maximus, var.),Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, 29, 1855. Niger (Limax cinereo-niger, var.), Westerlund. Moll. Svec., II, • • • • • • • • • • • J. i;. f>s, ....... 241 Olivaceus (Limax), Gould. Wilkes' U. S. Expl. Expd. Mollusca, p. 4, . . . . . . . . . 202 Olivaceus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, »7, 1884, 199 Olivier! ( Par mace 1 la), Cuvier. Ann. du Mus., v, 442, t. 29, f. 12, 1805, 222 Omalomorplia (Streptaxis), Orb. Synopsis, 5, . . .64 Omega (Paryphanta), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 56, 1852, . .128 Omicron (Diplomphalus), Pfr. Zeit. fiir Malak., 128, 1851, 115 Omphaloptyx, Bottger, . . .... 58 Onychina (Oleacina), Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 14. = 0. Lindoni, Pfr. ........ 23 Oopelta (Morch), Heynem. Mai. Blatt.,xiv, 191, 1867, 188, 225 Oophana, Ancey. Le Naturaliste, vi, 508, 1884. = Subsection Odontartemon, Pfr. Ophiria (Paryphanta). Pfr. Zool. Proc., 326, 1856, . . 128 Opilolimax, Pint. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 92, 1876. = Limax, Linn. . . . . . . . .185 Orbicula (Streptaxis), Orb. Synopsis, 6; Yoy., 250, t. 27, f. 16-19, 65, 251 Oresioecus (Arion), Mabille. Ann. Mai., 119, 1870, . .240 Oretea (Amalia carinata, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 102, 1884 215 Oris, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 57, 1826. = Onchidiacese. Oriunda (Rhytida), Gassies. Faune Conch. Nouv. Caled., iii, 20, , 121 o02 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Orizaba? (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 320, 1856, . . 26 Ornata (Limax agrestis, var.), Paulucci. Moll. Calabria. : L. agrestis, var. rufescens, . . . . . .207 Oruata (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zeit. Malak., Ill, 1846, . . 32 Ornatus (Limax cinereo-niger, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 76, 1884, ' 193 Oiysacea (Oleacina), Rang. Orb., Moll. Cuba, i, 167, . 24 Oryza (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 192, 1882, . 102 Otesia, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Recent Moll., ii, 642, 1858, 253 Othelosoma, Gray. Ann. Ma4, . 227, 230 Panchetensis (Helicarion), Godwin- Austen. Moll. India, iv, 153, 1883, 182 Panormitanns (Agriolimax) Lessona et Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 98, 1884, . . . .208 Papillaspira (Helicarion), Godwin-Austen. Moll. India, iv, 153, 1883 182 Papillata (Yitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . . .184 Papillifera (Ennca), Jickdi). Malak. Blatt., 108, 1872. = E. dentieulata, vur. quinqneplicata. Paragramma (Olearina ). Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 15. = 0. solid ula, I* IV. ........ 24 Paralimax, Boltger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, 144, 1883, 186, 210 Parallela (Oleacina , W. G. Binney. Proc. Philad. Acad., 189, 1857, .32 Parma (Limacella), Brard. Hist., 110, t. 4, f. 1, 2, 9, 10. = Limax maximus, Linn ....... 189 Parmacella, Cuvier. Ann. du Mus., v, 442, 1805, . 188, 221 Parmacellina, Sandberger. = Yitrina, Drap. Parmacochlea, Smith. Zool. Proc., 1884, . . . 137, 167 Parmarion, Fischer. Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., 1856, . 136, 164 Parmella, H. Adams. Zool. Proc.., 308, 1867, . . 134, 160 Parumpunctatus (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 94, 1876. = L. punctulatus, Sordelli, var. Parvnla (Streptostyla , Pfr. Zool. Proc., 379. 1856, . . 50 Parvulus (Limax), Norm. Descr. Linn., 1852, p. 8. = L. Irevis, Miill. . . . . . . . .211 Paryphanta, Albers. Die Heliceen, 1850, . . . .112 Pascali (Testacella), Bourg. Massot, Ann. de Malac.,i, 147, J. O • VF • • • • • • * • • • • • O Pascalianns (Arion), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 134, 1868 ; Morelet, Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., xvii, 244. = A. hortensis, var. . . . . . . . . 238 Passamaianus (Gibbns), Petit. Jour, de Conch., 366, 1853 ; Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc., 808, 1881, . 59, 82, 251 Passamaella, Pfeiffer. Mai. Bla'tt., xxiv, 5, 1877. = Section of Gibbus, Moutf. ..... 59, 82 304 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. P:itula (Rhytida), Hutton. Trims. N. Zeal. lust., 138, 1882, 126 Paulucciae (Rhytida), Crosse. Jour, cle Conch., 154, 1868. = R. testudinaria, Gassies. Paulucciaj (Vitrina), Fischer. Paulucci, Mater. Faun. Mai. ItaL, 23, 1878, .... .... 146 Pavesi (Limax), Pini. Moll. Terr. Esino, p. 23, t. 5, f. 9, 10; Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, ii, 85, 1876, ..... 192 Pawlenkoi (Daudebardia), Bott<>vr. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vii, 113, t. 4, f. 1, 1880; viii, 171. == D. Heydeni, Bottg. 15 Pecchiolii (Testacella), Bourg. Rev. Mag. Zool., 517, 1861, 11 Pectinata (Amalia), Selenka. Mai. Blatt., xii, 105, t. 2, f. 1-9, 1865, . 220 Pegorarii (Arion), Lessona et Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 1884, ...... 241 Pegorarii (Yitrina), Pollonera. Atti Accad. Torino, xix, 424, 1884. = Y. diaphana, Drap. ...... 139 Peguensis (Helicarion), Theobald. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 244, 1864, . 180 Pelagica (Yitrina), Morelet. Moll. Terr. Acor, 143, . .151 Peletti (Testacella), Massot. Bull. Soc. Agr. Pyr. Or., xix, loii, ........... \ 2i Pellicula (Yitrina), Fer. Prodr., 9, p. 21, . . . .157 Pelophilus (Arion), Mabille. Ann. Mai., i, 117, 1870. = A. hortensis, Fer., var. Pellucens (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 273, t. 36, f. 6, 1862; Morelet, Jour, de Conch., 105, 1883, ... 71 Pellucida (Helix), Fabric. Faun. Groanl. = Yitrina Angelicas, Beck. Pellucida (Yitrina), De Kay. Moll. N. York, 25. = Y. limpida, Gould. Pellucida (Yitrina), Drap. Tabl. Moll., 98. = Y. major, Fer. Pellucida (Yitrina), Miiller. Hist. Yerm., ii, 15, . . 141 Pellucida (Yitrina), Yorth. Sturm's Fauna, vi, H. 3, T. 16. = Y. diaphana, Drap. . . . . . . .139 Penchinati (Yitrina), Bourguignat. Sp. Nov. Moll., 38, 1876, 141 Peraffinis (Helicarion), Beck, in Sched. = H. Beckianus, Pfr. Perakensis (Ennea), Godwin- Austen and Nevill. Zool. Proc., 735, 1879, , 92 Perdita (Amphidoxa), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xvi, 179, 199, 252 Perlucens (Oleacina), Guppy. Ann. Mag. N. H., 4th ser., i, 430,1868, . . 31 Peiiucidus (Limax), Quoy and Gaimard. = Hyalimax (Succineidae), ...... 211 Pennollis (Helicarion), Stoliczka. Jour. As. Soc., 18, 1873, 177 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 305 PAGK. Perobliqua (Yitrina), Innes. Bull. Soc. Mai. France, 103, ioo4, ........... J_ 0 o Perplexa (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 5, 84, . 31 Perosinii (Limax), Lessona et Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 87, 1884. 199 Perpusilla (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. ' Mai. Blatt., xiii, 86, 1866, . 43 Perrotteti (Streptaxis), Petit. Revue Zool., 100, 1841, . 76 Personatus (Streptaxis), Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlix, 202, 1880 80 Perspectiva (Helix). Wagner. Spix. Test. Bras., 24 (not Sa,y). = Streptaxis candidus, Pfr. . . . . .61 Peru viana (Streptostyla), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., 301, . 43 Petenia, Crosse and Fischer. Diag. n. Moll., 7, 1869. = Streptostyla. S. G 20, 50 Pethionis (Oleacina), Weinland. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 355, 1880, ........ . 2it> Petiti (Oleacina), Deshayes. Fe*r. Hist., ii, 175, . . .38 Petiti (Oleacina, var.) Strebel. Mex. Landsh., ii, 42, 1875. = O. rosea, Fer. ........ 38 Petiti (Streptaxis), Gould. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist , iv, 456, t. — 4, I. 7, .......... IT: Petterdi (Cystopelta), Tate. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 17, 1880, 227 Pfaffia, Behn. Amtl. Ber. Deutsch. Natur. Yers., 1844. — Oleacina, ......... 19 Pfeifferi (Ennea), Krauss. Sudaf. Moll., 79, . . .101 Pfeifferi (Streptaxis), Zelebor. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., v, 444, 47 Pfeifferi (Streptostyla), Crosse. Moll. Terr. Mex., 27, . 47 Pfeifferi (Yitrina), Newcomb. Calif. Proc., 92, 1861, . . 144 Phenacolimax, Stabile. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 24, 1859, . 133, 141 Philippiana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Monog, Hel., ii, 291, . 27 Philippinensis (Tennentia), Semper. Reisen Philipp., iii, 7, 162 Phillipsii (Oleacina), Adams. Bost. Proc., 13, 1845, . . 30 Philomycus, Rafinesque. Annal. Nat., 10, 1820. ? = Tebennophorus, Binnev. Phlogophora (Paryphanta), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 127, 1849, . 128 Phoeniciaca (Limax), Bourg. Test. Novissima, p. 9, 1852, . 213 Phosphorax, Webb et Bertholet. Ann. Sc. Nat, xxviii, 307, 1833, . . 188, 224 Physella, Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., viii, 70, 1861. ==Strebelia, 19 Physodes (Streptostyla), Shuttl. Bern. MittheiL, 207, 1852, 49 Pictum (Meghimatium). Stoliczka; Jour. Asiatic Soc. Beng., xlii, pt. 2, p. 30, pi. iii, f. 9-14, . .229 Piniana (Yitrina nivalis, var.), Pollonera. Atti Accad. To- rino, xix, 423, 1884, .... . .140 Pinianus (L.), Lessona. Mem. Accad. Torino, 68, 1884. = L. punctulatus, Sordelli, var. 30 30G INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Pinicola (O. plicatula, var.) Crosse and Fischer. Mex., 95, 37 Pinicola (Rhytida), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 287, 1854, . . 121 Pinii (Limax Dacampi, var.) Lesscma and Pollonera. Mern. Torino, 80, 1884, . 194 Pirainea, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, 103, 1884. — Amalia, Moq.-Tand. Pironje (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 98, 18T6. = L. ater, Raz. Pirriei (Ennea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 295, 1854, . . .103 Planata (Parmella), H,Ad. Zool. Proc., 308, 1867, . . 160 Planilabris (Vitrina), Cox. Zool. Proc., 697, 1865. = Helicarion Macgillivrayi, Cox. Planospira (Helicarion), Benson. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., iii, 271, 1859. = H. succinea, Reeve, . . . 183 Planospirus (Helicarion), Pfr. Zeit. Mai., 51, 1853, . . 171 Planti (Ennea), Pfr. Malak. Blatt., ii, 173, 1855, . . 90 Planti (Vitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 324, 1856, . . .157 Planulata (Vitrina), Jickeli. Malak. Blatt., 101, 1872, . 155 Planulata (Vitrina), .Pfr. Zool. Proc.', 1848, . . .184 Planulatus (Artemon), Beck. Index, 48, 1837. ? = Streptaxis Wagneri, Pfr. ...... 62 Planus (Parmarion), Martens. Preuss. Exped., 182, . . 167 Platystoma, Ancey. Le Naturaliste, iii, 86, 1882, . 112, 117 Platystoma (Daudebardia), Letourn. Ann. Malac., i, 291, 1870; La Kabylie, i, 216, 1872, 15 Plectrophorus, Fer. Tabl. Syst., 10, 1819, . . . 7, 17 Plicadomus, Swainson. Malacol., 332, 1840. = Section of Gibbus, Montf. 59, 82 Plicatula (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 258, 1851, . 37 Plicatula (Streptostyla), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 16, 47 Plicatulus (Helicarion), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 254, 1876, .... 184 Plicosa (Vitrina), Bielz. Faun. Siebenb., 33, 1863, . . 145 Pliculosa (0. amoena, var.) Crosse and Fischer. Moll. Terr. Mex., 114, .......... 39 Plussensis (Streptaxis), Morgan. Le Naturaliste, vii, 68, looO, ........... — O 1 Plutonia, Stabile. Moll. Piemont, 121,1864, . . 134, 161 Poeyana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., xiii, 139, 1866, 24 Poiretia, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 1883. = Oleacina, Sect. 20 Poireti (Oleacina), Fer. Prodr., 158. = 0. Algira, Brug. 42 Polita (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 48, . . 35 Politissimus (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, 173, 252 Pollonerag (Arion), Pini. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., xxvii, J O o 4 j . . . . . . . . . . . >. 4 1 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 307 PAGE. Polyphemus, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 415, 1810. = Oleacina, ......... 19 Potyptyelus (Amalia), Bourg. Amenites. Mai., ii, 143, . 219 Pdnsonbyi (Limax Panormitanus, var.) Clessin,Mal. Blatt., N. S., vii, 12, 208 Poppigi (Vitrina), Menke. Symb. Hel., iii, 81, . . , 156 Porrecta (Ennea), Martens. Sitzb. nat. freunde, Berlin, 198, 1884, 107 Porrectus (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc.. 273, 1862, . 74 Portia (Elaea), Gray. Zool. Proc., 165, 1849, . . . 252 Portoricensis (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., Ill, 1848, . 30 Powisiana (Guestieria), Pfeiffer. Monog. Hel., i, 34, . . 113 Pradse (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 94, 1876. = L. punctulatus, Sordelli, var. Prsecellens (Helicarion), Martens. Conch. Mittheil., ii, 132, 179 Prsestans (Helicarion), Gould. Bost. Proc., i, 140, 1843, . 179 Pretiosa (Helix), Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 135, f. 4. = Streptostyla Peruviana, Lam. . . . . .43 Prevostiana (Rhytida), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 106, 1874, 123, 252 Problematica (Streptaxis), Pfr. Zeit. Mai., 91, 1852, . . 66 Problematicus (Parmarion), Fer. Hist. Moll., ii, t. 8 F., f. 13,17, . . . . . . . . . . 166 Procera (Oleacina), Adams. Contrib. Conch., No. 2, 24, . 27 Productus (Gibbus), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 13, 1868. = G. palangula, Morelet, ....... 87 Prolepsis, Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, ii, 14, 1855, . 231 Pronus (Streptaxis), Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlix, 204, 1880, 79 Prophysaou, Binney and Bland. Ann. N. Y. Lye., x, 293, 1873, .... 233, 249 Propinqua (Oleacina), Adams. Proc. Bost. Soc., 13, 1845, 31 Prostratus (Streptaxis), Gould. Bost. Proc., vi, 12, 1856, 69 Proxima (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 9, 167, . 31 Psarus (Limax), Bourg. Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 1861, p. 26, 190 Pseudolibania, Stefani. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., v, 12, 1879, 7 Pseudomilax, Bdttger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 173, 1881, . 135 Pseudomphalus, Ancey. Le Naturaliste, iii, 86, 1882, 111, 115 Pseudosubulina, Strebel and Pfeiffer. Mex. Landconch., v, 117, 1882, 21, 50 Pseudoturris (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., ii, 47, J.O I O} « . . . . . . . . . • oD Ptychomphala (Rhytida), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1851, . .123 Pt}'choraphe (Oleacina), Weinl. and Martens. Malak. Blatt., vi, 57, 1859, 29 308 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Ptychotrema, Morch. Yoldi Cat., 33, 1852. = Section of Streptostele, Dokrn, . . . .61, 109 Pulchella (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 379, 1856, . 25 Pulcher (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 87, 1884, 198 Pullatus (Arion Mortiletti, var.), Lessona. Atti Accad. Torino, 195, 1881, 239 Pulmonata, .......... 5 Pumilio (Ennea), Gould. Bost. Proc., 1, 158, 1843, . . 90 Punctatus (Limax agrestis,var.), Westerlund. Moll. Svec., — 1 ^ • • • • • • • • • • m &\) I Punctatus (Limax Dacampi, var.), Lesson. Moll. Viv. Piem., 1 o o 0 , . . . . . . . . . . .193 Punctatus (Parmarion),Van Hasselt. Bull. Sc. Nat., iii, 82, 1824. = P. pupillaris, Humb. . . . . . .166 Punctulatus (Limax), Sordelli. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., 250, 1870, 190 Pupaeformis (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 154, 1866, 94 Pupillaris (Parmarion), Humbert. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Geneve, xvii, 113. 1864; Semper. Reisen Philipp., iii, 9, . 166 Pupuius (Bulimus), Morelet. Revue Zool., 352, 1848. = Gibbus Liberianus, Lea, ...... 83 Pusilla (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 224, 1881 ; 206, 1883. = E. Mariei, Morelet 105 Pycnoblennius (Limax), Bourg. Rev. et Mag. Zool., Io61 ; Spicil. Malacol., 31, 213 Pygmseum (Solarium), Spix. Test. Bras., t. 17, f. 7. = Streptaxis vitrina, Wagner, juv. . . . . .64 Pyrenaica (Vitrina), Fer. Prod., 4; Hist., t. 9, f. 3, . . 140 Pyrenseus (Limax), Conip. = L. cinereo-niger, Wolf. Pyriformis (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. In Phil. Abbild., ii, 9, p. 8; ii, 13, p. 129, . .... 77 Pyrrichus, Mabille. Ann. Malacol. ,i, 125, 1870. = Amalia, 216 Quadridentata (Ennea), Martens. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., iii, 251,1876. = E. Dupuyana, Crosse, . . . .99 Quadrifasciatus (Arion), var. of fuscus, Jensen. N. Mag. Naturv., 1872, 184, . . . . . . . . 235 Quadrilus (Philomycus), Rafin. Ann. of Nat., 10, 1820, . 228 Quinqueplicata (Ennea denticulata, var.), Jickeli. Moll. Nordost Afr., 29, . . . . . . . .95 Quirozi (Streptostyla), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., pt. 3,21, 44 Radha (Helicarion), Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal., xlv, 314, 1876, . 165 Radula (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landsh., ii, 13, t. 3, f. 8, 39 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 309 PAGE. R affray i (Ennea), Bourguignat. Ann. Sc. Nat., xv, 77> 1883, lor, Raffrayi (Helicariun), Bourg. ADD. Sc. Nat., 6 ser., xv, 9, 1883, . 184 Raffrayi (Yitrina), Bous Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 6, xv, 20, . 155 .Rangia, Per., in coll. Parmarion, Fischer. Rangianus (Parmarion), Fer. Bull. Soc. Nat., x, 300, 1827, 167 Raphiellus (Helicarion), Martens. Ostas. Zool.,ii, 69, . 177 Rapida (Elaea), Pfr. Zeit. Malak., 54, 1853, . . .129 Rarotonganus Limax), Heynemann. Nachsb. Mai. Gesell., iii. 43. Garrett, Jour. Pliilad. Arad., viii, 402, . .214 Ravenia, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 69, 1873; 66, 1874, 21, 52 Raymondianus (Limax), Bourg. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861. Spicil. Mai., 39, -201 Raynali (Rhytidn). (Assies. Faune Nouv. Caled.,34, 1863; Jour, de Conch., 210, 1865, 119 Reclnsiana (Helix), Petit. Revue Zool., 99. 1841. = Streptaxis nobilis, Gray, ...... 67 Rectns (Yolutaxis), Pfeifier. Malak. Blatt. v, 152, 1858, 52 Reeveanus (Gibl)us), Pt'r. Zool. Proc., 101, 1855. . . 85 Regius (Streptaxis), Lobbeckc. Nachr. Deutsch. Mai. Gesell., 50, 1881, 62 Regularis (Oleacina), Gundl. Mai. Blatt., iv, 109, 1857. = 0. orysacea, Raui»-. ....... 24 Reitteri (Vitrina). Bottger. Ber. Offenb. Yer,, xix-xxi, 102, 18X0, . 145 Renieri (Limax Dacampi, s. sp.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 75, 1884 193 Resiliens (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . 174 Resplendens (Helicarion), Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc., xlvi, 24, 1877; ibid., 1, 129, 180 Reticiilata (Yitrina), Mousson. Rev. faune malac. Canar.,14, 150 I'vcticulatum (Parmarion), Hasselt. Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 8 E, f. 2,3. =Meghimatium,Stoliczka. Jour. Bengal., xlii, 31, 229 Reticulatus (Limax), Mull. Verm. Hist., p. 10. = L. agrestis, var. Linn. ....... 207 Reticulatus (Parmarion), Hasselt. Bull. Sc. Nat., iii, 82, 1824, 167 Retowski (Pseudomilax), Buttger. Bericht Senkenb., 146, 5o4, . . . . . . . . . .161 Rhytida, Albers. Die Heiiceen, 1860, 112, 117. Rhytidopsis, Ancey. . Le Naturaliste, iv, 85, . , . 252 Richardi (Streptostyla)^ Pfr. Zool. Proc., 140,. t. 13, f. 10, '• ' — . .. ......... 4o Riepiana (Yitrina), Jick'eli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. ,ix, 366, 1882, 158 Rigasia, Gray. In H. & A. Ad. Genera, ii, 640, 1858. = Parmarion, Fischer. 310 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Rimatus (Btreptaxis), Pfr. Zeit. Mai., 48, 1847. = S. nobilis, Gray, . . . . . . . .67 Ring-ens (Streptostele ) , H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 379, 1870, 110 Ringicula (Ennea), Morelet. Voy. Welwitsch, 83, . . 94 Robnstus (Helicarion), Gould. Bost. Proc., 181, 1846, . 169. Rodrignensis (Gibbus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., l.'iS, 1873; 225, 1874, 86 Rollandi (Streptaxis), Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., vi, 187, 1 o 0 7 , • • • • . • * • * • • u ^ Rosea (Oleacina), Ferussac. Pr., 356, . . . .38 Roseus (Limax), Broeck. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg., v, 49, 1870. = Var. L. Marginatus, Mull. ...... 204 Rossiteriana (Helix), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xix, 202, 1871. = Diplomphalus Heckeliana, Crosse,* . . .114 Rubella (Gleacina), Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 14. = 0. monilifera, Pfr. ....... 26 Rubiginosus (Arion), Baudon. Drouet, Moll. Cote-d'Or., 26, 1867, 240 Rubronotatus (Limax), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 85, 1884. = L. Corsicus, var. Rubrum (Parmarion), Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 6, A o i O » • • • • • • • * • • • 1. 0 O Rufa (Daudebardia\ Drap. Hist., 118, t. 8, f. 26-29, . 12 Rufescens (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . .174 Rufescens (Limax agrestis, var.), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 99, 207 Rufescens (Limax Dacampi, var.), Lessona. Moll. Piem., -i-ij looU, .......... 1 JO Rufescens (Limax flavus, var.), Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, 25, 1856, 201 Rufescens (Limax), Stabile. Moll. Terr. Piem., 1864. = L. maximus, var. Rufina, Clessin. Mai. Bliitter, xxv, 98, . . . 7, 12 Rufotincta (Helix), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 376, 1874, 120 Rufus (Arion), pars, Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 29, 1845. = A. Lusitanicus, Mabille. Rufus (Limax), Linn. Syst. Nat , p. 1081, 1758, . 233 Rugosa (Yitrina), Paulucci. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., vii, 75, 1881, 146 Rugulosa (Vitrina), Koch. Mart. Moll. Turkest., 7, 1874, 145 Ruivensis (Vitrina), Couthouy. Gould, Bost. Proc., 180, 1846; Wilkes, Exp. Shells, 6, f. 7, 148 Rupicola (Arion), Mabille. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 136, 1868. = A. rufus, Linn., var. ....... 235 Rupicola (Limax marginatus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 62, 1884, 204 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 311 PAGE. Ruppelliana (Vitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848. = V. hians, Riippell, ....... 154 Riisei (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zeits. Malak., 151, 1852, = 0. Portoricensis, Pfr. ....... 30 Russeola (Helicarion), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 225, 1865, 177 Rustica (Limax), Millet. Mag. Zool., 1843, p. 1, pi. 63, f. 1. = Amalia marginata, Drap. ...... 215 Rutellum (Parmacella), Hutton. Jour. Ast. Soc. Beng.. 1849, p. 649, . . ... 224 Saccata (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 26, 1861, . . 39 Saisseti (Micromphalia), Montr. Jour, de Conch., 205, 313, 1860; 18, .1867, ... 117 Salicium (Limax), Bouillet. Moll. Auv., 18. — L. marginata, Mull. ....... 204 Sallei (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 30, 1869, 44 Sallei (Tebennophorus), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1869, p. 190, 44, 228 Salius (Helicarion), Benson. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 189, J. o «J i/ • • • • • • • • • • • • JL O J. Sandwichensis (Limax), Eydoux. Voy. Bonite,497, pi. 28, 1. o — 1 1, .......... — 1.U Sanguineus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 85, 1884, . . 197 San key i (Streptaxis), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser,, iii, 472, 1859, ... 72 Sansania, Bourguignat. Classif. Moll. Syst. Eur., 15, 1877; Ann. Sc. Geol., xi, 11, 1881, 187 Santorinus (Limax), Letourneux. Bull. Soc. Mai. France, 287, 1884, 213 Sardoa (Daudebardia), Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova, iv, 279, i o *7 o »7 -1 *-J I r J * ••••••••••! Sargi (Pseudosublina). Crosse and Fischer. Mex.,t. 26, f. 3, 50 Sargi (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fisher. Jour, de Conch., 225, 1875 49 Saturata (Oleacina), Gundl. Malak. Blatt., iv, 174, 1857, . 24 Saulcyi (Daudebardia), Bourg. Test. Noviss., 10, . .16 Saxorum (Limax), Baudon. Mem. Limac. Oise, 19, t. 4, f. 5-12, 1871 . . . .207 Scalarinus (Vitrinoconus), Pfr. Zeit. Mai., 128, 1851, . 160 Scandens (Limax), Norm. Desc. Lim., 1852, p. 6. — L. marginata, Mull. ....... 204 Scaptobius (Limax), Forbes. Ann. Mag. N. H.,p. 251, 1838; Bourguignat, Spicil. Malacol., 43, . . . . .218 312 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Schlagintweiti (Anadenus), Heynemann. Mai. Blatter, x, p. 141, t. 1, f. 2, 1863, . . . 250 Schneider! (Streptostyla), Strebel. Mex. Landconch.,iii,2(i, 48 Sclmltzii (Limax), Bivona. Calcara, Suppl. Enum. Moll., 1841. = : L. virescens, Schultz. Schwa'-i (Limax), Frauenfeld. Verb. Zool. Bot. Gesell., xiv, 681,t. 20, f. 1-4, 1864; xv, 533, 1865. Seibert, Nachr. Mai. Gesell., v, 61. Hazay, Mai. Blatt. N. S., vii, 611. = L. ccerulans, Bielz. . . . . . . . 199 Schweitzer! (Streptaxis), Dohrn. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 153, Io7o, ........... 74 Scolodonta, Doring. Boletin Ac. cienc. Cord., 438, 1875. = Ammonoeeras, Pfr. Scopulorum (Limax), Fab. Voy. Norveg., 298, 1779. = L. marginata, Milll. ....... 204 Sculpta (Ennea), Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xxxviii, pt. 2, p. 141, . . . . . . . . .104 Scutella (Helicarion), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1S8, 1859 ; Nevill, Moll. 2d Yarkand Exp., 15, 176 Scutulum (Testacella), Sowb. Genera, f. 3-6 = T. haliotidea, var. . . . . . . .10 Seberti (Diplomphalus), Marie. Jour, de Conch, 243, 1881, 252 Seisseti (Helix), Montr. Jour, de Conch., 205, 313, 1860. = Micromphalia Saisseti, Montr. . . . . .117 Selasiella, Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 27, 1878. = Oleacina, Sect. ....... 20, 43 Selenochlamys, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 141, 1883, 7, 18 Semilimax, Stabile. ' Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1859, . . 133, 139 Semilimax (Vitrina), Fer. Moq.-Tand., Moll. France, 45. = Vitrina elongata, Drap. . . . . . .141 Semimembranaceus (Helicarion), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 253, 1876, .... ... 184 Semirugata (Vitrina), Jickeli. Malak. Blatt., 100, 1872, . 154 Semistriata (Oleacina), Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 16. = 0. ottonis, Pfr. . . ..... 25 Semisulcata (Oleacina), Desh. Encyc. Meth., ii, 11, 1830, . 33 Semitecta (Me^apelta), Morch. Jour, de Conch., vi, p. 282, t. x, f. 7, 1857 ; W. G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad., i, 260, 1 o 7 9 , • . . . . . . . . . , a\-2t Semperi (Streptaxis), Doring. Boletin Acad. Cordoba, 439, 1875 ; Nachrichtsb. Mai. Gesell., 4, 1876, . . 55, 66 Sennaariensis (Vitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 325, 1856,. . 153 Seposita (Otesia), Benson. Ann. Mao;. N. Hist., iii, 259, 1867, .254 Seriatus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 86, 1884, 198 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 313 PAGE. Sericeus (Helicarion), Martens. Ostas. Zool.. ii, 185, . . 178 Serotinus (Limax). Schrenk. Mollusken Livlanrls, 144. 1848. = L. tenellus, Nilss. Servaini (Te-taceila), Mascot. Ann. Malac.. i, 154, 1870, . 10 Servainiana (Vitrina). Saint-Simon. Ann. de Malac., i, 20, 1 o7 0, ....•••••«« Servainianns (Arion . Mabille. Hist. Mai. Bass. Paris, p. 8, 1870. = A. nifus. Linn. ....... 234 Sesamum (Ennea), Morelet. Jonr. de Conch., 197, 1883, . 103 Sexdentata (Ennea l.-i- i^ata, var.), Martens. Nachr. Malak. Gesell., 154, 1869, . . . .99 Sexdentata (Ennea), Taylor. Jonr. of Conch., iii, 144, 1881, 107 Sheridani (Rhytida), Brazier. Zool. Proc., 33, 1*75, . . 124 Shillongensis (Parmarion), Austen. Jonr. As. Soc. Beng., 5, 1875; Zool. Proc., 290, 1880 '.164 Shuttlewortlii (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc.. 320, 1856, . 44 Sianiensis (Helicarion), Haines. Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 158, 1855, ... . .179 Siamensis (Streptaxis), PfeiiTcr. Jour, de Conch., x, 42. 1862, 79 Sicilis (Oleacina). Moivlrt. Test. Xoviss., i, 13, . . 26 Sicnla (Amalia), Lessona et Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, 104. 18S4 217 Sicnla (Dauclebardia), Benoit. Fischer. Jonr. de Conch., 27, 1856 15 Sienensis (Limax Corsicns, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino. 84, 1S84, . . .197 Sieversia, Rossraassler. Iconog., f. 1937. = Pseudolibania. Stefan i. Sieversi (Dandebardia), Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vii, 112, t. 4, f. 3, 18S(). . 15 Sieversi (Vitrina), Monsson. Jour, de Conch., 137, 1876, . 146 Sigaretina (Vitrina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 70, 1841, . .152 Sigma (Helix), Pfr.. MS = Elrea obnubila, Reeve, . . 129 Siinilaris ( Yolutaxis), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., v, 122, . 51 Similis (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 7, 103., . 29 Similis (Streptostyla), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., pt. 3, p. 19, 45 Simplex (Limax Corsicns, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 85, 1884, . . . 197' Simplex (Limax subalpinus, var.), Lessona. Moll Piem., 18, 1880, .196 Simplex (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., ii, 35, 1875, 29 Sinaitensis (Vitrinoconus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 129, 1845; Semper, Philipp. Landmoll., ii, 94, 1873, . . . .100 Sinclair! (Rhytida), Pfr. Zeit. fur Malak., 154, 1845, 121, 252 314 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Sinensis (Sfreptaxis), Gould. Bost. Proc., 424, 1850; Mol- lendorff, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 272, 1883, . . 73 Sinicus (Helicarion), Martens, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ii, 214, JLo t O, • • • • • • • • • • • J. 4 w Sinistrorsus (Gibbus Lyonetianus, var.), Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 129, 1881, 81 Sinnosus (Streptaxis), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 23, 1861, . .74 Skiaphila (Streptaxis), Orb. Synopsis, p. 5, . 63 Smaragdulus (Helicarion), Beck. Pfr., Zool. Proc., 1848, . 174 Smithiana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt.,xiii, 85, 1866, 25 Sogdianus (Helicarion), Martens. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 65, 1871 , 175 Solidula (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Archiv Naturg., i, 252, 1840, 24 Solidulus (Streptaxis), Stoliczka. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xl, 166, 1871, .......... 71 Solidus (Helicarion), Godwin-Austen. Proc. Zool. Soc., 518, 1872. = Vitr in a ven usta, Theobald. . . . .180 Sololensis (Streptostyla), Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 33, 1869, 46 Sordellii (Limax Dacampi, var.), Bettoni. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., iii, 165, ......... 194 Sordidus (Limax), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 72, 1884. = L. unicolor, var. Sorghum (Ennea), Morelet. Rev. Zool., 358, 1848, . . 91 Souleyetianus (Streptaxis), Petit. Revue Zool., 99, 1841, . 73 Sourbieni (Arion), Fagot. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 218, 1883, 240 Sowerbyana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 32, 1846, . 36 Sowerbvana (Vitrina), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . . . 152 Sowerbyi (Milax), Fer. Hist. Moll., p. 96, pi. viii D, f. 7-8, 1823. = Amalia carinata, Risso, ..... 215 Speciosa (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 321, 1856, . . 27 Spezise (Ariunculus), Lessona. Accad. Torino, xvi, 193-, 1881, . . 239 Spirillus (Helix), Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., t. 3, f. 45. = Streptaxis trochilionoides, Orb. . . . . .65 Spirobulla, Ancey, 1881. = Strebelia. . 19 Spirorbis (Streptaxis), Desha3^es. Fer. Hist., i, 83, . . 66 Spixiana (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Symb., i, 40. = S. candidus, Spix. ........ 61 Splendens (Ennea), Mollendorff. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 183, 1882; 279, 1883, 99 Splendidnla (Elsea), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 128, 1845, . . 129 Spreta (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 197, 1883, . 101 Squammatinus (Limax), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 37, t. 3, f. 2, 1845. = L. tenellus, Nilss., var. . . .209 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 315 PAGE. Stabilia, Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 97, 1876. = Limax, Linn. Stabile! (Limax cinereo-niger, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 76, 1884, 193 Stahilei (Testacella), Pini. Atti Soc. Ital., xxi, 1879, . 12 Stabilei (Vitrina), Lessona. Moll. viv. Piemont, 24, 1880; Pollonera, Atti Accacl. Torino, 425, 1884. = V. major, Fer.. var. .... .114 Stenopylis (Ennea), Benson. . ... 92 Stenostoma (Ennea), Beddome. Blanford, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 208, 1880, . . .100 Stenurus (Limax). Strebel. Conch. Mexik., pt. 4, 21, t. 9, f. 11, 15; t. 10, f. 3, 1880, . .212 Stigmatica (Oleacina), Shuttleworth. Bern. Mittheil., 202, 1852, .... .28 Stoliczkanus (Helicarion), Nevill. Moll. 2d Yarkand Exp., Straminea (Oleacina), Desh. Fer. Hist, ii, 172, t. 123, f. 11, 12. = 0. oleacea, Fer .22 Straminea (Oleacina fusit'ormis, var.), Crosse and Fischer. 36 Strangei (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 132, 1849, . . 169 Strangei (Rhytida). Pfr. Zool. Proc., 108, 1848, . 123 Strangeoides (Rhytida), Cox. Monog. Austr. Land Shells, 27,. • « • « • • • • • • l ^ Strebelia, Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., xxi, 90, 1868, 19, 22 Strebeli (Oleacina), Angas. Zool. Proc., 482, 1879, . 33 Stenopylis (Ennea), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser., v, 460, 1860 92 Streptaxidae, Gray. London's Mag. N. Hist., N. S., i, 484, 1837, .....««•.«• «5° Streptaxis, Gray. London's Mag. N. Hist., N. S., i, 484, 1837, ...... 54, 61 Streptodon (Streptaxis), Moricand. Jour, de Conch., 369, 1 oO 1 , « « • « • « * * • • • i o Streptostele, Dohrn. Mai. Blatt., xiii, 128, 1866, . 61, 108 Streptostyla, Shuttl. Dia .144 Subcostulata (Ennea), Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 206, 1880, ...... . 104 Subemarginata (Oleacina), Desh. Fer. Hist., ii, 187, . . 35 Subflavus (Arion), Johnston. = A. ruf'us, Linn. Subfuscus (Arion), Picard. Moll. Somme., 158, 1840. = A. hortensis, Fer. ........ 237 Subfuscus (Limax), Drap. Hist. Moll., p. 125, pi. 9, f. 8, 1805. = A. fuse us, Miill. ...... 235 Subglobosa (Vitrina), Mich. Compl. Drap., t. 15, f. 18-20, 1831. = V. pellucida, Miill. . 142 Subglobosa (Vitrina), pars, Dupuy. Hist. Moll. France, 22, 1849. = V. Servainiana, St.' Simon. Subglobosa (Vitrina). Mich. Compl. Drap., 10, t. 15, f. 18-20. = V. annularis, Studer, . . . . .145 Submaculata (Limax maximus, var.), Bottger. Jahrb., xii, Suborbicula (Streptaxis), Dohrn. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 99, 188.2, ........... Subregularis (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Phil. Abbild., ii, 13, p. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 317 PAGE. Subsaxanus (Limax), Bourg. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861. Spieil. Mai., 42, .. ... . 214 Subsidialis (Rhyticla), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 239, 407, ls70; 18, 1873, . 117 Subterranea (Helix), Lafont. Ann. Lot et Garonne., 143, 1806. = Testacella haliotidea, Drap. Subulata (Oleacina). Pfeifler. Archiv. Naturg.,i, 352, 1839, 24 Subvaricosa (Oleacina), Albers. Malak. Blatt., i, 220, 1854, 38 Subviridis (Vitrina), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 154, 1 868, .......... .1 08 Succinea (Vitrina), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Vitrina, f. 8. = Helicarion planospira, Benson. Succineus (Arion), Bouill. Moll. Auvergne, 1836, p. 14 (non Miill.). = A. rufus, Linn., var. Gaudefroyi, . . . 235 Succineus Limax), M tiller. Hist. Verm., 1774. = A. rufus, Linn., var. ....... 234 Sulcatus (Arion), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, p. 28, t. 1, 1845, 236 Sulcatus (Gibbus), Mtiller. Venn., ii. 108. . . . 59,82 Sulcifera (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 401, 1883, . 102 Sulciferus (Volutaxis), Morelet. Test. Noviss., ii, 12, . 51 Snlculosa (Oleacina), Shuttl. Diag. n. Moll., No. 6, 144, . 30 Sulphureus (Limax Dacampi, var.), Lessomi. Moll. viv. Piem., 22, 1880, .194 Sumatrensis (Helicarion). Schepmann. Midden-Sumatra, 6, 178 Superbus (Helicarion), Cox. Zool. Proc., 54, 1871, . . 172 Suturalis (Helicarion). Martens. Ostas. Zool.. ii, 183, . 178 Suturalis (Stivptaxis), Martens. Malak. Blatt., vi, 19, 1859, 68 Suturalis (StreptOstyla , Pfr. Wiegm. Archiv., i, 353, 1839, 50 Swinhoei (Streptostele), H. Adams. Zool. Proc , 317, 1866, 61, 109 Sylhetensis (Helicarion Bensoni, var.), Godwin-Austen. Moll. India, iv, 151, 1883, . . 183 Sylvaticus (Limax), Drap. Hist. Moll., p. 126, pi. 9, f. 11. = L. aorestis, Linn. .... 207 C3 Sylvaticus (Limax), Dum. et Mortill. Moll. Savoie. 1852. = L. tenellus, Nilss. Sylvaticus( Limax), Goldf. (non Drap.). Nat. Ver Westph., *p. 66, t. 3, f. 5. 1856. = L. marginata, Mull. . . . 204 Symondsii (Othelosoma), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., iii, 242, 1869, .... .... 254 S}^riaca (Daudebardia), Roth. Mai. Blatt., 21, 1855. = D. Saulcyi, Bourg. . . . . . . .16 Taccanii (Limax), Pini. Bull. S<>c. Mai. Ital., ii, 91. = L. Dacampi, Meneg., var. . . . . . .195 318 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Tieniata (Helix), Montrouz., in sched. = Micromphalia Baladensis, Souv. Tamiatus (Parmarion), Hasselt. Bull. Sc. Nat., iii, 24, 1824 ; Martens, Preuss. Exped., 182, 167 Tandonia, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 101, 1884. = Amalin, Moq.-Tand. Tarentina (Daudebardia), Stefani. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., vii, J. O I t/ • • * • * • • • • • • • .1 0 Tasmanica (Milax), Tate. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 16, 1880, 221 Taygetes (Limax), Desh. Expl. Sci. Moree, . . . 213 Taylori (Ennea), Gibbons. Jour de Conch., ii, 141, . . 107 Tebennophorus, Binney. Bost. J. of Nat. Hist., iv, 171, 1842, . 226, 227 Tecta (Otesia), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, t. 28, f. 15-17, . 254 Tenella (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconcli., ii, 35, 1875, 40 Tenellus (Arion), Millet. Moll. Maine et Loire, 11, 1859, . 238 Tenellus ( Helicarion), Gould. Bost. Proc., 181, 1846, . 171 Tenellus (Limax), M tiller. Hist. Moll., 11. = Arion rufus, Linn. Tenellus (Limax), Nilss. Hist. Moll., p. 10, 1822, . . 209 Tenera (Helix), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3653. = Oleacina striata, Mull. ....... 32 TeneriffsB (Testacella), d'Orb. ? = Plectrophorus Orbignii. Teneriffse (Vitrina), Lowe. Zool. Proc., 163, 1854. = Y. Ruivensis, Couth. Teneriffae (Yitrina), Quoy. Yoy. Astrol., ii, 142, t. 13, f. 4-9. = Y. Lamarckii, Fev. ... ... 148 Tennentia, Humbert. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 427, 1862, . 136, 162 Tenuecostatus (Yolutaxis), Strebel. Mex. Landconch..v,121, 51 Terebraeformis (Oleacina), Shuttlw. Diag. n. Moll., No. 6, JL i *x • • • • • • • • • • • • O v Teres (Gibbus), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 35, 1856, ... 87 Teres (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., xiii, 140, 1866, . 25 Testacella, Cuvier. Anat. Comp., i, t. 5, 1800, . . . 6-8 Testacellidae, .......... 6 Testudinaria (Rhytida*, Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 368, 1859, 119 Texasiana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, . 34 Texta (Oleacina), Weinl. and Martens. Malak. Blatt., vi, 207, 1859, .29 Theobaldi (Parmarion), Austen. Zool. Proc., 517, 1872. = P. Hookeri, Gray, . . . . . . .165 Theobaldi (Streptaxis), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1859, 77 Thomasi (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 54, 1854, . 65 Thwaitesii (Tennentia), Humbert. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 428, 1862, . .162 Tiarella (Oleacina), Fe"r. Prodr., 365, . . . .42 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 319 PAGE. Tigrina (Vitrinopsis), Semper. Keisen Philipp., 87, 1873, . 159 Tigrinus (Helicarion). Semper. Reisen Philipp., 28, . . 173 Tigrinus (Limax flavus, var.), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, ' " ' . • • • • • • • • « • • 4M\7 J. Timidus (Arion), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 31, t. 2, f. 2, 1845, Jour, cle Conch., 3d ser., xvii, 243, . 238 Togata (Limax >, Gould. Invert. Mass., 3. = Tebennophorus carolinensis, Bosc. Tonganus (Vitrinoconus), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 130,, . 161 Tortillana (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc., 32, 1846, 35 Translucida (Oleacina), Gundl. Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt,., vii, 18, 1860, • . . . .23 Transsilvanica (Daudebardia), Bielz. Yerh. Siebenb. Ver., x, 214, 1859, . . ... 1C, Transsilvanicus (Limax), Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., x, 216, 1863 ; Hazay, Mai. Blatt., N. S., vi, 100, 1883 ; Verb. Ver. Hermannstadt, xxxiv, 102. = L. ccerulans, Bielz. . . 199 Transylvanicus (Limax), Kimak. Beitrage, Pars i, 1883, 17. = L. cinereo-nigra, Wolf; teste Kimakovicz, Verb. Her- mannstadt, xxxiv, 101, ....... 192 Transvaalensis (Vitrina), Craven. Zool. Proc., 615, 1880. . 156 Trigona (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 225, 1881, . 101 Trigona (Testacella) Gassies and Fischer, Monog. = T. haliotidea, var. . . . . , . . .10 Trigonochlamys, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 176, 1881, . 135 Trigonostoma (Ennea), Martens. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad., 265, 1876, 95 Trilineolatus (Limax Dacampi, var.), Bettoni. Bull. Mai. Ital., iii, t. 3, f. 3, . . . . . . . 194 Trinitaria (Oleacina), Gundl. Poey, Memor., ii, 36, . . 28 Tristis (Limax agrestis, var. , Moq.-Tandon. Moll. France, 22, t. 3, f. 1, . 207 Troberti (Streptaxis), Petit. Revue Zool., 100, 1841, 56, 75 Trochalus (Bulimus), Albers. Helic., 180. = Gibbus versipolis, Fer. ....... 89 Trochilionoides (Streptaxis), Orb. Synopsis, 6; Voy., 251, t. 27, f. 12-15, 65 Trocblea (Pseudosubulina), Pfeiffer. Symbolse, ii, 59, . 51 Trochovitrina Schako, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 379, 1880. = Gallandia, Bourg. Truncata (Oleacina). Gmelin. S}~st. Nat., 3434, . . .32 Truncata (Vitrina), Bottger. Nachr. Mai. Gesell., 184, 1884, 141 Tuberculata(Vitrinopsis), Semper. Keisen Philipp., 86, 1873, 159 Tumida (Oleacina), Villa. Disp. Syst., 19. = 0. Algira, var. dilatata. . . . . . .42 Tumidu8 (Gibbus), Morelet. Ser. Conch., ii, 75, 1860, . 83 320 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Tunicatus (Limax), Gould. Invert. Mass., 3. = L. agrestis, Linn. . . . . . . . 206 Turatii (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, p. 95. = L. Paeampi, Meneg., var. . . . . . .195 Turbinatus (Streptaxis), Morelet. Voy, Welwitseh, 58, t. 1, 1.8,. . . . . . . . . . o o , u y Turgida (Oleacina), Pfeitfer. Proc. Zool. Soc., 20, 1861, . 34 Turgidula (Streptostyla), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 320, 1856, . 46 Turgidulus (Gibbus), Deshaves. Moll. Reunion, 93, 1863, . 86 Turneri (Rhytida), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 135, 1860, . . .119 Tun-is (Glandina), Martens. Mai. Blatt., ii, 1865 (non Pfr.). = 0. simplex, Strebel. ....... 29 Turris (Oleacina), Desh. Fer. Hist., ii, 186. = O. carnea, Pfr. ........ 41 Turris (Oleacina),. Pfeiffer. Symbol*, iii, 91, . . .33 Turrita (Bulla), Chemn. Conch. Cab., ix, pt. ii, 17, t. 117, f. 1011. = Oleacina Dominicensis, Gmel. . . .26 Turritus (Vitrinoconus), Semper. Reisen Philipp., ii, 93, 1 o i o , ........... lol Tyrrena (Amalia), Lessona et Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, xxxv, ........ 215 Uberiformis (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., 108, 1848, 68 Uhdeana (Oleacina), Martens. Monatsb Berl. Akad., 540, 1863, 38 Ujijiensis (Ennea), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 347, 1880, . 96 Ultima (Vitrina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 110, 1873, . 158 Umbrosus (Limax), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 102, 1844. = L. flavus, Linn. ........ 200 Unguiculus (Limacella), Brard. Hist. coq. Paris, p. 113, pi. iv, f. 11 and 12. = Limax flayus, Linn. . . . 200 Unguiculus (Vitrina), Morelet. Ser. Conch., iv, 243, 1875, 181 Unguis (Testacellus), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 1838. = iSuccinea. Unicolor (Limax), Heynemann. Mai. Blatter, ix, 54, 1862, 191 Unicolor (Oleacina), Adams. Contr. Conch., No. 2, 26, . 29 Uniplicaria, Pfeitier. Versuch., 173, 1855. = Section of Ennea, Ads. ..... 60, 90 Urnula (Paryphanta), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 49, 1854, . . 128 Urocyclus, Gray. Zool. Proc., 250, 1864. . . .136,162 Utriculus (Gibbus), Menke. Cat Malsb., 8, . . .90 Uvula (Gibbus), Deshayes. Moll. Reunion, 92, 1863, . 92 Vagans (Testacella), Hutton. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xv, 140, 1 OOCi , . . . . . . . . . . .11 Valenciennii (Parmacella), Moq.-Tand. Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 34, pi. iv, f. 9-18. = P. Moquini, Bourg. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 321 PAGE. Yalenciennesii (Parmacella), Webb and Van Beneden. Mag. Zool., Nos. 75 and 76, 1836, 222 Yalentianus (Milax). Fer. Tab. Syst., 21, t. 96 E ; Hist. Moll., t. 8, f. 56 ; Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus., 175, . . 201 Valvseformis (Helix), Xj'st., in sched. = Streptaxis vitrina, Wagner. ...... 64 Yandenbroecki (Vitrina), Craven. Zool. Proc., 615, 1880, 156 Yanuxemi (Oleacina), Lea. Observ., i. 196, t. 19, f. 78, . 39 Yara (Ennea), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser., iii, 188, 1859, 106 Yarians (Limax), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4th ser., i, 4CO, 1868. ? := L. agrestis, Linn 207 Yarians (Limax agrestis, var.),Westerlund. Moll. Svec.,21, 207 Yaricella, Pfeiffer. Vers., 172, 1855. = Oleacina, Sect. 19, 26 Variegata ( Parmacella), Turton. Man. Ed., i, 25, t. 3, f. 16. = Arion hortensis, Fer. ....... 237 Yariegatns (Limax), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 34, 1845; J. de Conch. ,3d ser.,xvii, 244. =: Limax bseticus,Mabille. Yariegatns (Limax), Drap. Hist. Moll. p. 127, No. 9, pi. v, f. 1-6 ; Lowe, P. Z. S., 1854, 162. = L. flavus, L. . . 200 Yariegatus (Limax), Lowe. Prim. Faun. Mader., p. 39 (non Drap.). = L. calendymus, Bourg. .... 202 Yarius (Paralimax), Bottger. Bericht Senkenberg, 147, 1884, 214 Yaysseti (Diplomphalus), Marie. Jour, de Conch., xix, 325, 1 o7 1 , . . . . . . . • . . • LJ.O Yega, Westerlund. Naclir. Mai. Gesell., xv, 164, 1883, . 254 Yelifera, W. G. Binney. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, 257, 1879, ... 137, 168 Yelitaris (Parmacella), Martens. Bull. St. Petersb., xxvi, 154. 1880, 224 Yendeianus (Geomalacus), Letourneux. Guerin's Mag., 51, 1869, . . . .' 245 Yentricosula (Glandina), Morelet. Test. Noviss., i, 15. = Streptost}7la cylindracea, Pfr. . . . . .48 Yenusta (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. SymboUe, i, 46, . . .28 Yenusta(Yitrina), Theobald. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 400, 1870, 180 ' Yenustissimus (Limax Perosinii, var.), Lessona and Pollo- nera. Mem. Torino, 89, 1884, ...... 199 Yeranyanus (Limax), Bourg. Spicil. Mai., pi. xiii, f. 9. = L. agrestis, Linn., var. ....... 207 Verkriizeni (Geomalacus maculosus, var.), Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., xxi, 31, .1873, " . 245 Yermis (Ennea), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 193, 1882, . 107 Yernicosa (Elsea), Krauss. Sudaf. Moll., 76. ... 130 Yeronensis (Limax subalpinus,var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 82, 1884, .196 322 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Ycrreauxi (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 132, 1849, . . lf>(.) Verrucosus (Arion), Breviere. Jour, de Conch., 310, t. 13, f. 1, 2, 1881 ; Baudon, Ibid., 202, 1884, .... 238 Verrucosus (Helicarion), Austin. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal., xlv, 313, 1876, 183 Versicolor (Limax). Hazay. Mai. Blatl., N. S., vii, 65, 1885, 213 Versicolor (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 86, 1884, 198 Versipolis (Gibbus), Fer. Prodr., 468; Morelet, Jour, de Conch., 97, 1882, 85, 89 Vexans (Streptostyla), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., iii, 28, . 49 Vicina (Oleacina), Adams. Bost. Proc., 14, 1845, . . 31 Vieillardi (Micromphalia), Crosse and Marie. Jour, de Conch., 48, 1867, 116 Villse (Limax), Pini. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 90. = L. Dacampi, var. . . . . . . . .195 Villas (Vitrina), Pollonera. Atti Acad. Torino, xix, 421, 1884. =V. nivalis C harp., var. Villandrei (Rhytida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 210, 1865, 119 Vinitincta (Diplomphalus), Cox. Monog. Austr. Land- shells, 18, . . . . . . . . . .115 Viquesnelia, Morelet (not Deshayes). Hist. Nat. A9ores., 139, 1860. = Plutonia, Stabile. Virens (Helicarion), Pfr. Zool. Proc., 1848, . . .172 Virescens (Arion), Millet (not Fer.). Moll. Maine et Loire, 3d ed., p. 11. = A. tenellus. Millet (not Miiller). . . 238 Virescens (Helix), Studer. Coxe's Travels. = Vitrina diaphana, Drap. Virescens (Limax flavus, var.), Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 5, f . 3 (non 2), .......... 201 Virescens (Limax), Schultz. Phil. Moll. Sicil.,i, 125; ii, 101, 213 Viridis (Limax), Morelet. Moll. Portugal, 38, t. 3, f. 3, . 202 Viridis (Otesia), Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 11, f. 16-18, 254 Viridula (Streptostyla), Angas. Zool. Proc., 482, 1879, . 48 Vitrea (Hyalina), Studer. Verz., 11. = Vitrina diaphana, Drap. ...... 139 Vitrea (Limacina, /?), Hartm. Neue Alpina, i, 246. = Vitrina elongata, Drap. Vitreus (Gibbus), Morelet. Voy. Welwitsch, 84, . . 84 Vitrina, Drap. Hist., Nat. 23, 30, 1801, . . . 132, 139 Vitrina (Streptaxis), Wagner. Spix, Test. Bras., 25, . 64 Vitrinidae, . . . . . . . . . .132 Vitrinella, Gray (not C. B. Adams). Pulm. Brit. Mus., 65, 1865. = Otesia, H. and A. Adams. Vitrinocon us, Semper. Philipp. Landmoll.,ii, 93, 1873, 134, 160 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 323 PAGE. Yitrinoidea, Semper. Philipp. Landmoll., ii, 85, 1873, 133, 159 Yitrinopsis, Semper. Philipp. Landmoll., ii, 86, 1873, 134, 159 Yitrinozonites, W. G. Binne}T. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v, 333, 1879, 137, 167 Yittatus (Urocyclus), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 262, 1882, 163 Yoluta (Oleacina), Chemn. Conch. Cab.,ix, pt. ii, 16, 1. 117, f. 1009, 10, . 22 Yolutaxis, Strebel and Pfeft'er. Mex. Landconch., v, 119, loo!-, ........•• — 1 . 01 Yolutella (Helix), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., vii, 70, 1858. = Diplomphalus Cabritii, Gassies, . . . . .113 Wagneri (Streptaxis), Pfeiffer. Symbols, i, 40, . . 62 Wahlbergi (Ennea), Krauss. Sudafr. Moll., 80, t. 5, f. 5, . 96 Walkeri (Rhytida), Gray. Zool. Proc., 63, 1834, . . 126 Watsoni (Streptaxis), Blanford. Contrib. Ind. Malac., i, 11, 1860, 56, 77 Weinlandi (Limax), Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., x, 212. = L. campestris, Binney, ....... 209 Welwitschi (Streptaxis), Morelet. Yoy. Welw., 57, t. 1, f. 7, . . .... 58, 69 AVelwitschii (Yitrina), Morelet. Yoy. Welw., 51 ; Jour, de Conch., 326, 1873, 151 Wesselliana (Aerope Caffra, var.), Maltzan. Kobelt, Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., iii, 149, 1876, 131 Wetherbyi (Pallifera), W. G. Binney. Ann. N. Y. Lye., xi, 31, 1874, . . 230 Williamsiana (Testacella), Nevill. Zool. Proc., 101, t. 13, I. J . looU, ..........<7 Wonosariensis (Helix), Mousson, in coll. = Helicarion albella, Martens. Wrightii (Oleacina), Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt., xiii, 139, 1866, 25 Xanthins (Limax), Bourg. Moll. Nouv. Litig. ou Peu Gonnus, ii, 204. = L. tenellus, Nilss., var. . . . . 209 Yahouensis (Rhytida), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 326, 1880; Faune Nouv. Caled., iii, 37, ...... 120 Yucatan en sis (Oleacina). Pfeiffer. Symbolse, iii, 92, . . 35 Yucatanensis (Oleacina), Strebel. Mex. Landconch., ii, 45, 1875. = O. carnea, Pfr. ....... 41 Zebra (Helicarion), Le Guillou. Revue Zool., 136, 1842, . 171 Zonitarion, Pfeffer. Abhandl. Hamburg, vii, pt. 2, 1883, . 253 Zonatus (Limax Corsicus, var.), Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, 1884, .198 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAGE. 1-3. Testacella Maugei,Fer. Fer.Hist., t.8,f. 10, 10a, 12, 8 4-6. Testacella episcia, Bourg. Spicil. Conch. ,t. 13, f. 1-3, 8 7, 8. Testacella Company onii, Dnpuy. Moll. France, t. i f q • o J. • -L • O • • • • • • • • • O 9-11. Testacella Pascal!, Bourg. Ann. Malac., t. 5, f. 1, . » T" « 12, 13. Testacella bisulcata, Risso. Gassies, Monog., t. 2, f ^ Q A« *J * • • • • • • • • • • t/ 14,15. Testacella Fischeriana, Bourg. Spicil., 1. 13, f. 5, 6, 9 16, 17. Testacella Williamsiana, Nevill. Zool. Proc., t. 13, f. 1, 1880, ........ 9 18, 19. Testacella Dikrangensis, Austen. J. A. Soc. Ben- gal, xlv, t. 8, f. 7, . . . . . .11 20-22. Testacella Bourguignati, Massot. Ann. Malac., t. ^ f 7 Q Q ' ' ^ i * I — i/ « • • • • • • • • + u 23-28. Testacella haliotidea, Drap. Fer. Hist., t. 8, f. 5, O • o • t/ • • • • • • • • • » JL \J 29-31. Testacella scutulum, Sowb. (= haliotidea). Gen. Shells, f. 4-6, ........ 10 32-34. Testacella Sevvaini, Massot. Ann. Malac., t. 5, f. 13,14,17, . ..... 10 35, 36. Testacella trigona, Gassies et Fischer (= haliotidea). Gassies, Monog., t. 2, f. 6, 9, . . . . . 10 37, 38. Testacella drymonia, Bourg. Spicil. Malac., t. 13, f. 11, 12, ........ 10 39, 40. Testacella Brondeli, Bourg. Spicil. Malac., t. 13, JL« JL TIT • J. 9 • • • • • • • • • • A v 41, 42. Testacella Pecchiolii, Bourg. Spicil. Malac., t. 13, I. — "', "Aj ......... 11 43, 44. Testacella Beccarii, Issel. Bull. Mai. Ital., i, t. 6, i. — , '* ^ ......... li PLATE 2. 45, 47. Daudebardia rufa, Drap. Rossmassler, i, t. 2, f. 39, 12 48, 49. Daudebardia Sardoa, Issel. Rossmassler, vii, t. 91, f i rmq 1 *7 J.*J.t/Ot/*« • • • • • • • ••*-! (324) REFERENCE TO PLATES. 325 FIGURE. PAGE. 50. Daudebardia brevipes, Drap. Per. Hist., Hi, t. 10, f. 15, 15 51-53. Daudebardia Pawlerikoi, Bottger (= Heydeni). Jahrb., vii, t, 4, f. 1, . . . . . .15 54, 55. Daudebardia Isseliana. Xevill. Zool. Proc., t. 13, f. 2, 1880 ... 14 56, 57. Daudebardia Hassiaca, Clessin. Rossmiissler, vii, t. 191, f. \938, 12 59. Daudebardia Lederi, Bottger. Rossmiissler, X. S., t. 1, f 9 14 i. — % ...••••••• j-^* 58. 60, 61. Daudebardia Sieversi. B;ittger. Rossmassler, JN . o., t. 1, t. 1, . . ... • . . 10 62-64. Daudebardia brevipes, Drap. Rossmassler, i, t. 2, I. ~tvJ, .... ..... 10 65, 66. Daudebardia Transsilvanica, Bielz. Rossmassler, Iconog., v, t. 141, f. 1397, 16 (57, 68. Daudebardia Heydeni, Bottger. Rossmassler, Ico- nog., vii, t. 191, f. 1937, 15 69,70. Daudebardia Langi, Pfeiffer. Rossmassler, Iconog., v, t. 141, f. 1396, 16 71, 72. Daudebardia nivalis, Benoit. Rossmiissler, Iconog., v, t. 141, f. 1389, .13 73,74. Daudebardia Heldii, Clessin. Rossmassler, Iconog., v, t. 141, f. 1388, 12 75, 76, 79. Daudebardia Bottgeri, Clessin. Mai. Bliitt., X. S., vi, t. 2, f. 9, 10, 14 77,78. Daudebardia Sicula, Benoit. Rossmassler, Iconog., v. t. 141, f. 1390, .15 80, 81. Daudebardia Saulcyi, Bourg. Rossmassler, Icon., v, t. 141, f. 1395, 16 82, 84. Daudebardia Letourneuxi, Bourg. Rossmassler, Iconog., v, t. 141, f. 1393 13 85,87. Daudebardia nubigena, Bourg. Rossmassler, Icon., v, t. 141, f. 1392, ' .13 88-90. Daudebardia Atlantica, Bourg. Rossmassler, Icon., v, t. 141, f. 1391, 15 91-93. Daudebardia Gaillardoti, Bourg. Rossmassler, Iconog., v, t. 141, f. 1394, 16 1)4. Daudebardia Gaillardoti, Bourg. Amenites, t. 6, f. 19, 16 95. Chlamydophorus Gibbonsi, Binney. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v, t. 2, f. A, . . . . . . . 17 96-98. Plectrophorus Orbignyi, Ferussac. Hist. Moll., iii, t. b, 1. 7, • • • . • * . . • 1 1 99,100. Amalia Lederi, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, t. 4, f. 1, 220 320 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 3. FIGURE. PAGE. 1. Oleacina Orizabse, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i,t. 29, f. 11, 26 2. Oleacina monilifera, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 50, . 26 3. Oleacina Dominicensis, Gmelin. Reeve, Achatina, f. 56, 26 4. Oleacina Cordovana, Pfeiffer. Or. et Fisch., Mexique, 1, 1. — . I. 1 L , ........ _') 5. Oleacina leucozonias, Walch. Reeve, Achatina, f. 52, . 26 6. Oleacina Jamaicensis, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 61, 28 7. Oleacina ligata, Adams. Specimen, . . . . .27 8. Oleacina Grifflthsii, Adams. Reeve, Achatina, f. 64, . 27 9. Oleacina procera, Adams. Specimen, . . . .27 10. Oleacina Philippiana, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 49, 27 11. Oleacina speciosa, Pfeiffer. Novitates, i, t. 29, f. 13, . 27 12. Strebelia Berendti, Pfeiffer. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci., MPX t 1 f 1 b 22 J.VJL \^ -A. •«u*JL.l*XCy. • • • • • • • *_ — 13. Oleacina Trinitaria, Gundl. Pfeiffer, Novitates, iii, t. 77, i. 14, ... ...... — o 14. Oleacina Gundlachi, Pfeiffer. Novitates, iii,t. 77, f. 10, 28 15. Oleacina nemorensis, Adams. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 38, 1. 1 •'. ......... 1. O 16. Oleacina venusta, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 63, . 28 17. Oleacina similis, Adams. Specimen, . . . .29 18. Oleacina stigmatica, Shuttl. Cr. and Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 2, f. 9, 28 19. Oleacina nitida, Adams. Specimen, . . . .29 20. Oleacina simplex, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 10, f. 25, 29 21. Oleacina Portoricensis, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 93, 30 22. Oleacina Terebrseformis, Shuttlew. Specimen, . . 30 23. Oleacina curvilabris, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 94, 30 24. Oleacina arcuata, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 83, . 31 25. Oleacina multispira, Pfeiffer. Novitates, iii, t. 44, f. 4, 30 26. Oleacina Gayana, Adams. Specimen, . . . .26 27. Oleacina perplexa, Adams. Specimen, . . .31 28. Oleacina Ingallsiana, Adams. Specimen, . . .29 29. Oleacina sulculosa, Shuttlew. Specimen, . . .30 30. Oleacina Philipsii, Adams. Reeve, Achatina, f. 60, . 30 31. Oleacina propinqua, Adams. Specimen, . . .31 32. Oleacina vicina, Adams. Specimen, . . . .31 PLATE 4. 33,38. Oleacina translucida, Gundlach. Pfeiffer, Novitates, iii, t. 77, f. 8, 5, . 23 34. Oleacina interrupta, Shuttlew. Pfeiffer, Novitates, i, t. ^9, i. lOj ... ..... Jo 35. Oleacina ambigua, Pfeiffer. Crosse and Fischer, Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 6, f. 4, 23 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 327 FIGURE. PAGE. 36. Oleacina bellula, Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., I- ''. !• o . ......... _•> 37. Oleacina Berendti, Pfeiffer (= ambigua). Crosse and Fischer, Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 6, f. 4 6, . . . 23 39. Oleacina voluta, Chemn. Reeve, Achatina, f. 55, . 22 40. Oleacina assirnilis, Reeve. Reeve, Icon. Achatina, f. 67, 24 41. Oleacina Lindoni, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon. Achatina, f. 885, 23 42. Oleacina attenuata, Pfr. Kiister, Buliraus, t. 26, f. 10, 22 43. Oleacina cyanozoria, Gundlach. Pfeiffer, -Novitates, iii, t. 77, f. 1, 22 44. Oleacina glabra, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 58, . 23 45. Oleacina straminea, Desh. (= oleacea). Pfeiffer, Novi- ' tates, iii, t. 77, f. 3, 22 46. Oleacina olacea, Fer. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 38, f. 3, . 22 47. Oleacina ottonis, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 44, f. 13, 25 48. Oleacina Cleriei, Weinland. Mai. Blatt.,xxiii, t. 2, f. 5, 25 49. Oleacina solid ula, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 92, . 24 50. Oleacina Poeyana, Pfeiffer. Xovitates, iiirt. 77, f. 20, 25 51. Oleaciua incisa, Pfeiffer. Xovitates, iii, t. 82, f. 15, . 25 52. Oleacina Paivana, Pfeiffer. Novitates, iii, t. 77, f. 19, 25 53. Oleacina incerta, Reeve. Conch. Icon. Achatina, t. 18, J • t7 v * • • • • • • • • • M^E 54. Oleacina subulata, Pfeiffer. Conch. Icon. Achatina, f. 89, 24 55. Oleacina obtusa, Pfeiffer. Conch. Icon. Achatina, f. 62, 24 56. Oleacina truncata, Gmel. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, t. 59, 32 PLATE 5. 57. Oleacina ornata, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 20, . 32 58. 60. Oleacina truncata, Gmel. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, t . O U , . . . . . . . . m Oa 59. Oleacina parallela, W. G. Binney. Try on, Terr. Moll., u. L, 1. O, . . . . . . . . . o I* 61. Oleacina alabastrina, Albers. Xovit. Conch. ,i,t. 11, f. 5, 33 62. Oleacina turris, Pfeitler. Reeve, Achatina, f. 45, . 33 63. Oleacina semisulcata, Desh. Fer. Hist., iv, t. 123, f. 7, 33 64. Oleacina Miilleri, Fer. (= striata, Miill.). Reeve, Acha- tina, f. 25, . . . . . . . .32 65. Oleacina Isabellina, Pfeiffer. , Reeve, Achatina, f. 95, . 31 66. Oleacina anomala, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 40, f. 9, 1879, 33 67. Oleacina aurantiaca, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 40, f. 8, 1879, 31 68. Oleacina flexuosa, Pfeiffer. Novitates, i, t. 3, f. 16, . 33 69. Oleacina Strebeli, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 40, f. 11, 1879, 33 70. Oleacina algira, Brug. Fer. Hist., iv, t. 136, f. 5, . 42 71. Oleacina algira, Brug. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 11, f. 2, . 42 72. Oleacina Marminii, Desh. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 3, f. 2, 33 328 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 6. FIGURE. PAGE. 73. Oleacina Algira, var. Mingrelica, Bottger. Jahrb., viii, U« I • Jl • J. • • • « • • • • • • \JCM 74. Oleacina dilatata, Zicgl. (= Algira, var.). Reeve, Acha- tina, f. 43, ........ 42 75. Oleacina bullata, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll., t. 62 a, 32 76. Oleacina filosa, Pteiffer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 6, f. 5, . 34 77. Oleacina subemarginata, Desh. Fer. Hist.,iv,t. 134, f. 31, 35 78. Oleacina difficilis, Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., L. O,I.O,« . . • • . . . . O"r 79. Oleacina Tortillana, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 66, . 35 80. Oleacina nana, Shuttlew. Crosse and Fischer, Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 2, f. 7, 35 81. Oleacina lignaria, Reeve. Conch. Icon. Achatina, f. 27, 36 82. Oleacina Texasiana, Pfeiffer. Novitates, i, t. 22, f. 11, 34 83. Oleacina aurata, Morelet. Cr. et Fisc"h., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 3, f. 7, 36 84. Oleacina Albersi, Pfeiffer. Try on, Terr. Moll., t. l,f. 9, 34 85. Oleacina lignaria, Reeve. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 3, f. 1, 36 86. Oleacina Sowerbyana, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 26 a, 36 87. Oleacina coronata, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 38, f 1, 37 88. Oleacina fusiformis, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 31, . 36 PLATE 7. 89. Oleacina subvaricosa, Albers. Novitates, i, t. 9, f. 6. . 38 90. Oleacina fulrainea, Fer. Delessert, Rec., t. 28, f. 6 6, . 37 91. Oleacina striata (= Liebmanni, Pfr.). Reeve, Achatina, L*v)*X».Lt/« • • » • • • • • O I 92. Oleacina guttata, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 3, f. 3. 37 93. Oleacina carnea, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 25, f. 28, 41 94. Oleacina Mitriformis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 40, f. 10, Lotf7, . > . * • . * . « oO 95. Oleacina rosea, Fer. Ferussac, Hist., iv, t. 136, f. 8, . 38 96. Oleacina plicatula, Pfr. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 26, f. 2, . 37 97. Oleacina nympha, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 6, f. 9, 38 98. Oleacina Petiti, Desh. Ferussac, Hist.,iv,t. 122, f. 12, 38 99. Oleacina Vanuxemii, Lea. Binne}^, Terr. Moll., t. 62, 39 100. Oleacina amoena, Martens. Mai. Blatt., xii, t. 1, f. 8, . 39 1. Oleacina insignis, Pfeiffer. Novitates, i, t. 18, f. 4, . 39 PLATE 8. 2. Oleacina strigosa, Mart. Strebel, Mex., t. 7, f. 15, . 33 3. Oleacina lineata, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 9, f. 10, . 32 4. Oleacina lucida, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 12, f. 38, . 34 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 329 FIGURE. . PAGE. 5. Oleacina Estefaniae, Strebel. St rebel, Mex., t. 5, f. 11, 36 6. Oleacina conferta, Pfeilfer. Strebel, Mex'., t. 13, f. 44, 34 7. Oleacina pseudoturris, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 6 a, f. 41, 35 8. Oleacina cylindrus, Martens. Strebel, Mex., t. 10, f. 39, 34 9. Oleacina cognata, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 4, f. T, . 38 10. Oleacina Yucatanensis, Pfeiffer. Strebel, Mex. ,t. 8, f. 18, 35 11. Oleacina tenella, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t 10, f. 24, . 40 12. Oleacina cylindracea, Phillips. Proc. Phila. Acad.,iii, L.J-^l.OO* • • • • • • • • rt A 13. Oleacina aurata, Strebel (= distinguenda, Try on). Strebel, Mex., t. 12, f. 36, .• . . . .36 14. Oleacina polita, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 12, f. 2, . 35 15. Oleacina radula, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 3, f. 8, . 39 16. 18. Oleacina Ghiesbreghti, Pfeiffer. Strebel, Mex., t. 10, f. 31, 31 c, , .... 40 17. Oleacina Audebardi, Strebel (= = Miradoren sis, Strebel). Strebel, Mex., t. 11, f. 20, . . . . 41 PLATE 9. 19. Oleacina Equadoriana, Pfeitfer. Mai. Blatt., xxv, Vm I m im Jim m • • • • • • * • TT W 20. Oleacina longula, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 6, f. 6, 39 21. Oleae-ina indusiaca, Pfeitfer. Cr, et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 6, f. I, . ....... 41 22. Oleacina saccata, Pfeitfer. Novitates, ii. t. 43, f. 3, . 39 23. Volutaxis Blandi, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 25, i.il, . . . . . . . . . o J 24. Volutaxis acus, Shuttlew. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 25, f. 6, . . . . . .52 25. Oleacina rosea, var. (= Carminensis, Morelet). Reeve, Achatina, t. 13, f. 46 6, . . . . . .40 26. Oleacina Uhdeana, Martens. Mai. Blatt., xii, t. 1, f. 1, 38 27. Oleacina Audebardi, Desh. Fer. Hist., iv, t. 135, f. 1, 41 28. Oleacina decussata, Desh. Fer. Hist, iv, t. 123, f. 3, . 40 29. Volutaxis Melanielloides, Gundl. Specimen, . . 52 30. Volutaxis Berendti, Pfr. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., Lu-jO«l»*x« • • • • • • • » O J. 31. Volutaxis rectus, Pfeiffer. Mai. Blatt., v, t. 3, f. 13, . 52 32. Volutaxis perpusilla, Pfeitfer. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 3, f. 4, . . . . . . .43 33. Volutaxis Joaquinre, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., t. 9, f. 6, 43 34. Pseudosubulina trochlea, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 01,1.^0,. . . . • . •• . .0.1 35. Pseudosubulina Berendti, Pfeiffer. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 26, f. 1, . . . . . .50 330 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 36. Pseudosubulina Chiapensis, Pfeiffer. Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 26, f. 2, .... . 50 37. Pseudosubulina Sargi, Crosso et Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 26, f. 3, . 50 38. Volutaxis sulciferus, Morelet. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex.,t. 25, f. 2, 51 39. Volutaxis tenuecostatus, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., v, L. X ( • I. jL 1 . . . . . . • . .01 40. Volutaxis similaris, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., v,t. 17, f. 18, 51 41. 42. Volutaxis conferticostatus, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., v, t. IT, f. 21, 33, 51 43, 44. Volutaxis intermedia, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., v, t. 17, f. 22, 34, .51 45. Volutaxis confertestriatus, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., v, t. 17, f. 19, . 52 46, 47. Volutaxis nitidus, Strebel. Strebel, Mex.,v, t. 17, f. 25, 36, 52 48. Volutaxis linearis, Pfeiffer. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 25, f. 7, .52 PLATE 10. 49. Streptostyla Delattrei, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 53, 44 50. Streptostyla Sallei, Cr. and Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., f 9 f 1 44 '- . — , 1 « J. • • • • • • • * • • 51. Streptostyla Edwardsiana, Cr. and Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 2, f. 2, 45 52. Streptostyla Shuttleworthi, Pfeiffer. Novitates, i, t. '— •> i I. 1 . .....«••• 53. Streptostyla Shuttleworthi, var., Pfeiffer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 2, f. 3, . . ... .44 54. Streptostyla similis, Strebel. Strebel, Mex. ,iii,t. 12, f. 7, 45 "55. Streptostyla cingulata, Cr. and Fisch. Expl Sci. Mex., L« 1 • !• O. ••••••••• ^ tl 56. Streptostyla nigricans, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 54, 45 57. Streptostyla Mitrseformis, Shuttlew. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1, f. 16, . 45 58. Streptostyla irrigua, Shuttlew. Notitise, pt. 2,t. 5,f. 5, 46 59. Streptostyla lurida, Shuttlew. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 2, f. r>, 45 60. Streptostyla fulvida, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. l,f. 11, ... . 46 61. Streptostyla glandiformis, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1, f. 10 a, .46 62. Streptostyla Boucourti, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. l,f. 14, 46 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 331 FIGURE. PAGE. 63. Streptostyla Sololensis, Cr. et Fisch. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1 , i. 12, . . . . . . . .46 64. Streptostyla coniformis, Shuttlew. Strebel, Mex., iii, t, 9, f. 12, 47 65. Streptostyla turgidula, Pfeiffer. Xovitates, i, t. 29, f. 3, 46 66. Streptostyla Pfeifferi, Crosse. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 37, f 3 AT J. • O ^ • • • • • . • • , . • i i 67. Streptostyla Boyeriana, Crosse et Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1, f. 9, 48 68. Streptostyla Bhmeyana, Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1, f. 3, 47 69. Streptostyla Blandiana, Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1, f. 8, 47 70. Streptostyla plicatula, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., iii, t. 8, f 9 1*7 •!•• +^ } • • * • • • • • • "r I 71. Streptostyla crassa, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., iii, t. 9, f. 2, 47 72. Streptost3rla Boucardi, Pfeiffer. Specimen, . . 46 73. Streptostyla Schneider!, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., iii, t. t7, •!•• J- , ••••••... 4o 74. Streptostyla coniformis, Shuttlew. Strebel, Mex., iii, t. 8, f. 6 a, 47 PLATE 11. 75. Streptostyla Dysoni, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, f. 99, 48 76. Streptostyla flavescens, Shuttlew. Shuttl., Notitise, pt. 2, t. 5, f. 7, 48 77. StreptostylaLymnaeiformis, Shuttlew. Shuttl., Notitiae, pt. 2, t. 5, f. 8, 49 78. 79. Streptostyla Sargi, Crosse et Fischer. Jour, de Conch., t."ll,f. 1, 1876, 49 80. Streptost}rla Cubaniana, Orb. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 44, -L* *J j •*••••••• 4 t/ 81. Streptostyla catenata, Pfeiffer. Strebel, Mex., iii, t. I — i I. 0, ......... L'1 1 82. Streptostyla auriculacea, Pfeiffer. Novitates, i, t. 29, -L • t-J • • • • • • • • • * 9 83. Oleacina Pethionis, Weinland. Jahrb., vii, t. 12, f. 9, 23 84. Streptostyla suturalis, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 38, -L«-LO« • • • • • • • • • v v 85. 86. Streptostyla Richardi, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 43, f. 1,^3, . 43 87. Streptostyla ligulata, Morelet. Cr. et Fisch., Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1, f. 17 a, 50 88. Streptostyla cornea, Crosse et Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 1, f. 13 a, . . . . . . .48 332 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 89. Streptostyla pl^sodes, Shuttlew. Kiister, Bulimus, t. 26, f. 20, ........ . 49 90. Streptostyla episcopalis, Morelet. Kiister, Bulimus, 91. Streptostyla Moreletiana, Pfeiffer. Novitates, iii,t. 82, A • JL ^J ^ • • • • • • • * • TT t/ 92. Streptostyla Quirozi, Strebel. Strebel, Mex.,iii,t. 8, f. 3, 44 93. Streptostyla Nicoleti, Shuttlew. Expl. Sci. Mex., t, J. , I • ^ , . . « . « . . . • TC O 94. Oleacina Strebeli, Angas. Zool. Proc.,t. 40, f. 11, 1879, 33 95. Streptostyla Botteriana, Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 2, f. 5, ...... 44 96. Streptost}Tla vexans, Strebel. Strebel, Mex., iii, t. 9, J. • I • • • • • • « • . • jt v 97. Streptostyla Peruviana, Lam. Ferussac, Hist., iv, t. lo»_), I. 4, . . . . . . . . . 4o 98. Streptostyla C}'lindracea, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Achatina, 1 • t7 -L • • • • • • • • • • TIT O 99. Oleacina denticulata, Weinland. Jahrb., vii, 1. 12, f. 10, 27 PLATE 12. 1, 2, 3. Streptaxis Spixiana, Pfr. (= candidus, Spix.). Kiister, Helix, t. 19, f. 1-3, ..... 61 4-6. Streptaxis intermedia, Albers. Kiister, Helix, t. 103, f. 26-28, ......... 61 7, 8. Streptaxis Paivanus, Pfeiffer. Hidalgo, Voy. Paci- fico, t. 3, f. 3, 4, . . . . . . . 62 9-11. Streptaxis Wagneri, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 19, f. 4—6, . ....... 62 12, 13. Streptaxis Rollandi, Bernard!. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 6, f. 2, ....... 62 14. Streptaxis omalomorpha, Orb. Reeve, Icon., f. 1483, 64 15. Streptaxis problematica, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon. f. 1264, 66 16-18. Streptaxis subregularis, Pfeiffer. Kiister, t. 101, f. ob — oo, ......... bo 19.20. Streptaxis conoidens, Pfeiffer. Festsch. Nat. Gesell. Berlin, t. 2, f. 2, ....... 62 21. Streptaxis chalcophila, Orb. Reeve, Icon., f. 1481, . 63 22. Streptaxis skiaphila, Orb. Reeve, Icon., f. 1480, . 63 23. Streptaxis suturalis, Martens. Festsch. Nat. Gesell. Berlin, t. 2, f. 3, ....... 68 24. 25. Streptaxis turbinatns, Morelet. Voy. Welwitsch, L*X«i.*o«« • • • • • * • • O v 26, 27. Streptaxis bombax, Benson. Conch. Indica, t. 31, I. J. , 4, ••••••«•• Ou REFERENCE TO PLATES. 333 FIGURE. PAGE. 28. Streptaxis ochthephila, Orb. (= hylephila). Reeve, Icon., f. 1478, .... ... 64 29. Streptaxis contermina, Reeve (= alveus). Reeve, Icon., f. 1342, 69 30-32. Streptaxis costulosus, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 161, f. 29-31, 63 33. Streptaxis hylephila, Orb. Reeve, Icon., f. 1482, . 64 34. Streptaxis buonobena, Orb. Reeve, Icon., f. 1477, . 64 PLATE 13. 35-37. Streptaxis orbicula, Orb. Kiister, Helix, t. 83, f. 32-34, . 65, 251 38-40. Streptaxis vitrina, Wagner. Kiister, t. 84, f. 14-16, 64 41,42. Streptaxis Recluziana, Petit (= nobilis). Kiister, t. 102, f. 10, 11, 67 43-45. Streptaxis ammoniformis, Orb. Fer., Hist. Moll., t. 696, f. 1, 65 46, 47. Streptaxis Baezensis, Hidalgo (= Cuzcana, Phil.). Hidalgo, Toy. Pacitico, t. 2, f. 8, 9, . . . 64 48. Streptaxis Thomasi, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon., f. 1332, . 65 49-51. Streptaxis trochilionoides, Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., t. 27, f. 12-14, 65 52. Streptaxis aramonoceras, Pfr. Reeve, Icon., f. 1338, . 65 53. Streptaxis Monrovia, Rang (= nobilis, juv.). Kiister, Helix, t. 136, f. 5, 67 54. Streptaxis Monrovia, Rang (= nobilis, juv.). Pfr. Novit. Conch., v, t. 142, f. 1, 67 55. 56. Streptaxis Moyobambensis, Moricand. Guerin's Mag., 1858, t. 13, f. 3, 3 a, 65 57, 62, 63. Streptaxis Dunkeri, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 102, f. 1-3, 68 58-60. Streptaxis Argentina, Strobel. Mai. Argent., iii, t. 1, f. 1 , . . . . . . . . .66 61. Streptaxis Monroviana, Rang (= nobilis). Pfr., Novit. Conch., v, t. 142, f. 5, . . ' . . .67 64. Streptaxis nobilis, Gray. Kiister, Helix, t. 149, f. 10, 67 65-67. Streptaxis Dunkeri, var. clausa. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ix, t. 1, f. 4, 5, 68 68. Streptaxis rimata, Pfr. (= nobilis, var.). Kiister, Helix, t. 103, f. 1, 67 PLATE 14, 69, 70. Streptaxis Funcki, Pfr. (= Dunkeri). Kiister, t. 101, f. 40, 41, 68 71, 72. Streptaxis Funcki, Pfr., juv. (= Dunkeri). Kiister, t. 103, f. 16, 17, 68 334 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 73-75. StreptaxisWelwitchii,Morelet. Yoy. Welw.,t.l,f.7, 69 7(5-78. Streptaxis contusus, Ferussac. Kiister, Helix, t. 102, f. 4-6 68 79-81. Streptaxis nlbidus, Pfeifler. Kiister, Helix, t. 103, ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • ( * ' 82, 83. Streptaxis Gibbonsi, Taylor. Jour, of Conch., i, U,^J, I. 1, . . . . . . . . . I U 84-86. Streptaxis deplanatus, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 102, f. 24-26, .69 87, 88. Streptaxis Mozambicensis, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 32, f. 6, 1881 70 89-91. Streptaxis deformis, Fer. (= = Candeanus). Kiister. Helix, t. 103, f. 22-24, 70 92, 93. Streptaxis ovatus, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 102, f 7 9 71 A • I « 17 • • • • • • • • • • | J. 94. Streptaxis uberiformis, Pfeiffer. Jour, de Conch., t. 7, f. 8, 1875, 68 95, 96. Streptaxis deflexus, Souleyet. Yoy. Bonite, t. 28, I. oU, o 1 , ......... il 97. Streptaxis Deshayesianus, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 3, 1867, 69 98. Streptaxis pellucens, Pfeiffer. Pfr., Novit. Conch., iv, t. 115, f. 11, 71 99. Streptaxis solidulus, Stoliczka. Conch. Ind.. t. 98, f. 7, 71 100. Streptaxis pellucens, Pfeiffer, var. /9. Jour, de Conch., t. 4, f. 2, 1883 71 1. Streptaxis Andamanicus. Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 8, f. 6, 75 2, 3. Streptaxis Sankeyi, Benson. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xl. t. 7, f. 40, . " 72 4-6. Streptaxis Souleyetianus, Petit. Kiister, Helix, 1. 102, I. £l L — ^O, ......... 7, 8. Streptaxis Michaui, Crosse and Fischer. Jour, de Conch., t. 10, f. 4, 1863, 72 9, 10. Streptaxis Hanleyanus, Stoliczka. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xl, t. 7, f. 15, 72 11, 12. Streptaxis exacutus, Gould. Pfr., Novit. Conch., iv, t. 115, f. 13, 14, 72 13. Streptaxis Pfeifferi, Zelebor. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xl, t. 8, f. 6, . . . . . . .74 13. Streptaxis Burmanicus,Blanford,var. edentula. Conch. Ind., t. 8, f. 10, . ...... 75 15. Streptaxis Blanfordianus, Theob. (= Andamanicus). Conch. Ind., t. 8, f. 5, . . . . . .75 16-18. Streptaxis Petiti, Gould. Kiister, Helix, t. 103, I.O, i/, 11, • . . • • • . • | 4 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 335 PLATE 15. FIGURE. PAGE. 19-21. Streptaxis deformis (=Candeanus, Petit). Kiister, Helix, t. 103, f. 22-24, 74 22, 23. Streptaxis Layardianus, Benson. Conch. Indira, u. t/o, I. J., 4, . . . . . . . . (0 24-26. Streptaxis glaber, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 124, 1* i — O • • • • • • * • * • 1 4 27. 28. Streptaxis costulatus, Molleudorflf. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, t. 10, f. 8, 73 29-31. Streptaxis borealis, Heude. Hist. Nat. Fl. Blene, t. lo, I. I. ' > . ........ (•> 32, 33. Streptaxis Sinensis, Gould. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, u. 0 , I. ' 5 • • • • • • • • • 4 O 34-36. Streptaxis coraboides, Orb. Kiister, Helix, t. 102, I. 1 o — 1 0 , . . . » • . . . • to 37, 38. Streptaxis bidens, Mollendorff. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, t. 10, f. 9, 76 30, 40. Streptaxis Fuchsi;mus,Gredler. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, t. 1, f. 2, . . . . . . . .76 41-43. Streptaxis bulbulus, Morelet. Jour, de Conch., t. 10, f. 3; t. 14, f. 5, 1863, 80 44. Streptaxis decipiens, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 4, 1 o u 7 , . • . . « • • « .70 45. Streptaxis obtusus, Stoliczka. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xi, t. 7, f. 12, . . . . . . . .76 46. Streptaxis Mouhoti, Pfeiffer. Martens, Preuss. Exped.. t. 22, f. 22, .' 80 47-49. Streptaxis dejectus, Petit. Kiister, Helix, t. 102, I.J-l — 1 t/, « . . « . . « . • t O 50, 51. Streptaxis Cingalensis, Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 98, I- — . o, . . . . . . . . . lo 52,53. Streptaxis streptodon, Moricand. Jour, de Conch., 11, t. 10, f. 1 78 54-56. Streptaxis Cumingianus, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 124, f. 8, 9, 11, 78 57. Streptaxis Troberti, Morelet. Voy. Welwitsch, t. l,f. 6, 75 58-60. Streptaxis distortus, Jonas. Kiister, Helix, t. 103, f. 18, 20, 21, .76 61-63. Streptaxis pyriformis, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 102, f. 31-34, 77 64. Streptaxis Watsoni, Blanford. Conch. Ind., t. 8, f. 8, 77 65-67. Streptaxis aberratus, Souleyet. Kiister, Helix, t. ]02,f. 27-30, 77 68,69. Streptaxis Perotteti, Petit. Conch. Ind., t. 98, f. 5, 6, 76 70-72. Streptaxis Canaricus, Beddome. Blanford, Contrib., x, t. 16, f. 11, . . . . . . . .78 330 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIQUUK. PAGE. 73. Streptaxis Siamensis, Pfeiffer. Jour, de Conch., t. 0, f. 3, 18G2, 79 74-7 G. Streptaxis Daflaensis, Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., t. 8, f. 14, 1876, 77 PLATE 16. 77-79. Streptaxis discus, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. L45, f. 15-17, 66 80-82. Streptaxis Deplancliei, Drouet. Drouet, Moll. Guyanne, t. 1, f. 7-9, . . . . . .79 83-85. Streptaxis personatus, Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 1880, t. 2, f. 10, 80 86. Streptaxis Theobaldi, Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 8, f. 9, 77 87-89. Streptaxis cryptodon, Moricand. Jour, de Conch., t. 10, f. 2, 1851, 66 90-92. Streptaxis concinnus, Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., t. 2, f. 11, 1880. . . . . . .79 93-95. Streptaxis pronns, Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., t. 2, f. 12, 1880, 79 96, 97, 100. Streptaxis compressus, Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., t. 2, f. 13, 1880, 80 98, 99. Streptaxis cypsele, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 12*, I. 8, 10, ......... 63 1, 2. Streptaxis Gibbonsi, Taylor. Jour, of Conch., i, t. -L • X • 1. * • • • * • • • * • | v 3, 4. Streptaxis Crossei, Pfeiffer. Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f. 1, 1867, . . . . . . '. .67 5. Streptaxis Enneoides, Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, t. 2, f. 5, 1878, .... ... 70 6, 7- Streptaxis Craveni, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 32, f. 5, lo^l , • • . . . . . . . b7 8, 9. Streptaxis gigas, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 32, f. 4, 1881, 61 10, 11. Strepfaxis regius, Lobbecke. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., IX, t). 1, I. o, . . . . . . • > ' i — 12, 13. Streptaxis Lemeyrei, Morelet. Jour, de Conch., t. 4, f. 1, 1883, ........ 67 14. Streptaxis Theobaldi, Benson. Jour. As. Soc. Beng.. t. 8, f. 15, 187(5, . . .'77 15. Ennea Perakensis, Austen and Nevill. Zool. Proc., t. 59, f. 2, 1879, 92 PLATE 17. 16. Gibbus insignis, Pfeiffer. Pfr., Novit. Conch., i, t. 32, 1* I . ••••••••• oO 17. Gibbus Miirtensi, Smith. Monatsb. Berlin, t. 4, f. 1,1876, 83 18. Gibbus ovoideus, Brug. Kiister, Pupa, t. 16, f. 2, . 82 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 337 PAGE. 19. Gibbus tumidus, Morelet. Morelet, Ser. Conch., t. 5,f. 7, 83 20. Gibbus intermedius, Morelet. Morelet, Ser. Conch., t. 0, I« t) , ......... oo 21. Gibbus obesus, Gibbons. Jour, of Conch., i, t. 2, f. 3, 83 22. 23. Gibbus intermedius, var., Morelet. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vii, t. 8, f. 4, . . . . . . 83 24. Gibbus minor. Morelet. Ser. Conch., t. 5, f. 11, . 84 25. Ennea Planti,' Pfeiffer. Novitutes, i, t. 20, f. 5, . . 90 26. Gibbus Liberianus, Lea. Reeve, Icon. Bulimus, f. 660, 83 27. Gibbus anodon, Pfeiffer. Pfr., Novitates, i. t. 17, f. 5, 85 28. Gibbus anodon, Pfeiffer. Jour, de Conch., t. 8,f. 3, 1883, 85 29. Gibbus Passamaianus, Petit. Jour, de Conch., iv, t. 13, 1. O, ......... o -. 30. Streptostele Swinhoei, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 33, f. 8, 1866, . 109 31. Gibbus Reeveanus, Pfeiffer. Novitates, i, t. 17, f. 7, . 85 32. Gibbus arenicola, Morelet. Ser. Conch., t. 5, f. 9, . 84 33. Gibbus vitreus, Morelet. Voy. Welwitsch, t. 2, f. 3, . 84 34. 35. Gibbus latus, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 31, f. 4, 1880, 84 36, 37. Gibbus Pasmaianus, Petit. Zool. Proc., t. 68, f. 11, 1 oo 1 , • . . . . . . . . o2 38. Gibbus Dussumieri, Reeve. Bulimus, f. 457, . . 84 39, 40. Gibbus stylodon, Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, t. 4, f. 2, 3, 1876, 85 PLATE 18. 41. Ennea cerea, Dunker. Kiister, Pupa, t. 15, f. 12, . 90 42, 43. Ennea quadridentata, Martens (= Dupuyana). Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., iii, t. 9, f. 4, . . . . 99 44. Ennea microdon, Morelet. Ser. Conch., t. 5, f. 10, . 91 45. Ennea sorghum, Morelet. Ibid., t. 3, f. 10, . . . 91 46. 47. Ennea filicosta, Morelet. Morelet, Voy. Welwitsch, t. o, I. o, . . . . . . . . .106 48. Ennea fartoidea, Theobald. Conch. Ind., t. 100, f. 5, . 106 49. Ennea pumilio, Gould. Kiister, Pupa, t. 19, f. 14, . 90 50. Ennea crystallum, Morelet. Ibid, t. 19, f. 2, . . 92 51. 52. Ennea Batalhana, Pfeiffer. Mai. Blatt., t. 1, f. 18, 19, 1871, 95 53. Ennea clavulata, Lam. Kiister, Pupa, t. 11, f. 21, . 91 54, 55. Ennea monodon, Morelet ( = Dohrni, Smith). Mar- tens, Monatsb. Berlin, t. 4, f. 4, 5,1876, . . .91 56. Ennea stenostoma, Beddome. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, t. 2, f. 17, 1880, 100 57. Ennea vara, Benson. Conch. Indica, t. 100, f. 3, . 106 58. 59. Ennea quinqueplicata, Jickeli (= denticulata, var.). Nov. Act. Ac. Cses. Leop. , xxvii, t. 4, f. 1, . 94 22 338 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 00. Ennea modesta, H. Adams. Zool. Proc.,t. 19, f. 9, 1807, 92 01. Ennea Blanfordi, Austen. Conch. Ind., t. 100, f. 2, . 10(5 02. 03. Ennea conica, Martens (= Monodon, Morel). Monatsb. Berlin, t. 4, f. <>, 7, 1870, . . . .91 04. Ennea Chaperi, Jousseaume. Ghierin's Mag., t. 2, f. 2, I ' i l ., • • • • • • • • » t/O 05. Ennea stenopylis, Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 101, f. 1, . 92 DC), 07. Ennea Hildebrandi, Jickeli (— denticulata, var.). Nov. Act. Cses. Leop., xxxvii, t. 4, f. 2, . . . 95 08. Ennea milium, Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng.,t. 8, f. 11, 1870, . . . 103 69. Ennea Ujijiensis, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 31, f. 5, 1880, 90 70. Ennea capitata, Gould. Kiister, Pupa, t. 19, f. 20, . 90 71. Ennea Dupuyana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 11, f. 2, 1870, ... 99 72-74. Ennea cavidens, Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, t. 4, f. 21-23, 1870, ... . . 97 75. Ennea elegantula, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Pupa, t. 20, f. 19, 93 70-78. Ennea trigonostoma, Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, t. 4, f. 14-10, 1870, 95 79. Ennea Menkeana, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i, t. 32, f. 5, 97 80. Ennea cryptophora, Morelet. Jour, de Conch., t. 10, I. •), J oo I , . . , . . ... , . . . . . . . . .01 80, 81. Gibbus Grateloupianus, Pfr. (=Lyonettianus,var.). Ibicl.,t. 10, f. 9, 11, 81 82. Gibbus Pagoda, Fer. Ibid., t. 9, f. 4, . . . . 82 83. Gibbus Barclayana, Reeve (— Pagoda, juv.). Reeve, Icon. Helix, f. 188, . . . ' . . .82 84. Gibbus sulcatus, Miiller. Kiister, Pupa, t. 9, f. 1, . 82 85. Gibbus Newtoni. H.Adams. Zool. Proc., 1. 19, f. 8, 1867, 82 86. Gibbus metableta, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 8, f. 5, 1874 85 87. Gibbus Moreleti, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 28, f. 10, 1 boo, . . . . . . . .86 88. Gibbus funicula, Val. Kiister, Pupa, t. 11, f. 17, . 85 89. 94. Gibbus palanga, Fer. Ibid., t. 10, f. 5 ; t. 11, f. 5, 80 90. Gibbus turgidulus, Desk. Moll. Reunion, t. 11, f. 7, . 86 91. Gibbus Rodriguensis, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 8, f. 6, 1874, 86 92. Gibbus chloris, Crosse. Ibid., t. 8, f. 7. . . . 86 93. Gibbus Nevilli, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 1. 19, f. t, 1867, 86 95. Gibbus Dupontianus, Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., t. 6, f. 1, 1881, 87 96. Gibbus Adamsianus, Nevill. Ibid., xl, t. 1, f. 17, . 87 97. Gibbus modiolus, Fer. Kiister, Pupa, t. 11, f. 8, . 88 98. Gibbus Mauritianus, Morelet. Ser. Conch., t. 5, f. 13, 88 99. Gibbus Mondraini, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 5, lobo, ......... 80 100. Gibbus clavulus, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 13, louo, . . . . . . . . .89 1. Gibbus modiolus, Fer. Kiister, Pupa, t. 11, f. 9, . 88 2. Gibbus dealbatus, Webb et Bertholet. Kiister, Pupa, t. lb. II, . .. . . . . . 85 3. Gibbus Mauritianus, Morelet. Ser. Conch., t. 5, f. 13, 88 4. Gibbus Barclayi, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 6, 1868, 88 5. Gibbus farinosus, Troschel. Kiister, Pupa, t. 14, f. 34, 88 6. Gibbus versipolis, Fer. Ibid., t. 11, f. 10, . . .89 PLATE 22. 1. Ravenia Blandi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 2,f. 4,1874, 52 2. Gibbus versipolis, Fer. Kiister, Pupa, t. 11, f. 12, . 89 3. Gibbuys Bourguigntiti, Desk. Moll. Reunion, 1. 10, f. 27, 89 342 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 4. Gibbus callifer, Morelet. Ser. Conch., t. 5, f. 15, . 89 5. Gibbus productus, H. Ad. (= palangula). Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 7, 1868, 87 f>. Gibbus intersecta (= Bourguignati, var.). Moll. Re- union, t. 11, f. 1, . . . . . . .87 7. Gibbus holostoma, Morelet. Ser. Conch., t. 5, f. 16, . 89 8. Ennea uvula, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 11, f. 5, . . 9'2 9. Gibbus bacillus, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i, t. 20, f. 17, 90 10. Gibbus Deshayesii, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 28, f. 9, lobo, . . . . . . . . .87 11. Gibbus cylindrellus, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 28, f. 11, lobo, ......... oT 12. Gibbus teres, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i, t. 20, f. 19, . 87 13. Rhytida rufotincta, Gassies. N. Caledon., iii, t. 1, f. 6, 120 14. 15. Rhytida Sheridani, Brazier. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 7, 1875, 124 16. Rhytida ptychomphala, Pfeiffer. Austr. Land Shells, t. 7,f. Ifl, 123 17, 18. Rhytida ptychomphala, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, ii, t. 140, f. 11, 12, ... ... 123 19, 20. Rhytida namoiensis, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 18, f. 10 124 21,22. Rhytida confusa, Pfeiffer. Ibid., t. 4, f. 3; t. 18, f. 4, 125 23. Rhytida Leichardti, Cox. Ibid., t. 5, f. 1, . . . 123 24. Rhytida bullacea, Pfr. Reeve, Icon., f. 1288, . .124 25. 26. Rtrytida bullacea, Pfr. Cox, Austr. Land Shells, t. 2, f. 10, . . 124 27. Rhytida Strangei, Pfr. Reeve, Icon., Helix, f. 416, . 123 28. Rhytida Lincolniensis,, Pfr. Austr. Land Shells, t. 6, 1 . t/ « • • • • • • • • • JL *j O PLATE 23. 29. Rhytida lampra, Pfeiffer. Reeve. Helix, f. 1295, . 125 30. 31, 32. Rhytida capillacea, Fer. Kiister, Helix, ii, t. 00, I. o, J, T, ........ i ZD 33, 34. Rhytida Strangeoides, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, L. 1 i , I. o, . . . . . . . .1—0 35-37. Rhytida Beraudi, Gassies. Gassies, Nouv. Caled., 1, t. 1, I. lo, .. ...... 117 38, 39. Rhytida subsidialis, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 1, 1870, .117 40-42. Rhytida multisulcata, Gassies. Nouv. Caled., i, t. 1 , f . 5,6, . . . . . . . .118 43, 44. Rhytida Boydii, Angas (= Yillandrei). Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 8, 1869, 119 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 343 FIGURE. PAGE. 45, 46. Rhytida Yillandrei, Gassies. Jour, de Conch., t. 9, f. 3, 1868, 119 47, 48. Rhytida Raynali, Gassies. Nouv. Caled.,i, t. 5, f. 6, 119 49,50. Rh}'tida Onveana, Souverb. Nouv. Caled., ii, t. 2, f. 4, 120 51. Rhytida lamproides, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 10, I. I O . ......... 52, 53. Rhytida luteolina, Gassies. Nonv. Caled., i, t. 5, f. 7, 120 PLATE 24. 54-56. Rhytida Goulardeana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 13. f. 3, 1870, 122 57, 58. Rhytida insequalis, Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1394, . .121 59, 60. Diplomphalus Megei, Lambert. Jour, de Conch., t. 6, f. 2, 1875, ... . . 1*15 61. Rhytida Deplanchesi, Gassies. Nouv.Culed.,ii, t. 3,f. 3, 120 62, 63. Diplomphalus Grentilsiana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 4, 1870 115 64, 65. Rhytida Coquiensis, Crosse. Ibid., t. 7, f. 3, 1872, 118 66. Rhytida Pauluccise, Crosse (= testudinaria, Gassies). "ibid., t. 8, f. 14, 1868, . . .119 67, 68. Micromphalia Yiellardi, Crosse et Marie. Nouv. Caled., ii, t. 1, f. 8, . . . . . . .116 69, 70. Rhytida Ferrieziana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f. 4, 1869, 118 71,72. Rhytidn Sinclair*, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon., f. 1444, 121 73. Rhytida Dunnise, Gray. Ibid., f. 425, . . .126 74. Rlrytida Greenwoodi, Gray. Ibid., f. 434, . . . 126 75. Elsea biconcava, Pfeiffer. Ibid., f. 810, . . .130 76. 77, 78. Micromphalia Caledonica, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1868, t. 1, f. 4, 116 79. Diplomphalus ammonitoides, Reeve (=omicron, Pfr.). Reeve, Icon., f. 1246, . . . . . .115 80, 81. Micromphalia abax, Marie. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 6, 1870, 116 82-84. Diplomphalus Megei, Lambert. Ibid., t. 14, f. 3, 187o, ......... 88, 89. Diplomphalus vinitincta, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 1, I. o, . . . • • • . > • -LID 85-87. Diplomphalus Fabrei, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 6, f. 1, 1875, . . . . . . . .115 PLATE 25. 90. Diplomphalus Montrouzieri, Souverbie. Nouv. Caled., 1, t. JL , I. o, ... ....• J.J-O 344 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 91, 92. Diplomphalus Cabritii, Gassies. Jour, cle Conch., t. 11, f. 2, 1867, . ... .113 93, 94. Diplomphalus Lifouana,Montrouzier. Nouv. Caled., 1, 1. 1, I. -*•'), . . . . ... 110 95-97. Diplomphalus Bavayi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 14, f. 2, 1873, 114 98-100. Diplomphalus Heckeliana, Crosse. Ibid., t. 14, f. 1, 1873, 114 1-3. Diplomphalus Vaysseti, Marie. Ibid., t. 12, f. 2, 1874, 113 4, 5. Micromphalia Saisseti, Montrouz. Nouv. Caled., i, T. 1 . 1. O« • • • • • • • • * 1 A I 6, 7. Diplomphalus Mariei, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1. 11 , f. 1, 1867, .113 8, 9. Micromphalia astur, Souverb. Nouv. Caled. ,i,t. l,f. 7, 117 10. Diplomphalus solidula, Crosse (= Mariei, var. ). Jour. de Conch., t. 12, f. 1, 1874, 114 11, 12. Micromphalia Baladensis, Souverbie. Nouv. Caled., ' 1, t. o, I. o, ........ lib 13. JErope Caffra, Fer. Reeve, Icon., f. 179, . . . 131 14. JErope Caffra, var. Wesseliana, Maltzan. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., iii, t. 5, f. 1, ...... 131 PLATE 26. 1. Daudebardia monticola, Benoit. Conch. Sicil.,t. 8,f. 13, 13 2. Daudebardia grandis, Benoit. Conch. Sicil., t. 8,f. 12, 13 3. 4. Selenochlamyspallida,Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., X, T). 0, I. 1, ........ 5, 6. Paryphanta atramentaria, Shuttlew. Notitire, pt.ii, u* x • X* ^ « • • • • • • * • *X*j| 7, 8. Paryphanta heliciformis, Pfr. (= Ophiria). Novit. Conch. ,i,t. 10, f. 5, 6, . . . . . 128 9. Elsea crebriflammis, Pfeiffer. Conch. Icon., f. 805, . 130 10. Paryphanta phlogophora, Pfeiffer. Conch. Icon., f. 790, 128 11, 12. Helicarion Milligani, Pfeiffer. Cox, Austr. Land Shells, t. 14, f. 2, 172 13. Elsea rapida, Pfeiffer. Conch. Icon., f. 1038, . . 129 14. Paryphanta urnula, Pfeiffer. Ibid., f. 1306, . 15. Paryphanta Coresia, Gray. Kiister, Helix, ii,t. 155, f. 25, 130 16-18. Paryphanta Guestieria, Pfeiffer. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 1, 1872, 113 19. Elsea Chiron, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 797, . . . 129 20-22. Elsea splendidula, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, ii, t. 85, 1. 1 — o, . . . . . . . . m Lao 23,24. ParyphantaBusbyi,Gray. Shuttl. Notitia?, pt.ii, 1. 1, 127 25. Elasa io-niflua, Reeve (= lambda, Pfr.). Conch. Icon., f. 774, 129 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 345 FIOTJRE. PAGE. 26. Elsea Jeffreysiana, Pfeiffer. Ibid., f. 788, . . .129 27. Elsea obmibila, Reeve. Ibid., f. 792, . . . .129 28. Paryphanta compressivoluta, Reeve ( = omega). Ibid., f. 791, 128 PLATE 27. 1. Oleacina solidnla, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Achatina,t. 38, f. 10, 24 2. Oleacina orysacea, Rang (— regularis, Gundl.). [Speci- men. ......... 24 3. Oleacina saturata, Gundl. Specimen, . . . .24 4. Streptaxis Flora, Pfr. Reeve, Icon. Helix, f. 534, . 64 5-7. Streptaxis spirillus, Gld. (=-. trochilionoides, Orb.). YVilkes' Exped. Moll., f. 45, . . . 65 8. Streptostyla viridnla, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 40, f. 12, 1879, . . 48 9, 9 a. Streptaxis prostratus, Gould. Specimen, . . 69 10. Streptaxis deformis, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 32 a, f. 1, . 74 11. Streptaxis alveus, Dimmer. Kiister, Helix, t. 101, f. 33, 69 12,13. Ennea dentieulata, Morelet. Ann. Mus. Genova, iii, L. y, i.-ivj, . . . . • • . . • 14. Ennea Isseli, Paladilhe. Ibid., t. 1, f. 6, . . . 106 15. Ennea Taylori, Gibbons. Jour, of Conch., ii, t. 1, f. 5, 107 16. 17. Diplomphalus. microphis. Crosse. Gassies, Nouv. Caled., ii, t. 1, f. 9, . , . . . • . 114 18, 19. Diplomphalus cerealis, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 9, f. 1, 1868, ... . .114 20, 21. Micromphalia Lombard eaui, Montr. Gassies, Nouv. Caled., i, t. 1, f. 16, . . . . . . .116 22,23. Micromphalia corymbus, Crosse. Ibid., iii. t. 1, f. 10, 117 24, 25. Micromphalia chelonitis, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 9, f. 2, 1868, 117 PLATE 28. 26. Rhytida Kanakina, Gassies. Nouv. Caled., ii, t. 2, f. 10, 122 27, 28. Rhytida Candeloti. Cr. and Marie. Nouv. Caled., ii, f. 2, f. 2, . . . . . 122 29. 30. Rhytida Lamberti, Gassies. Jour, de Conch., t. 2, f. 1, 1873, 122 31, 32. Rhytida costulifera, Pfr. Gassies, Nouv. Caled., i, t. i, i. y, ......... 33, 34. Rhytida Pinicola, Pfr.? Ibid., i, t. 1, f. 10, . . 121 35, 36. Rhytida Bazini, Crosse. Ibid., iii, t. 1, f. 16, . 121 37, 38. Rhytida Bruniana, Gassies. Ibid., iii, t. 1, f. 9, . 119 39. Rhytida ptychomphala, Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon. ^Helix, f. 760 123 40. Rhytida occlusa, Gassies. Nouv. Caled., ii, t. 2, f. 13, 122 346 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIQUKE. PAGE. 41, 42. Rhytida Prevostiana, Crosse. Ibid., iii, t. 1, f. 11, 123 43-45. Rhvtida Yahouensis, Gassies. Jour, de Conch., t. 10," f. 1, 1880, . . . ' 120 4C.-48. Rhytida oriunda, Gassies. Ibid., t. 10, f. 2, 1880, . 121 49. Rhytida Strangei, Pfr. Cox, Austr. Land Shells, t. 18, 1. 17. ......... i .Jo 50,51. Ela?a millestriata, Smith. Yoy. Erebus and Terror, I. 4, I. •'. ......... I •>(' 52-54. Elasa verrucosa, Krauss. Sudafr. Moll., t. 4, f. 23, . 130 55, 56. Paryphanta fumosa, Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., iii, t. 12, f. 3, 128 PLATE 29. 57, 58 (1, 2, in text). Yitrina limpida, Binney. Terr. Moll., v, text p. 135, t. 16, f . H, 132 59 (3 in text). Yitrina major, Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, t. 6, f. 15, 132 60 (4 in text). Yitrinoidea Albaiensis, Semper. Reisen Philipp., t. 11, f. 32, . .133 61 (5 in text). Yitrinoconus c}'athus, Pfeiffer. Ibid., t. 11, f. 26, ... 134 62-65 (6-9 in text). Plutonia Atlantica. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5 ser., vii, t. 13, f. 5-8, ..... 134 66 (10 in text). Yitrinozonites latissimus, Binney. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v, t. 2, f. H, . 137 67 (11 in text). Yelifera Gabbi, Binney. Ann. N. Y. Acad., iii, t. 2, f. H, . . . . . . .137 68 (12 in text). Helicarion Helena, Godwin-Austen. Shells India, pt. 4, t. 41, f. 6, . . . . . . 137 69 (13 in text). Helicarion Cuvieri, Godwin-Austen. Ibid., t. 41, f. 10, 137 70. Urocyclus Kirkii, Gray. Zool. Proc., 251, 1864, . . 162 71. Urocyclus Kirkii, Gra}\ Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xi, t. 1, f. 1 a, . . . . . . . . .162 72. Yitrinozonites latissimus, Lewis. Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xi, t. 3, f. A, . . . . . 167 73. 74. Yelifera Gabbi, Binney. Ann. N. Y. Lye., i, t. 11, f. ^4, j5, ......... 168 75, 76. Plutonia Atlantica, Mor. et Dr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5 ser., vii, t. 13, f. 10, 11, .... 161 PLATE 30. 77-79. Yitrina cliaphana, Drap. Kiister, Yitrina, t. 1, I. 0 1 — OO, . . • . • • » « • 1 O f 7 80. Yitrina, diaphana, Drap. Xacluichtsbl. Mai. Gesell., t. 1, f. 10, 1871, ... ... 139 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 347 FIGURE. PAGE. 81-83. Yitrina Pegorari (= diaphana). Pollonera, Mem. Torino, xxxv, f. 24-26, 1884 ...... 140 84-86. Yitrina glacialis, Forbes (= diaphana). Ibid., f. 20-22, ......... 140 87, 88. Vitrina Heynemanni, Koch. Nachrichtsbl. Mai. Gesell., t. 1 if. 4. 1871, ...... 140 89, 90. Vitrina lusatica, Jordan (= Heynemanni). Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vi, t. 8, f. 3 ....... 140 91-93. Vitrina Charpentieri, Stabile (= nivalis, Charp.). Gtierin's Magazin, t 13, f. 1-3, 1859, . . .140 94-96. Vitrina Piniana, Pollonera (= nivalis). Mem. Torino, xxxv. t. 10, f. 11-13, ..... 140 97-99. Vitrina Villa* , Pollonera (= nivalis). Ibid., t. 10, f. 17-19, ......... 140 100-2. Vitrina Pyrenaica, Fer. Kiister, Vitrina. t. l,f. 35-37, 140 :>-5. Vitrina elongata, Drap. Kiister, Vitrina, 1. 1, f. 39-41, 141 6, 7. Vitrina brevis, Ferussnc. Fer., Hist. Mol., t. 9, f. 2, 141 8-11. Vitrina GaBOtiformis, Pollonera. Mem. Torino, xxxv, t. 10, f. 1-4, . . .... 141 12-14. Vitrina pellucid a, Miiller. Kiister, Vitrina, t. 1, f. 14, 15, 17, ........ 141 15. Vitrina pellucida, Miiller. Mem. Torino, xxxv, t. 10, f. 30, . ...... J41 16. Vitrina Bellardi (= pellucida). Mem. Torino, xxxv, t. 10, f. 31 ......... 141 17-19. Vitrina Baudoni, Delannay. Jour, de Conch., t. 11, f. 5, 1877, .... ... '143 20, 21. Vitrina globosa, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vii, 22-24. Vitrina Gruneri, Pfeiffer. Kiister. Vitrina, t. 1, f. 42-44, ......... 143 25. Vitrina Angelica?, Beck. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, t. 79, f Q 1 .13 !.•«/•• • • • • • • • * • J. TItl 26-28. Vitrina limpida, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, t. 67 a, f. 1, . . . . . . . 144 29. Vitrina Pfeifferi, Newcomb. Try on, Terr. Moll., t. 3, -L» O • • • • • • • • • • • X jl jt PLATE 31. 30-32. Vitrina Draparnaudi, Cuv. (= major, Fer.). Kiister, Vitrina, t. 1, f. 18, 20, 21, ..... 144 33,34. Vitrina Blanci, Pollonera (= major). Mem. Torino, xxxv, t. 10, f. 47, 48, . / . . .144 35-37. Vitrina Stabilei, Lessoiia (== major, var.). Mem. Torino, xxxv, t. 10, f. 33-35, , . . . .144 348 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 38-40. Vitrina Locardi, Lessona (= Stabilei). Ibid., f. 27-29, 144 41, 42. Vitrina Costse, Paulucci. Rossmassler, Iconog., i, U»J.*l«jbk« • • • • • • • • Jl TT ^ 43, 44. Vitrina Bonelli, Tozzetti. Ibid., vii, t. 191, f. 1942, 145 45_47. Yitrina annularis, Studer. Kiister, Yitrina, t. 1, f. 97 9Q 145 _ t — «f £7 • • • • « • • • • • A Tttl 48. Yitrina annularis, Studer. Mem. Torino, xxxv, t. 10, f. 32, 145 49, 50. Yitrina Koinarowi, Bottger. Rossmassler, Iconog., vii, t. 191, f. 1941, 145 51. Yitrina Sieversi, Mousson. Jour.de Conch., t. 5, f. 1, 1876, 146 52, 53. Yitrina Paulucciae, Fischer. Rossma'ssler, N. S., i, li. 1 , I. ( , . . . . • . • . • 1 '± r) 54-56. Yitrina rugosa, Paulucci. Ibid., i, t. 1, f. 8, . . 146 57-59. Yitrina Musignani, Manclral. Benoit, Moll. Sicil., t. 7, f. 6, . . . 146 60, 61. Yitrina exilis, Morelet. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, p. 159, f. 54, ... . . 146 62, 63. Yitrina Lederi, Bottger. Rossmassler, Iconog. N. io., 1, t. J. , T. 0, ......•« -L "* > 64-66. Yitrina conoidea, Martens. Ibid., t. 1, f. 6, . . 147 67,68. Yitrina subconica, Bottger. Ibid., vii, t. 191, f. 1940, 147 PLATE 32. 69-71. Vitrina Lamarcki, Fer. Kiister, Yitrina, 1. 1, f. 48-50, 148 72-74. Yitrina Ruivensis, Couthoi^. Moll. Wilkes'Exped., 1* f . • • • • • • • • • • 75-77. Yitrina latebasis, Mousson. Novit. Conch., iv, t. 119, f. 4-6, 149 78-80. Yitrina Blauneri, Shuttlew. Ibid., 1. 119, f. 7-9, . 149 81-83. Yitrina brumalis, Morelet. Moll., A9ores, t. 1, f. 4, 148 84-86. Yitrina finitima, Morelet. Ibid., t. 1, f. 7, . . 149 87, 88. Yitrina brevispira, Morelet. Moll. Acores, t. 1, f. 6, 148 89-91. Yitrina mollis, Morelet. Moll. A9ores, t. 1, f. 5, . 148 92-94. Yitrina Canariensis, Mousson. Novit. Conch., iv, t. 119, f. 10-12, 149 95-97. Yitrina reticulata, Mousson. Ibid.,t. 119, f. 13-15, 150 98-100. Vitrina rnarcida, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., t. 1, f. 12, 150 1,2. Yitrina nitida, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., t. l.f. 8, 150 3-5. Yitrina angulosa, Morelet. Moll. A9ores, t. 2, f. 1, 150 6-8. Vitrina pelagica, Morelet. Ibid., t. 1, f. 2, . 151 9-11. Yitrina laxata, Morelet. Ibid., t. 1 , f. 3, .151 12-13. Yitrina fasciolata, Ferussac. Hist. Moll., t. 1) b, f. 1, 151 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 349 PLATE 33. FIGURE. PAGE. 14,15. VitrinaWelwitschii,Morelet. Yoy.Welw., t. l,f. 9, 151 16. Yitrina Angasi, Adams (= Welwitschii). Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 11, 18(58, 151 17-19. Yitrina Sowerbyana, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Yitrina, t. 1, f. 51-53, . 152 20-22. Yitrina Gomesiana, Morelet. Yoy.Welw. , t. l,f. 2, 152 23, 24. Yitrina amoena, Morelet. Jour, de Conch., t. 10, f. 1. , looGj ......... 1 • ' !- 25-27. Yitrina grandis, Beck. Kiister, Yitrina, t. 2, f. 19-21, 152 28-30. Yitrina sigaretina, Recluz. Kiister, Yitrina, t. 2, f. 16-18, 152 31-33. Yitrina Angolensis, Morelet. Voy. Welwitsch, t. 1,1.1, . . . . . . . . • J. Do 34_36. Yitrina corneola, Morelet. Ibid., t. 1, f. 3, . . 153 37-39. Yitrina dumeticola, Dohrn. Mai. Blatt., xiii, t. 5, f. 1, 2, 4, 153 40-42. Yitrina Senaariensis, Pfeiffer. Novit.,i,t. 28, f. 7-9, 153 43, 44. Yitrina Darnaudi, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i, t. 28, I. 19, L I , ......... IDo 45-47. Yitrina Ruppelliana, Pfr. (= hians). Kiister, Yitrina, t. 2, f. 22-24, 154 48, 49. Yitrina Jickeli, Krauss. Nov. Act. Acad. Goes. Leop., t. 4, f. 7, . . . . . . . 154 PLATE 34. 50-52. Yitrina hians, Ruppell. Kiister, Yitrina, t. 1, f. 45-47, ......... 154 53-55. Yitrina semirugata, Jickeli. Nov. Act. Acad. Gees. Leop., t. 4,f. 8, . . . . . . . 154 56-58. Yitrina Isseli, Morelet. Ann. Mus. Genova, iii, t. f7 • I* J. a • • • • • • • • » J_ tJ A 59-61. Yitrina Cailliaucli, Morelet. Ibid., t. 9, f. 2, . . 154 62-64. Yitrina planulata, Jickeli (= Cailliaudi). Nov. Act. Acad. Cses. Leop., t. 4, f. 11, . . . . 154 65-67. Yitrina devexa, Jickeli (= Cailliaudi). Ibid., t. 4, 1. 1U, ......... AD* 68-70. Yitrina mamillata, Martens. Novit. Conch., iv, t. 118, f. 1-3, 155 71-73. Yitrina helicoidea, Jickel. Nov. Act. Acad. Caes., t. 4, f. 12, ... .... 155 74-76. Yitrina Milne-Edwardsiana, Bourg. Ann. Sci. Nat., t. 7, f. 7-9, 155 77-79. Yitrina Raff ray i, Bourg. Ann. Sci. Nat., t. 7, f. 1-3, 155 80-82. Yitrina Herbini, Bourg. Ann. Soc. Mal.,t. 7,f. 4-6, 156 350 REFERENCE TO PLATES. K1GURK. PAGE. 83, 84. Vitrina Natalensis, Krauss. Suclafrik. Moll., t. 4, I. JL i • • • • • • • • • • -1 0') 85-87. Vitrina Poppigi, Menke. Kiister, Vitrina, t. 2, f. 13-15, 156 88, 89. Vitrina Transvaalensis, Craven. Zool. Proc., t. 57, f. 3, 1880, 156 90, 91. Vitrina Vandenbroeckii, Craven. Zool. Proc., t. 57, f. 4, 1880, 156 92-94. Vitrina cornea, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Vitrina, t. 2, I. Ol — OO, . . . « • « • • • J.O I 95, 96. Vitrina pellicula, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 9 a, f. 5-7, . 157 97-99. Vitrina Borbonica, Morelet. Ser. Conch. ,ii,t. 4,f. 1, 157 PLATE 35. 100, 1. Vitrina Madagascariensis, Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., t. 21, f. 6-7, 1882, .157 2. Vitrina Comorensis, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i,t. 28, f. 4, 158 3-5. Vitrina subviridis, Pease. Specimen, . . . 158 6-8. Vitrina fusca, Pease. Specimen, . . . .158 9, 10. Vitrina ultima, Mousson. Jour, de Conch., t. 7,f. 1, Io7o, ......... loo 11. Vitrinoidea Albajensis, Semper. Reisen Philipp., t. o, I. ^ , ......... 1. 0 «/ 12, 13. Laconia Ferussaci, Gray. Fer., Hist. Moll., t. 8 F, f. 10, 11, . . .159 14. Vitrinopsis tuberculata, Semper. Reisen Philipp., t. 8, i. o, ....«..•• ioy 15, 16. Vitrinopsis tigrina, Semper. Reisen Philipp., t. 8, i. o, 4, . . . . . . . . • ioy 17. Parmella planata, H. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., t. 19, f. 20,1867, ... . .160 18, 19. Vitrinoconus cyathellus, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 166, f. 17. 18, .... . 160 20, 21. Vitrinoconus cyathus, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Helix, t. 94, f. 19, 20, ... . . 160 22. Vitrinoconus Sinaitensis, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Helix, f. 1435, .... . 160 23. Vitrinoconus doiiolum, Pfeiffer. Ibid., f. 196, . . 160 24. Vitrinoconus scalarinus, Pfeiffer. Ibid., f. 165, . • 160 25. Vitrinoconus Tonganus, Quoy. Ibid., f. 166, . .161 26. 27. Vitrina fasciatus, Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, t. 28, f. 13, 14, . 158 28. PlutoniaAtlantica,Mor. et Drouet. Moll.AyoreSjt. l,f. 1, 161 29. Trigonochlamys imitatrix, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, t. 7, f. 5 a, . . . . . . .161 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 351 FIGURE. PAQK. 30, 31. Trigonochlamys Lederi, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, t. 7, f. 3, 161 32, 33. Damayantia dilecta, Issel. Ann. Mus. Geneva, vi, t. 4, f. 5, 6, 162 34-30. Urocyclus flavescens, Keferstein. Mai. Blatt., xiii, t. 2, f. 1, 2, 4, 163 .37. Mariaella Dussumieri, Val. Jour, de Conch., ser. i, t. 7, J- lb, ........ i l'_ PLATE 36. 38, 39. Trigonochlamys bicolor, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, t. 7, f. 4, ...... 161 40-42. Mariaella Thwaitesi, Humbert. Guerin's Mag. Zool., t. 17, f. 1, 1862, . ... 162 43, 44. Mariaella Philippinensis, Semper. Reisen Philipp., L. 1. I. 1'^, ........ 1 ' 1 1. 45, 46. Mariaella infumata, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 8 F, f. 1,3, 162 47, 48. Urocyclus Comorensis, Fischer. Jour, de Couch., t. 11, f. 1, 2, 1882, . . .... 163 49, Urocyclus vittatus, Fischer. Jour, de Conch., t. 12, f. 1, 1882, . . 163 50, 51. Urocyclus longicauda, Fischer. Jour, de Conch., t. 12,^f. 3, 8, 1882, . .... 163 52. Urocyclus Buchholzi, Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, t. 5, f. 1, 1876, .... ... 163 53, 54. Urocyclus Heynemanni, Dohrn. Mai, Bliitt., xv, t. I, f. 1, a, . . . . . . . .164 55, 56. Uroc}'clus bella, He}'nemann. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., x, t. 2, f. 1, 4, . . . . . . . . 164 57, 58. Aspidelus Chaperi, Morelet. Jour, de Conch., t. 10, f. 1, 1883, 167 62, 63. Vitrinozonites latissimus, Lewis, . . . . 167 PLATE 37. 41). 50. Parmarion problematicus, Fer. .... 166 51, 52. Parmarion Beccarii, Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova, vi, t. 4, f. 9. 10, 166 53, 54. Parmarion Doria?, Issel. Ibid., t. 4, f. 7, 8, . .167 55-58. Parmarion Fischeri, Smith. Zoo). Proc., t. 23, f. 15, 1884, 167 59-61. Parmarion croceus, Austen. Zool. Proc., t. 30, f. 9, 1872, 164 62. Parmarion Shillongensis, Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xliv. t. 2, f. 1, . . . . . .164 63. Parmarion Nagaensis, Austen. Ibid., t. 2, f. 3, . .165 64. 65. Parmarion rubrum, Austen. Ibid., t. 2, f. 4, . 165 352 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 66. Parmarion Radha, Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xlv, t. 8, f. 4, . . . . . . . .105 07. Parmarion Burtii, Austen. Ibid., t. 8, f. 0, . . 105 08. Parmarion cinereus, Austen. Ibid., t. 8, f. 2, . . 1(55 69. Parmarion llookeri, Gray. Zool. Proc.,t. 27, f. 3, 1880, 105 70, 71. Parmarion extraneus,Fer. Semper, ReisenPhilipp., t. 1, t'. 1, 5, . . . . . . • • 100 72-74. Parmarion pupillaris, Humbert. Mem. Soc. Geneve, xvii, t. 1, f. 1, . . . . • . - .166 PLATE 38. 32-35. Helicarion Freycineti, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 9 a, f. 3, 4; t. 96, f. 2, . 168 36-38. Helicarion Cuvieri, Fer. Ibid., t. 9, f. 8, . . 168 39. Helicarion leucospirus, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon. Yitrina, f. 42, .. . 168 40. Helicarion Verreauxii, Pfeiffer. Ibid., f. 21, . . 169 41. Helicarion castaneus, Pfeiffer. Ibid , f. 37. . .169 42-44. Helicarion robustus, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 11, .169 45. Helicarion Strangei, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon. Vitrina, I. 4o. . . . . . • ... . -L D t/ 46, 47- Helicarion niger, Quoy. Voy. Astrol.,t. 11, f. 8, 9, 169 48, 49. Helicarion Mastersi, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 14, f. 12, . . . . 170 50, 51. Helicarion Helense, Austen. Shells of India, pt. iv, t. 41, f. 1, 5, . . . . . • • 170 52, 53. Helicarion megastoma, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 14, f. 13, . . . 170 54-56. Helicarion Keppelli, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Vitrina, t. 6, f. 8-10, .ItO 57-58. Helicarion Hilli, Cox. Zool. Proc., t. 16, f. 7, 1873, 170 59-61. Helicarion tenellus, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 10, 171 62-03. Helicarion caperatus, Gould. Ibid., f. 9, . .171 64-06. Helicarion planospirus, Pfr, Kiister, Vitrina, t. 6, f. 14-16, .... .171 PLATE 39. 67,68. Helicarion Macgillivrayi, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 14, f. 8, 171 69-71. Helicarion virens, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Vitrina, t. 6, f. O~~~ I • • • * • • • • • .J-j-j 72, 73. Helicarion aquila, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 18. f. 14, ... . . 172 74. Helicarion inflatus, Reeve. Icon. Vitrina, f. 64, . . 172 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 353 FIOTJRB. PAGB. 75, 76. Helicarion hyalinus, Pfeiffer. Cox, Austr. Land Shells,!. 14, f. 7, 172 77. Helicarion Cumingii, Beck. Kiister, Aritrina, t. 2, f. 1, 172 78-80. Helicarion Guimaracensis, Pfeiffer. Ibid., t. 2, f. 28-30, 173 81-83. Helicarion Beckianus, Pfeiffer. Ibid., t. 2, f. 37-39, 173 84-86. Helicarion politissimus, Beck. Ibid., t. 3, f. 12-14, 173 87-89. Helicarion Leytensis, Beck. Ibid., t. 3, f. 15-17, . 173 90-92. Helicarion margarita, Beck. Ibid., t. 2, f. 34-36, . 173 93, 94, 95. Helicarion tigrinus, Semper. Reisen Philipp., t. 1, i. lo, . . . . . . . .173 96-98. Helicarion gutta, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Yitrina, t. 2, f. 25-27, 174 99. Helicarion bicarinatus, Semper. Reisen, t. 1, f. 8, . 174 100-2. Helicarion rufescens, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Vitrina, t. 6, f. 11-13, 174 3-5. Helicarion crenularis, Beck. Ibid., t. 3, f. 9-11, . 174 6. Helicarion incertus, Semper. Reisen Philipp., t. 1, f. 9, 174 PLATE 40. 7-9. Helicarion Anstenianus, Nevill. Yarkand Exp. Moll., f. 22-24, 175 10, 11, 12. Helicarion Stoliczkanus, Nevill. Ibid., f. 20, 21, 175 13-15. Helicarion Sogdianus, Martens. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 1» A ~~O y • • • • • • • * • JL I O 16-18. Helicarion Flemingii, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i, t. 28, f. 1—3, ........ 175 19, 20. Helicarion cassida, Hutton. Conch. Ind., t. 152, i • — * . •). ......... i i •> 21-23. Helicarion monticola, Benson. Kiister, Yitrina. t. 2, f. 6—8, . . . . . . . .176 24, 25. Helicarion scutella, Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 66, f. A i 4j • • . • . . . . . .Aiu 26-28. Helicarion heteroconcha, Blanford. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xl, t. 2, f. 8, 176 29,30. Helicarion ovatus, Blanford. Ibid., t. 2, f. 9, . . 176 31,32. Helicarion Christianas, Theobald. Conch. Ind., t. 66, f. 7, 10, 176 33. Helicarion irradians, Pfeiffer. Ibid., t. 66, f. 8, . . 176 34. Helicarion membranaceus, Benson. Reeve, Icon. Yi- trina, f, 78, 177 35. Helicarion membranaceus, Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 152, f. 10, . 177 36-38. Helicarion raphiellus, Martens. Ost-As. Conch., t. 12, I. 9, . . . . . . . . . 177 *> 354 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 41. FIGURE. PAGE. :>9-41. Helicarion Ceylanicus, Beck. Kiistcr, Vitrina, t. (>, f. 34, 36, 37, 177 42. Helicarion Birmanicus, Phil. Reeve, Icon. Vitrina, f. 59, 177 43-45. Helicarion Cochinensis, Morelet. Series Conch., iv, t. 12, f. 7, .177 46-48. Helicarion russeola, Morelet. Ibid., t. 12, f. I), . 177 49-51. Helicarion nucleatus, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xlii, t. 1, 1. 12, 177 52-54. Helicarion permollis, Stol. Ibid., 1. l,f. 11, . . 177 55-57. Helicarion lineolatus, Martens. Ost-As. Conch., t. 12, f. 4, 178 58-60. Helicarion Sumatrensis, Schepm. Midden Sumatr., t. l,f. 1, . . . 178 61-63. Helicarion Borneensis, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i, t. 28, f. 10-12, 178 64-66. Helicarion sericeus, Martens. Ost-As. Conch., t. 12, f. 1 178 67-69. Helicarion Idse, Pfeiffer. Novit. Conch., i, t. 28, f. J.O — 1 *-^ i * • * * • * * * . J. i o 70-72. Helicarion Celebensis, Pfeiffer. Ibid., t. 28, f. 16-18, 178 73-75. Helicarion suturalis, Martens. Ost-As. Conch., t. 12, f. 2, 178 76-78. Helicarion imperator, Gould. Martens, Mittheil., t. 13, f. 1, 2, 6, . ' 179 PLATE 42. 1-3. Helicarion praecellens, Martens. Mittheil., t. 25, f. 1-3, 179 4, 5. Helicarion prsestans, Gould. Jour. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, t. 24, f. 2, 179 6, 7. Helicarion gigas, Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 66, f. 2, 3, 179 8, 9. Helicarion hyalrea, Bock. Zool. Proc.,t. 55, f. 6, 1881, 180 10,11. Helicarion resplendens,Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., t. 5, f. 24, 1881 180 12, 13. Heliearion magnificus, Austen and Nevill. Ibid., t. 5, f. 23, • 180 14. Helicai'ion venustus, Theobald. Conch. Ind., t. 152, f. 5, 180 15. Helicarion solidus, Austen. Ibid., t. 152, f. 6, . . 180 16,17. Helicarion Peguensis, Theobald. Ibid., t. 65, f. 2,3, 180 18-20. Helicarion unguiculus, Morelet. Ser. Conch., iv, t. 12, i>l, • • • • • • • • 181 21. Helicarion apertus, Beck. Reeve, Icon. Vitrina, f. 71, 181 22. Helicarion dimidiatus, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon. Yitrina, f. 69, . . . . . . . . .181 23. Helicarion Australia, Reeve. Icon. Vitrina, f. 70, .181 24. 25. Helicarion salius, Benson. Conch. Ind., t. 65, f. 8, 9, 181 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 355 FIGURE. PAGE. 26. Helicarion salius, var. Godwin-Austen, Shells of Ind., pt. 4, t. 37, f. 2, 181 27, 28. Helicarion papillaspira, Austen. Ibid., t. 37, f. 4, . 182 29. Helicarion minutus, Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, XIV •• • • • • • • . • * JL O^ 30,31. Helicarion globosus, Austen. Godwin-Austen, Shells of Ind., pt. 4, t. 37, f. 5, . . . . . .182 PLATE 43. 32, 33. Helicarion Panchetensis, Godwin-Austen. Shells Ind., t. 37, f. 3, 182 34-36. Helicarion Bensoni, Pfr. Ibid., t. 36, f. 7, . . 182 37. Helicarion Sylhetensis (= Bensoni). Ibid., t. 38, f. 3, 183 38-41. Helicarion planospira, Benson (=succineus, Reeve). Ibid., t. 36, f. 1, 5, 183 42-44. Helicarion lymphaseus, Morelet. Ann. Mas. Geneva, iii, t. 9, f. 4, . . . . . . . 183 45-47. Helicarion pallens, Morelet. Ibid., t. 9, f. 5, . . 183 48. Helicarion Rupelliana (= pallens). Austen, Shells Ind., t. 42, f. 1, . . . . . . . 183 49-51. Helicai'ion plicatulus, Martens. Monatsb. Berlin, t. 2, f. 6-8, 1876, 184 52-54. Helicarion semimembranaceus, Martens. Ibid.,t. 1, I. 2—4, ......... 184 55. Helicarion verrucosus, Austen. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XlV, t. o, I. O, ........ loo 56-58. Helicarion Raffrayi, Bour^. Ann. Sci. Nat.,xv,t. 7, f. 12-14, . .184 59-61. Helicarion Arayatensis, Semper. Reisen Philipp., t. 2, i. T, ......... Io4 62. Helicarion planulatus, Pfeiffer. Reeve, Icon. Vitrina, 1 # O V * •••*•*••• 1 • i 63. Helicarion papillatus, Pfeiffer. Ibid., f. 31, . . . 184 PLATE 44. 1. Limax agrestis, Linn. Lingual Ribbon. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, p. 140, f. 56, 185 2. Limax agrestis, Linn. Jaw. Ibid., p. 139, f. 55, . 185 3. Amalia marginata, Drap. Mai. Blatt., x, t. 3, f. 7, . 187 4. Ibicus fissidens, Heynemann. Ibid., x, t. l,f. 3, . . 186 5. Oopelta. Dentition. Ibid., xiv, t. 2, f. 1, . . . 188 6. Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Bosc. Dentition. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, t. 4, f. 6, 226 7. Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Bosc. Jaw. Ibid., p. 179, I. 356 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FiOUKK. PAGE. S, 9. Tebennophorus dorsalis, Binn. Dentition and Jaw. Ibid., p. 249, f. 147, 148, 227 10, 11. A. hortensis, Fer., Dentition and Jaw. Ibid., p. 223, f. 127, t. 5, f. (7, 231 PLATE 45. 12, 13. Ariolimax Columbianus, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll., p. 279, 227, . ... 232 14, 15. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Lye., x, 309, ....... 232 16 Anadenus. Dentition. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Lye., xi, t. 1 O, I. 1 , . . . . . . . . m aOO 17, 18. Hemphillia glandulosa, B. and B. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 247, f. 146 ; t, 5, f. J, .... 233 19, 20. Cryptostrakon Gabbi, Binney. Ann. N. Y. Acad., i, t. 11, f. K, L, . . . . . . 233 21, 22. Cryptostrakon Gabbi, B. and B. Binney, Ann. N. Y.' Acad., i, t. 11, f. J, . . . . . .249 23, 24. Prophysaon Hemphilli, B. and B. Binney, Terr. Moll., v. 237, f. 138, t. 5, f. /, . . 233 25. Sansania Larteti, Dupuy. Jour, de Conch. ,i,t. 15, f. 1, 187 26. Cryptostrakon Gabbi, Binney. Ann. N. Y. Acad., i, t. 11 , f. H, . . .' 249 27. Hemphillia glandulosa, Bland and Binney. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Lye., x, t. 9, f. 3, . . . . . 248 28. Hemphillia glandulosa, Bland and Binney. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 247, f. 145, 248 29. Prophysaon Heraphilli, Bland and Binney. Ibid., 238, I • 1 ».)»/« • • • • * • • • • jUTC t/ 30. Prophysaon Hemphilli, Bland and Binney. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Lye., x, t. 13, f. 8, . . . . 249 PLATE 46. 31. 33. Limax maxhnus, Linn. Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, t. 4, f. 1, 8, ....... 189 32. Limax maximus, Linn. Ibid., f. 4, . . . . 189 34. Limax maximus, var. vulgaris. Fer., Hist. Moll., t. 4, I. i . • • • • • • • • • • i O «7 35. Limax maximus, var. Ferussaci. Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, t. 4, f. 5 189 36. Limax punctulatus, Sordelli. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, t. B, f. 1, 190 37. Limax psarus, Bourg. Ibid., t. B, f. 3, . . . 190 38. Limax Genei, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Accad. Torino, t. 1, f. 1, 1884, 191 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 357 FIGURE. PAGE. 39. Limax raaximus, Linn. Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France. t. 4, f. 3, 189 40. Limax antiquorum, Lowe (= abrostolus, Bourg.). Albers, Madeira, t. 1, f. 2, 191 41. Limax eubalius, Bourg. Grande-Chartreuse,!. l,f. 7, 191 42. Limax psarus, Bourg. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,ii,t. B. f. 4, 190 43. Limax Pironse (= ater, Hazoum.). Ibid., t. B, f. 5, .191 44. Limax cinereo-niger, Wolf. Sturm. Deutseh. Faun., f. 3, 192 PLATE 47. 45. 46. Limax Pavesi, Pini (= cinereo-niger, var.). Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, ii, t. B, f. 9, 10, . . . .192 47. Limax cinereo-niger, var. Stabilei, Lessona. Stabile, Moll. Piem., t. 1, f. 1 a, 193 48. Limax Amalise, Bettoni (= Dacampi, var.). Bull. Mai. ItaL, iii, t. 3, f. 2 193 49. Limax atratus, Bettoni (= Dacampi. var.). Ibid., t. 3, f . 4 .194 50. Limax elegans, Bettoni ( = Dacampi, var.). Ibid.,t. 4, 1 • O • • * • • • • • • • J. t/ ""T 51. Limax Sordellii, Bettoni (= Dacampi, var.). Bull. Mai. ItaL, iii, t. 4, f. 2, ' 194 52. Limax triliueolatus, Bettoni (= Dacampi, var.). Bull. Mai. ItaL, iii, t. 3, f. 3, 194 53. Limax monolineatus, Bettoni (— Dacampi, var.). Bull. Mai. ItaL. iii, t. 3, f. 1, 194 54. Limax Gualteri, Pini (= Dacampi, var.). Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, ii, t. A, f. 9, . . . . . .194 PLATE 48. 55. Lirnax fuscus. Bettoni (= Dacampi, var.). Bull. Mai. ItaL, iii, t. 4, f. 1, . . . . . . .195 .">(>. Limax Taccanii, Pini (== Dacampi, var.). Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, ii, t. A, f. 7, . . . . . 195 57. Limax Villa, Pini (= Dacampi, var.). Ibid., t. A, f. 2, 195 58. Limax Turatii, Pini (= Dacampi, var.). Ibid., t. J5, f. 7, 195 59. Limax Corsicus, Moquin-Tandon. Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, t. 3, f. 10, 196 60. Limax Corsicus, var. Dorire, Bourg. Spicil. Mai., t. 15, JL* ^c • • • • • • • • • • • A t7 I 61. Limax Perosinii, Lessona an-1 Pollonera. Mem. Torino, t. 1, f. 2, 1884, ... .... 199 62. Limax Perosinii, var. venustissimus. Ibid., t. 1, f. 3, loot, ......... 358 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 49. FIGURE. PAGE. 63. Limax variegatus, Drap. (= flavus, L.). Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, t. 65, f. 1, 200 64, 65. Liroax Erythrus, Bourg. Grande-Chartreuse, t. 2, L* O • • • • * * • • • • • • J. c/ tJ 66, 67. Limax Schwabi, Frauenf. (= cserulans, Bielz). Verb. Z. B. Gesell. Wien, xiv, t. 20, f. 1, 4, . . 199 68, 69. Limax Transsylvanicus,Heynemaim (== caerulans). Mai. Blatt. N.* S., vi, t. 5, f. 1, 2, . . . . 200 70, 71. Limax Companyoi, Bourg. (= flavus). Moll. Litig., i, t. 7, f. 9, 11, 200 72. Limax Deshayesii, Bourg. (= flavus). Spicil., t. 1, f. 2, 200 73. Limax Raymondianus, Bourg. Ibid., t. 2, f. 1, . . 201 74. 75. Limax Valentinianus, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 8 a, f. 5, 6, 201 76. Limax Cornalise, Pini (= maximus). Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, t. A, f. 1, . . . . . .189 PLATE 50. 76. Limax maculata, Kalenicz. (= flavus). Bull. Acad. Moscow, 1851, t. 6, f. 2. 200 77. Limax variegatus, Albers (= calendymus, Bourg.). Albers, Moll. Mader., t. 1, f. 1, '. . . . 202 78. Limax Canariensis, d'Orb. Moll. Canaries, t. 8, f. 1, . 202 79. Limax montieola, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., viii, t. 7,'f. 6a, 202 80. Limax viridis, Morelet. Moll. Portugal, t. 3, f. 3, . 202 81. Limax olivaceus, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 3, . 202 82. Limax fuliginosus, Gould. Ibid., f. 4, . . . . 203 83-85. Limax Jalapensis, Strebel. Mex. Landconch., pt. 4, t. 10, f. 5a, .' 203 86, 87. Limax Berendti, Strebel. Mex. Landconch., pt. 4, t. 10, f. 4, 203 88. Limax marginatus, Miiller. Lehmann, Conch. Pom., T. 0, I. Jj , ......... _''•> 89. Limax ecarinatus, Bottger. Jahr. Mai. Gesell., viii, t. 7, f. 76, . . 204 90. Limax agrestis, Linn. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, t. 64 f. 2, 205 91. Limax filans, Hoy (= agrestis). Fer., Hist. Mol.,t. 5,f.9, 206 92. Limax agrestis, Linn. Lehmann, Moll. Pom., t. 4, f. 8 a, 206 93. Limax agrestis, var. rufescens, Pini. Fer., Hist. Moll., t. O , I. O, ......... L(/( 94. Limax agrestis, var. reticulatus, Miill. Ibid.,t. 5, f. 7, 207 PLATE 51. 95. Limax tristis (= agrestis, var.). Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, t. 3, f. I, 207 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 359 FIGUKE. PAGE. 96. Limax Veranyanus (= agrestis, var.), Bourg. Spicil. Mai., t. 13, f. 9. 207 97. Limax minutus (= agrestis, var.), Kalenicz. Bull. Moscow, 1851, t. 5, f. 3, . . . . . . 207 98. Limax Dymczeviczii, Kalenicz. (= agrestis, var.). Bull. Moscow, 1851. t. 6, f. 36, . . . . 207 99. Limax pallidus, Schrenck. Mem. Accad. Torino, t. 1, f. r>. 1884 207 100. Limax Panormitamis, Lessona and Pollcnera. Mem. Accad. Torino, t. 1. f. 5, 1884, . . . .208 1. Limax Brondelianus, Bourg. Spicil. Mai., t. 2, f. 5, .211 2, 3, 4. Limnx tenellus. Nilsson. Lehmann, Moll. Pom.. t. 4, f. 9 '. 209 5. Limax squammatinus, Morelet (= tenellus, var.). Moll. Portugal, t, 3. f. 2, . . . . 209 6, 7. Limax xanthus, Bourg. (=: tenellus, var.). Moll. litig., ii, t. 32, f. 13, 209 8. Limax campestris. Binney. Terr. Moll., iii, t. 64, f. 3, 209 9. Limax campestris. Binnev. Proc. Acad. Phila., t. 3. f. 1. 1872, 209 10. Limax melanocephalus, Kalenicz. Bull. Moscow., t. 5, f. 2, 1851. ... 208 11, 12. Limax Argentinus. Strobel. Mai. Argent., pt. 3, t. 1. f. A. .' 208 13. Limax tenellus. Xilsson. Mem. Torino, t. 1, f. 7, 1884, 209 14. Limax Jickelii. Hcynemann. Nov. Act. Acad. Leop., xxx vii. t. 4. f. 3' 208 15. 16. Limax intermittans, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vii, t. 4, f. 7, . . . . , . . . 210 PLATE 52. 17. Limax nyotelius, Bourg. Spicil., t. 2, f. 4, . . . 210 18. Limax stenurus, Strebel. Mex. Landconch., pt. 4, t. 10, f. 3, .212 19. 20. Limax Ascensionis, Lesson. Voy. Astrol. Moll., t. 13, f. 14, 17, 210 21. Limax brunneus. Drap. (=l8evis, Mull.). Mai. Blatt., xix, p. 148, ........ 211 22, 23. Limax lombricoides, Morelet. Moll. Port.,t. 3,f. 4, 211 24,25. Limax eustictus, Bourg. Moll. litig., ii,t. 32, f. 1,5, 212 26. Limax stenurus, Strebel. Mex. Landconch., pt. 4, t. 10, f. 3, . • . . . . : 212 27. Limax semitectus, Morch. Jour, de Conch., vi,t. 10, f. 7, 212 28. 29. Limax Guatemalensis, Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 9, f. 1, 2, .212 360 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 30, 31. Limax Amcricanus, Tate. Am. Jour. Conch., v, t. J. U , 1 . .L , • . . . . . . . • a L £ 32, 33. Ainalia marginata, Drap. Moll. Grande-Chart., t. 3, f. 4, 8, . . 214 34. AmaliaEichwaldi,Kalen.(= marginata). Ball. Moscow, t. 6, f. 10, 1851, . . . 214 35, 36. Amalia carinata, Risso. Mem. Torino, 1. 1 , f. 10, 1 1 , 1884, 215 37, 38. Amalia carinata, var. casertana. Ibid., t. 1, f. 30, 31, 1884, . 215 39. Amalia Sowerbyi, Fer. (= carinata). Hist. Moll., t. 8 D, f. 5, 215 PLATE 53. 40. Amalia marginata, Drap. (— pyrrichus,Mabille). Moq.- Tandon, Moll. France, t. 2,f. 4, . . . .216 41-43. Amalia Tyrrena, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, t. 1, f. 34, 36,38, 1884, . . . .215 44. Amalia Etrusca, Issel. Bull. Mai. Ital.,i, t. 5, f. 2, . 216 45. Amalia gracilis, Leydig. Archiv Naturg., t. 12, f. 22, 1876, 216 46. 47. Amalia insularis, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, t. 1, f. 33, 32, 1884, 216 48-50. Amalia Doderleini, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, t. 1, f. 25, 22, 23, 1884, . . . .217 51,52. Amalia Sicula, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, t. l,f. 18, 21, 1884, 217 53, 54. Amalia gagates, Drap. Moquin-Tamlon, Moll. France, t. 2, f. 1, 3, 218 55. Amalia Ichneusse, Lessona and Pollonera. Mem. Torino, t. 1, f. 26, 1884, 218 56. Amalia scaptobius, Bourg. Moll. Algiers, t. 3, f. 8, .218 57. 58. Amalia eremiophilus, Bourg. Spicil. Mai., t. 1, f. 0, 4, .......... Llo PLATE 54. 59. Amalia barypus, Bourg. Moll. Litig., ii, t. 32, f. 9, .218 60. Amalia marginata, Drap. Lehmann, Moll. Pom., t. 4, •L* I • • • • • • • • • • • *J 1 TT 61. Amalia marginata, Drap. (= pyrrichus, Mabille). Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, t. 2, £ 17, . .216 62. 63. Amalia maculata, K. and H. Fedschenko, Reisen Tnrkest., t. 1, f. 4, 219 64. Amalia cristata, Kaleniczenko. Bull. Moscow, t. 5, f. 1, 1851, 219 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 361 FIGURE. PAGE. 6f>, 66. Amalia gao-ates, Albers (= drymonius, Bourg.). Albers, Moll. Mad., t. 1, f. 3, 4, . . . .219 67. Amalia carinatus, Orb. (=polyptyelus, Bourg.). Moll. Canar., t. 3. f. 6, . 219 OS, 69. Amalia pectinata. Selenka. Mai. Blatt., xii, t. 2, f. 9, 1, 220 70-73. Amalia Sandwichensis, Eydoux. Voy. Bonite, t. 28, f. 8-11. 220 74. Amalia Kaleniczenkoi, Clessin. Mai. Blatt., N. S.,vi, t. — , T. Ll, . . . . . . . . ~2 [ J 75. Amalia Hewstoni, Cooper. Proc. Philad. Acad., t. 3, f. B, 1872, 220 TO. Ibycus fissidens, Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., x, t. l,f. 3, 205 77, 78. Parmacella Olivieri, Cuvier. Fer., Hist. Moll., t. 7, f. 2; t. 8, f.4, 222 79, 80. Parmacella Alexandrina, Ehrenb. Rossm., Iconog., v, f. 1320 222 81, 82. Parmacella Deshayesii, Moquin-Tandon, Bourg. Spicil. Mai., t. 4, tW ; t. 5, f. 2, . . . . 222 PLATE 55. 83. Parmacella Deshayesii, M.-T. Bourg., Spicil. Mai., t. 4, f. 11, . .' 222 84, 85. Parmacella Deshayesii, M.-T. Rossmiissler, Iconog., v, f. 13. 17 a, 6, 222 86, 87. Parmacella dorsalis. Mousson. Rossmassler, Iconog., v, f. 1319 222 88-92. Parmacella . Valenciennesii, Webb. Bened.,Jour. de Conch., t. 9, f. 1, 2, 1880, . . . .222 93, 94, 95. Parmacella Valenciennesii (=Moquini, Bourg.), Moquin-Tandon. Moll. France, t. 4, f. 17, 18, 19, . 223 96, 97. Parmacella Gervaisii. Moquin-Tandon. Rossmass- ler, Iconog., v, f. 1321, 223 98-3. Crvptellaambigua, Orb. (= calyculata, Sowb.). Moll. Canar., t. 1, f. 1-10, 223 4. Phosphorax noctilncus, Orb. Fer., Hist. Moll., t. 2, f. 8, 225 PLATE 56. 1. Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Bosc. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, t. 63, f. 1, 227 2. Tebennophorus Crosseanus, Strebel. Mex. Landconch., pt. 4, t. 10, f. 6 a, . ... 228 3. Tebennophorus Sallei, Crosse and Fischer. Expl. Sci. Mex., t. 9, f. 6, 228 4. Tebennophorus dorsalis, Binuey. Terr. Moll., iii, t. 63, f. 3, ........ 230 362 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 5. Tebennophorus bilineatus, Benson. Martens, Preuss. Exp., t. 5, f. 1, 229 G. Tebennophorus striatus, Hasselt. Hist. Moll., t. 8 E, f. 1, 229 7. Tebennophorus pictus, Stoliczka. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., xlii, t. 3, f. 11, 229 8. Tebennophorus campestris, Austen. Ibid., xlv, t. 8, f. 3, 229 •9. Tebennophorus cylindraceus, Ferussac. Hist, .doll., t. 8 F, f. 9, 229 10. Tebennophorus reticulatus, Hasselt. Ferussac, Ibid., t. 8-fc', f. 3 229 11-13. Arion empiricorum, Fer. (= rufus, Linn.). Hist. Moll., t. 1, f. 1, 2, 3, 233 14. Arion albns, Linn. (= rufus, var.). Ibid., t. 2, f. 3, . 234 15. Arion ater, Linn. (= rufus, var.). Ibid., t. 2, f . 1 , . 234 PLATE 57. 10. Arion bicolor, Broeck (= ruius, var.). Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg., v, t. 2, f. G 6, . . . . . . 235 17. Arion ater, Linn. (= rufus, var.). Fer., Hist. Moll., \j, a . L. a * , . , . . . . . . — O 4 18. Arion subfuscus, Drap. (= fuscus, Miill.). Ibid., t. 8D, f. 1, 235 19. Arion fuscus, Miill., var. Bottgeri. Abhandl. Bremen, ix, 62, . . ." 235 21. Arion Mabillianus, Bourg. (= fuscus, var.). Moll. litig, ii, t. 29, f. 1, 235 22. Arion Uaudfroyi, Mabille (= rufus, var.). Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, t. 3, f. 7, . . . . . 234 23. Arion sulcatus, Morelet. Moll. Portugal, t. 1 , . . 236 24. 25. Arion Morleti, Hesse. Mai. Blatt. N. S., vii, t. 8, f. 1, 2, . . . . . . .240 26. Arion brunneus, Lehmann. Abhandl. Bremen, ix, t. 62, f. 1, 236 27. Arion Bayani, Jousseaume (= Dupuyanus). Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, t. 4, f. 18, ' . . . . 236 28. 29. Arion hortensis, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 2, f. 4, 5, .237 30. Arion anthracius, Bourg. (= hortensis, var.). Moll. Litig , ii, t. 29, f. 10, 237 PLATE 58. 31. Arion Dupuyanus, Bourg. Moll. Gde.-Chartr., t. 1, f. 3, 236 32. Arion hortensis, Fer. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, t. 64, f. 1, 237 33. Arion hortensis, Fer. Hist. Moll., t. 8 A, f. 3, . . 237 34. Arion fuscatus, Fer. (= hortensis, var.). Ibid., t. 2, f. 7, 237 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 36 q FIGURE. PAGK. 35. Arion verrucosus, Breviere. Jour, cle Conch., t. 13, f. 10, 1881, . . . . . . . .Jo 8 36. Arion tenellus. Millet. Bourg. Moll. Litig., ii, t. 29, f. 7, 238 37. Arion fuligineus, Morelet. Moll. Portugal, t. 2, f. 1, . 238 38. Arion timidus, Morelet. Ibid., t 2, f. 2, . . 238 39. Arion timidus, var. montanus. Ibid., t. 2, f. 2, . . 238 40. Arion Isseli, Bourg. Mem. Torino, t. 1, f. 28, 1884, . 239 41. Arion Mortilleti, Lessona. AUi Torino, xvi. t. 4, f. 9, 239 42. Arion Camerani, Lessona. Ibid., t 4. f. 11, . . 240 43. Arion foliolatus, Gould. Binn.. Terr. Moll.,iii,t. 66, f. 2, 240 44. Geomalacus anguiformis, Morelet. Moll. Port., t. 3, f. 1, 245 45-47. Geomalacus Xumidicus, Bourg. Moll. Litig., ii, t. 34, f. 1. 5, 7, . . . . . . . 246 PLATE 59. 48. Arion Speziae, Lessona. Atti Torino, xvi, t. 4, f. 12, . 239 49. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. FFF*, f. 5, . ... 244 50. Geomalacus maculosus, var. Andrewsi, Mab. Heynem., Mai. Blatt., xxi, t. 1, f. 2, . . . . . 244 51. Ariolimax Columbianus, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii, t. 66, f. 1, 246 52. Ariolimax Columbianus, Gould. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, f. 129. . 246 53.54. Ariolimax Californicus, Cooper. Ibid., v,f. 131,132, 246 55, 56. Ariolimax niger, Cooper. Proc. Philnd. Acad., PI. 3, f. E, 1872, . 247 57. Ariolimax Hemphilli, W. G. Binney. Terr. Moll., v, f. 134, 247 58. Ariolimax Andersoni, Cooper. Ibid., v, f. 135, . . 247 59,60. Ariolimax Andersoni, Cooper. Proc. Philad. Acad., PI. 3, f. F, . . 247 (U. Anadenus Schlagintweiti, Heynemann. Mai. Blatt., x, 1. 1, f. 2, . . 250 62. Anadenus altivagus, Theobald. Austen, Shells Ind., t. 6, f. 1, . 249 63. Anadenus giganteus, Heynemann (= altivagus). Mai. Blatt., x, t. 1, f. 1, 249 64. Anadenus Jerdoni, Austen. Shells Ind., t. 7, f. 7, . 250 PLATE 60. 65-67. Streptaxis orbicula, Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., t. 27, f. 16-18. ..... ... 251 68. Ennea circumcisa, Morelet. Jour, de Conch., t. 2, f. 3, 1885, ......... 364 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 69. Rhytida borabycina, Pfr. (= Sinclair!, Pfr.). Reeve, Helix, f. 1314 252 70-72. Ela?a Portia, Gray. Kiister, Helix, t. 154, f. 16-18, 252 73, 74. Helicarion Bottgeri, Hilber. Sitzb. Wien, t. 4, f. 4, 1884. ......... 253 75, 76. Otesia tecta, Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, t. 28, f. 15, 16, 254 77, 78. Otesia viridis, Quoy. Voy. Astrolabe, t. ll,f. 17,18, 2o4 79, 80. Otesia flammulata, Quoy. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 11, !.• O • O • • • • • • • • • . — • ' T 81. Limax maximus, var. carbonaria, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., xii, t. 4, f. 6, . . . . . . 254 82. Limax maximus, var. submaculata, Bottger Ibid., xii, L« ~r , L« I j • • • • • • • . — * ) T 83. Limax Conemenosi, Bottger. Ibid., xii, t. 4, f. 1, . 200 84. Limax Conemenosi, var. multipunctata, Bottger, Ibid , xii, t. 4, f. 2, . . 200 85. 86. Amalia Hessei, Bottger. Ibid., xii, t. 4, f. 5, 4, . 217 TKSTACELLID^E. PLATE 2. '^4 100 OLEACINID^E. PLATE 3. 14- 16 2Z 25 PLATE 4. I : a iS5* K — •- •-'•"• •- 5| -.r- . . • '" ^^Sm^aaa 56 ^ r" OLEACINIE^E. PLATE 5. ' - .-.v' .;-/*/%-%&?&*£ V ^-Sp^ '• ' if K 60 .-• iim OLEACINID^E -- PLATE 6. ' 81 83 - 82 :', U >" • .-*•* -\ 3. • ' •- V f '• M I 85 m 88 OLEACTNTD^E. . PLATE 7. ,. .,,..- tm I 2. P 91 93 .'.'<-« I- •:'- •(Vv.'JWi-.1,* ;.MP2I . ,r - - *. 94- I - •-Sfe ' •i, 100 ^r %f 3X 92 " . OLEACINID^E. PLATE 8. OLEACINIIXE. PLATE 9. 4-8 PLATE 10. f. •< V ' •"• • ' • i i if | ^ 60 1 71 64- -•-•£• • .K 53 57 73 51 63 74- OLEACINID^E. PLATE 11. 75 1 ->-'? •:- ^ 84- W- 85 91 88 ' '**':*>. fi • : j\4 vv ?• v: i » ' 91 i 93 94 ,> $ - ••• - - -• •.'. : ,.- -- :. .,,.-' •'.**-- ;, , v A --"'V'" ' : ' 98 99 100 HEL IODIDE A. PLATE 22. HELICOIDEA. PLATE 23. HELICOLDEA. PLATE 24. 72 75 I 78 ^- ' •ifeKS^ Z/&EMM wS^v,3?s ^v 83 85 • 1 87 88 HELICOIDEA. PLATE 25. 4r . ! pu 91 •- . • ' Hv •"" . ^/ 10 , 1 ••. •S. :-••• ^.- . V *v. '> - " ,• • HELICOIDEA. PLATE 26. 8 io \ 1- '- f *«'? -;: •>- y 22 HELICOIDEA PLATE 27. 12 <* . i " _ - .^*vs> • ... r 4- 24- HELICOIDEA. PLATE 28. 31 32 33 34- 40 50 VITRINIDJE. PLATE 29. VITRINID^E. PLATE SO. Cv 89" 90 87 81 82 r 83 86 91 92 93 94 95 i G) ) 96 97 98 99 10 11 100 25 17 18 19 13 14- 29 26 27 28 V ) CZ3 i „ / I- 35 36 V PLATE 31. 4-2 1 39 60 61 4-7 5 57 58 59 62 : VITRINID^E. PLATE 32. 72 78 79 _ j. — P- N f 82 83 95 85 96 86 87 89 88 92 90 93 91 94 fcfe k 1 r, --f"- •-•^^^=3 ' 99 100 13 VITRINID^E. PLATE 33. 16 37 38 39 ' 17 23 40 s ' 3Z" \ V (.9 47 PLATE 73 77 80 (7 SI 82 •• — ^ 96 90 91 88' 89 98" V 87 PLATE 35. © 5 18 21 VITRINID^. PLATE 36. "*' * ' - • , 4-9 --;^?tr 53 • • VITRHSTIDJE. PLATE 37. PLATE 38. x 42 49 60 51 58 DO VITRINID^E. PLATE 39. 67 71 74- 78 79 30 \ ' ' 90 91 ' 3 PLATE 4O. T \ , ' •"• "• $f-~& ' \i £ \ •• • \* 'j.-'^?'^^ ^-iftliP1" -**> «5*^x:*'-i<^ . -^7r- * VITRINIIXE. 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